things. emotional response, and trauma, must be seen in relative not absolute terms. themodel helps remind us that the other person ' s perspective is different to our own, whether weare the one in shock, or the one helping another to deal with their upset. the study of death and dying is actually known as thanatology ( from the greek word ' thanatos ' meaning death ). elisabeth kubler - ross is accordingly sometimes referred to as athanatologist, and she is considered to have contributed significantly to the creation of thegenre of thanatology itself. elisabeth kubler - ross ' s seminal book was on death & dying, published in 1969, in whichshe explained her now classically regarded ' five stages of grief '. the book and its ideas werequite revolutionary at the time, reflecting kubler - ross ' s outspoken and bold approach, whichis paradoxical given the sensitivity and compassion of her concepts. was a catalyst. she opened up and challenged previously conservative ( sweep itunder the carpet, don ' t discuss it, etc ) theories and practices relating to death and bereavement, and received an enormously favourable response among carers, the dying andthe bereaved, which perhaps indicates the level of denial and suppression that had earlier characterised conventional views about the subject - particularly in the western world, wheredeath is more of a taboo than in certain other cultures. as stated, and important to emphasise, kubler - ross ' s five stages of grief model wasdeveloped initially as a model for helping dying patients to cope with death and bereavement, however the concept also provides insight and guidance for coming to terms with personaltrauma and change, and for helping others with emotional adjustment and coping, whatever the cause. this has probably helped her ideas to spread and to enter ' mainstream ' thinking. and her ideas have now become synonymous with emotionalresponse to trauma, and to grief support and counselling, much likemaslowis fundamentallyassociated with motivational theory ; kolb with learning styles, and gardner with multiple intelligence. as with much other brilliant pioneering work, the kubler - ross model is elegantly simple. thefive stages of grief modelis summarised and interpreted below. this kubler - ross five stages and terminology are featured here with permission from theelisabeth kubler ross foundation, which is gratefully acknowledged. please look at the twowebsiteswww. ekrfoundation. org,


tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is a form of vitamin c that ’ s been modified to be more lipid soluble. this modification allows it to better penetrate the skin. the problem with most topical forms of vitamin c is they ’ re water soluble and can ’ t make it through the lipid - rich skin barrier to reach the dermis of skin where they could have maximal benefits. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is able to successfully penetrate the epidermis and move to the layer underneath called the dermis. it ’ s in the dermis that collagen, a protein that gives skin its youthful firmness and ability to resist wrinkles, is made. vitamin c has a variety of benefits for health and for maintaining healthy, youthful skin. it functions as an antioxidant, helping to offset oxidative damage that degrades collagen and leads to wrinkles and saggy skin. when skin is exposed to ultraviolet light from the sun, a sequence of events occurs that leads to free radical production. these free radicals damage skin cell membranes and activate enzymes that break down collagen and elastin, two most important proteins that keep skin firm and youthful. vitamin c has the ability to donate electrons to free radicals so they aren ’ t as damaging to cellular structures. vitamin c isn ’ t a substitute for sunscreen, but it does provide extra protection against oxidative damage that can lead to premature aging and skin cancer. another benefit of vitamin c is it stimulates collagen production. since collagen provides skin with the support it needs to stay firm and youthful, this helps to reduce wrinkles and skin sagging. a study published in the archives of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery found that participants who used topical vitamin c for three months experienced a decrease in fine lines and wrinkles and an improvement in skin texture. this was confirmed by a similar study published in the journal dermatologic surgery. topical vitamin c also appears to be effective for lightening excessive skin pigmentation and improving the appearance of stretch marks. it also reduces redness and inflammation after laser surgery. despite the benefits of vitamin c, it has drawbacks. some forms can ’ t penetrate the epidermis and reach the dermis where it can stimulate collagen production. plus, vitamin c is unstable and loses its effectiveness quickly, especially if exposed to air or light. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is more stable than other vitamin c preparations


the dermis where it can stimulate collagen production. plus, vitamin c is unstable and loses its effectiveness quickly, especially if exposed to air or light. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is more stable than other vitamin c preparations, and is lipid - soluble, which allows it to reach the dermis of the skin where it can stimulate collagen production. most vitamin c preparations remain on the surface of the skin where they guard against oxidative damage but have little effect on collagen production. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is able to move into the dermis where it can offer additional anti - aging benefits by stimulating collagen production. it also stimulates the production of glycosaminoglycans, compounds present naturally in skin that bind and hold on to water. levels of glycosaminoglycans decline with age and may account for some of the skin changes that occur as skin matures. is tetrahexydecyl sulfate safe? like most forms of vitamin c, tetrahexyldecyl sulfate is safe. the environmental working group classifies it as a low hazard cosmetic ingredient. most forms of topical vitamin c cause skin irritation and redness, but tetrahexyldecyl sulfate is less irritating than other forms, although people with sensitive skin may experience mild burning and irritation. some manufacturers of cosmetic and skin care products add tetrahexyldecyl sulfate to their products due to its antioxidant and anti - aging benefits. some types of products that contain this ingredient include facial moisturizers, eye creams, sunscreens, lip gloss, foundation and anti - aging products of all types. it ’ s often combined with other antioxidants like vitamin e, retinols or peptides for additional anti - aging benefits. all in all, tetrahexyldecyl sulfate is a form of vitamin c that ’ s more stable and better able to penetrate skin to reach the dermis. by reaching the dermis, it can stimulate collagen production to help give skin greater firmness and resiliency. in addition, it helps to protect against damage due to sun exposure, lighten pigmented areas, treat stretch marks and improve skin texture. it does this safely and with minimal skin irritation. cosmetic ’ s cop. “ tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate ” environmental working group. “ tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate ” arch. otolar


the voyager 1 has found its way into the far reaches of space, specifically to the edge beyond which scientists believe lies interstellar space. this area is within our solar bubble, and is referred to as a “ magnetic highway for charged particles. ” the findings were detailed earlier today at the american geophysical union, which took place in san francisco. the magnetic highway detailed in the announcement is explained thusly : the connection betwixt the sun ’ s magnetic field lines and interstellar magnetic field lines lets high energy particles from beyond our heliopsphere “ zoom in, ” while letting low - energy particles “ zoom out. ” when voyager goes beyond these fields into interstellar space, it is believed the occasion will be marked by a change in the direction of the lines. one of the project ’ s scientist edward stone offered this statement. “ although voyager 1 still is inside the sun ’ s environment, we now can taste what it ’ s like on the outside because the particles are zipping in and out on this magnetic highway. we believe this is the last leg of our journey to interstellar space. our best guess is it ’ s likely just a few months to a couple years away. the new region isn ’ t what we expected, but we ’ ve come to expect the unexpected from voyager. ” voyager has been traipsing around the outer layer of the heliosphere for years, 5. 5 of which were spent with stable solar wind. over time – and rather suddenly – the solar wind decreased, eventually to zero. says scientists, if one were to look at the charged particle ( solar wind ) information, it would seem that the voyager is already beyond the heliosphere. other data doesn ’ t indicate this, however, and so for the time being, it ’ s still a matter of patience.


related topics : opengl transformation updates : the mathml version is available here. a computer monitor is a 2d surface. a 3d scene rendered by opengl must be projected onto the computer screen as a 2d image. gl _ projection matrix is used for this projection transformation. first, it transforms all vertex data from the eye coordinates to the clip coordinates. then, these clip coordinates are also transformed to the normalized device coordinates ( ndc ) by dividing with w component of the clip coordinates. therefore, we have to keep in mind that both clipping ( frustum culling ) and ndc transformations are integrated into gl _ projection matrix. the following sections describe how to build the projection matrix from 6 parameters ; left, right, bottom, top, near and far boundary values. note that the frustum culling ( clipping ) is performed in the clip coordinates, just before dividing by wc. the clip coordinates, xc, yc and zc are tested by comparing with wc. if each clip coordinate is less than - wc, or greater than wc, then the vertex will be discarded. then, opengl will reconstruct the edges of the polygon where clipping occurs. in perspective projection, a 3d point in a truncated pyramid frustum ( eye coordinates ) is mapped to a cube ( ndc ) ; the range of x - coordinate from [ l, r ] to [ - 1, 1 ], the y - coordinate from [ b, t ] to [ - 1, 1 ] and the z - coordinate from [ n, f ] to [ - 1, 1 ]. note that the eye coordinates are defined in the right - handed coordinate system, but ndc uses the left - handed coordinate system. that is, the camera at the origin is looking along - z axis in eye space, but it is looking along + z axis in ndc. since glfrustum ( ) accepts only positive values of near and far distances, we need to negate them during the construction of gl _ projection matrix. in opengl, a 3d point in eye space is projected onto the near plane ( projection plane ). the following diagrams show how a point ( xe, ye, ze ) in eye space is projected to ( xp, yp, zp ) on the near plane. from the top view of the frustum, the x - coordinate of eye space, xe is mapped to xp, which is calculated by using the ratio of similar triangles ; from the side


yp, zp ) on the near plane. from the top view of the frustum, the x - coordinate of eye space, xe is mapped to xp, which is calculated by using the ratio of similar triangles ; from the side view of the frustum, yp is also calculated in a similar way ; note that both xp and yp depend on ze ; they are inversely propotional to - ze. in other words, they are both divided by - ze. it is a very first clue to construct gl _ projection matrix. after the eye coordinates are transformed by multiplying gl _ projection matrix, the clip coordinates are still a homogeneous coordinates. it finally becomes the normalized device coordinates ( ndc ) by divided by the w - component of the clip coordinates. ( see more details on opengl transformation. ) therefore, we can set the w - component of the clip coordinates as - ze. and, the 4th of gl _ projection matrix becomes ( 0, 0, - 1, 0 ). next, we map xp and yp to xn and yn of ndc with linear relationship ; [ l, r ] ⇒ [ - 1, 1 ] and [ b, t ] ⇒ [ - 1, 1 ]. then, we substitute xp and yp into the above equations. note that we make both terms of each equation divisible by - ze for perspective division ( xc / wc, yc / wc ). and we set wc to - ze earlier, and the terms inside parentheses become xc and yc of the clip coordiantes. from these equations, we can find the 1st and 2nd rows of gl _ projection matrix. now, we only have the 3rd row of gl _ projection matrix to solve. finding zn is a little different from others because ze in eye space is always projected to - n on the near plane. but we need unique z value for the clipping and depth test. plus, we should be able to unproject ( inverse transform ) it. since we know z does not depend on x or y value, we borrow w - component to find the relationship between zn and ze. therefore, we can specify the 3rd row of gl _ projection matrix like this. in eye space, we equals to 1. therefore, the equation becomes ; to find the coefficients, a and b, we use the ( ze, zn ) relation ; ( - n, - 1 ) and ( -


projection matrix like this. in eye space, we equals to 1. therefore, the equation becomes ; to find the coefficients, a and b, we use the ( ze, zn ) relation ; ( - n, - 1 ) and ( - f, 1 ), and put them into the above equation. to solve the equations for a and b, rewrite eq. ( 1 ) for b ; substitute eq. ( 1 ' ) to b in eq. ( 2 ), then solve for a ; put a into eq. ( 1 ) to find b ; we found a and b. therefore, the relation between ze and zn becomes ; finally, we found all entries of gl _ projection matrix. the complete projection matrix is ; this projection matrix is for a general frustum. if the viewing volume is symmetric, which is and, then it can be simplified as ; before we move on, please take a look at the relation between ze and zn, eq. ( 3 ) once again. you notice it is a rational function and is non - linear relationship between ze and zn. it means there is very high precision at the near plane, but very little precision at the far plane. if the range [ - n, - f ] is getting larger, it causes a depth precision problem ( z - fighting ) ; a small change of ze around the far plane does not affect on zn value. the distance between n and f should be short as possible to minimize the depth buffer precision problem. constructing gl _ projection matrix for orthographic projection is much simpler than perspective mode. all xe, ye and ze components in eye space are linearly mapped to ndc. we just need to scale a rectangular volume to a cube, then move it to the origin. let ' s find out the elements of gl _ projection using linear relationship. since w - component is not necessary for orthographic projection, the 4th row of gl _ projection matrix remains as ( 0, 0, 0, 1 ). therefore, the complete gl _ projection matrix for orthographic projection is ; it can be further simplified if the viewing volume is symmetrical, and.


the last administration of the sat ii writing was on 1 / 22 / 05. beginning 3 / 12 / 05, parts of the sat ii writing test will be included in the new sat. you should be studying the new sat book. go there! how to approach improving sentences questions when answering questions in this section, use these eight rules to help you. we briefly list the rules below and then explain them in more detail, using them to answer the sample question. now to apply these steps to the sample question, which is reprinted below : 1. read the sentence and try to hear the problem. a good ear will take you far on improving sentences questions. if you can read a sentence and figure out what about the underlined part sounds strange or wrong, you ’ re on your way to a right answer. you might read the sample sentence and immediately recognize that wordiness is the problem — the phrase but for her being a participant should be rewritten in a more compact form. if you don ’ t come up with the specific term “ wordiness, ” you might sense that something about the underlined part is vague and a bit convoluted. it ’ s fine if you can ’ t think of the term that would best describe the problem. just getting a general sense of the problem will be very helpful. 2. if there is an error, immediately eliminate ( a ). you already know that there ’ s a problem with this sentence. that means you can eliminate ( a ), since answer choice ( a ) always repeats the underlined part word for word. even if you know only that there ’ s an error of some sort, and haven ’ t yet figured out what the error is, you can eliminate ( a ). the elimination of ( a ) means something besides “ one down, four to go. ” it means that even if the other four answers look like gibberish, you must guess. remember, if you can eliminate even one answer choice, the guessing odds are in your favor. 3. before you look at the answer choices, figure out how to fix the error. once you ’ ve decided what the problem is with the underlined part of the sentence, say to yourself ( silently, not aloud — you don ’ t want to reveal your genius to other test takers in the room ) : “ this would be a better sentence if it read something like jenna was awarded the medal not for her academic prowess or her skill on the soccer field, but for participating in gym class. ” that convey


to other test takers in the room ) : “ this would be a better sentence if it read something like jenna was awarded the medal not for her academic prowess or her skill on the soccer field, but for participating in gym class. ” that conveys the right information, but doesn ’ t take up unnecessary space. it is of the utmost importance to correct the sentence in your head before you look at the answer choices. why? because if you go right to the answer choices, and dutifully read through them one by one, by the time you get to ( c ), they will all sound equally confusing and wrong. the answer choices are designed to make you feel this way. if you have a solution in mind before you dive in, you can look at the answer choices calmly, and with focus. 4. look at the remaining answer choices and try to find the correction that most closely matches your own correction. your correction was, jenna was awarded the medal not for her academic prowess or her skill on the soccer field, but for participating in gym class. you look at the remaining answer choices and see which one of them most nearly matches your correction : ( e ) looks most like the answer you came up with before looking at the answer choices. it ’ s not exactly like your prepared answer — it uses her participation instead of for participating — but it ’ s very close. rarely will an answer choice exactly match the one you generated on your own, which is fine. the purpose of preparing your own answer first is not to find an exact match in the answer choices, but to have an idea of what you ’ re looking for before you start reading the choices. of course, sometimes you won ’ t be sure whether your own answer matches any of the answer choices closely enough. in that case, move to step # 5. 5. if none of the corrections matches your own, go through the answer choices and eliminate those that repeat the mistake or contain a new mistake. you ’ ll usually see a few answer choices that actually repeat the mistake. some might fix the original mistake, but in the process add a new error to the mix. suppose you weren ’ t certain that ( e ) matched your prepared answer closely enough. in that case, you would read through the answer choices and try to determine if they repeated the first mistake or contained a new one. answer choice ( b ) has a problem similar to that of the original sentence. it says, the reason being, which is a wordy phrase. ( c ) contains a


try to determine if they repeated the first mistake or contained a new one. answer choice ( b ) has a problem similar to that of the original sentence. it says, the reason being, which is a wordy phrase. ( c ) contains a new problem : the word participating is a gerund, but should be a noun. ( d ) repeats the original mistake, repeating the phrase but for her being ; it also introduces a new problem by using the strange phrase participation - willing. only ( e ) neither repeats the original problem nor contains a new one. step # 5 covers cheap tricks that can help you eliminate answers when all else fails. since we aren ’ t stumped on this question, we ’ ll skip the cheap tricks for now, and discuss them at the end of the chapter. 6. plug your answer back into the sentence to make sure it works. sounds good. this step shouldn ’ t normally cause you to reevaluate your work ; it ’ s just a quick check to make sure the answer choice actually sounds okay in the context of the sentence. sat ii is a registered trademark of the college entrance examination board which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. ©2006 sparknotes llc, all rights reserved.


jeremy bentham, the son of a lawyer, was born in london in 1748. a brilliant scholar, bentham entered queen ' s college, oxford at twelve and was admitted to lincoln ' s inn at the age of fifteen. bentham was a shy man who did not enjoy making public speeches. he therefore decided to leave lincoln inn and concentrate on writing. provided with £90 a year by his father, bentham produced a series of books on philosophy, economics and politics. bentham ' s family had been tories and for the first period of his life he shared their conservative political views. this changed after bentham read the work of joseph priestley. one statement in particular from the first principles of government and the nature of political, civil and religious liberty ( 1768 ) had a major impact on bentham : " the good and happiness of the members, that is the majority of the members of the state, is the great standard by which every thing relating to that state must finally be determined. " another important influence on bentham was the philosopher david hume. in books such as a fragment on government ( 1776 ) and introduction to the principles of morals and legislation ( 1789 ), bentham argued that the proper objective of all conduct and legislation is " the greatest happiness of the greatest number ". according to bentham, " pain and pleasure are the sovereign masters governing man ' s conduct ". as the motive of an act is always based on self - interest, it is the business of law and education to make the sanctions sufficiently painful in order to persuade the individual to subordinate his own happiness to that of the community. in 1798 bentham wrote principles of international law where he argued that universal peace could only be obtained by first achieving european unity. he hoped that some form of european parliament would be able to enforce the liberty of the press, free trade, the abandonment of all colonies and a reduction in the money being spent on armaments. in catechism of reformers ( 1809 ) bentham criticised the law of libel as he believed it was so ambiguous that judges were able to use it in the interests of the government. bentham pointed out that the authorities could use the law to punish any radical for " hurting the feelings " of the ruling class. bentham also attacked other aspects of the legal system such as " jury packing ". radical reformers such as sir francis burdett, leigh hunt, william cobbett, and henry brougham praised bentham ' s work. although written in a complex style, radical publishers attempted to


legal system such as " jury packing ". radical reformers such as sir francis burdett, leigh hunt, william cobbett, and henry brougham praised bentham ' s work. although written in a complex style, radical publishers attempted to communicate his ideas to the working class. jonathan wooler published extracts in his journal black dwarf and eventually published a cheap edition of catechism of reformers. when burdett introduced a series of resolutions in the house of commons in july 1818, demanding universal suffrage, annual parliaments and vote by ballot, he quoted the writings of jeremy bentham to support his case. in 1824 bentham joined with james mill ( 1773 - 1836 ) to found the westminster review, the journal of the philosophical radicals. contributors to the journal included lord byron, samuel taylor coleridge and thomas carlyle. bentham ' s most detailed account of his ideas on political democracy appeared in his book constitutional code ( 1830 ). in the book bentham argued that political reform should be dictated by the principal that the new system will promote the happiness of the majority of the people affected by it. bentham argued in favour of universal suffrage, annual parliaments and vote by ballot. according to bentham there should be no king, no house of lords, no established church. the book also included bentham ' s view that women, as well as men, should be given the vote. in constitutional code bentham also addressed the problem of how government should be organised. for example, he suggested the introduction of rules that would ensure the regular attendance of members of the house of commons. government officials should be selected by competitive examination. the book also suggested the continual inspection of the work of politicians and government officials. bentham pointed out they should be continually reminded that they are the " servants, not the masters, of the public ". jeremy bentham died in 1832. ( 1 ) jeremy bentham, the constitutional code ( 1830 ) the all - comprehensive object, or end in view, is, from first to last, the greatest happiness of the greatest number ; namely, of the individuals, of whom the political community, or state, of which it is the constitution. the greatest happiness of the greatest number of the members of the community : of all without exception, in so far as possible : of the greatest number, on every occasion on which the nature of the case renders it impossible by rendering it matter of necessity, to make sacrifice of a portion of the happiness of a few, to the greater happiness of the rest.


oftentimes we find it acceptable to tell what we call “ white lies ” to the people around us, for a multitude of reasons. maybe you don ’ t want to hurt someone ’ s feelings, or maybe you just don ’ t feel like dealing with a situation and tell a little lie to avoid it altogether. besides, these lies are harmless … or so we used to think. a new study from the american psychological association has found evidence that lying may actually have negative health consequences. think back to grade school, when we all learned that president george washington could never tell a lie, and he lived to the ripe old age of 67 — a lot based on 1700 ’ s standards. consider that the average person in his time only lived to age 36! for those who prefer more scientific evidence, consider this : the group of people within the study who told the most lies suffered from higher levels of anxiety, depression and exhaustion, among other ailments. on the other hand, the study participants who made it a point not to lie overall had better mental and physical health. more benefits of being honest : stronger, more solid relationships, as well as fewer feelings of tension overall health problems. seems like a no - brainer to us – if being honest is an easy ( and cheap! ) way to boost our health and wellness, we should all be taking advantage.


new crosswalk technology improves pedestrian safety congress ’ s ongoing debate over whether to include funding for pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure in the next transportation bill does not change the fact that pedestrian traffic deaths are unacceptably high. sixty - seven percent of the more than 47, 000 pedestrian fatalities from 2000 to 2009 occurred on federal - aid roadways. these numbers clearly indicate there should be a federal interest in funding pedestrian safety measures. many state and local governments are not waiting for the federal funding bill, but are moving forward to improve pedestrian safety, particularly at intersections and mid - block crossings. fortunately, recently approved technological advances in intersection design and signalization are improving pedestrian safety and motorist behavior. the traveling public, both motorized and nonmotorized, are encountering these new technologies with increasing frequency. improvements may not even be visible such as passive pedestrian detectors that are able to recognize pedestrian presence and adjust the time of the walk signals accordingly. these passive detectors work regardless of whether a pedestrian pushes a button requesting a crossing phase. other measures, such as high - visibility crosswalk markings and installation of raised crossings, also improve pedestrian safety. new types of pedestrian crossing signals increase pedestrian safety while also encouraging the compliance of drivers in yielding to pedestrians. for example, installation of hawk ( high intensity activated crosswalk ) signals in tucson, arizona, improved the rate of drivers ’ yielding to pedestrians from 30 to 90 percent. use of the rapid rectangular flashing beacon ( rrfb ), a high intensity led light array that is normally dark, but is activated by pedestrians waiting to cross a street at an uncontrolled crosswalk, is raising awareness in florida, home to the top four most dangerous metro areas for pedestrians. studies of motorist behavior before and after installation of rrfbs showed an increase in drivers ’ yielding from 15 to 20 percent compliance to between 80 and nearly 100 percent. this data comes from st. petersburg and miami / dade county, florida. the benefits of installing these new traffic controls should get the attention of traffic engineers and lawmakers, resulting in continued safety improvements.


skip maine state header navigation skip first level navigation | skip all navigation | home | contact us | calendar | news | maine weather | | site map | maine emergency management agency winter weather : the basics november 1, 2010 winter weather awareness week the national weather service offices that serve new england have declared the week of november 1st through 5th, 2010 winter weather awareness week. this winter weather message is courtesy of the national weather service forecast offices in gray and caribou, maine. for those who live in new england, winter weather is a part of life from november through march. snow, sleet, freezing rain, cold temperatures, and cold wind chill temperatures will be common occurrences soon. while most of the time these weather elements are only a nuisance to our daily routines, at times they can produce hazardous or life - threatening situations for those who are not prepared, or for those who do not take the proper precautions. in maine, normal snowfall averages from 50 to 70 inches along the coast, but gradually increases as you move inland to more than 140 inches in the mountains. in northern maine, 100 to 120 inches of snow falls annually. the lesser amounts in coastal areas are partly a result of a frequent change - over to sleet, freezing rain or rain during many well - developed winter storms. to those driving or walking, this mixture of precipitation can be even more dangerous than snow. as residents of maine and new hampshire are all aware from january 1998 and december 2008, large accumulations of freezing rain can cause disastrous conditions. high winds, cold temperatures, cold wind chill temperatures, and coastal flooding can also accompany or follow winter storms. to alert the public to potentially dangerous winter weather events or situations, the national weather service issues outlooks, watches, warnings, and advisories. keep the following general definitions in mind ( the exact criteria used to trigger watches, warnings, and advisories in maine and new hampshire will be discussed in an article later this week, ). hazardous weather outlook a hazardous weather outlook is issued daily by national weather service offices across the country to alert the public to the potential for any hazardous weather during the next 7 days ( including significant winter storms, high wind, coastal flooding, and extreme temperatures ). due to the uncertainty in predicting the strength and path of a winter storm more than several days in advance, the exact impact on the area ( if any ) will not be known. in addition, national weather service offices may issue special weather statements highlighting the potential impact of a major winter storm. watches are issued to alert the public that dangerous


what ' s behind student plagiarism? plagiarism is generally discussed in the context of students ’ ethical behavior and respect for their teachers, fellow students, and the academy. often discussions turn to remembrances of faculty ’ s youth at college and actions we dared not do. recently, however, teachers and scholars have viewed plagiarism as resulting from a more complex interaction of changes to a specific socio - historical context, students ’ understanding and use of sources, the younger generation ’ s sense of self, and technology and scholarly communication. in january 2011, i led a discussion about student behavior and perceptions with several professors from several different departments, from science to fine arts and humanities. professors in the group made the oft - heard comment, “ everyone cuts and pastes from post to post on the internet now. they think it ’ s okay. ” according to mallon ( 2001 ), commercial consequences for the writer and a requirement for innovation and originality must exist for the concept of plagiarism to develop as misconduct. in the academy, this is clearly the case, though few students, especially undergraduates, recognize these obligations. susan blum ( 2010 ) states that students see borrowing from others as a creative reuse of others ’ work. in ordinary life, when students quote movies and songs to each other, they assume that the listener knows where the quote originates. if the listener requires a citation, it only demonstrates that he is outside the group. since being part of the group is essential to young adults, asking for a citation is social ruin. plagiarism may also be an issue of poor writing and little contextual knowledge. researchers studying students ’ use of sources find that students tend to read and cite at the sentence level, rather than attempting to understand the entire source to support their argument. in attempting to paraphrase sentences, students were unable to divorce themselves from the original source text. ( howard, serviss, & rodrigue, 2010 ). the citation project, a national, multi - institution research project devoted to responding to educators ’ concerns about plagiarism, found in a recent workshop that students appeared to choose one paper that was easy to read, from a popular magazine or website, to use as the basis for their paper. they then found several peer - reviewed articles which they used to pepper their papers with statistics. rather than the essence of the study, students chose the one statistic that they understood or would support their own point. faculty members compare students to students across years


they then found several peer - reviewed articles which they used to pepper their papers with statistics. rather than the essence of the study, students chose the one statistic that they understood or would support their own point. faculty members compare students to students across years. why do they feel that students today plagiarize more than earlier students? in the discussion with faculty, the conversation centered around the tendency for writers on the internet to borrow from each other ( without attribution ), one professor said, “ and then when you see your own work! it ’ s like a stab to the heart. ” the pain that the faculty member felt when she read her words on another person ’ s blog, according to blum ( 2009 ), reflects her core of an authentic self : an authentic self that she represents on the page by her own words. the current generation of students gathers words from others to represent themselves. blum states that they are more concerned with a performance self, a self that reverberates with the group they wish to engage at any particular moment. their selves are more fluid and flexible ; their words more ephemeral, even if located on a page ( 2009 ). is this difference in generations just a difference in developmental stage? psychoanalyst erik erikson suggests that adolescents ’ major task is to try on different selves in an effort to find their authentic self. arnett ( 2006 ) believes that currently, identity work occurs during emerging adulthood, the time when students are in college and graduate school. thus, they have not yet developed an authentic self. whatever it is, plagiarism in the academy is different than quoting music lyrics on facebook. understanding why students plagiarize can help us help students to understand the difference between life on social media sites and life in the university. arnett, j. j. ( 2006 ). emerging adulthood : understanding the new way of coming of age. in j. j. arnett & j. l. tanner ( eds. ), emerging adults in america : coming of age in the 21st century ( pp. 3 - 19 ). washington, dc : american psychological association. blum, s. d. ( 2009 ). my word! plagiarism and college culture. ithaca, ny : cornell university press. mallon, t. ( 2001 ). stolen words : the classic book on plagiarism. san diego, ca : harcourt. editor ' s note : watch for ideas on how to manage plagiarism in the


“ come on mate just one, we all are. you scared or something? what is one going to do anyway? ” the problem is if this teenage boy accepts that cigarette he would be a part of the 6, 000 people below the age of 18 in america to start smoking in that day. 2, 000 of those teens will keep smoking. that ’ s 800, 000 new teen smokers every year that are inhaling 4, 000 chemical compounds into their body, 40 of them are cancer causing agents and it ’ s all passed through just one cigarette. that teen could potentially join the 396, 000 smokers who started as teens that die each year from smoking, and that ’ s only in america. so that ’ s what one cigarette could do. so why do teenagers smoke? teenagers can start smoking as a result of peer pressure. feeling weak if they don ’ t accept a cigarette or fear of rejection can be felt by the teen. quit victoria executive director ; fiona sharkie says that “ smoking is part of socialization. ” social groups are where peer pressure occurs and therefore sometimes smoking. peer pressure is one of the main creators of teenage smokers today. teens may also smoke as a result of imitation. product placement in movies and media causes teens to copy their role models. this same cause relates to parents or family members as well. many teens may grow up in a smoking environment resulting in addiction themselves. how bad is smoking for you really? there are many health issues that are consequences of smoking. some a major some are minor but all damaging. there are many dangerous chemicals in one cigarette. chemicals such as benzene - a petrol additive, ammonia - found in toilet cleaner, acetone - present in nail polish remover, tar, nicotine - addictive drug, arsenic - rat poison, etc. many chemicals in cigarettes are actually poison that can kill someone in high enough doses. so the deadly health issues that result from this gradual poisoning are heart disease, strokes, emphysema. other smoking related health issues... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2013, 02 ). it ' s not a joke to choke on smoke. studymode. com. retrieved 02, 2013, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / it - s - not - a - joke - to - choke - 1430865. html " it ' s not a joke to choke on smoke " studymode. com. 02 2013. 02 2013 < http : / / www


cognitive learning i : understanding effective thinking this chapter will help you answer the following questions about your learners : • how can i teach my learners to become good thinkers? • what cognitive learning strategies can help my learners remember what i teach? • what cognitive learning strategies can help my learners improve their comprehension of what they read? • which is more important to how much my learners are able to learn : prior knowledge or intelligence? • how can i use the information processing model of thinking to better understand how learning occurs? • what are some ways of getting and holding my learners ’ attention? • what teaching strategies can i use to enhance my learners ’ reception, availability, and activation of the information i present? • do my learners have to learn in orderly, sequential ways or can they use different sources of information simultaneously to construct their own meanings? boricp05. doc - 2 • is my learners ’ intelligence fixed, or is it made up of many specific abilities that i can improve through instruction? in this chapter you will also learn the meanings of these terms : automaticity cognitive strategies comprehension monitoring decay theory declarative knowledge displacement theory domain - specific knowledge dual - coding theory elaboration general knowledge immediate memory information processing model interference theory keyword method long - term memory metacognition organization parallel distributed processing model procedural knowledge propositional networks rehearsal schema theory working memory boricp05. doc - 3 many years ago in the village of gidole in southern ethiopia, there lived an old man and his three sons. the old man knew that he had only a few more years to live and he wanted to make sure that his property and possessions were left in good hands. he decided that he would leave all his worldly goods to the most intelligent of his three sons. the problem... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2010, 10 ). learning. studymode. com. retrieved 10, 2010, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / learning - 457243. html " learning " studymode. com. 10 2010. 10 2010 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / learning - 457243. html >. " learning. " studymode. com. 10, 2010. accessed 10, 2010. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / learning - 457243. html.


after reading oedipus, one may think that in this story, there was no justice, and nobody could avoid their fate. king laius and queen jocasta, fearing the prophecy of the delphic oracle, had the young oedipus left on mount cithaeron to die, but the father dies and the son marries the mother anyway. oedipus, seemingly a good person, also tries to avoid the second prophecy, only to fulfill the first. but even through all this, i have done some research and feel that there was justice in oedipus, the king, and their fate wasn ' t first, the murder of king laius. laius seemed to die a unwarranted death, but he was not necessarily in complete innocence, for he had done some malicious things earlier in his life, such as the attempted murder of his son, oedipus, and the kidnapping and rape of chrysippus, a young man laius fell in love with before jocasta. and oedipus wasn ' t as guilty under ancient greek law as he is under our modern laws. it was every greek ' s duty to harm his / her enemies, and as far as oedipus knew, king laius was an enemy. queen jocasta wasn ' t exactly guiltless, either. the great queen had also tried with king laius to kill their son, and had no respect for the prophecies of apollo : " a prophet? listen to me and learn some peace of mind : no skill in the world, nothing human can penetrate the future. " she was also the other half of a mother - son marriage. greek law considered the act, not the motive - meaning that even though she nor oedipus knew they were related, they committed finally, oedipus ' s guilt. in some ways, oedipus was the most guilty of them all. consider his ' hubris '. he regarded himself as almost a god, assuming that since he alone had solved the sphinx ' s riddle, he was the one of the gods ' favorites. he was very quick to judge, and judged on the most flimsy of evidence. he calls on tiresias to tell him what he should do, and when he... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 1999, 10 ). the story of oedipus. studymode. com. retrieved 10, 1999, from http : / / www. studymo


gone are the days when fred haise, of the apollo 13 crew, could remark on how his urine looked as if a golden string of glittering stars as they passed out of the evacuation chamber of the space capsule in which he ’ d just relieved himself. or at least gone are the days when bill paxton in the character of haise could say something like that in a movie and be accurate. these days our astronauts drink the water recycled from their pee — and find clever new uses for their poop too. on the international space station, they use an automated system to remove extract water from waste for use once more. on the private mars shot that will launch in 2018, inspiration mars, they will use a simpler, but perhaps more elegant, method : a technique called forward osmosis. water likes to move to diffuse concentrations whenever possible from high to low, in an effort to even things out. so when it ’ s confronted with a solution that contains a solution with a high concentration of salt, which has a high osmotic potential, this ticks water off and it will move toward that higher concentration to balance things out. so when urine, which contains lots of water, of course, is put into in a chamber it will pass through the membrane, leaving behind all of the other stuff that makes up urine, leaving the water purified and the salty solution diluted and ready to, yick, drink. i ’ m sure that any remnant salty taste from the diluted solution will provide the astronauts plenty of reminder of where their water came from ( their pee ). the forward osmosis method was tested on the last space shuttle flight, atlantis in 2011. the problem is, the results showed that in microgravity osmosis worked at only about half the efficiency it does here on earth, something the mission ’ s engineers will have to work out. the inspiration mars people recently announced that these bags of water and waste will be used in an entirely novel way, to line the space capsule to protect it from cosmic rays. a quote from a mission member in a new scientist article on the subject points out that nuclei block cosmic radiation and that water has about three times the amount of nuclei that are found in metals. and since the nuclei block rather than absorb radiated particles, the water won ’ t become irradiated, keeping it safe to drink. so lining the capsule with bags of water that the crew can also drink should be an efficient and elegant solution to both staving off cosmic radiation and dehydration among the


more riverside county residents – adults and young people – smoke than in previous years, and residents eat fast food more often than the rest of california. those factors might help explain why riverside county ranks near the bottom in overall health among california counties and why more than 60 percent of early deaths here are caused by heart disease, cancer, lung disease and stroke. these nuggets and more detailed information can be found in the 2013 community health profile, an 83 - page snapshot of the health of county residents. the report, released by the county of riverside department of public health, describes the health issues facing riverside county residents. it illustrates the scope of the chronic disease problem, the behaviors that lead to disease, and suggests opportunities to change behaviors to improve health. recent studies ranked riverside county 32nd among california ’ s 58 counties in overall health. “ we ’ re using data to tell a story ; create a roadmap, ” said wendy hetherington, chief epidemiologist for the county. “ the report will help guide our public health programs and policies. ” the report is also the foundation for the healthy riverside county initiative, an effort being launched in conjunction with the release of the health profile. using the findings of the report the initiative has four priority areas : improving eating habits, increase daily physical activity, reduce tobacco rates and building healthier environments that support walking, biking and exercise. “ it ’ s a new era of community involvement and population health improvement. the profile serves as starting point for community driven change. by making better food and drink choices, building exercise into our day and not smoking, we can make a difference not only for ourselves but for our friends and family, ” said dr. cameron kaiser, riverside county interim health officer. the report, which includes data collected from local, state and federal sources, provides a resource for educational institutions, cities and other municipalities looking for ways to improve the health of their employees and residents. the 2013 community health profile is available for download at : www. rivcoph. org < http : / / www. rivcoph. org and www. rivcohealthdata. org < http : / / www. rivcohealthdata. org. * contributed by riverside county department of public health


iowa has been under a heat stress alert for two days, and although the weather situation might break for a couple of days, the forecast for late this week and early next week indicates the state could be facing an alert situation again. managing heat stress in cattle as temperatures heat up during the summer, cattle producers need to assess the heat stress that their cattle are under. compared to other animals, cattle rely on respiration more than sweating to dissipate their heat load. since cattle do not dissipate heat effectively they accumulate a heat load during the day and dissipate heat at night when it is cooler. during extreme weather conditions with insufficient environmental cooling at night, cattle will accumulate heat that they cannot disperse. typically physiological factors such as hide color, weight and animal health predispose cattle to heat stress during the summer months. to minimize heat stress, cattle producers can start now initiating measures in their operation to assist cattle in managing periods of hot, humid weather. 1. make sure cattle have access to excess water capacity. this means getting extra water tanks into pens filled with fresh water. during the heat of the day ( noon through sundown ) cattle may increase their water demand to 2 gallons per 100 lbs of body weight. 2. do not handle or process cattle past 9 : 00 am. 1. shift feeding to provide 70 % of the day ’ s feed delivered after sundown. 2. provide shade. a minimum of 20 square feet per head of shade is recommended. 3. remove restrictions to air flow, such as wind breaks. 4. provide mounds for cattle to make use of what little breeze may be available. 5. grind light - colored bedding, such as straw or grass hay, into the pens. this will provide a cooler surface to rest on than the dark - colored pen surface. 1. when heavy, black - hided cattle show signs of severe heat stress such as continuous, open - mouthed panting, get these cattle to a shaded area, and cool these cattle with a hose, including their head and body. either a stream of water or of large droplets which will penetrate through the hair coat to the skin is critical to provide evaporative cooling. in addition to management practices, cattle producers can monitor forecasted heat stress events at www. ars. usda. gov / main / docs. htm? docid = 20426. for more information on preventing heat stress in cattle go to vetmed. iastate. edu / and type “ heat stress cattle ” in the search box.


one of our most valuable resources is the water beneath our feet. - something you canit see and may not even know is there! ground water is the part of precipitation that seeps down through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated with water. ground water slowly moves underground, generally at a downward angle ( because of gravity ), and may eventually seep into streams, lakes, and oceans. most of the void spaces in the rocks below the water table are filled with water. but rocks have different porosity and permeability characteristics, which means that water does not move around the same way in all rocks. when water - bearing rocks readily transmit water to wells and springs, they are called aquifers. wells can be drilled into the aquifers and water can be pumped out. precipitation eventually adds water ( recharge ) into the porous rock of the aquifer. the rate of recharge is not the same for all aquifers, though, and that must be considered when pumping water from a well. pumping too much water too fast draws down the water in the aquifer and eventually causes a well to yield less and less water and even run dry. ground water is an important natural resource, especially in those parts of the country that donit have ample surface - water sources, such as the arid west. it provides about 38 percent of the water delivered by water departments for use in our homes, businesses, and industries and provides drinking water for the 99 percent of the rural population who supply their own water from their own wells.


5 steps to help students connect with real audiences 1 comment ( s ) so far... march 27, 2012 by : lisa nielsen in my work to support innovative learning in schools, i often find young people, given the opportunity to use technology and the web, are doing great work and are excited about publishing their work for the world to see. unfortunately, that ’ s where it falls short. somehow, the important lesson of audience is absent from most classrooms. if we ’ re not supporting students in reaching real audiences, we as educators are missing an important piece of the puzzle when it comes to supporting learners. in fact, the reality is audience should be a forethought... not an afterthought. sometimes when i bring this up in school an educator will proudly explain how student work is published on youtube or schooltube and posted on the classroom or school website. while that is indeed one audience, it is not the authentic audience i ’ m referring to or angela maiers means when we talk about doing work that is worthy of the world ( see section b ). for example, at a recent school visit students were excited about creating psas about issues they were passionate about. they were especially excited because what they created could impact others to learn more about the issue. when i asked how “ others ” will find the video, they, and their teachers, are usually at a loss. while we ’ re doing innovative work, the traditional method of doing work for the teacher or class still prevails. there is little thought to reaching the those who share an interest in these topics. to change that simply follow these five steps. 5 steps to connecting with real audiences - start with a basic google search to see who is writing about your topic. do any organizations support the cause? - do a search on wikipedia and see who supports the cause in the footnotes. - search the topic on technorati to see who is blogging about your topic. - write to each organization. let them know what you are doing. ask them for their feedback as far as what type of product might benefit their work. include things such as content, length, suggested research, credits, etc. - reach out to those who are blogging about your topic. let them know what you are up to and ask them if they may want to feature it. - once you create the outline or storyboard for your work, share it with the interested organizations. get feedback for your final piece. - as you move to the review,


you are up to and ask them if they may want to feature it. - once you create the outline or storyboard for your work, share it with the interested organizations. get feedback for your final piece. - as you move to the review, revise, and edit stage, send your work to the organization for feedback. - invite the organization to publish your work. - share the work on your local sites as well i. e. class, school, project website, with a link to the organization ’ s page. - share the message far and wide using social media like twitter, facebook, and google +. when using twitter do a search for the cause so you can include relevant hashtags. this missing piece to learning can be addressed by taking these five steps. when educators do not support youth in finding their audience, they are robbing them of doing the meaningful work that is essential for success. lisa nielsen writes for and speaks to audiences across the globe about learning innovatively and is frequently covered by local and national media for her views on “ passion ( not data ) driven learning, ” " thinking outside the ban " to harness the power of technology for learning, and using the power of social media to provide a voice to educators and students. ms. nielsen has worked for more than a decade in various capacities to support learning in real and innovative ways that will prepare students for success. in addition to her award - winning blog, the innovative educator, ms. nielsen ’ s writing is featured in places such as huffington post, tech & learning, iste connects, ascd wholechild, mindshift, leading & learning, the unplugged mom, and is the author the book teaching generation text. disclaimer : the information shared here is strictly that of the author and does not reflect the opinions or endorsement of her employer.


u. s. security interests also dictate that the united states consider chinese reactions to its missile defense plans. although not a party to the abm treaty, china bases its nuclear planning in part on the treaty and has historically been concerned about u. s. and soviet missile defense programs. china is believed to have several hundred nuclear weapons but perhaps only about two dozen are able to reach the united states. even a limited national missile defense system, therefore, could undermine or negate the chinese deterrent. china has expressed concern about high - altitude theater defenses too. sha zukang, china ’ s ambassador to the conference on disarmament, noted in a statement to the u. n. general assembly last october that such systems will “ possess the capability to intercept strategic missiles ” and that their development thus would dampen china ’ s “ enthusiasm to participate in the global process of arms control and disarmament. ” moreover, u. s. deployment of high - altitude theater defenses would open the door for russia to do the same. such a move could threaten the bulk of china ’ s missile force, which have ranges of less than 3, 500 kilometers and constitute the backbone of its deterrent against russia. china also worries about possible transfers of u. s. theater defenses to neighboring countries and u. s. deployment of sea - based systems in the region. the united states has tried to enlist japan as a partner to help fund development of thaad. china views japan as a latent nuclear power, and given the historical enmity between the two countries, is uncomfortable with the prospect of a potential combination of japanese nuclear weapons and missile defenses. japan has recently all but opted out of the thaad project, however, partly because the cost is too high and partly to minimize tensions with china. china is also upset by u. s. plans to sell patriot defenses to taiwan in response to the intimidating missile tests china conducted off taiwan ’ s coast prior to taiwan ’ s elections last year. because these are only low - altitude defenses, however, such a sale is unlikely to affect china ’ s nuclear or arms - control policies. given its concerns, china could react to u. s. missile defenses in a number of ways that could reduce u. s. security and hinder further efforts to control and eliminate the world ’ s nuclear arsenals. to preserve its nuclear deterrent, china, like russia, could build up its nuclear forces or adopt a launch - on - warning posture. china could also decide to keep open the option of


to control and eliminate the world ’ s nuclear arsenals. to preserve its nuclear deterrent, china, like russia, could build up its nuclear forces or adopt a launch - on - warning posture. china could also decide to keep open the option of building up by refusing constraints on fissile material production. the united states is seeking an international treaty prohibiting further production of fissile material for nuclear weapons, partly as a way to place some controls on the nuclear - weapon programs of the undeclared nuclear states - india, israel, and pakistan. china ’ s agreement to this treaty is essential, both because of its own nuclear arsenal and because its participation will be needed to gain that of india and, in turn, pakistan. if and when the united states and russia continue to cut their deployed nuclear weapons to roughly the numbers held by the smaller nuclear powers - china, britain, and france - it will become necessary to include these countries in negotiating deeper cuts. but in response to u. s. defenses, china could hamstring this process by refusing to accept limits on its deployed arsenal. finally, because both russia and china are potential suppliers of nuclear and missile technologies to other countries, their participation in international nonproliferation efforts is crucial. but the ill will that missile defense deployments could cause may make both russia and china less willing to cooperate with the west on restricting transfers of sensitive technology to other countries, or to participate in other nonproliferation initiatives. thus the overall result of u. s. deployment of national missile defenses and high - altitude theater defenses could well be that nuclear reductions and other irreversibility measures grind to a halt and that the united states and russia become locked in at high levels of deployed weapons, while retaining their ability to rapidly build more. the other nuclear weapon states would then refuse to become involved in nuclear arms reductions. creating such barriers to deep nuclear reductions and disarmament, which the nuclear weapon states are obligated to pursue under the nuclear non - proliferation treaty ( npt ), would become increasingly unacceptable to the 180 non - nuclear - weapon state members of the npt. over time, this discontent could weaken the international nonproliferation regime. these potential costs to u. s. security might be worth risking if the missile threat were greater and defenses were a more effective means of countering this threat. but this is not the case. there is no missile threat from developing countries that justifies national missile defenses, and there may never be. there are more effective means of addressing


basically, you can take the same approach as for teaching groups. you decide your objective for the lesson and plan how you will achieve it. remember to have a variety of exercises. the same procedures apply of presenting language and practising it as well as error correction. the only difference will be the lack of group work ; for any pairwok, you will need to participate. you ’ ll find yourself doing more of the work in a one - to - one lesson but as you get to know your student and build up rapport, this will balance out. for the first lesson, you can get to know your student. find out about his / her job and the reasons for learning english. find out in what situations ( s ) he will use english ( speaking, writing, reading ). this will help you plan subsequent lessons. if the student has done a placement test to define his / her level, you can go over the test in the first lesson. if no test has been done, i suggest you do one to determine the level. your school should have one available. however, do the test orally ; it ’ s not a good idea to have the student writing away silently in the first lesson. finally, consider the seating from the beginning. sit around a table with your student ; sit close to him / her ( not too close obviously!! ). i say this because i once saw a one - to - one lesson with the teacher at the board and the student sitting at the back of the classroom. once you have met your student, you ’ ll have a better idea of needs and level. feel free to write in at that point for more ideas.


elduce wrote : 1. i don ' t understand ' futurum '. ' to be ' can work actively but passively it doesn ' t make sense. what of the future active participle? is futururum correct? is the future participle actually. in this textbook, if a verb is intransitive but still has a future participle, then the future participle is given instead of the perfect passive participle as with other verbs. there are a couple other verbs in wheelock ' s that have the future participle listed as the 4th principal part, such as fugio, fugere, fugi, fugiturum ; you will know it is the future participle by the - ur - before the ending. the supine stem ( 4th principal part minus the - um / - us ending ) always ends in t or s, so if it ends in r you should already know something is up. multus, - a, - um 2. how does the comparative for more, many, most work? always use the genitive in these instances? thanks. plus, gen. pluris plurimus, - a, - um with the comparative, plus, you use the partitive genitive to say " more ( of ) _ _ _ _ ", or " very many ( of ) _ _ _ _ " if you prefer. this is because the form plus is really more a neuter noun or substantive adjective, like satis, etc. you will rarely see plus in the singular in any cases other than the nominative and accusative ( which are indentical ), and the dative singular does not exist in classical latin. the genitive and rarely ablative are mostly restricted to expressions of value ( unfortunately not covered in wheelock ' s ), e. g. ager multo pluris est " the farm is of much more ( worth ) ". in the plural, plures, plura, you just use it like a regular adjective without the partitive genitive. flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, flebile lingua murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae


exploring the field of cancer genomics can give a researcher without a sturdy footing in bioinformatics a bad case of information overload. but the potential payoff is high. cancer researchers have been amassing data on small mutations, copy number variations, epigenetic changes, expression level differences, and clinical features for a number of cancer types since long before the first whole cancer genome sequence ( of an acute myeloid leukemia ) was completed in 2008. that means researchers diving into the fray today will have more — and higher quality — information at their fingertips than ever before. yet navigating it won ’ t be easy, says william hahn, an associate professor of medicine who studies a number of cancers at the dana - farber cancer institute in boston. “ it ’ s a huge challenge to know what ’ s out there and how to use it. ” much of the available genomic data comes from a handful of large international collaborations. the cancer genome atlas ( tcga ), a project of the national cancer institute and the national human genome research institute, oversees the generation of genomic data from quality - controlled samples, most of which have been analyzed using multiple platforms. the uk cancer genome project houses a data collection called cosmic, the single most comprehensive catalog of somatic mutations in the world. casting an even wider net, the international cancer genome consortium ( icgc ) is a one - stop - shopping portal through which you can access data from its 12 member countries, as well as from the tcga and cosmic databases. once you ’ ve got the data, the trick is to know what they can and cannot tell you, says hahn. but whatever type of data you search for, he cautions, your in silico analyses should be considered hypothesis - generating. at the end of the day, you have to go back to the lab or into the clinic to validate them. the scientist surveyed freely available data, visualization, and analysis portals for cancer genome information to bring you a start - up guide for integrating the approach into your work. is my favorite gene mutated in cancer? a good starting point is to check for known mutations and other aberrations in your gene of interest. the icgc data portal offers several search routes. enter a gene name, ncbi accession number, or ensembl gene id in the gene search field, click through to the gene report, and under mutation summary you ’ ll find the mutations and copy number changes detected and their frequency in the tumors analyzed to date. the cosmic


accession number, or ensembl gene id in the gene search field, click through to the gene report, and under mutation summary you ’ ll find the mutations and copy number changes detected and their frequency in the tumors analyzed to date. the cosmicsection just below lists somatic mutations, including point mutations, small deletions, and insertions, from the cosmic database. another tack is to look for all the affected genes in a tumor type. in the icgc data portal, you can accomplish this by clicking genes under database search, and from there, selecting the type of cancer you ’ re interested in as well as optional sub - parameters such as the pathway you ’ d like to explore. alternatively, in the tcga ’ s data portal, you can select bulk download from the download data menu and retrieve information on somatic mutations, or other data types such as copy number, dna methylation, and gene expression, for a number of tumor types. both icgc and tcga data are publicly available, but note that they have already been processed : sequences have been confirmed by various techniques, and patient - identifying information, such as the presence of germline snps, has been removed. “ by and large, the processed data is our best attempt to provide information that is accurate and has few false positives, ” says lincoln stein, director of informatics and biocomputing at the ontario institute for cancer research in toronto. researchers can request access to raw data through icgc ’ s data access compliance office if they would like to know the germline snps, which could be relevant in studies of cancer risk and cancer drug response. also, consider supplementing your icgc search with an exploration of data sets from other centers, including tcga ’ s data portal. icgc only updates the database every few months, whereas tcga updates as new data become available. what ’ s more, icgc does not store tcga ’ s raw data — to access it, submit a data access request form to tcga. are the mutations in my favorite gene “ drivers ” in this tumor type? finding a gene mutation in tumor samples is just the beginning. the next step is differentiating the drivers that actually contribute to the cancer phenotype from the passenger mutations that many cancers pick up pell - mell because of their genomic instability. the frequency of the mutation can provide some clues. “ if it ’ s mutated in 5 or 8 or 10 percent [ or more ] of cancers, then


mutations that many cancers pick up pell - mell because of their genomic instability. the frequency of the mutation can provide some clues. “ if it ’ s mutated in 5 or 8 or 10 percent [ or more ] of cancers, then you say it ’ s probably important, ” hahn says. it ’ s harder to judge for less frequently mutated genes, which can still be important to the biology and progression of tumors, he explains, adding that data from rare mutations may not be reliable if your gene has only been sequenced in a few samples. icgc ’ s mutation summary is one source of mutation frequency data. another option is the memorial sloan - kettering cancer center ’ s ( mskcc ) cbio cancer genomics portal, a user - friendly site for working with data from tcga and other data sets. you can query this portal by entering the name of one or more genes. the output is a list of cancer studies of different tumor types ; click on a study, and then on view cancer study details, to call up a graphic — referred to as an “ oncoprint ” — that represents the frequency of genomic alterations. you can also predict the functional impact ( high, medium, low, or neutral ) of missense mutations using a tool within mskcc ’ s portal called mutationassessor. like other methods, mutationassessor looks at conservation across all the homologs of a protein, but, unlike others, it also takes into account the conservation within just the closest homologs, which is called “ specificity. ” this gives the tool an advantage in predicting mutations that have a functional impact, particularly those that lead to a change in function rather than a loss or gain of function, says boris reva, who developed the tool with colleagues at mskcc. if you are in view cancer study details in the mskcc portal, clicking the mutations tab takes you to a table with a column labeled predicted impact. clicking on items in this column opens an output table summarizing information about the gene mutation you ’ re looking at. to see how well conserved the mutated amino acid residue is, click on msa ( multiple sequence alignment ) for a sequence alignment with the conservation and specificity score above each amino acid. alternatively, because mutationasssessor is also a stand - alone tool, you can enter your mutation of interest in the text box on its site to obtain a similar output table. what are the genes and pathways that are associated with a tumor


acid. alternatively, because mutationasssessor is also a stand - alone tool, you can enter your mutation of interest in the text box on its site to obtain a similar output table. what are the genes and pathways that are associated with a tumor type? many cancer researchers are looking beyond individual genes to map gene networks. one way to do this is with regulome explorer, a set of tools developed by the institute for systems biology in seattle, washington, and md anderson cancer center at the university of texas in houston that provides a wide - ranging view of connections between mutations, expression level changes, and clinical outcomes. the tool is currently loaded with three tcga data sets, with plans to add more in the next 6 months. to explore networks in which a gene might be involved, select the first tool on the portal page, all pairs significance tests, which looks for pairwise associations. the new window that opens shows a graphical representation of a breast cancer data set, but you can load one of the others by going to the data menu and clicking select. in the dialog box on the right, enter your gene of interest in the label field under feature 1. under feature 2, choose the type of genomic change and the gene for which you want to find associations, then click filter. or, you can leave both boxes in feature 2blank, and view all the genomic associations ; mousing over a line tells you the change associated with your gene of interest. you can do the same analysis of data with a different list of cancer types in mskcc ’ s cbio portal. just enter your gene — say, trim2 — in the gray field, as before, and click submit. after you select the tumor type and click view cancer study details, you can review the network of known gene interactions and pathways involving the gene under the network tab. you can mouse over a gene, represented as a node, to see a color - coded wheel summarizing its mutation, expression, and copy number status. ( the color for each alteration is under the legend tab. ) of course, many gene networks are unknown. a tool called dendrix predicts whether genes share a pathway by using an algorithm that searches for genes mutated in a mutually exclusive pattern. to run dendrix, upload two text files to a server at ccmbweb. ccv. brown. edu / dendrix — one listing all the genes mutated in samples of a particular tumor type ( for example, a


run dendrix, upload two text files to a server at ccmbweb. ccv. brown. edu / dendrix — one listing all the genes mutated in samples of a particular tumor type ( for example, a tcga data set ), and the other listing just the genes you want to analyze. leave out genes mutated at very high frequency, which skew the results, says fabio vandin, a bioinformatician who developed dendrix with colleagues at brown university. the completed analysis will be e - mailed to you, usually within a day, as a text file readable via a platform called cytoscape. what are the clinical associations with genomic changes? “ when you submit to journals these days, there ’ s quite a good chance the referees will say, ‘ what does this gene mutation do in the clinic to patients? ’ ” says markus bredel of the university of alabama at birmingham, who studies gene mutations that correlate with short survival times for patients with glioblastoma. several university - operated visualization tools can address this question. oncoprints at mskcc cbio portal show survival curves associated with genomic alterations in the survival tab. alternatively, the university of california santa cruz cancer genomics browser lets you probe associations between an array of clinical parameters and genomic data for many data sets. click on cancer genomics browser at the top of the menu on the left to be directed to the list of data sets. after choosing a data set, click on the heatmap box in the tab that appears on the right to view genomic and clinical heat maps. you can explore associations between a clinical feature and genomic changes by clicking the features button above the clinical heat map. this opens a window in which you can create two patient groups based on various differences, say, in age at diagnosis. select student ’ s t - test from the statistic drop - down menu and hit generate statistics to view all the statistically significant genomic differences between the groups : red bars and green bars indicate that genomic variation is more likely in group 1 or group 2, respectively. you can zoom in to get genomic data from individual samples, which are arranged vertically above the corresponding chromosomal position, says jing zhu, who manages the ucsc cancer genomics browser. she encourages researchers who want more information about these clinical parameters to contact her team at firstname. lastname @ example. org.


scotland and wales are countries, and their parliament and assembly are acknowledgement of that fact. northern ireland is also recognised as a political and constitutional entity within the united kingdom ( uk ) with its own assembly. for reasons not adequately explained, england is denied recognition as a country or as a political and constitutional entity and the people of england are denied the right to express their will through their own parliament. the people of england have the same right to a parliament as do the people of scotland, and they should be equally free to determine their own system of local and regional government. devolution for england should start with an english parliament. the aim of the campaign for an english parliament ( cep ) is to put the issue of a separately elected english parliament, with its own executive, on the political agenda. the cep ’ s strategy is to assemble the most powerful coalition of expert and public opinion possible with a view to securing an english referendum on the question of establishing a parliament and executive. an english parliament will represent all those for whom england is their chosen or inherited home and who are legally entitled to vote. read the full policy statement ultimately, an english parliament cannot come about without the co - operation and agreement of the house of commons. the cep ’ s role is working with academics, business groups, trades unions, think tanks and the media to create the conditions where mps see that there is no alternative to holding a referendum. we need an english parliament - so that england can be recognised politically and constitutionally - to rebalance the union! - to ensure the future existence of england - to ensure an equal voice in westminster - to ensure an equal voice internationally - to ensure all citizens of the uk have equal representation and enfranchisement - to represent us when laws are imposed upon us - to ensure the accountability of mps - to assure equality of funding - to assure equitable taxation - to allow us to control our own assets - to deliver government for england that is appropriate for england and of equal value to that of the rest of the uk - to support and protect english culture - to prevent the submersion of england into britain and to separate an english identity from a british identity - to prevent conflict and to discourage discrimination on the grounds of nationhood. - because the people of england want it - because other proposals for england ’ s future do not answer all the questions arising from the current imbalance.


joplin, mo., was prepared. the tornado warning system gave residents 24 minutes ’ notice that a twister was bearing down on them. doctors and nurses at st. john ’ s regional medical center, who had practiced tornado drills for years, moved fast, getting patients away from windows, closing blinds, and activating emergency generators. and yet more than 130 people died in joplin, including four people at st. john ’ s, where the tornado sucked up the roof and left the building in ruins, like much of the shattered city. even those who deny the existence of global climate change are having trouble dismissing the evidence of the last year. in the u. s. alone, nearly 1, 000 tornadoes have ripped across the heartland, killing more than 500 people and inflicting $ 9 billion in damage. the midwest suffered the wettest april in 116 years, forcing the mississippi to flood thousands of square miles, even as drought - plagued texas suffered the driest month in a century. worldwide, the litany of weather ’ s extremes has reached biblical proportions. the 2010 heat wave in russia killed an estimated 15, 000 people. floods in australia and pakistan killed 2, 000 and left large swaths of each country under water. a months - long drought in china has devastated millions of acres of farmland. and the temperature keeps rising : 2010 was the hottest year on earth since weather records began. from these and other extreme - weather events, one lesson is sinking in with terrifying certainty. the stable climate of the last 12, 000 years is gone. which means you haven ’ t seen anything yet. and we are not prepared. picture california a few decades from now, a place so hot and arid the state ’ s trademark orange and lemon trees have been replaced with olive trees that can handle the new climate. alternating floods and droughts have made it impossible for the reservoirs to capture enough drinking water. the picturesque highway 1, sections of which are already periodically being washed out by storm surges and mudslides, will have to be rerouted inland, possibly through a mountain. these aren ’ t scenes from another deadly - weather thriller like the day after tomorrow. they ’ re all changes that california officials believe they need to brace for within the next decade or two. and they aren ’ t alone. across the u. s., it ’ s just beginning to dawn on civic leaders that they ’ ll need to help their communities brave coming dangers brought by climate change, from disappearing islands in chesapeake bay to dust bowls in the plains and


t alone. across the u. s., it ’ s just beginning to dawn on civic leaders that they ’ ll need to help their communities brave coming dangers brought by climate change, from disappearing islands in chesapeake bay to dust bowls in the plains and horrific hurricanes in the gulf of mexico. yet only 14 states are even planning, let alone implementing, climate - change adaptation plans, says terri cruce, a climate consultant in california. the other 36 apparently are hoping for a miracle. the game of catch - up will have to happen quickly because so much time was lost to inaction. “ the bush administration was a disaster, but the obama administration has accomplished next to nothing either, in part because a significant part of the democratic party is inclined to balk on this issue as well, ” says economist jeffrey sachs, head of the earth institute at columbia university. “ we [ are ] past the tipping point. ” the idea of adapting to climate change was once a taboo subject. scientists and activists feared that focusing on coping would diminish efforts to reduce carbon emissions. on the opposite side of the divide, climate - change deniers argued that since global warming is a “ hoax, ” there was no need to figure out how to adapt. “ climate - change adaptation was a nonstarter, ” says vicki arroyo, executive director of the georgetown climate center. “ if you wanted to talk about that, you would have had to talk about climate change itself, which the bush administration didn ’ t want to do. ” in fact, president bush killed what author mark hertsgaard in his 2011 book, hot, calls “ a key adaptation tool, ” the national climate assessment, an analysis of the vulnerabilities in regions of the u. s. and ideas for coping with them. the legacy of that : state efforts are spotty and local action is practically nonexistent. “ there are no true adaptation experts in the federal government, let alone states or cities, ” says arroyo. “ they ’ ve just been commandeered from other departments. ” the rookies will struggle to comprehend the complex impacts of climate change. the burning of fossil fuels has raised atmospheric levels of heat - trapping carbon dioxide by 40 percent above what they were before the industrial revolution. the added heat in the atmosphere retains more moisture, ratchets up the energy in the system, and incites more violent and extreme weather. scientists disagree about whether climate change will bring more intense or frequent tornadoes, but there is wide consensus that the 2 degrees fahre


the atmosphere retains more moisture, ratchets up the energy in the system, and incites more violent and extreme weather. scientists disagree about whether climate change will bring more intense or frequent tornadoes, but there is wide consensus that the 2 degrees fahrenheit of global warming of the last century is behind the rise in sea levels, more intense hurricanes, more heat waves, and more droughts and deluges. even if the world went carbon - neutral tomorrow, we ’ d be in for more : because of the co2 that has already been emitted, we ’ re on track for another 5 degrees of warming. batten down the hatches. “ you can no longer say that the climate of the future is going to be like the climate of today, let alone yesterday, ” says judi greenwald, vice president of innovative solutions at the pew center on global climate change. “ in all of the plausible climate scenarios, we are going to have to change the way we do things in ways we can ’ t even predict. ” changing temperatures will have a profound effect on the plants and animals among us. crops that flourished in the old climate regime will have to adapt to the new one, as some pests are already doing. tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever are reaching temperate regions, and ragweed and poison ivy thrive in the hothouse world. yet most of us are naive about what climate - change adaptation will entail. at the benign extreme, “ adapting ” sounds as easy as home gardeners adjusting to their new climate zones — those colorful bands on the back of the package of zinnia seeds. it sounds as pleasant as cities planting more trees, as chicago, new york, boston, and scores of others are doing ( with species native to the warmer climes : chicago is subbing heat - loving sweet gum and swamp oak for the traditional white oak ). and it sounds as architecturally interesting as changing roofs : new york, which is looking at an average temperature increase of up to 3 degrees fahrenheit by 2020, is planning to paint 3 million square feet of roofs white, to reflect sunlight and thus reduce urban heat - island effects. but those steps don ’ t even hint at how disruptive and expensive climate - change adaptation will be. “ ten years ago, when we thought climate change would be slow and linear, you could get away with thinking that ‘ adaptation ’ meant putting in permeable pavement ” so that storm water would be absorbed rather than cause floods


change adaptation will be. “ ten years ago, when we thought climate change would be slow and linear, you could get away with thinking that ‘ adaptation ’ meant putting in permeable pavement ” so that storm water would be absorbed rather than cause floods, says bill mckibben, author of the 2010 book eaarth. “ now it ’ s clear that ’ s not going to be at all sufficient, as we see already with disruptions in our ability to grow food, an increase in storms, and the accelerated melting of greenland that could raise sea levels six feet. adaptation is going to have to be a lot more than changing which trees cities plant. ” as tomorrow ’ s climate wreaks havoc on agriculture — this spring ’ s deluges have already kept farmers from getting tractors into fields to plant corn — mckibben foresees tens of thousands more americans having to work on farms, since human hands can do what machines cannot, like planting seeds in flooded fields. until now, maximizing yield has been the agricultural imperative, but in the future, stability and resilience will be more important. in much of the northeast, farmers will be unable to grow popular varieties of apples, blueberries, and cranberries, for instance ; in vermont, maple sugaring will likely go the way of ox - drawn plows. states and cities will have to make huge investments in infrastructure to handle the encroaching sea and raging rivers. keene, n. h., for instance, has been a pioneer in climate - change adaptation, says missy stults, climate director of iclei - local governments for sustainability usa. the city recently enlarged culverts along its highways so storm runoff would be less likely to wash out roads. in the san francisco bay area, planners are considering increasing the height of the seawall on the city ’ s waterfront and the levees at the san francisco and oakland airports. in ventura, calif., construction crews moved surfer ’ s point 65 feet inland, the state ’ s first experiment in “ managed retreat. ” because warmer air provides less lift, airport runways the world over will have to be lengthened in order for planes to take off. in norfolk, va., where the combination of global sea - level rise and local - land subsidence has brought water levels 13. 5 inches higher since 1930, the city has fought a battle to stay ahead of the tide by elevating one often - flooded roadway by 18 inches. but the neighborhood may have to


and local - land subsidence has brought water levels 13. 5 inches higher since 1930, the city has fought a battle to stay ahead of the tide by elevating one often - flooded roadway by 18 inches. but the neighborhood may have to be abandoned — and residents may not be much happier in neighboring parts of maryland. an expected sea - level rise there of twice the global average means that 371 miles of highway are at risk of looking more like canals, while 2, 500 historic and archeological sites could become real - life versions of atlantis. thousands of septic systems — 5, 200 in a single county near chesapeake bay — are in flood zones, says zoe johnson, who directs the climate - change adaptation program at the department of natural resources. already, 13 islands in the bay are submerged, 400, 000 acres on the eastern shore are on the way to joining them, and 580 acres of shoreline are lost every year as intense storms erode beaches and wetlands. homeowners can no longer automatically get a permit to “ harden ” their beaches by erecting bulkheads and sea walls ; they must instead plant vegetation, which may not do the trick. “ it ’ s inevitable that some of our low - lying communities will need to be relocated or abandoned, ” says johnson. maryland is not the only place that will have to decide which communities it can afford to protect and which will have to be sacrificed. environmental scientist thomas wilbanks of oak ridge national laboratory, who chaired a 2011 panel of the national research council on adapting to climate change, says : “ we ’ ll identify places with iconic value and protect them whatever the cost, even if that means miami and new orleans become islands ” as surrounding communities are sacrificed. given that manhattan is already an island, architects asked to imagine its future have gone a step further : designing venice - like canals for the southern tip. in alaska, six indigenous villages on the coast, including newtok and shishmaref, are likely to get swamped as seas rise and storm surges intensify, says gary kofinas of the university of alaska fairbanks. they also sit on permafrost, which isn ’ t “ perma ” anymore. as the ground melts beneath the villages, the state is figuring out how and where to relocate them. around the world, nearly 1 billion people live in low - lying river deltas, from guangzhou to new orleans, that will be reclaimed by the sea, forcing tens of millions of people to migrate. it threatens to be a trail


to relocate them. around the world, nearly 1 billion people live in low - lying river deltas, from guangzhou to new orleans, that will be reclaimed by the sea, forcing tens of millions of people to migrate. it threatens to be a trail of human misery that will make the exodus after hurricane katrina look like a weekend getaway. the u. s. could take some advice from other countries like the netherlands, which has more than a little experience keeping the ocean at bay. the dutch seem to understand just how radically different life will be. as part of a 200 - year plan, the country has launched a €1. 5 billion project to broaden river channels so they aren ’ t overwhelmed as a result of the higher flows, says pier vellinga, professor of climate change at wageningen university. rotterdam raised by two feet a storm gate at the port that holds back the ( rising ) north sea, and elevated the ground the new 1, 700 - acre port sits on by a foot and a half to keep it from being submerged, all at a cost of some €50 million. the country is also adding millions of cubic yards of sand to dunes that hold back the north sea. all told, it will soon be spending some €4 billion a year to cope with what ’ s coming down the pike. britain, too, is taking adaptation seriously, planning to raise the height of the floodgates protecting central london from the thames by 12 inches. so what lies behind america ’ s resistance to action? economist sachs points to the lobbying power of industries that resist acknowledgment of climate change ’ s impact. “ the country is two decades behind in taking action because both parties are in thrall to big oil and big coal, ” says sachs. “ the airwaves are filled with corporate - financed climate misinformation. ” but the vanguard of action isn ’ t waiting any longer. this week, representatives from an estimated 100 cities are meeting in bonn, germany, for the 2nd world congress on cities and adaptation to climate change. the theme is “ resilient cities. ” as joplin, mo., learned in the most tragic way possible, against some impacts of climate change, man ’ s puny efforts are futile. but time is getting short, and the stakes are high. says daniel sarewitz, a professor of science and society at arizona state university : “ not to adapt is to consign millions of people to death and disruption. ”


what is dengue fever? - dengue fever is a flu - like illness spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. it can present as a mild simple flu like illness or as a severe dengue shock syndrome which could lead to death. who gets dengue fever? - dengue fever may occur in people of all ages. signs and symptoms of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever - dengue fever usually starts suddenly with a high fever, rash, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pains. - nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite are common. - a rash usually appears 3 to 4 days after the start of the fever. - the illness can last from 7 to 10 days, but complete recovery can take as long as a month. older children and adults are usually sicker than young children. most dengue infections result in relatively mild illness, but some can progress to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever, where the blood vessels start to leak and cause bleeding and shock. bruising can be a sign of bleeding inside the body. without prompt treatment, the blood vessels can collapse, causing shock ( dengue shock syndrome ). dengue hemorrhagic fever is fatal in about 5 percent of cases, mostly among children and young adults. how soon after exposure do symptoms appear? the time between the bite of a mosquito carrying dengue virus and the start of symptoms averages 4 to 6 days, with a range of 3 to 14 days. an infected person cannot spread the infection to other persons but can be a source of dengue virus for mosquitoes for about 6 days. who is at risk for dengue? anyone who is bitten by an infected mosquito can get dengue fever. risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever include a person ’ s age and immune status, as well as the strain of the virus. persons who were previously infected with one or more types of dengue virus are at greater risk for developing severe dengue hemorrhagic fever if infected again. what is the treatment for dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever? there is no specific treatment for dengue fever. people with dengue fever should rest and drink plenty of fluids. they should be kept away from mosquitoes for the protection of others. dengue fever is treated by replacing lost fluids, but some patients will need to be hospitalized for fluid replacement and monitoring. how can dengue be prevented? there is no vaccine to prevent damage. eliminating mosquito


from mosquitoes for the protection of others. dengue fever is treated by replacing lost fluids, but some patients will need to be hospitalized for fluid replacement and monitoring. how can dengue be prevented? there is no vaccine to prevent damage. eliminating mosquito breeding sites is a key prevention measure. it can be done by discarding items that can collect rain or run - off water, especially old tires. regularly change water in outdoor bird baths and pet and animal water containers. avoid mosquito bites by use of mosquito repellants on skin and clothing. when outdoors, during times that mosquitoes are biting, wear long - sleeved shirts and long pants tucked into socks. avoid heavily populated residential areas. when indoors, stay in air - conditioned or screened areas. use bed nets if sleeping areas are not screened or air - conditioned. if you have symptoms of dengue, report your travel history to your doctor. if i had previous dengue infection can i get it again? infection with one virus does not protect a person against infection with another type of virus but it protects a person against infection with the same virus type. how is dengue spread? dengue is spread by the bite of an aedes mosquito ( mosquito with white dots on the legs ). the mosquito transmits the disease by biting an infected person and then biting someone else. where is dengue found? dengue is common in asia especially in the philippines. dengue is most common in cities but can be found in rural areas. the mosquitoes that transmit dengue live among humans and breed in discarded tires, flower pots, old oil drums and water storage containers lose to human dwellings. unlike mosquitoes that cause malaria, dengue mosquitoes bite during the day.