the income tax act, 1961 for in - house r & d. ; ( iii ) life saving vaccines exempted from excise duty ; ( iv ) clinical trial of new drugs exempted from service tax to make india a preferred destination for drug testing ; ( v ) anti - aids drugs and life saving vaccines exempted from excise duty to encourage companies like cipla ; ( vi ) all drugs and materials used in clinical trails to be provided customs and excise duty exemption ; ( vii ) companies in knowledge - based pharmaceutical business to be provided equity support ; ( viii ) customs duty reduced to 5 % on 10 anti - aids and 14 anti - cancer drugs ; and ( xix ) duty on certain life saving drugs, kits and equipment reduced and such drugs are also exempted from excise duty and countervailing duty. the new patent regime in india touched the hornets ’ nest and has raised several contentious issues relating to right to health of the people, which is in conflict with the economic right of patent holders. it is also likely to restrict access of allopathic medicines to only the affluent, affordable and more privileged class of people in india and other countries in the immediate future. the institutions associated with enforcement and protection of right to health of human beings whilst upholding the rights of patent holders are faced with the daunting task and challenge of devising ways and means for fulfilling their defined, designed and desired roles so that the conflict in rights pertaining to rights of intellectual property owners and the right to health of human beings is minimized whilst balancing the prevailing hierarchy of human rights for achieving the social and economic objectives. 1. ( india and the wto : the development agenda by : deepika m. g ) 2. available at http : / / www. patentoffice. nic. in / ipr / patent / patent _ 2005. pdf 3. patent regime in india : sashi sharma. 4. novartis ag vs. union of india and others. wp no. 24749 of 2006 filed before h. c of madras 5. ( available at www. swamiramdevyoga. com ) 6. ( available at indian journal of psychiatry ) 7. ( impact of new patent regime and price. by. dr. m. d nair ) the author can be reached at : email @ example. com


scientists are still debating the phylogeny of cervus elaphus. nowak ( 1999 ) lists 7 subgenera and 10 species in the genus cervus and ludt et al. ( 2004 ) mention at least 22 known subspecies which occur in the holarctic. however, some of these subspecies have been recently contested by genetic studies. ludt et al. ( 2004 ) suggested in a study using mitochondrial dna that western red deer and eastern red deer comprise individual species. he further subdivided the western red deer into four subgroups : comparative analysis of behavior and acoustic communication of bukhara deer ( pereladova, 1985 - 2009 ) allowed to point out, that according to behavioral characteristics bukhara deer differs seriously from other red deer subspecies. it is closest to the group of indian and chinese deer and even to the sika deer ( cervus nippon ). this is completely in accord with the latest genetic studies ( ludt e. a., 2004 ) which states that there is “ a very high probability for the existence of two different species of red deer with three subspecies in asia and america ( eastern red deer ) and four subspecies in eurasia ( western red deer ) and additional one or two primordial subspecies in central asia ( tarim group : cervus elaphus yarkandensis, cervus elaphus bactrianus ). the origin of the genus cervus seems to be in central asia near today ’ s hindu kush ”. it is quite probable that kashmir stag – hangul – cervus elaphus hangul – also belongs to this group, but it had not been included in the investigation. it is a group, which differs both from eastern and western deer. the subspecies cervus elaphus bactrianus is considered part of a major systematic group described as relatively primitive and seriously endangered ( nowak 1999 ). this group appears to have given rise to both the red deer to the west and the wapiti to the north and east ( nikolskii, 1984, pereladova, 2004 ; nowak 1999 ). | skull length | | 390 mm | | tail length | |? cm | | antler weight | | 3, 4 - 5, 5 kg cervus elaphus bactrianus, the bukhara deer, is a relatively small deer. the skull length is only about 390 mm. its 5 - pronged velvet coated antlers, considered primitive compared with other subspecies of ce


cervus elaphus bactrianus, the bukhara deer, is a relatively small deer. the skull length is only about 390 mm. its 5 - pronged velvet coated antlers, considered primitive compared with other subspecies of cervus elaphus, weigh only between 3, 4 and 5, 5 kg ( measured from cast antlers ). the subspecies is sexually dimorphic – meaning that males and females differ in their external appearance. in general, cervus elaphus bactrianus has a white rump patch, a short yellowish - brown tail that is lighter in color along its sides, and dark dorsal body hair. are usually a uniform gray in warmer seasons but in winter some individuals can develop a dark neck, face, chest, belly and legs with a sandy gray body. the under portion of the coat is usually paler. males also possess a short neck mane. possess no neck mane and are uniformly colored – generally lighter than the males – but have reddish hair on top of their heads and the dorsal portion of the neck. females also have a dark narrow strip down the front of their legs and whitish lips and chin. are spotted although adults can have light spots in their coats during the summer months. like other artiodactyla, the first digit is absent from each foot, the third and fourth digits are well developed and bear the weight of the animal, and the second and fifth digits are small. when bukhara deer are introduced to unusual mountain habitats of the same arid zone ( ramit, tajikistan ), or regularly artificially fed in wildlife management areas ( karatchingil, kazxakhstan ) morphological characteristics of the subspecies seriously change ( higher weight up to 30 - 40 % – true both for the body - weight and for antlers ; stronger developed front legs ’ girdle –. after secondary translocation ( from ramit and karatchingil to natural habitats ) deer “ return ” to their usual morphological parameters. bactrian deer are partial to riparian forests called tugais in arid regions which include stands of tamarix, elaeagnus, poplar, hippophae, communities of phragmites and erianthus. these 0, 5 - 1 kilometer wide areas of woody and shrubby thickets are found along desert rivers. in winter and early spring, deer may move into desert and semi - desert habitats to feed on shrubs ( e. g. haloxylon sp. ). compared to others of the same


woody and shrubby thickets are found along desert rivers. in winter and early spring, deer may move into desert and semi - desert habitats to feed on shrubs ( e. g. haloxylon sp. ). compared to others of the same species, bactrian deer live in warmer and more arid environments. for instance, precipitation in bactrian deer habitat is usually lower than 200 mm per year and air temperatures in the summer often exceeds 45°c ( 113°f ). because cervus elaphus bactrianus have such narrow habitat preferences, there is little opportunity for individuals to disperse to other areas when their habitat is threatened. when introduced to unusual mountain habitats of the same arid zone ( ramit, karatag, sarykhosor – tajikistan ) they easily get used to mountain valley habitats ( willows, wild fruit forests ), although for 2 - 3 generations the adaptation process included a high level of traumas ( e. g. broken legs as a result of quick movement on the slopes ) and changes of morphology ( see above ). in winter only males manage to survive in the conditions of snow cover – while females and sub adults concentrate in the lower parts of the valleys and need additional feeding. bukhara deer is very conservative in the use of territory. they form small discrete groups with the sexes usually remaining separate for most of the year – typically males stay single, females with newborns / subadults, rather often – 2 - 3 females with posterity together. herd size observed outside of the rut is usually between 4 - 7 individuals. although in woodlands, bukhara deer diet includes grasses, sedges and shrubs, tree shoots to a minor extent. like all species in the family cervidae, bactrian deer have a four - chambered, ruminant stomach and lack a gall bladder. it is regular, that bukhara deer diet is very limited most of the year ( e. g. when inhabiting reeds brushes ). differently from other red deer subspecies, which use branches up to 15 mm thick, bukhara deer eat only branches up to 5 mm. in september males start to visit sites where home - ranges of a number of female groups are bordering or even overlapping, and form a lek. bukhara deer is the only true deer subspecies for which a true lek is shown. normally rutting period starts end of august with the peak of rut on mid september. second half of september males join the females and


a lek. bukhara deer is the only true deer subspecies for which a true lek is shown. normally rutting period starts end of august with the peak of rut on mid september. second half of september males join the females and regularly leave the lek for the daytime following females to their home ranges. during this period lek aggregations including a number of males with their female groups ( typically 1 - 3 for bukhara deer ) are regularly seen in the daytime and confused to be just a mixed herds or large harems of other subspecies. differently to other deer bukhara deer stags are less aggressive even during the rutting period ( towards subadults first of all ), continue grazing in the daytime during all reproductive period. usually the rutting season ends by the end of september - beginning of october. all varieties of this dynamics are connected with various abnormalities of the population density and structure. the ability to outperform other males depends on body and antler size, fighting prowess, and roaring ability. nevertheless, usually various modifications of rutting calls allows to avoid direct battles. typically rather young stags of equal strength fight physically ( often in presence of a mature stag with his harem group, and mature stags prevent serious fighting by special types of roaring. ) and this fights are more like tournament. males have a unique rutting call, which differs both from the low density noisy calls in series ( up to 12 - 15 short signals in each ) of western deer and from single long tonal rutting calls of eastern and american deer. bukhara deer rutting calls are either single or organized in short series ( 3 - 5 ) and each signal includes both low - frequency noisy component and high - frequency tonal component, independently modulated. different modifications of the rutting calls are used in various situations. besides that bukhara deer ( both males and females ) frequently use an alarm - call - single barks, organized in series. after the rutting period males separate from females and groups ( or single animals ) return to their home ranges. | gestation period | | 240 - 262 days | | young per birth | | one | | sexual maturity | | 1, 5 and 2, 5 years | | life span | | 12 - 15 years | bactrian deer reach maturity between 1, 5 and 2, 5 years of age and a female is likely to produce several young at a rate of one per year through her lifespan. calves are usually born around late spring.


12 - 15 years | bactrian deer reach maturity between 1, 5 and 2, 5 years of age and a female is likely to produce several young at a rate of one per year through her lifespan. calves are usually born around late spring. males leave the mother at 2 - 3 years, but maximum maturity is attained at 4 - 7 years. estimated generation length : in the wild, few individuals of cervus elaphus survive more than about 12 - 15 years, but a captive british female red deer has lived for more than 27 years. it was unusual for bactrian deer to migrate, especially in good habitat conditions. depending on geographical location, deer were shown to move either several hundreds of meters or only 2 - 3 kilometers while searching for food during a twenty - four period. however, in the 19th century, a seasonal migration of a bactrian deer population was recorded. in the winter, the recorded population left the tugai forests of the syr - darya river, which flows through southern kazakhstan, eastern uzbekistan, and northwestern tajikistan, to reside in the neighboring haloxylon deserts, returning the following summer. in addition, non - periodical migrations of the deer were observed during major spring and summer river floods and fires such as those caused by reed burnings. besides that, in case of high population density and high number of young stags, their migrations are provoked by adult stags ( pushing younger ones away from the leck – mid september ) and that is the major way of the initial expanding of the area inhabited by the deer. therefore, while bactrian deer populations demonstrate a tendency to remain within defined areas, they are able to migrate outside these localized regions in search of more food or better habitat. overall, 30 to 50 % of all populations have been shown to migrate every year and cross national borders. historically the major predator for the bukhara deer was turanian ( caspian ) tiger – extinct from nature since 1958 - 1962. besides that wolf ’ s press on the deer population is important. jackal ( and fox ) can sometimes kill a newborn deer – just some hours after the birth, but usually the baby is successfully protected by the mother, and jackals can only sometimes use rests of the wolf ’ s prey. there are some bukhara deer in the zoo ' s and in askania - nova zapovednik ( ukraine ), but as we have checked in many cases those are hybrids with other red deer subspecies – and it is difficult to be sure that captive


some bukhara deer in the zoo ' s and in askania - nova zapovednik ( ukraine ), but as we have checked in many cases those are hybrids with other red deer subspecies – and it is difficult to be sure that captive - bred zoo animals are really bukhara deer. now there are pen groups of bukhara deer in : the last two pen groups ( zarafshan and turkestan ) are developed in the frame of wwf project for reintroduction in zarafshan and syrdaria river valleys accordingly ; 2 - 3 releases already took place, additional planned. badai - tugai group was established during deer reintroduction in badasi - tugai. now wild population in the site exceeds 300 animals, and deer from pens can be used for additional reintroduction projects in the suitable riparian forests in the amudaria delta and former bottom of the aral sea. cervus elaphus bactrianus is a subspecies of red deer occurring in central asia – in river valleys of turkmenistan, uzbekistan, kazakhstan, tajikistan and afghanistan. historically it inhabited all river vallies of amudaria and syrdaria, as well as murgab and tedjen to the west ( turkmenistan ), zaravshan, various minor rivers – and ily to the east ( map 1 ). in the 1960 ' s many populations went extinct including those found in the river valleys of syr darya, tedjen, murgab, and illi, and at the lower reaches of the amu darya. some populations were partially restored in the 1970 ' s through reintroduction programs and was introduced in some new sites ( see “ conservation ” chapter ) and resulted in total number around 900 deer total in 13 - 15 independent populations. ( map of species distribution in 1989 ). by the end of 1999 total number of bukhara deer dropped dramatically to less then 350 animals total in the central asian countries of the fsu, no data on the species numbers in afghanistan ). since 2000 the numbers are increasing in all sites ( see “ conservation ” chapter ), and according to the census 2009 there were 1450 deer in wild populations and reintroduction is on - going in three sites ( syrdaria, zerafshan and ily ). the syr darya and amu darya river basins line the border between afghanistan and uzbekistan and afghanistan and tajikistan. bactrian deer populations remaining in northern afghanistan most likely exist in these borderlands. the last


about 350 – 400 deer in central asia in 1999 when the project started and the results of the 2006 census showed that now about 1000 deer live here. deer reintroduction was initiated in 3 sites, which had been inhabited by these animals till the middle of the previous century. the political result is the memorandum and action plan of understanding on bukhara deer conservation that was signed in the frame of bonn convention by all four range states. as a native floodplain forest, the area of tigrovaya balka needs regular floods for normal existence and development. natural floods are prevented by an artificial regime of water use ( system of dams and dikes ), so water needs to be given to the forest artificially once a year. in order to prevent flooding of fields and settlements, surrounding the forest area, a system of dykes need to be reconstructed around the forest, and it is necessary to dig a canal from the river around the forest. previously some system of canals existed, but now they don ’ t function at all. there were three extremely dry years in central asia one after another, and the forest stated to degrade because of lack of water and high level of salination. now we have the second wet year running, and there was a hope for forest rehabilitation. but this didn ’ t happen as riparian forests don ’ t need just humidity, but flooding - to take cumulated salts out of the soils. the main goal of the project is to conserve and restore the tugai ecosystem in the tigrovaja balka area in tajikistan, providing a model for sustainable management of freshwater ecosystems in the amudarya river basin, which includes tajikistan, uzbekistan and turkmenistan – one of the two major watersheds of central asia. in order to facilitate socio - economic development of local communities and to restore the unique ecosystem of riparian forests, a range of measures are required, including normalizing water patterns in the ecosystem and the surrounding agricultural lands through implementing water - saving technologies in agriculture. the long - term goal of the project is to provide the foundation for integrated river basin management and nature protection in the middle stretch of the syrdaria river basin, providing a model for sustainable development. the bukhara deer - was seriously threatened already in 1960 - th, first of all – because of habitat destruction. the history of the first phase of bukhara deer restoration included special protection in existing and specially established nature reserves, reintroduction and introduction in new sites ( such as mountains of ramit in tajikistan. as a result, by


of habitat destruction. the history of the first phase of bukhara deer restoration included special protection in existing and specially established nature reserves, reintroduction and introduction in new sites ( such as mountains of ramit in tajikistan. as a result, by 1989 there were about 900 bukhara deer totally in all groups, with potential for population growth up to 4000 – 5000 animals. after the break of the former soviet union only 350 bukhara deer rested in all populations throughout the area - as a result of poaching. since 1999 wwf carries out a project on bukhara deer restoration. the very first funding was provided by lhi ( 5 th. usd ) in 1999, major funding is provided by wwf netherlands ( ~ 50 th. a year for 4 countries ) with some additional support from for tajikistan ( deer habitats restoration ) from minnesota zoo and disney fund. since 2007 important funding for tajikistan and kazakhstan is provided by mfa / wwf norway. the activities include technical support to the nature reserves, still inhabited by bukhara deer, anti - poaching activities, reintroduction in suitable sites in the limits of historical area, ecological education / local communities involvement, etc. all restoration activities are accompanied by species monitoring. measures on population sustainable management are based on in - depth analysis of the ecology, social behavior of bukhara deer. as a result of the scientifically - based approach to the species restoration important successful results in the subspecies restoration achieved. total bukhara deer number increased from 350 in 1999 to 1450 in 2009, successful reintroduction on - going in three sites ; possibilities for reintroduction in additional sites investigated, activities in one additional site started.


aids dementia complex ( adc ) can occur in people with. adc results in changes in multiple neurologic areas : adc is a common nervous system complication of late - stage hiv infection. hiv destroys white blood cells vital to the immune system. copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. it is not clearly understood how hiv infection causes adc. risk factors that increase your chances of having adc include : symptoms usually develop slowly and worsen over time. they are grouped into stages : walking, balance, and coordination require a great deal of effort at this stage. if you have any of these symptoms, do not assume they are due to adc. these symptoms may be caused by other conditions. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. tests may include : talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include : anti - hiv drugs are often used to treat adc. your doctor will create a medicine plan that is right for you. these drugs are often given in combination. other medicines may be used along with antiretroviral therapy to treat symptoms of adc. these may include : adc occurs in people with hiv. ways to help reduce the risk of getting hiv include : american foundation for aids researchhttp : / / www. amfar. org / national association of people with aidshttp : / / www. napwa. org / aids committee of torontohttp : / / www. actoronto. org / canadian aids societyhttp : / / www. cdnaids. ca / aids dementia complex. ebsco patient education reference center website. available at :. updated february 28, 2012. accessed november 21, 2012. aids dementia complex. project inform website. available at :. updated january 2011. accessed november 21, 2012. aids dementia complex. university of california at san francisco website. available at :. accessed november 21, 2012. hiv - associated dementia. ebsco dynamed website. available at :. updated february 10, 2012. accessed november 21, 2012. luo x, carlson ka, wojna v, et al. macrophage proteomic fingerprinting predicts hiv - 1 - associated cognitive impairment. meehan ra, brush ja. an overview of aids dementia complex. am j alzheimers dis other demen. nicholas mk, lukas r, van besein k. textbook of neurological surgery. 6th ed. philadelphia, pa : lippincott


home to endangered black condors nesting in iconic volcanic rocks, california ' s pinnacles national monument is set to become america ' s newest national park. the park ' s spectacular pinnacles are half of an eroded volcano. the matching half lies 195 miles ( 314 kilometers ) to the southeast, on the other side of the san andreas fault. the 1976 discovery of the 23 - million - year - old split volcano provides a unique geologic marker of offset along the fault. president theodore roosevelt established pinnacles national monument in 1908, to preserve its massive monoliths and wildlife. the giant spires are now a popular rock climbing destination. rounded knobs and pinnacles rise above condor gulch in pinnacles national monument. weathering of volcanic rock gives rise to the park ' s unique landscape. rhyolite cliffs near the falls along the condor gulch trail in pinnacles national monument. rhyolite is a volcanic rock similar to granite in composition ( mostly the minerals quartz and feldspar ). a landsat satellite image of california ' s pinnacles national monument, set to become america ' s newest national park. the image was snapped in june 2008, when vegetation in the arid landscape was yellow and brown. the san andreas fault is the linear feature crossing the northeast corner of the image, just beyond the park boundary. hawkins peak as seen from the condor gulch trail in pinnacles national monument in california. rocks in the high pinnacles area formed from explosive - style volcanic eruptions. pinnacles form when erosion at the surface removes weathering material before it can form soil, leaving the rocks exposed. this pattern is common in semi - arid regions with mediterranean climates like california ' s coast ranges, home to pinnacles national monument. a north - facing view from the high pinnacles toward balconies cliffs in the distance in california ' s pinnacles national monument. the formerly horizontal rock layers have been tilted by geologic forces. bear gulch cave in pinnacles national monument consists of passages between large boulders of volcanic tuff. the giant blocks and boulders of volcanic rock that cover the creek bed ( creating the cave ) may have collapsed from the slopes above during rockfalls and landslides. a condor stretches its wings at sunset in pinnacles national monument. the camera trap and scale helps park biologists monitor the health of the endangered birds. a condor eyes a hidden camera at pinnacles national monument. the camera is located near a feeding site for the condors. the california park is a release site for the endangered birds, and there are 32 free


learn to catch more fish there are many tips and tricks if you ' re looking to learn to catch more fish, from checking water temperature and currents to knowing what insect hatch is on. learning to catch more fish can be challenging and rewarding at the same time. one thing is certain though ; you ' ll need to practice, practice, practice. - learn to catch more fish by fishing with a mentor. if you have a buddy who constantly brings home largemouth or smallmouth bass, ask to tag along on one of his fishing expeditions. pay attention to the type of bait he uses and ask him about the benefits of artificial flies or real bait, such as blood worms. ask him to explain how to know which bait to use - generally, the bait selected matches the natural food in the water at the time. - learn to find the spots where fish generally reside. fish like to be sheltered so you might find a lot of fish living in the nestled tree roots off the shoreline or hiding near some underwater brush. learn the topography of the area you ' re fishing so that you know where the deeper spots are - larger fish like deeper water. - check online sites for tips of catching more fish. there are many, many online sites which can explain the merits of the right equipment, such as the correct fishing rod and tackle to use for catching different fish. - go out and fish at different times of the day and be aware of your surroundings. check the temperature and watch the currents as you cast your fishing line. if you catch a fish, there ' s probably more at the same spot, at the same time of day, and with similar climate surroundings so repeat your actions. - learn to catch more fish by just being patient. don ' t expect to read some online site, buy all the fancy equipment, and head out to the lake the next day to get your quota of trout. that ' s not going to happen. just cast your line and be patient. spend a few hours enjoying your fishing time. as someone once said " the fishing was great - the catching just wasn ' t so good. "


written by jonny williamson lubricants are used across many industries throughout the world, predominantly to cool tools and parts from overheating and breaking by reducing friction and carrying away debris. industrial processes such as drilling, turning, grinding, cutting and milling all benefit from lubricants, often made from 90 percent mineral oils. there are a number of drawbacks to using mineral oils ; it isn ’ t an ideal way to dissipate heat caused by friction, it is flammable and it does carry some health concerns, not to mention the fossil oil comes from a finite resource. the safe use, handling and eventual disposal of mineral oil lubricants can amount to a constant drain on a manufacturers finances, so a global focus has been on finding an alternative. + more from manufacturing digital - web elements manufacturers need in the digital age - mas reports shows uk manufacturing is on the rise - manufacturers need more government support says survey researchers from the fraunhofer institute for process engineering and packaging ivv, in the german town of freising, have carried out two tests where lubricating oils were replaced with water. dr. michael menner, a fraunhofer researcher, said : " at ivv here in freising, we have been looking at the issue of cooling lubricants for some considerable time. in two projects, supported by the federal ministry of education and research, we have successfully replaced oil with water. ” to enable the water to act as a sufficient lubricant, additives were added to better simulate the performance of oil. another researcher, andreas malberg, who also worked on both studies, commented : “ the additive is a biopolymer, a product you can buy wherever you want. ” malberg was not able to state the name of the exact biopolymer employed by the researchers, but what is known is that it acts as a thickening agent. the standard viscosity of water is 1mpa, but the addition of the agent raises it to 40mpa, similar to that of oil. the further addition of a water - soluble additive enabled the enhanced water to have the extra benefit of providing anti - corrosive properties. aside from the water - based lubricant having a much lower environmental impact, components and machines which use the lubricant are easier to clean, health and safety concerns are eliminated, and the cost of companies having to convert is relatively inexpensive, the alternative lubricant has already won the german raw


yes - of course it does. without " random " in front choice is an attribute with no object. i didn ' t actually do it, but thats what would happen - " choice is not defined blahblah " is that the same as saying its not a " global namespace "? i ' d have to consult a reference book to be 100 % sure. i ' m not certain how a pure object oriented language treats namespaces compared to a procedural language ( ie, c + + is both procedural and oop - i need to do a review for example, in c + + you explicitly state your namespaces - in 99 % of cases students do this by adding a line ' using namespace std ; ' ( std = standard ) near the top of their file, which is frowned upon with most real projects. by doing this they don ' t have to put the namespace std in front of functions defined in std. cout < < " hello " < < endl ; / / prints hello std : : cout < < " hello " < < std : : endl ; / / prints hello now say you have a special cout function that prints ascii numbers instead of the letters to the console. you can define a namespace in your file called manta and do this.... manta : : cout < < " hello " < < std : : endl ; / / prints 90 88 96 96 99 ( just guessing the ascii values ) in practice, namespaces are used in procedural languages to avoid name clashes. when a project gets large enough, you start running out of good descriptive variable names, so it is better to create seperate namespaces and reuse these descriptive names instead of resorting to complicated naming gyrations. " it looks to me like random might be a static class with static methods, hence, no need to instantiate anything. " yes - a very good way to say it. how come the texts don ' t say that? got me - maybe i should write a book. this is just what i think is happening... i ' d have to consult python. org to be sure. do java and c + + have modules? please describe or give a definition to me for that. no. java has the following.... packages - groups of related classes form a package. example : javax. swing is the package for the swing classes example : java.


modules? please describe or give a definition to me for that. no. java has the following.... packages - groups of related classes form a package. example : javax. swing is the package for the swing classes example : java. lang contains the core classes of the java language classes - you know what these are.... math is a class containing fields and methods related to math jbutton is a class for instantiating a button in swing and you can create your own packages.... there are a few rules for doing this. in c + +, which supports both procedural and oop, the main library is called the stl - standard template library, which uses the namespace std like i showed you above. instead of using a package, c + + has a keyword called friend - imo, friends are the most unfriendly thing i ' ve seen in any language and i much prefer java ' s use of packages. my language class didn ' t cover python - c + +, java, ada, lisp, fortran, prolog, cobol and some others - here is what one of the tutorials says... you can use a module to organize a number of python definitions in a single file. < snip > a package is a way to organize a number of modules together as a unit. python packages can also contain other packages. so python has both modules and packages where it looks like a module is a related to group of classes and functions, and a package is a related group of modules and other packages. here is a link that i think will explain it in detail.... i plan on reading it later tonight.


- functions of water in the body - diverticulosis and diverticulitis - cuts of beef - food label - see all - anatomy of a whole grain - reading food labels - recipe makeover : morning glory muffins - pyramid or plate? explore these healthy diet options - video : honey crusted chicken - video : pineapple chicken stir - fry - video : hearty turkey chili - video : apple berry cobbler - see all - slide show : your guide to spices - slide show : guide to beans and legumes - slide show : guide to portion control for weight loss - slide show : guide to a high - fiber diet - see all slide show : guide to gourmet saltby mayo clinic staff beyond your grandmother ' s table salt many varieties of gourmet salt are finding a place in the kitchens of both everyday cooks and top chefs. salt occurs naturally around the world as the mineral halite and in seawater and saline ( saltwater ) lakes. all salt contains a mix of sodium and chloride. salt may also naturally contain small amounts of other minerals, giving it variations in taste. but salt is processed and refined in many different ways, resulting in different textures and colors as well as tastes. whichever type of salt you enjoy, do so in moderation. limit sodium to less than 2, 300 milligrams a day — or 1, 500 milligrams if you ' re age 51 or older, or if you are black, or if you have high blood pressure, diabetes or chronic kidney disease. next slide - iodized salt, sea salt or kosher salt, oh my! american dietetic association. http : / / www. eatright. org / media / blog. aspx? id = 4294968231 & blogid = 269. accessed aug. 12, 2011. - sodium. american heart association. http : / / www. heart. org / heartorg / gettinghealthy / nutritioncenter / healthydietgoals / sodium - salt - or - sodium - chloride _ ucm _ 303290 _ article. jsp. accessed aug. 12, 2011. - duyff rl. american dietetic association complete food and nutrition guide. 3rd ed. hoboken, n. j. : john wiley & sons ; 2006. - nelson jk ( expert opinion ). mayo clinic, rochester, minn. aug. 12, 2011. - dietary guidelines for americans, 2010. u. s.


meaning of business and profession business simply means any economic activity carried on for earning profits. according to sec 2 ( 3 ) business is “ any trade, commerce, manufacture or any adventure in the nature of trade commerce and manufacture ”. any transaction with a motive of selling at profits included under this concept. it is not necessary that there should be a series of transaction in a business and it should be carried on permanently. profession is an occupation requiring purely intellectual skills or manual skills controlled by the intellectual skill of the operator. e. g. lawyer, doctor, engineer etc. so profession refers to those activities where the livelihood is earned by the persons through their intellectual or manual skill. the following income shall be chargeable to income - tax under the head profits and gains of business or profession, 1 ) the profits and gains of any business or profession which was carried on by the assessee at any time during the previous year 2 ) any compensation or other payment due to or received by any person in connection with a business or profession 3 ) income derived by a trade, professional or similar association from specific services performed for its members 4 ) profits on sale of a license granted under the imports ( control ) order, 1955, made under the imports and exports ( control ) act, 1947 ( 18 of 1947 ) ; ] 5 ) cash assistance ( by whatever name called ) received or receivable by any person against exports under any scheme of the government of india ; ] 6 ) any duty of customs or excise re - paid or re - payable as drawback to any person against exports under the customs and central excise duties drawback rules, 1971 ; ] 7 ) value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into money or not, arising from business or the exercise of a profession ; 8 ) any interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called, due to, or received by, a partner of a firm from such firm : 9 ) any sum received under a key man insurance policy including the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy. … read more »


grief is a collection of feelings that everyone experiences when there are losses in their lives. grief is not the same as depression. it can come from any type of loss. the loss of a relationship can cause feelings of grief. many people grieve when they realize that they have lost some of their physical abilities due to agin... mcphersonsentinel - mcpherson, ks updated mar. 15, 2013 @ 10 : 52 am updated mar. 15, 2013 @ 10 : 52 am » social news grief is a collection of feelings that everyone experiences when there are losses in their lives. grief is not the same as depression. it can come from any type of loss. the loss of a relationship can cause feelings of grief. many people grieve when they realize that they have lost some of their physical abilities due to aging, injury or disease. some may grieve over past friendships or even when they retire and lose their identity as a worker. the most common cause for grief is the death of a spouse, child, parent, friend or pet. when someone very close to you dies it may initially feel as if you will never be happy again. you may experience many emotions including anger, anxiety, loneliness, guilt, helplessness and sadness. sometimes people report feeling numb at first. all of these feelings are normal. you may even have good and bad days when you are grieving. it is normal to have times of laughter and happiness during the grieving process. sometimes grief can turn into depression or what is referred to as " complicated grief. " if grief turns into depression, the feelings of despair and emptiness become constant. loss of motivation, hopelessness, fatigue, withdrawal, and difficulty concentrating are also signs of depression. people with complicated grief get stuck in the feelings and don ' t move on, deny the death, become preoccupied with the person who died, or avoid things related to the person. completing the grief process is important because it can help you to recognize and adapt to the reality of the loss and to live a healthy life without the person who died. there is no right way to grieve or a set time to complete it. all losses are unique and reflect the quality of the relationship with the deceased, the characteristics of the griever, prior experiences with loss, and the circumstances of the loss. a loss that occurs as a result of a prolonged illness will be different from the grief resulting from a sudden death. grief from a sudden death may be more intense since there has been no opportunity to prepare for


loss, and the circumstances of the loss. a loss that occurs as a result of a prolonged illness will be different from the grief resulting from a sudden death. grief from a sudden death may be more intense since there has been no opportunity to prepare for the loss. grief resulting from the death of a child is different than that from death of a parent. some people try to avoid the painful feelings of grief by keeping very busy and pretending that they are all right. failure to address the feelings that come with the normal grieving process can prolong the grief process and possibly lead to depression later. the grief process involves recalling a collection of memories and stories about the person that died. it may involve talking and writing about the good and bad memories about your time with the person. it is common to have regrets about things that you believe you should have said or done and you will need to let go of them. grieving means allowing yourself to acknowledge, experience, and release the many feelings that occur when you lose someone. grief recovery can be defined as acceptance of the death of a loved one and return to your previous healthy level of functioning. a sign that you have completed the grief process may be the ability to increasingly choose happiness and smile when you remember the person. just as an injured body gradually weaves itself back in a whole, death of a loved one tears at the spirit but grieving allows it to heal. david gannon, ph. d., psychological and family consultants, canton, ohio.


this article is - freely available bacterial bio - resources for remediation of hexachlorocyclohexane pilot plant of industrial and microbiological processes ( proimi ), conicet, av. belgrano y pasaje caseros, 4000 tucuman, argentina natural sciences college and miguel lillo institute, national university of tucuman, miguel lillo 205, 4000 tucuman, argentina north university of saint thomas aquines, 9 de julio 165, 4000 tucuman, argentina biochemistry, chemistry and pharmacy college, national university of tucuman, ayacucho 471, 4000 tucuman, argentina these authors contributed equally to this work. * author to whom correspondence should be addressed. received : 6 september 2012 ; in revised form : 29 september 2012 / accepted : 17 october 2012 / published : 15 november 2012 abstract : in the last few decades, highly toxic organic compounds like the organochlorine pesticide ( op ) hexachlorocyclohexane ( hch ) have been released into the environment. all hch isomers are acutely toxic to mammals. although nowadays its use is restricted or completely banned in most countries, it continues posing serious environmental and health concerns. since hch toxicity is well known, it is imperative to develop methods to remove it from the environment. bioremediation technologies, which use microorganisms and / or plants to degrade toxic contaminants, have become the focus of interest. microorganisms play a significant role in the transformation and degradation of xenobiotic compounds. many gram - negative bacteria have been reported to have metabolic abilities to attack hch. for instance, several sphingomonas strains have been reported to degrade the pesticide. on the other hand, among gram - positive microorganisms, actinobacteria have a great potential for biodegradation of organic and inorganic toxic compounds. this review compiles and updates the information available on bacterial removal of hch, particularly by streptomyces strains, a prolific genus of actinobacteria. a brief account on the persistence and deleterious effects of these pollutant chemical is also given. keywords : organochlorine pesticides ; γ - hexachlorocyclohexane ; bioremediation ; streptomyces genus article statisticsclick here to load and display the download statistics. notes : multiple requests from the same ip address are


pesticides ; γ - hexachlorocyclohexane ; bioremediation ; streptomyces genus article statisticsclick here to load and display the download statistics. notes : multiple requests from the same ip address are counted as one view. cite this article mdpi and acs style alvarez, a. ; benimeli, c. s. ; saez, j. m. ; fuentes, m. s. ; cuozzo, s. a. ; polti, m. a. ; amoroso, m. j. bacterial bio - resources for remediation of hexachlorocyclohexane. int. j. mol. sci. 2012, 13, 15086 - 15106. alvarez a, benimeli cs, saez jm, fuentes ms, cuozzo sa, polti ma, amoroso mj. bacterial bio - resources for remediation of hexachlorocyclohexane. international journal of molecular sciences. 2012 ; 13 ( 11 ) : 15086 - 15106. alvarez, analia ; benimeli, claudia s. ; saez, juliana m. ; fuentes, maria s. ; cuozzo, sergio a. ; polti, marta a. ; amoroso, maria j. 2012. " bacterial bio - resources for remediation of hexachlorocyclohexane. " int. j. mol. sci. 13, no. 11 : 15086 - 15106.


on special report, bret baier promoted unnamed studies " showing " that " the earth is actually cooling. " however, climate experts reject the idea that relatively cooler global temperatures during the past 10 years are any indication that global warming is slowing or does not exist. on the may 8 edition of fox news ' special report, host bret baier claimed that " with a number of studies now showing there has been no global warming over at least the last 10 years, and that the earth is actually cooling now, environmentalists are looking to rebrand their message. " baier then cited a new york times article that reported that environmental group ecoamerica is trying to " find new ways to frame environmental issues and so build public support for climate change legislation and other initiatives " but did not assert or in any way suggest that such efforts were in response to " global cooling " studies. indeed, baier did not cite any specific studies showing that the earth is " cooling, " and climate experts reject the idea that the relatively cooler global average temperatures in several of the past 10 years are any indication that global warming is slowing or does not exist. as media matters for america has repeatedly shown, global warming deniers in the media often misleadingly cite the fact that the average global temperature in 2007 and 2008 was cooler than it was in 1998. however, scientists have identified a long - term warming trend spanning several decades and attribute recent relatively cooler temperatures to normal climate variability - - including short - term variations in climate because of events like el nino and la nina. according to the u. k. met office hadley centre website, in order to identify long - term climate trends, the world meteorological organisation " requires the calculation of averages for consecutive periods of 30 years, " chosen " as a period long enough to eliminate year - to - year variations. " in a february 11 op - ed in london ' s guardian, vicky pope, the head of climate change advice at the met office, explained that claims about the pace of global warming require more than 10 years of data, " since natural variations always occur on this timescale. " she continued, " 1998 was a record - breaking warm year as long - term man - made warming combined with a naturally occurring strong el nino. in contrast, 2008 was slightly cooler than previous years partly because of a la nina. despite this, it was still the 10th warmest on record. " from the may 8 edition of fox news ' special report with bret baier : baier : and with a number of studies now showing there


there are different ways in which the terms medical grade or pharmaceutical grade can be perceived, particularly when referring to honey. most manuka honey that is sold in retail stores is table grade. however, some might refer to active manuka honey as medical grade to differentiate it from inactive honey. another perception of medical grade honey pertains to honey ( usually manuka honey ) that has been gamma irradiated, classifying it as sterile. referring to honey ( manuka or otherwise ) as being sterile can be somewhat confusing. the term sterile is defined as being free of germs or microorganisms. despite the fda ’ s refusal of recognizing honey of any kind as being antimicrobial, scientific evidence suggests that it is. however, the potential for botulism spores in some honeys makes gamma irradiation a process that some feel is necessary in order to refer to it as being truly sterile. since honey is heat - sensitive, gamma irradiation is the only way to sterilize it without diminishing its properties. however, it is unclear as to whether or not it is necessary to sterilize honey. the presence of botulism in honey is harmless to individuals over the age of 1 year old. infants under the age of 12 months old have not yet fully developed their immune system, and therefore, cannot ward off these spores. some might say that the only purpose of gamma irradiating honey is to make it safe for infants to ingest. although, doctors who may want to use manuka honey for wounds seem to get a warm and fuzzy feeling when using a product that they consider to be sterile. either way, the use of manuka honey that has not been gamma irradiated on wounds or for other conditions has been found to be perfectly safe.


gum disease ( cont. ) in this article how can gum disease be prevented? gum disease can be reversed in nearly all cases when proper plaque control is practiced. proper plaque control consists of professional cleanings at least twice a year and daily brushing and flossing. brushing eliminates plaque from the surfaces of the teeth that can be reached ; flossing removes food particles and plaque from in between the teeth and under the gum line. antibacterial mouth rinses can reduce bacteria in the mouth that cause plaque and gum disease, according to the american dental association. other health and lifestyle changes that will decrease the risk, severity, and speed of gum disease development include : despite following good oral hygiene practices and making other healthy lifestyle choices, the american academy of periodontology says that up to 30 % of the americans may be genetically susceptible to gum disease. and those who are genetically predisposed may be up to six times more likely to develop some form of gum disease. if anyone in your family has gum disease, it may mean that you are at greater risk as well. if you are more susceptible to gum disease, your dentist or periodontist may recommend more frequent check - ups, cleanings, and treatments to better manage the condition. get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!


from our 2012 archives young puzzle - solvers may be tomorrow ' s engineers latest healthy kids news friday, march 2 ( healthday news ) - - playing with puzzles when they ' re 2 to 4 years old can help children develop better spatial skills, a new study indicates. spatial skills refers to the ability to think about objects in three dimensions. university of chicago researchers examined the interaction between 53 pairs of children and parents, and found that children who played with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age had better spatial skills when they were 54 months old. the researchers also found that : higher - income parents tended to encourage their children to play with puzzles more often ; boys played with more complicated puzzles than girls ; and parents of boys used more spatial language during children ' s puzzle play and were more engaged in puzzle play than the girls ' parents. " the children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate and translate shapes, " psychologist susan levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children, said in a university news release. she noted that this type of ability is an important predictor of children choosing science, technology, engineering and math courses, degrees and careers later in life. the study was published online in the journal developmental science. " further study is needed to determine if the puzzle play and the language children hear about spatial concepts is causally related to the development of spatial skills - - and to examine why there is a sex difference in the difficulty of the puzzles played with and in the parents ' interactions with boys and girls, " levine said. - - robert preidt copyright © 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. source : university of chicago, news release, february 2012 get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!


sudden dietary changes, weaning, cold, drafts, dampness, dust, high levels of ammonia, poor ventilation in general, and the mixing of widely divergent age groups all play a role in respiratory disease in groups of animals. stress and mixing of animals from several sources should be avoided or minimized. establishing individual animal identification, making accurate clinical and postmortem diagnoses, and maintaining a record system of diagnosis and treatment are important to minimize or control outbreaks of pneumonia. transportation over long distances is another stress factor that plays a major role in the pathogenesis of respiratory infections in large animals. immunization can help control respiratory infection. however, control may be compromised by improper timing, use of ineffective or inappropriate vaccines, or overwhelmingly negative management practices. in most cases, severe insults to the natural defenses cannot be reversed later by therapeutic agents and biologicals. the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract contain lymphoid follicles that exchange cells with other parts of the body. however, most of the lymphocytes in the respiratory lining produce only iga, whereas the cells in the lymph nodes of the respiratory tract produce igm and igg. depending on the agent involved, various cell - and antibody - mediated immune responses occur in the respiratory tract and include opsonization, agglutination, immobilization, neutralization of toxins and viruses, blockage of adherence to cells, lysis, and chemotaxis. variation in the type of immune response occurs because of age, species, and the means to respond to specific virulence mechanisms of the pathogens involved. species vary in the type of immune response available at different sites in the respiratory tract. large antigen droplets may immunize the upper tract with iga, but small replicating particles may be necessary to immunize the lower tract. to develop adequate antibody levels to protect the lungs, repeated doses of antigen plus adjuvant, or a replicating antigen, are often necessary. these results are seldom achieved under field conditions ( eg, many field trials using respiratory vaccines in cattle have not demonstrated statistically significant efficacy ). environmental management is an essential part of therapy in allergic respiratory diseases. for example, clinical signs in horses with heaves ( recurrent airway obstruction ) or cattle with hypersensitivity pneumonitis may be effectively controlled by preventing exposure to molds present in hay. last full review / revision march 2012 by ned f. kuehn, dvm


- a. identify two constellations and the north star in the night sky. - b. make a pinhole planetarium and show three constellations. - c. visit a planetarium. - d. build a model of a rocket or space satellite. - e. read and talk about at least one man - made satellite and one natural one. - f. find a picture of another planet in our solar system. explain how it is different from earth. this elective is also part of the world conservation award. - a. learn how to read an outdoor thermometer. put one outdoors and read it at the same time every day for two weeks. keep a record of each day ' s temperature and a description of the weather each day ( fair skies, rain, fog, snow, etc. ). - b. build a weather vane. record wind direction every day at the same hour for two weeks. keep a record of the weather for each day. - c. make a rain gauge. - d. find out what a barometer is and how it works. tell your den about it. tell what relative humidity means. - e. learn to identify three different kinds of clouds. estimate their heights. - f. watch the weather forecast on tv every day for two weeks. describe three different symbols used on weather maps. keep a record of how many times the weather forecast is correct. - a. build a crystal or diode radio. check with your local craft or hobby shop or the nearest scout shop that carries a crystal radio kit. it is all right to use a kit. - b. make and operate a battery powered radio, following the directions with the kit. - a. wire a buzzer or doorbell. - b. make an electric buzzer game. - c. make a simple bar or horseshoe electromagnet. - d. use a simple electric motor. - e. make a crane with an electromagnetic lift. - a. help an adult rig and sail a real boat. ( wear your pfd. ) - b. help an adult repair a real boat or canoe. - c. know the flag signals for storm warnings. - d. help an adult repair a boat dock. - e. with an adult on board, and both wearing pfds, row a boat around a 100 - yard course that has at least two turns. demonstrate forward strokes, turns to both sides, and backstrokes. - a. identify five different kinds of aircraft, in flight if possible,


both wearing pfds, row a boat around a 100 - yard course that has at least two turns. demonstrate forward strokes, turns to both sides, and backstrokes. - a. identify five different kinds of aircraft, in flight if possible, or from models or photos. - b. ride in a commercial airplane. - c. explain how a hot - air balloon works. - d. build and fly a model airplane. ( you may use a kit. every time you do this differently, it counts as a completed project. ) - e. sketch and label an airplane showing the direction of forces acting on it ( lift, drag, and load ). - f. make a list of some of the things a helicopter can do that other kinds of airplanes can ' t. draw or cut out a picture of a helicopter and label the parts. - g. build and display a scale model airplane. you may use a kit or build it from plans. 7. things that go - a. with an adult ' s help, make a scooter or a cubmobile. know the safety rules. - b. with an adult ' s help, make a windmill. - c. with an adult ' s help, make a waterwheel. - d. make an invention of your own design that goes. 8. cub scout band - a. make and play a homemade musical instrument - cigar - box banjo, washtub bull fiddle, a drum or rhythm set, tambourine, etc. - b. learn to play two familiar tunes on any musical instrument. - c. play in a den band using homemade or regular musical instruments. play at a pack meeting. - d. play two tunes on any recognized band or orchestra instrument. - a. do an original art project and show it at a pack meeting. every project you do counts as one requirement. here are some ideas for art projects : cub scout art belt loop # 2, or pin # 2, # 4, # 5, # 6, # 7, # 8, # 9, # 10, or # 11 - mobile or wire sculpture - acrylic painting - watercolor painting - clay sculpture - silk screen picture - b. visit an art museum or picture gallery with your den or family. cub scout art pin # 1 - c. find a favorite outdoor location and draw or paint it. cub scout art belt loop # 2 or pin # 11 cub scout art pin # 11 - a. make a simple papier - mache mask. -


art pin # 1 - c. find a favorite outdoor location and draw or paint it. cub scout art belt loop # 2 or pin # 11 cub scout art pin # 11 - a. make a simple papier - mache mask. - b. make an animal mask. - c. make a clown mask. cub scout art pin # 7 - a. practice holding a camera still in one position. learn to push the shutter button without moving the camera. do this without film in the camera until you have learned how. look through the viewfinder and see what your picture will look like. make sure that everything you want in your picture is in the frame of your viewfinder. - b. take five pictures of the same subject in different kinds of light. - 1. subject in direct sun with direct light. - 2. subject in direct sun with side light. - 3. subject in direct sun with back light. - 4. subject in shade on a sunny day. - 5. subject on a cloudy day. - c. put your pictures to use. - 1. mount a picture on cardboard for display. - 2. mount a picture on cardboard and give it to a friend. - 3. make three pictures that show how something happened ( tell a story ) and write a one - sentence explanation for each. - d. take a picture in your house. - 1. with available light - 2. using a flash attachment or photoflood ( bright light ) 12. nature crafts this elective is also part of the world conservation award. - a. make solar prints of three kinds of leaves. - b. make a display of eight different animal tracks with an eraser print. - c. collect, press, and label ten kinds of leaves. - d. build a waterscope and identify five types of water life. - e. collect eight kinds of plant seeds and label them. - f. collect, mount, and label ten kinds of rocks or minerals. - g. collect, mount, and label five kinds of shells. - h. build and use a bird caller. - a. learn and show three magic tricks. - b. with your den, put on a magic show for someone else. - c. learn and show four puzzles. - d. learn and show three rope tricks. - a. with an adult, help take care of your lawn or flower beds or help take care of the lawn or flower beds of a public building, school, or church. seed bare spots.


- d. learn and show three rope tricks. - a. with an adult, help take care of your lawn or flower beds or help take care of the lawn or flower beds of a public building, school, or church. seed bare spots. get rid of weeds. pick up litter. agree ahead of time on what you will do. - b. make a sketch of a landscape plan for the area right around your home. talk it over with a parent or den leader. show which trees, shrubs, and flowers you could plant to make the area look better. - c. take part in a project with your family, den, or pack to make your neighborhood or community more beautiful. these might be having a cleanup party, painting, cleaning and painting trash barrels, and removing weeds. ( each time you do this differently, it counts as a completed project. ) - d. build a greenhouse and grow twenty plants from seed. you can use a package of garden seeds or use beans, pumpkin seeds, or watermelon seeds. 15. water and soil conservation this elective is also part of the world conservation award. - a. dig a hole or find an excavation project and describe the different layers of soil you see and feel. ( do not enter an excavation area alone or without permission. ) - b. explore three kinds of earth by conducting a soil experiment. - c. visit a burned - out forest or prairie area, or a slide area, with your den or your family. talk to a soil and water conservation officer or forest ranger about how the area will be planted and cared for so that it will grow to be the way it was before the fire or slide. - d. what is erosion? find out the kinds of grasses, trees, or ground cover you should plant in your area to help limit erosion. - e. as a den, visit a lake, stream, river, or ocean ( whichever is nearest where you live ). plan and do a den project to help clean up this important source of water. name four kinds of water pollution. 16. farm animals - a. take care of a farm animal. decide with your family the things you will do and how long you will do them. - b. name and describe six kinds of farm animals and tell their common uses. - c. read a book about farm animals and tell your den about it. - d. with your family or den, visit a livestock exhibit at a county or state fair. - a. with the help of an


and tell their common uses. - c. read a book about farm animals and tell your den about it. - d. with your family or den, visit a livestock exhibit at a county or state fair. - a. with the help of an adult, fix an electrical plug or appliance. - b. use glue or epoxy to repair something. - c. remove and clean a drain trap. - d. refinish or repaint something. - e. agree with an adult in your family on some repair job to be done and do it. ( each time you do this differently, it counts as a completed project. ) 18. backyard gym - a. build and use an outdoor gym with at least three items from this list : - 1. balance board - 2. trapeze - 3. tire walk - 4. tire swing - 5. tetherball - 6. climbing rope - 7. running long jump area - b. build three outdoor toss games. - c. plan an outdoor game or gym day with your den. ( this can be part of a pack activity ). put your plans on paper. - d. hold an open house for your backyard gym. there is something about this elective that is different from any other. that is this rule : whenever you are working on the swimming elective, you must have an adult with you who can swim. - a. jump feetfirst into water over your head, swim 25 feet on the surface, stop, turn sharply, and swim back. - b. swim on your back, using the elementary backstroke, for 30 feet. - c. rest by floating on your back, using as little motion as possible, for at least one minute. - d. tell what is meant by the buddy system. know the basic rules of safe swimming. - e. do a racing dive from edge of pool and swim 60 feet, using a racing stroke. ( you might need to make a turn. ) - a. in archery, know the safety rules and how to shoot correctly. put six arrows into a 4 - foot target at a distance of 15 feet. make an arrow holder. ( this can be done only at a district / council day or resident or family camp. ) - b. in skiing, know the skier ' s safety and courtesy code. demonstrate walking and kick turn, climbing with a side step or herringbone, a snowplow stop, a stem turn, four linked snowplow or stem turns, straight


b. in skiing, know the skier ' s safety and courtesy code. demonstrate walking and kick turn, climbing with a side step or herringbone, a snowplow stop, a stem turn, four linked snowplow or stem turns, straight running in a downhill position or cross - country position, and how to recover from a fall. - c. in ice skating, know the safety rules. from a standing start, skate forward 150 feet ; and come to a complete stop within 20 feet. skate around a corner clockwise and counterclockwise without coasting. show a turn from forward to backward. skate backward 50 feet. - d. in track, show how to make a sprint start. run the 50 - yard dash in 10 seconds or less. show how to do the standing long jump, the running long jump, or high jump. ( be sure to have a soft landing area. ) - e. in roller skating ( with conventional or in - line skates ), know the safety rules. from a standing start, skate forward 150 feet and come to a complete stop within 20 feet. skate around a corner clockwise and counterclockwise without coasting and show a turn from forward to backward. skate backward 50 feet. wear the proper protective clothing. - f. earn a new cub scout sports pin. ( repeat three times with different sports to earn up to three arrow points. ) cub scout badminton pin - a. take part in a council - or pack - sponsored, money - earning sales program. keep track of the sales you make yourself. when the program is over, add up the sales you have made. - b. help with a garage sale or rummage sale. this can be with your family or a neighbor, or it can be a church, school, or pack event. 22. collecting things - a. start a stamp collection. you can get information about stamp collecting at any u. s. post office. - b. mount and display a collection of emblems, coins, or other items to show at a pack meeting. this can be any kind of collection. every time you show a different kind of collection, it counts as one requirement. - c. start your own library. keep your own books and pamphlets in order by subject. list the title, author, and subject of each on an index card and keep the cards in a file box, or use a computer program to store the information. - a. look up your state on a u. s. map. what other


list the title, author, and subject of each on an index card and keep the cards in a file box, or use a computer program to store the information. - a. look up your state on a u. s. map. what other states touch its borders? - b. find your city or town on a map of your state. how far do you live from the state capital? - c. in which time zone do you live? how many time zones are there in the u. s.? - d. make a map showing the route from your home to your school or den meeting place. - e. mark a map showing the way to a place you would like to visit that is at least 50 miles from your home. 24. american indian life - a. american indian people live in every part of what is now the continental united states. find the name of the american indian nation that lives or has lived where you live now. learn about these people. - b. learn, make equipment for, and play two american indian or other native american games with members of your den. be able to tell the rules, who won, and what the score was. - c. learn what the american indian people in your area ( or another area ) used for shelter before contact with the europeans. learn what american indian people in that area used for shelter today. make a model of one of these shelters, historic or modern. compare the kind of shelter you made with the others made in your den. 25. let ' s go camping - a. learn about the ten essential items you need for a hike or campout. assemble your own kit of essential items. explain why each item is " essential. " - b. go on a short hike with your den, following the buddy system. explain how the buddy system works and why it is important to you to follow it. tell what to do if you are lost. - c. participate with your den in front of the pack at a campfire. - d. participate with your pack on an overnight campout. help put up your tent and help set up the campsite. - e. participate with your den in a religious service during an overnight campout or other cub scouting event. - f. attend day camp in your area. - g. attend resident camp in your area. - h. earn the cub scout leave no trace award. | | the official source for the information shown in this article or section is : | bear handbook, 2003 edition ( bs


builders of wooden railway cars... and some of other stuff canada car & manufacturing company toronto steel, iron & railway works company, ltd the canada car & manufacturing company was given birth by the toronto steel, iron & railway works company, ltd. the latter was founded in the mid 1860s by two toronto stock brokers and financial agents, john l. blaikie and william alexander. it produced mainly signals and track appliances. one piece of its stationary steam engines was manufactured by william hamilton & sons ’ st. lawrence foundry. through the years blaikie invented a number of articles and processes useful to the railway industry, but by the early 1870s the company ’ s revenues were declining and they were looking for other fields of opportunity. in 1872, blaikie and alexander were approached by a group interested in establishing a railway car factory using their works as a basis. blaikie and alexander would receive stock in the new enterprise in exchange for title to their factory. there was just one little problem. their factory had been built on five acres of military reserve land, and their lease would expire in just eight years. a longer lease would have to be negotiated if the deal was to be worthwhile. and the negotiations would be complicated by the fact that in 1870, the province of ontario had purchased the reserve from the dominion with the intent of building a new central prison. car factory or prison, which was it to be? in the usual manner of business and political negotiations ( and ashdown goes through all the details ), the car factory needed the facilities, and the authorities needed an activity for their convicts. after long and sometimes contentious negotiations, the final agreement was that — 1. the car company would employ as many prisoners as the prison could provide, up to a maximum of 260. 2. the car company would provide training in the various trades required. 3. the car company could use the manufacturing facilities being constructed as part of the prison. 4. the government would provide heat, light, power, water, tracks and offices at the prison. 5. the government would build stipulated iron - mongering equipment and facilities at the prison. 6. the car company might utilize prison space for storing lumber and other material. 7. the car company was not limited to the construction of railway cars. it was 1871 before agreement was reached, and construction of the prison commenced, and october of 1873 before it was finished and the workshops turned over to the car company. during this time a great deal of renegotiation was carried on, and


. it was 1871 before agreement was reached, and construction of the prison commenced, and october of 1873 before it was finished and the workshops turned over to the car company. during this time a great deal of renegotiation was carried on, and the car company ended up building and installing much of the track and machinery promised by the government. since the prison workshops would be connected to the car factory by only a road and a railroad track, the general plan was for the prisoners to build the trucks and woodwork for the cars at the prison and for the final assembly to be done in the car factory itself. the factory was thus set up to be primarily an assembly and finishing area. work continued during this time on the car factory itself, and was largely completed by the summer of 1873. it formally opened in february 1874 as the canada car & manufacturing company, ltd. unfortunately, during the several years of construction, and with the prisoner labor not yet available, the company lost several large orders for cars. it opened, however, with a substantial order for platform cars ( flat cars ) for the great western railway and promise of a substantial order for trucks from the intercolonial railway, which was about to change its tracks from broad gauge to standard. it would be june, however, before prison labor would be available. for much greater detail about this fascinating endeavor, see — ashdown, dana william. iron & steam ; a history of the locomotive and railway car builders of toronto. toronto, on : robin brass studio, 1999. 09 april 2006


the future of medicine : improve healthcare with gadgets doctors and nurses are turning to tablets and smartphones to aid their everyday work, as a new generation of medical professionals lean on gadgets to make healthcare more efficient and cost - effective. the future of mhealth is our series that explores opportunities and challenges of mhealth, which aims to put widespread access to healthcare within the reach of those who need it most. mobile devices are proving instrumental for a growing number of healthcare professionals. smartphones and tablets are progressing beyond ways for doctors and nurses to check in during a busy day, and becoming part of the very fabric of healthcare delivery. healthcare professionals use gadgets to consult with patients, manage workflow, get alerts from other healthcare players and soon will perform research and diagnose conditions with them as well. mobile technology is also being integrated into the training of nurses and doctors, ensuring the next generation of medical workers will be connected to devices playing key roles in patient care. managing communication and workflow with mobile devices a new nursing initiative at a major boston - area hospital underscores how deeply mobile devices are being integrated into medical professionals ' work. massachusetts general hospital is rolling out the voalte communications system this year, allowing nurses to receive voice calls, alarms and text messages about patient status, medications, emergencies, schedule changes and other events. by turning smartphones into instant communication and remote monitoring devices, systems like voalte ' s allow nurses to streamline work and prioritize notifications according to urgency and priority, wasting less time and effort as they care for multiple patients. doctors increasingly turn to smartphones, rather than tried - and - true pagers, to communicate, leading insurers and regulators to develop targeted mobile communications initiatives. for example, aetna insurance sends mobile alerts to doctors about patient care and claims, while the u. s. food and drug administration is seeking a developer for a mobile app that will alert medical personnel to drug reactions during public health crises. doctors are also using their devices to reach out to patients, forwarding test results, answers to questions and other information instantly, rather than waiting to receive and return a message. as the demands on doctors ' time increase, mobile devices will continue to expand their role in healthcare to fill the communications gap, especially as patients themselves become increasingly connected. putting health information at hand, no textbook required many academic programs also integrate smartphones and tablets in curricula, releasing medical and nursing students from the burden of memorizing mountains of data. instead


gap, especially as patients themselves become increasingly connected. putting health information at hand, no textbook required many academic programs also integrate smartphones and tablets in curricula, releasing medical and nursing students from the burden of memorizing mountains of data. instead, medical training is retooling its focus to teach future nurses and doctors how to find, access and process reliable information, rather than stressing rote memorization. a january new york times article highlighted the trend in nursing, describing how incorporating mobile technology in nursing programs and healthcare settings prepares nurses to deliver more effective patient care. the trend does not mean nurses and doctors are less capable or responsible, but rather underscores the exploding volume of information needed to perform medical jobs and recognizes no one person can mentally stay on top of it all. mobile devices can alleviate this problem, putting access to the latest information at professionals ' fingertips. advances in graphic displays and touchscreens allow healthcare personnel to access even the most complex, detailed medical texts on a mobile device. for example, harrison ' s principles of internal medicine, the " bible " of medical textbooks, recently became available for the ipad, complete with instructional videos and searchable text and medical illustrations. harrison ' s weighs in at over 4, 000 pages and contains a level of minute detail that made it previously impossible to put it on any e - reader device. ipad advances, coupled with a digital publishing platform created for science and medicine, led a team to reconstruct the resource from the ground up, allowing every healthcare professional to easily find valuable information, without traveling back to their bookshelf to access it. vetting the best apps for health with the rise of mobile devices with healthcare professionals, medicine is now a prime market for advertisers and app developers. app stores are full of " healthcare " offerings for both consumer and professional audiences, but busy doctors don ' t have time to weed through the hype to find the ones that are truly effective, or search for health apps among dozens of unrelated tools. as a result, doctors and healthcare organizations will increasingly turn to outside experts to find the apps and tools best suited to their needs. happtique, an offshoot of greater new york hospital association ventures, built an app store for hospitals and doctors. its pilot prgram involved eleven major new york hospitals. now, the company aims to create a " gold standard " for all medical apps and plans to create a set of criteria by which it will judge health applications, building a standards program around those criteria within the next six


involved eleven major new york hospitals. now, the company aims to create a " gold standard " for all medical apps and plans to create a set of criteria by which it will judge health applications, building a standards program around those criteria within the next six months. doctors will use happtique to find the best apps for their own use, as well as identify those that are safest and best for their patients. hospitals that wish to offer a set of custom healthcare apps to personnel will also be able to do so via happtique. reportedly, there are 23, 000 medical apps for ios and android devices alone, so the company faces a giant task ahead. however, as the need for trustworthy apps grows, happtique and its future rivals will refine their techniques to cull the best apps for physicians and other healthcare professionals as competition in the app curation field heats up. distraction, privacy remain hurdles smartphones and tablets are making doctors and nurses more reachable than ever before and also helping to streamline and focus their work for maximum benefit. however, a constantly buzzing phone could also distract in a field that demands intense focus. according to a study in the journal of medical internet research, phone calls, e - mails and face - to - face interactions interrupt doctors nearly five times an hour and mobile devices can potentially steal even more focus from patients. so far, there isn ' t much evidence that mobile devices have directly led to patient harm. however, as mobile use increases in healthcare, doctors will need to create balance between constant connectedness and the need for single - minded focus on patients. doctors will need to keep patient privacy and confidentiality in mind, as well, especially if they text patients or access medical records on an unsecured device. smartphones are a convenient, quick way to answer questions and relay information, but aren ' t always the most secure channel. doctors, nurses and the healthcare systems that employ them can expect to answer to both patients and regulators about their privacy measures as mobile health continues its forward march. ♦ categories : news desk


palazzo grassi - venice the precise circumstances concerning the building of the palace are little - known. it is supposed that work began in 1740, or more probably in 1748, for which date a text mentions excavation work and the preparation of foundations. the grassi family, originally from chioggia, had bought a patch of land in a magnificent location. its trapezoidal form offered the added advantage of providing a long facade on the canal. the architecture of palazzo grassi is attributed to giorgio massari who had built the large church of the gesuati on the zattere, and that of the pieta on the riva degli schiavoni. this was the last palace to be erected in venice before the fall of the rupublic. the palace is currently considered to be a high value location for exhibitions. painting and sculpture form the francois pinault collection will feature a focused selection of 16 international artists whose work engages with supposedly " traditional " art practises - yet subject both painting and sculpture to constant conceptual revisions and ever - evolving techniques. the works can be admired until the 5th november 2007. the structure gives visitors optional tour guides, aimed to study the artist and his work but, above all, to read and analise the artistic image. palazzo grassi bookshop is managed by skira, and the merchandising includes a personalised moleskine.


bilberry fruit has been used in traditional european medicine for nearly one thousand years. due to its tannin content, it is used internally to treat acute diarrhea, particularly in children, and externally to treat mild inflammation of oral mucous membranes. bilberry is used as a component in a few astringent tea preparations. fruit preparations are used to treat microcirculatory disorders, which include varicose veins, atherosclerosis, venous insufficiency, and degenerative retinal conditions, such as macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts. possible mechanisms of action for its effects on ophthalmic conditions include its ability to protect against the breakdown of rhodopsin ( retinal purple ), a light sensitive pigment located in the rods of the retina, and its ability to regenerate rhodopsin. it may also provide vasoprotection by decreasing capillary fragility and permeability. several human clinical studies have been found in the literature investigating possible new uses for bilberry, particularly visual dysfunctions, including those caused by impaired microcirculation and diabetes mellitus. bilberry fruit preparations have been investigated for their effects on vision acuity in dim light, on patients with pigmentary retinitis when taken with beta - carotene, on night vision in normal subjects, on patients with diabetic retinopathy when taken in combination with beta - carotene, on patients with significant hemeralopia ( diminished vision in bright light ), on patients with macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal inflammation, or retinitis pigmentosa, and on patients with progressive myopia. additional studies also investigated bilberry ' s effects on the progression of cataract formation in patients. bilberry fruit extracts may offer relief for vascular disorders including capillary weakness, venous insufficiency, and hemorrhoids. it is also used as a secondary treatment for spasmodic colitis. bilberry fruit contains high concentrations of tannins, substances that act as both an anti - inflammatory and an astringent. the latter quality in particular may help wounds heal more quickly. bilberry is believed to help people with diarrhea by reducing the intestinal inflammation associated with the condition. a close relative of the cranberry, bilberry fruits contain flavonoid


in particular may help wounds heal more quickly. bilberry is believed to help people with diarrhea by reducing the intestinal inflammation associated with the condition. a close relative of the cranberry, bilberry fruits contain flavonoid compounds called anthocyanidins. flavonoids are plant pigments that have excellent antioxidant properties. this means that they scavenge damaging particles in the body known as free radicals and have been shown to help prevent a number of long - term illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, and an eye disorder called macular degeneration ( a disease of the retina that can lead to blindness ). anthocyanidins found in bilberry fruits may also be useful for people with vision problems. during world war ii, british fighter pilots reported that bilberries improved their nighttime vision and helped them quickly adjust to darkness. today, it is believed that anthocyanidins may help protect the retina, the nerve layer that lines the back of the eye and sends nerve impulses to the visual areas of the brain. studies conducted suggest that the anthocyanidins contained in bilberry fruit preparations improve symptoms of a variety of visual disturbances including nearsightedness, cataracts, and macular degeneration. the anthocyanidins of bilberry have considerable pharmacologic activity. they are especially used as anti - aging substances. these bitter compounds inhibit collagen destruction, scavenger free radicals, reduce capillary permeability, increase bloods circulation to peripheral blood vessels and the brain, reduce inflammation and pain and relieve muscle spasms. it is one of the most popular over - the - counter drugs in europe. it is so effective that a single dose it said to improve one ’ s night vision within hours. it has traditionally been used to treat poor night vision, bruising, capillary fragility, varicose veins, poor circulation, raynaud ’ s disease, circulation complications due to diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, gout and periodontal disease. this herb is becoming more important to the aging populations of the world. this fruit and its extracts have marvelous anti - aging properties. bilberry was first studied for its effects on poor night vision. indeed, regular use of the fruit results in quicker adjustment to darkness and glare and improved visual acuity both at night and in bright light during the day. bilberry may be


bilberry was first studied for its effects on poor night vision. indeed, regular use of the fruit results in quicker adjustment to darkness and glare and improved visual acuity both at night and in bright light during the day. bilberry may be useful in the prevention and treatment of glaucoma since it strengthens connective tissue and prevents free radical damage. in the control of diabetes short term, one ’ s blood sugar is lowered and long term, one ’ s circulatory system is preserved. connective tissue is not destroyed and capillaries function more normally. in other chronic degenerative diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, the inflammation and pain are reduced while damage to connective tissue is kept to a minimum. this is an important fruit to add to one ’ s daily diet. blueberries and black currant fruit may also be as useful as bilberry but not yet as popular for their medicinal properties. uses : bilberries are a dried fruit you ' ll want to keep handy in your cupboards to use in small quantities often. though it is less juicy than most dried berries, we add bilberries to many food recipes as we would any other dried fruit ( hot cereals, sauces, some rice dishes, meat dishes, vegetable dishes, stir - fry, waffles and pancakes, etc. ). of course, they make a great addition to just about any tea recipe. they can be used to benefit men, women ( including before, during or after pregnancy, and nursing ) and children. they can be used as often as you would like. voice of experience : when a more plump and juicy dried berry is desired, we soak ( reconstitute ) these bilberries in water over night. of course, any liquid of choice could be used in place of water. storage : bilberries should be kept in an airtight container and stored in a dark, dry, and cool place. refrigeration or freezing is great, but not necessary. questions? : check out frequently asked questions.


botanical name : viburnum rafinesquianum common name : downy arrowwood click on an image to enlarge height : 10 - 12 ' spread : 5 - 6 ' habit / form : open and spreading growth rate : medium zone : 5 - 7 cultural requirements : full sun to part shade and moist, well drained soil ; will tolerate some dryness. may be hard to locate in nurseries. ornamental characteristics : clusters of creamy white flowers in spring ; dark blue black fruit in autumn ; burgundy fall color. uses in the landscape : specimen, shrub border. native to midwest - native shrubs of the midwest 48 % a native plant is considered to be a species that existed in the midwest prior to the arrival of european settlers, as opposed to a naturalized plant, which has been introduced into a new habitat by human influence. native shrubs are part of the... - viburnums for the home landscape 48 % viburnums for the home landscape tough, adaptable shrubs available in many sizes and forms to fit small or large properties several selections available with wonderfully fragrant flowers heavy fruiting varieties attract wildlife to the... - shrubby cinquefoil 48 % botanical name : potentilla fruticosa common name : shrubby cinquefoil updated 11 / 2012 height : 1 - 4 ' spread : 2 - 4 ' habit / form : mounded growth rate : fast zone : 2 - 6 cultural requirements : grow in full sun for maximum flower production ;... - virginia creeper 48 % botanical name : parthenocissus quinquefolia common name : virginia creeper * updated 11 / 2012 form leaf fall leaf * given the right conditions, these vines can be aggressive and control may be... - boston - ivy 48 % botanical name : parthenocissus tricuspidatacommon name : boston - ivy updated 11 / 2012click on an image to enlarge. form leaf fall leaf attachment : clinging with holdfasts habit / form : climbing... - intermediate sized deciduous shrubs ( 5 - 8 feet ) 45 % intermediate - sized deciduous shrubs for the home landscape generally grow 5 - 8 feet tall plants with multiple stems arising from a common crown at ground level or single - stemmed plants that begin branching at a point near the ground lose their...


here are my instructions to make homemade yogurt. don ' t know about yogurt maker but i would imagine after you make it up, just pour it in the maker and incubate. homemade yogurt contains more vigorous cultures than store - bought. it can be made without special equipment, using cow ’ s milk, goat ’ s milk, or soy milk. homemade yogurt may be slightly thinner than store - bought yogurt. you can add dried milk powder if you want firmer yogurt ( see variation ). although i have specified temperatures in the instructions, a thermometer is not necessary when making yogurt. methods for determining if ingredients are at the correct temperature are explained as well. 3 1 / 2 cups milk 1 / 2 cup plain yogurt with live cultures or 1 packet freeze - dried culture pour milk into a heavy - bottomed pan. warm over medium heat until milk just starts to boil ( about 180ºf ). remove from heat. cool milk to approximately 105ºf to 120ºf. at that temperature, you should comfortably be able to immerse your finger in it. to help the milk cool, you can fill your sink with cold water to below the level of the top of the pan. place pan in sink and stir milk with a whisk. when milk is at correct temperature, whisk in yogurt or culture. pour into very clean quart - size jar and cover tightly. yogurt must incubate in a warm place, undisturbed, for five to ten hours. possible places include an oven with a pilot light, on a heating pad, wrapped in an electric blanket, or in a thermos. i have found a cooler to be very reliable. partially fill a cooler with water that is warm but in which you can comfortably immerse your hand ( about 120ºf ). place jar in cooler. water should come to just below the top of the jar. close cooler. no matter which incubation method you choose, let the yogurt sit undisturbed for about 5 hours. then check the yogurt periodically. make sure the temperature is not too hot ( which will kill the cultures ) or too cold ( yogurt won ’ t set ). check the firmness of the yogurt. when it feels firm to the touch, it is done. refrigerate yogurt for at least 12 hours before you try it. don ’ t despair


what is bipolar disorder? bipolar disorder, or manic depression, is a medical illness that causes extreme shifts in mood, energy, and functioning. these changes may be subtle or dramatic and typically vary greatly over the course of a person ’ s life as well as among individuals. over 10 million people in america have bipolar disorder, and the illness affects men and women equally. bipolar disorder is a chronic and generally life - long condition with recurring episodes of mania and depression that can last from days to months that often begin in adolescence or early adulthood, and occasionally even in children. most people generally require some sort of lifelong treatment. while medication is one key element in successful treatment of bipolar disorder, psychotherapy, support, and education about the illness are also essential components of the treatment process. what are the symptoms of mania? mania is the word that describes the activated phase of bipolar disorder. the symptoms of mania may include : - either an elated, happy mood or an irritable, angry, unpleasant mood - increased physical and mental activity and energy - racing thoughts and flight of ideas - increased talking, more rapid speech than normal - ambitious, often grandiose plans - risk taking - impulsive activity such as spending sprees, sexual indiscretion, and alcohol abuse - decreased sleep without experiencing fatigue what are the symptoms of depression? depression is the other phase of bipolar disorder. the symptoms of depression may include : - loss of energy - prolonged sadness - decreased activity and energy - restlessness and irritability - inability to concentrate or make decisions - increased feelings of worry and anxiety - less interest or participation in, and less enjoyment of activities normally enjoyed - feelings of guilt and hopelessness - thoughts of suicide - change in appetite ( either eating more or eating less ) - change in sleep patterns ( either sleeping more or sleeping less ) what is a " mixed " state? a mixed state is when symptoms of mania and depression occur at the same time. during a mixed state depressed mood accompanies manic activation. what is rapid cycling? sometimes individuals may experience an increased frequency of episodes. when four or more episodes of illness occur within a 12 - month period, the individual is said to have bipolar disorder with rapid cycling. rapid cycling is more common in women. what are the causes of bipolar disorder? while the exact cause of bipolar disorder is not known, most scientists believe that bipolar disorder is likely caused by multiple factors that interact with each other to produce a chemical imbalance affecting certain parts of the brain. bipolar disorder often runs in families, and