of these things ', he said, ' would have come through me. ' " justice department when president richard nixon was elected in 1968, rehnquist returned to work in washington. he served as assistant attorney general of the office of legal counsel, from 1969 to 1971. in this role, he served as the chief lawyer to attorney general john mitchell. president nixon mistakenly referred to him as " renchburg " in several of the tapes of oval office conversations revealed during the watergate investigations. because he was well - placed in the justice department, rehnquist was mentioned for many years as a possibility for the source known as deep throat during the watergate scandal. once bob woodward revealed on may 31, 2005, that w. mark felt was deep throat, this speculation ended. it was william rehnquist who determined that government national mortgage association guarantees constituted a full faith and credit promise of the united states. in fall 1971, nixon received the resignations of two supreme court justices, hugo black and john marshall harlan ii. after compiling an initial list of possible appointees that ran afoul of chief justice burger and the american bar association, nixon considered rehnquist for one of the slots. henry kissinger discussed the possible pick with presidential advisor h. r. haldeman and asked. " rehnquist is pretty far right, isn ' t he? " haldeman responded, " oh, christ! he ' s way to the right of buchanan ", referring to then - presidential advisor patrick buchanan. associate justice nixon nominated rehnquist to replace john marshall harlan ii on the supreme court upon harlan ' s retirement, and after being confirmed by the senate by a 68 – 26 vote on december 10, 1971, rehnquist took his seat as an associate justice on january 7, 1972. there were two vacancies on the court at the time ; nixon nominated lewis franklin powell, jr. to fill the other, left by the retirement of hugo black. black died september 25, 1971, and harlan died on december 29 of that year. on the burger court, rehnquist promptly established himself as the most conservative of nixon ' s appointees, taking a narrow view of the fourteenth amendment and a broad view of state power. rehnquist almost always voted " with the prosecution in criminal cases, with business in antitrust cases, with employers in labor cases, and with the government in speech cases ". although rehnquist was often a lone dissenter in cases early on, his views would later often become the majority


prosecution in criminal cases, with business in antitrust cases, with employers in labor cases, and with the government in speech cases ". although rehnquist was often a lone dissenter in cases early on, his views would later often become the majority view of the court. professor david shapiro of harvard law school suggested that rehnquist ' s votes were guided by three basic propositions : - conflicts between an individual and the government should, whenever possible, be resolved against the individual ( this also holds for conflicts between an individual and an employer, including civil rights litigation ). - conflicts between state and federal authority should, whenever possible, be resolved in favor of the states. - questions of the exercise of federal jurisdiction should, whenever possible, be resolved against such exercise. in 1977s national league of cities v. usery, rehnquist ' s majority opinion invalidated a federal law extending minimum wage and maximum hours provisions to state and local government employees. rehnquist wrote that " this exercise of congressional authority does not comport with the federal system of government embodied in the constitution. " as chief justice, rehnquist presided over what law professor erwin chemerinsky has called a " federalist revolution, " during which the court limited federal power in cases such as new york v. united states, united states v. lopez, printz v. united states, and united states v. morrison. similarly, cato institute scholar roger pilon has said that " [ t ] he rehnquist court has revived the doctrine of federalism... only at the edges and in very easy cases. " equal protection, civil rights, and abortion rehnquist rejected a broad view of the fourteenth amendment ; he believed that it was meant only as a solution to the problems of slavery, and was misapplied when applied towards abortion rights or prisoner ' s rights. rehnquist believed that the court " had no business reflecting society ' s changing and expanding values " and argued that this was the domain of the congress. rehnquist tried to weave his view of the amendment into his opinion for fitzpatrick v. bitzer, but it was rejected by the other justices. rehnquist later extended what he said he saw as the scope of the amendment, writing in trimble v. gordon : " except in the area of the law in which the framers obviously meant it to apply – classifications based on race or on national origin ". he voted against the expansion of school desegregation plans and the establishment of legalized abortions


: " except in the area of the law in which the framers obviously meant it to apply – classifications based on race or on national origin ". he voted against the expansion of school desegregation plans and the establishment of legalized abortions, dissenting in roe v. wade, 410 u. s. 113 ( 1973 ). rehnquist expressed his views about the equal protection clause in cases like trimble v. gordon : unfortunately, more than a century of decisions under this clause of the fourteenth amendment have produced.... a syndrome wherein this court seems to regard the equal protection clause as a cat - o ' - nine - tails to be kept in the judicial closet as a threat to legislatures which may, in the view of the judiciary, get out of hand and pass ' arbitrary ', ' illogical, ' or ' unreasonable ' laws. except in the area of the law in which the framers obviously meant it to apply — classifications based on race or on national origin, the first cousin of race — the court ' s decisions can fairly be described as an endless tinkering with legislative judgments, a series of conclusions unsupported by any central guiding principle. other issues rehnquist held a restrictive view of criminals ' and prisoners ' rights, and held the view that capital punishment is constitutionally permissible. he supported the view that the fourth amendment permitted a warrantless search incident to a valid arrest. in 1977s nixon v. administrator of general services, rehnquist dissented from a decision upholding the constitutionality of an act that gave a federal agency administrator certain authority over former president nixon ' s presidential papers and tape recordings. he dissented solely on the ground that the law was " a clear violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers. " during oral argument in duren v. missouri ( 1978 ), the court faced a challenge to laws and practices that made jury duty voluntary for women in that state. at the end of ruth ginsburg ' s oral presentation rehnquist asked her, " you will not settle for putting susan b. anthony on the new dollar, then? " rehnquist wrote the majority opinion in diamond v. diehr, 450 u. s. 175 ( 1981 ), which began a gradual trend toward overturning the ban on software patents in the united states first established in parker v. flook, 437 u. s. 584 ( 1978 ). in sony corp. of america v. universal city studios, inc., pertaining to video


overinclusive to survive equal protection analysis. in dissent, rehnquist attacked powell ' s opinion, saying : if legislative bodies are to be permitted to draw a line anywhere short of the delivery room, i can find no judicial standard of measurement which says the ones drawn here were invalid. shapiro writes that rehnquist ' s opinion implied : that there is no constitutionally significant difference between a classification that encompasses virtually no one outside the scope of its purpose and a classification so overinclusive that the vast majority of those falling within are beyond its intended scope. rehnquist ' s dissent in united states department of agriculture v. murry illuminates his view that a classification should pass muster under the rational basis test so long as that classification is not entirely counter - productive with respect to the purposes of the legislation in which it is contained. shapiro alleges that rehnquist ' s stance " makes rational basis a virtual nullity. " relations on the court rehnquist built warm personal relations with his colleagues, even with ideological opposites. justice william brennan, jr. " startled one acquaintance by informing him that ' bill rehnquist is my best friend up here. ' " rehnquist and justice william o. douglas bonded over a shared iconoclasm and love of the west. the brethren claims that the court ' s " liberals found it hard not to like the good - natured, thoughtful rehnquist ", despite finding his legal philosophy " extreme ", and that justice stewart regarded rehnquist as " excellent " and " a " team player, a part of the group in the center of the court, even though he usually ended up in the conservative bloc ". since rehnquist ' s first years on the supreme court, other justices criticized what they saw as his " willingness to cut corners to reach a conservative result ", " gloss [ ing ] over inconsistencies of logic or fact " or distinguishing indistinct cases to reach their destination. in jefferson v. hackney, for example, douglas and justice thurgood marshall charged that rehnquist ' s opinion " misrepresented the legislative history " of a federal welfare program. rehnquist did not correct what the brethren characterizes as an " outright misstatement,... [ and thus ] publish [ ed ] an opinion that twisted the facts ". rehnquist ' s " misuse " of precedents in another case " shocked " justice john paul stevens. for his part, rehnquist was often


.. [ and thus ] publish [ ed ] an opinion that twisted the facts ". rehnquist ' s " misuse " of precedents in another case " shocked " justice john paul stevens. for his part, rehnquist was often " contemptuous of brennan ' s opinions ", seeing them as " bending the facts or law to suit his purposes ". reluctant to compromise, rehnquist was the most frequent sole dissenter during the burger years, garnering the nickname " the lone ranger ". he usually voted with chief justice burger, and – recognizing " the importance of his relationship with burger " – often went along to get along, joining burger ' s majority opinions even when he disagreed with them, and, in important cases, " tr [ ying ] to straighten him out ". chief justice when chief justice warren burger retired in 1986, president ronald reagan nominated rehnquist to fill the position. although rehnquist was to the right of burger, " his colleagues were unanimously pleased and supportive, " even his " ideological opposites. " the nomination " was met with ' genuine enthusiasm on the part of not only his colleagues on the court but others who served the court in a staff capacity and some of the relatively lowly paid individuals at the court. there was almost a unanimous feeling of joy. ' " justice thurgood marshall would later call him " a great chief justice. " during confirmation hearings, senator edward kennedy challenged rehnquist on his unwitting ownership of property that had a restrictive covenant against sale to jews ( such covenants were held to be unenforceable under the 1948 supreme court case shelley v. kraemer ). despite this and other controversies, including a concern over his membership in the alfalfa club ( which at the time did not allow women to join ), the senate confirmed his appointment by a 65 – 33 vote, and he assumed the office on september 26. rehnquist ' s seat as an associate justice was filled by newly appointed antonin scalia. in 1999, rehnquist became the second chief justice ( after salmon p. chase ) to preside over a presidential impeachment trial, during the proceedings against president bill clinton. in 2000, rehnquist wrote a concurring opinion in bush v. gore, the case that effectively ended the presidential election controversy in florida. he concurred with four other justices in that case that the equal protection clause barred a " standardless " manual recount of the votes as ordered by the florida supreme court


. gore, the case that effectively ended the presidential election controversy in florida. he concurred with four other justices in that case that the equal protection clause barred a " standardless " manual recount of the votes as ordered by the florida supreme court. in his capacity as chief justice, rehnquist administered the oath of office to the following presidents of the united states : leadership of the court rehnquist ' s predecessor as chief justice, warren burger, had foundered as a leader, alienating his colleagues with his overbearing manner, his inability to effectively manage the justices ' conference sessions, and abuse of his seniority – in particular, his tendency to change his vote on important cases so that he could maintain control over opinion assignments. rehnquist, in sharp contrast, won over his fellow justices with his easygoing, humorous, and unpretentious personality. he also tightened up the justices ' conferences, keeping the justices from going too long or off track and not allowing any justice to speak twice before all had spoken once, and gained a reputation for scrupulous fairness in assigning opinions : rehnquist assigned no justice ( including himself ) two opinions before everyone had been assigned one, and made no attempts to interfere with assignments for cases in which he was in the minority. most significantly, rehnquist successfully lobbied congress in 1988 to give the court control of its own docket, cutting back on mandatory appeals and certiorari grants in general. rehnquist added four yellow stripes to the sleeves of his robe in 1995. he was a lifelong fan of gilbert and sullivan operas, and after appreciating the lord chancellor ' s costume in a community theater production of iolanthe he thereafter appeared in court with the same striped sleeves. ( the lord chancellor was traditionally the senior member of the british judiciary. ) his successor, chief justice john roberts, chose not to continue the practice. federalism doctrine rehnquist was expected [ by whom? ] to push the supreme court in a more conservative direction during his tenure. one area many commentators expected to see changes was in limiting the power of the federal government and in increasing the power of state governments. however, legal reporter jan crawford greenburg says some of rehnquist ' s victories towards the federalist goal of scaling back congressional power over the states had little practical impact. chief justice rehnquist voted with the majority in city of boerne v. flores ( 1997 ) and would later refer to that decision as precedent for requiring congress to defer to the court


scaling back congressional power over the states had little practical impact. chief justice rehnquist voted with the majority in city of boerne v. flores ( 1997 ) and would later refer to that decision as precedent for requiring congress to defer to the court as regards interpretation of the fourteenth amendment ( including the equal protection clause ) in a number of cases. boerne held that any statute that congress enacted to enforce the provisions of the fourteenth amendment ( including the equal protection clause ) had to show " a congruence and proportionality between the injury to be prevented or remedied and the means adopted to that end ". the rehnquist court ' s congruence and proportionality theory replaced the " ratchet " theory that had arguably been advanced in katzenbach v. morgan ( 1966 ). according to the " ratchet " theory, congress could " ratchet up " civil rights beyond what the court had recognized, but congress could not " ratchet down " judicially recognized rights. according to the majority opinion of justice anthony kennedy, which chief justice rehnquist joined in boerne : there is language in our opinion in katzenbach v. morgan, 384 u. s. 641 ( 1966 ), which could be interpreted as acknowledging a power in congress to enact legislation that expands the rights contained in § 1 of the fourteenth amendment. this is not a necessary interpretation, however, or even the best one.... if congress could define its own powers by altering the fourteenth amendment ' s meaning, no longer would the constitution be ' superior paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means. ' the rehnquist court ' s congruence and proportionality standard made it easier to revive older precedents preventing congress from going too far [ clarification needed ] in enforcing equal protection of the laws. one of the rehnquist court ' s major developments involved reinforcing and extending the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which limits the ability of congress to subject non - consenting states to lawsuits by individual citizens seeking money damages. in both kimel v. florida board of regents ( 2000 ) and board of trustees of the university of alabama v. garrett ( 2001 ), the court held that congress had exceeded its power to enforce the equal protection clause. in both those cases, chief justice rehnquist was in the majority that held discrimination by states based upon age or disability ( as opposed to race or gender ) need satisfy only rational basis review as opposed to strict scrutiny. though the eleventh amendment by its terms applies only to


, chief justice rehnquist was in the majority that held discrimination by states based upon age or disability ( as opposed to race or gender ) need satisfy only rational basis review as opposed to strict scrutiny. though the eleventh amendment by its terms applies only to suits against a state by citizens of another state, the rehnquist court often extended this principle to suits by citizens against their own states. one such case was alden v. maine ( 1999 ), in which the court explained that the authority to subject states to private suits does not follow from any of the express enumerated powers in article one of the constitution, and therefore the alden court looked to the necessary and proper clause to see if that clause authorized congress to subject the states to lawsuits by the state ' s own citizens. chief justice rehnquist agreed with justice kennedy ' s statement that such lawsuits were not " necessary and proper " : nor can we conclude that the specific article i powers delegated to congress necessarily include, by virtue of the necessary and proper clause or otherwise, the incidental authority to subject the states to private suits as a means of achieving objectives otherwise within the scope of the enumerated powers. however, the court acknowledged that various amendments to the constitution were intended to give congress power to abrogate sovereign immunity, one of those amendments being the fourteenth, and thus congress may authorize suits for money damages pursuant to ( for example ) its power to enforce the fourteenth amendment, which includes the equal protection clause. chief justice rehnquist also led the court toward a more limited view of congressional power under the commerce clause of the u. s. constitution. for example, he wrote for a 5 - to - 4 majority in united states v. lopez, 514 u. s. 549 ( 1995 ), striking down a federal law as exceeding congressional power under the clause. lopez was followed by united states v. morrison, 529 u. s. 598 ( 2000 ), in which rehnquist wrote the court ' s opinion striking down the civil damages portion of the violence against women act of 1994 as regulating conduct that does not have a significant direct effect on interstate commerce. rehnquist ' s majority opinion in morrison also rejected an equal protection argument on behalf of the act. all four dissenters disagreed with the court ' s interpretation of the commerce clause, and two dissenters ( stevens and stephen breyer ) also took issue with the court ' s equal protection analysis. regarding the commerce clause, justice david souter asserted that the court was improperly seeking


the court ' s interpretation of the commerce clause, and two dissenters ( stevens and stephen breyer ) also took issue with the court ' s equal protection analysis. regarding the commerce clause, justice david souter asserted that the court was improperly seeking to convert the judiciary into a " shield against the commerce power ". regarding the equal protection clause, chief justice rehnquist ' s majority opinion in morrison cited precedents limiting the clause ' s scope, such as united states v. cruikshank ( 1876 ), which held that the fourteenth amendment applied only to state actions, not private acts of violence. dissenting justice breyer, joined by justice stevens, agreed with the majority that it " is certainly so " that congress may not " use the fourteenth amendment as a source of power to remedy the conduct of private persons ". however, breyer and stevens took issue with another aspect of the morrison court ' s equal protection analysis : they argued that cases that the majority had cited ( including united states v. harris and the civil rights cases regarding lynching and segregation respectively ) did not consider " this kind of claim " in which state actors " failed to provide adequate ( or any ) state remedies ". in response, the morrison majority asserted that the violence against women act was " directed not at any state or state actor, but at individuals who have committed criminal acts motivated by gender bias ". the federalist trend set by lopez and morrison was seemingly halted by gonzales v. raich ( 2005 ), in which the court broadly interpreted the commerce clause to allow congress to prohibit the intrastate cultivation of medicinal cannabis. rehnquist, along with o ' connor and thomas, dissented in raich. rehnquist authored the majority opinion in south dakota v. dole ( 1987 ), upholding congress ' s reduction of funds to states not complying with the national 21 - year - old drinking age. rehnquist ' s broad reading of congress ' s spending power was also seen as a major limitation on the rehnquist court ' s push towards redistribution of power from the federal government to the states. stare decisis some commentators expected the rehnquist court to overrule several controversial decisions broadly interpreting the bill of rights. the rehnquist court, however, expressly declined to overrule miranda v. arizona in its decision in dickerson v. united states. rehnquist believed that federal judges should not impose their personal views on the law or stray beyond the intent of the framers by reading


, expressly declined to overrule miranda v. arizona in its decision in dickerson v. united states. rehnquist believed that federal judges should not impose their personal views on the law or stray beyond the intent of the framers by reading broad meaning into the constitution ; he saw himself as an " apostle of judicial restraint ". time magazine suggested, however, that rehnquist violated this belief by overruling many cases, particularly from the warren court era. columbia law school professor vincent blasi said of rehnquist in 1986 that " [ n ] obody since the 1930s has been so niggardly in interpreting the bill of rights, so blatant in simply ignoring years and years of precedent ". ( in the same article, rehnquist was quoted as retorting that " such attacks come from liberal academics and that ' on occasion, they write somewhat disingenuously about me ' ". ) chief justice rehnquist was a foe of the court ' s 1973 roe v. wade decision. in 1992, that decision survived by a 5 – 4 vote, in planned parenthood v. casey, which relied heavily on the doctrine of stare decisis. dissenting in casey, rehnquist criticized the court ' s " newly minted variation on stare decisis ", and asserted his belief " that roe was wrongly decided, and that it can and should be overruled consistently with our traditional approach to stare decisis in constitutional cases ". rehnquist was not reluctant to apply stare decisis in the fashion he believed appropriate. for example, in dickerson v. united states ( 2000 ), rehnquist voted to reaffirm the court ' s famous decision in miranda v. arizona ( 1966 ) based not only on the notion of adhering to precedent but also on his belief that " the totality - of - the - circumstances test... is more difficult than miranda for law enforcement officers to conform to, and for courts to apply in a consistent manner ". shortly after dickerson was decided, the court dealt with another abortion case, this time dealing with partial birth abortion in stenberg v. carhart ( 2000 ). again, a 5 – 4 decision, and again a dissent from rehnquist urged that stare decisis should not be the sole consideration : " i did not join the joint opinion in planned parenthood of southeastern pa. v. casey, 505 u. s. 833 ( 1992 ), and continue to believe


dissent added : i would not myself indulge in... official praise for heterosexual monogamy, because i think it no business of the courts ( as opposed to the political branches ) to take sides in this culture war. but the court today has done so, not only by inventing a novel and extravagant constitutional doctrine to take the victory away from traditional forces, but even by verbally disparaging as bigotry adherence to traditional attitudes. with the case of lawrence v. texas in 2003, the supreme court under rehnquist went on to overrule bowers. rehnquist again dissented along with scalia and clarence thomas. the court ' s result in romer had described the struck - down statute as " a status - based enactment divorced from any factual context from which we could discern a relationship to legitimate state interests ". the sentiment behind that statute had led to the court evaluating it with a " more searching " form of review. similarly, in lawrence, " moral disapproval " was found to be an unconstitutional basis for condemning a group of people. the court protected homosexual behavior in the name of liberty and autonomy. rehnquist sometimes reached results favorable to homosexuals, for example voting to allow a gay cia employee to sue for improper personnel practices, voting to allow same - sex sexual harassment claims to be adjudicated, and voting to allow the university of wisconsin – madison to require students to pay a mandatory fee that subsidized gay groups along with all other student organizations. civil rights act rehnquist voted with the majority in denying a private right to sue for discrimination based on race or national origin involving a disparate impact under title vi of the civil rights act of 1964, in alexander v. sandoval ( 2001 ), which involved the issue of whether a citizen could sue a state for not providing driver ' s license exams in languages other than english. sandoval cited cannon v. university of chicago ( 1979 ) as a precedent. the court voted 5 – 4 that various facts ( regarding disparate impact ) mentioned in a footnote of cannon were not part of the holding of cannon. the majority also viewed it as significant that § 602 of title vi did not repeat the rights - creating language ( race, color, or national origin ) in § 601. religion clauses in 1985, rehnquist joined lee v. weisman ' s dissenting opinion that the free excercise clause of the first amendment to the constitution only forbids government from preferring one particular religion


national origin ) in § 601. religion clauses in 1985, rehnquist joined lee v. weisman ' s dissenting opinion that the free excercise clause of the first amendment to the constitution only forbids government from preferring one particular religion over another. justice souter wrote a dissent specifically addressed to rehnquist on this issue in 1992. rehnquist also led the way in allowing greater state assistance to religious schools, writing for another 5 - to - 4 majority in zelman v. simmons - harris. in zelman, the court approved a school voucher program that aided church schools along with other private schools. in june 2005, rehnquist wrote the plurality opinion upholding the constitutionality of a display of the ten commandments at the texas state capitol in austin. the case was van orden v. perry. rehnquist wrote : our cases, janus like, point in two directions in applying the establishment clause. one face looks toward the strong role played by religion and religious traditions throughout our nation ' s history.... the other face looks toward the principle that governmental intervention in religious matters can itself endanger religious freedom. this decision was joined by justices scalia, thomas, breyer, and kennedy. first amendment university of chicago law school professor geoffrey stone explains that rehnquist was by an impressive margin the member of the supreme court least likely to invalidate a law as violating " the freedom of speech, or of the press ". justice burger, who was chief justice when rehnquist started as an associate justice, was 1. 8 times more likely to vote in favor of the first amendment ; scalia, 1. 6 times ; thomas, 1. 5 times. excluding unanimous court decisions, rehnquist voted to reject first amendment claims 92 % of the time. in issues involving freedom of the press, rehnquist rejected first amendment claims 100 % of the time. stone says : there were only three areas in which rehnquist showed any interest in enforcing the constitutional guarantee of free expression : in cases involving advertising, religious expression, and campaign finance regulation. fourteenth amendment rehnquist wrote a concurrence agreeing to strike down the male - only admissions policy of the virginia military institute, as violative of the fourteenth amendment ' s equal protection clause. however, he declined to join the majority opinion ' s basis for using the fourteenth amendment, writing : this rationale supported facilities separated on the basis of gender : it is not the ' exclusion of women ' that violates the equal protection


protection clause. however, he declined to join the majority opinion ' s basis for using the fourteenth amendment, writing : this rationale supported facilities separated on the basis of gender : it is not the ' exclusion of women ' that violates the equal protection clause, but the maintenance of an all - men school without providing any — much less a comparable — institution for women.... it would be a sufficient remedy, i think, if the two institutions offered the same quality of education and were of the same overall caliber. rehnquist remained skeptical about the court ' s equal protection clause jurisprudence ; some of his opinions most favorable to equality resulted from statutory rather than constitutional interpretation. for example, in meritor savings bank v. vinson ( 1986 ), rehnquist established a hostile - environment sexual harassment cause of action under title vii of the civil rights act of 1964, including protection against psychological aspects of harassment in the workplace. analysis of tenure as chief justice | | this article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. ( november 2009 ) | professor charles fried has described the rehnquist court ' s " project " as being " to reverse not the course of history but the course of constitutional doctrine ' s abdication to politics. " according to legal reporter jan crawford greenburg, the rehnquist court ' s conservatives failed to dig up the foundation cemented by the more left - leaning justices and lower courts. however, in 2005 law professor john yoo wrote : " it is telling to see how many of rehnquist ' s views, considered outside the mainstream at the time by professors and commentators, the court has now adopted. " greenburg says conservative critics noted that the rehnquist court did little to overturn the left ' s successes in the lower courts, and in many cases actively furthered them. rehnquist was unable to build consensus and forge coalitions on key cases, and in his later years often came to care more about case outcomes than legal reasoning, disappointing justice scalia. more often than not, on volatile social issues, the court did not take the conservative path. a 2012 biography by journalist john a. jenkins concludes, based on an analysis of rehnquist ' s papers, that " rehnquist ’ s judicial philosophy was nihilistic at its core, disrespectful of precedent, and dismissive of... institutions that did not comport with his black - and - white view of the world. " personal health after rehnquist ' s death in 2005,


its core, disrespectful of precedent, and dismissive of... institutions that did not comport with his black - and - white view of the world. " personal health after rehnquist ' s death in 2005, the fbi honored a freedom of information act request detailing the bureau ' s background investigation prior to rehnquist ' s nomination as chief justice. the files reveal that for a period, rehnquist had been addicted to placidyl, a drug widely prescribed for insomnia. placidyl can be addictive and it was not until he was hospitalized that doctors learned of the depth of his dependency. rehnquist was prescribed placidyl by dr. freeman cary, a physician at the u. s. capitol, for insomnia and back pain from 1972 through 1981 in doses exceeding the recommended limits. the fbi report concluded, however, that rehnquist was already taking the drug as early as 1970. by the time he sought treatment, rehnquist was taking three times the prescribed dose of the drug nightly. on december 27, 1981, rehnquist entered george washington university hospital for treatment of back pain and dependency on placidyl. there, he underwent a month - long detoxification process. while hospitalized, he had typical withdrawal symptoms, including hallucinations and paranoia. for example, " one doctor said rehnquist thought he heard voices outside his hospital room plotting against him and had ' bizarre ideas and outrageous thoughts ', including imagining ' a cia plot against him ' and seeming to see the design patterns on the hospital curtains change configuration. " for several weeks prior to hospitalization, rehnquist had slurred his words, but there were no indications he was otherwise impaired. law professor michael dorf has observed that " none of the justices, law clerks or others who served with rehnquist have so much as hinted that his placidyl addiction affected his work, beyond its impact on his speech ". declining health and death on october 26, 2004, the supreme court press office announced that rehnquist had recently been diagnosed with anaplastic thyroid cancer. in the summer of 2004, rehnquist traveled to england to teach a constitutional law class at tulane university law school ' s program abroad. after several months out of the public eye, rehnquist administered the oath of office to president george w. bush at his second inauguration on january 20, 2005, despite doubts over whether his health would permit his participation. he arrived using


program abroad. after several months out of the public eye, rehnquist administered the oath of office to president george w. bush at his second inauguration on january 20, 2005, despite doubts over whether his health would permit his participation. he arrived using a cane, walked very slowly, and left immediately after the oath itself was administered. after missing 44 oral arguments before the court in late 2004 and early 2005, rehnquist appeared on the bench again on march 21, 2005. during his absence, however, he remained involved in the business of the court, participating in many of the decisions and deliberations. on july 1, 2005, rehnquist ' s colleague sandra day o ' connor announced her impending retirement from her position of associate justice, after consulting with rehnquist and learning that he intended to remain on the court. commenting on the frenzy of speculation over his retirement, rehnquist joked with a reporter who asked if he would be retiring, " that ' s for me to know and you to find out. " rehnquist died at his arlington, virginia, home on september 3, 2005, just four weeks before his 81st birthday. rehnquist was the first member of the supreme court to die in office since justice robert h. jackson in 1954, and the first chief justice to die in office since fred m. vinson, in 1953. on september 6, 2005, eight of rehnquist ' s former law clerks, including judge john roberts, his eventual successor, served as pallbearers as his casket was placed on the same catafalque that bore abraham lincoln ' s casket as he lay in state in 1865. rehnquist ' s body remained in the great hall of the supreme court until his funeral on september 7, 2005, a lutheran service conducted at the roman catholic cathedral of st. matthew the apostle in washington, d. c. rehnquist was eulogized by president george w. bush and justice sandra day o ' connor, as well as by members of his family. the rehnquist funeral was the largest gathering of political dignitaries at the cathedral since the funeral of president john f. kennedy in 1963. rehnquist ' s funeral was followed by a private burial service, in which he was interred next to his wife, nan, at arlington national cemetery. replacement as chief justice rehnquist ' s death, just over two months after o ' connor announced her impending retirement, left two vacancies to be filled by president george w. bush. on september 5


, nan, at arlington national cemetery. replacement as chief justice rehnquist ' s death, just over two months after o ' connor announced her impending retirement, left two vacancies to be filled by president george w. bush. on september 5, 2005, bush withdrew the nomination of judge john roberts of the d. c. circuit court of appeals to replace o ' connor as associate justice, and instead nominated him to replace rehnquist as chief justice. roberts was confirmed by the u. s. senate and sworn in as the new chief justice on september 29, 2005. roberts had clerked for rehnquist in 1980 – 1981. o ' connor, who had made the effective date of her resignation the confirmation of her successor, continued to serve on the supreme court until the confirmation and swearing in of samuel alito in january 2006. eulogizing his predecessor in the harvard law review, roberts wrote that rehnquist was " direct, straightforward, utterly without pretense – and a patriot who loved and served his country. he was completely unaffected in manner. " family life rehnquist ' s paternal grandparents immigrated separately from sweden in 1880. his grandfather olof andersson, who changed his surname from the patronymic andersson to the family name rehnquist, was born in the province of varmland and his grandmother was born adolfina ternberg in vreta kloster ( parish ) in ostergotland. rehnquist is one of two chief justices of swedish descent, the other being earl warren, who had norwegian - swedish ancestry. rehnquist married natalie " nan " cornell on august 29, 1953. she died on october 17, 1991, after suffering from ovarian cancer. the couple had three children : james, a lawyer and former college basketball star, janet, a lawyer, and nancy, who worked as an editor on many of her father ' s books. at the time of his death rehnquist was survived by nine grandchildren, one of whom, natalie lynch, delivered one of the eulogies at his funeral. - rehnquist, william h. ( 2004 ). the centennial crisis : the disputed election of 1876. new york : knopf publishing group. isbn 0 - 375 - 41387 - 1. - rehnquist, william h. ( 1998 ). all the laws but one : civil liberties in wartime. new york : william morrow & co. isbn 0 - 688 - 05142 - 1. - rehnquist, william h. ( 1992


., john g. ( october 24, 2006 ). " william h. rehnquist : a remembrance ". vermont law review. retrieved august 8, 2011. - rosen, jeffrey ( 2005 ). " rehnquist the great? ". the atlantic. retrieved may 30, 2010. - it means, in direct translation to english : reindeer twig. - lane, charles. " head of the class : fresh from service in world war ii, william rehnquist went west unsure of his future. what he found on the farm changed his life, and the future of the country. ", stanford magazine, july / august 2005. accessed september 17, 2007. " so, for the brainy kid they had called " bugs " back home at suburban shorewood high school, just outside milwaukee, weather was a key criterion in selecting a college. " - christopher l. tomlins ( 2005 ). the united states supreme court. houghton mifflin. isbn 978 - 0 - 618 - 32969 - 4. retrieved october 21, 2008. - biskupic, joan. sandra day o ' connor : how the first woman on the supreme court became its most influential justice. new york : harper collins, 2005 - debbie kornmiller, " o ' connor ' s class rank an error that will not die ", arizona daily star ( july 10, 2005 ). - biskupic, joan. " rehnquist left supreme court with conservative legacy ". usa today. september 4, 2005. - william rehnquist, " a random thought on the segregation cases ", s. hrg. 99 - 1067, hearings before the senate committee on the judiciary on the nomination of justice william hubbs rehnquist to be chief justice of the united states ( july 29 – 31, and august 1, 1986 ). - 1971 confirmation hearings. - " 132 cong. rec. 23548 ( speech of senator paul sarbanes ) ". 1986. - justice william o. douglas wrote : " in the original conference there were only four who voted that segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional. those four were black, burton, minton, and myself. " see bernard schwartz, decision : how the supreme court decides cases, page 96 ( oxford 1996 ). likewise, justice felix frankfurter wrote : " i have no doubt that if the segregation cases had reached decision last term, there would have been four dissenters — vinson, reed, jackson, and clark. " ibid. -


1996 ). likewise, justice felix frankfurter wrote : " i have no doubt that if the segregation cases had reached decision last term, there would have been four dissenters — vinson, reed, jackson, and clark. " ibid. - adam liptak, " the memo that rehnquist wrote and had to disown ", ny times ( september 11, 2005 ) - " memos may not hold roberts ' s opinions ", the boston globe, peter s. canellos, august 23, 2005 rehnquist said in 1986 about his conversations with other clerks about plessy that he : thought plessy had been wrongly decided at the time, that it was not a good interpretation of the equal protection clause to say that when you segregate people by race, there is no denial of equal protection. but plessy had been on the books for 60 years. congress had never acted, and the same congress that had promulgated the 14th amendment had required segregation in the district schools. i saw factors on both sides. i did not agree then, and i certainly do not agree now, with the statement that " plessy against ferguson is right and should be reaffirmed ". i had ideas on both sides, and i do not think i ever really finally settled in my own mind on that. around the lunch table i am sure i defended it. i thought there were good arguments to be made in support of it. - schwartz, bernard ( 1988 ). " chief justice rehnquist, justice jackson, and the " brown " case ". supreme court review 1988 ( 1988 ) : 245 – 267. issn 0081 - 9557. jstor 3109626. - kluger, richard ( 1976 ). simple justice : the history of brown v. board of education and black america ' s struggle for equality. note 4. pp. 606 n. - " reagan ' s mr. right ". time. june 30, 1986. retrieved march 6, 2009. - " cases where justice rehnquist has cited brown v. board of education in support of a proposition ", s. hrg. 99 - 1067, hearings before the senate committee on the judiciary on the nomination of justice william hubbs rehnquist to be chief justice of the united states ( july 29, 30, 31, and august 1, 1986 ). - rosen, jeffery ( april 2005 ). " rehnquist the great? ". atlantic monthly. (


secinfo. com. retrieved september 19, 2008. - perlstein, rick ( 2008 ), p. 605 - hughes, ken, " nixon and the supreme court : the appointment of william h. rehnquist ", presidential recordings program, miller center of public affairs - bob woodward & scott armstrong, the brethren : inside the supreme court. 1979. simon and schuster. page 221. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 111. - bob woodward & scott armstrong, the brethren : inside the supreme court. 1979. simon and schuster. page 222. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 114. - chemerinsky, erwin ( march 11, 2005 ) keynote address : rehnquist court ' s federalism revolution, 41 willamette law review 827 - roh, jane ( june 14, 2005 ) rehnquist ' s legacy : a balanced court, fox news - bob woodward & scott armstrong, the brethren : inside the supreme court. 1979. simon and schuster. page 411. - trimble v. gordon, 430 u. s. 762 ( 1977 ) - bob woodward & scott armstrong, the brethren : inside the supreme court. 1979. simon and schuster. page 235. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 124. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 122. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 113. - von drehle, david ( july 19, 1993 ). " redefining fair with a simple careful assault. step - by - step strategy produced strides for equal protection ". the washington post. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 115. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 116. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major


- friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 116. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. pages 116 – 117. - david garrow, " the rehnquist reins ", new york times, october 6, 1996. - undated 2003 – 04 charlie rose show interview with rehnquist. - woodward & armstrong, the brethren 267 ( 2005 ) ( 1979 ed. at _ _ ). - the brethren, 2005 ed. at 498 ( 1979 ed. at _ _ _ ). - the bretheren, 2005 ed. at 268, 499 ( 1979 ed. at 407 – 8, _ _ ) - leon friedman, the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions ( 1978 ), page 121. - the brethren, 2005 ed. at 268 ( 1979 ed. at 222 ). - see jefferson v. hackney, 406 u. s. 535, 554 ( 1972 ) ( douglas, j., dissenting ). - the brethren, 2005 ed. at _ _ ( 1979 ed. at 222, 408. - the brethren, 2005 ed. at 499. - the brethren, 2005 ed. at _ _ ( 1979 ed. at 269 ). - eisler, kim isaac ( 1993 ). a justice for all : william j. brennan, jr., and the decisions that transformed america. page 272. new york : simon & schuster. isbn 0 - 671 - 76787 - 9 - alan s. oser, " unenforceable covenants are in many deeds ", new york times ( august 1, 1986 ). mr. rehnquist has said he was unaware of discriminatory restrictions on properties he bought in arizona and vermont, and officials in those states said today that he had never even been required to sign the deeds that contained the restrictions.... he told the committee he would act quickly to get rid of the covenants. the restriction on the vermont property prohibits the lease or sale of the property to " members of the hebrew race ".... the discriminatory language appears on the first page of the single - spaced document in the middle of a long paragraph filled with unrelated language regarding sewers and the construction of a mailbox. - " president asserts he will withhold re


... the discriminatory language appears on the first page of the single - spaced document in the middle of a long paragraph filled with unrelated language regarding sewers and the construction of a mailbox. - " president asserts he will withhold rehnquist memos ", new york times, august 1, 1986. - woodward, bob ; armstrong, scott ( 1979 ). the brethren : inside the supreme court. new york : simon & schuster. p. [ page needed ]. isbn 0 - 671 - 24110 - 9. - toobin, jeffrey. the nine : inside the secret world of the supreme court. new york : anchor books, 2007. - barrett, john q. " a rehnquist ode on the vinson court ", the green bag, second series, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 289, spring 2008 - mcelroy, lisa tucker. john g. roberts, jr. minneapolis : lerner publications co., 2007. - " rehnquist ' s federalist legacy ". cato. org. retrieved september 19, 2008. - greenburg, jan crawford. supreme conflict : the inside story of the struggle for control of the united states supreme court. 2007. penguin books. page 29. - age discrimination in employment law. barbara lindemann and david d. kadue. page 699. 2003, washington dc. - " planned parenthood of southeastern pa. v. casey ". cornell law school. june 29, 1992. retrieved march 5, 2009. - " weaver v. nebo school district ". acluutah. org. retrieved september 19, 2008. - " lawrence v. texas ". law. cornell. edu. retrieved september 19, 2008. - webster v. doe, 486 u. s. 592 ( 1988 ). - oncale v. sundowner offshore services, inc., 523 us 75 ( 1998 ). - board of regents v. southworth, 529 u. s. 217 ( 2000 ). - greenhouse, linda ( july 3, 1992 ). " souter anchoring the court ' s new center ". new york times. retrieved june 27, 2008. - " university of chicago law school > news 09. 06. 2005 : stone says rehnquist ' s legacy does not measure up ". law. uchicago. edu. retrieved september 19, 2008. - united states v. virginia, 518 u. s. 515


09. 06. 2005 : stone says rehnquist ' s legacy does not measure up ". law. uchicago. edu. retrieved september 19, 2008. - united states v. virginia, 518 u. s. 515 ( 1996 ) - " united states v. virginia - 518 u. s. 515 ( 1996 ) : : justia us supreme court center ". supreme. justia. com. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22. - charles freid, saying what the law is 46 – 7 ( 2004 ). - yoo, john ( april 27, 2005 ). " he advocated limitations of public power ". philadelphia inquirer. retrieved october 27, 2008. - greenburg, jan crawford. supreme conflict : the inside story of the struggle for control of the united states supreme court. 2007. penguin books. page 28. - greenburg, jan crawford. supreme conflict : the inside story of the struggle for control of the united states supreme court. 2007. penguin books. pages 27 – 28. - american bar association, law news now, 2012 sept. 27, " biographer doesn ’ t pull punches, calls rehnquist ’ s judicial philosophy ‘ nihilistic at its core, ' " http : / / www. abajournal. com / news / article / biographer _ doesnt _ pull _ punches _ calls _ rehnquists _ judicial _ philosophy /? utm _ source = maestro & utm _ medium = email & utm _ campaign = weekly _ email - " rehnquist fbi file sheds new light on drug dependence, confirmation battles ". tony mauro. legal times. january 4, 2007. accessed january 4, 2007. - fbi releases rehnquist drug problem records, associated press - cooperman, alan ( january 5, 2007 ). " sedative withdrawal made rehnquist delusional in ' 81 ". the washington post. p. a01. retrieved march 15, 2008. - jack shafer, " rehnquist ' s drug habit ", slate, september 9, 2005. - michael c. dorf, " the big news in the rehnquist fbi file : there is none ", findlaw ' s writ, _ january _ 15, _ 2007. - nina totenberg. " ailing rehnquist administers oath of office : npr ". npr. org. retrieved september 19, 2008. - " online newshour : rehnquist returns to bench as supreme court reviews


_ 2007. - nina totenberg. " ailing rehnquist administers oath of office : npr ". npr. org. retrieved september 19, 2008. - " online newshour : rehnquist returns to bench as supreme court reviews restraining order case – march 21, 2005 ". pbs. org. retrieved september 19, 2008. - " foxnews. com – chief justice rehnquist returns to court – u. s. & world ". fox news. march 21, 2005. retrieved september 19, 2008. - " d. c. wonders when rehnquist will go ". foxnews. com, july 10, 2005. - richard w. stevenson and david stout ( september 6, 2005 ). " roberts hearing set for monday ; rehnquist ' s coffin lies in court ". the new york times. retrieved september 19, 2008. - lane, charles ( september 8, 2005 ). " rehnquist eulogies look beyond bench ". the washington post. retrieved july 3, 2010. - weil, martin ; jackman, tom ( september 5, 2005 ). " funeral set for wednesday at st. matthew ' s cathedral ". the washington post. retrieved september 19, 2008. - " william h. rehnquist, sergeant. united states army air corps – chief justice of the united states ". arlingtoncemetery. net. retrieved september 19, 2008. - christensen, george a., journal of supreme court history volume 33 issue 1, pages 17 – 41 ( february 19, 2008 ), here lies the supreme court : revisited, university of alabama. - adam liptak and todd s. purdum ( published : july 31, 2005 ). " as clerk for rehnquist, nominee stood out for conservative rigor – new york times ". the new york times. retrieved september 19, 2008. - roberts, john g. ( november 2005 ). " in memoriam : william h. rehnquist ". harvard law review 119 ( 1 ) : 1. issn 0017 - 811x. retrieved march 5, 2009. - " speech chief justice william h. rehnquist – april 9, 2001 ". supremecourt. gov. retrieved september 19, 2008. - " natalie cornell rehnquist ". arlingtoncemetery. net. retrieved september 19, 2008. - lane, charles ( september 6, 2005 ). " emotion overcomes sober court ". washington post. retrieved may 28, 2010. - to


natalie cornell rehnquist ". arlingtoncemetery. net. retrieved september 19, 2008. - lane, charles ( september 6, 2005 ). " emotion overcomes sober court ". washington post. retrieved may 28, 2010. - totenberg, nina ( september 8, 2005 ). " family, peers pay respects to rehnquist ". national public radio. retrieved may 28, 2010. - levine, susan and charles lane ( september 7, 2005 ). " for chief justice, a final session with his court ". washington post. retrieved may 28, 2010. - united church of christ further reading - abraham, henry j. ( 1992 ). justices and presidents : a political history of appointments to the supreme court ( 3rd ed. ). new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3. - cushman, clare ( 2001 ). the supreme court justices : illustrated biographies, 1789 – 1995 ( 2nd ed. ). ( supreme court historical society, congressional quarterly books ). isbn 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7. - frank, john p. ( 1995 ). in friedman, leon ; israel, fred l. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions. chelsea house publishers. isbn 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4. - hudson,, david l. ( 2006 ). the rehnquist court : understanding its impact and legacy. new york : raeger publishers. isbn 0 - 275 - 98971 - 2. - hall, kermit l., ed. ( 1992 ). the oxford companion to the supreme court of the united states. new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6. - martin, fenton s. ; goehlert, robert u. ( 1990 ). the u. s. supreme court : a bibliography. washington, d. c. : congressional quarterly books. isbn 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3. - obermayer, herman ( 2009 ). rehnquist : a personal portrait of the distinguished chief justice of the united states. new york, ny. : threshold editions. isbn 978 - 1 - 4391 - 4082 - 6. - perlstein, rick ( 2009 ). nixonland : the rise of a president and the fracturing of america. scribner. isbn 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4303 - 2. - schwartz, herman ( 2003 ).


- perlstein, rick ( 2009 ). nixonland : the rise of a president and the fracturing of america. scribner. isbn 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4303 - 2. - schwartz, herman ( 2003 ). the rehnquist court : judicial activism on the right. new hork : hill and wang. isbn 0 - 8090 - 8074 - 5. - tushnet, mark ( 2005 ). a court divided : the rehnquist court and the future of constitutional law,. new york : w. w. norton co. isbn 0 - 393 - 05868 - 9. - urofsky, melvin i. ( 1994 ). the supreme court justices : a biographical dictionary. new york : garland publishing. p. 590. isbn 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1. - woodward, robert ; armstrong, scott ( 1979 ). the brethren : inside the supreme court. new york : avon books. isbn 0 - 671 - 24110 - 9. | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : william rehnquist | | wikimedia commons has media related to : william rehnquist | - supreme court official site with biographies - profile at the biographical directory of federal judges, a public domain publication of the federal judicial center - legal resources at the law library of congress - biography and writings at the legal information institute - profile at the oyez project - appearances on c - span - appearances on charlie rose - profile at the internet movie database - collected news and commentary at the new york times - works by or about william rehnquist in libraries ( worldcat catalog ) - profile at notable names database - booknotes interview with david savage on turning right : the making of the rehnquist supreme court, june 28, 1992. - booknotes interview with rehnquist on grand inquests : the historic impeachments of justice samuel chase and president andrew johnson, july 5, 1992. - profile at answers. com - " in memoriam : william h. rehnquist ", 119 harvard law review 2005 ( tributes to rehnquist ) - william rehnquist at find a grave - original source william rehnquist fbi file - 1986 senate confirmation hearing - supreme court official bio ( pdf ) - supreme court justice rehnquist ' s key decisions – the washington post - the legacy of william h. rehnquist – majority and dissenting opinions in major supreme court cases john marshall harlan ii |


roman catholic archdiocese of chicago | archdiocese of chicago | territory | | counties of cook and lake | | ecclesiastical province | | archdiocese of chicago | | area | | 1, 411 sq mi ( 3, 650 km2 ) | | established | | november 28, 1843 | | cathedral | | holy name cathedral | | patron saint | | holy name of lord jesus christ | | archbishop | | archbishop of chicago | | auxiliary bishop | | francis j. kane, john r. manz, joseph n. perry, george j. rassas, alberto rojas, andrew p. wypych | | vicars general | | auxiliary bishop francis j. kane ( effective july 1, 2013 ) ; rev. msgr. john canary ( retiring ) | | emeritus bishops | | most rev. raymond e. goedert, d. d., most rev. john r. gorman, d. d., most rev. thad j. jakubowski, d. d., most rev. timothy joseph lyne | the roman catholic archdiocese of chicago was established as a diocese in 1843 and as an archdiocese in 1880. it serves more than 2. 3 million catholics in cook and lake counties in northeastern illinois, a geographic area of 1411 square miles. the archdiocese is divided into six vicariates and 31 deaneries. this local church is shepherded by francis cardinal george, omi, assisted by six episcopal vicars, each responsible for a vicariate ( region ). cardinal george is the first chicago native to become archbishop of chicago. installed in may 1997, he became the 13th ordinary for chicago since its establishment as a diocese. cardinal george is a member of the missionary oblates of mary immaculate and is the sixth cardinal to lead the archdiocese of chicago. diocesan history arrival of missionaries french jesuit missionary rev. jacques marquette, sj first explored the area that is now chicago in the mid - 17th century. on december 4, 1674, father marquette arrived at the mouth of the chicago river where he built a cabin to recuperate from his travels. his cabin became the first european settlement in the area now known as chicago. marquette published his survey of the new territories, and soon, more french missionaries and settlers arrived. first priest in 1795, the potawatomi tribe signed the treaty of greenville that ceded to the united states a tract of land at the mouth of the chicago river. there in 1804, fort dearborn was erected and protected newly arrived catholic pioneers. in 1822, alexander beaubien became the first


tribe signed the treaty of greenville that ceded to the united states a tract of land at the mouth of the chicago river. there in 1804, fort dearborn was erected and protected newly arrived catholic pioneers. in 1822, alexander beaubien became the first person to be baptized in chicago. in 1833, jesuit missionaries wrote a letter to most rev. joseph rosati, bishop of saint louis and vicar general of bardstown, pleading for the appointment of a resident pastor to serve over one hundred professing roman catholics living in chicago. rosati appointed a diocesan priest, rev. john mary irenaeus saint cyr. fr. saint cyr celebrated his first mass in a log cabin owned by the beaubien family on lake street, near market street, in 1833. first parish at the cost of four hundred dollars, father saint cyr purchased a plot of land on what is now the intersection of lake and state streets and constructed a church building of 25 by 35 feet ( 7. 6 by 11 m ). it was dedicated in october 1833. the following year, the bishop of vincennes visited chicago, where he found over 400 catholics with only one priest to serve them all. the bishop asked permission from bishop rosati to send fathers fischer, shaefer, saint palais, dupontavice, and joliet from vincennes to tend to the needs of the chicago region. in 1837, fr. saint cyr was allowed to retire and was replaced by chicago ' s first english - speaking priest, rev. james timothy o ' meara. father o ' meara moved the church built by fr. saint cyr to what is now the intersection of wabash avenue and madison street. when fr. o ' meara left chicago, saint palais tore down the church and replaced it with a new brick structure. diocesan establishment the first plenary council of baltimore concluded that the roman catholic population of chicago was growing exponentially and was in dire need of an episcopal see of its own. with the consent of pope gregory xvi, the diocese of chicago was canonically erected on november 28, 1843. in 1844, william quarter of ireland was appointed as the first bishop of chicago. upon his arrival, quarter summoned a synod of 32 chicago priests to begin the organization of the diocese. one of quarter ' s most important achievements was his successful petitioning for the passage of an illinois state law in 1845 that declared the bishop of chicago an incorporated entity, a corporation sole, with power to hold real and other property in trust for religious purposes


one of quarter ' s most important achievements was his successful petitioning for the passage of an illinois state law in 1845 that declared the bishop of chicago an incorporated entity, a corporation sole, with power to hold real and other property in trust for religious purposes. this allowed the bishop to pursue mass construction of new churches, colleges and universities to serve the needs of chicago ' s roman catholic faithful. after four years of service as bishop of chicago, bishop quarter died on april 10, 1848. fire of 1871 archdiocese establishment the southern section of the state of illinois split from chicago diocese in 1853, becoming the diocese of quincy. the quincy diocese was renamed the diocese of alton in 1857, and eventually became diocese of springfield. the diocese of peoria was established in 1877 from another territorial split from the chicago diocese. from 1844 to 1879, the residential bishop of the diocese of chicago held the title bishop of chicago. with the elevation of the diocese to an archdiocese in 1880, the residential bishop held the title archbishop of chicago. since 1915, all archbishops of chicago have been honored in consistory with the title of cardinal priest and membership in the college of cardinals. the archbishops also have responsibilities in the dicasteries of the roman curia. all but two residential bishops were diocesan priests before assuming the episcopacy in chicago. two came from religious institutes : the society of jesus and the missionary oblates of mary immaculate. our lady of the angels fire the our lady of the angels school fire occurred at the our lady of angels school on december 1, 1958 in the humboldt park area of western chicago. the school, which was operated by the archdiocese, lost 92 students and three nuns in five classrooms on the second floor. archbishop ' s residence the archbishop ' s residence at 1555 north state parkway is the official home of the archbishop of chicago and is listed on the national register of historic places. built in 1885 by most rev. patrick feehan, first archbishop of chicago, the archbishop ' s residence is a three - story, red brick building and is one of the oldest structures in the astor street district, according to the landmarks preservation council. when pope john paul ii visited chicago in 1979, he became the first pontiff to stay at the residence. two previous popes stayed at the residence as cardinals : eugenio cardinal pacelli, who became pope pius xii ; and giovanni cardinal montini, who became pope paul vi. before the establishment of the archbishop ' s residence, the bishops of chicago were in residence at a home on lasalle street and


, italians, and mexicans. many local nuns living in convents established and operated catholic schools. the school construction boom ended when cardinal john cody, the archbishop at the time, decided to limit construction of catholic schools in lake county and suburban areas in cook county. due to changes in demographics, the archdiocese has since closed more than half of its urban schools since 1966. between 1984 and 2004, the office of catholic schools closed 148 schools and 10 school sites. an august 17, 2000 article by the chicago sun - times refers to the archdiocese of chicago office of catholic schools as the largest private school system in the united states. - university of saint mary of the lake ( mundelein seminary ) - major seminary - st. joseph college seminary - undergraduate seminary program of the archdiocese of chicago ( affiliated with loyola university chicago ) - archbishop quigley preparatory seminary - high - school seminary ( closed 2007 ) province of chicago see also - category : roman catholic archdiocese of chicago - the catholic new world, the official newspaper of the archdiocese - our lady of perpetual help ( glenview, illinois ), one of the largest parishes in the archdiocese - polish cathedral style churches of chicago - st. anne catholic community, another of the largest parishes in the archdiocese - ukrainian catholic eparchy of chicago - syro - malabar catholic diocese of saint thomas the apostle of chicago - list of the roman catholic bishops of the united states - list of the roman catholic cathedrals of the united states - list of the roman catholic dioceses of the united states - united states conference of catholic bishops - shrine # united states ( re christ the king, sovereign priest, shrine of ; in chicago, illinois ) - " dictionary of canadian biography online ". retrieved april 29, 2006. - " archdiocese of chicago ". retrieved april 29, 2006. - " father o ' meara biography ". archived from the original on march 10, 2007. retrieved april 29, 2006. - " roman catholic archdiocese of chicago ". retrieved april 29, 2006. - " bishop william quarter ( 1806 - 1848 ) ". archived from the original on january 5, 2006. retrieved april 29, 2006. - " chicago encyclopedia ". retrieved april 29, 2006. - " roman catholic archdiocese of chicago history ". retrieved april 29, 2006. - " departments and agencies " ( shtm ). retrieved april 29, 2006. - http : / / www. encyclopedia. chicagohistory. org / pages / 218. html school system - http : / / findarticles. com / p / articles / mi _


a three - ccd camera is a camera whose imaging system uses three separate charge - coupled devices ( ccds ), each one taking a separate measurement of the primary colors, red, green, or blue light. light coming into the lens is split by a trichroic prism assembly, which directs the appropriate wavelength ranges of light to their respective ccds. the system is employed by still cameras, telecine systems, professional video cameras and some prosumer video cameras. compared to cameras with only one ccd, three - ccd cameras generally provide superior image quality through enhanced resolution and lower noise. by taking separate readings of red, green, and blue values for each pixel, three - ccd cameras achieve much better precision than single - ccd cameras. by contrast, almost all single - ccd cameras use a bayer filter, which allows them to detect only one - third of the color information for each pixel. the other two - thirds must be interpolated with a demosaicing algorithm to ' fill in the gaps ', resulting in a much lower effective resolution. the combination of the three sensors can be done in the following ways : - composite sampling, where the three sensors are perfectly aligned to avoid any color artifact when recombining the information from the three color planes - pixel shifting, where the three sensors are shifted by a fraction of a pixel. after recombining the information from the three sensors, higher spatial resolution can be achieved. pixel shifting can be horizontal only to provide higher horizontal resolution in standard resolution camera, or horizontal and vertical to provide high resolution image using standard resolution imager for example. the alignment of the three sensors can be achieved by micro mechanical movements of the sensors relative to each other. - arbitrary alignment, where the random alignment errors due to the optics are comparable to or larger than the pixel size. three - ccd cameras are generally more expensive than single - ccd cameras because they require three times as many elements to form the image detector, and because they require a precision color - separation beam - splitter optical assembly. some design goals for a prism assembly are : - that the light path lengths for the three colors are the same ( with correction for the different index of refraction of the glass at different colors ). - that the separation works regardless of the polarization of the incoming light ; this polarization is quite challenging in practice, and there are various strategies for dealing with the resulting polarization - dependent color separation. - that the output images are oriented the same way around (


separation works regardless of the polarization of the incoming light ; this polarization is quite challenging in practice, and there are various strategies for dealing with the resulting polarization - dependent color separation. - that the output images are oriented the same way around ( in the case of ccd image sensors ). in the prism assembly illustrated above, where the red light is the direct path, the blue path is reflected once and the resultant image is not laterally inverted, unlike the red and green. in cameras using vacuum tube video pickup devices this was solved by merely reversing the connections for the line scan coils ; with cmos imagers, the row or column address sequence is simply reversed. but with ccd sensors it is necessary to build a mirror image sensor for one channel. the philips prism assembly ( center right ) has all three color channels laterally inverted and can thus use three similar ccds. the concept of cameras using three image pickups, one for each primary color, was first developed for color photography on three glass plates in the late nineteenth century, and in the 1960s through 1980s was the dominant method to record color images in television, as other possibilities to record more than one color on the video camera tube were difficult. three - ccd cameras are often referred to as " three - chip " cameras ; this term is actually more descriptive and inclusive, since it includes cameras that use cmos active pixel sensors instead of ccds. camcorders with three chips were called " 3ccd " earlier and some are still called " 3mos " ( derived from 3xcmos, panasonic ) today. dielectric mirrors can be produced as low - pass, high - pass, band - pass, or band - stop filters. in the example shown, a red and a blue mirror reflect the respective bands back, somewhat off axis. the angles are kept as small as practical to minimize polarization - dependent color effects. to reduce unwanted reflections, air - glass interfaces are minimized ; the image sensors may be attached to the exit faces with an index - matched optical epoxy, sometimes with an intervening color trim filter. the philips type prism includes an air gap with total internal reflection in one light path, while the other prism shown above does not. a typical bayer filter single - chip image sensor absorbs at least two - thirds of the visible light with its filters, while in a three - ccd sensor the filters absorb only stray light and invisible light, and possibly a little more for color tuning, so that the


page : popular science monthly volume 23. djvu / 236 by gordon a. stewart. the worst of our social evils, personal wrongs, and political sins arise from the ununiform operation of our marriage and divorce laws. the loose manner in which a contract of marriage may he entered into and the reckless facility with which a marriage contract may be dissolved are a disgrace to our high civilization and professed christianity. however learned commentators and jurists may differ as to the correct definition of marriage, it is not only a partially executed agreement to marry, but is a contract continuous in its obligations governing the status of the parties, until it is dissolved by the death of one of the parties, or by one of them obtaining a divorce for some wrongful or invalidating act committed by the other. in nearly all of the states marriage is recognized as a civil contract only, and has no ecclesiastical obligation so far as society and the state are concerned. the contracting parties are subjects of the law. the person performing the ceremony by which the contract is publicly acknowledged by the parties, whether he be magistrate, parson, or layman, becomes a civil officer by authority of the law for that occasion. generally, however, the marriage contract is solemnized by a clergyman, agreeably to the rules and regulations of the religious denomination to which he belongs, and for which one or the other of the parties has a religious attachment or preference ; or, because a religious solemnization in church gives a better opportunity to gratify the desire for social rivalry and display. but perhaps most persons, especially when young and looking forward to a long future of connubial happiness, consider the act of marriage more as a religious rite than a civil contract, and hence the forms and ceremonies of the church accord more agreeably with the sentiment of love and affection than the business - like and informal words of the magistrate, who, in response to their acknowledgment of intention to marry, simply pronounces them man and wife. this sentiment, no doubt, is largely the result of a lingering belief in marriage as a divine institution and a sacrament of the church, as taught when the ecclesiastical court had exclusive jurisdiction of marriage and divorce. it is perhaps not until later, not until they have become dissatisfied with the conditions of the solemn obligation they had agreed to faithfully perform through life, that they discover it is simply a civil contract that binds them, and from which the law has generously provided unlimited means of escape. lawful marriage is the basis of the


definition from wiktionary, the free dictionary double - dip ( plural double - dips ) - ( informal ) an ice cream cone with two scoops of ice cream. - we each got double - dips with chocolate on top and strawberry on the bottom. - ( roller coasters ) a hill that levels off for a while about halfway down. - ( informal ) to dip a piece of food ( e. g. a chip ) into a communal sauce container after already having taken a bite of the food. - i don ' t mind double - dipping when eating with my family, but i ' d be embarrassed to do it when out with friends. - ( informal ) to be illegitimately compensated a second time for the same activity. - he got caught double - dipping by billing the government directly as well as the primary contractor. - 2006, wulf kansteiner, in pursuit of german memory : history, television, and politics after auschwitz - they worried about the possibility that some forced laborers, in particular jewish survivors, might be double - dipping, that is, that they might be collecting compensation for their work as forced laborers while continuing to receive payments as holocaust survivors and thus absorbing funds that should be directed toward other groups of victims... - ( informal ) to draw a government pension or benefit for one job while also working in the government at another job or to draw two pensions at the same time as a result of reaching the retirement criteria twice for the same entity. - ( entertainment industry ) to re - release a movie or tv series, sometimes as a compilation or with additional features. - ( us, finance ) to use a single debt instrument to obtain interest tax expense ( and therefore a lower tax base ) in two or more tax jurisdictions. as long as the practice follows the tax law of each jurisdiction, the practice is legal and can be likened to the use of a tax loophole. - ( softball ) to defeat a team twice in the finals. - spc ladies double dipped the sudbury storm in the nsa canadian world series.


a recent headline in the new york times blared, " india asks, should food be a right for the poor? " [ jim yardley, 9 august 2010 ]. before examining yardley ' s article, i ' m going to answer the question about feeding the poor using information from children ' s healthwatch [ " why food matters, " washington post, 12 december 2009 ]. " studies show that growing up in a home without adequate food can damage children in many ways. even if they are not hungry themselves, babies and toddlers in households with slight food shortages are more likely to be hospitalized, at risk for developmental delays and to be raised by mothers who are depressed. while not all children develop these problems, here are some of the other effects researchers have found can be associated with food shortages : - - slower brain and cognitive development by age 3. - - less ready for school by age 5. - - lower academic performance ages 6 to 17. - - slower physical, mental and social development through age 17. - - worse social skills and behavior, and greater chance of mental health problems, ages 6 to 17. - - children report themselves as less happy ages 6 to 17. " if those results don ' t convince you that feeding poor children is important, consider the broader effects on the family. " research shows that hunger and poor nutrition among children are rooted in a complex web of strains on poor families, not just a shortage of food. this is because parents must make hard trade - offs in how they spend scarce money, and groceries sometimes suffer when other bills mount. here are some specific effects : - - children whose families are on waiting lists for government housing subsidies are eight times more likely to be underweight than those whose families already are getting housing assistance. - - in poor families that do not get the government ' s main form of energy assistance,... babies and toddlers are nearly one - quarter more likely than those who get the help to be underweight and one - third more likely to have been hospitalized. " even people who are opposed to welfare programs in general understand that poverty can perpetuate and exacerbate future problems that inevitably become an economic drain on society. addressing challenges like hunger can mitigate some long - term effects and are therefore cost - effective. returning to yardley ' s article, india does not dispute the importance of good nutrition for its poor ; what they are questioning is how best to meet their needs. yardley explains : " for the governing indian national congress party, which


- effective. returning to yardley ' s article, india does not dispute the importance of good nutrition for its poor ; what they are questioning is how best to meet their needs. yardley explains : " for the governing indian national congress party, which has staked its political fortunes on appealing to the poor, [ the ] persistent inability to make government work for [ impoverished ] people... has set off an ideological debate over a question that once would have been unthinkable in india : should the country begin to unshackle the poor from the inefficient, decades - old government food distribution system and try something radical, like simply giving out food coupons, or cash? the rethinking is being prodded by a potentially sweeping proposal that has divided the congress party. its president, sonia gandhi, is pushing to create a constitutional right to food and expand the existing entitlement so that every indian family would qualify for a monthly 77 - pound bag of grain, sugar and kerosene. such entitlements have helped the congress party win votes, especially in rural areas. to ms. gandhi and many left - leaning social allies, making a food a legal right would give people like mr. bhuria a tool to demand benefits that rightfully belong to them. many economists and market advocates within the congress party agree that the poor need better tools to receive their benefits but believe existing delivering system needs to be dismantled, not expanded ; they argue that handing out vouchers equivalent to the bag of grain would liberate the poor from an unwieldy government apparatus and let them buy what they please, where they please. ' the question is whether there is a role for the market in the delivery of social programs, ' said bharat ramaswami, a rural economist at the indian statistical institute. ' this is a big issue : can you harness the market? ' india ’ s ability, or inability, in coming decades to improve the lives of the poor will very likely determine if it becomes a global economic power, and a regional rival to china, or if it continues to be compared with africa in poverty surveys. " frankly, i side with those who are pushing to let markets help deliver social programs. certainly there needs to be government oversight to help reduce corruption, but markets are generally much better at distribution than governments. one program that politicians in india might want to keep an eye on is being implemented in kenya [ " exploring a market - based approach to malnutrition, " by


to help reduce corruption, but markets are generally much better at distribution than governments. one program that politicians in india might want to keep an eye on is being implemented in kenya [ " exploring a market - based approach to malnutrition, " by sarah murray, financial times, 27 january 2010 ]. murray reports : " soon, low - income families in kenya will be able to add to their diet a pre - cooked porridge product that is rich in proteins and vitamins and supplies the nine essential amino acids required by the human body. the porridge will not be delivered under the auspices of an aid agency or a government - funded programme. most families will buy it as part of a revenue - based approach to attacking malnutrition. the market - based approach to malnutrition is something being explored by large companies such as unilever, pepsico and danone, as awareness grows of the need to address malnutrition – something that affects not only the poorest communities but also higher income populations – and the potential of doing so through for - profit products. however, some believe that there is a role for smaller entrepreneurs in coming up with hybrid models that can address what is often known as ' hidden hunger '. it is for this reason that acumen fund – a new york - based social venture fund that provides financing to enterprises using market - based approaches to addressing poverty – has invested in insta products, a kenya - based private company that supplies organisations such as the world food programme and unicef with emergency relief food. ' the majority of their revenue is going to come from the big aid contracts, ' says omer imtiazuddin, health portfolio manager at acumen fund, which is working on these types of food products with the geneva - based global alliance for improved nutrition, a non - profit group that promotes public - private partnerships to fight malnutrition. ' but for insta this could be a significant source of revenue. ' the food product insta is developing – known locally as uji – is particularly well suited to kenyan tastes, as the porridge is eaten by 80 to 90 per cent of the local population across all age groups and income segments.... acumen fund ’ s investment will, over the next six years, allow insta to establish a local factory to produce and distribute up to 12, 600 tonnes of the porridge a year. it will also help pay for product launches and marketing campaigns. the porridge will be priced so that it is affordable for low - income


on some crops are falling and import levels are rising. so are food prices, which jumped 19 % last year. the country now produces less rice per hectare than its far poorer neighbors : pakistan, sri lanka and bangladesh. agriculture ' s decline is emerging as one of the hottest political issues in the world ' s biggest democracy.... the setback of the green revolution matters enormously to india ' s future. the country of 1. 2 billion has positioned itself as a driver of global growth and as a significant commercial power in coming decades. india likely will struggle to get there, and to return to the heady days of 9 % economic growth, unless it figures out how to reinvigorate its agricultural sector, on which the majority of its citizens still rely for a living.... india spends almost twice as much on food imports today as it did in 2002, according to the ministry of agriculture. wheat imports hit 1. 7 million tons in 2008, up from about 1, 300 tons in 2002. food prices rose 19 % last year. " keeping hungry populations fed is not just a challenge for india and african countries ; hunger and food security are topics that will increasingly engage governments around the world [ " global hunger forces itself to the top of political agenda, " by javier blas, financial times, 10 november 2009 ]. blas reports : " hunger and food security used to be the staple talking points of agriculture and development officials. but the food crisis of 2007 - 08... elevated the issue to the highest level of government. ' massive hunger poses a threat to the stability of governments, societies and borders, ' [ said ] hillary clinton, us secretary of state.... ' food security is not just about food. but it is all about security – economic security, environmental security, even national security. ' the move to involve the ' whole of the government ', as officials describe it, signals how food security has become a global political preoccupation as the number of chronically hungry people tops 1bn and agricultural commodity prices soar. policymakers are concerned that high food prices will steadily increase the number of those chronically hungry, triggering political instability in developing countries or forced migration towards rich nations.... the emergence of food security as a key policy topic reverses almost 30 years of neglect, during which time the share of official development aid devoted to agriculture plunged ; by 2006 it had sunk to 3. 8 per cent, down from 17 per cent in 1980.... food accounts


key policy topic reverses almost 30 years of neglect, during which time the share of official development aid devoted to agriculture plunged ; by 2006 it had sunk to 3. 8 per cent, down from 17 per cent in 1980.... food accounts for 50 - 85 per cent of household spending in emerging markets, far higher than the 10 per cent seen in rich countries.... the impact of higher prices is being compounded by the urbanisation of developing countries such as pakistan and ethiopia. city dwellers spend far more buying food than rural people.... a straw poll among business executives, policymakers and agronomists at a recent conference held at the fao found that 85 per cent feared further spikes in food commodities prices, and a third doubted the world could feed itself by 2050. " as recent events in russia and pakistan have demonstrated, climate change and natural disasters can result in unanticipated negative consequences. although there is not a global shortage of wheat, for example, fires that devastated russia ' s wheat crops resulted in increases in global wheat prices [ " no wheat shortage, but prices may rise, " by graham bowley and andrew martin, new york times, 6 august 2010 ]. although the economist agrees that food security has risen to the top of the international agenda and that investment dollars have begun to flood the agricultural sector, it also believes that there are some worrying trends being seen that could undermine global agricultural trade [ " if words were food, nobody would go hungry, " 19 november 2009 ]. the magazine reports : " alongside the increases in investment and attention is something more insidious : a turn away from trade, markets and efficiency. depending on how far this goes, the trend could undo much of the benefits of new investment.... when thailand and vietnam, the world ’ s two largest rice exporters, banned exports, the philippines, the world ’ s largest importer, concluded that the international grain trade could no longer be trusted to supply its needs. fearing what might happen as a result of india ’ s poor harvest,... the philippines... concluded contracts to buy 1. 5m tonnes of rice — equivalent to 5 % of the total annual trade in the grain. this is panic buying driven by mistrust. in turn, india is negotiating directly with thailand and vietnam for rice, which would further reduce the tradable supply of an already thinly traded commodity. the large ' land grabs ' in africa and asia are also signs of distrust in world markets


. in turn, india is negotiating directly with thailand and vietnam for rice, which would further reduce the tradable supply of an already thinly traded commodity. the large ' land grabs ' in africa and asia are also signs of distrust in world markets. food importers which can afford it — like saudi arabia, kuwait, china, south korea — have opted to grow food on land they own or control abroad rather than import it through international trade.... trust in world grain markets seems weak among industrial countries, too. western countries share the blame for the failure to complete the doha round of trade talks. they have done little to reduce subsidies to biofuels, which have taken large quantities of maize out of food markets and put it into petrol tanks.... and just as distrust of world trade seems to be growing, so confidence in domestic markets seems to be falling. according to a review of national farm policies by the fao, around two - thirds of developing countries have undertaken some sort of non - market - based measures to support farmers since 2007, including input subsidies and price interventions.... perhaps the most striking trend is the move from ' food security ' towards ' food self - sufficiency ' as a goal of national policy. the first means ensuring everyone has enough to eat ; the second, growing it yourself.... this shift towards self - sufficiency coincides with growing scepticism about world trade, examples of price controls and more extensive government involvement. the fao has even suggested the shift may amount to “ a change of paradigm ” in farming. such a shift could undermine the hopes raised by new investment because farmers would get bogus price signals, efficiency would be compromised and because, says ifad ’ s head of operation, ' it ’ s harder to do good projects where the policy environment is poor. ' food policy has never been free. for the past 20 years, agriculture in developing countries has been dominated by a gradual decline in investment and a shift towards a somewhat more liberal policy environment. the first trend is now being reversed, for the better. the worry is that the second trend will be reversed, too — for the worse. " i agree with the economist that policies that undermine global agricultural trade are not beneficial for the future. the world is going to have to pull together to meet the food needs of a growing worldwide population. although i believe that regionalization of agricultural trade will probably be the dominant pattern in the future, global food transshipments are also going to be


highlighting the history of french radio astronomy. 3 : the wurzburg antennas at marcoussis, meudon and nancay orchiston, wayne, lequeux, james, steinberg, jean - louis, and delannoy, jean ( 2007 ) highlighting the history of french radio astronomy. 3 : the wurzburg antennas at marcoussis, meudon and nancay. journal of astronomical history and heritage, 10 ( 3 ). pp. 221 - 245. | pdf ( published version ) - repository staff only - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview, xpdf or adobe acrobat reader | view at publisher website : http : / / www. jcu. edu. au / school / mathphys / as... during the 1940s and 1950s ex - world war ii 7. 5m worzburg radar antennas played a crucial role in the early development of radio astronomy in a number of european nations. one of these was france, where three different antennas began to be used during the late 1940s. two of these were associated with the ecole normale superieure in paris, and were in itially sited at marcoussis, near paris, before being transferred to the nan9ay field station in 1957. the third worzburg antenna was used by staff from the institut d ' astrophysique de paris, and was installed at meudon observatory on the outskirts of paris. this paper describes the three antennas, lists the personnel involved. discusses the observations made, evaluates the significance of this research in a national and international context, and comments on their current whereabouts. | item type : | | article ( refereed research - c1 ) | reproduced with permission from journal of astronomical history and heritage | keywords : | | astronomical history ; radio astronomy | | for codes : | | 02 physical sciences > 0299 other physical sciences > 029999 physical sciences not elsewhere classified @ 100 % | | seo codes : | | 97 expanding knowledge > 970102 expanding knowledge in the physical sciences @ 100 % | | deposited on : | | 07 may 2009 15 : 59 | | last modified : | | 10 nov 2011 18 : 02 | last 12 months : 0 repository staff only : item control page


esrl science making a difference in real - time gps positioning scientists at esrl ' s global systems division ( gsd ) are known for transferring their advances in science and technology to operations and have made exciting progress with a product called noaatrop. noaatrop was developed to improve gps positioning, navigation and timing accuracy using real - time weather data. the california spatial reference center ( csrc ) at scripps institution of oceanography recently started using noaatrop for real - time engineering applications in southern california. " this is the first known operational application of a weather model being used to improve high accuracy gps surveying, " said seth gutman, noaa scientist whose years of research at esrl ' s global systems division in boulder have made this advancement possible. almost everyone has heard of gps - the satellite global positioning system. gps was developed by the u. s. department of defense to tell us basically three things - where we are, how to get where we want to be, and what time it is right now. this is commonly referred to as " pnt " which stands for positioning, navigation, and timing. gps is a " dual - use " system in that it has both military and civilian applications. to facilitate the development of civilian applications, the u. s. government makes the radio signals broadcast by the gps satellites available to every user free of fees. as a result of this policy, a multi - billion dollar industry has developed to exploit the benefits of gps for civilian applications. for example, a commercial gps navigation system in your car tells you where you are on an electronic map that is constantly updated as you move. computer software in the navigation system tells you the best route to take to get to your destination. wireless communications between your navigation system and a traffic management system tell you the best route to take to avoid delays or hazards. according to gutman, " the largest source of pnt error comes from the slowing and bending of the gps radio signals as they pass through the earth ' s atmosphere " scientists involved in using gps for very high accuracy positioning applications, like the ones at noaa ' s national geodetic survey, developed techniques to treat the atmosphere as a source of noise or measurement error and remove it to improve their gps positioning accuracy. gutman continued, " we realized that most of the " noise " actually comes from water vapor in the lower atmosphere, and that improved ways to monitor water vapor would lead to improved weather forecasts and climate monitoring. " the operational use of this new and here