not ( yet ) an “ official ” b - vitamin. although its entire mechanism of action, particularly how it interacts with other nutrients, is not completely understood, it seems too often work in concert with folate and an amino acid called methionine. although the human body can make some choline it is generally recognised that it is important to get dietary choline as well. so what does choline do? it ’ s long been understood that choline helps in the development of the neural tube. in the developing baby, the neural tube is the embryo ’ s very early central nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord. this really is early development because by four and a half weeks portions of the brain are already forming! choline also has some other very important protective roles. it seems it helps in the prevention of miscarriage and stillbirth. it has been found that mothers in the bottom 25 % for choline intake have a four times greater risks of having a child with neural tube defects compared with women in the highest 25 % of intake. along with choline ’ s brain development function it can also impact on your child ’ s lifelong learning and memory capacity. but now we ’ re finding out it does even more. researchers at cornell university, usa, found that increased choline intake during pregnancy could reduce stress levels in the child and lower the chances of it developing hypertension and diabetes later in life. although adults may take choline, the amount of choline that one is exposed to while still in the womb has a stronger effect over time. what can you do? australian dietary guidelines recommend a minimum intake of 440mg / day of choline. many women just don ’ t get that much. choline can be found in foods like eggs, beef liver and, you won ’ t be surprised, breast milk! for comparison 1 large whole egg contains about 112mg, a nice 100g serving of pan - fried calf ’ s liver can deliver 418mg. 100gm of tofu will give about 28mg and a serve of cauliflower about twice that. of course, you can take a good supplement designed for pregnant women, but be careful here. the bellamy ’ s team did a little checking and there is at least one very well known brand out there selling a pregnancy supplement that does not contain any choline! in fact, the only prenatal supplement we could find that contains choline is zycia natal nutrients, available from pharmacies. use mindful eating here, too,


easton ' s bible dictionary a contract or agreement between two parties. in the old testament the hebrew word berith is always thus translated. berith is derived from a root which means " to cut, " and hence a covenant is a " cutting, " with reference to the cutting or dividing of animals into two parts, and the contracting parties passing between them, in making a covenant ( genesis 15 ; jeremiah 34 : 18, 19 ). the corresponding word in the new testament greek is diatheke, which is, however, rendered " testament " generally in the authorized version. it ought to be rendered, just as the word berith of the old testament, " covenant. " this word is used ( 1 ) of a covenant or compact between man and man ( genesis 21 : 32 ), or between tribes or nations ( 1 samuel 11 : 1 ; joshua 9 : 6, 15 ). in entering into a convenant, jehovah was solemnly called on to witness the transaction ( genesis 31 : 50 ), and hence it was called a " covenant of the lord " ( 1 samuel 20 : 8 ). the marriage compact is called " the covenant of god " ( proverbs 2 : 17 ), because the marriage was made in god ' s name. wicked men are spoken of as acting as if they had made a " covenant with death " not to destroy them, or with hell not to devour them ( isaiah 28 : 15, 18 ). ( 2. ) the word is used with reference to god ' s revelation of himself in the way of promise or of favour to men. thus god ' s promise to noah after the flood is called a covenant ( genesis 9 ; jeremiah 33 : 20, " my covenant " ). we have an account of god ' s covernant with abraham ( genesis 17, comp. leviticus 26 : 42 ), of the covenant of the priesthood ( numbers 25 : 12, 13 ; deuteronomy 33 : 9 ; nehemiah 13 : 29 ), and of the covenant of sinai ( exodus 34 : 27, 28 ; leviticus 26 : 15 ), which was afterwards renewed at different times in the history of israel ( deuteronomy 29 ; joshua 1 : 24 ; 2 chronicles 15 ; 23 ; 29 ; 34 ; ezra 10 ; nehemiah 9 ). in conformity with human custom, god ' s covenant is said to be confirmed with an oath ( deuteronomy 4 : 31 ; psalm 89 : 3 ), and to be accompanied


; 34 ; ezra 10 ; nehemiah 9 ). in conformity with human custom, god ' s covenant is said to be confirmed with an oath ( deuteronomy 4 : 31 ; psalm 89 : 3 ), and to be accompanied by a sign ( genesis 9 ; 17 ). hence the covenant is called god ' s " counsel, " " oath, " " promise " ( psalm 89 : 3, 4 ; 105 : 8 - 11 ; hebrews 6 : 13 - 20 ; luke 1 : 68 - 75 ). god ' s covenant consists wholly in the bestowal of blessing ( isaiah 59 : 21 ; jeremiah 31 : 33, 34 ). the term covenant is also used to designate the regular succession of day and night ( jeremiah 33 : 20 ), the sabbath ( exodus 31 : 16 ), circumcision ( genesis 17 : 9, 10 ), and in general any ordinance of god ( jeremiah 34 : 13, 14 ). covenant of works, the constitution under which adam was placed at his creation. in this covenant, ( 1. ) the contracting parties were ( a ) god the moral governor, and ( b ) adam, a free moral agent, and representative of all his natural posterity ( romans 5 : 12 - 19 ). ( 3. ) the condition was perfect obedience to the law, the test in this case being abstaining from eating the fruit of the " tree of knowledge, " etc. ( 4. ) the penalty was death ( genesis 2 : 16, 17 ). this covenant is also called a covenant of nature, as made with man in his natural or unfallen state ; a covenant of life, because " life " was the promise attached to obedience ; and a legal covenant, because it demanded perfect obedience to the law. the " tree of life " was the outward sign and seal of that life which was promised in the covenant, and hence it is usually called the seal of that covenant. this covenant is abrogated under the gospel, inasmuch as christ has fulfilled all its conditions in behalf of his people, and now offers salvation on the condition of faith. it is still in force, however, as it rests on the immutable justice of god, and is binding on all who have not fled to christ and accepted his righteousness. convenant of grace, the eternal plan of redemption entered into by the three persons of the godhead, and carried out by them in its several parts. in it the father represented the godhead in


fled to christ and accepted his righteousness. convenant of grace, the eternal plan of redemption entered into by the three persons of the godhead, and carried out by them in its several parts. in it the father represented the godhead in its indivisible sovereignty, and the son his people as their surety ( john 17 : 4, 6, 9 ; isaiah 42 : 6 ; psalm 89 : 3 ). the conditions of this covenant were, ( 1. ) on the part of the father ( a ) all needful preparation to the son for the accomplishment of his work ( hebrews 10 : 5 ; isaiah 42 : 1 - 7 ) ; ( b ) support in the work ( luke 22 : 43 ) ; and ( c ) a glorious reward in the exaltation of christ when his work was done ( philippians 2 : 6 - 11 ), his investiture with universal dominion ( john 5 : 22 ; psalm 110 : 1 ), his having the administration of the covenant committed into his hands ( matthew 28 : 18 ; john 1 : 12 ; 17 : 2 ; acts 2 : 33 ), and in the final salvation of all his people ( isaiah 35 : 10 ; 53 : 10, 11 ; jeremiah 31 : 33 ; titus 1 : 2 ). ( 2. ) on the part of the son the conditions were ( a ) his becoming incarnate ( galatians 4 : 4, 5 ) ; and ( b ) as the second adam his representing all his people, assuming their place and undertaking all their obligations under the violated covenant of works ; ( c ) obeying the law ( psalm 40 : 8 ; isaiah 42 : 21 ; john 9 : 4, 5 ), and ( d ) suffering its penalty ( isaiah 53 ; 2 corinthians 5 : 21 ; galatians 3 : 13 ), in their stead. noah webster ' s new international dictionary of the english language 1. ( n. ) a mutual agreement of two or more persons or parties, or one of the stipulations in such an agreement. 2. ( n. ) an agreement made by the scottish parliament in 1638, and by the english parliament in 1643, to preserve the reformed religion in scotland, and to extirpate popery and prelacy ; - - usually called the solemn league and covenant. 3. ( n. ) the promises of god as revealed in the scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith,


chapter i presents general information about landfill leachate, characteristics of leachates in vietnam and review of general leachates treatment situation in the country. in chapter ii, a careful bibliographical study on biological processes of nitrification and denitrification is done. in chapter iii, existing activated sludge models are briefly reviewed, focusing on asm1 and asm3. the asm3 model then is studied in more detail with focuses on state variables, processes ; kinetic and stoichiometric parameters of the model. a careful bibliographical study on sequencing batch reactor ( sbr ) is done in chapter iv. chapter v presents materials and methods that will be applied in the experiments in laboratories and modelling processes of this study. in chapter vi, an sbr bench - scale is set up in the laboratory to study partial nitrification process. chapter vii presents the experimental studies on maximum nitrification and denitrification capability, then determination of kinetic and stoichiometric parameters that will be used for calibration in the next steps. chapter viii presents a study on partial nitrification by applying data analysis and experimental planning method. in chapter ix ( the key part of the thesis ), the modelling of the partial nitrification and denitrification in sbr is presented. it is hoped that, this study will contribute to the major issue of leachate treatment in vietnam, especially in the north of the country where leachate characteristics and variations are the same as what was used during our experiments. partial nitrification seems to be easily achieved in an sbr bench - scale using leachate in nam son landfill site. some important characteristics of the studied leachate, are high alkalinity, high ph leading to high free ammonia concentration in the system. this free ammonia is known as a growth rate inhibitor for nitrite oxidizing bacteria, thus limiting oxidation of nitrite to nitrate and accumulating nitrite during the nitrification period. do concentration is also known as an important influencing factor in partial nitrification in many previous studies. but in our case, its influence is just significant when the nitrification process is nearly complete : no more ammonium remains in the system, alkalinity concentration is reduced leading to a lower buffer capacity, lower ph, and then nitrite is easily oxidized to nitrate. a sufficiently high do concentration in this case, expresses its importance in bringing about the best nitrification efficiency, while saving aeration energy. the


a lower buffer capacity, lower ph, and then nitrite is easily oxidized to nitrate. a sufficiently high do concentration in this case, expresses its importance in bringing about the best nitrification efficiency, while saving aeration energy. the sbr technique has demonstrated its advantages, especially the flexibility in changing the working volume, and the operating time. modeling of partial nitrification and denitrification processes for landfill leachate treatment using the sbr technique was the main objective of this study. the simulation software - west® program was very useful tool to implement this task. with this program, the available model base for activated sludge model ( asm1, asm 2, asm 3 etc, ), presented in the peterson matrix, the variables, kinetic, stoichiometric parameters, processes can be easily modified to another activated sludge model suitable in the scope of our study. in the present case, based on the asm3, the asm3 _ 2step was developed and applied, in which nitrification and denitrification are divided into two steps with nitrite as an intermediate product. the modified asm3 _ 2step has shown its high accuracy during calibration process. it could be use also for the other processes / techniques using activated sludge, by adding more equations and parameters. calibration and validation were implemented for two cases : partial nitrification and denitrification with and without carbon addition. good results were obtained where the simulations fit well the experimental data. the kinetic and stoichiometric parameters found are very important for the other simulations, especially in process optimisation. it also demonstrates that, through process optimisation, general productivity of the sbr system can be increased. controlling do, changing operating time cycle mechanisms can improve the total nitrogen removal efficiency, save some aeration energy for nitrification and carbon source for denitrification. as our results are very promising, the next step could be to implement the anammox process. key words : partial nitrification and denitrification, asm3 _ 2steps, sbr, modeling.


last month, i had the opportunity to attend a sea level rise forum in raleigh, nc organized by the north carolina department of environment and natural resources ; division of coastal management. the purpose of this forum was to discuss the latest sea level rise science, what it means for north carolina ’ s coastal communities and how the state can begin to prepare for the changes to come. the two day event boasted an impressive line - up of expert speakers from around the country. over 200 local and state decision makers, scientists, planners, engineers and environmental advocates participated in this event that seemed to foster true collaboration between all involved. this forum was just one step in a series that the division of coastal management ( dcm ) plans to take to understand and plan for future sea level rise. public perceptions of rising seas last year the dcm issued a 10 - question scoping survey to gauge public perception about rising seas. during the forum tancred miller, coastal policy analyst with the dcm, shared with the audience their results. interestingly, 75 % of participants believe sea level rise is happening and 66 % believe that the state should take action now to plan and prepare for future sea level rise. the results of this survey will be used as a communications tool to help the dcm design public outreach opportunities and to address the gaps in the public ’ s understanding of this issue. this sea level rise forum was the second step in the dcm ’ s “ sea level rise roadmap ” ( see diagram ) ; their clear path forward to address this issue in the state. to read the full report and analysis click here. “ potential death sentence ” for north carolina beaches according to dr. stanley riggs, distinguished professor of geology at east carolina university, most north carolina beaches are eroding at a long term average of 15 feet / year. this rapid rate of erosion coupled with rising seas and a limited offshore sand supply to replenish the beaches creates a “ potential death sentence ” for the future of the state ’ s barrier island communities. “ humans are just as impactful as storms ”, dr. riggs explained. because we have heavily urbanized our coastlines we have essentially stopped the natural migration of barrier island ecosystems ; the environments that naturally protect human development from storm surges. shocking statistics from dr. riggs : * somewhere between 350 and 500 houses on nc beaches are sandbagged and / or in danger of washing away. * twenty - four miles of coastal highway are collapsing and 100 + miles are threatened. dr. riggs made a


. riggs : * somewhere between 350 and 500 houses on nc beaches are sandbagged and / or in danger of washing away. * twenty - four miles of coastal highway are collapsing and 100 + miles are threatened. dr. riggs made a big push for responsible coastal planning and development by ending his presentation posing the following question : “ we have a choice ”, said dr. riggs. “ should we engineer our dynamic coastal system to keep up with the ongoing rise in sea level or should we begin adapting to these changes now to maintain a sustainable coastal system and associated economy? ” future sea level rise estimates for north carolina there were more than a few scientists at this forum that addressed past, present and future sea level rise changes in north carolina. estimates were taken from numerous resources including intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) assessments and various peer - reviewed studies. all of the most recent studies conclude that sea level is rising much faster than predicted. scientists like dr. gordon hamilton, research professor at the university of maine, explained that the range in estimates that are out there on sea level rise depend on how the model accounts for changes in ice sheet dynamics. ice sheets are extremely sensitive ; they can decay rapidly in non - linear ways which leads to uncertainty in sea level rise estimates. “ the general consensus since the ipcc ’ s latest assessment in 2007 is that we can expect at the very least, 1 meter of global sea level rise by the end of the century. ” - dr. gordon hamilton the dialogue continues what will ultimately determine the fate of north carolina ’ s coastal communities, ecosystems and associated economies will depend on how the state and her residents choose to mitigate and adapt to rapidly rising seas and a changing climate. the division of coastal management along with all of their partners should be applauded by the dialogue that they have started and have committed to continuing in the state. there is a lot of activity going on in north carolina on the topic of sea level rise, adaptation and mitigation and the state is positioning itself to be a leader in our region in forward - thinking planning that accounts for global warming impacts to our treasured coastal places. * workshop on march 2nd and 3rd, 2010 : planning for north carolina ’ s future ; ask the climate question * sace archive webinar : “ planning to protect : helping se communities think about adaptation ” * video : “ treasured places in peril : the outer banks ” * new resource : noaa climate services leave a comment


mali has been engrossed in civil war since january 2012, when separatists in mali ’ s northern azawad region began demanding independence from the southern, bamako - based government. after forcing the malian military from the north, however, the separatist forces soon became embroiled in a conflict of their own, between the original mouvement national pour la liberation de l ’ azawad ( mnla ) and extremist islamist splinter factions closely linked with al - qaeda. on 11 january 2013, france responded to mali ’ s urgent request for international assistance and initiated ‘ operation serval ’ to aid the recapture of azawad and defeat the extremist group. from the 18th, west african states began reinforcing french forces with at least 3, 300 extra troops. in a bbc ’ from our own correspondent ’ editorial, hugh schofield wrote of ‘ la francafrique ’, or france ’ s considerable interests in west africa held over from the end of formal empire. in fits and spurts, france has sought to extract itself from la francafrique and to seek a new relationship with the continent. but in the complex world of post - colonial relationships, such a move is difficult. france retains strong economic, political, and social links with west africa. paris, marseille, and lyon are home to large expatriate african communities. opinions at l ’ elycee palace, too, have wildly shifted over the years. jacques chirac, at least according to schofield, was ‘ a dyed - in - the - wool guallist ’, and an ideological successor to a young francois mitterand who, in 1954, defiantly pronounced that ‘ l ’ algerie, c ’ est la france ’. nicolas sarkozy, on the other hand, dramatically distanced himself both from chirac and from the la francafrique role. the problem is, at least in part, topographical in nature. west africa ’ s geography is dangerous, vast, and difficult to subordinate. on the eve of much of west africa ’ s independence from france in 1961, r j harrison church spoke of the so - called dry zone, the area running horizontally from southern mauritania across central mali and niger, as the great “ pioneer fringe ” of the region ’ s civilization. david hilling, in his 1969 geographical journal examination, added that by “ taming ” the saharan interior, france gained an important strategic advantage over their british rivals in the early twentieth


as the great “ pioneer fringe ” of the region ’ s civilization. david hilling, in his 1969 geographical journal examination, added that by “ taming ” the saharan interior, france gained an important strategic advantage over their british rivals in the early twentieth century, enjoying access to resources unavailable along the coast. but, as a t grove discussed in his 1978 review, “ colonising ” west africa was much easier said than done, and the french left a west africa mired in dispute, open to incursions, and still heavily reliant on the former imperial power. the french relationship with the region ’ s extreme geography was difficult at best ; political boundaries were similar to those of the arabian peninsula and the rub ‘ al - khali in particular : fluid, ill - defined, and not always recognised by local peoples. european - set political boundaries only exacerbated tensions between indigenous constituencies who had little or no say in the border demarcations. french and african efforts to dam the niger river, for instance, were hampered by high costs, arduous terrain, and political instability well into the 1960s. on independence, the french left what infrastructure they could, mostly in west africa ’ s capital and port cities ; the vast interiors were often left to their own devices. as a result of these events, france has maintained a large military, economic, and social presence in the region ever since. the difficulty is that such areas under weak political control, such as the malian, somalian, and sudanese deserts, have become havens for individuals who wish to operate outside international and national law. r j harrison church, 1961, ‘ problems and development of the dry zone of west africa ‘, the geographical journal 127 187 - 99. david hilling, 1969, ‘ the evolution of the major ports of west africa ‘, the geographical journal 135 365 - 78. a t grove, 1978, ‘ geographical introduction to the sahel ‘, the geographical journal 144 407 - 15. ieuan griffiths, 1986, ‘ the scramble for africa : inherited political boundaries ‘, the geographical journal 152 204 - 16. ‘ le mali attend le renfort des troupes ouest - africaines ‘, radio france internationale, 19 january 2013, accessed 19 january 2013. hugh schofield, ‘ france and mali : an “ ironic ” relationship ’, bbc news, 19 january 2013, accessed 19 january 2013.


at rhode island college, a freshman copied and pasted from a web site ’ s frequently asked questions page about homelessness — and did not think he needed to credit a source in his assignment because the page did not include author information. at depaul university, the tip - off to one student ’ s copying was the purple shade of several paragraphs he had lifted from the web ; when confronted by a writing tutor his professor had sent him to, he was not defensive — he just wanted to know how to change purple text to black. and at the university of maryland, a student reprimanded for copying from wikipedia in a paper on the great depression said he thought its entries — unsigned and collectively written — did not need to be credited since they counted, essentially, as common knowledge. professors used to deal with plagiarism by admonishing students to give credit to others and to follow the style guide for citations, and pretty much left it at that. but these cases — typical ones, according to writing tutors and officials responsible for discipline at the three schools who described the plagiarism — suggest that many students simply do not grasp that using words they did not write is a serious misdeed. it is a disconnect that is growing in the internet age as concepts of intellectual property, copyright and originality are under assault in the unbridled exchange of online information, say educators who study plagiarism. digital technology makes copying and pasting easy, of course. but that is the least of it. the internet may also be redefining how students — who came of age with music file - sharing, wikipedia and web - linking — understand the concept of authorship and the singularity of any text or image. “ now we have a whole generation of students who ’ ve grown up with information that just seems to be hanging out there in cyberspace and doesn ’ t seem to have an author, ” said teresa fishman, director of the center for academic integrity at clemson university. “ it ’ s possible to believe this information is just out there for anyone to take. ” professors who have studied plagiarism do not try to excuse it — many are champions of academic honesty on their campuses — but rather try to understand why it is so widespread. in surveys from 2006 to 2010 by donald l. mccabe, a co - founder of the center for academic integrity and a business professor at rutgers university, about 40 percent of 14, 000 undergraduates admitted to copying a few sentences in written assignments


. in surveys from 2006 to 2010 by donald l. mccabe, a co - founder of the center for academic integrity and a business professor at rutgers university, about 40 percent of 14, 000 undergraduates admitted to copying a few sentences in written assignments. perhaps more significant, the number who believed that copying from the web constitutes “ serious cheating ” is declining — to 29 percent on average in recent surveys from 34 percent earlier in the decade. sarah brookover, a senior at the rutgers campus in camden, n. j., said many of her classmates blithely cut and paste without attribution. “ this generation has always existed in a world where media and intellectual property don ’ t have the same gravity, ” said ms. brookover, who at 31 is older than most undergraduates. “ when you ’ re sitting at your computer, it ’ s the same machine you ’ ve downloaded music with, possibly illegally, the same machine you streamed videos for free that showed on hbo last night. ” ms. brookover, who works at the campus library, has pondered the differences between researching in the stacks and online. “ because you ’ re not walking into a library, you ’ re not physically holding the article, which takes you closer to ‘ this doesn ’ t belong to me, ’ ” she said. online, “ everything can belong to you really easily. ” a university of notre dame anthropologist, susan d. blum, disturbed by the high rates of reported plagiarism, set out to understand how students view authorship and the written word, or “ texts ” in ms. blum ’ s academic language. she conducted her ethnographic research among 234 notre dame undergraduates. “ today ’ s students stand at the crossroads of a new way of conceiving texts and the people who create them and who quote them, ” she wrote last year in the book “ my word! : plagiarism and college culture, ” published by cornell university press. ms. blum argued that student writing exhibits some of the same qualities of pastiche that drive other creative endeavors today — tv shows that constantly reference other shows or rap music that samples from earlier songs. in an interview, she said the idea of an author whose singular effort creates an original work is rooted in enlightenment ideas of the individual. it is buttressed by the western concept of intellectual property rights as secured by copyright law. but both traditions are being challenged. “ our notion of authorship and originality was born, it flourished, and it may be


in enlightenment ideas of the individual. it is buttressed by the western concept of intellectual property rights as secured by copyright law. but both traditions are being challenged. “ our notion of authorship and originality was born, it flourished, and it may be waning, ” ms. blum said. she contends that undergraduates are less interested in cultivating a unique and authentic identity — as their 1960s counterparts were — than in trying on many different personas, which the web enables with social networking. “ if you are not so worried about presenting yourself as absolutely unique, then it ’ s o. k. if you say other people ’ s words, it ’ s o. k. if you say things you don ’ t believe, it ’ s o. k. if you write papers you couldn ’ t care less about because they accomplish the task, which is turning something in and getting a grade, ” ms. blum said, voicing student attitudes. “ and it ’ s o. k. if you put words out there without getting any credit. ” the notion that there might be a new model young person, who freely borrows from the vortex of information to mash up a new creative work, fueled a brief brouhaha earlier this year with helene hegemann, a german teenager whose best - selling novel about berlin club life turned out to include passages lifted from others. instead of offering an abject apology, ms. hegemann insisted, “ there ’ s no such thing as originality anyway, just authenticity. ” a few critics rose to her defense, and the book remained a finalist for a fiction prize ( but did not win ). that theory does not wash with sarah wilensky, a senior at indiana university, who said that relaxing plagiarism standards “ does not foster creativity, it fosters laziness. ” “ you ’ re not coming up with new ideas if you ’ re grabbing and mixing and matching, ” said ms. wilensky, who took aim at ms. hegemann in a column in her student newspaper headlined “ generation plagiarism. ” “ it may be increasingly accepted, but there are still plenty of creative people — authors and artists and scholars — who are doing original work, ” ms. wilensky said in an interview. “ it ’ s kind of an insult that that ideal is gone, and now we ’ re left only to make collages of the work of previous generations. ” in the view of ms. wilens


wilensky said in an interview. “ it ’ s kind of an insult that that ideal is gone, and now we ’ re left only to make collages of the work of previous generations. ” in the view of ms. wilensky, whose writing skills earned her the role of informal editor of other students ’ papers in her freshman dorm, plagiarism has nothing to do with trendy academic theories. the main reason it occurs, she said, is because students leave high school unprepared for the intellectual rigors of college writing. “ if you ’ re taught how to closely read sources and synthesize them into your own original argument in middle and high school, you ’ re not going to be tempted to plagiarize in college, and you certainly won ’ t do so unknowingly, ” she said. at the university of california, davis, of the 196 plagiarism cases referred to the disciplinary office last year, a majority did not involve students ignorant of the need to credit the writing of others. many times, said donald j. dudley, who oversees the discipline office on the campus of 32, 000, it was students who intentionally copied — knowing it was wrong — who were “ unwilling to engage the writing process. ” “ writing is difficult, and doing it well takes time and practice, ” he said. and then there was a case that had nothing to do with a younger generation ’ s evolving view of authorship. a student accused of plagiarism came to mr. dudley ’ s office with her parents, and the father admitted that he was the one responsible for the plagiarism. the wife assured mr. dudley that it would not happen again.


one of the most important rules in computer security is don ' t open e - mail attachments. but recently, we ' ve seen more malicious links in e - mail messages. these links might look genuine, but they could be forged. here are some tips to help you make the most of your e - mail without compromising security. don ' t trust the sender information in an e - mail messageeven if the e - mail message appears to come from a sender that you know and trust, use the same precautions that you would use with any other e - mail message. fraudsters can easily spoof the identity information in an e - mail message. read before you click a link in an e - mail message might promise to take you to site a, but will actually take you to site b. most e - mail programs ( such as outlook 2007 ) show you the real target address, or url, of a link when you hover the mouse over the link. before you click a link, make sure to read the target address. if the e - mail message appears to come from your bank, but the target address is just a meaningless series of numbers, do not click the link. make sure that the spelling of words in the link matches what you expect. fraudsters often use urls with typos in them that are easy to overlook, such as " micosoft. " for more tips, see recognize phishing scams and fraudulent e - mails. verify the identity of the site some sites feature verified identity information. when you visit a verified site using internet explorer 7, the browser address bar turns green and the identity information appears on the right - hand side of the address bar. this makes it easy to check the identity information and ensure that it matches the site that you expected to see. use an updated browserregularly updated web browsers like internet explorer 7 incorporate an ever - expanding set of features, such as the microsoft phishing filter, designed to help protect you when you click links in e - mail messages. is it too good to be true? if a deal or offer in an e - mail message looks too good to be true, it probably is. exercise common your common sense when you read and respond to e - mail messages. to upgrade to internet explorer 7 now, visit www. microsoft. com / ie.


big data is one of the hottest topics out there. big data is a foundational element in it ’ s quartet of next big things : social, mobile, analytics and cloud. but, as the real world keeps reminding us, it is possible to make bad predictions and decisions even if you use tons of big data to make them. the 9 / 11 attacks showed how even highly sophisticated intelligence agencies can fail to pick out highly relevant signals amidst the mountains of data being analyzed. our recent financial crisis showed how even the best and brightest can fail to detect an approaching catastrophic storm. the failure of so many professional forecasters to accurately predict the 2012 presidential election shows that you can find almost any answer you want in all that big data. big data is indeed incredibly useful in all kinds of endeavors, but only in the hands of talented professionals who know what they are doing and are aware of its pitfalls and limitations. what are some of these limitations? in thinking about this question over the last few years, i started to notice that a number of subtle, non - intuitive concepts that i learned many years ago as a physics student seem to apply to the world of big data and information - based predictions in highly complex systems. let me explain. over 300 years ago, isaac newton laid down the foundations of classical mechanics with the publication of his laws of motion. the elegant mathematical models of newtonian physics depict a world in which objects exhibit deterministic behaviors, that is, the same objects, subject to the same forces, will always yield the same results. these models make perfect predictions within the accuracy of their human - scale measurements. classical mechanics works exceptionally well for describing the behavior of objects that are more or less observable to the naked eye. it accurately predicts the motion of planets as well as the flight of a baseball. but, the idea of scientific determinism, which would in principle enable us to predict the future behavior of any object in the universe, began to fall apart in the early 20th century. classical mechanics could not explain the counter - intuitive and seemingly absurd behavior of energy and matter at atomic as well as cosmological scales. once you start dealing with atoms, molecules, exotic subatomic particles, black holes and the big bang, you find yourself in a whole different world, with somewhat bizarre behaviors like the tunneling effect, which are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and relativity. the orderly, deterministic world of classical physics gives way to a world of wave functions, probability distributions, uncertainty principles, and wave -


with somewhat bizarre behaviors like the tunneling effect, which are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and relativity. the orderly, deterministic world of classical physics gives way to a world of wave functions, probability distributions, uncertainty principles, and wave - particle dualities. instead of a deterministic world, we now have a world based on probabilities. you cannot predict all the future states of an object or a particle based on its present state. you can map out its behavior, but only as probability distributions of all the possible states it could be at. moreover, the heisenberg uncertainty principle tells you that it is impossible to know the exact state of a particle. you cannot simultaneously determine its exact position and velocity with any great degree of accuracy no matter how good your measurement tools are. the world is intrinsically unpredictable. in addition, there is no such thing as absolute reality. in classical mechanics something either has the properties of a particle, e. g., a planet, a baseball ; or of a wave, e. g, light, sound. in quantum mechanics all objects exhibit both kinds of properties. the concept of wave - particle duality explains that reality depends on what question you are asking and what experiment you perform to answer the question. the very act of observing an object will change the object being observed. any instruments used to measure its properties will invariable alter the properties being measured. this transition, from a world view based on scientific determinism to one based on probability distributions, uncertainty principles and subjective reality is not intuitive and difficult to get used to. even albert einstein had trouble accepting it, and famously said “ god does not play dice with the universe. ” stephen hawking, one of world ’ s top theoretical physicists, concluded in this brilliant lecture : “... it seems einstein was doubly wrong when he said, god does not play dice. not only does god definitely play dice, but he sometimes confuses us by throwing them where they can ’ t be seen... the universe does not behave according to our pre - conceived ideas. it continues to surprise us. ” but, the worlds of the very small, as well as the very large, are not the only ones that exhibit counter - intuitive, seemingly magical behaviors. so is the world of highly complex systems, especially those systems whose components and interrelationships are themselves quite complex, as is the case with systems biology and evolution. such is also the case with organizational and sociotechnical systems whose main components


. so is the world of highly complex systems, especially those systems whose components and interrelationships are themselves quite complex, as is the case with systems biology and evolution. such is also the case with organizational and sociotechnical systems whose main components are people. even though these chaotic systems are in principle deterministic, their dynamic, non - linear nature renders them increasingly unpredictable and accounts for their emergent behavior. new terms, like long tails, freakonomics and black swan theory, – every bit as fanciful as quarks, charm and strangeness, – have begun to enter our lexicon. artificial intelligence ( ai ) is an example of a discipline that has transitioned from its original classical, deterministic approach to an approach more suitable to a highly complex, inherently unpredictable topic like intelligence. ai was one of the hottest areas in computer sciences, in the 1960s and 1970s. many of the ai leaders in those days were convinced that you could build a machine as intelligent as a human being based on logical deductions and the kind of step - by - step reasoning that humans use when solving puzzles or proving theorems. they obtained considerable government funding in the us, uk and japan to implement their vision. but eventually it became clear that all these various projects had grossly underestimated the difficulties of developing any kind of ai system based on logic programming and deductive reasoning. the field went through a so - called ai winter in the 1980s. but things started to change in the 1990s when ai switched paradigms and embraced data mining and information analytics, the precursors of today ’ s big data. instead of trying to program computers to act intelligently, ai embraced a statistical, brute force approach based on analyzing vast amounts of information using powerful computers and sophisticated algorithms. we discovered that such a statistical, information - based approach produced something akin to intelligence or knowledge. moreover, unlike the earlier programming - based projects, the statistical approaches scaled very nicely. the more information you had, the more powerful the supercomputers, the more sophisticated the algorithms, the better the results. deep blue ibm ' s chess playing supercomputer, demonstrated the power of such a statistical approach by beating then reigning chess champion gary kasparov in a celebrated match in may of 1997. since that time, analyzing or searching large amounts of information has become increasingly important and commonplace in a wide variety of disciplines. today, most of us use search engines as the primary mechanism for finding information in the world wide web. researchers have been developing sophisticated question -


time, analyzing or searching large amounts of information has become increasingly important and commonplace in a wide variety of disciplines. today, most of us use search engines as the primary mechanism for finding information in the world wide web. researchers have been developing sophisticated question - answering systems, which can successfully analyze the nuances and context embedded in a complex, natural language question and come up with the right answer. watson, ibm ’ s question answering computer, which in february of 2011 won the jeopardy! challenge against the two best human jeopardy! players, is an example of such a system. economics is another discipline that has had to make the transition from a world of relatively simple mathematical models to one governed by the sophisticated analysis of real world information. during the 1960s, a number of economists, most prominently those associated with the chicago school of economics, based their work on what ny times columnist david brooks referred to as “ the era of economic scientism : the period when economists based their work on a crude vision of human nature ( the perfectly rational, utility - maximizing autonomous individual ) and then built elaborate models based on that creature. ” paul krugman called such models, an “ idealized vision of an economy in which rational individuals interact in perfect markets... gussied up with fancy equations ” in a 2009 ny times magazine article, how did economists get it so wrong? the elegant, mathematic theories of economic scientism managed to convince a number of powerful government leaders that free markets could self - adjust to just about any problems, thus requiring a very limited, circumscribed role for government. alan greenspan, the chairman of the federal reserve from 1987 - 2006, for example, was one of the believers in this well - behaved, self - adjusting economic order. even when the financial system began to show signs of the coming crisis, greenspan continued to hold on to his beliefs that derivatives and other financial instruments were extraordinarily useful in distributing risks, thus lessening the need for regulating the increasingly complex financial markets. it wasn ’ t until october of 2008 that, in testimony before congress, greenspan finally acknowledged that perhaps he may have been partially wrong and was now in “ a state of shocked disbelief. ” a whole slew of new ideas is now sweeping the field of economics. the new breed of economists are creating a field that has much more in common with empirical sciences than with pure math. following in the best tradition of physics, chemistry, biology and the social sciences, they are grounding economics on observation


field of economics. the new breed of economists are creating a field that has much more in common with empirical sciences than with pure math. following in the best tradition of physics, chemistry, biology and the social sciences, they are grounding economics on observation and experiments. theories arise out of empirical analysis, and must reflect the realities, and therefore the inconsistencies and messiness of the real world they aim to explain. they are trying to take into account the social, cognitive and emotional factors that go into the economic decisions that people make. in discipline after discipline, we are beginning to learn how to deal with the very messy world of big data and complex systems, and how to best apply our learning to make good decisions and good predictions. one of the hardest parts of that learning is the need to let go of our preconceived notions of scientific determinism and get used to living in a world of probabilities, uncertainties and subjective realities. god does indeed like to play games with the universe, but he leaves enough hints around so we too can play the game and keep moving forward. irving wladawsky - berger is a former vice - president of technical strategy and innovation at ibm. he is a strategic advisor to citigroup and is a regular contributor to cio journal.


as india debates whether to query its people about caste in census 2011, india real time blogged about how census authorities during the british raj wrote about india and another sensitive topic — race — almost a century ago. continuing where that post left off, here are some more excerpts from then census commissioner j. h. hutton ’ s remarks on the groups who came to india up to 1, 500 b. c. from the chapter “ caste, tribe and race ” of the 1931 census report. ” : the first wave of the mediterranean immigrants may have carried “ a rudimentary knowledge of agriculture ” and the later migrants from the persian gulf and eastern europe brought the knowledge of metals, excluding iron and maintained “ a connection with the cities of mesopotamia [ which encompassed today ' s iraq, and parts of syria, turkey and iran ], ” according to mr. hutton. the indian government is still considering whether to quiz everyone on their caste in census 2011, something that hasn ’ t been done since 1931 ( although the once - a - decade survey takes stock of specific lower caste and tribal groups that are the focus of government affirmative action programs ). the 1931 census, though, took a comprehensive look at india ’ s make - up, holding forth on complex and controversial aspects like caste, tribe and race. it ’ s a tricky, sensitive matter to define people, especially when the prevailing wisdom of one time can become discredited and outmoded later. we went back to the 1931 census to look at how the officials of that time classified indians by race. many parts of that study might be met with a very cynical eye today, but it certainly makes for interesting reading on how the raj authorities viewed british india and its 353 million people. content engaging our readers now, with additional prominence accorded if the story is rapidly gaining attention. our wsj algorithm comprises 30 % page views, 20 % facebook, 20 % twitter, 20 % email shares and 10 % comments. india real time offers analysis and insights into the broad range of developments in business, markets, the economy, politics, culture, sports, and entertainment that take place every single day in the world ’ s largest democracy. regular posts from wall street journal and dow jones newswires reporters around the country provide a unique take on the main stories in the news, shed light on what else mattered and why, and give global readers a snapshot of what indians have been talking about all week. you can contact the editors at firstname. lastname @ example. org. check out the


in the ocean, little fish play a big role. small fish like sardines and anchovies are some of the most important fish in the sea. fish such as herring, anchovies, menhaden, and sardines feed mostly on plankton all their lives. they supply calories and nourishment ( food! ) for many top predators including cod, tuna, salmon, and most other fishes, hundreds of species of seabirds, seals, sharks, dolphins, and whales. forage fish are also heavily fished by humans. these tiny fish currently make up over a third of the wild marine catch. a whopping ninety percent of this forage fish catch is processed into feeds for fish farms, poultry, and livestock as well as nutritional supplements for people. if you ’ re eating farmed animals — you ’ re eating wild ocean fish. trawling — dragging a net wider than a football field between two boats capable of hauling in 500, 000 pounds of sea life in one tow — brings forage fishing to an industrial scale. leaving forage fish in the water is also worth twice as much as taking them out. they contribute over $ 11 billion by serving as food for other wild fish that people later catch and eat. that ’ s about double the $ 6 billion they generate as direct catch. the good news is that in some places, like the east and west coasts of the u. s., people are remembering the little guys such as herring, menhaden, sardines, anchovies, and others. 3 ways to help forage fish : 1. research, get informed about the current state of forage fish in waters near you. 2. if you eat farm - raised fish, choose the fish raised on feed not made from wild forage fish. ( ask your fish monger. ) 3. avoid pet food that contains fish meal there are many other ways to make a difference. links & videos forage fish, pew herring alliance summary of the lenfest forage fish task force report – lenfest forage fish – wikipedia herring in dire need of protection – cape cod times listing the eulachon as threatened – noaa out of balance : industrial fishing and threats to our oceans – pew environment issues of ecosystem - based management of forage fisheries in “ open ” non - stationary ecosystems : example of the sardine fishery in the gulf of california – mendeley omega - 3s suppliers dispute conclusions of forage fish report – new hope forage fish 101 – shore


the choice is ours to save the earth in our choice, al gore concedes that solving the earth ’ s climate crisis is not going to be easy, but it can be done. “ if people think the problem is hopeless, they will just give up, ” he writes. “ the danger is real, but we can still stop the worst effects of the climate crisis — if we act now. ” adapted from gore ’ s adult book of the same title, this young readers edition of our choice is a perfect introduction to the climate crisis for children, tweens and teens. full of bright diagrams, photos and bullet - pointed lists — and printed on 100 % recycled paper — the book explains in detail exactly how we can act to save the planet. some of the solutions are simple : the united states generates 14 % of its electricity through lighting, and new light - emitting diodes ( led ) bulbs could have an enormous positive impact on our carbon footprint. other solutions are more complicated : the united states ’ electricity should be powered by a “ smart ” grid that uses solar, wind and geothermal power sources — a major undertaking. one of the world ’ s foremost environmental advocates and the recipient of the 2007 nobel peace prize, gore employs hard facts and statistics to make his argument for a greener planet. for example, scientists believe that the earth ’ s population will eventually stabilize at 9. 1 billion people. “ the planet should be able to support that many people, ” gore writes, “ if we change the way we live by cutting global warming pollution and by learning to consume a little less. the recommended reader age for our choice is 8 - 14, but even older kids and parents will learn from the facts and suggestions within the book. although some of the sections about energy and fuel sources might be too detailed for younger children to understand, main points are highlighted in colored boxes and colored fonts for easier comprehension. readers who are inspired to action are directed to the inconvenient youth website ( www. inconvenientyouth. org ) to learn how to advocate for the environment in communities and schools. although our choice contains many grim facts about humans ’ exploitation of the earth, it is ultimately a hopeful book. in his conclusion, gore predicts that young people will lead the way in stopping the climate crisis. to do so, they must start immediately.


of that kind ; of the like kind ; like ; resembling ; similar ; as, we never saw such a day ; - - followed by that or as introducing the word or proposition which defines the similarity, or the standard of comparison ; as, the books are not such that i can recommend them, or, not such as i can recommend ; these apples are not such as those we saw yesterday ; give your children such precepts as tend to make them better. having the particular quality or character specified. the same that ; - - with as ; as, this was the state of the kingdom at such time as the enemy landed. certain ; - - representing the object as already particularized in terms which are not mentioned. such in afrikaans is so ' n such in dutch is dusdanige, dergelijke, zo ' n, zulk een such in french is tel, pareille, pareil, autant such in german is solche, solch, derartig, solch such in hungarian is ilyen such in italian is cosiffatto such in latin is talis such in portuguese is tais such in spanish is tal share with your friends everyone likes a good quote - don ' t forget to share.


these criteria used for defining green products was excerpted from " building materials : what makes a product green? " as featured by environmental building news. aside from salvaged or recycled content, there are a number of other ways that products can contribute to the conservation of natural resources. these include products that serve a function using less material than the standard solution, products that are especially durable and therefore won ' t need replacement as often, products made from fsc - certified wood, and products made from rapidly renewable resources. products meeting this criteria may not be distinctly green on their own but are included in greenspec because of resource efficiency benefits that they make possible. for example, drywall clips allow the elimination of corner studs, engineered stair stringers reduce lumber waste, pier foundation systems minimize concrete use, and concrete pigments can turn concrete slabs into attractive finished floors, eliminating the need for conventional finish flooring. these products are environmentally attractive because they need to be replaced less frequently, or their maintenance has very low impact. sometimes, durability is a contributing factor to the green designation but not enough to distinguish the product as green on its own. this criterion is highly variable by product type. included in this category are such products as fiber - cement siding, fiberglass windows, slate shingles, and vitrified - clay waste pipe. third - party forest certification, based on standards developed by the forest stewardship council ( fsc ), is the best way to ensure that wood products come from well - managed forests. wood products must go through a chain - of - custody certification process to carry an fsc stamp. manufactured wood products can meet the fsc certification requirements with less than 100 % certified wood content through percentage - based claims. with a few special - case exceptions, any nonsalvaged solid - wood product and most other wood products must be fsc - certified to be included in greenspec. a few manufactured wood products, including engineered lumber and particleboard or mdf, can be included if they have other environmental advantages, such as absence of formaldehyde binders. engineered wood products in greenspec do not qualify by virtue of their resource efficiency benefits alone ( for more on this, see ebn vol. 8, no. 11 ). rapidly renewable materials are distinguished from wood by the shorter harvest rotation, typically 10 years or less. they are biodegradable, often ( but not always ) low in voc emissions, and generally produced from agricultural crops. because sunlight is generally the primary energy input (


what is long - term care? individuals need long - term care when a chronic condition, trauma, or illness limits their ability to carry out basic self - care tasks, called activities of daily living ( adls ), ( such as bathing, dressing or eating ), or instrumental activities of daily living ( iadls ) ( such as household chores, meal preparation, or managing money ). long - term care often involves the most intimate aspects of people ’ s lives — what and when they eat, personal hygiene, getting dressed, using the bathroom. other less severe long - term care needs may involve household tasks such as preparing meals or using the telephone. a report prepared by the u. s. senate special committee on aging ( february, 2000 ) described long - term care as follows : it [ long - term care ] differs from other types of health care in that the goal of long - term care is not to cure an illness, but to allow an individual to attain and maintain an optimal level of functioning …. long - term care encompasses a wide array of medical, social, personal, and supportive and specialized housing services needed by individuals who have lost some capacity for self - care because of a chronic illness or disabling condition. 1 because long - term care needs and services are wide - ranging and complex, statistics may vary from study to study. sources for the following information are cited at the conclusion of this fact sheet. for additional information, see the family caregiver alliance fact sheet on selected caregiving statistics. who needs long - term care? - an estimated 10 million americans needed long - term care in 2000. 2 - most but not all persons in need of long - term care are elderly. approximately 63 % are persons aged 65 and older ( 6. 3 million ) ; the remaining 37 % are 64 years of age and younger ( 3. 7 million ). 3 - the lifetime probability of becoming disabled in at least two activities of daily living or of being cognitively impaired is 68 % for people age 65 and older. 4 - by 2050, the number of individuals using paid long - term care services in any setting ( e. g., at home, residential care such as assisted living, or skilled nursing facilities ) will likely double from the 13 million using services in 2000, to 27 million people. this estimate is influenced by growth in the population of older people in need of care. 5 - of the older population with long - term care needs in the community, about 30 % ( 1. 5 million persons )


2000, to 27 million people. this estimate is influenced by growth in the population of older people in need of care. 5 - of the older population with long - term care needs in the community, about 30 % ( 1. 5 million persons ) have substantial long - term care needs ( three or more adl limitations ). of these, about 25 % are 85 and older and 70 % report they are in fair to poor health. 6 40 % of the older population with long - term care needs are poor or near poor ( with incomes below 150 % of the federal poverty level ). 7 - between 1984 and 1994, the number of older persons receiving long - term care remained about the same at 5. 5 million people, while the prevalence of long - term care use declined from 19. 7 % to 16. 7 % of the 65 + population. in comparison, 2. 1 %, or over 3. 3 million, of the population aged 18 – 64 received long - term care in the community in 1994. 8 - while there was a decline in the proportion ( i. e., prevalence ) of the older population receiving long - term care, the level of disability and cognitive impairment among those who received assistance with daily tasks rose sharply. the proportion receiving help with three to six adls increased from 35. 4 % to 42. 9 % between 1984 and 1994. the proportion of cognitive impairment among the 65 + population rose from 34 % to 40 %. 9 - the prevalence of cognitive impairment among the older population increased over the past decade, while the prevalence of physical impairment remains unchanged. 10 - in 2002, the percentage of older persons with moderate or severe memory impairment ranged from about 5 % among persons aged 65 – 69 to about 32 % among persons aged 85 or older. 11 - individuals 85 years and older, the oldest old, are one of the fastest growing segments of the population. in 2005, there are an estimated 5 million people 85 + in the united states. 12 this figure is expected to increase to 19. 4 million by 2050. 13 this means that there could be an increase from 1. 6 million to 6. 2 million people age 85 or over with severe or moderate memory impairment in 2050. 14 where do people receive long - term care and from whom? family and informal caregivers informal caregiver and family caregiver are terms used to refer to unpaid individuals such as family members, partners, friends and neighbors who provide care. these persons can be primary ( i. e. the person


? family and informal caregivers informal caregiver and family caregiver are terms used to refer to unpaid individuals such as family members, partners, friends and neighbors who provide care. these persons can be primary ( i. e. the person who spends the most time helping ) or secondary caregivers, full time or part time, and can live with the person being cared for or live separately. formal caregivers are volunteers or paid care providers associated with a service system. 15, 16 estimates vary on the number of family and informal caregivers in the u. s., depending on the definitions used for both caregiver and care recipient as well as types of care provided. - 52 million informal and family caregivers provide care to someone aged 20 + who is ill or disabled. 17 - 44. 4 million caregivers ( or one out of every five households ) are involved in caregiving to persons aged 18 or over. 18 - 34 million caregivers provide care for someone aged 50 +. 19 - 27. 3 million family caregivers provide personal assistance to adults ( aged 15 + ) with a disability or chronic illness. 20 - 5. 8 21 to 7 22 million people ( family, friends and neighbors ) provide care to a person ( 65 + ) who needs assistance with everyday activities. 23 - 8. 9 million informal caregivers provide care to someone aged 50 + with dementia. 24 by the year 2007, the number of caregiving households in the u. s. for persons aged 50 + could reach 39 million. 25 - over three - quarters ( 78 % ) of adults living in the community and in need of long - term care depend on family and friends ( i. e., informal caregivers ) as their only source of help ; 14 % receive a combination of informal and formal care ( i. e., paid help ) ; only 8 % used formal care or paid help only. 26 - even among the most severely disabled older persons living in the community, about two - thirds rely solely on family members and other informal help, often resulting in great strain for the family caregivers. 27 - the use of informal care as the only type of assistance by older americans aged 65 and over increased from 57 % in 1994 to 66 % in 1999. the growth in reliance upon informal care between 1994 and 1999 is accompanied by a decline in the use of a combination of informal and formal care from 36 % in 1994 to 26 % in 1999. 28 - 30 % of persons


to 66 % in 1999. the growth in reliance upon informal care between 1994 and 1999 is accompanied by a decline in the use of a combination of informal and formal care from 36 % in 1994 to 26 % in 1999. 28 - 30 % of persons caring for elderly long - term care users were themselves aged 65 or over ; another 15 % were between the age of 45 – 54. 29 - for the family caregiver forced to give up work to care for a family member or friend, the cost in lost wages and benefits is estimated to be $ 109 per day. 30 home and community - based care - most people — nearly 79 % — who need long - term care live at home or in community settings, not in institutions. 31 - more than 13. 2 million adults ( over half younger than 65 ) living in the community received an average of 31. 4 hours of personal assistance per week in 1995. 32 - only 16 % of the total hours were paid care ( about $ 32 billion ), leaving 84 % of hours to be provided ( unpaid labor ) by informal caregivers. 33 - the trend towards community - based services as opposed to nursing home placement was formalized with the olmstead decision ( july, 1999 ) — a court case in which the supreme court upheld the right of individuals to receive care in the community as opposed to an institution whenever possible. - the proportion of americans aged 65 and over with disabilities who rely entirely on formal care for their personal assistance needs has increased to 9 % in 1999 from 5 % in 1984. 34 - between 2000 and 2002, the number of licensed assisted living and board and care facilities increased from 32, 886 to 36, 399 nationally, reflecting the trend towards community - based care as opposed to nursing homes. 35 most assisted living facilities, however, are unlicensed. - most assisted living facilities ( alfs ) discharge residents whose cognitive impairments become moderate or severe or who need help with transfers ( e. g. moving from a wheelchair to a bed. ) this limits the ability of these populations to find appropriate services outside of nursing homes or other institutions. 36 nursing home care - the risk of nursing home placement increases with age — 31 % of those who are severely impaired and between the ages of 65 and 70 receive care in a nursing home compared to 61 % of those age 85 and older. 37 - in 2002, there were 1, 458, 000 people in nursing homes nationally. 38 older individuals living in nursing homes require and receive greater levels of care and assistance


in a nursing home compared to 61 % of those age 85 and older. 37 - in 2002, there were 1, 458, 000 people in nursing homes nationally. 38 older individuals living in nursing homes require and receive greater levels of care and assistance. in 1999, over three - quarters of individuals in nursing homes received assistance with four to six adls. 39 - of the population aged 65 and over in 1999, 52 % of the nursing home population was aged 85 or older compared to 35 % aged 75 – 84, and 13 % aged 65 – 74. 40 - between 1985 and 1999 the number of adults 65 and older living in nursing homes increased from 1. 3 million to 1. 5 million. in 1999, almost three - quarters ( 1. 1 million ) of these older residents were women. 41 long - term care expenditures - estimated public and private spending on long - term care services exceeded $ 180 billion in 2002. $ 37. 2 billion, or 21 %, was paid for out - of - pocket by individuals and families. 42 - in 2002, $ 103. 2 billion dollars were spent on nursing home care compared to $ 36. 1 billion dollars for care in the community. 43 - in 2000, the estimated economic value of informal ( i. e., unpaid ) caregiving is more than both community care and nursing home care combined — $ 257 billion. 44 - despite the trend toward community - based care as opposed to institutionalized care, only 18. 2 % of long - term care expenditures for the elderly are for community - based care. 45 - in 2002, 16. 4 billion medicaid dollars were spent for home and community - based services within long - term care. this figure has increased at a 25 % rate annually since 1990. 46 - expenditures for skilled nursing facility ( snf ) care are much greater than care provided in other settings. average expenses per older adult in a skilled nursing facility can be four times greater than average expenditures for that individual receiving paid care in the community. 47 - in 2003, medicaid paid $ 83. 8 billion dollars for long - term care services, roughly one - third of all medicaid spending. 27. 8 billion of these dollars were spent on community - based long - term care services. home and community - based ( hcbs ) waivers accounted for roughly two - thirds of community - based long - term care expenditures. 48 in 2000, spending for older adults aged 65 or older accounted for 57 % of medicaid dollars, with the remaining 43


community - based ( hcbs ) waivers accounted for roughly two - thirds of community - based long - term care expenditures. 48 in 2000, spending for older adults aged 65 or older accounted for 57 % of medicaid dollars, with the remaining 43 % spent on those under age 65. 49 - 31. 9 % of the annual estimated home care expenditures were paid for by medicare in 2003, a little over 18 % were paid for out - of - pocket or by private insurance, and approximately 13 % were covered by medicaid. 50 - only 7 % of residents receive medicaid coverage for assisted living. 51 - studies have shown that the delivery of home or community - based long - term care services is a cost - effective alternative to nursing homes. care in the home or community — not nursing home care — is what most americans would prefer. 52, 53 - in 2004, the average daily rate for a private room in a skilled nursing facility was $ 192 for a private room or $ 70, 080 annually, and $ 169 or $ 61, 685 annually for a semi - private room. the hourly rate for a home health aide was $ 18. 12. 54 - in 2000, annual cost estimates were $ 13, 000 for adult day care and $ 25, 300 for assisted living. 55 - over two - thirds of the current health care dollar goes to treating chronic illness ; for older persons the proportion rises to almost 95 %. 56 - the aging of the population, especially those 85 + — the most in need of long - term care — is expected to result in a tripling of long - term care expenditures, projected to climb from $ 115 billion in 1997 to $ 346 billion ( adjusted for inflation ) annually in 2040. 57 - research suggests that if savings rates are not increased and government programs to assist the elderly are not strengthened, many retirees will face serious problems attaining needed health and long - term care services in the future. by 2030, many retirees will not have enough income and assets to cover basic expenditures or any expenses related to a nursing home stay or services from a home health provider. 58 - shorter hospital stays and increased usage of outpatient procedures — changes that have increased the effectiveness of medical care — have shifted responsibility toward unpaid providers of care from paid providers, increasing burdens on family caregivers. 59 1 special committee on aging. developments in aging : 1997 and 1998, volume 1, report 106 - 229. washington, dc : united states senate, 2000. 2 rogers,


care from paid providers, increasing burdens on family caregivers. 59 1 special committee on aging. developments in aging : 1997 and 1998, volume 1, report 106 - 229. washington, dc : united states senate, 2000. 2 rogers, s., & h. komisar. who needs long - term care? fact sheet, long - term care financing project. washington, dc : georgetown university press, 2003. 4 aarp. beyond 50. 2003 : a report to the nation on independent living and disability, 2003, < http : / / www. aarp. org / research / health / disabilities / aresearch - import - 753. html > ( 11 jan 2005 ). 5 u. s. department of health and human services, and u. s. department of labor. the future supply of long - term care workers in relation to the aging baby boom generation : report to congress. washington, dc : office of the assistant secretary for planning and evaluation, ( 2003 ). < http : aspe. hhs. gov / daltcp / reports / ltcwork. htm > ( 20 jan 2005 ) 6 the henry j. kaiser foundation. long - term care : medicaid ’ s role and challenges [ publication # 2172 ]. washington, dc : author, 1999. 8 u. s. department of health and human services. the characteristics of long - term care users. rockville : agency for healthcare research and quality, 2001. 11 federal interagency forum on aging - related statistics. older americans 2004 : key indicators of well - being, federal interagency forum on aging - related statistics. washington, dc : u. s. government printing office, 2004. 12 u. s. census bureau. statistical abstract of the united states : 2000. washington, dc : u. s. census bureau, 2000, < http : / / www. census. gov / prod / 2004pubs / 04statab / pop. pdf > ( 11 jan 2005 ) 14 the number is extrapolated by applying projected population estimates in 2050 to prevalence estimates of moderate to severe memory impairments in 2002. 15 fradkin, l. g., and a. heath. caregiving of older adults. santa barbara, ca : abc - clio, inc., 1992. 16 mcconnell, s., j. a. riggs. a public policy agenda : supporting family caregiving, in m. a. cantor ( ed. ) family care


santa barbara, ca : abc - clio, inc., 1992. 16 mcconnell, s., j. a. riggs. a public policy agenda : supporting family caregiving, in m. a. cantor ( ed. ) family caregiving : agenda for the future. san francisco : american society on aging, 1994. 17 health and human services. informal caregiving : compassion in action. washington, dc : author, 1998. based on data from the 1987 / 1988 national survey of families and households ( nsfh ), 2002. 18 national alliance for caregiving and aarp. caregiving in the u. s. washington, dc : author, 2004. 20 arno, p. s., well being of caregivers : the economic issues of caregivers, in t. mcrae ( chair ), new caregiver research. symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the american association of geriatric psychiatry. orlando, fl. data from 1987 / 1988 national survey of families and households ( nsfh ), 2002. 21 spector, w. d. et al. the characteristics of long - term care users ( ahrq publication no. 00 - 0049 ). rockville : agency for healthcare research and policy, 2000. 22 see note 17 above. 23 both of these reports used data from 1994 national long - term care survey. the health and human services report also incorporated data from the 1982 national long - term care survey and the informal caregiver supplement to the 1989 national long - term care survey. 24 alzheimer ’ s association and national alliance for caregiving. families care : alzheimer ’ s caregiving in the united states 2004. washington, dc : author, 2004. 25 national alliance for caregiving and aarp. family caregiving in the u. s. : findings from a national survey. washington, dc : author, 1997. 26 thompson, l. long - term care : support for family caregivers [ issue brief ]. washington, dc : georgetown university, 2004. long - term care financing project. 27 ibid. data based on analysis of data from the 1994 and 1995 national health interview surveys on disability by health policy institute, georgetown university. 28 see note 11 above. 29 see note 8 above. 30 stucki, b. r., and j. mulver. can aging baby boomers avoid the nursing home? long - term care insurance for aging in place. washington, dc : american council of life insurers, 2000. 31


30 stucki, b. r., and j. mulver. can aging baby boomers avoid the nursing home? long - term care insurance for aging in place. washington, dc : american council of life insurers, 2000. 31 agency for healthcare research and quality. long - term care users range in age and most do not live in nursing homes : research alert. rockville : author, 2000. 32 laplante, m. p., c. harrington, and t. kang. 2002. estimating paid and unpaid hours of personal assistance services in activities of daily living provided to adults living at home. home services research 327 ( 2 ), 397 - 415. 34 see note 11 above. 35 mollica, r. state assisted living policy : 2002. portland : national academy for state health policy, 2002. 36 hawes, r. m., & c. d. phillips. a national study of assisted living for the frail elderly : results of a national survey of facilities. beachwood : myers research institute, 1999. 37 gabrel, c. s. characteristics of elderly nursing home current residents and discharges : data from the 1997 national nursing home survey [ advance data from vital and health statistics ; no. 312 ]. hyattsville : national center for health statistics, 2000. 38 national center for health statistics. health, united states, 2004. hyattsville : u. s. department of health and human services, 2004. 39 see note 11 above. 40 national center for health statistics. health, united states, 2000. hyattsville : u. s. department of health and human services, 2000. 41 see note 11 above. 42 komisar, h. & l. thompson. who pays for long - term care? fact sheet, long - term care financing project. washington, dc : georgetown university press, 2004. 44 see note 20 above. 45 doty, p. cost - effectiveness of home and community - based long - term care services. washington, dc : u. s. department of health and human services : office of disability, aging and long - term care policy, 2000. 46 o ’ brian, e., and r. elias. medicaid and long - term care. washington, dc : kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured, ( 2004, may ) < http : / / www. kff. org / pageid = 36296 > ( 10 jan 2004 ) 47 u.


care. washington, dc : kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured, ( 2004, may ) < http : / / www. kff. org / pageid = 36296 > ( 10 jan 2004 ) 47 u. s. general accounting office. 2002. aging baby boom generation will increase demand and burden on federal and state budgets [ gao - 02 - 544t ]. < http : / / www. gao. gov / new. items / d02544t. pdf > ( 10 jan 2004 ) 48 burwell, b., k. sredl, and s. eiken. medicaid long - term care expenditures in fy 2003 [ addendum ]. cambridge : the medstat group, 2004. 49 see note 45 above. 50 national association for home care. basic statistics about home care. washington, dc : author. findings based on centers for medicare and medicaid services, msis, 2004. 51 see note 30 above. 52 kassner, e. medicaid and long - term services and supports for older people : fact sheet. washington, dc : aarp public policy institute, 2005. 53 miller, n. a., c. harrington, e. goldstein. 2002. access to community - based long - term care : medicaid ’ s role. journal of aging and health volume 14, no. 1 : 138 - 59. 54 metlife market survey of nursing home and home care costs, 2004. 55 see note 30 above. 56 hoffman, c., d. rice and h. y. sung. 1996. persons with chronic conditions : their prevalence and costs. jama 276 ( 18 ), 1473 - 1479. 57 niefield, m., e. o ’ brien, and j. feder. long - term care : medicaid ’ s role and challenges. washington, dc : kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured, 1999. 58 vanderhei, j., and c. copeland. can america afford tomorrow ’ s retirees : results from the ebri - erf retirement security projection model [ issue brief # 263 ]. washington dc : employee benefit research institute, 2003. 59 o ’ brian, e., and r. elias. medicaid and long - term care. washington, dc : kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured, 2004. < http : / / www. kff. org / med


brian, e., and r. elias. medicaid and long - term care. washington, dc : kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured, 2004. < http : / / www. kff. org / medicaid / loader. cfm? url = / commonspot / security / getfile. cfm & pageid = 36296 > ( 10 jan 2004 ) family caregiver alliance 785 market street, suite 750 san francisco, ca 94103 ( 415 ) 434 - 3388 phone ( 800 ) 445 - 8106 toll free web site : www. caregiver. org family caregiver alliance ( fca ) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through education, services, research and advocacy. through its national center on caregiving, fca offers information on current social, public policy and caregiving issues and provides assistance in the development of public and private programs for caregivers. for residents of the greater san francisco bay area, fca provides direct family support services for caregivers of those with alzheimer ’ s disease, stroke, brain injury, parkinson ’ s and other debilitating cognitive disorders that strike adults. prepared by family caregiver alliance in cooperation with california ’ s caregiver resource centers and funded by the california department of mental health. original reviewed by robert b. friedland, ph. d., center on an aging society, georgetown university. © 2001 family caregiver alliance. revised 2005. all rights reserved. fs - sltc200506 e - mail to a friend


the center is registered in epa ' s acid rain program ( since 2003 ) some of the major accomplishments of the program through 2009 include : · power plants have decreased emissions of so2, aprecursor to acid rain, to 5. 7 million tons in 2009, a 67 percent decrease from 1980 levels and a 64 percent decrease from 1990levels. the acid rain program was established under the 1990 clean air actamendments and requires significant emission reductions of so2 andnitrogen oxides ( nox ) from the electric power industry. the program sets a permanent cap on the total amount of so2 that may be emitted by electric generating units in the united states, and includes provisions for trading and banking emission allowances. the program is phased in, with this year phasing in the final 2010 so2 cap set at 8. 95 milliontons, a level of about one - half of the emissions from the power sectorin 1980. more information on the acid rain program ( epa ) · air quality has improved ; the average amount of ambientso2 decreased 76 percent between 1980 and 2009. the largestsingle - year reduction in so2 since the start of the acid rain program occurred between 2008 and 2009. · reductions in fine particle levels yielded benefitsincluding about 20, 000 - 50, 000 lives saved annually. · many lakes and streams affected by acid rain in the eastare exhibiting signs of recovery.


u. s. epa ' s 2008 report on the environment ( final report ) epa is announcing the final report, epa ' s 2008 report on the environment ( epa 2008 roe ), a science - based report that answers questions about recent trends in human health and the environment. the environmental protection agency ' s 2008 report on the environment, also referred to as the epa 2008 roe, provides the american people with an important resource from which they can better understand trends in the condition of the air, water, land, and human health of the united states. this report uses scientifically sound measures, called indicators, to address fundamental questions relevant to the epa ' s mission to protect the environment and human health. to accomplish its mission to protect human health and the environment, epa must pay close attention to trends in the condition of the nation ' s environment. this kind of information, which is captured in epa ' s 2008 roe, can help epa to prioritize its work and to focus on human health and ecological activities that can lead to improvements in the conditions of the nation ' s environment. for a more interactive experience, visit the roe dynamic web site at http : / / www. epa. gov / ncea / roe. the epa 2008 roe offers a unique opportunity to epa to frame a discussion about the agency ’ s strategic planning from the perspective of ultimate environmental outcomes, using the best available, most scientifically sound measurement approaches. the epa 2008 roe could also lead to new indicators, new monitoring strategies and new programs and policies in areas epa determines to be highly important based on measured environmental trends. epa also produced a highlights of conditions and trends document, which summarizes the findings of the epa 2008 roe in an easier to understand format. epa is committed to releasing periodic updates of the roe so that information on environmental conditions and trends can be provided to interested members of the american public. | jun 2003 | | epa published the draft report on the environment ( roe ) - technical document in 2003. | | jun 2005 | | epa held an external peer review meeting on the proposed indicators for epa ’ s 2007 roe td. | | jul 2005 | | epa held a public peer review workshop on the proposed indicators. | | oct 2005 | | epa announced a second public peer review and public comment period for additional and updated proposed indicators for epa ’ s 2007 roe - td. | | feb 2006 | | epa hosts an agency review of the draft document, epa ’ s 2007 roe - td. in feb 2006, we release the epa response to the peer review comments


updated proposed indicators for epa ’ s 2007 roe - td. | | feb 2006 | | epa hosts an agency review of the draft document, epa ’ s 2007 roe - td. in feb 2006, we release the epa response to the peer review comments. | | mar 2006 | | epa releases the updates to the indicators and the external peer review comments with epa ' s response to comments. | | oct 2006 | | epa hosts an interagency review of the draft document, epa ' s 2007 roe - td. | | apr 2006 | | epa renames the report from technical document to science report. | | may 2007 | | epa released the draft epa ' s 2007 roe : science report for a public review and comment. | | jul 2007 | | epa ' s science advisory board ( sab ) hosted a public teleconference and public meeting of the sab panel for the review of epa ' s 2007 report on the environment. the teleconference and meeting were held to conduct a peer review of the epa ' s draft report on the environment 2007 : science report. | | oct 2007 | | epa hosts a public teleconference of the sab panel for the review of epa ' s 2007 report on the environment. | | jan 2008 | | epa hosts a report on the environment expert panel meeting in washington, dc. | | may 2008 | | epa releases the final report, epa ' s 2008 report on the environment ( epa 2008 roe ). | | sep 2008 | | epa releases the finalized eroe web site with links to the highlights report and the roe database. | - ( 366 pp, 30 mb, about pdf ) - ( 10 pp, 3 mb, about pdf ) - ( 12 pp, 545 kb, about pdf ) - ( 80 pp, 7 mb, about pdf ) - ( 66 pp, 5 mb, about pdf ) - ( 50 pp, 4 mb, about pdf ) - ( 72 pp, 4 mb, about pdf ) - ( 46 pp, 7 mb, about pdf ) - ( 3 pp, 1 mb, about pdf ) - ( 9 pp, 198 kb, about pdf ) - ( 3 pp, 288 kb, about pdf ) - ( 15 pp, 265 kb, about pdf )


there is a chance for some severe weather this weekend, specifically saturday. oklahoma is prone to severe thunderstorms and american red cross urges residents to take steps now to stay safer when severe weather threatens. based on forecasts, it looks like there could be hail, damaging winds and strong rain. “ by preparing together for severe thunderstorms, we can make our families safer and our communities stronger, ” said ken garcia, regional communication director. “ we can help you and your family create a disaster preparedness plan now, before our community is threatened by high winds, hail, lightning and excessive rainfall. ” as with any disaster, preparation can be the difference between life and death. the red cross recommends that individuals and families prepare for severe thunderstorms by : make a home disaster plan : pick a safe place in your home for household members to gather during a thunderstorm. this should be away from windows, skylights and glass doors that could be broken by strong winds or hail. protect your animals by ensuring that any outside buildings that house them are protected in the same way as your home. remove animals from vulnerable dog houses and similar small structures. create an emergency preparedness kit : pack a first aid kit and essential medications, canned food and can opener, bottled water, flashlights and a battery - powered radio with extra batteries. heed storm warnings : a severe storm watch means severe thunderstorms are possible in and near the watch area. people in a watch area should keep informed and be ready to act if a severe thunderstorm warning is issued. a severe storm warning means severe weather has been reported by spotters or indicated by radar. warnings indicate imminent danger to life and property. if you can hear thunder, you are close enough to be in danger from lightning. seek shelter immediately. the national weather service recommends staying inside for at least 30 minutes after the last thunder clap. prepare for high winds : if you have time, secure lawn furniture, outdoor decorations, trash cans, hanging plants and anything else that can be picked up by wind. before lightning strikes keep an eye on the sky. look for darkening skies, flashes of light or increasing winds. listen for the sound of thunder. if you can hear thunder, you are close enough to the storm to be struck by lightning. go to safe shelter immediately. the national weather service recommends staying inside for at least 30 minutes after the last thunder clap. when storm approaches find shelter in a building or car. keep car windows closed and avoid convertibles. telephone lines and metal pipes can conduct electricity


safe shelter immediately. the national weather service recommends staying inside for at least 30 minutes after the last thunder clap. when storm approaches find shelter in a building or car. keep car windows closed and avoid convertibles. telephone lines and metal pipes can conduct electricity. unplug appliances. avoid using the telephone or any electrical appliances. ( leaving electric lights on, however, does not increase the chances of your home being struck by lightening. ) avoid taking a bath or shower hyperlink " http : / / ", or running water for any other purpose. if caught outside go to low - lying, open place away from trees, poles or metal objects. make sure the place you pick is not flooding. make yourself the smallest target possible. squat low to the ground. place you hands on you knees with your head between them. if you are in the woods, take shelter under the shorter trees. if you are boating or swimming, get to land and find shelter immediately. if someone is struck by lightning people struck by lightning carry no electrical charge and can be handled safely. call for help. get someone to dial 9 - 1 - 1 or your local emergency medical services ( ems ) number. give first aid. if the heart has stopped beating, a trained person should give cpr. for more information on severe thunderstorm preparedness, visit hyperlink http : / / www. redcross. org www. redcross. org. we urge you to share these red cross severe thunderstorm preparedness tips with every member of your household, because the best protection is to be prepared ahead of time.


tibet travel guide the yarlung zangbo or yarlung river, or yalu zangbu river, or yarlung tsangpo ( alternative transcription ), yarlung zangbo jiang ( officially ) originates upstream from the south tibet valley and yarlung zangbo grand canyon, in tibet. it then passes through the state of arunachal pradesh, india, where it is known as the dihang. downstream from arunachal pradesh the river becomes wider and at this point is called the brahmaputra river. the brahmaputra has not been able to meet the sea. from assam ( india ) the river has entered bangladesh at ramnabazar point. from there till about 200 years ago it used to flow eastward and joined megna river near bhairavbazar. this old channel has been gradually dying now. at present the main channel of the river is called jamuna river, which follows southward to meet ganges known in bangladesh as the padma. it flows in the world ' s largest and deepest canyon, yarlung zangbo grand canyon. further, it is the world ' s highest river. the yarlung zangbo river is the highest major river in the world. its longest tributary is the nyang river. in tibet the river flows through the south tibet valley, which is approximately 1200 kilometres long and 300 kilometres wide. the valley descends from 4500 metres above sea level to 3000 metres. as it descends, the surrounding vegetation changes from cold desert to arid steppe to deciduous scrub vegetation. it ultimately transitions into a conifer and rhododendron forest. the tree line is approximately 3, 200 metres. sedimentary sandstone rocks found near the tibetan capital of lhasa contain grains of magnetic minerals that record the earth ' s alternating magnetic field current. the yarlung zangbo grand canyon, formed by a horse - shoe bend in the river where it flows around namcha barwa, is the deepest, and possibly longest canyon in the world. the river has been a challenge to whitewater kayakers because of the extreme conditions of the river. the yarlung zangbo river has three major waterfalls. the largest waterfall of the river, the " hidden falls ", was not publicized in the west until 1998, when its sighting by westerners was briefly hailed as a " discovery. " they were even portrayed as the discovery of the great falls which had been the topic of stories told to early westerners by tibetan hunters and buddhist monks, but which


until 1998, when its sighting by westerners was briefly hailed as a " discovery. " they were even portrayed as the discovery of the great falls which had been the topic of stories told to early westerners by tibetan hunters and buddhist monks, but which had never been found by western explorers at the time. chinese authorities protested, however, saying that chinese geographers, who had explored the gorge since 1973, had already taken pictures of the falls in 1987 from a helicopter. since the 1990s the yarlung zangbo river has been the destination of a number of teams that engage in exploration and whitewater kayaking. the river has been called the “ everest of rivers ” because of the extreme conditions of the river. the first attempt to run was made in 1993 by a japanese group who lost one member on the river. in october 1998, a kayaking expedition sponsored by the national geographic society attempted to navigate the zangbo gorge. troubled by unanticipated high water levels, the expedition ended in tragedy when expert kayaker doug gordon lost his life. in january - february, 2002, an international group consisting of scott lindgren, steve fisher, mike abbott, allan ellard, dustin knapp, and johnnie and willie kern, completed the first descent of the upper zangbo gorge section. shangri la river expeditions has a fairly complete description of the history of first descents of the yarlong tsangpo and its major tribuaries.


roman children ’ s sarcophagi why i taught the sources i use images of two roman marble sarcophagi for topics on children and childhood in undergraduate courses on ancient society, family, gender, representations, and historiography. the sarcophagi can be used to study one period of antiquity or to examine changing notions of childhood over time. my aim in using the sarcophagi is to increase students ' awareness of the rich variety of accessible material sources about roman society — especially archaeological resources such as art, architecture, inscriptions, and topography — that can supplement traditional literary sources. a careful analysis of images from an unfamiliar society can help students already exposed to visual material in their daily lives become more discriminating in their interpretations. students ' present - day interest in children and childhood — in daily life and in academic studies — is a good basis on which to build. but there is a danger of applying our own modern, western attitudes and values to other societies. studying artifacts and texts from a different society raises questions of cultural differences. one basic question is whether childhood in pre - modern societies was recognized as a separate stage of life and children were valued ; this has been debated since aries ' book of 1962. 1 roman society of the first two or three centuries ( ce ) provides material to help students to enter this debate and make their own assessments. how i introduce the sources after providing a chronological background and introducing issues such as class and status, gender, urban context, and political structure earlier in the semester, i assign : aries, centuries of childhood, at least the introduction ; and letter 4. 2 of the letters of pliny the younger. my aim is provide students with the evidence to challenge aries ' claim about the " ignorance of childhood " in pre - modern ages that relied on a small range of literary sources. in order to do so, i provide an introductory lecture on the history of childhood studies and on available sources ( including the nature of the material as well as the hazards of surviving literary, legal, archaeological sources ). 2 i also provide images of materials such as epitaphs, sculptures, and wall paintings related to children and rome to stimulate thinking about the range of representations available. students then divide into smaller groups of 10 to 15 to examine primary sources. reading the sources in these smaller groups, we analyze pliny ' s apparently unsympathetic comments on the death of regulus ' son in the context of upper - class roman male expectations of fatherhood, emotions, and pliny '