survival of the people logic puzzles require you to think. you will have to be logical in your reasoning. there is an island with 10 inhabitants. one day a monster comes and says that he intends to eat every one of them but will give them a chance to survive in the following way : in the morning, the monster will line up all the people - single file so that the last person sees the remaining 9, the next person sees the remaining 8, and so on until the first person that obviously sees no one in front of himself. the monster will then place black or white hats on their heads randomly ( they can be all white, all black or any combination thereof ). the monster will offer each person starting with the last one ( who sees everyone else ' s hats ) to guess the color of his / her own hat. the answer can only be one word : " white " or " black ". the monster will eat him on the spot if he guessed wrong, and will leave him alive if he guessed right. all the remaining people will hear both the guess and the outcome of the guess. the monster will then go on to the next to last person ( who only sees 8 people ), and so on until the end. the monster gives them the whole night to think. devise the optimal strategy that these poor natives could use to maximize their survival rate. 1 ) all the 10 people can easily understand your strategy, and will execute it with perfect precision. 2 ) if the monster suspects that any of the people are giving away information to any of the remaining team members by intonation of words when answering, or any other signs, or by touch, he will eat everyone. 3 ) the only allowed response is a short, unemotional " white " or " black ". 4 ) having said that, i will add that you can put any value you like into each of these words. for example, " white " can mean " my mother did my laundry " and " black " can mean the guy in front of me is wearing a black hat. hint1 ) first hint is an example. here is a simple strategy that will guarantee safety to 50 %. guy # 10 ( when he guesses ) says the color of the hat on guy # 9. thus # 10 may die or may luck out, but # 9 will save himself since he will know his hat color. thus # 8 helps # 7, # 6 helps number # 5, and so on. you thus save numbers 9, 7, 5, 3


may die or may luck out, but # 9 will save himself since he will know his hat color. thus # 8 helps # 7, # 6 helps number # 5, and so on. you thus save numbers 9, 7, 5, 3, and 1, or half the people. but you can do a lot better than that. 2 ) the best strategy will save a minimum of 90 % of the people. here it is : the first guy to guess ( guy # 10 ) will be the only one to assume the following value for the words " white " and " black " : the answer " black " will mean that there are an odd number of black hats that he sees. the answer " white " will mean that there are an odd number of white hats that he sees. this way one by one all the other 9 people will know the color of their hats. let us say that guy # 10 ( first to speak, and sees the hats of the remaining 9 ) says " white ". that should mean to everybody else that he sees an odd number of white hats. at this time guy # 9 will either be wearing a white or a black hat. if he is wearing a white hat he will only see an even number of white hats, and since guy # 10 said that there is and odd number of white hats, guy # 9 will know that he is wearing white and will say it. but if guy # 9 is wearing a black hat, he will see an odd number of white hats ( just like # 10 did ), and thus will know that he is wearing a black hat and will say it. no matter what # 9 answers, guy # 8 ( who heard guy # 10 and guy # 9 ) can now easily incorporate the color of hat on guy # 9 into the original answer of guy # 10. this will allow # 8 to know if he should see an odd or even number of white hats in front of him to determine his own hat color. the same thing repeats with # 7 - 1. and they all get it right except of course # 10, though he may get lucky. jan 18, 2003 jan 21, 2003 | wow, this one makes a lot of sense logically. great teaser. | jan 25, 2003 | it makes sense but i would never have came to that answer | jan 29, 2003 | what ' s wrong with simply saying the color of the hat of the person infront of you? same survival percentage. | jan 30, 2003 | in reply to "


sense but i would never have came to that answer | jan 29, 2003 | what ' s wrong with simply saying the color of the hat of the person infront of you? same survival percentage. | jan 30, 2003 | in reply to " asbestos ' " comment. you would only save 50 % that way. if you say the color of the person in front of you ( lets say black ), he / she still has to say black not to get eaten ( regardless of what the color in front of them is ). so therefore the 3rd person in line will not know their own color since the person before them saved themselves and didn ' t necessarily speak the color of the next person. | feb 06, 2003 | nice teaser... but situation might mess up after the number 9 guess says his answer. and plus the monster might have put them on not white black white black... etc. | feb 07, 2003 | golfer, there ' s nothing wrong with the logic in this teaser. it will work no matter what arrangement of hats the monster uses. also, assumption # 1 states that person number 9 will not mess up. i must say that this is a terrific logic teaser in my opinion. | feb 11, 2003 | this was a great riddle with great logic. the best i could do was save a minimum of five depending on the arrangement of hats. | feb 15, 2003 | i think it was a bit long personally but it does all make sence so great teaser | feb 15, 2003 | the logic works well. actually, even if person 9 makes the wrong answer, the monster will eat that person, which would be a pretty strong indicator that they made the wrong decision. this could also be accounted for. the only person who need be correct is 10, the rest can be saved by their own logic. | feb 15, 2003 | wow, that was an exellent teaser! | feb 15, 2003 | another way to win is if the 10th guy tells everyone that " white " means your hat is the same color as the guy in front of you and " black " means your hat is a different color from the guy in front of you. therefore, the only two who have to rely on luck are the 1st and the 10th | feb 16, 2003 | this will not work pookie21. you need to say the colour of your hat in order not to get eaten. | feb 17, 2003 | awesome logic teaser, one of the best i have seen. i could only


16, 2003 | this will not work pookie21. you need to say the colour of your hat in order not to get eaten. | feb 17, 2003 | awesome logic teaser, one of the best i have seen. i could only think of the 50 % solution, so i was going to stand and fight to the death. maybe dig a large spike filled covered hole behind the 10th person as a trap for the monster. but that is not really solving the teaser, it is a captain kirk type of solution. 8 ^ ) | feb 27, 2003 | this is by far the best teaser i ' ve read here. course, i just got here and am going thru the ' most popular list '. | btw, i came up with the even guys sacrifice by saying the color of the guy in front of thems color, like many of you. which would result in at least 50 % survival ( odds - wise more like 70 or 80 % ). think about it... however tyhe solution is brilliant! 90 % guaranteed, with 100 % possible. really cool puzzler! feb 28, 2003 | that ' s going straight to my favourites list... totally a great teaser. it was really fun n. n ; and really hard as well oo ;... i came up with some weird thing that was just a guess... nice brain btw. | apr 11, 2003 | boy, would i not wanna be the last person in line... | may 06, 2003 | wouldn ' t mind being the last guy. being the first guy is a problem. brilliant teaser! | jun 17, 2003 | my solution was that the last person would say black or white depending on how many times the colour changed in front of him. black for even no. of times and white for odd no. of times. from this each person could find out his own colour by seeing the no. of colour changes and deciding whether he is the same colour as the one in front. the given soln. is much simpler, though. | jul 02, 2003 | ya, i got this one. if you know anything about computers, this is the same concept as parity. the way i did it is that white means there are an even number of white hats, while black means odd. take 0 to mean even. great riddle | nov 15, 2003 | great logic! i loved the teaser. | jan 05, 2004 | a 3. 0 / 3. 0 teaser.


an even number of white hats, while black means odd. take 0 to mean even. great riddle | nov 15, 2003 | great logic! i loved the teaser. | jan 05, 2004 | a 3. 0 / 3. 0 teaser. one of the best | jan 09, 2004 | thats a hard 1 | feb 01, 2004 | great teaser! | oct 31, 2004 | if the first guy yells out the color of the hat of the guy in front, he ' s got a 50 / 50 shot at guessing right for his own. from then on, everyone knows the color of their own hat. | nov 01, 2004 | oops - that won ' t work. | apr 10, 2005 | it ' s too long! | may 22, 2005 | that was a hard one for me. | may 23, 2005 i think i ' ve done a similar one a long time ago, but it involved 3 people, pink & purple hats, and a wall separating 2 people from the other person... jun 03, 2005 | the whole thing about and odd number of black and white hats deosn ' t make sense. if there are ten hats, and an odd number ( let ' s say 7 ) of white hats, then there are an odd number of black hats too ( 3 in this case ). what does the last guy yell if there are an even number of each? ( let ' s say 4 white and 6 black ). if there are an odd number, then it shouldn ' t matter what color he yells. | jun 04, 2005 | this is in response to ragsdaleam : | if you read the solution carefully, it doesn ' t suggest that you should communicate the color that has an odd number of hats, it suggests that you should communicate weather one specific color ( agreed upon in advance ) will be present in an odd amount or an even amount. in other words if we agreed that " white " means that there is an odd number of blacks, and " black " means that there is an even number of blacks, we will always be able to relate weather there is an even or odd number of black hats ( independent of how many white hats there are ). jun 04, 2005 | or you can have it done as it states in the solution, where all you are looking for is an indication of weather or not one of the colors is odd or even ( independent of how many hats of the other color there are ). to figure out what you have you just


as it states in the solution, where all you are looking for is an indication of weather or not one of the colors is odd or even ( independent of how many hats of the other color there are ). to figure out what you have you just gotta count. so in your example of 7 black and 3 white. if i know that there is an odd number of whites and i am the 9th guy. i can count what is ahead of me. i will either see 3 whites or 2 in front of me and if i see 2 then i have the third one. same logic for all consecutive players. | jun 06, 2005 | directly form your explanation of the answer : | " the answer " black " will mean that there are an odd number of black hats that he sees. the answer " white " will mean that there are an odd number of white hats that he sees. " so what would he say if there are an even number of both? jun 06, 2005 | you know, funny enough, you are right. i am surpirsed no - one noticed. the solution still works just needs to be rephrased : | the answer " black " will mean that there are an odd number of black hats that he sees. the answer " white " will mean that there are an even number of black hats that he sees ( zero black hats should be treated as an even number ). aug 10, 2005 | ragsdaleam, your logic is a little off. the tenth person can only see 9 hats, so theres no way that he can see both an odd number of black and an odd number of white hats. | mar 14, 2006 | yes, ever since ragsdaleam ' s comment on the fact that if there are 8 black, then there are 2 whites, everybody has been wrong. number 10 ' s hat color has nothing to do with the puzzle, because he can only see 9 hats. if he sees 3 black hats, then he will see 6 white hats, so he will say black, and therefore save his fellow native ' s, and maybe even his own life ( whether his hat happens to be black or not, he has a 50 / 50 chance ). | apr 20, 2006 | first of all i want to say that this was an excellent riddle. the answer given makes sense and is one solution to the problem, but i believe me and my colleagues have found an alternate solution which results in the same survival rate. check this scenario out : overnight we agree that when the monster


was an excellent riddle. the answer given makes sense and is one solution to the problem, but i believe me and my colleagues have found an alternate solution which results in the same survival rate. check this scenario out : overnight we agree that when the monster asks the color of the hat of native # 10, he will call out the color of the person in front of him. from native # 9 onward we will use a code system, if you answer " quickly ", that will mean that the color of the person in front of you is white, if you give a " delayed " answer, that will mean that the color of the person in front of you is black. in this way you can save a minimum of 90 % of the natives with a possible 100 % if the # 10 guy gets lucky. i think this is a less complex answer and it is simpler to understand. | apr 21, 2006 | for paragon83. your answer would be great actually if not for the " assumption " section of the teaser. points ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) have been clarified for that exact purpose. if the monstr suspects any such foul play the risk is that everyone will get eaten. | nov 15, 2007 | hehehe... i don ' t think that the poor natives will understand because they not even know what is odd and what is even. as you said earlier the solution must be simple so that the natives can understand easily. if some of them make a mistake....... the monster will be happy. | mar 10, 2010 | does the ansewer work if the monster uses 5 black and 5 white hats. it doesnt say that in the question | mar 10, 2010 | doesnt * the ansewer only work if he uses 5 of each? | jan 29, 2011 | again you can only assume that the monster doesn ' t pick that combination of hats | jan 22, 2012 | i have a solution that is slightly more optimal than the given one. it involves an arbitrarily high level of precision for the villagers, but given assumption 1 such strategies are valid. the strategy is as follows : | black hats represent 0. white hats represent 1. the last villager sees 9 hats, and thus 9 digits that represent a unique number in binary form. the 10th villager then waits exactly this many ( arbitrarily small ) time units from the time he is prompted to guess his color before giving an answer. all other villagers then have perfect information about


that represent a unique number in binary form. the 10th villager then waits exactly this many ( arbitrarily small ) time units from the time he is prompted to guess his color before giving an answer. all other villagers then have perfect information about every villager ' s hat from 1 to 9. when it is each villager ' s turn to ' guess, ' they each wait the exact amount of time before giving their answer as did the first villager, so there is no distinction between answers and the monster has no reason to suspect foul play. the reason this solution is slightly more optimal is because it results in a higher probability of the 10th villager surviving. in the given solution, the 10th villager ' s answer is completely determined by the monster ' s configuration of hats, and cannot be changed. in my solution, the 10th villager can give the guess that is statistically favored ( or just a random guess ), thus ensuring a 95 % survival rate in all cases. apr 23, 2012 | this is definitely one of my all time favorites! i worked on this for days and ultimately came up with this overly complicated equation, that as it turns out simply meant that if there were an odd number of white hats # 10 would say white, and if there were an even number of white hats, he ' d say black. i didn ' t even realize that that was the answer i ended up with until i looked at the solution and read back over my answer. i ' m either dumb for a smart guy or smart for a dumb guy. or possibly just lucky for a dumb guy. | as for vecht ' s answer, what a creative solution! i tried to think of a way to make binary code work for me, but i just couldn ' t make it fit. although i think the given answer is a whole lot simpler. and # 10 ' s chances are 50 / 50 no matter what. no amount of statistical analysis will help, because the teaser states that the monster places the hats at random. no matter which color # 10 says, whether he says it because it imparts meaning to the others, or because he was guessing, he will still have a 1 out of 2 chance of getting it right as long as the hat placement was random. but anyway, kudos to sakirski for a killer logic puzzle! feb 22, 2013 | sakiriski, you are now one of my fave teaser - posters. i got the same solution as the answer ( yay! ) but i


saint zachariasarticle free pass saint zacharias, english zachary ( born, san severino, duchy of benevento [ italy ] — died march 14 / 22, 752, rome ; feast day march 15 ), pope from 741 to 752. the last of the greek popes, zacharias was supposedly a roman deacon when he succeeded pope st. gregory iii in november / december 741. his pontificate was devoted to diplomatic relations with the lombard and frankish kingdoms and with the byzantine empire. he initiated a policy of conciliation with the lombards while endeavouring to dissuade their rulers, liutprand and rachis, from conquering the byzantine exarchate of ravenna. successful, he thus made peace with the lombards. he maintained amiable relations with the byzantine emperor constantine v copronymus, whom he advised to restore the veneration of icons. zacharias ’ s relations with the franks were similarly cordial, and his correspondence with st. boniface, the apostle of germany, shows how great his influence was on contemporary events in the frankish kingdom. in 741 he made boniface legate and charged him with the reformation of the whole frankish church. he supported the deposition ( 751 – 752 ) of childeric iii, the last merovingian king, and authorized the frankish church to anoint pippin iii the short as king of the franks. zacharias ’ s action in the transference of the royal crown from the merovingians to the house of pippin ( carolingians ) began a new era for church and state by establishing the carolingian - papal alliance, which was to be of the greatest significance in future relations between pope and emperor and was of extreme importance to the theorists and controversialists of the investiture controversy ( 11th and 12th centuries ). the latter dispute concerned secular rulers ’ right to invest bishops and abbots, which right became one of the paramount aspects in the struggle for power between the papacy and the holy roman empire. zacharias is known especially in the east for his greek translation of the dialogues of pope st. gregory i the great. what made you want to look up " saint zacharias "? please share what surprised you most...


as a gentle spring sun nudges away the bitterness of winter, only the wind moves over the once contested northern slopes of cemetery hill. some 140 years past however, the dark blanket of night slowly covered the field. on july 2, 1863, confederate soldiers of csa major general richard ewell ' s second corp advanced towards the union lines, the taking of this hill serving as their goal. red fire from federal and southern muskets flashed in the darkness as both sides fought an enemy they could barely see. as their foe gained the hill ' s crest, union cannoneers fought hand to hand, using anything they could grasp to protect their guns. despite the brief success of their bold advance, the confederates could not hold the ground they had struggled so hard to gain. in the dark, with the union reinforcements coming over from major general winfield s. hancock ' s 2nd corps now adding to the weight of northern fire, southern soldiers grudgingly backed down the hill. this ground would remain in union hands for the remainder of the conflict. confederate colonel isaac avery of the sixth north carolina led a portion of the initial advance, serving as brigade commander in place of general r. f. hoke who had sustained a wound at the battle of chancellorsville. he would lead his north carolinians forward, with hays ' louisiana tigers surging on his right. not long into the movement however, colonel avery fell from his horse, bleeding, shot through the neck as he led his tarheels forward up the hill. understanding the mortality of his wound, he scribbled a note which he handed to a subordinate. the note read only, " tell my father i died with my face to the enemy. " colonel godwin, who would assume command from the fallen avery, would describe the fighting, and the mortal wounding of their commander. "... 8 p. m. on the next day, july 2,... the brigade moved forward to the as soon as the summit of the hill was gained, it was discovered that the batteries which we had been ordered to take were in front of hays ' brigade, and considerably to the right of our right flank. we continued to advance, however, under a terrific fire, climbed a rail fence, and still farther beyond descended into a low bottom, and dislodged a heavy line of infantry from a stone wall running parallel with our front. the enemy ' s batteries now enfiladed us, and a destructive fire was poured into our ranks from a line of infantry formed


low bottom, and dislodged a heavy line of infantry from a stone wall running parallel with our front. the enemy ' s batteries now enfiladed us, and a destructive fire was poured into our ranks from a line of infantry formed in rear of a stone wall running at a right angle with our line of battle and immediately below the batteries. now ordered a change of front, and succeeded in wheeling the brigade to the right, a movement which none but the steadiest veterans could have executed under such circumstances. in swinging around, three stone walls had to be surmounted. the ground was rocky and uneven, and these obstacles prevented that rapidity of movement and unity of action which might have insured success. the men now charged up the hill with heroic determination, and drove the enemy from his last stone wall. in this charge, the command had become much separated, and in the darkness it was now found impossible to concentrate more than 40 or 50 men at any point for a farther advance. major tate, with a portion of the sixth north carolina regiment, aided by a small number of the ninth louisiana regiment, succeeded in capturing a battery on the right. no supports were at hand, and the approach of the enemy in overwhelming force compelled him to retire. the scattered fragments of the brigade now withdrew, and were reformed near the position which it had occupied through here i learned for the first time that our brigade commander ( col. isaac e. avery ), had been mortally wounded. in his death the country lost one of her truest and bravest sons, and the army one of its most gallant and efficient officers. " major general jubal anderson early, the division commander, would also state in his official report his reasons for the lack of confederate success in retaining the advantages gained. " these troops advanced in gallant style to the attack, passing over the ridge in front of them under a heavy artillery fire, and then crossing a hollow between that and cemetery hill, and moving up this hill in the face of at least two lines of infantry posted behind stone and plank fences ; but these they drove back, and, passing over all obstacles, they reached the crest of the hill, and entered the enemy ' s breastworks crowning it, getting possession of one or two batteries. but no attack was made on the immediate right ( general a. p. hill ' s command ), as was expected, and not meeting with support from that quarter, these brigades could not hold the position they had attained, because a very heavy force of


raphael a. zoeller, ph. d. associate professor of physiology and biophysics b. s. university of maine ph. d. texas a & m university phone : ( 617 ) 638 - 4010 • fax : ( 617 ) 638 - 4041 cell and membrane biology lipids are not only structural units of membranes. they also participate in important cellular functions, serving as second messengers, hormones, pheromones and membrane anchors for proteins. although several “ active ” lipid species have been identified, there are many others that remain undiscovered. to identify functional roles for lipids, we develop mutant animal cell lines that are deficient in the biosynthesis of specific lipid species. using these mutants, we can determine what cellular processes are affected by the loss of the lipid, establishing a role for the lipid in that process. the mutants can also serve as tools for the isolation of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the lipid. most importantly, the study of these mutants leads to new biochemistry, not achievable through conventional approaches. plasmalogens : endogenous antioxidants. this “ subclass ” of phospholipids makes up approximately 18 % of the phospholipids in humans and they are enriched in certain cell types or tissues including macrophages, neutrophils, brain and heart. although their presence in mammalian tissue is well characterized, their role in cell function remained unclear. we developed a selection protocol to isolate mutant strains with defects in plasmalogen biosynthesis. using these mutant strains, we have identified two phenotypes that are tied to the loss of plasmalogens. first, the plasmalogen - deficient cells are hypersensitive to reactive oxygen species ( ros ) and this is reversed with the restoration of plasmalogens. this has lead to the suggestion that plasmalogens function as endogenous antioxidants. this may help to explain the rapid development of cataracts in the plasmalogen - deficient patients. the second phenotype associated with plasmalogen loss is a decrease in cholesterol transport. based on our findings using the mutants, we examined the possibility that plasmalogen levels could be increased in normal cells and if this would protect them under conditions in which ros are formed. we found that supplementation of human endothelial cells with a plasmalogen biosynthetic precursor, hexa


that plasmalogen levels could be increased in normal cells and if this would protect them under conditions in which ros are formed. we found that supplementation of human endothelial cells with a plasmalogen biosynthetic precursor, hexadecylglycerol ( hg ) elevated plasmalogen levels 2 - fold and protected them from damage due to oxidants. importantly, this also protected these cells during chronic hypoxia, a physiologically relevant condition ( figure 1 ). this opens up the possibility of treatment of patients under conditions of chronic hypoxia such as pulmonary dysfunction. we are now attempting to determine the exact mechanism by which hg rescues these cells. mutants in global glycerolipid synthesis the control of glycerolipid biosynthesis, including triacylglycerols is an area of intense interest, particularly with concerns about obesity and diabetes. glycolysis is coordinated with and controls lipogenesis through mechanisms that are still poorly understood. we have developed a procedure for selecting mutants that are deficient in general glycerolipid biosynthesis in an effort to identify factors that are important for lipogenesis in animal cells. we have recently identified one mutant, named grod1, that is defective in the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine ( pe ), phosphatidylcholine ( pc ) ( figure 2 ). these cells are also defective in the synthesis of triacylglycerols. this phenotype is due to a severe reduction in the activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase 1 ( pap1 ). expression cloning of the gene responsible for this lesion has revealed a relationship between glycolysis and lipogenesis that was previously unknown. we are currently attempting to explain the mechanics of this relationship using the grod1 cells. we are also screening for additional, novel mutants with additional lesions in glycerolipid biosynthesis to identify additional factors regulating this process. nakahara k, ohkuni a, kitamura t, abe k, naganuma t, ohno y, zoeller ra and kihara a ( 2012 ) the sjogren - larsson syndrome gene encodes a hexadecenal dehydrogenase of the sphingosine 1 - phosphate degradation pathway. molecular cell 46 : 461 - 71. krawczyk sa, haller jf, fe


larsson syndrome gene encodes a hexadecenal dehydrogenase of the sphingosine 1 - phosphate degradation pathway. molecular cell 46 : 461 - 71. krawczyk sa, haller jf, ferrante t, zoeller ra, corkey be. ( 2012 ) reactive oxygen species facilitate translocation of hormone sensitive lipase to the lipid droplet during lipolysis in human differentiated adipocytes. plos one, 7 : e349042012. haller jf, krawczyk sa, gostilovitch l, corkey be and zoeller ra ( 2011 ) glucose - 6 - phosphate isomerase deficiency results in mtor activation, failed translocation of lipin 1α to the nucleus and hypersensitivity to glucose : implications for the inherited glycolytic disease. biochim biophys acta. 1812 : 1393 - 402. anbukumar, d. s., shornick, l. p., albert, c. j., steward, m. m., zoeller, r. a., neumann, w. l., and ford, d. a. ( 2010 ) chlorinated lipid species in activated human neutrophils : lipid metabolites of 2 - chlorohexadecanal. j lipid res. 51 : 1085 - 1092. haller, j. f., smith, c., liu, d., zheng, h., tornheim, k., han, g., carman, g. m. and zoeller, r. a. ( 2010 ) isolation of novel animal cell lines defective in glycerolipid biosynthesis reveals mutations in glucose - 6 - phosphate isomerase. j. biol. chem. 285 : 866 - 877. gaposchkin, d. p., farber, h. w. and zoeller, r. a. ( 2008 ) on the importance of plasmalogen status in stimulated arachidonic acid release in the macrophage cell line raw 264. 7. biochim biophys acta. 1781 : 213 - 219. zheng h, duclos ri jr, smith cc, farber hw, zoeller ra. 2006. synthesis and biological properties of the fluorescent ether lipid precursor 1 - o - [ 9 ' - ( 1 ' ' - p


- 219. zheng h, duclos ri jr, smith cc, farber hw, zoeller ra. 2006. synthesis and biological properties of the fluorescent ether lipid precursor 1 - o - [ 9 ' - ( 1 ' ' - pyrenyl ) ] nonyl - sn - glycerol. j lipid res. 47 : 633 - 642. liu d, nagan n, just ww, rodemer c, thai tp, zoeller ra. 2005. role of dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens and nonether glycerolipids. j lipid res. 46 : 727 - 735 zoeller ra, grazia tj, lacamera p, park j, gaposchkin dp, farber hw. 2002. increasing plasmalogen levels protects human endothelial cells during hypoxia. am j physiol heart circ physiol. 283 : h671 - 679. zoeller ra, lake ac, nagan n, gaposchkin dp, legner ma, lieberthal w. 1999. plasmalogens as endogenous antioxidants : somatic cell mutants reveal the importance of the vinyl ether. biochem j. 338 : 769 - 776. department of physiology and biophysics boston university school of medicine 700 albany street boston ma 02118 - 2526 fax : ( 617 ) 638 - 4041


background : august eigruber was gauleiter of oberdonau ( upper danube ), a region of austria, from 1939 - 1945. he was tried after world war ii for crimes against humanity, convicted, and hanged on 28 may 1947. the article was printed by a vienna newspaper that had asked him to discuss his political goals. the source : “ the most loyal son of the people, ” wiener neueste nachrichten, 29 may 1939, pp. 1 - 3. this is taken from a newspaper article available on anno, an austrian project to digitize a wide range of newspapers. the most loyal son of the people first, i would like to speak to a widely held but erroneous view some have that our gau was particularly prosperous and well - administered in the past. we inherited a bad legacy in upper austria. there was great poverty among the farmers in the alpine foothills and in the muhl district on the one hand, and miserable conditions in the bankrupt industrial areas on the other hand. the province ’ s economy was almost ruined. besides that, those areas dependent on tourism and commerce suffered from the artificial separation from the old reich [ germany ], which means that our first task today is to apply all our resources to make up as much as possible for the crimes of the past. various commissions have established the terrible conditions in the tenements housing the unemployed and those impoverished by taxation, which are heavy charges against former governments, regardless of whether they were led by so - called christian socialists, patriotic parties, or social democrats. security for the worker conscious of the idea of the people ’ s community that obligates us all, the national socialist state will totally abolish all unnatural ideas of class or social difference, along with the policy of playing the various classes off against each other. one could almost call this a spiritual renewal, a return to natural life, which now more than ever will open our homeland to recovery and reconstruction, leading to vast economic opportunities for gau oberdonau. our gau ’ s industrial and economic prospects are extraordinarily promising since the unique foundation of the hermann goering factory in linz. it will benefit not only factory workers, but will also open up a whole new field of endeavor for the province. a worker will no longer have to fear losing his job after a few weeks or months. he can spend his entire income, since national socialist leadership of the economy, state, and party will watch over developments to guarantee that his job is secure. the


a worker will no longer have to fear losing his job after a few weeks or months. he can spend his entire income, since national socialist leadership of the economy, state, and party will watch over developments to guarantee that his job is secure. the myths eagerly spread by jewish newspapers abroad that the workers are rooted in marxism have been proven completely false, as anyone with the ability and courage to see things as they are can easily realize. true, workers were misled by foreign agitation, but they never lost the internal connection to the strengths of their ethnicity, which is proven by the fact that they eagerly and in unison affirmed national socialism the moment the schussnigg dictatorship collapsed. now that the people is actually united we can turn to real growth, undistracted by earlier conflicts about ideology, organization, and power. we are particularly pleased now that the gau system has been implemented, and all the barriers of unnatural bureaucracy have fallen away. they were mostly in remote offices in vienna, which did not know the real conditions in the gaue, and perhaps did not even want to understand them. old austria, the federal state, suffered from this, as did the entire population of the ostmark. now that we have simplified administration, we have the opportunity to lead the gaue in a healthy way, directed toward the good of the whole german people, which is at the same time the good of the homeland. we can thus control was directly affects us, and what therefore falls within our ancient rights. go to the gauleiter page. go to the 1933 - 1945 page. go to the german propaganda home page.


scientists uncover the genetic secrets that allow tibetans to thrive in thin air in the online edition of proceedings of the national academy of sciences, an international team has identified a gene that allows tibetans to live and work more than two miles above sea level without getting altitude sickness. a previous study published may 13 in science reported that tibetans are genetically adapted to high altitude. now, less than a month later, a second study by scientists from china, england, ireland, and the united states pinpoints a particular site within the human genome — a genetic variant linked to low hemoglobin in the blood — that helps explain how tibetans cope with low - oxygen conditions. the study sheds light on how tibetans, who have lived at extreme elevation for more than 10, 000 years, have evolved to differ from their low - altitude ancestors. lower air pressure at altitude means fewer oxygen molecules for every lungful of air. " altitude affects your thinking, your breathing, and your ability to sleep. but high - altitude natives don ' t have these problems, " said co - author cynthia beall of case western reserve university. " they ' re able to live a healthy life, and they do it completely comfortably, " she said. people who live or travel at high altitude respond to the lack of oxygen by making more hemoglobin, the oxygen - carrying component of human blood. " that ' s why athletes like to train at altitude. they increase their oxygen - carrying capacity, " said beall. but too much hemoglobin can be a bad thing. excessive hemoglobin is the hallmark of chronic mountain sickness, an overreaction to altitude characterized by thick and viscous blood. tibetans maintain relatively low hemoglobin at high altitude, a trait that makes them less susceptible to the disease than other populations. " tibetans can live as high as 13, 000 feet without the elevated hemoglobin concentrations we see in other people, " said beall. to pinpoint the genetic variants underlying tibetans ' relatively low hemoglobin levels, the researchers collected blood samples from nearly 200 tibetan villagers living in three regions high in the himalayas. when they compared the tibetans ' dna with their lowland counterparts in china, their results pointed to the same culprit — a gene on chromosome 2, called epas1, involved in red blood cell production and hemoglobin concentration in the blood. originally working separately, the authors of the study first put their findings together at a march 2009 meeting at the national


— a gene on chromosome 2, called epas1, involved in red blood cell production and hemoglobin concentration in the blood. originally working separately, the authors of the study first put their findings together at a march 2009 meeting at the national evolutionary synthesis center in durham, nc. " some of us had been working on the whole of tibetan dna. others were looking at small groups of genes. when we shared our findings we suddenly realized that both sets of studies pointed to the same gene $ mdash ; epas1, " said robbins, who co - organized the meeting with beall. while all humans have the epas1 gene, tibetans carry a special version of the gene. over evolutionary time individuals who inherited this variant were better able to survive and passed it on to their children, until eventually it became more common in the population as a whole. " this is the first human gene locus for which there is hard evidence for genetic selection in tibetans, " said co - author peter robbins of oxford university. researchers are still trying to understand how tibetans get enough oxygen to their tissues despite low levels of oxygen in the air and bloodstream. until then, the genetic clues uncovered so far are unlikely to be the end of the story. " there are probably many more signals to be characterized and described, " said co - author gianpiero cavalleri of the royal college of surgeons in ireland. for those who live closer to sea level, the findings may one day help predict who is at greatest risk for altitude sickness. " once we find these versions, tests can be developed to tell if an individual is sensitive to low - oxygen, " said co - author changqing zeng of the beijing institute of genomics. " many patients, young and old, are affected by low oxygen levels in their blood — perhaps from lung disease, or heart problems. some cope much better than others, " said co - author hugh montgomery, of university college london. " studies like this are the start in helping us to understand why, and to develop new treatments. " the team ' s findings will be published online the week of june 7 in proceedings of the national academy of sciences.


even as a young organization, our work was effective and got noticed. cbf ' s earliest legal case, arguing for evaluating the environmental impacts of a nuclear power plant at calvert cliffs, was the first in the u. s. to be decided under the national environment policy act ( nepa ). the court ruling, now hailed as a landmark of u. s. environmental law, requires federal agencies to conduct detailed environmental review on proposed actions. the environmental protection agency, washington, d. c. photo by michael mccloskey. middle school students enjoy a headwaters to bay course on fox island. photo by tiffany granbert / cbf staff. cbf made bay - focused environmental education for school children and teachers a reality at an environmental education center on meredith creek near annapolis. this award - winning program expanded with the christening of cbf ' s first mobile canoe fleet, the acquisition of cbf ' s first and second residential island centers on great fox island and smith island, and the commissioning of a 42 - foot workboat for student trips in baltimore harbor. tidal wetland loss decreased by more than 90 percent after cbf pressed for strict enforcement of maryland ' s new tidal wetlands act. the construction of an oil refinery in hampton roads, virginia, was halted after cbf forced an environmental impact study that challenged the u. s. corps of engineers ' permit for the project. following the three mile island nuclear accident on the lower susquehanna river in pennsylvania, cbf prompted the nuclear regulatory commission to prepare and make public an environmental impact statement regarding the cleanup and to refrain from releasing accident - generated water into the river unless justified by the study. authorities denied the permit for a power plant location following cbf ' s opposition to the proposed site on the banks of the potomac river near one of the most important striped bass spawning areas in the mid - atlantic region.


- pdf ( 249 kb ) - full text with thumbnail figures - full text with large figures - cited by in scopus ( 23 ) - request permission - mixed - species malaria infections in humans trends in parasitology, volume 20, issue 5, 1 may 2004, pages 233 - 240 mayfong mayxay, sasithon pukrittayakamee, paul n newton and nicholas j white abstractmixed - species malaria infections are often not recognized or underestimated. in asia, surveys usually report that < 2 % of infections are mixed, whereas therapeutic studies in vivax or falciparum malaria have demonstrated a high prevalence ( up to 30 % ) of infection with the other malaria species during convalescence, suggesting covert co - infection. in epidemiological studies, a high prevalence of cryptic mixed - malaria species infection has been detected by sensitive pcr techniques. concurrently infecting malaria species are mutually suppressive with plasmodium falciparum tending to dominate plasmodium vivax, but p. vivax attenuating the severity of p. falciparum. there is evidence for some cross - species immunity. these interactions have important clinical and public health implications. abstract | full text | pdf ( 185 kb ) - plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale – the ‘ bashful ’ malaria parasites trends in parasitology, volume 23, issue 6, 1 june 2007, pages 278 - 283 ivo mueller, peter a. zimmerman and john c. reeder abstractalthough plasmodium malariae was first described as an infectious disease of humans by golgi in 1886 and plasmodium ovale identified by stevens in 1922, there are still large gaps in our knowledge of the importance of these infections as causes of malaria in different parts of the world. they have traditionally been thought of as mild illnesses that are caused by rare and, in case of p. ovale, short - lived parasites. however, recent advances in sensitive pcr diagnosis are causing a re - evaluation of this assumption. low - level infection seems to be common across malaria - endemic areas, often as complex mixed infections. the potential interactions of p. malariae and p. ovale with plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax might explain some basic questions of malaria epidemiology, and understanding these interactions could have an important influence on the deployment of interventions such as malaria vaccines. abstract | full


plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax might explain some basic questions of malaria epidemiology, and understanding these interactions could have an important influence on the deployment of interventions such as malaria vaccines. abstract | full text | pdf ( 265 kb ) - the epidemiology of malaria in papua new guinea trends in parasitology, volume 19, issue 6, 1 june 2003, pages 253 - 259 ivo muller, moses bockarie, michael alpers and tom smith abstractpapua new guinea ( png ) is a patchwork of different ecological zones, inhabited by human populations of exceptional cultural and linguistic diversity. this results in complex variations in vector ecology and malaria epidemiology. malaria is the main cause of morbidity in many health facilities in lowland areas, but it is absent in much of the highlands. all four human malaria species occur, but endemicity varies widely, with plasmodium falciparum locally reaching holo - endemic levels that are rarely found outside sub - saharan africa. the high frequency of plasmodium vivax is an important difference to most african situations. png is therefore a prime location for studies of interactions between different parasite species, and of the biology of local human genetic adaptation and its implications for malaria morbidity and mortality. abstract | full text | pdf ( 709 kb ) copyright © 2003 elsevier science ltd all rights reserved. trends in parasitology, volume 19, issue 3, 144 - 149, 1 march 2003 human migration, mosquitoes and the evolution of plasmodium falciparum to date, coalescent analysis of the plasmodium falciparum genome sequence has failed to provide a unifying theory regarding the parasite ' s evolution. while a better understanding of the evolution of the malaria genome will undoubtedly clarify the current controversy, the importance of the parasite ' s interplay with both the human host and mosquito vector cannot be underestimated. changes in the population biology or ecology of either one of these species have consequences for malaria transmission and this was never more apparent than in the environmental changes brought about by the advent of agriculture.


1. early in the novel, dora ' s aunt fran quotes from the science of a new life : " it is almost impossible for a woman to read the current ' ' love and murder ' ' literature of the day and have pure thoughts, and when the reading of such literature is associated with idleness - as it almost invariably is - a woman ' s thoughts and feelings cannot be other than impure and sensual. " how does reading shape dora ' s view of the world? how does her love of books play into her relationship with her father? with miss b.? 2. dora makes the following observation after attending her first birth : " how a mother comes to love her child, her caring at all for this thing that ' s made her heavy, lopsided and slow, this thing that made her wish she were dead … that ' s the miracle. " what do you think she meant? do you feel this is true? 3. folklore, home remedies, women ' s traditions, herbalism, and a belief in the divine feminine are all part of miss b. ' s way of life. she is determined to pass these things along to dora. does dora try hard enough to preserve them? should she let them go? in your own life, what traditions matter most to you ( and why )? 4. according to medical texts and advertisements of the early 1900 ' s, women who were prone to " emotional behaviour " were often labeled as hysterical. a poster in dr. thomas ' ' s office feeling anxious? tired? weepy? you are not alone. the modernization of society has brought about an increase in neurasthenia, greensickness and hysteria. symptoms of neurasthenia include : weeping, melancholy, anxiety, irritability, depression, outrageousness, insomnia, mental and physical weariness, idle talking, sudden fevers, morbid fears, frequent titillation, forgetfulness, palpitations of the heart, headaches, writing cramps, mental confusion, constant worry and fear of impending insanity. talk to your physician. he can help. do we see this kind of questioning today? are women ' ' s emotions still targeted by advertisers? 5. when archer asks dora to marry him, he tells her that " love takes care of herself. " dora chooses to say yes. what does dora ' s decision say about her situation and station in life? do you think she should have chosen to follow in miss b. ' '


him, he tells her that " love takes care of herself. " dora chooses to say yes. what does dora ' s decision say about her situation and station in life? do you think she should have chosen to follow in miss b. ' ' s footsteps 6. through a visit to dr. thomas ' s office, dora discovers that women ' s sexual pleasure ( specifically orgasm ) is considered to be a medical function ( or dysfunction ). ads of the time, such as the one for the white cross vibrator, reinforced this notion. how does dora come to terms with these ideas? what kinds of taboos, if any, surround women ' s sexuality today? 7. miss b. says this about mabel ' s home birth : " the scent of a good groanin ' cake, a cuppa hot mother ' s tea and time. most times that ' s all a mama needs on the day her baby comes. " she later says this to dr. thomas : " science don ' t know kindness. it don ' t know kindness from cabbage. " dr. thomas replies, " science is neither kind nor unkind, miss babineau. science is exact. " how do these statements show the differences between miss b. and dr. thomas? in moving the birthing experience from homes and birth houses to hospitals, what have women lost? what have they gained? 8. after dora discovers aunt fran ' s affair with reverend norton, she writes : " he ' s been seeing her. he ' ' s noticed her so much that now she ' ' s his. " why do you think dora decided to keep it a secret? should she have told someone? what would you have done? 9. dora says this about her mother : " everything i ' ve learned from mother, every bit of her truth, has been said while her hands were moving. " what does this say about her relationship with her mother? is this kind of communication still an important part of 10. the author includes ephemera from dora ' ' s life ( invitations, news articles, sections from the willow book, folk tales, advertisements, etc. ) throughout the novel. how did this affect your reading experience? do you have a favourite from them? 11. there are many mentions of birthing folklore and techniques, from groaning cake to mother ' ' s tea, from miss b. turning ginny ' ' s breech baby to quilling. what wives ' ' tales about pregnancy and birth have you heard? are there any that


birthing folklore and techniques, from groaning cake to mother ' ' s tea, from miss b. turning ginny ' ' s breech baby to quilling. what wives ' ' tales about pregnancy and birth have you heard? are there any that you ' ' d swear by? 12. the sisters of the occasional knitters society support dora throughout the book ( keeping the secret of wrennie ' ' s birth, taking care of wrennie when dora goes to boston, meeting together for conversations and sisterhood ). what makes their friendship so strong? do you think friendships like that are still possible 13. mrs. ketch comes to her house for help, dora feels conflicted. given dora ' ' s history with mrs. ketch, why do you think she chose to assist her in helping her " lose " her baby? 14. maxine is unlike anyone dora has ever met before. boston is very different from scots bay. what do maxine and boston bring to dora ' ' s life? have you ever made a change in location or met someone who immediately changed your life? 15. in both the prologue and the epilogue, we see how, over time, life has changed in scots bay. other towns in other places have changed too - some have disappeared forever. what do you think we have gained with these changes? what have we lost? 16. after dora and hart become lovers, he talks of marriage and she refuses. why do you think she is so determined not to marry 17. in the epilogue, dora reflects on her past and what the birth house has meant to her and to the community. there is a sense of change, but also a sense of traditions preserved and lessons learned. what thoughts will you take away from the birth


03 - 13 - 2006, 01 : 30 am mammal extinct for 11 million years is... well.... not extinct washington ( ap ) - - it has the face of a rat and the tail of a skinny squirrel - - and scientists say this creature discovered living in central laos is pretty special : it ' s a species believed to have been extinct for 11 million years. the long - whiskered rodent made international headlines last spring when biologists declared they ' d discovered a new species, nicknamed the laotian rock rat. it turns out the little guy isn ' t new after all, but a rare kind of survivor : a member of a group until now known only from fossils. nor is it a rat. this species, called diatomyidae, looks more like small squirrels or tree shrews, said paleontologist mary dawson of pittsburgh ' s carnegie museum of natural history. dawson, with colleagues in france and china, report the creature ' s new identity in friday ' s edition of the journal science. the resemblance is " absolutely striking, " dawson said. as soon as her team spotted reports about the rodent ' s discovery, " we thought, ' my goodness, this is not a new family. we ' ve known it from the fossil record. " ' they set out to prove that through meticulous comparisons between the bones of today ' s specimens and fossils found in china and elsewhere in asia. to reappear after 11 million years is more exciting than if the rodent really had been a new species, said george schaller, a naturalist with the wildlife conservation society, which unveiled the creature ' s existence last year. indeed, such reappearances are so rare that paleontologists dub them " the lazarus effect. " another well - known example is the coelacanth, a primitive fish that existed before the dinosaurs and was thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago, until one was caught in 1938 off the coast of southern africa. " it shows you it ' s well worth looking around in this world, still, to see what ' s out there, " schaller said. the nocturnal rodent lives in laotian forests largely unexplored by outsiders, because of the geographic remoteness and history of political turmoil. schaller called the area " an absolute wonderland, " because biologists who have ventured in have found unique animals, like a type of wild ox called the saola, barking deer, and never - before - seen bats


history of political turmoil. schaller called the area " an absolute wonderland, " because biologists who have ventured in have found unique animals, like a type of wild ox called the saola, barking deer, and never - before - seen bats. dawson described it as a prehistoric zoo, teeming with information about past and present biodiversity. all the attention to the ancient rodent will be " wonderful for conservation, " schaller said. " this way, laos will be proud of that region for all these new animals, which will help conservation in that some of the forests, i hope, will be preserved. " locals call the rodent kha - nyou. scientists haven ' t yet a bagged a breathing one, only the bodies of those recently caught by hunters or for sale at meat markets, where researchers with the new york - based conservation society first spotted the creature. now the challenge is to trap live ones and calculate how many still exist to determine whether the species is endangered, dawson said. my guide / game tradelist - free guides ( just pay shipping ), updated may, 17th, 2006 what cag ' ers have to say about alonzomourning23 : pittsburghafterdark - " representative of liberalism as a mental disorder " bmulligan - " nancyboy ", " college bumpkin " camoor - " happy - head weenie ", " morally bankrupt "


from pittsburgh, pennsylvania, usa : a friend of mine has had diabetes for almost 18 years. she wears an insulin pump and is in reasonably good control ( a1c ' s around 8. 0 - 8. 5 ). this past summer, she was having problems with her stomach - - terrible stomach aches that would prevent her from eating or getting sick when she did eat. after repeated tests, her doctor said that she has nerve damage to her stomach as a direct result from complications from diabetes. he said it was unpreventable due to the fact that she has had diabetes for so long. is it possible to get nerve damage to your stomach as a result of diabetes? could this be anything else? and would better control have prevented this? the condition you are describing is well established as a microvascular complication of diabetes. the stomach is involved and is called gastroparesis. the reason the stomach is involved is that the nerves the control the motility of the stomach are involved. when this occurs, there is abnormal emptying of the stomach. food contents remain in place for long periods of time causing post - meal nausea, fullness, vomiting, and discomfort. it also is very difficult for controlling blood sugars as it results in a mismatch between glucose levels and absorbed insulin levels. frequently what will happen is that patients will take their insulin before a meal, the food will not be absorbed right away, and the sugars fall to low levels around the meal. this is complicated by the late rise in glucose that occurs hours later. unfortunately, the stomach is not the only part of the gut involved with diabetic neuropathy. the colon and rectum can also be involved and lead to diabetic diarrhea, a very incapacitating condition where diarrhea occurs constantly with little relief. like all complications from diabetes, there appears to be a relationship between elevated blood sugars and the condition of gastroparesis. good control of blood sugars is the best insurance policy. original posting 30 nov 2003 posted to complications last updated : tuesday april 06, 2010 15 : 09 : 51 this internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. if you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional. this site is published by children with diabetes, inc, which is responsible for its contents. © children with diabetes, inc. 1995 - 2013. comments and feedback.


| « back to article | alabama - coushattas seeking fair share of resources taken from their lands by kyle williams | july 20, 2012 | updated : july 20, 2012 8 : 50pm as chairman of the alabama - coushatta tribe of texas, i am responsible for educating others about the history of our tribe and the issues we are facing. the tribe ' s presence in the big thicket region of east texas dates all the way back to the days of spanish texas. since then, we have contributed in various ways to the well - being of our fellow texans. during the war for texas independence, for example, our forebears used the trails and forests of the big thicket to help gen. sam houston and his texian forces elude the advancing mexican army under santa anna. as a gesture of gratitude, houston later granted our tribe land in east texas - and promised that our rights would always be respected by texas. members of our community have also fought in the united states military in every conflict since world war ii - and some of these tribal members made the ultimate sacrifice fighting for freedom and america. since the 1960s, our tribe has helped educate kids from the surrounding area through our head start program. today, however, our tribe is in its own struggle to achieve independence and basic fairness. recently, we filed a lawsuit against the federal government. our objective in taking this legal action is straightforward : we seek to stop the federal government from allowing private companies to enter our aboriginal lands and exploit our natural resources for commercial purposes. the tribe has tried other avenues to obtain what is legally ours. twelve years ago, the u. s. court of federal claims ruled that the alabama - coushatta maintains aboriginal title to more than 5. 5 million acres in east texas. the court also held that the federal government failed in its obligation to protect our land from unauthorized use. finally, the court recommended that congress pay $ 270 million in damages to the tribe for the government ' s breach of its fiduciary duty. to date, congress has made no effort to compensate the tribe. meanwhile, the federal government continues to exercise control over our land, and continues to give others the right to mine and exploit other resources. added to that, these outside interests retain all lease payments, royalties and profits generated from their activities. more recently, courts and congressional inaction have denied the tribe the right to use our lands as other federally recognized communities are entitled to do under the law. deprived of this basic fairness and excluded from the benefits


, royalties and profits generated from their activities. more recently, courts and congressional inaction have denied the tribe the right to use our lands as other federally recognized communities are entitled to do under the law. deprived of this basic fairness and excluded from the benefits of development activities on our lands, the tribe is facing an uphill battle to maintain basic services for its members. regrettably, many years of good faith efforts to resolve these various issues in austin and in washington, d. c., have yet to yield a positive result. which is why, earlier this year, we were compelled to file our complaint in federal court. it is critical to note that although the government ' s breaches of fiduciary duty have inflicted, and continue to inflict, harm on our tribe, the relief we are seeking in this complaint is quite modest. we are not seeking to recover possession of our ancestral lands. rather, if we prevail in court, it simply means that the federal government will be required to take the tribe ' s interest into account when it issues future permits or leases for the extraction of resources from our lands. in addition, the government will be required to provide us with a full accounting of the revenues it has collected by selling timber and issuing permits for oil and gas exploitation from our lands. as we have throughout our long history, the alabama - coushatta tribe takes pride in its relationships throughout east texas. we have always strived, and always will strive, to be good neighbors. after so many years of frustration and futility over this land rights issue, however, we were compelled to take this legal action. we simply could not continue to stand back and watch our property rights be ignored while federal agencies and their commercial partners exploit our land and resources. the complaint filed earlier this year seeks to force the federal government to follow the law. this, in turn, will help improve the quality of life for tribal members. williams is chairman of the alabama - coushatta tribal council.


table of contents what is session initiation protocol? components of sip what is the cisco sip ip phone? cisco sip ip phone connections connecting to the network connecting to power using a headset the cisco sip ip phone with a catalyst switch this chapter contains the following information about the cisco sip ip phone : • what is session initiation protocol? • what is the cisco sip ip phone? • cisco sip ip phone connections • the cisco sip ip phone with a catalyst switch what is session initiation protocol? session initiation protocol ( sip ) is the internet engineering task force ' s ( ietf ' s ) standard for multimedia conferencing over ip. sip is an ascii - based, application - layer control protocol ( defined in rfc 2543 ) that can be used to establish, maintain, and terminate calls between two or more end points. like other voip protocols, sip is designed to address the functions of signaling and session management within a packet telephony network. signaling allows call information to be carried across network boundaries. session management provides the ability to control the attributes of an end - to - end call. sip provides the capabilities to : • determine the location of the target end point — sip supports address resolution, name mapping, and call redirection. • determine the media capabilities of the target end point — via session description protocol ( sdp ), sip determines the " lowest level " of common services between the end points. conferences are established using only the media capabilities that can be supported by all end points. • determine the availability of the target end point — if a call cannot be completed because the target end point is unavailable, sip determines whether the called party is already on the phone or did not answer in the allotted number of rings. it then returns a message indicating why the target end point was unavailable. • establish a session between the originating and target end point — if the call can be completed, sip establishes a session between the end points. sip also supports mid - call changes, such as the addition of another end point to the conference or the changing of a media characteristic or codec. • handle the transfer and termination of calls — sip supports the transfer of calls from one end point to another. during a call transfer, sip simply establishes a session between the transferee and a new end point ( specified by the transferring party ) and terminates the session between the transferee and the transferring party. at the end of a call, sip terminates the sessions between all parties. conferences can consist of two or more users and can be established using multicast


( specified by the transferring party ) and terminates the session between the transferee and the transferring party. at the end of a call, sip terminates the sessions between all parties. conferences can consist of two or more users and can be established using multicast or multiple unicast sessions. note the term conference means an established session ( or call ) between two or more end points. in this document, the terms conference and call are used interchangeably. components of sip sip is a peer - to - peer protocol. the peers in a session are called user agents ( uas ). a user agent can function in one of the following roles : • user agent client ( uac ) — a client application that initiates the sip request. • user agent server ( uas ) — a server application that contacts the user when a sip request is received and that returns a response on behalf of the user. typically, a sip end point is capable of functioning as both a uac and a uas, but functions only as one or the other per transaction. whether the endpoint functions as a uac or a uas depends on the ua that initiated the request. from an architecture standpoint, the physical components of a sip network can also be grouped into two categories : clients and servers. figure 1 - 1 illustrates the architecture of a sip network. note in addition, the sip servers can interact with other application services, such as lightweght directory access protocol ( ldap ) servers, a database application, or an extensible markup language ( xml ) application. these application services provide back - end services such as directory, authentication, and billing services. figure 1 - 1 sip architecture sip clients include : • phones — can act as either a uas or uac. softphones ( pcs that have phone capabilities installed ) and cisco sip ip phones can initiate sip requests and respond to requests. • gateways — provide call control. gateways provide many services, the most common being a translation function between sip conferencing endpoints and other terminal types. this function includes translation between transmission formats and between communications procedures. in addition, the gateway also translates between audio and video codecs and performs call setup and clearing on both the lan side and the switched - circuit network side. sip servers include : • proxy server — the proxy server is an intermediate device that receives sip requests from a client and then forwards the requests on the client ' s behalf. basically, proxy servers receive sip messages and forward them to the next sip server in the network


include : • proxy server — the proxy server is an intermediate device that receives sip requests from a client and then forwards the requests on the client ' s behalf. basically, proxy servers receive sip messages and forward them to the next sip server in the network. proxy servers can provide functions such as authentication, authorization, network access control, routing, reliable request retransmission, and security. • redirect server — receives sip requests, strips out the address in the request, checks its address tables for any other addresses that may be mapped to the one in the request, and then returns the results of the address mapping to the client. basically, redirect servers provide the client with information about the next hop or hops that a message should take and then the client contacts the next hop server or uas directly. • registrar server — processes requests from uacs for registration of their current location. registrar servers are often co - located with a redirect or proxy server. what is the cisco sip ip phone? cisco sip ip phones are full - featured telephones that can be plugged directly into an ip network and used very much like a standard private branch exchange ( pbx ) telephone. the cisco sip ip phone is an ip telephony instrument that can be used in voip networks. the cisco sip ip phone model terminals can attach to the existing in place data network infrastructure, via 10baset / 100baset interfaces on an ethernet switch. when used with a voice - capable ethernet switch ( one that understands type of service [ tos ] bits and can prioritize voip traffic ), the phones eliminate the need for a traditional proprietary telephone set and key system / pbx. the cisco sip ip phone complies with rfc 2543. figure 1 - 2 illustrates physical features of the cisco sip ip phone : figure 1 - 2 cisco sip ip phone physical features • lcd screen — desktop which displays information about your cisco sip ip phone, such as the time, date, your phone number, caller id, line / call status and the soft key tabs. • line or speed dial buttons — opens a new line or speed dials the number on the lcd screen. • footstand adjustment — adjusts the angle of the phone base. • soft keys — activates the feature described by the text message directly above on the lcd screen. • information ( i ) button — provides online help for selected keys or features and network statistics about the active call. this feature will be available in a future release. •


activates the feature described by the text message directly above on the lcd screen. • information ( i ) button — provides online help for selected keys or features and network statistics about the active call. this feature will be available in a future release. • on - screen mode buttons — retrieves information about current settings, recent calls, available services, and voice mail messages. • volume buttons — adjusts the volume of the handset, headset, speaker, ringer and adjusts the brightness contrast settings on the lcd screen. • function toggles — includes these options : – headset and speaker — toggles these functions enabling you to answer the phone using a headset or speakerphone. – mute — stops or resumes voice transmission. • scroll key — enables you to move among different soft key options displayed on lcd screen. • dialing pad — press the dial pad buttons to dial a phone number. dial pad buttons work exactly like those on your existing telephone. • handset — lift the handset and press the dial pad numbers to place a call, review voice mail messages, answer a call, and so on. in addition to the physical features illustrated in figure 1 - 2, the cisco sip ip phone also provides the following : • an adjustable ring tone • a hearing - aid compatible handset • an integrated two - port ethernet switch that allows the telephone and a computer to share a single ethernet jack • a direct connection to a 10baset or 100baset ethernet ( rj - 45 ) network ( half - or full - duplex connections are supported ) • a large ( 4. 25 x 3 in. ) display with adjustable contrast • g. 711 ( u - law and a - law ) and g. 729a audio compression • ip address assignment — dynamic host configuration protocol ( dhcp ) client or manually configured via a local setup menu – configure ethernet port mode and speed – register with or unregister from a proxy server – specify a tftp boot directory – configure a label for phone identification display purposes – configure a name for caller identification purposes for each active line on a phone – configure a 12 - or 24 - hour user interface time display • in - band dual - tone multifrequency ( dtmf ) support for touch - tone dialing • out - of - band dtmf signaling for codecs that do not transport the dtmf signaling correctly ( for example, g. 729 or g. 72


ip phone user to request forwarding service from the network ( via a third party tool that enables this feature to be configured ). when a call is placed to the user ' s phone, it is redirected to the appropriate forward destination by the sip proxy server. – call hold — allows the cisco sip ip phone user ( user a ) to place a call ( from user b ) on hold. when user a places user b on hold, the 2 - way rtp voice path between user a and user b is temporarily disconnected but the call session is still connected. when user a takes user b off hold, the 2 - way rtp voice path is reestablished. – call transfer — allows the cisco sip ip phone user ( user a ) to transfer a call from one user ( user b ) to another user ( user c ). user a places user b on hold and calls user c. if user c accepts the transfer, a session is established between user b and user c and the session between user a and user b is terminated. – three - way calling — allows a " bridged " 3 - way call. when a 3 - way call is established, the cisco sip ip phone through which the call is established acts as a bridge, mixing the audio media for the other parties. – do not disturb — allows the user to instruct the system to intercept incoming calls during specified periods of time when the user does not want to be disturbed. – multiple directory numbers — allows the cisco sip ip phone to have up to six directory numbers or lines. – call waiting — plays an audible tone to indicate that an incoming call is waiting. the user can then put the existing call on - hold and accept the other call. the user can alternate between the two calls. – direct number dialing — allows users to initiate or receive a call using a standard e. 164 number format in a local, national, or international format. – direct url dialing — provides the ability to place a call using an email address instead of a phone number. – caller id blocking — allows the user to instruct the system to block their phone number or email address from phones that have caller identification capabilities. – anonymous call blocking — allows the user to instruct the system to block any calls for which the identification is blocked. • user - defined proxy routing the " route " attribute of the template tag in the dial plan template file can be used to indicate which proxy ( default, emergency, fqdn ) that the call should be initially routed


the identification is blocked. • user - defined proxy routing the " route " attribute of the template tag in the dial plan template file can be used to indicate which proxy ( default, emergency, fqdn ) that the call should be initially routed to. for example, to configure an emergency proxy, specify value of the " route " attribute as " emergency ". • backup sip proxy when the primary proxy does not respond to the invite message sent by the cisco sip ip phone after the configured number of retries, the cisco sip ip phone sends the invite to the backup proxy. this is independent from which proxy is defined in the " route " attribute in the dial plan template used. the cisco sip ip phone does not have to register with the backup proxy. all interactions, such as authentication challenges, with the backup proxy is treated the same as the interactions with the primary proxy. the backup proxy is only used with new invite messages. once the backup proxy is used, it is active for the duration of the call. the location of the backup sip proxy can be defined as an ip address in the default configuration file. see proxy _ backup and proxy _ backup _ port parameters in modifying the default sip configuration file in " managing cisco sip ip phones ". • emergency sip proxy an optional emergency sip proxy can be configured with the " route " attribute of the template tag in the dial plan template file. see " support of user - defined proxy routing ". when an emergency sip proxy is configured and a call is initiated, the phone generates an invite message to the address specified in the proxy _ emergency parameter. the emergency proxy is used for the call duration. the location of the emergency proxy can be defined as an ip address in the default configuration file. see proxy _ emergency and proxy _ emergency _ port parameters in modifying the default sip configuration file in " managing cisco sip ip phones ". support of dns srv dns srv is the domain name server rr used to locate servers for a given service. sip on cisco ' s sip ip phones use dns srv query to determine the ip address of the sip proxy or the redirect server. the query string generated is in compliance with rfc2782, and prepends the protocol label with an underscore " _ " ; as in " _ protocol. _ transport. ". the addition of the underscore reduces the risk of the same name being used for unrelated purposes. also in compliance with rfc 2782 and the draft - ietf - sip -


_ " ; as in " _ protocol. _ transport. ". the addition of the underscore reduces the risk of the same name being used for unrelated purposes. also in compliance with rfc 2782 and the draft - ietf - sip - srv - 01 spec. is that the system can remember multiple ip addresses and use them properly. in the draft - ietf - sip - srv - 01 spec, it is assumed that all proxies returned for the srv record are equivalent such that the phone can register with any of the proxies and initiate a call using any other proxy. vad can be enabled or disabled with enable _ vad parameter. value 0 for disable, and value 1 for enable. see enable _ vad parameter in modifying the default sip configuration file in " managing cisco sip ip phones ". three - way conferencing supports one phone conferencing with two other phones by providing mixing on the initiating phone. to set up a 3 - way conference call, see documentation on making conference calls in " getting started with the cisco ip phone 7960 ". see release note for limitations. if the invite message contains an alert - info header, distinctive ringing is invoked, format of the header is " alert - info : x ". " x " can be any number. this header is only received by the phone and is not generated by the phone. distinctive ringing is supported when the phone is idle or during a call. in the idle mode, the phone rings with a different cadence. the selected ringing type plays twice with a short pause in between. in call - waiting mode, two short beeps are generated instead of one long beep. note for information on how to use the standard telephony features and url dialing, refer to the getting started cisco ip phone 7960 and quick reference cisco ip phone 7960 documents. the cisco sip ip phone supports the following standard protocols : • domain name system ( dns ) dns is used in the internet for translating names of network nodes into addresses. sip uses dns to resolve the host names of end points to ip addresses. • dynamic host control protocol ( dhcp ) dhcp is used to dynamically allocate and assign ip addresses. dhcp allows you to move network devices from one subnet to another without administrative attention. if using dhcp, you can connect cisco sip ip phones to the network and become operational without having to manually assign an ip address and additional network parameters. the cisco sip ip phone


to move network devices from one subnet to another without administrative attention. if using dhcp, you can connect cisco sip ip phones to the network and become operational without having to manually assign an ip address and additional network parameters. the cisco sip ip phone complies with the dhcp specifications documented in rfc 2131. by default, cisco sip ip phones are dhcp - enabled. • internet control message protocol ( icmp ) icmp is a network layer internet protocol that enables hosts to send error or control messages to other hosts. icmp also provides other information relevant to ip packet processing. the cisco sip supports icmp as it is documented in rfc 792. • internet protocol ( ip ) ip is a network layer protocol that sends datagram packets between nodes on the internet. ip also provides features for addressing, type - of - service ( tos ) specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and security. the cisco sip ip phone supports ip as it is defined in rfc 791. • real - time transport protocol ( rtp ) rtp transports real - time data ( such as voice data ) over data networks. rtp also has the ability to obtain quality of service ( qos ) information. the cisco sip ip phone supports rtp as a media channel. • session description protocol ( sdp ) sdp is an ascii - based protocol that describes multimedia sessions and their related scheduling information. the cisco sip ip phone uses sdp for session description. • simple network time protocol ( sntp ) sntp sychronizes computer clocks on an ip network. the cisco sip ip phones use sntp for their date and time support. • trivial file transfer protocol ( tftp ) tftp allows files to be transferred from one computer to another over a network. the cisco sip ip phone uses tftp to download configuration files and software updates. • user datagram protocol ( udp ) udp is a simple protocol that exchanges data packets without acknowledgments or guaranteed delivery. sip can use udp as the underlying transport protocol. if udp is used, retransmissions are used to ensure reliability. the cisco sip ip phone supports udp as it is defined in rfc 768 for sip signaling. for the cisco sip ip phone to successfully operate as a sip endpoint in your network, your network must meet the following requirements : • a working ip network is established. for more information about configuring ip, refer to cisco ios ip and ip routing


cisco sip ip phone to successfully operate as a sip endpoint in your network, your network must meet the following requirements : • a working ip network is established. for more information about configuring ip, refer to cisco ios ip and ip routing configuration guide. • voip is configured on your cisco routers. for more information about configuring voip, refer to the cisco ios release 12. 1 multiservice applications configuration guide for the appropriate access platform. for more information about configuring sip voip, refer to the enhancements to sip for voip on cisco access platforms. • voip gateways are configured for sip. • a tftp server is active and contains the latest cisco sip ip phone firmware image in its root directory. • a proxy server is active and configured to receive and forward sip messages. cisco sip ip phone connections the cisco sip ip phone has connections for connecting to the data network, for providing power to the phone, and for connecting a headset to the phone. figure 1 - 3 illustrates the connections on the cisco sip ip phone. figure 1 - 3 cisco sip ip phone cable connections connecting to the network the cisco sip ip phone has two rj - 45 ports that each support 10 / 100 mbps half - or full - duplex ethernet connections to external devices — network port ( labeled 10 / 100 sw ) and access port ( labeled 10 / 100 pc ). you can use either category 3 or 5 cabling for 10 mpbs connections, but use category 5 for 100 mbps connections. on both the network port and access port, use full - duplex mode to avoid collisions. network port ( 10 / 100 sw ) use the network port to connect the phone to the network. you must use a straight - through cable on this port. the phone can also obtain inline power from the cisco catalyst switch over this connection. see the " connecting to power " section for details. access port ( 10 / 100 pc ) use the access port to connect a network device, such as a computer, to the phone. you must use a straight - through cable on this port. connecting to power the cisco sip ip phone can be powered by the following sources : • external power source — optional cisco ac adaptor and power cord for connecting to a standard wall receptacle. • ws - x6348 - rj45v 10 / 100 switching module — provides inline power to the cisco sip ip phone when connected to a catalyst 3500, 4000, or 6000


for connecting to a standard wall receptacle. • ws - x6348 - rj45v 10 / 100 switching module — provides inline power to the cisco sip ip phone when connected to a catalyst 3500, 4000, or 6000 family 10 / 100basetx switching module. this module sends power on pins 1 & 2 and 3 & 6. • ws - pwr - panel — power patch panel provides power to the cisco sip ip phone which allows the cisco sip ip phone to be connected to existing catalyst 4000, 5000, and 6000 family 10 / 100basetx switching modules. this module sends power on pins 4, 5, 7, and 8. • ws - x4148 - rj45v — 48 port 10 / 100 ethernet with inline power module for the catalyst 4006. • ws - x4095 - pem — voip dc power entry module for the catalyst 4006. • ws - x4608 - 2psu and ws - x4608 — external - 48v dc power shelf common equipment for the catalyst 4006 with two ac - to - dc psus and one empty bay for redundant option and the 110v 15a ac - to48v dc psu redundant option for the power shelf • ws - c3524 - pwr - xl - en — catalyst 3524 - pwr xl switch note only the network port ( labeled 10 / 100 sw ) supports inline power from the cisco catalyst switches. for redundancy, you can use the cisco ac adapter even if you are using inline power from the cisco catalyst switches. the cisco sip ip phone can share the power load being used from the inline power and external power source. if either the inline power or the external power goes down, the phone can switch entirely to the other power source. to use this redundancy feature you must set the inline power mode to auto on the cisco catalyst switch. next, connect the un - powered cisco sip ip phone to the network. after the phone powers up, connect the external power supply to the phone. using a headset the cisco sip ip phone supports a four or six - wire headset jack. specifically, the cisco sip ip phone supports the following plantronics headset models : • encore monaural h91 • encore binaural h101 the volume and mute controls will also adjust volume to the earpiece and mute the speech path of the headset. the headset activation key is located on the


##et models : • encore monaural h91 • encore binaural h101 the volume and mute controls will also adjust volume to the earpiece and mute the speech path of the headset. the headset activation key is located on the front of the cisco sip ip phone. note when using a headset, an amplifier is not required. however, a coil cord is required to connect the headset to the headset port on the back of your cisco ip phone 7960. for information on ordering compatible headsets and coil cords for the cisco ip phone 7960, see http : / / cisco. getheadsets. com or http : / / vxicorp. com / cisco. the cisco sip ip phone with a catalyst switch to function in the ip telephony network, the cisco sip ip phone must be connected to a networking device, such as a catalyst switch, to obtain network connectivity. the cisco sip ip phone has an internal ethernet switch, which enables it to switch traffic coming from the phone, access port, and the network port. if a computer is connected to the access port, packets traveling to and from the computer and to and from the phone share the same physical link to the switch and the same port on the switch. this configuration has these implications for the vlan configuration on the network : • the current vlans might be configured on an ip subnet basis, and additional ip addresses might not be available to assign the phone to a port so that it belongs to the same subnet as other devices ( pc ) connected to the same port. • data traffic present on the vlan supporting phones might reduce the quality of voip traffic. you can resolve these issues by isolating the voice traffic onto a separate vlan on each of the ports connected to a phone. the switch port configured for connecting a phone would have separate vlans configured for carrying : • voice traffic to and from the cisco sip ip phone ( auxiliary vlan ) • data traffic to and from the pc connected to the switch through the access port of the cisco sip ip phone ( native vlan ) isolating the phones on a separate, auxiliary vlan increases the quality of the voice traffic and allows a large number of phones to be added to an existing network where there are not enough ip addresses. for more information, refer to the documentation included with the cisco catalyst switch.


skin care help for teenagers according to the american academy of dermatology, teenagers from ages 12 to 17 are affected, at least occasionally, by acne. it is by far the most common skin complaint in this age group. acne at any level should be taken very seriously, especially by teenagers. moderate to severe scarring can become a problem in teenagers with untreated acne. in turn, the scars left behind can cause emotional pain and discomfort in social situations. your skin is the largest organ of your body. it protects and covers the body, is waterproof, bacteria proof, and it self - repairs when it is injured. your skin, hair and nails are a reflection of your state of health. skin is repairable, but is not replaceable, so take care of the skin you ' re in. expert opinions differ drastically depending upon what you read or hear. while one expert may believe diet plays a large role in people with skin problems, another may say that diet does not contribute at all. i am a registered esthetician in the state of california and i believe that diet does play a major role in how skin behaves. you must eat a balanced diet in order for your body to function properly. the old adage " you are what you eat " is true in my opinion. even doctors who believe that diet does not affect skin believe it is a good idea to avoid chocolate, french fries, or other food if it appears to keep your acne in check. our bodies must process everything we eat. all waste is not eliminated in the same manner and many things are eliminated through our skin. take garlic for example. if you eat a meal that is chock full of garlic, the next day the scent of garlic can often be smelled on your skin. brewers yeast is another example. brewers yeast is a rich source of the b - complex vitamins, which tend to have a very strong scent. many doctors and pharmacists recommend taking this product in high quantities during summer to avoid mosquito bites. b - vitamins are water soluble, so anything your body does not use will be eliminated through your skin or in your urine. even though you will not be able to detect the scent on your skin, mosquitoes have a keen sense of smell and they will stay off you because it. these two items are perfect examples of our body eliminating through our skin. in the same manner, many other foods can affect our bodies in the same way. drinking plenty of fluids is extremely important for healthy skin.


they will stay off you because it. these two items are perfect examples of our body eliminating through our skin. in the same manner, many other foods can affect our bodies in the same way. drinking plenty of fluids is extremely important for healthy skin. water is most important because it aids in the digestion and absorption of food. water is also responsible for carrying nutrients to the skin and waste away from the cells, as well as regulating body temperature. eating a low - fat diet is recommended for healthy skin. a diet high in fruits and vegetables is best since they are loaded with antioxidants which help to keep the skin supple and nourished. include regular exercise along with diet to increase blood flow to the skin. increased blood flow to the surface of the skin not only gives you the appearance of a healthy glow, it also helps clean and repair the skin tissues. another major culprit responsible for acne flare - ups is airborne grease. working in a fast food restaurant can be harder on your skin than eating at one. if you work at a fast food establishment there are steps you can take to help keep your skin clean and clear : if possible, wash your face a couple of times a day with a mild cleanser and warm water ( not hot ) to remove surface oils and dead skin cells. never scrub your skin hard, especially with an abrasive cleanser. one cause of acne is oily buildup, not dirt, so scrubbing hard won ' t help and can actually irritate the skin and further inflame your acne. if you do not have access to a sink, but still want to clean the oil from your face, there are several different face - cleansing cloths available on the market that you can use. shampoo your hair regularly. keep in mind to avoid oily shampoos, hair gels, and conditioners, as these products can transfer from your hair to your face during the day or at night while you sleep and cause problems with your skin. stop touching your face! many people touch their face continually during the day for many reasons. if you are studying, do not rest your hands on your face while you look down at your books. every time you touch your face you transfer all sorts of germs and bacteria from all the doorknobs, money, etc. that you have touched during the day. here is something a lot of people do not think of very often. if you use a telephone a lot, keep the receiver


germs and bacteria from all the doorknobs, money, etc. that you have touched during the day. here is something a lot of people do not think of very often. if you use a telephone a lot, keep the receiver off your face. the dirt and germs that build up on the phone, along with the constant friction against your face, can cause breakouts in key areas such as the chin. if being on the phone all day is your job, see if your boss will spring for an inexpensive headset to help the problem. for the girls : never use oil - based makeup or other products. check the labels of everything you use and if oil is an ingredient, throw it away! look for products with non - comedogenic on the label. if you have oily skin and you use a pressed powder, be sure to look for one with oil control... and be sure to wash your powder pad often. for the boys : if you have started to shave your face, always use a sharp razor. old razors with dull blades will drag across your skin and cause rashes and irritation. do not think that just because you have oily skin you do not need to use a moisturizer. your skin can be oil rich, but moisture dry, so find a light moisturizer that works for you. you need to balance out the moisture levels in your skin. if it has enough moisture, the oil glands will not produce as much. if you spend a lot of time in the sun, be sure to wear an oil - free sunscreen, such as a gel or light lotion. gel and light lotion sunscreens will not aggravate your acne and will help you avoid skin cancer in your adult years. if you are currently seeing a dermatologist, some skin treatments can increase your skin ' s sun sensitivity, so be sure to wear your sunscreen if you are outside. talk to your doctor if you have questions about the treatment you are receiving and how it relates to sun exposure. something else to keep in mind regarding the sun and how it affects your skin : sunburn is your skins way of saying it has been injured, but so is a tan. when your skin browns or reddens, is using its defense mechanism by producing melanin. melanin acts as a protective biological shield against ultraviolet radiation. by doing this, your skin is trying to prevent sunburn damage that could lead to melanoma later in life


ludwig van beethoven ( december 16, 1770 – march 26, 1827 ) was a german composer born in bonn who spent his musical career in vienna. a pivotal figure in the development of the romantic style, he is one of the most respected and influential composers of all time. in a career that spanned the transition from the classical period to the romantic period, beethoven made his mark in every major instrumental genre of his day, including the symphony, the string quartet, the piano sonata, and the concerto. beethoven ' s name is synonymous with classical music : it is his name which invariably first comes to mind when people are asked to name the archetypal composer. the reason for this is his unique combination of innovative genius, moral rectitude and high seriousness. beethoven was born into a bonn family of flemish descent. both his father johann and his grandfather ludwig were musicians at the court of the elector of cologne which was based in bonn. his father, a severe man who turned to drink as his career failed to blossom, married maria magdalena keverich in 1767 and ludwig was the first of their children to survive infancy. the young ludwig was taught music by his father but by the age of nine he had already outstripped his father ' s musical knowledge and was taken under the wing of christian neefe, organist at the bonn court, who gave him a conservative but thorough musical training. in 1783 neefe became director of both sacred and secular music at court and ludwig was appointed cembalist - in - orchestra, an unpaid post which gave him responsibility for rehearsing and conducting the opera band. the death of the elector max friedrich in 1784 led to a thorough reappraisal of the elector ' s establishment by his successor, max franz, and beethoven received a small stipend for his work ( together with his father, who was still in the choir ), while neefe ' s salary was halved. beethoven was already composing small works and beginning to come to terms with the demands of writing music. in 1787 he made a short trip to vienna, probably at the invitation of one of the nobles who admired beethoven ' s work and who had good connections in the austrian capital, for while there beethoven not only met and played for wolfgang mozart, but also for emperor joseph ii. whether mozart uttered the famous phrase : " pay attention to him : he will make a noise in the world some day or other ", it is now impossible to say, but it is likely that the 16 - year - old beethoven made a considerable impression as franz