deteriorated to the point where the allies could assume calculated risks in dealing with italy. to exploit their advantage, the allies would be justified in taking prompt action against the italian mainland. g - 2 recommended the naples area as the most promising target for an allied invasion and called for studies to be made of an operation to capture naples and then move on to rome. 40 reasoning along the same lines, the chief of staff suggested on 16 july that the ccs consider launching an amphibious attack on naples after husky on the ground that if the husky outlook continued favorable the allies would be justified in taking a bolder move and " some reasonable risk in this direction. " 41 sir john dill took up marshall ' s suggestion at once, and on the same day the ccs cabled general eisenhower their acceptance of his current strategic concept for post - husky planning purposes and their interest in the possibilities of an amphibious operation against naples in lieu of an attack on sardinia. 42 in london churchill received the report of general marshall ' s 16 july proposal to the ccs with " evident. delight. " secretary of war stimson, then on a visit to the united kingdom, was greatly disturbed to find, in the course of conversations with the prime minister on 17 july, that churchill interpreted marshall ' s support of a bold move against naples as an endorsement of his whole italian policy. stimson hastened to point out that marshall had probably proposed the naples operation only as a short cut designed to hasten " the completion of the italian adventure " so that there would be no danger of interference with preparations for the cross - channel operation. on 19 july the secretary, talking with marshall via transatlantic telephone, asked for a clarification of views. he reported his impression that the prime minister, subject to his " very strong desire " for a march on rome, was sincere in his promise to support overlord. stimson informed marshall of the assumption he had made regarding marshall ' s position - - that marshall had suggested the move against naples in order to hasten the drive on rome, permit more time for the cross - channel operation, and preclude the danger of a long, slow march " up the leg " that might eliminate the cross - channel operation altogether. the chief of staff reassured the secretary of war : " you are absolutely correct. this is exactly what we are after. " 43 on 22 july stimson told churchill of his talk with marshall and confirmed his interpretation of marshall ' s support of avalanche ( code name for attack on the naples area ).


you are absolutely correct. this is exactly what we are after. " 43 on 22 july stimson told churchill of his talk with marshall and confirmed his interpretation of marshall ' s support of avalanche ( code name for attack on the naples area ). he made clear that marshall and his staff were as firmly in favor of the cross - channel operation as ever. 44 thus it appears that general marshall ' s proposal of 16 july signified no sudden new interest on his part in extended, large - scale ground action on the italian mainland. far from supporting a departure from the fundamental strategy hitherto espoused by the army staff, he was seizing on the possibility of the naples attack as a device to gain all the advantages of a position in italy - - as far north as rome - - as quickly and as cheaply as possible, thereby ensuring rather than impeding the success of overlord. whatever marshall ' s reasons, the possibility of bolder action in the mediterranean found british staff circles no less enthusiastic than the prime minister. 45 in washington and in the theater, planning for post - husky operations henceforth took avalanche seriously into account. 46 on 18 july general eisenhower requested the approval of the ccs to carry the war to the italian mainland immediately after the capture of sicily. in the light of the current state of italian morale this appeared to him to be the best course to achieve the twin objectives of forcing italy out of the war and of containing the maximum german forces. his planners, he pointed out, were re - examining the proposition of an assault on naples. 47 on 20 july, on the basis of a message drafted in the war department, the ccs cabled their approval. 48 once more the british raised the question of augmenting general eisenhower ' s resources - this time to ensure completely the success of avalanche. on 19 july - - and more definitely on the 21st - - they proposed that nothing be moved out of the mediterranean until eisenhower had stated his requirements for the proposed invasion of the mainland. acknowledging that a stand - fast policy might delay scheduled operations in the pacific and indian oceans, they felt that the elimination of italy from the war would be worth the price. to some extent the british proposal affected combat loaders. since those slated for the pacific and bolero - sickle had already left, burma operations in all likelihood would suffer the most. the main items in immediate question now appeared to be aircraft - - bombers and troop carriers and possibly also destroyers. to the british, the situation called for immediate and even unila


available in the mediterranean for offensive operations after husky than had been thought possible. the operation against naples as then conceived was no longer a " calculated risk. " a timely operation against the mainland at naples would greatly strengthen the hand of the new italian government in freeing itself from its german partner. in view of the developments during the previous twenty - four hours, it appeared to marshall that late august, then considered the time when a " fleeting opportunity " to invade the italian mainland would occur, was much too late. observing that 60, 000 men over and above the trident agreement would be available for post - husky operations, the jcs adopted the same arguments before the gcs. to the british, the jcs voiced particular concern over the progress of preparations for operations in burma. current successes in the mediterranean had, they asserted, by no means eliminated the need for the burma operations already agreed upon. 53 on 26 july the ccs agreed that general eisenhower should plan to mount avalanche as soon as possible with resources already available to him. some carrier - borne air support, however, would be made available to him for that operation from british sources. 54 over and above the exceptions already made, the americans remained reluctant to retreat from their original decision not to send reinforcements from the united states for avalanche or any other post - husky mediterranean operation. nor did they want the scheduled withdrawals from the mediterranean for other operations interrupted. to make up for the weaknesses in long - range fighters for the avalanche landings, the british themselves actually allotted four of their escort carriers and a light fleet carrier and gave general eisenhower three of their bomber squadrons scheduled for early departure from the theater. 55 on 26 july general eisenhower, meeting with his staff in tunis, ordered the preparation of two alternative plans for operations against the mainland of italy : buttress ( invasion of calabria ) and avalanche. on 27 july he cabled the ccs that a decision as to which of these plans should be put into effect should be possible in a few days - - as soon as the military significance of the recent political changes in italy had become sufficiently clear56 on 28 july he in ‚ formed the ccs that the availability of shipping and landing craft made the launching of a formal avalanche by 9 september 1943 a definite possibility. to exploit the situation immediately in the event of a complete collapse of italy, his staff was also preparing an ad hoc avalanche of about one division. he emphasized the difficulty of the air problem in avalanche - - the lack of bases close enough to provide fighter cover for the initial assault and the need to neutralize


collapse of italy, his staff was also preparing an ad hoc avalanche of about one division. he emphasized the difficulty of the air problem in avalanche - - the lack of bases close enough to provide fighter cover for the initial assault and the need to neutralize enemy airpower and disrupt enemy lines of communication. he stressed the need for haste in husky in order to secure the necessary airfields and a " reasonable bridgehead " in the buttress area and thereby prevent the germans from transferring their reserves directly to the scene of a landing in avalanche. 57 on 2 august general eisenhower confirmed the fact that a lodgment would be required in the buttress area before a bold stroke such as avalanche could be attempted. 58 he had still to determine the exact character of the landing on the toe. the choice now lay between two planned operations - - buttress and baytown ( an operation across the strait of messina near reggio ) as the forerunner of avalanche. while the final decision was to be postponed until the time of the next big anglo - american conference, quadrant, the breaching of the continent via the " soft underbelly " was close at hand. table of contents previous chapter ( 6 ) * next chapter ( 8 ) 1. ( 1 ) eisenhower rpt, sicilian campaign, pp. 1011. ( 2 ) chs. ii and iii, above. ( 3 ) msg, eisenhower to wd for ccs, etc., 22 may 43, cm - in 15551 ( 24 may 43 ), naf 224, item 1b, exec 3. 2. eisenhower rpt, sicilian campaign, pp. 10 - 11. 3. for an interesting account of this deception, see hon. ewen montagu, the man who never was ( philadelphia, j. b. lippincott company, 1954 ). 4. for an account of german and italian plans and preparations for italy during the pre - husky period, see smyth, sicilian campaign and the surrender of italy. 5. for a summary of the role of war department staff officers overseas from 1943 onward, see cline, washington command post, ch. xv. 6. ( 1 ) pets ltr, wedemeyer to handy, 4 jul 43, with tab 16 in abc 381 husky ( 1943 ), 1 - b. ( 2 ) pers ltr, patton, cg seventh army, to marshall, 18 jul 43, with tab 16 in abc 381 husky ( 1943 ), 1b. ( 3 ) pers ltr, eisenhower to marshall, 21


b. ( 2 ) pers ltr, patton, cg seventh army, to marshall, 18 jul 43, with tab 16 in abc 381 husky ( 1943 ), 1b. ( 3 ) pers ltr, eisenhower to marshall, 21 jul 43, case 38, book 11, exec 9. ( 4 ) for a discussion of general wedemeyer ' s participation in husky, see cline, washington command post, pp. 296 - 99. 7. ( 1 ) bigot - husky msg ( originator opd ), marshall to fortune algiers, 3 jun 43, cm - out 1397. ( 2 ) bigot - husky msg ( originator opd ), marshall to fortune algiers, 5 jun 43, cm - out 2250. ( 3 ) msg ( originator opd ) marshall to eisenhower, 1 jun 43, cm - out 300. all in item 6, exec 3. ( 4 ) bigot - husky msg, eisenhower to opd ( attn north african theater sec ), 31 may 43, cm - in 16 ( 1 jun 43 ), item 7, exec 3. ( 5 ) ltr, maj gen troy h. middleton, cg 45th div, to opd, 31 jul 43, sub : comments and recommendations, 45th div task force, opd 371 eto, 106. ( 6 ) ch. ii, above. 8. bigot - husky msg ( originator opd ), marshall to eisenhower, 29 may 43, cm - out 12639, item 8, exec 3. 9. memo, col alexander d. reid, chief european sec theater gp opd, for gen handy, gen hull, and col bessell, 23 jul 43, sub : effect of torch and subsequent diversions upon bolero, paper 36, item 1c, exec 3. colonel reid noted that, based on casablanca figures, u. s. strength for 1 july 1943 had been projected irk the united kingdom at 456, 000 and in nato at 407, 700, thereby indicating the build - up in nato in excess of that in the united kingdom even more sharply. 10. memo, handy, acofs opd, for cofs, 6 aug 43, sub : replacements for 1st infantry div, case 59, book 11, exec 9. 11. bigot msg, fortune via afhq algiers to middle east for force 545, force 343,


cofs, 6 aug 43, sub : replacements for 1st infantry div, case 59, book 11, exec 9. 11. bigot msg, fortune via afhq algiers to middle east for force 545, force 343, war office, wd, etc., 12 may 43, case 12, item 1c, exec 3. ( 2 ) memo, hull, actg acofs opd, for cofs, 13 may 43, sub : br twelfth army, case 9, item 1c, exec 3. ( 3 ) msg ( originator opd ), marshall to eisenhower, 15 may 43, cm - out 6885. ( 4 ) msg, marshall to eisenhower ( info copy opd ), 17 may 43, cm - in 10837. ( 5 ) msg ( originator opd ), marshall to eisenhower, 17 may 43, cm - out 7288. 12. ( 1 ) co hq bull no. 1 / 1, london, october 1943, " notes on the planning and assault phase of the sicilian campaign by a military observer, " opd 381 eto, 217. ( 2 ) memo, ferenbaugh for acofs opd, 29 sep 43, sub : brief of the hist rcd, provisional corps, seventh u. s. army, for the period 15 july to 20 august 1943, opd 381 africa, 151. 13. eisenhower rpt, sicilian campaign, p. 32. 14. a detailed discussion of the operation and significance of the air attack on pantelleria and lampedusa is contained in craven and cate, aaf ii, pp. 419 - 34. see also samuel eliot morison, history of united states naval operations in world war ii, ii, operations in north african waters, october 1942 - june 1943 ( boston, little, brown and company, 1950 ) ( hereafter cited as morison, operations in north african waters ), p. 279. 15. ( 1 ) memo, r. a. meredith, hq agf, for cgs second, third, and fourth armies, etc., 31 jan 44, sub : amphibious operations against sicily, opd 381 eto, 251. ( 2 ) opd brief of rpt of operation of ii corps in the sicilian campaign, incl to memo, ferenbaugh for handy, 13 oct 43, sub : rpt of operation of ii corps in the sicilian campaign, opd


2 ) opd brief of rpt of operation of ii corps in the sicilian campaign, incl to memo, ferenbaugh for handy, 13 oct 43, sub : rpt of operation of ii corps in the sicilian campaign, opd 381 eto, 130. ( 3 ) notes covering observations prior to and during husky operations, gen wedemeyer [ 1 aug 43 ], case 35, book 11, exec 9. ( 4 ) opd brief of rpt comdr center attack force on operation husky, 30 aug 43, opd 381 eto, 77. ( 5 ) pers itr, eisenhower to marshall, 17 aug 43, case 37, item 1c, exec 3. 16. the dukw, a 21 / 2 - ton amphibian truck, soon popularly known as the " duck, " was used to move cargo from ship to shore, and later moved in simultaneously with assault troops, thereby increasing the mobility of attacking forces. 17. ( 1 ) msg, 15th army gp to war ( info copy opd ), 21 aug 43, cm - in 15816. ( 2 ) strength of forces in sicily, 10 aug 43, based on msg, cm - in 15816 ( 21 aug 43 ), case 91, book 11, exec 9. 18. eisenhower rpt, sicilian campaign, p. 31. 19 the decision to bomb the marshaling yards of rome was taken only after careful consideration by the allied authorities. military as well as political considerations determined it. rome was not only the capital of fascist italy, it was also the center of the italian system of communications. the decision and the operation are discussed in : ( 1 ) craven and cate, aaf ii, pp. 463 - 65, 479 ; ( 2 ) dwight d. eisenhower, crusade in europe ( new york, doubleday and company, inc., 1948 ), pp. 168 - 69 ; ( 3 ) churchill, hinge of fate, pp. 828 - 29 ; ( 4 ) smyth, sicilian campaign and the surrender of italy. 20. a full discussion of the role of the u. s. army in the planning and execution of the sicilian campaign is to be presented in smyth, sicilian campaign and the surrender of italy. 21. the halverson project ( halpro ) is discussed in matloff and snell, strategic planning : 1941 - 42, pp. 139, 141, 246 - 47, 250. 22. ( 1 )


the surrender of italy. 21. the halverson project ( halpro ) is discussed in matloff and snell, strategic planning : 1941 - 42, pp. 139, 141, 246 - 47, 250. 22. ( 1 ) min, 83d mtg ccs, 13 may 43. ( 2 ) opd brief, title : notes... meetings ccs, 19 may 43, tab 2, folder 1, item 10, exec 5. ( 3 ) min, 3d mtg held at gen eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 3 jun 43, official trident conf book. ( 4 ) memo, wedemeyer for cofs, 8 jun 43, sub : operations of red air force subsequent to soapsuds, paper 16, item 1c, exec 3. 23. the prime minister, with his usual sensitivity to the use of appropriate code names, liked the change in code name from soapsuds to the more elegant tidalwave. so did the president. " may they grow bigger and better, " he declared to the prime minister in late june ( msg no. 296, president to prime minister, 28 jun 43, wdcsa eto ( super secret ) ). 24. this brief account of the ploesti raid is based largely on craven and cate, aaf ii, 477 - 84. quote is from p. 483. see also eisenhower, crusade in europe, pp. 160 - 61. 25. churchill, hinge of fate, p. 810. 26. msg, prime minister to gen smuts, 16 jul 43, quoted in churchill, closing the ring, p. 36. 27. min, 6th mtg ccs at the white house, trident, official trident conf book. 28. quoted by stimson, in stimson and bundy, on active service, p. 428. 29. ( 1 ) min, 1st mtg held at gen eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 29 may 43, official trident conf book. ( 2 ) general eisenhower ' s willingness to go directly to italy aroused fears among some of the american planners lest the allies be committed to a major operation in the mediterranean before the jcs had an opportunity to pass on it. informal memo, l. j. l. [ lt col lawrence j. lincoln ] for gen wedemeyer, and appended " summary minutes of meetings - eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 29 may 43, " with ccs


on it. informal memo, l. j. l. [ lt col lawrence j. lincoln ] for gen wedemeyer, and appended " summary minutes of meetings - eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 29 may 43, " with ccs 223 in abc 384 post - husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. 30. ( 1 ) min, 2d mtg held in gen eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 31 may 43. ( 2 ) min, 1st mtg held in gen eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 29 may 43. both in official trident conf book. 33. min, 3d mtg held at gen eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 3 jun 43, official trident conf book. the algiers conference is treated from the viewpoint of two of the principal participants in eisenhower, crusade in europe, pp. 166 - 68, and churchill, hinge of fate, pp. 816 - 30. 34. jps 223, 3 jul 43, title : comparison of various post - husky operations in relation to allied air capabilities. 35. opd brief, title : notes... 83d mtg jps, 7 jul 43. comparison of various post - husky operations in relation to allied air capabilities ( jps 223 ), with jps 223 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. 36. ( 1 ) memo, handy, acofs opd, for dcofs, 3 jul 43, sub : heavy bomber squadrons for hardihood ii. ( 2 ) opd draft itr, dcofs for air marshal sir william l. welsh, br joint staff mission, incl to memo, handy for dcofs, 3 jul 43, sub : heavy bomber squadrons for hardihood ii. both with jps 169 / d in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i 37. ccs 268 / 1, 6 jul 43, title : post - husky operations north african theater. 38. opd brief, title : notes... 10lst mtg ccs, 9 jul 43, post - husky operations north african theater ( ccs 268 / 1 ), with ccs 268 / 1 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. opd action officer was col. g. a. lincoln. 39. ( 1 ) opd brief, title : notes... 102d mtg ccs, 16 jul 43, post - " husky " operations north african theater (


. opd action officer was col. g. a. lincoln. 39. ( 1 ) opd brief, title : notes... 102d mtg ccs, 16 jul 43, post - " husky " operations north african theater ( ccs 268 / 2 ), with ccs 268 / 2 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. ( 2 ) min, 102d mtg ccs, 16 jul 43. 40. memo, gen strong, acofs g - 2, for cofs, 15 jul 43, sub : " husky " exploitation, case 15, book 10, exec 8. 41. min, 102d mtg ccs, jul 43. 42. msg, ccs to eisenhower and br cos, usfor, london, 16 jul 43, cm - out 6683, fan 165 ( info copy opd ). 43. ( 1 ) tel conv, sw and gen marshall, 9 : 05 a. m., 19 jul 43, paper 2, book 11, exec 9. ( 2 ) incl to ltr, stimson to hopkins, 4 aug 43, no sub, sw files, white house, 36. the inclosure contains stimson ' s report to the president of his overseas trip in july. 44. incl to ltr, stimson to hopkins, 4 aug 43, no sub, sw files, white house, 36. a detailed discussion of stimson ' s negotiations and conclusions drawn from his visit to england in the summer of 1943 is contained in : ( 1 ) stimson and bundy, on active service, pp. 429 - 38, and ( 2 ) rudolph a. winnacker, the mediterranean versus the channel, 1943, draft ms, ocmh files. 45. for the british staff views see : ( 1 ) ccs 268 / 6, 21 jul 43 title : post - " husky " operations north african theater ; and ( 2 ) j. p. ( 43 ) 265, rpt by br joint planning staff war cabinet for br cos, 21 jul 43, title : the exploitation of " husky ", with ccs 268 / 3 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. the british joint planners here recommended avalanche in place of an operation against the heel ( musket ) as " a sounder and more decisive operation. 46. general marshall ' s staff planners, keeping the chief of


14 may 43 ), i. the british joint planners here recommended avalanche in place of an operation against the heel ( musket ) as " a sounder and more decisive operation. 46. general marshall ' s staff planners, keeping the chief of staff alert to studies exploring his proposal, followed the progress of negotiations between the ccs and general eisenhower. for an example of the staff planners ' briefing function, see memo, opd for cofs, 17 jul 43, sub : " husky " exploitation, with jcs 417 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. opd action officer was colonel roberts. the memo referred to a study of a naples operation being conducted by the jwpc. the study is contained in jcs 417, 19 jul 43, title : rapid exploitation of " husky. " 47. actually, general eisenhower and afhq planners had long been impressed with the desirability of promptly seizing the port of naples, but they had been considering the project as the culmination of an overland advance from the south, in exploitation of buttress and goblet ( operations against the toe of italy to capture reggio on the calabrian peninsula, and against the ball of italy near crotone, respectively ). hitherto they had not considered a direct assault upon naples feasible because of such problems as the anticipated shortage of landing craft and insufficient fighter cover for the operation. see : ( 1 ) bigot - husky msg, eisenhower to wd for ccs, and to war office for br cos, 30 jun 43 ( info copy opd ), cm - in 434 ( 1 jul 43 ) ; ( 2 ) smyth, sicilian campaign and the surrender of italy, ch. ii, " preliminary planning of attack on italy ; " pp. 32 - 33 ; and ( 3 ) allied force headquarters, supreme allied commander ' s dispatch, italian campaign, 3 sep 43 - 8 jan 44 ( hereafter cited as eisenhower rpt, italian campaign ), p. 12. 48. ( 1 ) min, 69th mtg cps, 20 jul 43. original draft of message was submitted by colonel roberts of opd, acting army planner in the absence of gen wedemeyer during husky. ( 2 ) min, 97th mtg jcs, 20 jul 43. ( 3 ) msg, ccs to eisenhower, 20 jul 43, fan 164, cm - out 8200 ( info copy opd ). 49. ( 1 ) ccs 268


, 97th mtg jcs, 20 jul 43. ( 3 ) msg, ccs to eisenhower, 20 jul 43, fan 164, cm - out 8200 ( info copy opd ). 49. ( 1 ) ccs 268 / 3, 19 jul 43 ; ccs 268 / 6, 21 jul 43 ; and ccs 268 / 8, 24 jul 43. all entitled post - husky operations. ( 2 ) for a detailed discussion of the logistical debate and preparations in connection with planning for the invasion of italy, see richard m. leighton and robert w. coakley, global logistics and strategy, 1943 - 45, ms draft chapter, " the invasion of italy, " ocmh files. 50. colonel roberts served in the military intelligence division in 1941 and on temporary duty with the army forces in the cbi in early 1942. he joined the strategy section of opd in july 1942. 51. ( 1 ) col robert ' s draft reply to ccs 268 / 6, 22 jul 43, with ccs 268 / 6 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. ( 2 ) his conclusions were echoed in the jps report to the jcs - jcs 421, 23 jul 43, title : post " husky " operations north african theater. both papers were drawn up as suggested replies of the jcs to the british chiefs ' proposal ( ccs 268 / 6 ). 52. min, 103d mtg ccs, 23 jul 43. 53. ( 1 ) min, sp mtg gcs, 26 jul 43, with ccs 268 / 9 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. ( 2 ) min, sp mtg jcs, 26 jul 43, with ccs 268 / 8 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. ( 3 ) ccs 268 / 9, 25 jul 43, title : post - " husky " operations north african theater. ccs 268 / g was a memo by the u. s. jcs. 54. ( 1 ) min, sp mtg gcs, 26 jul 43, with ccs 268 / 9 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. ( 2 ) bigot - avalanche msg, ccs to eisenhower, 26 jul 43, cm - out 10374, fan 175 ( info copy opd ). 55. churchill, closing the ring, p. 38. 56. bigot msg, eisenhower to ag


substance abuse & mental health data archive this study is maintained and distributed by the substance abuse & mental health data archive ( samhda ). samhda is supported by the substance abuse & mental health services administration ( samhsa ), center for behavioral health statistics and quality ( cbhsq ), formerly the office of applied studies. national survey on drug use and health, 2002 ( icpsr 3903 ) alternate title : nsduh 2002 principal investigator ( s ) : united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies summary : the national survey on drug use and health ( nsduh ) series ( formerly titled national household survey on drug abuse ) measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the united states. the surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the follow... ( more info ) this data is freely available. warning : this study is over 150mb in size and may take several minutes to download on a typical internet connection. united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies. national survey on drug use and health, 2002. icpsr03903 - v4. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2013 - 03 - 07. doi : 10. 3886 / icpsr03903. v4 persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr03903. v4 this survey was funded by : - united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies ( 283 - 98 - 9008 ) scope of study summary : the national survey on drug use and health ( nsduh ) series ( formerly titled national household survey on drug abuse ) measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the united states. the surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the following drug


, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the following drug classes : marijuana, cocaine ( and crack ), hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives. the survey covers substance abuse treatment history and perceived need for treatment, and includes questions from the diagnostic and statistical manual ( dsm ) of mental disorders that allow diagnostic criteria to be applied. the survey includes questions concerning treatment for both substance abuse and mental health related disorders. respondents are also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, health care access and coverage, illegal activities and arrest record, problems resulting from the use of drugs, and needle - sharing. questions introduced in previous administrations were retained in the 2002 survey, including questions asked only of respondents aged 12 to 17. these " youth experiences " items covered a variety of topics, such as neighborhood environment, illegal activities, gang involvement, drug use by friends, social support, extracurricular activities, exposure to substance abuse prevention and education programs, and perceived adult attitudes toward drug use and activities such as school work. several measures focused on prevention related themes in this section. also retained were questions on mental health and access to care, perceived risk of using drugs, perceived availability of drugs, driving and personal behavior, and cigar smoking. questions on the tobacco brand used most often were introduced with the 1999 survey and have been retained through the 2002 survey. demographic data include gender, race, age, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, job status, veteran status, and current household composition. subject terms : addiction, alcohol, alcohol abuse, alcohol consumption, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, controlled drugs, depression ( psychology ), drinking behavior, drug abuse, drug dependence, drug treatment, drug use, drugs, hallucinogens, heroin, households, inhalants, marijuana, mental health, mental health services, methamphetamine, prescription drugs, sedatives, smoking, stimulants, substance abuse, substance abuse treatment, tranquilizers geographic coverage : united states date of collection : unit of observation : individual universe : the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the united states aged 12 and older,


, the data producer used data substitution and deletion of state identifiers and a subsample of records in the creation of the public use file. previously published estimates may not be exactly reproducible from the variables in the public use file due to the disclosure protection procedures that were implemented. the setup and dictionary files for stata are designed to be compatible with statase, version 8. this is a large data file requiring that approximately 250 megabytes of random access memory be allocated to stata. operations within stata, including conversion of the ascii data to stata format, are likely to be slow. analysts may wish to download subsets of data from the samhda data analysis system ( das ) for use with stata. since 1999, the survey sample has employed a 50 - state design with an independent, multistage area probability sample for each of the 50 states and the district of columbia. sample : multistage area probability sample for each of the 50 states and the district of columbia since 1999. a coordinated five - year sample design was developed for 1999 through 2003. although there is no overlap with the 1998 sample, the design facilitates overlap in the first - stage units ( area segments ) between each two successive years in the five - year design. this design increases the precision of estimates in year - to - year trend analysis. the sample is stratified on multiple levels, beginning with states. eight states are considered large sample states and contribute approximately 3, 600 respondents per state. the remaining states are sampled to yield 900 respondents per state. the second level of stratification divides states into field interviewer ( fi ) regions. the third level of stratification divides fi regions into area segments consisting of adjacent census blocks. these area segments were used as the primary sampling units. dwelling units in area segments were listed in a standardized order and were selected by systematic sampling. field interviewers visited each sample address to determine dwelling unit eligibility, to list all eligible persons at the address, and to conduct interviews. each respondent who completed a full interview was given a $ 30 cash payment. persons were selected from the address roster using a handheld computer. to improve the precision of estimates, the sample allocation process targeted five age groups : 12 - 17, 18 - 25, 26 - 34, 35 - 49, and 50 and older. the size measures used in selecting the area segments were coordinated with the dwelling unit and person selection process so that a nearly self - weighting sample could be achieved in each of the


25, 26 - 34, 35 - 49, and 50 and older. the size measures used in selecting the area segments were coordinated with the dwelling unit and person selection process so that a nearly self - weighting sample could be achieved in each of the five age groups. the sample design included approximately equal numbers of persons in the 12 - 17, 18 - 25, and 26 and older age groups. the achieved sample for the 2002 nsduh was 68, 126 persons. the public use file contains 54, 079 records due to a subsampling step used in the disclosure protection procedures. minimum item response requirements were defined for cases to be retained for weighting and further analysis ( i. e., " usable " cases ). these requirements, as well as full sampling methodology, are detailed in the codebook. weight : due to various adjustments, such as those for nonresponse and poststratification, the 2002 nsduh sample design is not self - weighting. analysts are advised to use the final sample weight when attempting to use the 2002 nsduh data to draw inferences about the target population or any subdomains of the target population. all estimates published in samhsa reports ( such as the results from the 2002 nsduh ) are weighted using the final analysis weight for the full sample. for the public use file, the corresponding final sample weight is denoted as analwt _ c, with the " c " denoting confidentiality protection. this sample weight represents the total number of target population persons each record on the file represents. note that the sum of analwt _ c, over all records on the data file, represents an estimate of the total number of people in the target population. mode of data collection : audio computer - assisted self interview ( acasi ), computer - assisted personal interview ( capi ) response rates : the study yielded a weighted screening response rate of 91 percent and a weighted interview response rate for the computer assisted interview ( cai ) of 79 percent. extent of processing : icpsr data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. icpsr also routinely creates ready - to - go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. in addition to these procedures, icpsr performed the following processing steps for this data collection : - performed consistency checks. - created online analysis version with question text. - checked for undocumented or out - of - range codes.


the data. in addition to these procedures, icpsr performed the following processing steps for this data collection : - performed consistency checks. - created online analysis version with question text. - checked for undocumented or out - of - range codes. original icpsr release : 2004 - 02 - 05 - 2013 - 03 - 07 the 2002 nsduh public - use data file has been updated to include 17 new variables related to respondent drug use, mental health treatment, and geography. please view table 4 of the codebook for more information on these variables. - 2006 - 10 - 26 the data producer resupplied the data file and codebook documentation. thirty - three variables were modified, 20 variables were dropped, and 118 new variables were added. some of these changes were to correct for data errors, but most of these changes were done to provide consistency with the 2004 nsduh study. of these changes, the most important change to note is that two study design variables ( verep and vestr ) were revised to provide consistency with the 2004 study, which collapsed the strata in order to maximize the number of people in each replicate. - 2004 - 02 - 24 variable nrch17 _ 2 ( recoded # r ' s children under 18 in household ) was replaced to correct a coding error. - list all ~ 279 citations associated with this study - view citations for the entire series most recent publications use any of the notification links to add this study to your rss feed ; you will then receive notification if the study is substantively updated. - citations exports are provided above. export study - level metadata ( does not include variable - level metadata ) if you ' re looking for collection - level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our metadata records page.


medical foods policy and regulatory developments global policy and regulatory medical foods developments - codex alimentarius was created by fao and who in 1963 to develop food standards and guidelines, as well as related texts such as codes of practice under the joint fao / who food standards programme. the codex alimentarius commission aims to protect consumer health, ensure fair trade practices, and promote coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non - governmental organizations. - the codex committee on foods for special dietary uses agreed to develop guidelines on labeling and claims for medical foods in 1980 and accepted the offer of the united states to prepare a set of proposed draft guidelines for consideration at the next session in 1982. report of the twelfth session of codex committee on foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 81 / 26. - the draft guidelines on labeling and claims for medical foods prepared by the united states were discussed at the 1982 meeting. report of the thirteenth session of codex committee on foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 83 / 26. - the draft guidelines on labeling and claims for medical foods prepared by the united states were also discussed at the 1985 meeting. report of the fourteenth session of the codex committee on foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 85 / 26. - the committee developed a standard instead of a guideline in 1987 and agreed to use “ foods for special medical purposes ” instead of “ medical foods. ” the proposed draft standard was submitted for step 3 comment. report of the fifteenth session of codex committee on foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 87 / 26. - the proposed draft standard was submitted to the 1989 session of the codex alimentarius commission for adoption as a draft standard. report of the sixteenth session of the codex committee on nutrition and foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 89 / 26. - the committee decided essential information for health professionals should be on the label but was not necessary for consumer labeling. report of the meeting of intergovenmental working groups ( cx / fsdu 87 ) and report of the sixteenth session of the codex committee on nutrition and foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 89 / 26. - medical foods were to be labeled in accordance with the codex ’ s “ general standard for the labelling of and claims for foods for special dietary uses. ” codex alimentarius committee on codex general standard for labeling of and claims for foods for special dietary uses ( 1985 ). - certain additional provisions were required for labeling medical foods. specifically, medical foods must label the


foods for special dietary uses. ” codex alimentarius committee on codex general standard for labeling of and claims for foods for special dietary uses ( 1985 ). - certain additional provisions were required for labeling medical foods. specifically, medical foods must label the energy value and the content of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, and if applicable, amino acids or essential fatty acids. osmolality and acid - base balance, where appropriate, must also be on the label. report of the sixteenth session of the codex committee on nutrition and foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 89 / 26. national policy and regulatory medical foods developments - defines a “ food for special dietary use ” as a food that has been specially processed or formulated to meet the particular requirements of a person : ( a ) in whom a physical or physiological condition exists as a result of a disease, disorder, or injury ; or ( b ) for whom a particular effect, including but not limited to weight loss, is to be obtained by a controlled intake of food. 9. 9 foods for special dietary use [ division 24, fdr ] - compiles european union rulings and resources relating to foods for special medical purposes. - vitamin - mineral amendments, pub. l. no. 94 - 278 ( 1976 ) - prohibited the fda from classifying vitamin and mineral supplements as drugs based solely on their combinations or potency, unless drug claims were made. the legislation also incorporated fda ’ s 1941 definition of special dietary use into the food, drug, and cosmetic act. - federal food, drug, and cosmetic act, pub. l. no. 75 - 717, § 201 ( f ), ( g ), 52 stat. 1040, 1041 ( 1938 ), as amended 21 u. s. c § 321 ( f ), ( g ) ( 1982 ) - medical foods were regulated as drugs prior to 1972 according to federal food, drug, and cosmetic act, 21 u. s. c. 321 ( g ) ( 1 ) ( b ). - orphan drug act, pub. law. 97 - 114 ( 1983 ) - congress amended orphan drug act to formally define a medical food in 1988 ; reaffirmed in 1992, and again in 1996. - nutrition labeling and education act of 1990 and subsequent amendments give the fda authority to require nutrition labeling of most packaged foods regulated by fda and requires all nutrient claims and health claims meet fda regulations. the legislation incorporated the definition of medical foods from the federal food, drug


labeling and education act of 1990 and subsequent amendments give the fda authority to require nutrition labeling of most packaged foods regulated by fda and requires all nutrient claims and health claims meet fda regulations. the legislation incorporated the definition of medical foods from the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act and exempted medical foods from nutrition labeling, health and nutrient claim requirements, and identified five criteria characteristics of medical food ( 21 cfr 101. 9 ( j ) ( 8 ) ). fda incorporated the statutory medical food definition of this act into 21 u. s. c. 343. fda provided guidance on medical foods indicating that section 101. 9 ( j ) ( 8 ) exempted medical foods from nutrition labeling, nutrient content claims, and health claim regulations if the product is : - specially formulated and processed product for the partial or exclusive feeding of a patient by means of oral intake or enteral feeding by tube ; - intended for the dietary management of a patient who, because of therapeutic or chronic medical needs, has limited or impaired capacity to ingest, digest, absorb, or metabolize ordinary foodstuffs or certain nutrients, or who has other special medically determined nutrient requirements, the dietary management of which cannot be achieved by the modification of the normal diet alone ; - provides nutritional support specifically modified for the management of the unique nutrient needs that result from the specific disease or condition as determined by medical evaluation ; - intended to be used under a medical physician ’ s supervision ; and - intended only for a patient receiving active and ongoing medical supervision wherein the patient requires medical care on a recurring basis for, among other things, instructions on the use of the medical food. - medical foods equity act of 2011 ( s. 311 and h. 1311 ) have been introduced and referred to committee to provide coverage for medically necessary food under federal health programs and private health insurance. united states department of health and human services food and drug administration - fda provided guidance on medical foods in 1997. - fda announced a new proposed regulations ( anpr ) in 1996 but withdrew a couple years later. - exempted foods for the use solely under medical supervision to meet nutritional requirements for specific medical conditions from certain labeling requirements. 21 c. f. r. § § 101. 9, 101. 9 ( h ) ( 3 ), ( 4 ) - in 1991, fda published in the federal register information on what a medical food is and the distinctive nutritional and medical supervision requirements of medical foods. - fda contracted to develop enteral products with high nutritional efficacy to improve tissue repair and shorten convale


- in 1991, fda published in the federal register information on what a medical food is and the distinctive nutritional and medical supervision requirements of medical foods. - fda contracted to develop enteral products with high nutritional efficacy to improve tissue repair and shorten convalescence during world war ii and to address needs of the aerospace program for easily consumable, low residue, high calorie dietary products. fisher k, et al. a review of foods for medical purposes. fda contract no. 223 - 75 - 2090 june 1977 ; as noted in hattan dg & mackey dr. a review of medical foods : enterally administered formulations used in the treatment of diseases and disorders. food drug cosm. l. j. 44 ; 479 - 501 ( 1989 ). - fda implemented a compliance program for medical foods in 1988, requiring all products to be manufactured according to current good manufacturing practice regulations. - fda expressed during rulemaking in 1973 on vitamin and mineral dietary supplements that the commissioner recognized medical foods as foods. 38 fed. reg. at 2152. - fda reclassified medical foods as “ foods for special dietary use ” to encourage product development in 1972. 37 fed reg. at 18, 230. - fda defined foods for “ special dietary uses ” in 1941. 21 c. f. r. § 105. 3 non - government developments & reports


climate clinic : libdem conference professor kevin anderson : point of no return without immediate action, catastrophic and irreversible climate change is surely on its way. that is why december ' s summit in copenhagen is so important monday 21 september 2009 the importance of the international climate summit to be held in copenhagen later this year cannot be over - emphasised ; 2009 is literally a make - or - break year in terms of climate - change negotiations. after almost two decades of increasingly heated debate on how to tackle climate change, and notwithstanding the current recession, emissions of global greenhouse gases – from energy use, agriculture, deforestation and industrial processes – are rising at a faster rate now than they have done throughout our history. as we enter the second decade of this new millennium, the international community is faced with a very clear and stark choice : to cut emissions urgently and radically, or to lock the next and future generations into " dangerous climate change ". for far too long now, scientists, politicians, the media and the public, while broadly accepting the science and implications of climate change, have stubbornly refused to acknowledge the scale of rising emissions. so while the rhetoric of low - carbon action has been notched up year after year, the reality is that collectively we have been on a high - carbon binge. unfortunately, most of the emissions we have put into the atmosphere over the 17 years since the earth summit in rio and the 12 years since the start of the kyoto process, will remain there for another century – added to, year on year, by our increasingly carbon - profligate lifestyles. it is this cumulative nature of emissions, whereby the concentration of greenhouses gases builds up in the atmosphere, combined with our abject failure even to curtail emissions ' growth rate, that has brought us to this political tipping point. either our politicians step up to the plate in copenhagen and agree to implement an immediate reversal in emissions trends, or we consciously accept a continued and rapid build - up of emissions in the atmosphere with all the implications that entails. we no longer have the luxury of lengthy negotiations such as those associated with the kyoto protocol. as for the scale of reductions necessary, again here we have all been party to downplaying the severity of the issue and are now faced with the consequences of this delusion. in this regard i and my colleagues in the scientific community are particularly responsible. for too long we have, with notable exceptions, been reluctant to spell out clearly the true implications of our analysis, instead couching our conclusions as challenging


of this delusion. in this regard i and my colleagues in the scientific community are particularly responsible. for too long we have, with notable exceptions, been reluctant to spell out clearly the true implications of our analysis, instead couching our conclusions as challenging but politically palatable. however the scientific climate congress held in copenhagen earlier this year, as a prelude to the political event in december, witnessed a sea - change in attitude among many in the scientific community. the message to policy - makers, businesses and the public is unambiguous. radical reductions are needed now to give us even a small chance of avoiding the 2°c threshold between " acceptable " and " dangerous " climate change. putting this into everyday language, the wealthy, oecd, nations need to reduce their total emissions by at least 40 per cent by 2020, including emissions from aviation and shipping, and without buying emission reductions from poorer nations. complete decarbonisation of the oecd ' s energy system needs to be in place by 2030. however these figures may be massaged, such reduction rates are incompatible with the current framing of economic growth. new low - carbon technologies are available, but for them to dominate our energy system will take at least two decades, time we simply don ' t have, as in the interim our emissions continue to build up in the atmosphere. only once our energy system is carbon - free and our meat - eating substantially curtailed can we again consider seriously having a growing economy – provided it can be reconciled with the other demands of sustainability. however, even such draconian reductions by the oecd nations leave only limited opportunities for the poor and less - wealthy nations to continue to increase their emissions. consequently, while emissions in these nations will rise as their welfare improves, this rise needs to be kept to a minimum through comprehensive low - carbon technologies and policies. ultimately, all nations across the globe will need to establish carbon - free societies over the coming few decades, completely counter to the rapid emission growth we have experienced since 2000. while much of this rise has been driven by the newly industrialising nations of china and india, the problem to which they are now contributing is one caused by our emissions and to which we still are a major contributor. according to the department of food and rural affairs ( defra ), absolute uk emissions have risen by 18 per cent since 1990, and show no clear of signs of bucking this trend in the near term. the recent and much - heralded us waxman - markey bill requires no reductions


( defra ), absolute uk emissions have risen by 18 per cent since 1990, and show no clear of signs of bucking this trend in the near term. the recent and much - heralded us waxman - markey bill requires no reductions by the us even by 2017, and only four per cent by 2020, half that of japan ' s eight per cent target. russia and new zealand have no 2020 goals and the eu ' s target, though ambitious relative to others, is not comprehensive, allows for significant buy - out from poorer nations, and even then falls far short of what would be necessary to meet its own 2°c commitments. against this backdrop of a failure by any nation or region to demonstrate meaningful leadership, copenhagen looks also doomed to failure. but this isn ' t an option. it has to succeed, driving home at least 40 - per - cent cuts by 2020 from the world ' s wealthy countries and putting the poor and less - wealthy nations on to a low - emission - growth pathway. we have all the necessary policy tools and technologies to rise to this challenge. what we need now is political integrity, scientific candour, a public and business community that acknowledges they are part of both the problem and solution, and a press that resists the temptation for polemic headlines instead of honest reporting. professor kevin anderson is research director, tyndall centre for climate change the heat is on : the un estimates a rise in the global average temperature of between 1. 8 and 4°c over the coming century. anything over 2°c is likely to be catastrophic for the world from the blogs there are more empty shops on our high streets than ever before, says another report into the state... the guard has changed at old trafford for the first time in 26 years. meanwhile, down the road, the... there is a good many moments in the second episode of this psychological thriller that deserve refle... the opening titles squeal ‘ never can say goodbye … ’. oh lord how i wish i could heave this series off... - 1 gay couple beaten in park urge mps to moderate language on gay marriage - 2 swedes set up ' ultimate viking movie ' - 3 after woman sells virginity for $ 780, 000, here are the results of our prostitution survey - 4 far - right french historian, 78 - year - old dominique venner, commits suicide in notre dame in protest against gay marriage - 5 ' it was just like the movie twister ' : man survives


this page is now located at an updated please update your bookmarks! the new address is posted below. you will be redirected to the new page in just a few seconds. catharine cox miles ( may 20, 1890 - october 11, 1984 ) - stanford university ( b. a., 1911 ) - stanford university ( m. a. in german language and literature, 1913 ) - stanford university ( ph. d., 1925 ) - under lewis terman - spent a year at the university of jena and the university of berlin ( 1914 ) - instructor to full professor, the college of the pacific ( 1915 - 1920 ) - chief psychologist for the central mental hygiene clinic in cincinnati general hospital, the children ’ s hospital, and the diagnostic center of the veterans bureau ( 1925 - 1927 ) - research associate to terman on the project leading to the construction of the terman - miles m - f test at stanford university ( 1927 - 1932 ) - clinical professor of psychology, yale university ( 1932 - 1953 ) - sole - authored volume 2 of terman ' s genetic studies of genius - calculated iq estimates for 301 historic geniuses - estimated the correlation between iq and eminence - assessed 67 character traits for 100 historic geniuses - determined the early mental and physical health of 282 geniuses ideas and contributions catharine cox entered the stanford ’ s graduate program in psychology about the time that her mentor terman was beginning his ambitious longitudinal study of intellectually gifted children. because this project did not afford her with the suitable opportunity for a dissertation subject, she proposed a complementary investigation. whereas terman ’ s inquiry was psychometric and prospective, cox would conduct a study that was historiometric and retrospective. in particular, she would estimate iq scores for highly eminent but deceased creators and leaders and then show that these scores correlated with eminence measures that j. m. cattell ( 1903 ) had previously provided. just one year after publishing the stanford - binet intelligence scale terman ( 1917 ) had already shown how an iq score might be computed for a historical figure, in his case assigning an iq of near 200 to francis galton. cox ’ s approach was extremely conscientious and methodical. using more than 3, 000 biographical sources she carefully compiled developmental histories for 301 geniuses, and then she and a team of independent raters – including terman and florence goodenough – used these data to derive the iq estimates. in addition, she showed that estimated iq correlated with achieved eminence. furthermore,


301 geniuses, and then she and a team of independent raters – including terman and florence goodenough – used these data to derive the iq estimates. in addition, she showed that estimated iq correlated with achieved eminence. furthermore, for a subset of 100 geniuses she computed ratings on 67 character traits. on the basis of these scores she was able to conclude that motivation, determination, and persistence were also critical to high achievement. the resulting doctoral thesis was sufficiently impressive that terman had it published as volume 2 in his genetic studies of genius. not only was this the only volume that did not involve the longitudinal study of his “ termites, ” but it is also the only volume that did not include terman as an author or co - author. at 842 printed pages, it can easily be considered the most ambitious historiometric investigation ever published. moreover, many of her key findings have been replicated in subsequent research. unfortunately, cox was soon diverted from this work by ( a ) her collaboration with terman on a masculinity - femininity measure and ( b ) her marriage to walter miles ( a recent widower with two teenagers ). she also started publishing under her married name miles rather than cox. however, a decade later she returned to the historic geniuses that were the subject of her thesis. miles and wolfe ( 1936 ) specifically scored the geniuses on early mental and physical health. their aim was to show that intellectual giftedness was also positively associated with both mental and physical well - being. cox. c. ( 1926 ). the early mental traits of three hundred geniuses. stanford, ca : stanford university press. miles, c. c. ( 1928 ). a human clock. journal of general psychology, 1, 602 - 603. miles, c. c., & terman, l. m. ( 1929 ). sex difference in the association of ideas. american journal of psychology, 41, 165 - 206. miles, c. c. ( 1931 ). the otis s - a as a fifteen - minute intelligence test. personnel journal, 10, 246 - 249. miles, c. c. ( 1931 ). individual mental hygiene. in b. s. dyment ( ed. ). health and its maintenance ( pp. 159 - 192 ). stanford univ. : stanford univ. press. miles, c. c., & miles, w. r. ( 1932 ). the correlation of intelligence scores and chronological age from


health and its maintenance ( pp. 159 - 192 ). stanford univ. : stanford univ. press. miles, c. c., & miles, w. r. ( 1932 ). the correlation of intelligence scores and chronological age from early to late maturity. american journal of psychology, 44, 44 - 78. miles, c. c ( 1934 ). influence of speed and age on intelligence scores of adults. journal of general psychology, 10, 208 - 210. miles, c. c. & wolfe, l. s. ( 1936 ). childhood physical and mental health records of historical geniuses. psychological monograph, 47, 390 - 400. miles, c. c. ( 1938 ). intelligence and social adjustment. mental hygiene, 22, 544 - 566. terman, l. m., & miles, c. c. ( 1936 ). sex and personality. new haven, ct, us : yale university press. rogers, k. b. ( 1999 ). the lifelong productivity of the female researchers in terman ’ s genetic studies of genius longitudinal study. gifted child quarterly, 43, 150 - 169. sears, r. r. ( 1986 ). catharine cox miles ; 1890 - 1984. american journal of psychology, 99, 431 - 433. simonton, d. k. ( 2009 ). the " other iq " : historiometric assessments of intelligence and related constructs. review of general psychology, 13, 315 - simonton, d. k., & song, a. v. ( 2009 ). eminence, iq, physical and mental health, and achievement domain : cox ’ s 282 geniuses revisited. psychological science, 20, 429 - 434. written by prof. dean keith simonton, university of california - davis, with contributions by meihua qian, indiana university. home | interactive map | alphabetic index | time hot topics | map - pdf | references | contributors | comments for further information please contact content questions : dr. jonathan plucker ( jonathan. plucker at uconn. edu ) 16 may 2013


townships are a product of indiana ’ s early history, and indiana is one of 20 states that currently has some form of township government. a township in the indiana refers to a small geographic area, ranging in size from 6 to 54 square miles ( 15. 6 km² to 140. 4 km² ), with 36 square miles ( 93 km² ) being the norm. a civil township is a unit of local government. township government powers in indiana have grown to the point that it is difficult to discern the differences between townships, cities and villages. there are, however, significant differences that are important to the people charged with administering township affairs and deciding township policies. townships and counties are statutory units of government, having only those powers expressly provided or fairly implied by state law. cities and most villages are vested with home rule powers, meaning they can do almost anything not prohibited by law. state laws authorize townships to perform a wide variety of functions and state laws specify details for performing these functions. township trustees are elected officials, but many are volunteers, too, who help make their communities better places to live. by far the largest single group of elected officials in indiana, township trustees govern 1, 008 townships covering every part of the state. like most elected officials, the township trustee serves a four - year term and many township trustees work at other jobs in addition to serving their constituents. assisting the township trustee in managing this very localized form of government is a three - member township board. among its duties are the adoption of the annual budget, serving as a board of finance, and approving township contracts. indiana law requires that the township trustees provide essential services to the residents and businesses of the township. because of its " grassroots " structure, the township trustee system is designed specifically to quickly meet the needs of the individual in an emergency. the ita is the only township organization that provides legislative services to the 1008 townships. our lobbyists meet with law makers on a daily basis while the legislature is in session. the ita insures that all proposed legislation is studied to assess its impact township government. the ita is the only association from local government that testifies on proposed bills that impact townships. members of the state legislature come to the ita when they have questions about township government. | < prev | | next > |


( last updated on : 09 / 11 / 2011 ) districts of orissa bring out the diverse nature of the state. orissa lies in the eastern coast of india and is renowned for its temples spread across the state. the famous ones are lingaraja temple, jagannath temple, and the sun temple of konark or the ` black pagoda `. the holy cities of puri are situated here. it is also the home to several sun drenched beaches. bhubaneshwar is the capital of the state, which is a famous temple city and handicraft centre. an ancient classical dance form odissi originated in this state. the state is divided into thirty districts. is located in central orissa spread over an area of 6, 347 sq. km. this district is one of the top revenue generating states of orissa. the district is rich in wildlife and also has vast deposits of coal. it is also the home to big industries such as the national aluminium company limited ( nalco ), national thermal power corporation ( ntpc ), mahanadi coal field limited ( mcf ), fertilizer corporation of india ( fci ), and talcher thermal power station ( ttps ). the major attractions in the district are tikarpada, darjan falls, satkosia wildlife sanctuary, kapilas hills. is a paradise for all nature lovers. the region has substantial deposits of graphite, quartz and quartzite, bauxite, and manganese. it is the homeland of the kutia, binjhals, khond tribe, and ganda tribesmen. lying on the northwest of the gandhamardan hills, this hill is a major attraction in the district. other tourist attractions in the district include hirapur, jogisarada and patnagarh baleswar district is spread over an area of 3, 706 sq. km. the district has vast stretches of paddy fields. major tourist attractions of the district are remuna, chandaneswar, and the sun drenched chandipur and talasari beach. the district headquarters is at baleswar, which is the home to the defence research development organization ( drdo ). baragarh district is located in the western part of orissa spread over an area of 5, 832 sq. km. agriculture is the backbone of the economy and the main crops produced here are rice, pulses, and oil - seeds. fruits such as mango, citrus, papaya, guava,


good revenue for the district. the district also has a number of largescale industries like the nilachal refractories, utkal asbestos ltd, orissa polyfibres ltd, and shakti sugar. dhenkanal is famous for the balbhadra temple built in the 18th century. the tribal community dominates gajapati district. the district headquarters is located at paralakhemund. it is spread over an area of 3, 056 sq. km. the vamsadhara and mahendratanaya are the major rivers flowing through the district. gajapati is well known for its cane and bamboo handicraft works. in some parts of gajapati granite stones are also found. has rich deposits of manganese, monazite, sand, and talc. it covers an area of 8, 033 sq. km. with the district headquarters at chhatrapur. the district is covered with dense green forests which have exotic wildlife. ganjam is also famous for horn works, silver works, and spinning mills. jagatsinghpur district is spread over an area of 1, 759 sq. km. with district headquarters at jagatsinghpur. paradeep, a major port of the state is located in this district. it is an ideal tourist destination because of the several sun - drenched beaches. has its headquarters in the town of jajpur, which is an important pilgrimage destination. the district is situated on the banks of the baitarani river spread over an area of 2, 885 sq km. it has rich mineral deposits and many industries and mines are situated here. some of the places worth visiting are ashokajhar, langudi hill, gokarnika, mahavinayak, chandikhol, patharajpur, ratnagiri and shri siddheswar temple. is situated in the western part of the state and is one of the most industrialized and urbanized districts in the state. jharsuguda is rich in mineral wealth especially coal and is also an important commercial center. the kharasrota, birupa, and ib rivers flow through the district. this renders the plains fertile, which contribute to the agrarian economy. rice, wood and leather is some of the major products of the district. has the district headquarters in the town of bhawanipatna. it is an industrial district and some of the industries located here are western sugar and chemical industries ltd, konark grow


leather is some of the major products of the district. has the district headquarters in the town of bhawanipatna. it is an industrial district and some of the industries located here are western sugar and chemical industries ltd, konark growers cooperative spinning mills ltd, and kesinga and orissa regional cooperative oil seed growers union ltd. the region also has rich mineral deposits of graphite, manganese, iron, and quartz. ravanadhara waterfall, and hot water spring banshakela are some of the major attraction in the district. is nearly covered with forests and mountains. the region has substantial deposits of graphite, manganese, coal, bauxite, china clay, limestone, and semi precious stones. daringbadi a hill station in the district, belghar sanctuary and the putudi waterfalls are some of the major attraction in the district. is spread over an area of 2, 546 sq km. the bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary and national park at bhitarkanika and the crocodile research farm at dangamal are some of the prime interests in the district. keonjhar district is a green land of scenic beauty with rich mineral deposits. the district is home to many industries. keonjhar district has vast deposits of iron, manganese and chrome ores. it is an important pilgrimage destination because the shrines of siddha jagannath, siddha kali, and panchabati are located here. sitabinj is located at a distance of 30 km. from keonjhar is noted for the ancient fresco paintings on a rock shelter called ravan chhaya. is spread over an area of 2, 889 sq. km. and is famous for its cottage industries. the major attractions of the district are barunai hill, chilika ( barkul ), hirapur and nandankanan sanctuary. bhubaneswar, the capital of orissa, comes within khordha district. is located in the southern part of orissa and the district headquarters is at koraput. dense virgin forests, cascading waterfalls, flashing springs and green meadows characterize the district. it has vast deposits of manganese, mica and graphite. the beautiful duduma, bagra and khandahati waterfalls are bestowed on koraput. cereal crops are cultivated in the district. is located in the southern part of the state and half of the district is covered with forests. the tribal and the marginalized communities


and the ramchandi beach. the historic sun temple at konark and the chilka lake are also popular tourist destinations. is dominated by the tribal population mainly the kondhas and the souras. the region has vast deposits of mineral resources like bauxite, graphite, manganese, quartz and gemstones. the main industries of the region are ferro manganese factory, ferro silicon factory, paper mill and sugar factory. sambalpur district is bestowed with exotic wildlife, lush green forests, captivating waterfalls and enchanting array of hills. the district is famous for its textiles, varied tribal life, colourful dances and festivals and exquisite historical monuments. the major attractions of the district are ushakothi wildlife sanctuary, the leaning huma temple that is dedicated to lord shiva sonpur district has the district headquarters at sonpur and is located in the western part of orissa. it is spread over an area of 2, 284 square km and is famous for its handloom and handicraft products. is located in the north - western part of orissa and is dotted with lofty peaks, virgin forests and rocky terrain. it is spread over an area of 9, 942 sq. km. with its headquarters in the town of sundargarh district. it is an important industrial district and also has vast reserves of mineral resources like iron - ore, limestone, manganese, dolomite, and fire clay. the places worth visiting in the district are darjeeng, ghogar, khandadhar, mandira, and miriglotah.


hot topics : more iron reduces risk of severe pmswomen who get a little more than the recommended daily amount of iron in their diets may be less likely to get a more severe form of premenstrual syndrome, according to a u. s. study. by : reuters, inforum women who get a little more than the recommended daily amount of iron in their diets may be less likely to get a more severe form of premenstrual syndrome, according to a u. s. study. researchers writing in the american journal of epidemiology followed about 3, 000 women over 10 years and found that those who consumed more than 20 milligrams per day of iron sources were 30 to 40 percent less likely to develop pms than women who got less of the mineral. “ most previous studies of pms have focused on effective treatments and factors that differ between women who have pms and those who don ’ t, ” said lead author elizabeth bertone - johnson, from the university of massachusetts in amherst. “ we were interested in looking further at some specific minerals, ” she added, noting that her team had previously studied the relationship between vitamin intake and pms. for the study, the researchers limited their analysis to pms in which symptoms such as breast tenderness, bloating, depression and anxiety are so severe they “ substantially impact life activities and social relationships. ” that type of pms affects between 8 percent and 15 percent of u. s. women, they wrote. the study was based on data from a large ongoing study of u. s. nurses, who were between the ages of 25 and 42 years old in 1989, and it focuses on 3, 025 women who did not have pms in 1991. each woman completed three food questionnaires sent to them over the next 10 years, which asked how often they were eating 131 different types of foods and supplements. the researchers then compared the diets of the 1, 057 women who went on to develop severe pms during the study period to the diets of the 1, 968 women who did not. overall, eating a diet that provided about 22 mg of iron every day was linked to a 33 percent decrease in a woman ’ s risk of developing pms during those 10 years, compared to the women who ate the least amount of iron – about 10 mg. the recommendations are 18 mg of iron per day. even greater iron consumption was tied to an even larger drop in risk for pms, but some of the women were


, compared to the women who ate the least amount of iron – about 10 mg. the recommendations are 18 mg of iron per day. even greater iron consumption was tied to an even larger drop in risk for pms, but some of the women were eating diets with too much of the mineral. “ i think our message – based on these data – is meeting the ( recommended daily amount ) for iron seems to have a significantly lower risk of pms, ” said bertone - johnson. “ we don ’ t want to recommend women take the upper limit ( of 42 mg ) because of potential adverse consequences. ” women in the study with the highest iron intakes tended to get most of the mineral from non - meat sources. the u. s. institute of medicine, which sets recommended dietary allowances for nutrients, points out that iron consumed from meat and poultry sources is more easily processed in the body, and that people who get their ion only from a vegetarian diet might want to consume as much as twice the recommended amount. bertone - johnson said that while the research can ’ t prove iron prevents pms, they suspect the mineral may have something to do with the production of serotonin, a molecule that plays a role in many processes in the body and in the brain. iron is necessary for the body to manufacture serotonin, they write. “ our advice from this study is pretty similar to what we ’ ve taken from previous work.... not focusing on any one nutrient per se, just make sure your diet is balanced and you ’ re meeting the ( recommended daily amount ) on your own vitamins, ” bertone - johnson said.


september 14, 2009 by claire mccarthy, m. d. boston children ' s hospital none of us wants a child of ours to get cancer. it ' s a terrible thought unthinkable, even. so a vaccine that prevents cervical cancer sounds wonderful. we give it to our daughters, and there ' s one less thing for us to worry about as they grow up. the problem is, it ' s not quite that simple. most cases of cervical cancer are caused by the human papillomavirus, or hpv. hpv is the most common sexually transmitted illness ; over a lifetime, the risk of catching any kind of genital hpv is 75 - 90 %. cervical cancer rates aren ' t nearly that high, though. that ' s because our immune systems are generally pretty good at getting rid of hpv. there are about a hundred different strains of the virus ; 15 of them are known to cause cancer. four strains 16, 18, 31, and 45 cause 80 % of the cancer we see. gardasil, the most common hpv vaccine, protects against only two of the cancer - causing strains. while i am a proponent of the hpv vaccine ( my eldest daughter has received all three doses ), i think it ' s important that parents know all the facts as they decide whether or not to vaccinate their daughters. back to top how common is cervical cancer? more than 11, 000 women are diagnosed every year with cervical cancer. it used to be one of the most common causes of cancer deaths in u. s. women. but between 1955 and 1992, the death rate went down by 74 %. that ' s because of the papanicolau test, or pap smear as it ' s generally called. this test, in which some cells are removed from the surface of the cervix and checked for any signs of cancer, allows doctors to catch the cancer early. when caught early, cervical cancer has a 5 - year survival rate of 92 %. back to top how good is the vaccine? the vaccine seems to do a really good job at protecting against strains 16 and 18 of the virus. in a study published in 2007, precancerous lesions on the cervix caused by 16 and 18 decreased significantly in girls who had received the vaccine. this is great, of course, but there is some fine print to the study that is worth knowing : - while the vaccine significantly decreased precancerous lesions caused by these two strains, overall the vaccine


significantly in girls who had received the vaccine. this is great, of course, but there is some fine print to the study that is worth knowing : - while the vaccine significantly decreased precancerous lesions caused by these two strains, overall the vaccine only decreased the total number of precancerous lesions by 17 % that ' s because cancer is caused by other types than 16 and 18. - the vaccine did a good job of preventing grade 2 precancerous lesions. but it didn ' t appear to have an effect on the more serious grade 3 lesions, and 40 % to 50 % of grade 2 lesions get better by themselves. - while it wasn ' t enough to be statistically significant, scientists noted in the study that they were seeing more lesions caused by other types of hpv than they would normally see. this raises the concern that if we protect against strains 16 and 18, other types will increase in numbers to take their place. back to top promising results, but we need more studies there has only been one big study published that looked at the vaccine ' s effectiveness. ( interestingly, it was a year after the vaccine was licensed. ) it only followed young women for three years. ninety - three percent of the women were already sexually active. scientists believe that to be most effective, the vaccine should be given before any possible exposure to hpv namely, before becoming sexually active. ( while the manufacturer says that the vaccine can be given through age 26, the american cancer society doesn ' t see any benefit to giving it after age 18. ) studies in younger girls ( 9 - to 12 - year - olds ), for whom the vaccine is recommended, have measured the vaccine ' s effectiveness using blood tests to check for antibodies to 16 and 18. antibodies are special proteins that can weaken or kill the viruses. ( girls in this age group don ' t usually have pelvic exams. ) we think that the antibodies are a sign of protection against cancer, but we don ' t know for sure. and we don ' t know if the vaccine will still protect them at mid - life, when cervical cancer is usually diagnosed. it ' s particularly important that parents realize that their daughters will still need regular pap smears throughout their lives. other strains of hpv can cause cancer, and because we don ' t know how long the vaccine ' s immunity will last, getting tested regularly is crucial. the whole issue of whether or not to vaccinate has been further clouded by revelations that merck, the company that makes


cancer, and because we don ' t know how long the vaccine ' s immunity will last, getting tested regularly is crucial. the whole issue of whether or not to vaccinate has been further clouded by revelations that merck, the company that makes the vaccine, funded vaccine education provided by some professional organizations. this doesn ' t mean that it wasn ' t good, accurate education but it does make many people uncomfortable. but despite all of this, i still had my eldest daughter vaccinated. why? - it offers her some protection against cervical cancer, and i ' ll take whatever protection my daughter can get. while i ' ve told her time and time again that she ' ll need regular pap smears in her lifetime, i have no real control on whether she gets them ; she ' ll be a grown - up then, in charge of her own life and health. - there wasn ' t a whole lot of time to wait for more data on the vaccine, given that it ' s most effective when given before girls become sexually active. my daughter was starting high school when she got the vaccine ; by senior year, two - thirds of american teens are sexually active, and many start before then. i talk to her lots and lots about that, too, but as a parent one needs to be a little realistic sometimes. - it appears safe, or at least as safe as any other vaccine. sure, we need years probably to be certain. but what we know as of now is reassuring. the most common side effect appears to be fainting, which is why it ' s a good idea to have girls sit and be observed for awhile after getting the vaccine. it ' s taking a chance, yes. but the reality is that medicine isn ' t always clear. it ' s often more art than science. science, too, has a way of evolving ; we learn new things every day that change how we think. as patients and as parents of patients, all we can ever do is learn as much as we can, weigh the risks and benefits, and with the help of our doctor, make our best choice. back to top claire mccarthy, m. d., is an assistant professor in pediatrics at harvard medical school, an attending physician at children ' s hospital of boston, and medical director of the martha eliot health center, a neighborhood health service of children ' s hospital. she is a senior medical editor for harvard health publications.


tall fescue ( festuca arundinacea schreb. ) is a perennial forage grass that is now found growing in much of the southern half of iowa. its introduction was primarily for forage but is now also commonly used in turf, athletic fields, and soil erosion management applications. tall fescue has a lot of favorable traits. it is persistent, adapted to a variety of soil conditions, is compatible in mixtures with other grasses and legumes, can be harvested as hay or grazed, and has a march through early november growing season, making it the grass of choice for use in " stockpiled " or " fall - saved " forage for winter grazing pastures. unfortunately, much of the tall fescue growing in iowa contains an internal fungus called an endophyte that produces alkaloids that can cause physiological problems in animals eating the forage. cool - season forage grasses, including tall fescue, produce only one set of seedstems with their spring growth. clip them in late may or early june. tall fescue is best identified by stiff, dark green leaves, with deeply grooved upper leaf surfaces and shiny, smooth lower leaf surfaces. edges of the leaf blades have fine, sharp barbs ( serrated ). ( stephen k. barnhart ) the fungus is present in stems, seedheads, and the leaf sheath that wraps the stem. alkaloids are found throughout the plant but in lower concentration in leaf blades and highest in the stems, seedheads, and seed. the presence of the endophyte is actually a benefit to the plant. some of the alkaloids contribute to the plant ' s stress tolerance, vigor, and ability to resist diseases and insects. the undesirable alkaloid ( s ), including the ergovaline type, function as blood vessel restrictors in the animal and can be detrimental to livestock production and reproduction. a first step in managing the tall fescue endophyte is to clip seedheads in early june to prevent animal ingestion of the plant parts with the highest concentration of alkaloids. clipping seedheads is also the first step in a more comprehensive stand eradication and renovation. additional intermediary fescue management steps are to introduce legumes into the stand and move livestock to nonfescue fields during the hottest summer months. testing for the presence of the endophyte in existing stands is also a useful management practice that can indicate what percentage of the


how to manage pests uc pest management guidelines there are usually no symptoms of bacterial canker on seedlings ; however, on young plants symptoms consist of poor growth and temporary wilting of branches. lower leaves yellow and shrivel, but symptoms may not show until flowering. on mature plants there are two kinds of symptoms, those resulting from systemic infections ( i. e., the bacteria enter the vasculature and invade much of the plant ) and those resulting from secondary infections ( i. e., the bacteria cause local infections of leaves, stem, and fruit ). in systemic infections of mature plants, leaflets of the oldest leaves curl, yellow, wilt, and finally turn brown and collapse ( known as firing ). sometimes, one side of a leaf is affected. plants grow poorly and wilt. pith of stems becomes yellow and later reddish brown, especially at the nodes, and has a mealy appearance. the pith may later become somewhat hollow. in advanced infections, cankers may or may not form at the nodes. light and later dark streaks may develop on stems. branches break off easily. plants may die. in secondary infections, infection of the margins of leaves is common. lesions are dark brown to almost black. round to irregular spotting of leaves also occurs. fruit may be spotted, especially near calyx. on fruit bacterial canker symptoms appear as yellow to brown spots, slightly raised, surrounded by a persistent white halo ( " bird ' s eye spot " ). spots are usually about 0. 125 inch ( 3 mm ) in diameter. vascular tissue under the calyx scar and leading to seeds that may be brown. in california, the source of the pathogen is probably seed and transplants, although local contamination within greenhouses is a potential source. in california, the pathogen only overwinters in the soil when the previous crop residue is not thoroughly incorporated and does not decompose. in colder climates, the bacterium may overwinter on undecomposed plant residue. tomato is the most important host of the pathogen. several nightshades, including perennial nightshade ( solanum douglasii ), black nightshade ( s. nigrum ), and s. triflorum, are naturally infected. pepper and eggplant can be successfully artificially inoculated, but they are probably not important in the epidemiology of the disease on tomato. it is not known how long the bacterium can persist on nightshade. in california, economic losses in direct - seeded fields


successfully artificially inoculated, but they are probably not important in the epidemiology of the disease on tomato. it is not known how long the bacterium can persist on nightshade. in california, economic losses in direct - seeded fields are probably very uncommon. during unusually wet weather, however, secondary spread from frequent vine - training, cultivation, or other operations may cause extensive leaf loss. canker probably occurs at a low incidence in many direct - seeded fields but almost always goes unnoticed. seed contamination with only a few bacterial cells, apparently below the level of detection, can result in relatively high numbers of infected transplants. for that reason, certified seed reduces the chances of infections, but is no guarantee of contaminated - free seed. a seedlot contaminated with very few infested seeds can cause serious problems in a greenhouse. when the seed germinates, the bacteria enter the seedling through small wounds in the cotyledon, probably through broken trichomes. the bacteria move systemically through the xylem from which it invades the phloem, pith, and cortex. in a highly conducive environment, like a greenhouse, bacteria on the surface of infected plants are then splashed to surrounding plants during overhead irrigation. this kind of spread accounts for the occurrence of groups of plants or trays in the greenhouse and subsequent rows of infected transplants in the field. during planting, which invariably causes wounds, transplants may also be infected after an infected plant is handled, especially if the plants are wet. secondary spread occurs in splashing water, on contaminated equipment, during clipping, cultivation, or vine training operations, and other activities. in the field, such spread usually only results in local infections, i. e., leaf, stem, and fruit spots. in the greenhouse, these sources can lead to local and systemic infections. in the field, the pathogen will survive indefinitely in tomato tissue. once that tissue has decomposed in the ground, however, the bacteria will die because they are notsoil inhabitors. thus, it is very important to turn under infected plant residue at the end of the season. once that residue decomposes, the bacteria will die and the field does not pose a problem for subsequently plantings. it is prudent, however, to rotate to another crop for at least one season to assure that the tomato residue is completely gone. in research trials, bacteria have survived as long as 10 months on contaminated wooden stakes. hence, in the greenhouse it may


prudent, however, to rotate to another crop for at least one season to assure that the tomato residue is completely gone. in research trials, bacteria have survived as long as 10 months on contaminated wooden stakes. hence, in the greenhouse it may be extremely important to disinfest the surface of benches and equipment to prevent spread to subsequent trays of transplants. in fields of more mature plants, disinfesting equipment is not as critical because any spread to other plants would probably result in local, and not systemic, infections. it is cautious, however, to wash equipment that has been through a heavily infested field. surface disinfectants include bleach solutions ( 0. 5 to 1 % calcium hypochlorite ) and physan, among other products. planting clean transplants is the most important control measure. vigilantly monitor seed fields and implement strict quality control measures. assay seed should for detectable levels of contamination and discard lots if the bacterium is found. it may be prudent to soak all seed for 30 minutes in a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid ( the final concentration of hydrochloric acid should be 1. 1 % with a ph of 0. 9 ). alternatively, seed could be soaked in 130°f water for 25 minutes. in the greenhouse, potting mix and flats should be steamed or washed with a 1 % solution of calcium hypochlorite. empty greenhouses between crops of transplants to allow time to disinfest benches, irrigation hoses, etc. overhead water pressure should be low to prevent wounding. copper applications may be necessary to reduce the efficient, yet unnoticeable spread between plants. in the field, special measures may have to be taken once canker has been identified. do not work fields when the foliage is wet. frequent field operations at the wrong time can result in spread of the disease throughout the entire field. unless the number of infected plants is small, it may do more harm than good to try to remove the symptomatic plants. copper applications offer limited benefits because systemic infections cannot be affected and localized infections ( the most probable scenario if other precautions are taken ) pose a small economic threat. during wet weather, however, bactericides may be justified. at the season ' s end, incorporate all plant tissue. tissue that remains on the surface and doesn ' t decompose is a real risk to subsequent tomato crops. once the tomato residue decomposes, however, can


international partnership launched to promote conservation efforts for threatened marine species 29 october 2003 | news story iucn - the world conservation union, gland, switzerland, 29 october 2003. iucn ' s species survival commission ( ssc ) is joining forces with the perry institute for marine science to help protect the world ' s oceans through research, and the development and promotion of conservation efforts for threatened marine species. as the threat of extinction increases for a wide variety of marine species, the alliance between the florida - based perry institute and the iucn / ssc will support critical scientific efforts to identify threatened marine species worldwide. prioritization for conservation of these species is promoted through ssc ' s specialist groups and other conservation organizations. currently, the ssc marine specialist groups focus on cetaceans, seals, sirenians, marine turtles, sharks, groupers and wrasses, and coral reef and caribbean fishes. threatened marine species, identified by these and additional ssc experts, will be included in the iucn red list of threatened species, the world ' s most authoritative and comprehensive list of species at risk of extinction. " as the number of marine additions to the iucn red list of threatened species increases each year, it is essential that conservation organizations team up to pool their resources and knowledge. this new partnership is an extremely welcome step towards implementing ssc ' s marine programme priorities, which work to prevent the wave of extinctions in the marine realm, " said ssc chair, david brackett. " it is clear that international cooperation is a key to success in world - wide marine conservation efforts, " says dr. john marr, executive director of the perry institute for marine science. " we are very grateful to have gained support for this from mr. and mrs. john h. perry, jr., active members of the perry institute ' s board of trustees, who have awarded a $ 75, 000 grant for the first year of this partnership. " in addition to fostering scientific and conservation efforts on behalf of marine species, the collaboration between the perry institute and the species survival commission will also focus on distilling and disseminating scientific information for a range of audiences. other goals include developing technical resources on extinction and endangerment in marine species, participating in policy processes that affect the management of marine species, and assisting in marine protected area planning efforts. to coordinate this partnership, the perry institute has hired amie brautigam, who has spearheaded ssc ' s marine programme planning effort in recent years. she brings a breadth of experience to the effort, having


assisting in marine protected area planning efforts. to coordinate this partnership, the perry institute has hired amie brautigam, who has spearheaded ssc ' s marine programme planning effort in recent years. she brings a breadth of experience to the effort, having worked on international threatened species issues for over 20 years, and will be working from washington, dc. " we are very excited about the positive impacts resulting from this partnership, " said roger mcmanus, ssc executive committee ' s marine focal point, and board chairman of the perry institute for marine science, whose work on worldwide marine conservation has earned international acclaim. " through cooperative efforts we can learn more about preserving our marine environments and provide tools that will help others do the same. " for more information contact : ssc marine programme perry institute for marine science tel : + 1 202 - 363. 5675 perry institute for marine science tel : + 1 561 - 741 - 0192, extension 117 about the perry institute for marine science the perry institute for marine science, a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) not - for - profit organization based in florida since 1970, is dedicated to enhancing understanding of the wider caribbean region ' s marine environment by supporting and conducting high quality marine research and education programs in order to provide solutions to people and our oceans. this is accomplished through concentrating on critical marine issues, such as increasing populations of commercial and recreational fisheries, improving and protecting coral reef ecosystems, and studying the causes and consequences of natural and human impact on the oceans. visit www. cmrc. org for additional information. about iucn - the world conservation union founded in 1948, iucn brings together 73 states, 107 government agencies, 755 non - governmental organizations, 35 affiliates, and approximately 10, 000 scientists and experts from 181 countries in a global conservation partnership. its mission is to influence, encourage, and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. the species survival commission, with 120 specialist groups, brings together more than 7, 000 scientists, resource managers, and conservation practitioners worldwide, who collaborate on a myriad of projects. visit www. iucn. org for additional information. the species survival commission is the custodian of the iucn red list of threatened species ( see www. iucnredlist. org ).


protecting yourself from cybercrime ( bpt ) - gone are the days when hackers were the weekend enthusiasts you tolerated on the golf course, when viruses were the things that gave you the flu or a cold, and phish was a popular jam band who served as the inspiration for your favorite flavor of ben and jerry ' s. with the rise of the internet and electronic devices has come the rise of cyber - related crime. cybercrime, as it is called, is defined as a criminal activity using computers or other electronic devices to victimize people, organizations or businesses. " despite a global recession, improved security and international crackdown efforts, cybercrime has thrived over the last decade, growing by double digits year after year, " says clint kirkwood, a professor of criminal justice at argosy university, orange county and 28 - year veteran and retired commanding officer of the vice section of the narcotics division of the detroit police department. while estimates of the cost of cyber crime to businesses and the private sector vary, a 2011 publication released by javelin strategy and research, the annual cost of identity theft alone was $ 37 billion. " today, some of the most successful criminals do not have to leave the comfort of their own homes to pull off crimes bigger than ever. all they need is an internet connection, a little tech savvy and a lot of bad will, " says kirkwood. the internet crime complaint center received more than 300, 000 complaints in 2011, which included such crimes as fbi - related scams, identity theft, advance fee fraud and a host of romance, work - from - home, auto auction, loan intimidation and other scams. " since the take - off of social networking and the paperless way of conducting business, cyber - based criminal activity has skyrocketed in many corners of the world, " says gary gonzales, a professor in the criminal justice program at argosy university, san diego and police detective in his 16th year of service with the san diego police department. " criminals are masking themselves as potential customers, clients or even professionals to lure innocent people into a web of deception and greed. from copyright infringement and cyber bullying to child pornography and spamming, the impact is enormous. " knowing the threats you face online and the tools available to help you keep a watchful eye is critical in protecting yourself in the digital world. there are simple precautions that computer, mobile phone and other digital users can take to ensure their safety. do not open emails / attachments from unknown or suspicious