continued, " we realized that most of the " noise " actually comes from water vapor in the lower atmosphere, and that improved ways to monitor water vapor would lead to improved weather forecasts and climate monitoring. " the operational use of this new and heretofore unavailable water vapor information by the national centers for environmental prediction ( figure 1 ) has resulted in substantial improvement in u. s. weather forecast accuracy in recent years. it did not take long for esrl scientists to realize that if they could use gps data to improve weather forecasts, then improved weather model assimilating gps observations could probably be used to estimate and correct for the atmospheric signal delays that are a major source of gps pnt error. to verify this, they developed noaatrop, a model that uses the esrl rapid update cycle ( ruc ) weather prediction model to calculate real - time atmospheric correctors for high accuracy gps positioning applications. figure 2 is a map of the continental u. s. highlighting three regions where the use of the noaatrop model has been independently evaluated by three universities. the table in this figure compares gps positioning accuracy using the noaatrop model with the accuracy achieved using a conventional correction method known as the saastamoinen model. this model does not use information about the atmosphere per se, but uses information about how the atmosphere changes on average over north america. the smallest improvement in real - time positioning accuracy ( about 9 % ) is seen in the southeast u. s. where moisture variability is high and terrain relief is low. the largest improvement ( about 25 % ) is seen in the western u. s. ( california ) where moisture variability is low but terrain relief is high. in between is the great lakes region ( michigan ) where terrain and moisture variability vary widely. the improvement here is better than 16 %. the ruc forecast model is reinitialized every hour using the latest observations including approximately 300 gps precipitable water vapor measurements made every half - hour over the united states. " ruc is the highest frequency noaa weather model and particularly well suited for this unique real - time application, " stated gutman. figure 3 illustrates how it works. initial tests in california using noaatrop as part of the csrc height modernization project were very positive, yielding 15 - 25 % improvement in accuracy with the greatest improvement shown in height measurements made during rapidly changing weather conditions. " from csrc ' s perspective, using noaatrop increases the accuracy and productivity of field surveys for its user community,


, yielding 15 - 25 % improvement in accuracy with the greatest improvement shown in height measurements made during rapidly changing weather conditions. " from csrc ' s perspective, using noaatrop increases the accuracy and productivity of field surveys for its user community, " said yehuda bock, director of csrc. based on their experience, the noaatrop is currently being used in the central valley as a way to increase accuracy and productivity of their road and infrastructure surveys. gutman highlighted his lab ' s cooperation with several agencies on the noaatrop project. one in particular, the nationwide differential gps service, has served as part of the nationwide backbone for high accuracy surveys like the ones in california. the exciting thing is that the new development of applications for noaatrop extends beyond these surveys and leads to cooperation with a number of external partners. " the potential for this product doesn ' t stop here ", said gutman. national resources canada ( nrcan ) canadian geological survey is working with the california spatial reference center at scripps on noaatrop applications to serve another valuable societal need. by using noaatrop, scientists who study changes in the land surface due to earthquakes can continuously monitor the positions of gps receivers in real time with unprecedented accuracy. this has potential application in tsunami warnings along the pacific coast on the us and canada. esrl research efforts have helped attain milestones within the surveying community and the laboratories look forward to broader applications of this technology within and outside of noaa in the future. they continue to support noaa ' s mission goal to serve society ' s needs for weather and water information as well as the goal to support our nation ' s commerce with information for safe, efficient, and environmentally sound transportation.


this page is part of the emailserver article. switch to postfix we need to switch from the to switch, do the following : # yum - t install postfix # yum - t install system - switch - mail the first 2 you will be presented with a choice on screen, go for let ' s first make a backup copy of these config files, just in case : # cp master. cf master. cf. original # cp main. cf main. cf. original now, edit the myorigin = $ mydomain this says that mail sent from your server will take the form firstname. lastname @ example. org. note that by default, $ myhostname and $ mydomain are automatically derived from your machine ' s name. this name should be a fully qualified domain name ( fqdm ) like mail. example. com. mydestination = $ myhostname localhost. $ mydomain localhost $ mydomain defines which domains you want to receive mail for. we should always allow the variations of localhost so the server can accept mail sent to itself, and $ myhostname and $ mydomain ensure that you will get mail sent to both mail. example. com and example. com. mynetworks _ style = subnet allows people on the local network to be able to use the server to relay their emails. people from outside the subnet ( outside of the ip addresses defined by your network ' s netmask, such as 255. 255. 255. 0 ) will not be able to use the server to send email. this is safe, you never want unknown people from the internet to be able to relay their mail through your server : it would only take a few minutes for your machine to become a spam hub. relay _ domains = $ mydestination authorises people from the outside to send email that is supposed to be for us. notify _ classes = resource, software defines what sort of information should be sent to the postmaster when there is a problem. there are more options to that, but using too many could flood your mailbox. confirms we ' re not using any external relays as we want the server to deliver our emails directly to other servers. if your isp doesn ' t let you send emails by yourself ( some block port 25 ), then you can put their own email server there [ mail. isp. com ] ( including the brackets )


deliver our emails directly to other servers. if your isp doesn ' t let you send emails by yourself ( some block port 25 ), then you can put their own email server there [ mail. isp. com ] ( including the brackets ). any mail you sent through your server will be given to your isp ' s email server for delivery. note that this is not very reliable as isp have usually no guarantee that your email will be delivered to its destination : you ' re in effect sending your mail through a black hole. proxy _ interfaces = 22. 214. 171. 124 is only needed if your server is not directly connected to the internet but is for instance behind a firewall that uses port forwarding to redirect traffic to it on a local subnet ( for instance, your server address is 192. 168. 0. 1 or another reserved lan ip class ). in that case, you have to tell postfix what is the outside address of the mail server ( replace 126. 96. 36. 199 by whatever is your real ip ). note though that if you don ' t have a fixed ip, this can be a bit annoying and you may be better off with connecting the server directly to the internet and using iptables as a good internal firewall. inet _ interfaces = all makes postfix listen to all interfaces for email. message _ size _ limit = 20971520 limits the size of emails. here we set it to 20mb which should be more than enough for most systems. it ' s a good idea to set a limit. i ' ve have users trying to send 150mb emails to people who only had a dial - up connection ( since delivery to the server from the local network is fast, people tend not to notice much the size of the emails they send ). masquerade _ domains = $ mydomain ensures that mail from other hosts being sent through the server gets rewritten with our domain name correctly appended. this means that if email @ example. com sends an email through the server, it will be rewritten as firstname. lastname @ example. org. mail _ name = myownpostoffice optional and replaces the default name returned by postfix. it ' s not a bad idea to replace the default string as it is par of the messages exchanged every time an email is being delivered. potentially, it could allow someone to use that information to exploit a known security hole ( the default string contains the full version number of


a bad idea to replace the default string as it is par of the messages exchanged every time an email is being delivered. potentially, it could allow someone to use that information to exploit a known security hole ( the default string contains the full version number of postfix ). home _ mailbox = email / if that directive is present, it will tell postfix to deliver messages to the note : you do not need to create the directories : postfix will do that for you if they don ' t exist. as we ' ve discussed before, ensuring that your server is locked down is vital if you don ' t want to become the next spam relay. sasl is a way of authenticating users when they are trying to send mail. it uses a variety of methods and it ' s fairly flexible, at the expense of being simple. to ensure proper sasl authentication, add the following to your smtpd _ sasl _ auth _ enable = yes broken _ sasl _ auth _ clients = yes the first line enables authentication for email being sent through the server from the outside ( allowing roaming users to send email from the internet ). for security reasons, postfix runs as an unprivileged user, meaning that it doesn ' t have access to your password files. fortunately, this is already installed on fedora and probably on most distributions as well. just to be sure, do the following from the prompt : # yum - t install cyrus - sasl the only configuration that tells mech _ list : plain login note : on other linux systems, this file may be missing or may be located under make sure you restart the the minimum alias that must be set - up is for the postmaster who will receive errors and warnings issued by postfix : the administrator user must have been created and you should probably the one using that account regularly to check for issues. note : after every modification of the alias file, you must run to add more aliases, just add them to don ' t forget to run aliases are ok, but not very powerful, especially if you ' re hosting multiple domains and want a mail sent to email @ example. com be redirected to john while a mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org should go to suzan. in that case, edit the here, anything sent to any variation of susan ' s email address will be redirected to susan ' s account, regardless of the domain they were sent to : email @ example


editor ' s note : african voices is a weekly show that highlights africa ' s most engaging personalities, exploring the lives and passions of people who rarely open themselves up to the camera. ( cnn ) - - inside the gahaya links workshop on the outskirts of kigali, rwanda ' s capital, a group of women sit side by side against a brightly - painted wall. using natural fibers and grasses, they pool their weaving skills to create exquisite hand - made baskets, inspired by the eastern african country ' s art and tradition. seeing these women talking, laughing and working together, it ' s hard to imagine that many of them were once enemies, belonging to warring tribes during the 1994 rwanda genocide. " [ it ' s ] really amazing to see how a small piece of work, how culture can restore values in people, how healing comes through a small basket, " says janet nkubana, co - founder of gahaya links, the company that has made rwanda ' s hand - woven baskets internationally famous. " and then people open up, forgive one another and get back together. they say hello, they interact, they visit, they share what they used to share before, " adds nkubana, a master weaver herself. women in rwanda have been handcrafting baskets for centuries, using them as containers to carry food and transport goods or as decorations during weddings and baby christenings. today, gahaya links ' baskets have been coined " peace baskets, " an embodiment of reconciliation and healing in a country torn by conflict. " if you just meet someone on the streets and go - you don ' t really heal from what you went through, " says one of the women at the workshop. " but through this kind of association where we meet everyday, spending all day together, it makes you understand one another and forgive one another. " an estimated 800, 000 tutsis and politically - moderate hutus were murdered in just 100 days during the rwanda genocide nearly two decades ago. after the violence ended, many rwandan women whose husbands, fathers and sons were killed found themselves thrust into the unfamiliar role of being sole breadwinners for their families. at the same time, rwandans who had fled the genocide and earlier internal conflicts started returning in droves from neighboring countries. one of them was nkubana - - decades ago, she had fled to uganda where she grew up in a refugee camp. upon her return to the country, nkubana opened a hotel with her elder sister in kigali. many trauma


one of them was nkubana - - decades ago, she had fled to uganda where she grew up in a refugee camp. upon her return to the country, nkubana opened a hotel with her elder sister in kigali. many traumatized women and children would often come to the hotel to beg for food. " one thing that struck me one day was [ that ] after you give somebody food, they would be scared to come back, " remembers nkubana. " a lady walked in with a basket and said, ' can you take this basket and give me something to eat. ' " that prompted nkubana to start encouraging the distressed women to bring their woven baskets to the hotel so they could sell them to the hotel guests. " we started organizing women and we started trying to make the baskets so fine so that they suit in the market, " says nkubana. " and in that sense, they restored their dignity. " nkubana ' s efforts to empower the underprivileged women of rwanda cultivated to the creation of gahaya links - - the company started operations in 2004 with only 27 women. today, it has over 4, 500 artisans in more than 40 cooperatives across the country. through gahaya links, nkubana has taken the traditional basket from rwanda to the shelves of high - end u. s. stores. under the " africa growth and opportunity act, " which allows nkubana ' s products duty - free entrance into the u. s. market, gahaya links sells its handicrafts in american department stores such as macy ' s, kate spade, anthropologie and same sky. the company has helped to break the cycle of poverty for thousands of rural families, by turning a traditional handicraft into a profit - making venture. " once you earn an income, " says nkubana, " you are economically empowered. you are given a voice, you can argue your values, you can argue your point, you can argue your rights. " see also : teaching ' reconciliation over revenge ' at the same time, it has helped to improve the quality of life in the homes of the women " where we have married couples, men are embracing it with dignity and appreciation that my wife is really working hard, " says nkubana. " when you look at what women are doing, it is like what men used to do. because now they earn an income, they provide for homes... it also reduces what we call


pashtunwal - the code of the pashtuns in the pashto language, " - wal " is a suffix that most strongly resembles " - ness " in english. pashtunwal, sometimes jokingly translated as " pashtunity ", is the traditional code of ethics and behavior for ethnic pashtuns. the pashtuns have a dubious and likely impenetrable ancient history. oral tradition post - islam is that the pashtuns are a lost tribe of israel, and will compose the most important part of the mahdi army during the end times. interestingly enough, there are a few shreds of genetic evidence to support the claim, but nothing conclusive. scattered accounts of various tribes of the region in the histories of herodotus and his predecessors seem to indicate that the ancestors of today ' s pashtuns have existed largely unchanged for thousands and thousands of years. it should be no surprise then, that an extremely tribal society based on the ideal of the warrior - poet should not fail to produce a fairly consistent and rigid code of behavior, even without the advantage of a written language. pashtunwal, sometimes called a code of honor, is passed down not just as a set of stories, but as the fabric of pashtun society. there are several general principles that show up with consistent emphasis. they are, in english alphabetical order : aitbar ; badal ; jirga ; melmastia ; nanawatey ; namus ; nang ; saz ; and tor. there are of course many, many more parts and sub - parts, some of which will be detailed along with the major points., or " to trust ", is an acknowledgement and systemization of the reality of conducting contractual business without a written language. the customs of aitbar include the public swearing of oaths, and conducting contractual business like the sale of land with respected witnesses, usually tribal elders and members of family. translates variously to " exchange ", " reciprocation ", and " retribution ", depending on the context. it is chiefly the latter with which the idea of badal in the context of pashtunwal is concerned. in fact, badal is often translated as " vengeance ". badal takes many forms, practically speaking, but is generally seen in the form of long - held grudges and feuds. there is a very strong tradition of retribution in kind, particularly for injuries or murders, and the problem


vengeance ". badal takes many forms, practically speaking, but is generally seen in the form of long - held grudges and feuds. there is a very strong tradition of retribution in kind, particularly for injuries or murders, and the problem can very quickly escalate without intervention, usually in the form of formalized apologies and blood money. in fact, large parts of pashtunwal deal specifically with mitigation of, and satisfaction of, badal. many famous and longstanding blood feuds started in distant memory over things as simple as an offhand remark. the remark demanded a similar slander, which was in turn taken as an offense, which demanded badal of its own, tempers flared, and two hundred years later, there are two villages that periodically shoot each other up as soon as they ' ve stockpiled enough bullets to do so. it ' s enough to make the hatfields and mccoys scratch their heads. jirga is a meeting of elders for the purpose of making decisions. this tradition is in fact codified in current afghan law, and has roots going back beyond recorded history. most people don ' t realize it, but pashtuns have been using representative democracy for a few thousand years. a jirga can be held on as small a scale as a single village, and on as large a scale as a loya jirga, a gathering of representatives from every nook and cranny of the pashtun tribes. jirgas are composed of spingheri, or " white beards ", a respectful term for an elder or village headman. a jirga will hear disputes, make laws ( known as badnarr, or prohibitions, and tarr, or accords ), and generally function as both a legislative and judicial system. they resolve everything from land disputes to blood feuds, and very often mediate. as noted under badal, one of the more important functions of the jirga is known as teega, or " stone ", which refers to the symbolic placing of a stone in a public place as an ad - hoc monument to a temporary truce in bloodshed. the tradition carries with it a story regarding the mythical " first jirga ", where a stone was placed to end a legendary feud with the words " until i move this stone, no more blood may be shed. " teega is usually placed only in the direst of circumstances, and after deliberation both within the jirga and with both parties.


end a legendary feud with the words " until i move this stone, no more blood may be shed. " teega is usually placed only in the direst of circumstances, and after deliberation both within the jirga and with both parties. the primary reason for the placing of a teega is to allow a cooling - off period for both parties, so that negotiations and tarr can be done with a clearer head. it is also important to note that " temporary " can be a very flexible amount of time ; there are accounts of teega still physically in place in villages that have outlived the original dispute by generations, but are still considered inviolate. violation of teega carries severe penalties ; not only would any right to badal or other resulting grievances be forfeit, but the offenders would also be subject to the primary punitive tool of a jirga, a nagha, or fine. a nagha is any forfeiture ordered by the jirga, usually as restitution to the wronged party. should the hypothetical offender refuse to obey a badnarr or tarr, violate teega, or refuse a nagha, among other infractions, the jirga can resort to its most potent powers, the raising of lashkar. a lashkar is basically a posse, empowered and drafted by the authority of the jirga and commanded to fulfill specific purposes, such as seizing property, killing an outlaw, escorting a protected party, and in some cases, making war. melmastia, or " hospitality ", is probably the most famous component of pashtunwal. made famous by the factual account " lone survivor ", by us navy seal marcus luttrell, pashtun hospitality is one of the most interesting parts of pashtunwal and frequently makes foreigners wonder how it could possibly work. aside from the absolute imperative to be as generous a host as is physically possible, certain facets of melmastia extend to obligations not typically encountered in any other culture, such as the sheltering of even your worst enemies and the obligation to die in their defense. essentially, upholding melmastia requires that one shelter and aid anybody who asks for assistance, with no exceptions and no reluctance. it was illustrated to me this way : if president bush ( this was when he was still in office ) knocked on mullah omar ' s door and asked for shelter, mullah omar would have to take him in, feed him, put him in the best bed in the


this way : if president bush ( this was when he was still in office ) knocked on mullah omar ' s door and asked for shelter, mullah omar would have to take him in, feed him, put him in the best bed in the house, and do so indefinitely, even to the extent that mullah omar would be required to take up arms in his guest ' s defense against any comer. the host does, however, have recourse. if the host feels that melmastia is being abused in any way, he can petition the jirga, who may elect to relocate the guest, order the guest to leave, or even punish the guest. petitioning a jirga is not something you would do to, say, boot out a freeloading inlaw, but it definitely keeps the more serious possibilities from ever happening. notably, the requirement even extends to fugitives from the law. even if the host knows that the fugitive is fleeing justice, he will still offer full melmastia until the situation is clarified by a jirga or one of its representatives. a humorous story regarding melmastia : mullah nasruddin ( a common butt of jokes in pashtun culture - typically very dimwitted or ignorant ) goes for a visit at his cousin ' s house. his cousin prepares a huge feast, and everybody is happy. the second night, another huge feast. the third night, another huge feast. the fourth night, his cousin serves a side of dal ( a bland mush of lentils, typically seen as the food of the abjectly poor and not well liked ) with the lamb. the fifth night, his cousin serves only dal. the sixth night, cold dal. mullah nasruddin, on the seventh night, seeing dal again on the table, says " what ' s wrong with this place? all the time, it ' s dal, dal, dal! " the joke here is that mullah nasruddin is too thick to see the polite, unspoken, but increasingly pointed suggestion that he has overstayed his welcome. a pashtun would never directly ask a guest to leave, though it would be very clear to the guest if they had overstayed their welcome with signals even more discrete than a side of dal. the other part of the joke is that mullah nasruddin is so abrasive that his cousin was only willing to have him for three days ; visits of friends and even acquaintances commonly extend for weeks at a time, though may only


dal. the other part of the joke is that mullah nasruddin is so abrasive that his cousin was only willing to have him for three days ; visits of friends and even acquaintances commonly extend for weeks at a time, though may only happen once a year or even less frequently, due to logistics. very closely related to melmastia is the concept of nanawatey, or " going in ". nanawatey takes different forms in different places, but it is the ritual asking of pardon for grievances. there are several common rituals, some of which are directly dependent on melmastia. a person ( let us call him the ' trespasser ' ) may wish to end a feud or clear the air with an enemy or rival ( the ' wronged ' ), and will present himself as a guest at the wronged person ' s home, staying under melmastia until his host relents and pardons him. this happens even in extreme cases, such as a blood feud or similarly " capital offenses ". bear in mind that the wronged will have a strong case to make with the jirga to have the guest evicted, depending on the severity of the grievance. the trespasser may also rush to a funeral for the relatives of the wronged and beg to be a pallbearer, or as a last ditch effort, may publicly throw himself on the mercy of the wronged. one utterly outdated, but interesting form of this public obeisance is that the trespasser will appear in public with a lead around his neck and a piece of grass in his mouth, and press the lead into the hand of the wronged - a potent symbol, essentially saying " i am like livestock to you, below even a servant ". another regional ritual for nanawatey is for the women of the trespasser ' s household to approach the home of the wronged literally under cover of a quran, and ask in the name of the holy book to have the grievances aired. the women of the two households will typically negotiate amongst themselves either as a form of initial contact, an icebreaker if you will, or sometimes even to the extent of forming a tarr between the families to end the hostilities. it is unthinkable to deny a woman ' s request under such circumstances to be at least heard, even if it is not entertained ; to slight her honor, or even worse, to physically harm her, would be a violation of namus, or the integrity of


word, nang would be it. however, it ' s not untranslatable, it just requires quite a bit of illustration and explication. one ' s nang would be preserved by killing a rival ' s son in retaliation for the death of one ' s own son even if it meant escalating an exchange of badal. one ' s nang would be utterly destroyed by killing, accidentally, in the course of badal, or otherwise, a rival ' s daughter. one ' s nang would be preserved by the ritual murder or forced suicide of one ' s own daughter who sullies her own namus by sneaking off with a boy. one ' s nang would be tarnished perhaps beyond repair by covering the incident up and trying to backdate a marriage proposal with the boy ' s family. in the incident above, the boy ' s own nang would be severely damaged, and in fact, his life is probably forfeit to preserve the nang and namus of his family and avoid badal. ( for this particular instance, see " tor " below ) one ' s nang would be strengthened by accepting the nanawatey and blood money from the person who accidentally killed your brother. one ' s nang would be restored for offering nanawatey and paying the blood price for accidentally killing someone ' s brother. one ' s nang would be ruined for not carrying out badal, or, on the flipside, for letting badal drag on to the detriment of the family or tribe when one is originally at fault. also known as " swarah ", saz is compensation for murder, often known in english as blood money. it is sometimes money or other tangibles, but also often takes the form of intermarriage ; one who is penitent for murder, or wishes to go beyond nanawatey will approach the jirga and make the offer to pay saz. this is sometimes a direct offer, and sometimes the result of the jirga ' s mediation, and will be very much driven by individual circumstance and standards. the acceptance of saz by the wronged party carries with it complete forgiveness and in the case of intermarriage, usually very close future ties between the families in question. intermarriage for grievances is usually a very complex social and political game ; the severity of the grievance, the social standing of both families, the available matches, and more will all go into determining the match. in some


. intermarriage for grievances is usually a very complex social and political game ; the severity of the grievance, the social standing of both families, the available matches, and more will all go into determining the match. in some instances, the marriage of one ' s best daughter to the other ' s finest son is just barely sufficient ; in other cases, having one ' s least desirable daughter marry off to the wronged party ' s distant cousin is enough. tor literally translates as " black ", but is used in the pashto language to mean many things, including blame, accusation, wrongdoing, guilt, and shame. as a concept relating to pashtunwal, tor is the absolute and inflexible treatment of violations of namus. given that description, in a typically contradictory and paradoxical fashion, tor is situation - dependent. for example, if a couple elopes without permission, but are officially married ( usually by a sympathetic or unwitting outside mullah ) they may only face essential exile from their entire extended families, with the families both suffering a good deal of embarrassment. however, in the case of adultery or premarital relations of any sort, even between a couple who is formally betrothed, the punishment is almost always death for both, to cleanse the namus of both families and avoid badal. in the case of rape, the woman is traditionally not held responsible, though there is usually unfortunately a social stigma. instead, the rapist is handed over, usually by his own family, to the woman ' s family. the woman ' s family has, essentially, two options : they can kill him, or hand him over to the jirga, who will almost always sentence him to death in any case. if he is handed over to the jirga, his family avoids badal by disowning the son prior to his execution. if the woman ' s family kills him, the family is effectively exiled from the community. in the event that the rapist ' s family refuses to hand him over, or he flees justice, the woman ' s family has the right to kill the rapist ' s brother or father, and in some cases the entire male line. even if the rapist ' s brother or father are killed in his place, his life is still considered forfeit and it is not uncommon for the male relatives of the woman to hunt him down later. one saying regarding tor is " یوازی تو


' s brother or father are killed in his place, his life is still considered forfeit and it is not uncommon for the male relatives of the woman to hunt him down later. one saying regarding tor is " یوازی تور اوسپین بدل " - " only death changes tor to spin ( white ). " the pitfalls of writing oral tradition this is all pretty well according to oral tradition, which is subject to variations in emphasis and application based on region. sometimes the " region " in question is as small as a cluster of buildings that barely qualifies as a village ; sometimes, it ' s a diaspora community relying on retellings of stories about the olden days ; sometimes, it ' s a variation in both space and time. a quick internet perusal of information regarding " pashtunwal " will turn up different names for the same concepts, different levels of regard, different customs, and different organizations and sub - headings. some people consider namus to be the feminine version of nang. some people put pashtun wedding traditions under the heading of bota ( ransoming, something i didn ' t cover here ) and consider them to be integral to pashtunwal. just like fairytales, everybody has their own version, but it ' s easy to trace the consistencies. don ' t expect this to get you integrated into a village somewhere in the hindu kush, but also consider it a good baseline, and food for thought the next time you run into mentions of tribal politics, power brokers, and infighting in the pashtun regions of afghanistan. many thanks to clockmaker for help with organization, clarity, trimming, and proofreading!


xix. the bite of the adder by friedrich nietzsche one day had zarathustra fallen asleep under a fig - tree, owing to the heat, with his arms over his face. and there came an adder and bit him in the neck, so that zarathustra screamed with pain. when he had taken his arm from his face he looked at the serpent ; and then did it recognise the eyes of zarathustra, wriggled awkwardly, and tried to get away. not at all, said zarathustra, as yet hast thou not received my thanks! thou hast awakened me in time ; my journey is yet long. thy journey is short, said the adder sadly ; my poison is fatal. zarathustra smiled. when did ever a dragon die of a serpent ' s poison? - - said he. but take thy poison back! thou art not rich enough to present it to me. then fell the adder again on his neck, and licked his wound. when zarathustra once told this to his disciples they asked him : and what, o zarathustra, is the moral of thy story? and zarathustra answered the destroyer of morality, the good and just call me : my story is when, however, ye have an enemy, then return him not good for evil : that would abash him. but prove that he hath done something good to you. and rather be angry than abash any one! and when ye are cursed, it pleaseth me not that ye should then desire to bless. rather curse a little and should a great injustice befall you, then do quickly five small ones besides. hideous to behold is he on whom injustice presseth alone. did ye ever know this? shared injustice is half justice. and he who can bear it, shall take the injustice upon himself! a small revenge is humaner than no revenge at all. and if the be not also a right and an honour to the transgressor, i do not like your nobler is it to own oneself in the wrong than to establish one ' s right, especially if one be in the right. only, one must be rich enough to do so. i do not like your cold justice ; out of the eye of your judges there always glanceth the executioner and his cold steel. tell me : where find we justice, which is love with seeing eyes? devise me, then, the love which not only beareth all punishment,


can mono be cured? no, there isn ' t a cure for mono. but the virus will go away on its own. symptoms usually last about 4 weeks. how is mono treated? the main goal of treatment is to relieve your symptoms. the following list includes tips on treatment : - rest. sleep helps your body fight infection. - drink plenty of fluids. they help prevent dehydration. - if you have a sore throat, gargle with salt water or suck on throat lozenges, hard candy or flavored frozen desserts ( such as popsicles ). - you may want to take acetaminophen ( one brand name : tylenol ) or ibuprofen ( some brand names : advil, motrin, nuprin ) to relieve pain and fever. do not give aspirin to children. aspirin should be avoided because it has been associated with a disease called reye ' s syndrome in children. reye ' s syndrome is a serious illness that can lead to death. do i need an antibiotic? antibiotics are not effective against mono. mono is caused by a virus and antibiotics don ' t work against viruses. if you have a bacterial infection in addition to having mono ( such as strep throat ), your doctor may give you an antibiotic to treat that infection. what about sports and exercise? avoid sports, physical activities or exercise of any kind until your doctor tells you it ' s safe. moving around too much puts you at risk of rupturing your spleen, especially if it is enlarged. you need to avoid physical activities and contact sports for about 3 to 4 weeks after you ' ve had mono. written by familydoctor. org editorial staff


thuringia - sachsen weimar - eisenach – herzogtum ( duchy ) edit this page from familysearch wiki back to germany ( add introductory text and / or an image here ) ( add text and / or an image here ) ( add text and / or an image here ) did you know? research problems and strategies when children were born illegitimately and the father ’ s name is not known what research strategy is suggested? 1. check who the witnesses were at birth of child. likelihood is that there might be a relationship there might exist a separate section in the church book for illegitimate births. 2. check whether the mother marries the father later and the child became legitimized by the father ’ s acknowledgment. 3. check confirmation records. 4. find school records to see if school fees were paid for the child and by whom ( search in school records. one possibility “ kirchenvisitationen ”, “ schulerverzeichnis ” ) 5. was the child adopted? ( search in court records, key word : “ adoptionen ”, “ vormundschaft ” ) 6. see if a will exists in which the child was bequeathed money or property. ( search in court records for “ testamente ” ) when parents came from a city unknown what would be the research strategy? 1. check the witnesses at the children ’ s baptisms. witnesses might be relatives and there may be a place name which could give a clue. 2. check citizenship records of present residence ( search for ” burgerrolle ”, “ burgerbuch ”, “ burgerliste ”, ” burgerverzeichnis ”, “ einwohnermeldeverzeichnis ” ) 3. check for journeymen or servants records ( search for “ geburtsbriefe ”, “ gesindebuch ”, “ heimatscheine ”, “ wanderbucher ”, “ gutsarchiv ” records ) 4. check census records. search for “ volkszahlungen ”. 5. check guild records. search for “ innungen ” 6. check neighboring church records to see if parents appeared as witnesses. when given and surnames are present more than once in a parish and additional persons cannot easily be assigned to each other, what would be the research strategy? 1. establish whole families. see who has married whom and had what children. 2. compare findings in church books with court records. 90 % of the population in germany were dependent farmers


be assigned to each other, what would be the research strategy? 1. establish whole families. see who has married whom and had what children. 2. compare findings in church books with court records. 90 % of the population in germany were dependent farmers. they did not own their farms but had usufruct, for which they were taxed and recorded in administrative records. parents would bequeath, sell, lease or retire, and children inherit personal property. all such actions were recorded in court records. ( search in archival records, such as ” schuld - und pfandprotokolle ” ) 3. check tax lists. twice a year people were required to pay taxes. see if the same heads of family pay each time. if the head of household dies, the widow continues to pay taxes until her child becomes of age and takes over or she remarries. ( search for “ steuerlisten ”, “ steuerrollen ”, “ amtsrechnungen ” ). when different spellings exist for a family name what would be the research strategy? 1. be aware that spelling rules are not set until the early 1900s. dialects can apply when writing official records. some consonants and vowels are interchangeable. the name triebenbach can be spelled driebenbach, treubenbach, drubenbach. 2. names can be latinized : the name keller becomes cellarius, names can sound as if they are latin, such as debelius. 3. the priest simply made a mistake 4. consider looking at neighboring parish registers 5. always compare the spelling of a name with other documents available for the time period. ( the most common ones are taxlists, in german “ steuerlisten ”, “ steuerrollen ” ). when church records from a parish cannot be located what should be the research strategy? 1. check if the correct parish was chosen. a good source to check is a gazetteer. 2. have parish jurisdictions changed? 3. check with the diocese ( bistum ) or deanery ( dekanat ) if a duplicate record does exist and where it was deposited. for evangelical records check here ( evangelische kirche in thuringen ) catholic church ( adressen, gemeinden, dekanate ) when church books no longer exist because they were destroyed what should the research strategy be? gather information from other records : 1. tax records ( steuerlisten, schatzungslisten ) –


gemeinden, dekanate ) when church books no longer exist because they were destroyed what should the research strategy be? gather information from other records : 1. tax records ( steuerlisten, schatzungslisten ) – located in state archives 2. debt registers, citizenship records, fire insurance registers ( schuldenregister, loscheimerlisten, brandregister, burgerlisten ) – located in city archives, mayor ‘ s office 3. guild records, notary records, land records ( innungslisten, zunftbucher, notarielle akten, grundbuchsachen – state archives 4. kataster, bannbucher ( cadastral, absolvent books ) – state archives, cadastral offices, finance departments 5. tax records of parishes ( lagerbucher ) – church archives 6. house lists, address books, house ownership lists, military records, vaccination records ( hauserlisten, adressbucher, hauswirtslisten, stammrollen, impflisten ) – city archives 7. news papers ( zeitungen, amtsblatter ) - city archive, state archive 8. emigration records, census records, wahlerlisten ( auswanderungsakten, volkszahlungen, voting records ) – state archive 9. cemetery records ( graber, gottesacker ) – city archive check out the archive list available for thuringen ( your text or images here ) ( your text or images here, or use the table below : ) things you can do ( in order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! many tasks need to be done. you can help by : - this page was last modified on 28 november 2012, at 22 : 55. - this page has been accessed 395 times.


biofuel crops are not the only sources of renewable energy that farmers can cultivate. a national geographic magazine article discusses the emerging practice of constructing wind turbines on mid - western farmland and the implications for crop productivity. according to research cited in the article, wind turbines could help mitigate extreme temperatures on the farm, keeping crops from overheating or freezing. but this area of study is still in its infancy, and scientists say that more data is needed to present a complete picture of the trade - offs for farmers. if wind farms turn out to be a beneficial fixture on farms, the u. s. corn belt could soon be producing a new crop for the market – wind energy. as the international year of forests winds to a close, a new fao study released this week shows how plants and fruits from amazonian forests can be used to improve people ’ s diets and livelihoods. written in easy - to - grasp language, fruit trees and useful plants in amazonian life seeks to take science out of the ivory tower and put it to work on the ground, in the hands of people. while we ’ re on the subject of forest food, check out what ’ s cooking in chef heinz beck ’ s kitchen in this video from our friends at the international year of forests : in celebration of its 50th anniversary, the world wildlife fund u. s. recently held its sixth annual kathryn fuller science for nature symposium. themed conservation forward : ideas that work and how science can effect change, the two - day event covered many topics from alternative mechanisms to promote conservation to ways to communicate environmental challenges. the first two speakers, lester brown from the earth policy institute and jon foley of the university of minnesota, focused much of their talks on food security and global change. lester brown began the symposium revisiting the drought in russia in the summer of 2010, during which the country lost 40 % of its grain harvest from wild fires. he posited that if instead, the major grain exporting “ u. s. had lost 40 % of its grain harvest of 400 million tons, ” there would have been resounding impacts on the price, trade and consumption of food. citing the collapse of past civilizations such as the mayans, brown noted that ” for a long time i ’ ve rejected that food could be the weak link in our society … but now i think it is. ” following this assertion, he outlined three indicators of future food security : - economic : price of grain - social : number of hungry people - political : number of failed


food could be the weak link in our society … but now i think it is. ” following this assertion, he outlined three indicators of future food security : - economic : price of grain - social : number of hungry people - political : number of failed states jon foley built upon this foundation by laying out three big challenges for agriculture : - meeting current demands for food - meeting future demands for food, with more people and shifting diets - becoming truly sustainable, with agriculture encompassing 40 % of the earth ’ s land surface under cultivation, 80 - 90 % of water consumption, and at least 35 % of greenhouse gas emissions. one of his papers in the journal nature lays out five recommendations for moving towards addressing these challenges. however, he ultimately concluded by arguing for a new type of agriculture – “ terraculture ” – in which agriculture and food security are approached holistically. watch videos of all the presentations on the symposium website. according to usaid, the auction, which runs through 18 december, “ features exclusive items and experiences from mtv artists and show talent ” such as snooki, rob dyrdek, nick jonas and kelly clarkson. proceeds will go to a group of eight organizations, including the american refugee committee, care, catholic relief services, mercy corps, save the children, world vision, unicef usa, and world food program usa. the auction is part of the usaid and ad council fwd ( famine, war, drought ) campaign. launched in september, it is aimed at raising awareness of the crisis in the horn of africa and linking americans to actions that can help those in need. the u. s. department of agriculture has moved to improve the management of the application of nutrients on farm land, which could save money and yield environmental benefits. the step came 13 december as usda revised its national conservation practice standard on nutrient management. the department said, proper application of nitrogen and phosphorus can save producers money and offers protection or improvement of ground and surface water, air quality, soil quality and agricultural sustainability. staff of the department ’ s natural resources conservation service ( ncrs ) – which offers technical and financial assistance to producers to plan and implement nutrient management plans or to help meet federal, state or other environmental regulations – use the nutrient management conservation practice to help farmers and ranchers apply nutrients more effectively. proper management of nitrogen and phosphorus, including use of such organic nitrogen sources as manure, legumes and cover crops, can save money, and the standard offers a roadmap to assist producers in applying nutrient sources in the right


more effectively. proper management of nitrogen and phosphorus, including use of such organic nitrogen sources as manure, legumes and cover crops, can save money, and the standard offers a roadmap to assist producers in applying nutrient sources in the right amount, from the right source, in the right place, at the right time for the best agricultural and environmental benefits. the standard was developed with the help of universities, nongovernmental organizations, industry and others. key changes include expanding the use of technology to speed the nutrient management process and allowing states more flexibility in providing site - specific nutrient management planning using local information. ncrs staff offices will have until the beginning of 2013 to comply with erosion, nitrogen and phosphorus criteria for their state nutrient management standards. the revised standard comes as the ncrs is working with other entities to address nutrient concerns identified in three recent studies assessing the effectiveness of conservation practices in the upper mississippi basin, the chesapeake bay watershed and the great lakes basin. the studies all pointed to loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from cropland as a significant concern. most nitrogen losses are attributed to nitrate leaching through the soil to groundwater, while most phosphorus is lost because of erosion, as phosphorus attaches itself to soil particles that are carried by runoff to waterways. improved nutrient management and effective erosion control reduce loss of nutrients from agricultural land, improving downstream water quality. the revised standard will provide tools and strategies to help producers address the natural resource concerns relating to excess nutrients on agricultural land. meat consumption is projected to rise nearly 73 percent by 2050 – but how will the world deal with the greenhouse gas emissions and groundwater pollution that will result from intensive livestock production? a new fao report – world livestock 2011 – proposes measures to make intensive production “ more environmentally benign ”. while many young people in the united states have been leaving family farms behind, and the average age of farmers continues to rise, npr ’ s all things considered explores a surge in interest in organic farming among young people. read more or listen to the story : who are the young farmers of ‘ generation organic ‘. residual biomass energy sources – such as manure and corn “ stover ” ( cobs, leaves, etc. ) or other byproducts of farming or other activities – could be an important energy source for the u. s. midwest, according to a report sponsored by the chicago council on global affairs. harnessing the power of biomass residuals : opportunities and challenges for midwestern renewable energy is partly based on the hope that such residual biomass might be less controversial than


. s. midwest, according to a report sponsored by the chicago council on global affairs. harnessing the power of biomass residuals : opportunities and challenges for midwestern renewable energy is partly based on the hope that such residual biomass might be less controversial than biofuels, which raise environmental concerns or issues related to competition with food needs. among the study ’ s findings are that ecologically sustainable residual biomass could produce 17 percent of regional gasoline needs or 14 percent of electricity requirements, that these resources are concentrated in certain areas, that a broad “ landscape - based ” framework should be used to evaluate the costs and benefits of bioenergy use, and that non - energy benefits may be as important as energy benefits in using these resources. the report also found that technology now exists to produce bioenergy from animal manure, while technology to produce ethanol from corn stover and similar feedstocks is not yet ready for the market. in addition, it said, most bioenergy systems using residuals are not competitive, and subsidies and other public actions will be needed if they are to become practical. the study recommended that manure resources be utilized by increasing farms ’ use of anaerobic digesters – which produce bioenergy while helping to eliminate odors and providing other benefits – and developing watershed - based nutrient trading systems. it also called for regional corn farmers to be prepared to participate in a cellulose market by increased research on stover harvesting and how different tillage systems affect grain and stover production. finally, it recommended that a landscape - based perspective be used to analyze biofuel feedstock potential. news21 ′ s food safety project has provided an opportunity for journalism students and fellows at arizona state university and university of maryland to investigate different facets of food safety in the country. topics range from high - risk foods to inspection and regulation to local food systems, presented with videos, articles, and interactive infographics. citing recent outbreaks of food - borne illness, the project introduces shortcomings and new innovations to ensure food safety. check out the news21 food safety project.


heaney, et al. 2011. fieldiana life and earth sciences, 2 : 34. type locality : 3. 5 km sw mt. cetaceo peak, cagayan province, luzon island, philippines, elevation 1400 m ( 17. 69561d n, 122. 01683d e ) © the field museum. photograph by l heaney and a niedzielski. english common names : sierra madre apomys, sierra madre forest mouse total length : 262 - 296 mm ; tail : 124 - 154 mm ; hind foot : 34 - 39 mm ; ear : 18 - 21 mm ; weight : 73 - 110 g. in the sierra madre range, apomys sierrae has dorsal fur that is dark brown with rusty - reddish tints, while on mt. palali ( caraballo mountains ), the dorsal fur is medium brown with a yellow tint. also, the skin of the ears and feet of this latter group is paler than in the individuals from the sierra madre. ventral fur is medium to pale gray at the base and white or white washed with pale ochraceous at the tips. the tail, which is about equal to head and body length, is distinctly bicolored — dark brown dorsally and, usually, white ventrally ; only a few individuals have a white tip. the dorsal surface of the hind foot is white with scattered dark hairs. apomys minganensis has longer, denser and darker dorsal fur and also many dark hairs on the dorsal surface of the hind foot. apomys sierrae is usually smaller than a. magnus, and the dorsal fur of the former is dark brown with rusty reddish tones or rich rusty orange - brown as opposed to the dark brown with prominent black guard hairs of the latter. apomys magnus has ventral fur that is paler gray at the base and nearly white at the tip. apomys sierrae has a reddish tint in its dorsal fur as opposed to the more yellow tint of a. aurorae ; otherwise, they are quite similar externally. also, a. sierrae tends to have a longer hind foot, although other measurements are similar. apomys sierrae is smaller than a. zambalensis in almost all measurements, and the dorsal pelage of a. zambalensis is a bright rusty umber, rather than dark brown with rusty - red tints. apomys microdon and a. musculus occur sympatrically


all measurements, and the dorsal pelage of a. zambalensis is a bright rusty umber, rather than dark brown with rusty - red tints. apomys microdon and a. musculus occur sympatrically in some areas ; both are much smaller with proportionately longer tails. known from palaui island ( fmnh ), the northern sierra madre range in cagayan province ( usnm ) ; mt. lataan and mungiao mountains, quirino province ( fmnh ) ; and mt. palali, caraballo mountains, nueva viscaya ( fmnh ), luzon island ( heaney et al., 2011 ). © the field museum habitat and ecology : currently documented from ca. 475 to 1800 m on luzon, although it was found at 153 m on palaui island, where the maximum elevation is approximately 300 m. on an elevational survey of mt. palali, apomys sierrae was the most frequently captured species of non - volant small mammals in all the collection sites : 780 m, 900 m, 1040 m, 1300 m, 1420 m, and 1707 m. the forest type at these elevations included lowland disturbed agro - forest, regenerated dipterocarp forest, transitional lowland / lower montane forest, mature montane forest, and mossy forest. on an elevational survey of mt. cetaceo, a. sierrae was the most abundant non - volant small mammal at all four survey localities : 1300 m, 1400 m, 1500 m and 1550 m. these elevations represent lower montane forest, montane forest, and old - growth mossy forest. apomys sierrae forages on the ground at night nocturnally, searching for earthworms and seeds. apomys microdon and a. musculus both occur sympatrically over parts of its range ; both are small, primarily arboreal species. apomys sierrae from mt. cetaceo. © the field museum. illustration by v simeonovski. apomys sierrae from mt. palali. © the field museum. illustration by v simeonovski. widespread and abundant. comments : surveys in the area of where the caraballo mountains and the central cordillera come together, a potential overlap in the distribution of apomys sierrae, a. abrae, and a. datae, could produce interesting data as to the comparative habitat usage and interactions of


alphabet > letter k > kite k is for kite letter k > activity > color & decorate a kite holidays & events * april > kite month * may 12th > kite day * june 15 > fly a kite day * june 30th > sky day toys and games > kite online story time > fly weather > windy 2 to 6 years old activity # 1 : literacy : read fly a kite an online story ( or the book version ) ages 3 + * a fantasy day story with grandpa flying a here are topics and themes to discuss after reading the online climate and weather conditions : * ask what helps the kite fly? wind. * could the kite fly without wind? shapes & colors * discuss the shape of the kite? the diamond shape - the diamond shape is the perfect shape for a kite, it helps it fly. * what other shape can you see inside the kite : * what color is the kite, etc. activity # 2 : kite safety, history of kites, multicultural celebrations : visit this kite theme lesson plan to learn about kite flying safety, view real images of kites around the world, and assemble an easy homemade kite that flies! activity # 3 : alphabet activities : k is for kite activities ( ages 3 - 6 ) choose activity # 4 or # 5 or conduct each one on separate days to reinforce letter k practice. activity # 4 : decorating a kite : all ages ( reinforce letter k ) * print this kite coloring page, write a large and bold letter k and the word kite somewhere in somewhere in the margin. suggestion : print onto light blue paper for a sky background. * prepare a container with a variety of materials to decorate : crayons, pencils, cut - up construction paper, tissue paper, stickers, s. * shapes : discuss the kite is a diamond shape. identify and count the six triangles that form the bows in the kite ' s tail. activity # 5 : printable print this adorable craft from dltk - holidays. com in your choice of color or coloring version. practice counting the pieces, scissor cutting skills, colors and more. * print this kite coloring page on white or light blue paper ( for a blue sky something to color or paint with. * cut - up construction paper or tissue paper in several colors * glue or glue stick * spring, summer or autumn related stickers


posted aug 24, 2003 by joe otten the thing that has always puzzled me about black holes is what happens to the entropy of objects that fall into them? by its description, a single infinitely dense point seems to have a very low entropy. but if we then let a high entropy object fall into a black hole, we appear to have a contradiction to the second law of thermodynamics. this topic is an active one in the field of astrophysics and quantum gravitation. in general, however, it is required of a black hole that its event horizon always increase, much like the total entropy of a closed system ( i. e. - the universe ). this thought lead to the hypothesis that a black hole ' s entropy is proportional to its event horizon ' s surface area. this came to be the bekenstein - hawking formula : if a black hole has an entropy, then it follows all the other laws of thermodynamics and has a temperature, also. so the black hole will radiate energy. this is where things start getting fuzzy. how can something that is impossible to escape radiate anything? i ' m afraid i don ' t know much about what ' s new in that field of thought. thanks for that. there is hawking radiation, but i guess that is not what you are talking about. could it be a mistake to consider a black hole demarcated by its event horizon to be an object, and thus to apply thermodynamic principles to that object. after all the event horizon is not a physical structure and need not be in the same place from one moment to the next. ( that episode of voyager where the ship was stuck inside the event horizon of a black hole, looking for a crack to get out would have been hilarious if it had been slightly less obtuse. ) the natural answer is that the laws of physics break down in a black hole. the entropy just vanishes. entropy is a property of the universe, and all properties of the universe break down at the event horizo of a black hole. please note that not panicking ltd is not responsible for the content of any external sites listed. the content on h2g2 is created by h2g2 ' s researchers, who are members of the public. unlike edited guide entries, the content on this page has not necessarily been checked by a h2g2 editor. in the event that you consider anything on this page to be in breach of the site '


| subject : naked eye galaxies. | posted may 17, 2001 by civilian in the article you claim that the milky way is the only galaxy that can be seen with the naked eye. this is not entirely true. our milky way is surrounded by a group of small galaxies known as the local group. although most of these simply resemble bright stars to the naked eye, two stand out. in the southren hemisphere we have the pleasure of being able to see both of them. on a clear, dark night you will notice two large bright blobs slightly to the south of the milky way. these are galaxies, known as the " clouds of magellan ". they are visible with the naked eye and they are almost impossible to miss unless you find yourself in a bright city. if you happen to be in the southren hemisphere, look south. if the southren cross is to the left of the celestial pole then the clouds will be on the right of it. if that doesnt help try this : on a southren autumn night, quite early ( say 8pm ) look south ( if you see leo youre looking the wromg way ). find the milky way. got it? good. now find the southren cross. once you have it. scan your eyes right until you find carina ( the keel ). once that is done scan your eyes down slowly. viola.. yes, and you can catch m30 if it ' s dark enough and clear enough. it doesn ' t look like much, as you can ' t resolve it at all without a telescope, but it can been seen naked - eye. sorry, that should be m31. you are right - this article needs some small tweaking! the galaxy i was referring to was m31, and it is commonly known that it is possible to see it with the naked eye, so long as your eyesight is good of course. i will try to make some much needed corrections to this article in december. please note that not panicking ltd is not responsible for the content of any external sites listed. the content on h2g2 is created by h2g2 ' s researchers, who are members of the public. unlike edited guide entries, the content on this page has not necessarily been checked by a h2g2 editor. in the event that you consider anything on this page to be in breach of the site ' s house rules, please


[ privatier ] wrote in to let us know about lxardoscope, his project that lets you use an arduino as hardware input for a linux - based oscilloscope display. this implementation offers two channels with about 3000 samples per second from each. he touts some of the gui options like vertical resolution between 2mv and 10v per division. that part kind of stumps us because we don ’ t see how a measurement of 10v ( or more ) can be taken using the schematic included. but you ’ re comprehension may surpass ours so do take a look yourself. he is using an arduino uno for his testing. but to get around some issues he ’ s experienced with other usb - based solutions he implemented a serial port connection instead. you ’ ll need to remove the atmega chip from the arduino board after flashing the code to it, and then build a circuit around it which includes a power source where - 2. 5v is ground and 2. 5v is vcc. all in all, you ’ ll need a 16 mhz crystal, hef4069 hex inverter, atmega8 - family microcontroller, and a few passive components to build this on a breadboard.


what is campylobacteriosis? campylobacteriosis is an infection of the gut caused by campylobacter bacteria. these bacteria are a frequent cause of food poisoning. how do you get it? you get campylobacteriosis by eating foods or by drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. you can also get it from infected people or pets especially kittens and puppies. persons at highest risk of getting the disease are workers who handle animal products, agricultural and wildlife workers, and veterinarians who handle infected animals. infection usually occurs while processing animal products, either by direct contact with the contaminated raw material or by indirect contact in a contaminated environment. the bacteria are resistant to drying and disinfection, and can remain alive in contaminated soil for years after the death of the animal. what are the symptoms? the symptoms of campylobacteriosis include mild to severe diarrhea ( often bloody ), stomach pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting. when do symptoms start? the symptoms usually start 2 to 5 days after infection with the bacteria and may continue for a week. for how long is a person contagious? infected people will shed the bacteria in their stools for a few days to as much as a week or more. should an infected person stay home from school or work? students with diarrhea should stay home from school until the diarrhea stops. food handlers, day care workers and health care workers should not return to work until they have their doctor ’ s permission. what is the treatment for campylobacteriosis? most persons with campylobacteriosis will recover without treatment. severe diarrhea and / or vomiting over a long time may cause the body to lose fluid too quickly. lost fluids should be replaced by drinking liquids such as fruit juices, soups, and special fluids called oral rehydration salts. a doctor can prescribe medications for severe cases or to shorten the length of illness. this may be important for food handlers, health care workers, and children in day care. how can you keep from getting it? wash your hands thoroughly after using the toilet, after changing diapers, after touching pets or cleaning up after them, and especially before preparing or eating food. after changing diapers, wash the child ’ s hands as well as your own. do not drink untreated water ( ponds, streams, rivers ). do not drink unpasteurized ( raw ) milk or eat raw or


monday, nov. 19 ( healthday news ) - - children who regularly attend daycare are more likely to be overweight than those who stay at home with a parent, but the reasons for this difference are unknown, according to a new study. canadian researchers looked at more than 1, 600 families in quebec with children born in 1997 or 1998. mothers were interviewed about the care of their children at one and a half, two and a half, three and a half and four years of age. " we found that children whose primary - care arrangement between one and a half and four years was in a daycare center or with an extended family member were around 50 percent more likely to be overweight or obese between the ages of 4 and 10 years compared to those cared for at home by their parents, " study leader dr. marie - claude geoffroy said in a university of montreal news release. " this difference cannot be explained by known risk factors such as socioeconomic status of the parents, breastfeeding, body - mass index of the mother or employment status of the mother, " she added. the study also uncovered only an association between daycare attendance and overweight, not a cause - and - effect relationship. the study was published this month in the journal of pediatrics. diet and physical activity levels are among the areas that need to be examined in order to determine why children who go to daycare are more likely to gain weight, noted study co - director dr. sylvana cote. " parents don ' t have to worry ; however, i suggest to parents they ensure their children eat well and get enough physical activity, whether at home or at daycare, " she said in the news release. the researchers said daycare has the potential to reduce weight problems in children, through methods such as encouraging physical activity and healthy eating. the u. s. department of health and human services explains how to keep children at a healthy weight. copyright © 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.


the threat of metabolic syndrome metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors that greatly raises your risk for heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. if you have three or more of these factors, you are said to have metabolic syndrome : a high level of triglycerides, or more than 150 mg / dl a low level of hdl ( " good " ) cholesterol, or below 40 mg / dl for men or 50 mg / dl for women abdominal obesity, or a waist circumference of greater than 40 for men, or greater than 35 for women high blood pressure, or 130 / 85 mmhg or greater high blood sugar that is classified as prediabetes, 100 mg to 125 mg / dl, or diabetes, 126 mg / dl or casual blood sugar greater than 200 mg / dl according to the national heart, lung, and blood institute, if you have metabolic syndrome, you are two times more likely to have develop heart disease. your risk of developing type 2 diabetes is five times greater if you have metabolic syndrome. yet there ' s good news. lifestyle changes can prevent or reverse some of these risk factors, if you are among the 35 percent of adults who already has metabolic syndrome. although you can ' t change how genes contribute to your risk factors, you can do a lot to lower your risk. eat a low - fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables, for instance, and most days get 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise that raises your heart rate. get to and maintain a healthy weight.


wednesday, july 18 ( healthday news ) - - while many people don ' t know it, there ' s more than one kind of aids virus. besides the hiv - 1 strain that ' s common throughout the world, a type known as hiv - 2 is found in some parts of africa. now, a new study finds that people infected with hiv - 2 and later with hiv - 1 appear to be better equipped to fight off the virus. double - infected people can still go on to develop aids, and there ' s no indication that anyone infected with hiv - 1 should go out in search of hiv - 2. however, " this study should prompt researchers to take a fresh look at hiv - 2 infection " and why it seems weaker, and the potential implications for a vaccine, said sarah rowland - jones, an aids specialist and professor of immunology at john radcliffe hospital in oxford, england. the big questions, she said, are these : is there something about the hiv - 2 virus that makes it less dangerous to the human body ' s immune system defenses? or is it perhaps the other way around, and the body ' s defenses are the key? " if we understood this, it would have a lot of relevance for hiv vaccine design, " said rowland - jones, who ' s familiar with the new study ' s findings. the hiv - 2 strain is largely found in west africa and hasn ' t spread much beyond there, although there have been cases reported in europe, india, japan and the united states, rowland - jones said. many people who are infected with the hiv - 2 virus develop aids and die, but some live normal lives, she said. the new study looked at west africans in the country of guinea - bissau and focused on 223 people who first became infected with hiv - 2 and then with hiv - 1 or those who only got the hiv - 1 strain. the researchers tracked the patients for about 20 years. they found that it took an average of 104 months ( nine years ) for those with dual infections to develop aids, but just 68 months ( nearly six years ) for those infected solely with the hiv - 1 virus. " those infected with hiv - 2 first seem to be better prepared to handle the more aggressive hiv - 1 infection and thereby have a longer progression time to aids, " said study lead author joakim esbjornsson, a postdoctoral researcher at lund university, in sweden. " it is clear that the effect is huge, " esbjornsson said, and it


longer progression time to aids, " said study lead author joakim esbjornsson, a postdoctoral researcher at lund university, in sweden. " it is clear that the effect is huge, " esbjornsson said, and it probably affects death rates, too. esbjornsson emphasized that the research only looked at people who became infected with hiv - 2 first : " people already single - infected with hiv - 1 should under no circumstances try to get infected with hiv - 2, " he said. phyllis kanki, an aids specialist and professor of immunology and infectious diseases at the harvard school of public health, suggested that people who get infected with hiv - 2, which affects the body more slowly, may develop better defenses against the virus. that, in turn, could help them more effectively fight the hiv - 1 strain, she said. the study appears in the july 19 issue of the new england journal of medicine. to learn more about hiv, visit the u. s. national library of medicine. sources : sarah rowland - jones, aids specialist and professor of immunology, john radcliffe hospital, oxford, england ; joakim esbjornsson, ph. d., department of experimental medical science, lund university, lund, sweden ; phyllis kanki, dvm, aids specialist and professor of immunology and infectious diseases, harvard school of public health, boston ; july 19, 2012, new england journal of medicine copyright © 2013 healthday. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.


it may seem like sleep and diabetes have nothing to do with each other but studies are now showing that a lack of sleep can prevent you from maintaining a healthy weight and can lead to diabetes. here ’ s what dr. michael j. breus reported over at the huffington post : while sleep may not seem like it belongs in the same category as words that revolve around weight, it actually has everything to do with weight and whether or not you ’ re at risk for diabetes. two fascinating studies that just came out to further prove it : 1. one study out of a sleep lab at penn state college showed that insomniacs who slept only five to six hours a night had greater odds of developing diabetes. 2. the other study, this one from the university of chicago and published in this month ’ s journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, demonstrated that sleep deprivation mixed with sedentary living and free access to food can change the body ’ s physiology to the point it resembles that of a prediabetic. in other words, the body ’ s insulin resistance and glucose tolerance shifts, leaning toward a dangerous condition that ’ s a precursor to full - blown diabetes. i don ’ t know about you, but i think that ’ s pretty remarkable … and scary. this change in physiology, by the way, in the second study happened over the course of just two weeks as healthy adults were forced to get by on only five hours a night. getting in those extra hours of sleep has never meant more now.


the sampling check generates a set of features from one or more layers that you can step through to visually inspect. the sample is generated from the feature classes you choose to include based on what is loaded in the map. you can also assign weights to the feature classes, which increases or decreases the number of features for the feature classes that are included in the sample. a value of 1 is the highest weight ; 5 is the lowest. the sample is calculated based on one of the following methods : - a fixed number of features - a percentage of all the features in the specified extent - a number derived from a calculation based on the confidence level, margin of error, and acceptance level - a polygon grid that is loaded in the map or from a geodatabase you can choose to run this check on any of the extents that are usually available with checks, such as the selection set, current extent, or the full database. once you have defined the criteria for the check, you can configure the notes and a severity rating. the notes allow you to provide a more specific description for the feature that has been written to the reviewer table and are copied to the notes field in the reviewer table. the severity rating allows you to indicate how important the results from a check are in terms of your quality assurance / quality control processes. the lower the number, the greater the priority the check ' s results have. - start arcmap. - open a map document or load data in the map. - on the main menu, click customize > toolbars > data reviewer. - start a reviewer session in one of the following : - click the select data check drop - down arrow on the data reviewer toolbar, click the plus sign next to advanced checks, then click sampling check. the sampling check properties dialog box appears. all the visible layers that are currently loaded in the map appear in the choose layers list. - if necessary, type a unique name for the check in the check title text box. note : the check title can be used to describe the conditions you are looking for with the check. this is useful when you have multiple instances of the same check to validate the same feature classes or tables but with different validation parameters. - uncheck the check boxes next to the names of the layers you do not want to include in the sample. by default, all the visible layers are included in the sample. tip : you can click select all or clear all to check or uncheck all the check boxes next


to the names of the layers you do not want to include in the sample. by default, all the visible layers are included in the sample. tip : you can click select all or clear all to check or uncheck all the check boxes next to the layer names, respectively. - to adjust the weight, or the significance of the layer in the sample, right - click the layer name in the choose layers list and choose a weight option. - weight 1 ( highest ) — the layer is going to have more features included in the sample than other layers with weight values of 2, 3, 4, or 5. - weight 2 — the layer is going to have more features included in the sample than other layers with weight values of 3, 4, or 5. - weight 3 — the layer is going to have more features included in the sample than other layers with weight values of 4 or 5. - weight 4 — the layer is going to have more features included in the sample than other layers with a weight value of 5. - weight 5 — the layer is going to have the fewest features included in the sample. - chose a method for generating the sample. - number — a specified number of features from the feature classes chosen in the choose layers list is included in the sample. - percentage — a specified percentage of the features from the feature classes chosen in the choose layers list are included in the sample. - auto calculate — the number of features included in the sample is determined by the following : - confidence level — the level of confidence that the sample size is statistically significant. the default value is 95 %, but you can also choose 90 %, 98 %, or 99 % - margin of error — the acceptable margin of error in the confidence level. the default value is 4 %, but you can also choose other values that range from 1 % to 10 %. - acceptable error — indicates the acceptable error ratio. the default value is 2 %, but you can also choose 1 %, 5 %, or 10 %. - do one of the following to configure the calculation method : to create the sample based on a specific number of features click the number option, then type the number of features you want to include in the sample in the text box. to create the sample based on a percentage click the percentage option, then type the value that represents the percentage of all the features you want to include in the sample in the text box. note : the value specified for the percentage is divided by 100. for example


the sample based on a percentage click the percentage option, then type the value that represents the percentage of all the features you want to include in the sample in the text box. note : the value specified for the percentage is divided by 100. for example, if you want to sample 50 percent of the features, type 50 not. 5. to create the sample based on automatic calculation click the auto calculate option, then click the confidence level drop - down arrow to choose the confidence level for the data, click the margin of error drop - down arrow to choose the acceptable margin of error for the data, or click the acceptable error drop - down arrow and choose the acceptable level of error for the sample. to create the sample using a polygon grid click the use grid option. click the drop - down arrow in the grid parameters area to choose the polygon grid or click browse to load one. click the unique id field drop - down arrow and choose the field that contains the field you want to use to identify the grid cell. type the number of cells you want to use in the sample in the number of grids to sample text box. tip : the value you choose from the unique id field drop - down list populates the qc _ grid cell in the reviewer table. - if necessary, type descriptive text for the check results in the notes text box in the reviewer remarks area. if necessary, click the severity drop - down arrow and choose a value that indicates the priority of the check ' s results in the reviewer remarks area. the severity indicates the importance of the check result. the values range from 1 to 5, with 1 being the highest priority and 5 being the lowest. click the run data check button on the data reviewer toolbar. the features to validate dialog box appears. choose an option in the features to validate area. - selection set — the check is run on the features that are currently selected in the map. - current extent — the check is run on the current map extent, which is controlled by the map scale. - definition query — the check is run on the features that are displayed based on definition queries that have been created for the feature class. - full database — the check is run on all the features in the feature class. to run the check only on features that have been edited in a versioned workspace, check the changed features only check box. the changed features only option is available only for a versioned database. - click ok. a progress window appears while the sample is being


the school says my child needs ritalin ; where do i get it? can ' t find what you ' re looking for? our health information specialists are here to help. contact us at 800 - 233 - 4050 or online. school personnel do not have the medical training necessary to tell parents to place their children on medication. chadd and the national resource center on adhd believe that it is inappropriate for individual professionals to offer advice outside their field of training, expertise, or licensing. while teachers and other school personnel play a critical role in identifying potential education problems, they are not qualified either to diagnose a medical condition or suggest specific treatments for addressing that medical condition. in general, only a physician ( m. d. or d. o. ) who is properly licensed may prescribe medications used to treat adhd ( prescribing privileges are regulated by state law for other professions, including nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and, in two states [ new mexico and louisiana ] ph. d. psychologists with with advanced training in psychopharmacology ). because adhd is a medical condition, it should be diagnosed by a pediatrician, neurologist, psychiatrist, psychologist, clinical social worker, or other properly licensed mental health provider who has experience evaluating and treating individuals with adhd. because some symptoms of adhd may be symptoms of other conditions, it is essential that you consult a trained professional and obtain a thorough evaluation and formal diagnosis for your child before beginning any particular course of treatment.


handwaved answer to your first question is that the national identity as a big thing likely emerged as a result of a 30 - year - war ( more specifically, peace of westphalia ), with nation - state being an efficient unit for maintaining balance of power that the westphalian system demanded. to quote from wiki : the edicts agreed upon during the signing of the peace of westphalia were instrumental in laying the foundations for what are even today considered the basic tenets of the sovereign nation - state. aside from establishing fixed territorial boundaries for many of the countries involved in the ordeal ( as well as for the newer ones created afterwards ), the peace of westphalia changed the relationship of subjects to their rulers. in earlier times, people had tended to have overlapping political and religious loyalties. now, it was agreed that the citizenry of a respective nation were subjected first and foremost to the laws and whims of their own respective government rather than to those of neighboring powers, be they religious or secular. why has national identity or being part of a country, become so important, as opposed to being part of a neighborhood, a city or the whole world? as far as why not whole world, it ' s not an easy question. the best answer probably lies in the fact that anything beyond a nation usually has has too divergent interests, and is too large to effectively govern long term absent a strong central tyrant ( see alexander ' s empire, or ghengizids ). you can see it happening in eu issues in 2011 - greeks and germans just can ' t exist as a single unit, since either one culture will feel as if they are being taken advantage of ( germans don ' t want to pay for " lazy not - working - enough greeks " social spending ), or some strong central power - which doesn ' t exist in europe - must mandate and enforce uniform rules. as far as " why not city / neighborhood " - because the modern system of the world, both military and industrial and economy, makes things much more efficient when unification synergies are realized, and make the world uniform enough ( due to literacy / printing press, among other things - thus peace of westphalia as a start ) that uniting many cities into a nation doesn ' t present that much of a conflict of interest. answer to your second question is " absolutely yes ". as a random example, plenty of immigrants from ussr to usa feel 100 % american and zero percent either soviet or russian. if you want a reference to specific example, you are reading his writing this


five days after the “ victory ” at antietam, lincoln changed the purpose of the civil war with his issuance of the emancipation proclamation. with these few words, lincoln changed the reason for fighting from the legalistic “ preservation of the union ” to the moral and ethical imperative of “ freedom and emancipation. ” frankly, many in congress felt that lincoln should have definitively rejected slavery much sooner, and there was the danger that congress would act on this impulse whether lincoln agreed or not. as you read, consider the following questions : 1. what would have happened to slaves living in areas not in rebellion against the government, i. e. the border states like missouri, under the terms of this proclamation? 2. why does lincoln specifically list the areas to which this proclamation applied? why are the areas of emancipation so tightly defined? why were some counties ( counties are called “ parishes ” in louisiana ) excluded? 3. lincoln first wrote a draft of the proclamation in july of 1862. why didn ’ t he issue it then? ( think – what was going on in the war at the time? ) the emancipation proclamation abraham lincoln, september 22, 1862 by the president of the united states of america : a proclamation whereas on the 22nd day of september, a. d. 1862, a proclamation was issued by the president of the united states, containing, among other things, the following, to wit : “ that on the 1st day of january, a. d. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the united states shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free ; and the executive government of the united states, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. “ that the executive will on the 1st day of january aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the states and parts of states, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the united states ; and the fact that any state or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the congress of the united states by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such states shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such state and the people thereof are not then in


united states by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such states shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such state and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the united states. ” now, therefore, i, abraham lincoln, president of the united states, by virtue of the power in me vested as commander - in - chief of the army and navy of the united states in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the united states, and as a fit and necessary war measure for supressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of january, a. d. 1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the first day above mentioned, order and designate as the states and parts of states wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the united states the following, to wit : arkansas, texas, louisiana ( except the parishes of st. bernard, palquemines, jefferson, st. john, st. charles, st. james, ascension, assumption, terrebone, lafourche, st. mary, st. martin, and orleans, including the city of new orleans ), mississippi, alabama, florida, georgia, south carolina, north carolina, and virginia ( except the forty - eight counties designated as west virginia, and also the counties of berkeley, accomac, morthhampton, elizabeth city, york, princess anne, and norfolk, including the cities of norfolk and portsmouth ), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. and by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, i do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are, and henceforward shall be, free ; and that the executive government of the united states, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. and i hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self - defence ; and i recommend to them that, in all case when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. and i further declare and make known that such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the united states to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in


medical scientists have developed a controversial ivf technique that could cure deadly genetic diseases. this is incredible and scary at the same time! doctors in the reproductive medicine department at newcastle university in the uk have asked an expert panel from the human fertilization and embryology authority to review a new fertility treatment that could prevent the some genetic diseases. the technique would involve not two, but technically three biological parents. around one in 6, 500 children are born with serious diseases caused by faulty mitochondrial dna, including liver and heart failure and neurological disorders. this new in - vitro treatment would use a “ second mother ” in order to cancel out the mitochondrial dna that would lead to these genetic diseases. this “ bad ” mitochondrial dna is passed on exclusively by the mother and located in every human cell. mitochondria act as the “ power houses ” and provide energy for each cell. mitochondrial dna is not located in the nucleus of fertilized eggs, so doctors have decided to test this new technique to see if they could prevent genetic disorders completely. first, scientists would take the mother ’ s egg and the father ’ s sperm to create an embryo. then they would remove the nucleus containing the parent ’ s dna and transfer it to a donor embryo — whose nucleus has already been disposed off. the donor embryo – which acts as a kind of surrogate carrier – contains healthy mitochondria. the baby will have 98 percent of the dna from its parents and 2 percent dna from the donor woman. “ we are not ready to do this in patients now, but the science is progressing very rapidly and we need to get parliament to discuss this again now, ” alison murdoch, head of the department of reproductive medicine at newcastle university tells the daily mail. “ we anticipate that the process of review could take about a year so we are asking for this process to start now. ” although this kind of genetic engineering is very risky, it could help end the death rate of babies with genetic diseases, as in the case of sharon and neil bernardi ‘ s seven kids. the english couple lost six of their babies and recently lost their 21 - year - old son edward to leigh ’ s disease, caused by a mitochondrial defect. so hollymoms, do you agree with this kind of science? get more hollybaby news and gossip! friend us on facebook, follow us on twitter and subscribe to our newsletter!


a bit of gyan ( knowledge ) the internet is maturing at an extremely fast rate day - by - day, and the world - wide - web ( www ) has become a central hub for information available worldwide. nowadays, communication between the far ends of the world has become trivial. the dot - com boom happened in the mid - 1990 ′ s and companies have started depending hugely on the internet since then. this has paved way to a huge number of possibilities, along with risks. companies and customers and retailers can buy and sell online and e - commerce has become substantially important because of this. what i ’ ve found is that however fast technology grows, people ’ s minds don ’ t change. no matter how secure you tend to keep your transaction between the client and server, e - commerce ’ s growth has not increased very much because of the constant fear in people ’ s minds – “ how can i trust this fellow when i cannot even see him? what if i pay online but don ’ t get my package? ”. a typical example is the huge number of credit card frauds over the decades, which has just increased the fear in people ’ s minds. each time a vulnerability is discovered on a particular website, it has been exploited and has incurred huge losses for the company hosting that website. time and again, people have tried to keep websites as secure as possible. theoretically, algorithms ( used in security ) have been proven to be secure ( till date ) and yet, attackers have always found ways and means to breach security. in my opinion, it is just plain ignorance of the designer to ignore the security aspects to make his work easier. though development of technology is rapidly increasing and we learn new things everyday, secure coding practices are not learnt in the process. this in turn leads to security holes in the implementation of software, which are then exploited by attackers causing huge losses to companies. let ’ s try to answer some simple questions : - how do you host webpages over the world - wide - web? - in most cases, web pages are accessed using the http ( s ) or ( s ) ftp protocols. if a person wants to host a website over the world - wide - web, ( s ) he has to first register his / her domain name. this means that the domain name will get mapped to a particular ip address which is reachable from anywhere in the world ( called as ‘ public ip ’ ). next, the person has to enable the website to be accessible from the machine having the assigned ip