according to eric jacobs, phd, strategic director of pharmacoepidemiology at the american cancer society, who was not involved in the study. “ the results should help dispel any lingering concerns anyone might have had that having lower cholesterol levels could cause cancer, ” he observed. albanes explained that there are numerous mechanisms by which cancer could impact total cholesterol levels. “ cholesterol is a key biochemical component essential to cell membrane structure, and it ’ s a very important precursor to steroid metabolism. so there are a large number of ways that a growing tumor could have metabolic effects that could alter cholesterol profile, ” he said. while the atbc analysis appears to close the door on the issue of low total cholesterol levels playing a pathogenic role in cancer, the results suggest that there may be a protective role for hdl - c. the investigators found that higher serum hdl - c levels were modestly but significantly associated with decreased cancer incidence overall, and that this inverse association remained significant after they excluded cancer cases diagnosed during the first 12 years of follow - up. most of this association was attributable to lung and liver cancer, with relative risk after 12 years of exclusion of 0. 84 and 0. 49, respectively. the results remained “ essentially unchanged ” when the researchers analyzed hdl - c levels measured at the time of third year follow - up visits, or when they used an average of baseline and third - year hdl - c levels. additionally, “ in contrast to the time trend for total cholesterol, in this case excluding the early years of follow - up made the hdl association stronger rather than weaker, ” noted albanes. as with total cholesterol, there are several plausible mechanisms for an hdl - c - cancer association, including hdl - c regulation of cell cycle entry and apoptosis, modulation of cytokine production, and anti - oxidative effects, according to the researchers. albanes emphasized that the results need further validation in other populations, especially women and non - smokers. he also cautioned against any implication that lipid - lowering medications might decrease cancer risk. “ it may be premature to read from our findings in atbc about efforts to actively lower cholesterol levels to achieve cancer benefits. our data don ’ t speak to that and we would need more research looking at lipid lowering drugs and cancer outcomes, ” he said. even with these caveats, the atbc study “ raises an


out of all the e - mails i get in regard to high fructose corn syrup, the second most popular question asked is “ why do these companies use hfcs? ” the most popular question, for the record, is “ wouldn ’ t it be easier to create a list of products that don ’ t have hfcs? ”, to which the answer would be no, but only because i am lazy. but back to the question of why is hfcs used : as many have guessed, cost is the only reason that hfcs is used in place of cane sugar. as i clumsily pointed out in another post, a 1 / 10th of a cent increase in sweetener, per serving, would cost coca - cola roughly $ 122, 423, 790. and here you were thinking your car insurance costs were high. the answer to the question of why hfcs is used is fairly clear and easy to figure out. the more interesting question is one that ’ s almost never asked - why is hfcs so much cheaper than cane sugar? the answer to that question may surprise you. because the government wants it that way. the federal government accomplishes this in two major ways : - sugar tariffs - corn and sugar subsidies add these two variables together, and the result is sweetener made from corn. the difficulty in explaining how the above work is in understanding that none of the above would exist without at least tacit complicity between the sugar industry, the corn industry and the united states department of agriculture. remove any one of those three players from the equation, and the tariffs and subsidies most likely go away. let ’ s start with subsidies. a subsidy was developed to help a farmer make up money lost between the cost to produce a product, and the higher market cost. for example, if it cost me 1 dollar to grow a bushel of corn, and the market demanded only 80 cents, the government would make up the difference and pay me 20 cents, plus a little more so that i can make a profit and give me a reason to keep growing corn. a nice idea in theory, but in practice it essentially ends up paying a farmer both when they produce too much and when their crop prices are too low. as anyone with a passing grade in econ 101 can tell you, making too much of a product is one cause of lower prices, the government ends up giving out a lot of money. to the cost of $ 22. 7 billion in 2005. a free market economy


passing grade in econ 101 can tell you, making too much of a product is one cause of lower prices, the government ends up giving out a lot of money. to the cost of $ 22. 7 billion in 2005. a free market economy is exactly what we don ’ t have in our agricultural industries. now let me introduce you to the big player in the corn industry – archer daniels midland ( adm ). the libertarian cato institute writes of adm : the archer daniels midland corporation ( adm ) has been the most prominent recipient of corporate welfare in recent u. s. history. adm and its chairman dwayne andreas have lavishly fertilized both political parties with millions of dollars in handouts and in return have reaped billion - dollar windfalls from taxpayers and consumers. thanks to federal protection of the domestic sugar industry, ethanol subsidies, subsidized grain exports, and various other programs, adm has cost the american economy billions of dollars since 1980 and has indirectly cost americans tens of billions of dollars in higher prices and higher taxes over that same period. at least 43 percent of adm ’ s annual profits are from products heavily subsidized or protected by the american government. moreover, every $ 1 of profits earned by adm ’ s corn sweetener operation costs consumers $ 10, and every $ 1 of profits earned by its ethanol operation costs taxpayers $ 30 do you want to know who makes hfcs? it ’ s archer daniels midland. do you want to know who pays for hfcs? that ’ d be you and i, in the form of the taxes we pay to the u. s. government. the government spent $ 41. 9 billion on corn subsidies from 1995 to 2004, a trough of money at which adm gladly ate. adm buys 12 percent of the nation ’ s corn at a heavily subsidized price from farmers, and turns it into high - fructose corn syrup and ethanol. but there ’ s another side to this coin — the sugar tariffs. the sugar tariffs, put in place by law and enforced by the usda, are so complicated that many people give up worrying about it. after all, paying $ 2. 25 for a five pound bag of sugar is no big deal. unless you consider that we could be paying as low as a dollar for that five pound bag, and wholesale purchases of sugar by companies like coca - cola, heinz, and kraft would pay even less. so here ’ s the sugar tariff in action


. unless you consider that we could be paying as low as a dollar for that five pound bag, and wholesale purchases of sugar by companies like coca - cola, heinz, and kraft would pay even less. so here ’ s the sugar tariff in action : - first, usda ’ s commodity credit corporation lends money each year to sugar cane processors at a specific rate per pound of sugar. the loans must be repaid, with interest, after nine months. - the processors use the money to operate their factories and to pay sugar growers for the cane or beets that they deliver to the mills. should the price of raw sugar fall below the amount set by the government at the time of the loan, the sugar processing companies are allowed to forfeit their sugar in lieu of repaying the loan. - the law requires that this program operate at no net cost to the federal government. the government must then manipulate the market to keep sugar prices higher than the price at which the sugar companies would forfeit their product. otherwise the government would be out of the money lent and still have the sugar to distribute, further adding to the governments net cost. - to manipulate the market, each year the usda estimates how much sugar americans will consume in the following year and how much sugar u. s. growers will send to market to meet consumers demand. - the usda then establishes a quota for imports of sugar from foreign producers, such as the dominican republic, brazil, the philippines, and australia. this quota allows just enough sugar in to meet demand, but not so much as to affect the already high prices. and that, in the nutshell, is why we use hfcs in place of cane sugar. we inflate the cost of sugar, lower the cost of corn, and archer daniels midlands buys an excessive amount of corn at excessively low costs in order to make hfcs. if you want to get hfcs out of our foods, have the government take care of the tariffs, the subsidies, or both.


for many people, the mere mention of the name “ tasmanian devil ” conjures up the image of a certain growling, drooling, gurgling, warner brothers cartoon character. real tasmanian devils ( sarcophilus harrisii ), however, do not whirl about carving their way through tree trunks ; they are stocky carnivorous marsupials named for the australian island - state of tasmania — the animal ’ s only native habitat — and for the devilish screeches, howls, and expressions they make. these ill - tempered animals weigh up to 12 kg ( 26 pounds ), and they are between 50 and 80 cm ( 20 and 31 inches ) long. they resemble small black bears ( ursus americanus ) and possess a bushy tail about half the length of the body. ecologically, tasmanian devils are top predators that have so far been successful in keeping the populations of many invasive predators ( such as the european red fox [ vulpes vulpes ] ) low. unfortunately, the species ’ genetic diversity is also very low as a result of culling efforts by early european settlers. this low genetic diversity is thought by many scientists to be one reason why a growing number of tasmanian devils have become infected with a contagious cancer called devil facial tumor disease ( dftd ). according to harper ’ s magazine contributor david quammen, the condition was first discovered by a nature photographer named christo baars in the spring of 1996. dftd spurs the development of large tumors on the head and on or within the mouth ; these tumors hinder the animal ’ s ability to eat, and because of this and the other effects of cancer, the infected devil slowly starves to death over several months. the disease is spread through the biting that accompanies the competition for mates, food, or other resources. it is thought the animal ’ s immune system fails to recognize cancer cells as foreign invaders, so these cells can easily gain footholds in individual animals through cuts and punctures. nine strains of dftd are currently known to exist. the spread of dftd has been rapid and worrisome. by 2007, many infected populations had declined by up to 90 percent, according to a bbc “ the world today ” radio interview with hamish mccallum, the senior scientist in charge of the dftd program at the university of tasmania. furthermore, sightings of the animal have declined significantly, and the disease has been reported in an area covering 60 percent of the island


radio interview with hamish mccallum, the senior scientist in charge of the dftd program at the university of tasmania. furthermore, sightings of the animal have declined significantly, and the disease has been reported in an area covering 60 percent of the island, according to a recent tasmanian department of primary industries and water ( dpiw ) report. only the western third of the island has been spared. many authorities fear that the disease will spread to the remaining healthy populations in the coming decades and the species will go extinct. it is estimated that overall numbers have declined by 50 percent since the discovery of the disease. in 2008, the species was placed on the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list of endangered species. to keep this animal from extinction, scientists continue to work to find a cure for dftd while also separating healthy populations from those that are infected. to monitor the spread of the disease and coordinate the efforts of wildlife staff, veterinarians, and other researchers, an effort called the save the tasmanian devil program was created. this program is funded by the private donations and the australian government and overseen by the tasmanian dpiw, in concert with several australian universities and the australasian regional association of zoological parks and aquaria ( arazpa ). one ray of hope for the species came in 2007, when many news outlets reported that a cancer - resistant devil had been captured. scientists exposed this animal, called cedric, and his brother clinky, to dead tumor cells and monitored their immune system responses. cedric produced antibodies in response ; clinky, however, did not, and he contracted the disease. it was hoped that cedric ’ s antibodies could be used to help immunize some of the animals. unfortunately, unlike his invincible cartoon counterpart, cedric developed dftd many months after the trials began. his tumors were operable, however, and he appears to be recovering. the best hope for the species appears to be in keeping them from contracting dftd in the first place. as part of the save the tasmanian devil program, a number of so - called “ insurance populations ” of isolated and captive - bred animals have been established. measures in place since 2005 have called for the transplanting of healthy animals to zoos and wildlife parks throughout australia. so far, the tasmanian dpiw reports that 142 animals are part of this effort, but the anticipated expansion of this program to nearly 1, 500 animals ( enough to ensure a breeding population of 500 individuals ) may strain the resources of arazpa


so far, the tasmanian dpiw reports that 142 animals are part of this effort, but the anticipated expansion of this program to nearly 1, 500 animals ( enough to ensure a breeding population of 500 individuals ) may strain the resources of arazpa. other solutions are being considered, such as turning large areas of the tasman peninsula into a breeding sanctuary, placing smaller populations on small offshore islands, and creating large fenced - in areas to keep healthy animals from mingling with infected ones. despite recent setbacks, a truly impressive effort has been mounted to save the species. in addition to the efforts of the australian government, universities, and thousands of private individuals, cold spring harbor laboratories in the united states is in the process of sequencing parts of the tasmanian devil ’ s genome, and warner home video is contributing a portion of its sales of new looney tunes dvds to the devil conservation effort. it is clear that many actors are committed to helping this animal through the next few decades. perhaps, as a result of their continued efforts and a little luck, this magnificent animal and tasmanian icon can endure. images : tasmanian devil ( sarcophilus harrisii ) : gerry pearce, www. australian - wildlife. com ; devil with facial tumor disease : hannah bender — university of sydney / landov ; devil resting : gerry pearce photography / www. australian - wildlife. com. to learn more - san diego zoo - tasmanian parks and wildlife service - “ what ’ s killing the tasmanian devil?, ” by david quammen - harper ’ s magazine article “ contagious cancer : the evolution of a killer, ” by david quammen - tasmanian department of primary industries and water - bbc news - cold spring harbor laboratory - article in the first post on how warner bros. is pitching in to help the tasmanian devils how can i help? - save the tasmanian devil - donate through the university of tasmania foundation - become a “ friend of the devil ” through the tasmanian devil conservation park


digitalization of creative content and pervasiveness of internet as a medium for content distribution has an unwelcome spinoff in the form of online piracy where copyrighted content is indiscriminately distributed over the internet leading to immense loses to stakeholders ( movies, brands, musics, publishing, etc. ) online piracy in a nutshell means illegal uploading and / or downloading and misrepresentation of copyrighted material ; movies, brands, music, etc. any form of piracy ( online or street piracy ) of copyrighted material cheats the copyright holders of their rightful and fair compensation for their efforts. films are illegally recorded by camcorder in theaters. the recorded content is replicated and burned into cds and distributed worldwide in a matter of days. alternatively the illegally recorded movies are distributed via internet as downloadable files using streaming sites, p2p services, and cyberlockers or third party file - sharing services. these are offered to be downloaded free and result in immense losses to movie production fraternity. the exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, sell, or distribute the matter and form of something ( as a literary, musical, or artistic work ) is called copyright. copyright, a form of intellectual property law, protects original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture. the effects of counterfeiting and piracy on india ’ s entertainment industry published in march 2009 by united states - india business council ( usibc ) and prepared by ernst and young india, claims that as much as rs. 16, 000 crores are lost due to piracy. alongside, as many as 80, 000 jobs are lost directly as a result of theft and piracy, afflicting india ’ s entertainment industry. the president of usibc, ron summers used the opportunity to suggest stronger legal means to tackle piracy. he said, “ we strongly support passage by india of optical disc legislation that will thwart piracy in this important industry. we are pleased to stand shoulder to shoulder with counterparts in india to help protect jobs and revenues that are now being needlessly lost to piracy. ” an effective strategy to combat online piracy should identify and target the following components of online piracy : enforcement efforts together with speedy resolution of copyright infringement cases in the court system to penalise and curtail online piracy. customer awareness programs - it requires a very delicate balance of education, coercion and awareness to bring down piracy. the more popular faci


efforts together with speedy resolution of copyright infringement cases in the court system to penalise and curtail online piracy. customer awareness programs - it requires a very delicate balance of education, coercion and awareness to bring down piracy. the more popular facilitators such as youtube do cooperate with anti - piracy efforts by removing links to offending media upon request by the copyright owners. stronger law enforcement for copyright violators and widespread understanding of the concept of law - abiding digital citizenship will definitely go a long way in curbing this menace. technical measures such as forensic watermarking that facilitate investigators and law enforcement agencies. the indian copyright act, 1957 the information technology act, 2000 section 64 of the indian copyright act 1957 provides that " any police officer, not below the rank of a sub - inspector, may, if he is satisfied that an offence under section 63 in respect of the infringement of copyright in any work has been, is being, or is likely to be, committed, size without warrant, all copies of the work, wherever found, and all copies and plates used for the purpose of making infringing copies of the work, wherever found, and all copies and plates so seized shall, as soon as practicable, be produced before a magistrate. ".


from ajax patterns | revision as of 14 : 54, 17 september 2009 wikimartha ( talk | contribs ) foundational technology patterns ← previous diff | revision as of 14 : 02, 25 october 2009 220. 127. 116. 11 ( talk | contribs ) next diff → | line 6 : | | line 6 : | | * [ [ ajax app ] ] create a rich application in a modern web browser. | | * [ [ ajax app ] ] create a rich application in a modern web browser. | | = = display manipulation = = | | = = display manipulation = = | revision as of 14 : 02, 25 october 2009 foundational technology patterns these patterns are the building blocks of ajax applications. they are more " reference patterns " than true " design patterns ", at least from the perspective of a modern ajax developer, who will take these technologies as a given. the bestessays patterns are included to introduce the types of technologies that are used, provide a common vocabulary used throughout the language, and facilitate a discussion of pros and cons. - ajax app create a rich application in a modern web browser. - display morphing alter styles and values in the dom to change display information such as replacing text and altering background colour. - page rearrangement restructure the dom to change the page ' s structure - moving, adding, and removing elements. - web service expose server - side functionality with an http api. - xmlhttprequest call use xmlhttprequest objects for browser - server communication. - iframe call use iframes for browser - server communication. - http streaming stream server data in the response of a long - lived http connection. - lazy inheritance an approach intended to simplify writing oop and provides support of prototype - based classes hierarchies, automatic resolving and optimizing classes dependencies. - richer plugin make your application " more ajax than ajax " with a richer plugin. programming patterns ( 25 ) - restful service expose web services according to restful principles. - rpc service deepak expose web services as remote procedural calls ( rpcs ). - ajax stub use an " ajax stub " framework which allows browser scripts to directly invoke server - side operations, without having to worry about the details of xmlhttprequest and http transfer. - html message have the server generate html snippets to be displayed in the browser. - plain - text message pass simple messages between


server - side operations, without having to worry about the details of xmlhttprequest and http transfer. - html message have the server generate html snippets to be displayed in the browser. - plain - text message pass simple messages between server and browser in plain - text format. - xml message pass messages between server and browser in xml format. - ued format send message from the browser to the server using the ued data exchange format. - call tracking accommodate busy user behaviour by allocating a new xmlhttprequest object for each request. see richard schwartz ' s blog entry. note : pending some rewrite to take into account request - locking etc. - periodic refresh the browser refreshes volatile information by periodically polling the server. - distributed events keep objects synchronised with an event mechanism. - cross - domain proxy allow the browser to communicate with other domains by server - based mediation. - flash - enabled xhr a client - side proxy pattern for cross - domain ajax, using invisible flash to bridge the domain communication gap. - xml data island retain xml responses as " xml data islands ", nodes within the html dom. - browser - side xslt apply xslt to convert xml messages into xhtml. - browser - side templating produce browser - side templates and call on a suitable browser - side framework to render them as html. - fat client create a rich, browser - based, client by performing remote calls only when there is no way to achieve the same effect in the browser. - browser - side cache maintain a local cache of information. - guesstimate instead of grabbing real data from the server, make a guesstimate that ' s good enough for most user ' s needs. itunes download counter, gmail storage counter. - multi - stage download quickly download the page structure with a standard request, then populate it with further requests. - predictive fetch anticipate likely user actions and pre - load the required data. - pseudo - threading use a timer and a worker queue to process jobs without the blocking application flow. - code compression compress code on the server, preferably not on the fly. code generation and reuse - cross - browser component create cross - browser components, allowing programmers to reuse them without regard for browser compatibility. functionality and usability patterns ( 28 ) all of these widget patterns will be familiar to end - users, having been available in desktop guis and some in non - ajax dhtml too.


to reuse them without regard for browser compatibility. functionality and usability patterns ( 28 ) all of these widget patterns will be familiar to end - users, having been available in desktop guis and some in non - ajax dhtml too. they are included here to catalogue the interaction styles that are becoming common in ajax applications and can benefit from xmlhttprequest - driven interaction. - drilldown to let the user locate an item within a hierarchy, provide a dynamic drilldown. - microcontent compose the page of " microcontent " blocks - small chunks of content that can be edited in - page. - microlink provide microlinks that open up new content on the existing page rather than loading a new page. - popup support quick tasks and lookups with transient popups, blocks of content that appear " in front of " the standard content. - portlet introduce " portlets " - isolated blocks of content with independent conversational state. - live command - line in command - line interfaces, monitor the command being composed and dynamically modifying the interface to support the interaction. - live form validate and modify a form throughout the entire interaction, instead of waiting for an explicit submission. - live search as the user refines their search query, continuously show all valid results. - data grid report on some data in a rich table, and support common querying functions. - progress indicator hint that processing is occurring. - rich text editor e. g. http : / / dojotoolkit. org / docs / rich _ text. html - slider provide a slider to let the user choose a value within a range. - suggestion suggest words or phrases which are likely to complete what the user ' s typing. - drag - and - drop provide a drag - and - drop mechanism to let users directly rearrange elements around the page. - sprite augment the display with " sprites " : small, flexible, blocks of content. - status area include a read - only status area to report on current and past activity. - virtual workspace provide a browser - side view into a server - side workspace, allowing users to navigate the entire workspace as if it were held locally. - one - second spotlight when a page element undergoes a value change or some other significant event, dynamically manipulate its brightness for a second or so. responded - one - second mutation when a page element undergoes a value change or some other significant event, dynamically mutate its shape for


page element undergoes a value change or some other significant event, dynamically manipulate its brightness for a second or so. responded - one - second mutation when a page element undergoes a value change or some other significant event, dynamically mutate its shape for a second or so. - one - second motion incrementally move an element from point - to - point, or temporarily displace it, to communicate an event has occurred. - blinkieblinkpattern when an element is blinking - highlight highlight elements by rendering them in a consistent, attention - grabbing, format. - lazy registration accumulate bits of information about the user as they interact, with formal registration occurring later on. - direct login authenticate the user with an xmlhttprequest call instead of form - based submission, hashing in the browser for improved security. - host - proof hosting server - side data is stored in encrypted form for increased security, with the browser decrypting it on the fly. - timeout implement a timeout mechanism to track which clients are currently active. - heartbeat have the browser periodically upload heartbeat messages to indicate the application is still loaded in the browser and the user is still active. - autosave autosave un - validated forms to a staging table on the server to avoid users losing their work when their session expires if they get called away from their desk while filling out a long form. - unique urls use a url - based scheme or write distinct urls whenever the input will cause a fresh new browser state, one that does not depend on previous interaction. development practices ( 8 ) - dom inspection use a dom inspection tool to explore the dynamic dom state. - traffic sniffing diagnose problems by sniffing web remoting traffic. - data dictionary visualize dom tags in a table format, with a row for each attribute. ( contributed pattern ) - simulation service develop the browser application against " fake " web services that simulate the actual services used in production. - service test build up automated tests of web services, using http clients to interact with the server as the browser normally would. - system test build automated tests to simulate user behaviour and verify the results.


science fair project encyclopedia flag of the united states the flag of the united states of america consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white ; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist - side corner bearing 50 small, white, five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars ( top and bottom ) alternating with rows of five stars. the 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states and the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies. the united states flag is commonly called the stars and stripes and less commonly old glory. the name old glory was coined in the 1830s, and was of particularly common use during the era of 48 - star version ( 1912 to 1959 ). 4. 1 standards of respect while institutions often display the flag year - round, most homeowners reserve flag display for civic holidays like memorial day, veteran ' s day, presidents ' day, flag day and the fourth of july. on memorial day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of u. s. war dead. to some u. s. citizens, their flag symbolizes many things. they have seen it as representing all of the freedoms and rights guaranteed in the u. s. constitution and its bill of rights. perhaps most of all they see it as a symbol of individual and personal liberty like those put forth in the u. s. declaration of independence. the approved method of destroying old and tattered flags consists of burning them in a simple ceremony. the flag is cut into three pieces : first a horizontal cut is made between the seventh and eighth stripes, then a vertical cut separating the star field from the seven shorter stripes. then the three pieces are typically placed on a pyre as ' taps ' is played. burning the flag has also been used as a deliberate act of disrespect, at times to protest actions by the united states government, or sometimes in displays of anti - americanism. some groups concerned by these actions have proposed a flag burning amendment that would outlaw burning the flag in disrespect or protest. flags with similar design flags from other countries share, at varying degrees, the design and / or color scheme of the united states flag. several of the flags of the confederate states of america also reflect the colors and design of the stars and stripes. some examples of national flags sharing elements of the u. s. flag include : there are certain guidelines for the use and display of the united states flag as outlined in the united states


of america also reflect the colors and design of the stars and stripes. some examples of national flags sharing elements of the u. s. flag include : there are certain guidelines for the use and display of the united states flag as outlined in the united states flag code of the federal government. it should be stressed that these are guidelines, not laws, which lack a penalty for those who fail to comply with them. standards of respect - the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing. - the flag is flown upside down only as a distress signal. - the flag should not be used as a drapery, or for covering a speakers desk, draping a platform, or for any decoration in general. bunting of blue, white and red stripes is available for these purposes. the blue stripe of the bunting should be on the top. - the flag should never be drawn back or bunched up in any way. - the flag should never be used as a covering for a ceiling. - the flag should never be used for any advertising purpose. it should not be embroidered, printed or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions, handkerchiefs, napkins, boxes or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use. advertising signs should not be attached to the staff or halyard. - the flag should not be used as part of a costume or athletic uniform, except that a flag patch may be used on the uniform of military personnel, fireman, policeman and members of patriotic organizations. - the flag should never have placed on it, or attached to it, any mark, insignia, letter, word, number, figure, or drawing of any kind. - the flag should never be used as a receptacle for receiving, holding, carrying, or delivering anything. - the flag should not be draped over the hood, top, sides, or back of a vehicle, railroad train or boat. - when the flag is lowered, no part of it should touch the ground or any other object ; it should be received by waiting hands and arms. to store the flag it should be folded neatly and ceremoniously. - the flag should be cleaned and mended when necessary. - when a flag is so worn it is no longer fit to serve as a symbol of the united states, it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. ( note : most american legion posts regularly conduct a dignified flag burning ceremony, often on flag day, june 14. ) contrary to a commonly believed urban legend, the flag


it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. ( note : most american legion posts regularly conduct a dignified flag burning ceremony, often on flag day, june 14. ) contrary to a commonly believed urban legend, the flag code does not state that a flag which touches the ground should be burned. instead, the flag should be moved so it is not touching the ground. displaying the flag outdoors - when the flag is displayed from a staff projecting from a window, balcony, or a building, the union should be at the peak of the staff unless the flag is at half staff. when it is displayed from the same flagpole with another flag, the flag of the united states must always be at the top except that the church pennant may be flown above the flag during church services for navy personnel when conducted by a naval chaplain on a ship at sea. - when the flag is displayed over a street, it should be hung vertically, with the union to the north or east. if the flag is suspended over a sidewalk, the flag ' s union should be farthest from the building. - when flown with flags of states, communities or societies on separate flag poles which are of the same height and in a straight line, the flag of the united states is always placed in the position of honor — to its own right. the other flags may be smaller but none may be larger. - no other flag ever should be placed above it. the flag of the united states is always the first flag raised and the last to be lowered. - when flown with the national banner of other countries, each flag must be displayed from a separate pole of the same height. each flag should be the same size. they should be raised and lowered simultaneously. the flag of one nation may not be displayed above that of another nation. - the flag should be raised briskly and lowered slowly and ceremoniously. - ordinarily it should be displayed only between sunrise and sunset. ( by presidential proclamation and law, the flag is displayed continuously at certain honored locations like the united states marine corps memorial in arlington and lexington green. ) - it should be illuminated if displayed at night. - the flag of the united states of america is saluted as it is hoisted and lowered. the salute is held until the flag is unsnapped from the halyard or through the last note of music, whichever is the longest. displaying the flag indoors - when on display, the flag is accorded the place of honor, always positioned to its own right


until the flag is unsnapped from the halyard or through the last note of music, whichever is the longest. displaying the flag indoors - when on display, the flag is accorded the place of honor, always positioned to its own right. place it to the right of the speaker or staging area or sanctuary. other flags should be to the left. - the flag of the united states of america should be at the center and at the highest point of the group when a number of flags of states, localities, or societies are grouped for display. - when one flag is used with the flag of the united states of america and the staffs are crossed, the flag of the united states is placed on its own right with its staff in front of the other flag. - when displaying the flag against a wall, vertically or horizontally, the flag ' s union ( stars ) should be at the top, to the flag ' s own right, and to the observer ' s left. parading and saluting the flag - when carried in a procession, the flag should be to the right of the marchers. - when other flags are carried, the flag of the united states may be centered in front of the others or carried to their right. when the flag passes in a procession, or when it is hoisted or lowered, all should face the flag and salute. - to salute, all persons come to attention. - those in uniform give the appropriate formal salute. - citizens not in uniform salute by placing their right hand over the heart and men with head cover should remove it and hold it to left shoulder, hand over the heart. - members of organizations in formation salute upon command of the person in charge. pledge of allegiance and national anthem - the pledge of allegiance should be rendered by standing at attention, facing the flag, and saluting. - when the national anthem is played or sung, citizens should stand at attention and salute at the first note and hold the salute through the last note. the salute is directed to the flag, if displayed, otherwise to the music. the flag, in mourning - to place the flag at half - staff ( or half - mast, on ships ), hoist it to the peak for an instant and lower it to a position half way between the top and bottom of the staff. - the flag is to be raised again to the peak for a moment before it is lowered. - on memorial day, the flag is displayed at half - staff until noon and at full staff from noon to sunset. -


and bottom of the staff. - the flag is to be raised again to the peak for a moment before it is lowered. - on memorial day, the flag is displayed at half - staff until noon and at full staff from noon to sunset. - the flag is to be flown at half - staff in mourning for designated, principal government leaders and upon presidential or gubernatorial order. - the u. s. flag is otherwise flown at half - staff ( or half - mast, on ships ) when directed by the president of the united states or a state governor. - when used to cover a casket, the flag should be placed with the union at the head and over the left shoulder. it should not be lowered into the grave. folding the flag flags, when not in use, should be folded into a triangle shape. the final triangle shape result is said to invoke the image of the three - point hats popular during the american revolutionary war. former american territories, e. g. the philippines, also use this method to fold their flags. - to properly fold the flag, begin by holding it waist - high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground. - fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars, holding the bottom and top edges securely. - fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside. - make a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag. - turn the outer end point inward, parallel to the open edge, to form a second triangle. - the triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner. - when the flag is completely folded, only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible. places where the american flag is displayed continuously according to presidential proclamation and in some cases, u. s. law, the american flag is displayed continuously at the following locations : - mount slover limestone quarry, in colton, california ( act of congress ). first raised july 4, 1917. - fort mchenry national monument and historic shrine, baltimore, maryland ( presidential proclamation no. 2795, july 2, 1948 ). - flag house square, albemarle and pratt streets, baltimore, maryland ( public law 83 - 319, approved march 26, 1954 ). - united states marine corps memorial ( iwo jima ), arlington, virginia ( presidential proclamation no. 3418, june 12, 1961 ). - lexington, massachusetts town green (


public law 83 - 319, approved march 26, 1954 ). - united states marine corps memorial ( iwo jima ), arlington, virginia ( presidential proclamation no. 3418, june 12, 1961 ). - lexington, massachusetts town green ( public law 89 - 335, approved november 8, 1965 ). - the white house, washington, dc ( presidential proclamation no. 4000, september 4, 1970 ). - fifty u. s. flags are displayed continuously at the washington monument, washington, dc. ( presidential proclamation no. 4064, july 6, 1971, effective july 4, 1971 ). - united states customs service ports of entry that are continuously open ( presidential proclamation no. 4131, may 5, 1972 ). - grounds of the national memorial arch in valley forge state park, valley forge, pennsylvania ( public law 94 - 53, approved july 4, 1975 ). - in addition, the american flag is presumed to be in continual display on the surface of the earth ' s moon, having been placed there by the astronauts of apollo 11. it is assumed however that the flag was knocked down by the force of apollo 11 ' s return to lunar orbit. the flag has gone through 26 changes since the new union of 13 states first adopted it. the 48 - star version holds the record, 47 years, for the longest time the flag has gone unchanged. the current 50 - star version will tie the record if it is still in use on july 4, 2007. at the time of the signing of the declaration of independence, july 4th, 1776, the most commonly flown flag was the grand union flag. this flag was initially flown by george washington and is recorded as being first raised by washington ' s troops at prospect hill on new year ' s day in 1776. this flag formed the basis of the stars and stripes, consisting of 13 red and white stripes with the british union jack in the canton. on june 14, 1777, the second continental congress passed the flag resolution which stated : " resolved, that the flag of the united states be made of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. " describing the new flag, the congress wrote, " white signifies purity and innocence ; red, hardiness and valor ; blue signifies vigilance, perseverance and justice. " flag day is now observed on june 14 of each year. the flag resolution did not specify any particular arrangement for the stars. initially, a variety of designs were


hardiness and valor ; blue signifies vigilance, perseverance and justice. " flag day is now observed on june 14 of each year. the flag resolution did not specify any particular arrangement for the stars. initially, a variety of designs were used, including a circular arrangement ( above left ), but gradually a design featuring horizontal rows of stars emerged as the standard. as further states entered the union, extra stars and stripes were added until this proved to cause too much clutter. it was ultimately decided that there would be a star for each state, but the number of stripes would remain at thirteen to honor the original colonies. it was the 15 - star, 15 - stripe flag that inspired francis scott key to write " the star - spangled banner ", now the national anthem. when the flag design changes, the change always takes place on july 4 in philadelphia, pennsylvania, as a consequence of the flag act of april 4, 1818. july 4, independence day in the united states, commemorates the founding of the nation. the most recent change, from forty - nine stars to fifty, occurred in 1960, after hawaii gained statehood in august 1959. before that, the admission of alaska in january 1959 prompted the debut of a short - lived 49 - star flag. the origin of the u. s. flag design is uncertain. a popular story credits betsy ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch of george washington who personally commissioned her for the job. however, no evidence for this theory exists beyond ross ' s own records. the british historian sir charles fawcett has suggested that the design of the flag may have been derived from the flag and jack of the british east india company. comparisons between the 2 flags support fawcett ' s suggestion. another popular theory is that the flag was designed by francis hopkinson. he reportedly originally wanted the stars arranged in four bands, one vertical, one horizontal, and two diagonal. by the same reports, this arrangement was rejected due to similarity to the british flag. historical star patterns on the current 50 - star flag, the width ( fly ) of the blue rectangle is 76 % of the height ( hoist ) of the whole flag, and its height is 7 of the 13 stripes. note that the following star patterns are merely the usual patterns, with the exception of the 48 -, 49 -, and 50 - star flags, as there was no official arrangement of the stars until the proclamation of the 48 - star flag by president william howard taft in 1912. for alternate versions,


usual patterns, with the exception of the 48 -, 49 -, and 50 - star flags, as there was no official arrangement of the stars until the proclamation of the 48 - star flag by president william howard taft in 1912. for alternate versions, see this page at flags of the world 13 ( 1776 ) betsy ross flag 50 ( 1960 - present ) modern flag proposed 51 - star flag in case of a future state patterns and symmetry - symmetry with respect to horizontal axis : 50, 49, 48, 46, 44, 38, 37, 36, 34, 33, 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 20, 15, 13 ( standard ) - symmetry with respect to vertical axis : 51, 50, 48, 46, 45, 44, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 21, 20, 15, 13 ( standard and betsy ross ) - both, hence also point symmetry : 50, 48, 46, 44, 37, 36, 34, 33, 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 20, 15, 13 ( standard and betsy ross ) - no symmetry : 43 - chessboard pattern : 51, 50, 49, 45, 15, 13 ( standard ) - rectangle of stars : 48, 35, 30, 28, 24, 20 there are ongoing statehood movements in puerto rico, the district of columbia, and new york city. other insular areas such as the u. s. virgin islands and american samoa may eventually become states as well. - flags of the u. s. states - flags of the united states armed forces - flags of the confederate states of america - flag desecration in the united states - united states army colors - u. s. flag etiquette - the united states flag page - encyclopedia smithsonian : facts about the united states flag - the flag code - - u. s. code home : title 4, flag and seal, seat of government, and the states - - chapter 1, the flag - executive order no. 10798, with specifications and regulations for the current flag the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


science fair project encyclopedia a just war describes a war that satisfies a set of moral or legal rules. though in origin a catholic doctrine, francisco de vitoria based his arguments on reason and so put the tradition on a more universal basis. the rules applied may be ethical, religious, or formal ( such as international law ). the rules classically cover the justification for the war ( jus ad bellum ) and the conduct of the participants in the war ( jus in bello ). just war theory has ancient roots. cicero discussed this idea and its applications. augustine of hippo and thomas aquinas later codified a set of rules for a just war, which today still encompass the points commonly debated, with some modifications. in modern language, these rules hold that to be just, a war must meet the following criteria before the use of force : ( jus ad bellum ) - war can only be waged for a just cause, such as self - defense against an armed attack. - war can only be waged under legitimate authority. usually the constitution and the laws of a nation state specify the institutions and personnel authorized to make war decisions. the u. n charter authorizes the security council to make the international community ' s war decisions. citizens at their own will cannot attack another country without the permission of the legitimate authority. conversely, in a democratic nation state, statesmen with legitimate authority will need to convince citizens that their course of action is legal and proper. - war can only be waged with the right intention. correcting a suffered wrong is considered a right intention, while material gain is not. thus a war that would normally be just for all other reasons would be made unjust by a bad intention. right intention requires that democratic statesmen accept the decision of their nations ' courts and electorates on the legitimacy and the justice of their action. - war can only be waged with a reasonable chance of success. it is considered unjust to meaninglessly waste human life and economic resources if defeat is unavoidable. - war must be waged with proportionality in mind. the suffering which existed pre - war should not be overshadowed by the suffering the war may cause. - war can only be waged as a last resort. war is not just until all realistic options which were likely to right the wrong have been pursued. - just war conduct should be governed by the principle of discrimination. the acts of war should be directed towards the inflictors of the wrong, and not towards civilians caught


just until all realistic options which were likely to right the wrong have been pursued. - just war conduct should be governed by the principle of discrimination. the acts of war should be directed towards the inflictors of the wrong, and not towards civilians caught in circumstances they did not create. the prohibited acts include bombing civilian residential areas that include no military target and committing acts of terrorism or reprisal against ordinary civilians. some theologians believe that this rule forbids weapons of mass destruction of any kind, for any reason ( such as the use of an atomic bomb ). - just war conduct should be governed by the principle of proportionality. the force used must be proportional to the wrong endured, and to the possible good that may come. the more disproportional the number of collateral civilian deaths, the more suspect will be the sincerity of a belligerent nation ' s claim to justness of a war it initiated. - torture, of combatants or of non - combatants, is forbidden. - prisoners of war must be treated respectfully. - many throughout history have considered conscription an unjust means, e. g. the condition of proportionality is often misunderstood. a quote from ambrosius may well clarify it. taking an example of a traveler coming to the aid of a fellow traveler who has been attacked by a robber he says " at the same time, the christian should use no more force than necessary to subdue the attacker, for that person too is someone for whom christ died. charity thus justifies the resort to force in defense, not in self but of the other ; yet at the same time it limits the force that can be used against the evildoer to what is necessary to end the evil. " hence minimum force is used here in the ethical sense of minimum harm. it is not in conflict with the powell doctrine of overwhelming force. if overwhelming force in the military sense produces less harm then it can be seen as minimum force in the ethical sense used by just war theorists. just war theorists - cicero ( 106 bc – 43 bc ) - augustine of hippo ( 354 - 430 ) - st. thomas aquinas ( 1225 - 1274 ) - stanislaw of skarbimierz ( 1360 - 1431 ) - francisco de vitoria ( 1492 - 1546 ) - francisco suarez ( 1548 - 1617 ) - hugo grotius ( 1583 - 1645 ) - baron von pufendorf ( 1632 – 1694 ) - emerich de vattel ( 1714 -


1492 - 1546 ) - francisco suarez ( 1548 - 1617 ) - hugo grotius ( 1583 - 1645 ) - baron von pufendorf ( 1632 – 1694 ) - emerich de vattel ( 1714 - 1767 ) - paul ramsey ( 1913 - 1988 ) - michael walzer ( 1935 - ) - reinhold niebuhr ( 1892 - 1971 ) - h. richard niebuhr ( 1894 - 1962 ) - paul tillich ( 1886 - 1965 ) - geneva conventions - jihad ( the " armed struggle " variant of it, as compared to just war ) - passages on war - school of salamanca - scorched earth - summa theologica - total war - war crime - theories of a just war - resources on just war theory - " whether it is always sinful to wage war? ", from the summa theologica - " justwartheory. com ", a free and non - profit internet teaching and research guide to just war theory. - the just war doctine and its application in current international law - humanitarian intervention and just war the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


many people believe the medical doctors and the drug industry that high blood pressure is a death sentence. fortunately, this is not the case. an ideal blood pressure reading of 140 / 80 or recently 115 / 75 is nothing more than the hype of drug companies and is not based on science. these numbers do nothing but turn healthy people into patients. according to many natural health advocates, a little rise in blood pressure due to aging is normal and does not require drug medication even though it reaches 140 / 80. however, increased blood pressure due to kidney disease is the exception. a miner increase in blood pressure is an absolute normal part of the aging process. in fact, according to medical literature, blood pressure rises slightly as we get older to ensure that there is abundant oxygen as well as nutrients. for example, people that smoke are most likely to walk around with a higher pressure reading. this is because they ’ re getting a lot less oxygen than a nonsmoker. one of the ways that the body deals with diminished oxygen intake is to increase blood pressure, which would ensure that oxygen gets delivered a lot faster. therefore, the aging process can also trigger this response. because of many hormonal factors, we do not mete out oxygen as well as nutrients as effectively as when we are younger. therefore, increasing blood pressure is the best way for the body to deal with this problem. our cardiovascular needs are met by an intricate hormonal system that ’ s regulated by the kidneys. this system works just fine. in fact, a little increase in blood pressure that ’ s related to aging does not put you in any immediate danger ; it can actually be beneficial to survival. think about it! if high blood pressure was so deadly, wouldn ’ t lowering it with drug medication increase lifespan? you will find it hard to locate proof of someone taking blood pressure lowering medication living longer than people that do not take any hypertension medication. unfortunately, there is research that shows these drugs actually decrease lifespan. according to many natural health advocates, it is actually quite normal for the systolic, which is the first number to be one hundred plus our age. before taking risky blood pressure lowering medications that can come with some awful side effects, you should learn more about the many natural medicines that can control blood pressure, increase heart health and at the same time destroy blood clots.


overview of the international cancer screening network the international cancer screening network ( icsn ) is a voluntary consortium of countries that have active population - based cancer screening programs and active efforts to evaluate and improve the processes and outcomes from cancer screening in practice. the icsn includes efforts to evaluate cancer screening for a number of cancers where screening has been demonstrated to be effective, including breast, colorectal, cervical, and lung. these programs can be national or subnational in scope, and established or pilot - based. administered by the applied research program of the us national cancer institute, the consortium was established in december 1988 as the international breast cancer screening database project during an international workshop involving representatives from 11 countries. the consortium has since grown to encompass 33 countries, and holds biennial meetings. in the interim, the specific activities are moved forward through working groups. the initial purpose of the icsn was to generate a database for the evaluation of screening mammography programs. in 1997, the group decided to shift its focus from creating a common database to collaborative efforts aimed at understanding how to : in keeping with this realignment of purpose, in 1997 the group changed its name to the international breast cancer screening network. as work of the group grew to encompass colorectal and cervical cancer screening, it was renamed the international cancer screening network. the icsn is dedicated to collaborative research aimed at identifying and fostering efficient and effective approaches to cancer control world - wide through population - based screening. it does not address efficacy or use clinical trial data. participation in the icsn is open to any country that has initiated a population - based cancer screening program. the current co - chairs of the icsn include dr. rachel ballard - barbash, national cancer institute, bethesda, md, usa, elsebeth lynge, m. sc., institute of public health, university of copenhagen, denmark, and prof. john boyages, macquarie university cancer institute. last modified : 11 dec 2012 maintained by the applied research program, division of cancer control and population sciences.


plenty of safe, eco - friendly fish in the sea other options besides mercury - tainted tuna sushi posted : 28 - jan - 2008 ; updated : 08 - aug - 2011 as a marine scientist who has been researching seafood sustainability and health issues for a long time, i ' ve known for a while that bluefin tuna not only has high mercury levels but is severely depleted, too. these magnificent fish are highly prized for their rich, buttery flesh. the global sushi market can ' t get enough bluefin, and as a result, exorbitant prices and severe overfishing are driving bluefin tuna to the brink of extinction. i love sushi as much as the next person, but given its dire population numbers and high mercury levels, maybe its time that we all lay off for a while. now making big headlines is a new york times report that found that much of the bluefin sushi served in upscale new york city restaurants actually exceeds the food and drug administration ' s " action level " for mercury. ( the threshold is 1 part per million. ) to reiterate : it ' s no surprise that bluefin tuna has high levels of mercury — it ' s one of the largest and most predatory fish species in the ocean. what is surprising is just how many new york city restaurants are serving the really high - mercury tuna. ( learn about other kinds of tuna. ) and it ' s not just big apple sushi that may pose a danger to your health. mercury levels in bluefin are likely to be very high regardless of location, as i explained to times reporter marian burros in the article. the big picture? there ' s good news and bad news. first, the fda is failing the american people when it comes to seafood safety. the fda inspects less than one percent of imported seafood annually, a fact made clear by recent news stories about illegal drug residues in seafood imported from china. far less seafood is ever tested for environmental toxins such as mercury. the concentrations of mercury found in new york city tuna sushi were above the " action level " — meaning fda can actually take the fish off the market. but the fda does so little mercury testing it can ' t even come close to enforcing its own safety standards. for u. s. consumers, the situation is ' buyer beware '. the good news is that it ' s easier to make eco - friendly and healthy seafood choices than you think. environmental defense ' s seafood selector maintains a list of contaminated fish based on data from over 200


dr. judy theriot and the others at university of louisville pediatrics are busy. " a lot of kids with the flu, " she said. " a lot of kids with other respiratory viruses. " so with up and down, roller coaster weather - record warm weather early in the week and then a 40 - degree drop in 24 hours - you ' d think they ' d be expecting business to pick up as more people come down with illness. dr. theriot said you ' d think wrong. " it has nothing to do with how cold or hot it is or the changes or fluctuation in temperature, " she said. dr. theriot said you get colds and the flu because of viruses and viruses have nothing to do with the weather. they ' re spread through people. " they cough in your face, " she said. " you ' re around them in closed spaces or you touch infected objects. " so why does the myth of winter colds persist? dr. theriot said it ' s all because of our environment. we ' re not outside as much, so we have more chances to spread our illnesses. " they kind of cycle around the world and people catch rhinovirus more in the wintertime but again, it might be from our habits too, " she said. mom and dad were right about a couple of things : wash your hands and get your flu shot. dr. theriot said that really will keep you from getting sick no matter the weather!


welcome to http : / www. handsonuniverse. org / activities / explorations / tactile - moonphases / try this instead : link to alternate page with thumbnails linked to larger images. see project. http : / / analyzer. depaul. edu / see _ project / these images are set for high contrast that suits the needs of individuals who are blind and visually impaired. print then copy the images onto swellform paper, then process through a swellform graphics machine ( http : / / analyzer. depaul. edu / see _ project / bm030507. htm ). the result will be tactile images to sense by touch rather than through sight. see project is funded by nasa ideas. you may notice that some images appear larger or smaller than others. the moon ' s orbit brings it sometimes as close as 55 earth radii, and other times as far as 65 earth radii. what difference does distance make in the apparent size of our moon? take a look at two full moon pictures taken on different dates. these pictures are mosaics constructed from images taken with univ. of chicago yerkes observatory rooftop telescope - south ( meade 8 inch, f / 6. 3, sbig st8 ccd ). number of moon refers to day in cycle. moon images were taken during a variety of cycles. questions or comments? mailto : email @ example. com? subject = project see : moon phases links to jpg files, png files, link to fts files for display / manipulation with hands - on universe image processing software. explorations * hands - on universe * see project


there are three main components which produce noise in your pc. so you need to understand which of these 3 responsible components to have a quiet pc. lets check the three components responsible for a noisy pc and how to quieten them. the three main components are fans, power supply and hard disk or optical drives. the fans are used by microprocessors and graphics card which is used to cool the chip - set, which gets heated up quickly because of the high amount of processes happening inside. the strategy is to find the component which is making noise, find out the reason, fix it if it can be done then and there or else replace it with a quieter version of the same component. the more powerful a computer is, the more work a fan need to do in order to disperse all the heat generated inside the pc. one major reason for making so much noise is the presence of dust which may clog inside, thus interfering with the smooth rotation of fan leaves. another reason is when the fans are mounted loose on its platform. if it is not mounted properly, this might cause the fan to vibrate which in turn can make the other connected parts to vibrate, creating unwanted noise. these issues can be fixed by cleaning the fan from dust, tighten the screw or pins that is used for mounting, use vibration reducing silicone mounts and dust filters. in some pc ’ s there is more number of fans in order to keep it cooler. the combined effort can make the functioning noisier. you can replace these fans with a quieter version. you can also use fan speed controllers which allows to adjust the fan speed based on the temperature generated inside. when the fans perform vigorously to dissipate the heat, it is natural to create noise. the best way to prevent this is to provide proper ventilation to pc. the computer should not be clogged with presence of stuffs piled around pc, which interfere with the free flow of air. also it will be good, if you have a cool room preferably an air - conditioned room which helps in keeping the temperature low. hard drives / optical drives hard drives over the years have gone through lot of changes and one of the main features is reduced noise generation. to make it quieter, you can mount it inside an anti - vibration drive enclosure. also you can use an ssd instead of hard disk. ssd drives don ’ t have any moving parts as it use flash memory to store information. though costlier than hard disks, they are very fast compared to hard disks. also


enclosure. also you can use an ssd instead of hard disk. ssd drives don ’ t have any moving parts as it use flash memory to store information. though costlier than hard disks, they are very fast compared to hard disks. also if your hard disk is creating lot of noise, especially sort of click sound of metallic nature, then it might be an indication that it is going to fail very soon. regular scan of hard disk using the inbuilt operating system tools can be helpful to fix these issues permanently, but mostly it is just temporary solution till the hard disk fails again. be careful. understand the symptoms, take backup and be ready to replace the hard disk. power supply unit ( smps ) smps or the power supply unit is responsible for converting the ac to dc. this process generates heat. the fan attached to smps constantly works in order to dissipate heat, thus preventing the over heating of hardware involved in it. the main villain in make noise is the dust clogged in it. this can be prevented by cleaning the fan from dust. also you can use noiseless sleeve bearing, rather than the traditional ball bearings. also you can choose temperature regulated smps, which only kick start the fan when the heat is above limit. the noise made by the pc sometimes gets amplified by the case. you can prevent it by providing sound proofed enclosures which are usually costlier than the normal ones. sound dampening materials can also be applied to the inside of the case which also helps in a quiet pc. these materials are usually non flammable, so don ’ t worry about getting it burned. printers are also another component which is responsible for creating noise while functioning. like hard disks, with improved technological advancements printers now a day ’ s don ’ t make that much noise as they used to before. some of the latest printers have a quiet mode which reduced the fan speed and reduce the rate at which printouts are taken. you can find it under printer properties. put a piece of carpet or towel under your printer to reduce the sound caused by the vibration on the desk. if you are using a wireless printer, keep it away from the desk within the wireless range to reduce noise. hope these instruction will help you in having a quiet pc.


museum in a box - minibeast boxes are currently available each school term for set loan periods of three weeks. museum in a box can be sent to and collected from any educational institution within new south wales. the minibeasts box is a resource designed specifically for early childhood. the topic was chosen to complement children ' s fascination with creatures that they find in their environment. it includes a great variety of ' treasures ' - real insects and spiders embedded in resin, a large model ant, insect finger puppets, handmade silk butterfly wings, a specially created wooden ladybug puzzle, posters and books. - 8 real insects and spiders embedded in clear plastic - a large ant model, great for investigating body parts and as a drawing stimulus ' magnetic minibeasts ', 3 sets of magnetic minibeasts with a magnet board - the ' food game ' ; designed as a simple introduction to food webs - the ' what am i? ' game ; a simple classification activity - 2 silk butterfly wing dress - ups, made especially for the box - a handmade original wooden ladybird puzzle, a sensory delight! - a shiny green dung beetle hand puppet - 12 finger puppets just for fun! - minibeast posters and reference books - teachers notes and a box journal karen player, manager museum outreach


this advice changed my view of the world. not only did i realize that being a teenager with a y - chromosome can ' t be easy either, it also explained why my male classmates were suddenly developing interests in things like special relativity or scanning tunnel microscopes ( nobel prize ' 86 ). it made also sense they were usually very irritated if a girl attempted to join them : all that was just suppressed hormones, the poor guys *. it further revealed a deep connection between general relativity and potatoes that hadn ' t previously occurred to me. most disturbingly however, it labeled general relativity as unsexy, a fact that has bothered me ever since. over the course of years i moreover had to notice that general relativity is a subject of great mystery to many, it ' s a word that has entered the colloquial language as the incomprehensible and ununderstandably complicated result of a genius ' brain. my physics teacher notably told me when getting tired of my questions that there are maybe three people in the world who understand general relativity, thereby repeating ( as i found out later ) a rumor that was more than half a century old ( see wikipedia on the history of general relativity ). special and general relativity is also the topic i receive the most questions about. the twin paradox for example still seems to confuse many people, and only a couple of days ago i was again confronted with a misunderstanding that i ' ve encountered repeatedly, though its origin is unclear to me. the twin paradox is not a paradox, so the explanation seems to go, because it doesn ' t take into account general relativity. that ' s plain wrong. the twin paradox is not a paradox because it doesn ' t take into account acceleration ( unless your spacetime allows closed timelike loops you will have to accelerate one of the twins to get them to meet again which breaks the symmetry ). the problem is that for reasons i don ' t know many people seem to believe special relativity is about constant velocities only, possibly a consequence of bad introductionary textbook. that is not the case. heck, you can describe acceleration even in newtonian mechanics! to make that very clear : - the difference between special and general relativity is that the former is in flat space, whereas the latter is in a ' general ', curved space. - flat space does not mean the metric tensor is diagonal with the entries ( - 1, 1, 1, 1 ), this is just the case in a very specific coordinate system. flat space means the curvature tensor identically


', curved space. - flat space does not mean the metric tensor is diagonal with the entries ( - 1, 1, 1, 1 ), this is just the case in a very specific coordinate system. flat space means the curvature tensor identically vanishes ( which is independent of the coordinate system ). - of course one can describe accelerated observers in special relativity. that leads me now directly to the equivalence principle, the cornerstone of general relativity. googling ' equivalence principle ' it is somehow depressing. wikipedia isn ' t wrong, but too specific ( the equivalence principle doesn ' t have anything to do with standing on the surface of the earth ). the second hit is a nasa website which i find mostly confusing ( saying all objects react equally to gravity doesn ' t tell you anything about the relation of gravitational to inertial mass ). the third and fourth hits get it right, the fifth is wrong ( the locality is a crucial ingredient ). so here it is : - the equivalence principle : locally, the effects of gravitation ( motion in a curved space ) are the same as that of an accelerated observer in flat space. that is what einstein explains in his thought experiment with the elevator. if you are standing in the elevator ( that is just a local patch, theoretically infinitesimally small ) you can ' t tell whether you are pulled down because there is a planet underneath your feet, or because there is a flying pig pulling up the elevator. this website has two very nice mini - movies depicting the situation. if you could make your elevator larger you could however eventually distinguish between flat and curved space because you could measure geodesic deviation, i. e. the curvature. if you think of particles, the equivalence principle means that the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass, which has been measured with impressive precision. but the above formulation makes the mathematical consequences much clearer. to formulate your theory, you will have to introduce a tangential bundle on your curved manifold where you can deal with the ' local ' quantities, and you will have to figure out how the cuts in this bundle ( tensors ) will transform under change of coordinates. if you want your theory to be independent of that choice of coordinates it will have to be formulated in tensor equations. next thing to ask is then how to transport tensors from one point to the other, which leads you to a ' covariant ' derivative. the equivalence principle is thus a very central ingredient of general relativity and despite its simplicity the base of a


thing to ask is then how to transport tensors from one point to the other, which leads you to a ' covariant ' derivative. the equivalence principle is thus a very central ingredient of general relativity and despite its simplicity the base of a large mathematical apparatus, it ' s the kind of insight every theoretical physicist dreams of. it gives you a notion of a ' straightest line ' in curved space ( a geodesic ) on which a testparticle moves. this curve most notably is independent of the mass of that particle : heavy and light things fall alike even in general relativity ( well, we already knew this to be the case in the newtonian limit ). for a very nice demonstration see the video on the nasa website. please note that this holds for pointlike testparticles only, it is no loger true for extended or spinning objects, or for objects that significantly disturb the background. the equivalence principle however is not sufficient to give you einstein ' s field equations that describe how space is curved by its matter content. but that ' s a different story. it remains to be said all this is standard textbook knowledge and general relativity is today not usually considered a large mystery. there are definitely more than 3 people who understand it. we have moved on quite a bit since 1905. general relativity is sexy. though i doubt there ' s more than three people in the world who really understand potatoes. * in the more advanced stages of confusion they start referring to physical theories as women. josh, this one ' s for you.


savingseveryone ' s better off when savings are made simple search alphabetically for the term you are looking for. - account balance - this is the amount of money in an account. this could be a credit balance ( money you own ) in a savings account or a debit balance ( money you owe ) in a current account. - aer stands for the annual equivalent rate and shows what the interest rate would be if interest was paid and added to the capital balance each year. the higher the aer, the better the return you will receive. - assets are things that a person or company owns, such as a house or money. - atm stands for automated teller machine. they are known as cash machines and can be found in many public places. they allow you to check your balance and take out money from your current account by using your cash or debit card and entering your pin ( personal identification number ). - this means bankers ’ automated clearing services and it ’ s simply a way to electronically process financial transactions. it is a uk scheme and there are also bacs direct debits and bacs direct credits. - this is the amount of money in an account. a positive balance refers to the amount you have in your savings account. a negative balance refers to the amount you owe, for example an overdraft on a current account. - bank of england base rate - by bank of england base rate we mean the bank of england ’ s official dealing rate ( the official bank rate ) as set by the monetary policy committee. - a beneficiary is an individual that has the right of enjoyment from the funds in the account and this remains with them throughout the period the money is deposited. - a bond is a savings account which will earn interest over a specified period of time. bonds have a defined term ( usually between one to five years ), after which the bond will mature and you can access your money. learn about fixed term bonds - a budget is a financial plan drawn up for an individual or family to work out how much money is coming in and going out each month. a budget would usually cover a period of one month, although it can be longer. you can use our budget planner to work out what you can afford. - this is the amount of money saved or invested in your savings account. - capital balance - this is the amount of money saved or invested in your savings account. - cash isa - an individual savings account ( isa ) is a savings account where you don ’ t pay tax on


money saved or invested in your savings account. - capital balance - this is the amount of money saved or invested in your savings account. - cash isa - an individual savings account ( isa ) is a savings account where you don ’ t pay tax on the interest you earn. as your earnings are tax - free, this means you get to keep everything that you invest and earn. there are two different types of isas - cash isas which are available to any one aged 16 or over and stocks and shares isas – which are available to anyone aged 18 and over. virgin money have a great range of cash isas for you to choose from. learn about cash isas - cash isa allowance - cash isa top up - cash isa transfer authority form - you need to complete this form alongside your application if you wish to transfer your existing cash isa to a new one. transfer authority form - certificate of deposit - a certificate of deposit is something offered by banks and building societies where you agree to keep money in your account for a certain period of time in return for a specified interest rate. - this stands for clearing house automated payment system. is an electronic payment system which provides for same - day transfers of funds between accounts. - when we talk about charges, it means expenses which will be incurred if a transaction takes place. for example, if you withdraw money instantly from an account which requires you to give notice, then charges may apply. - citizens advice bureau - a voluntary organisation offering help to resolve legal, money and other problems by providing free information and advice. - compound interest - interest that is calculated on the original amount saved, as well as any interest already earned. - cooling - off period - this is the time you have to change your mind on any savings accounts you have opened excluding fixed rate bonds. - credit check - this is where a bank or other organisation carries out a credit check on a person before deciding whether to lend them money or to open a bank account. - customer identification - we are required to confirm the identity of all customers who open an account. to prove your identity documents such as a passport or driving licence may be required. suitable forms of identification - debit card - a debit card is issued by a bank, at virgin money this may be with your current account. a debit card is used in a similar way to a credit card, but when an individual makes a purchase, the money is taken from the associated account straight away. - this is money you owe to another individual or a business. - this is


a debit card is used in a similar way to a credit card, but when an individual makes a purchase, the money is taken from the associated account straight away. - this is money you owe to another individual or a business. - this is someone who relies on another person for financial support. so if you have young children, they are your dependants. - this is someone who puts money into a savings or bank account. - direct debit - this is an instruction that someone gives to their bank, allowing another company or organisation to take a specific amount from their account on a regular basis. direct debits are usually taken from an account on a monthly basis but can be annual or twice yearly. - a dormant account is one which has had no money withdrawn from it, nor money added to it for a long period of time. lost accounts - easy access - an easy access account is a savings account which offers you the flexibility of adding to your savings as often as you like with the benefit of being able to take money out as you need to. some of these accounts are operated online for 24 / 7 access to your funds. learn about easy access accounts - easy access accounts - operated either online or via one of our stores, these accounts are great if you want the flexibility of being able to save as and when you want to. - your estate is everything you own when you die, less what you owe. - this is the amount of money spent on goods or services, usually calculated over a month. you can use our budget planner to help you work out how much you can afford to save by adding up your monthly bills and looking at other financial commitments over the year. - financial advice - financial advice can help you decide what ’ s financially important to you right now, so you can make the best decisions. this is provided by an adviser who is regulated by the fsa. we offer our customers a thorough review with a fully qualified financial consultant who knows exactly what ’ s what. view our financial planning website - financial gifts - this is money given to someone as a gift, for example, money added to a child ’ s account from a parent or relative. - financial ombudsman service ( fos ) - this is the official independent complaints service which works to resolve complaints between consumers and businesses that provide financial services. if we cannot resolve the complaint to your satisfaction you have the right to refer your complaint to the financial ombudsman service. - financial planning - this is a free service which helps customers to work


complaints between consumers and businesses that provide financial services. if we cannot resolve the complaint to your satisfaction you have the right to refer your complaint to the financial ombudsman service. - financial planning - this is a free service which helps customers to work out the best accounts and financial arrangements to suit their specific needs. we offer our customers a thorough review with a fully qualified financial consultant who knows exactly what ’ s what. financial planning - financial services authority ( fsa ) - this is the uk financial services regulator. - financial services compensation scheme ( fscs ) - the fscs can pay compensation to depositors if a bank is unable to meet its financial obligations. most depositors – including most individuals and small businesses – are covered by the scheme. we are covered by the financial services compensation scheme ( fscs ). - fixed rate - an interest rate that stays the same i. e. doesn ' t move up or down for a set period of time. - fixed rate bond - the type of fixed term accounts which virgin money currently offer. they offer a fixed rate of interest for a specified period of time. they can be fixed for a number of years, typically ranging from one to five, and will mature at the end of the fixed term. - fixed term bond - a fixed term bond is a savings account which will earn interest over a specified period of time. bonds have a defined term ( usually between one to five years ), after which the bond will mature and you can access your money. learn about fixed term bonds - this is usually an estimate of future financial outcomes. - this stands for faster payments service and it enables customers to make electronic payments. faster payments are typically made via the internet or telephone and processed in hours rather than days. - ftse 100 - this stands for the financial times stock exchange 100 index, which is made up of the 100 largest firms quoted on the london stock exchange. - the full amount of money earned or paid before any deductions such as tax. - hm revenue & customs ( hmrc ) - hm revenue & customs ( hmrc ) is a government organisation that ensures the correct tax is paid at the right time, whether this relates to payment of taxes received by the department or entitlement to benefits paid. - income tax - this is tax which is payable on any income you earn. - independent financial advisor ( ifa ) - a professional who is authorised and regulated by the fsa to advise on suitable financial products after researching the whole market and a customer ’ s


- this is tax which is payable on any income you earn. - independent financial advisor ( ifa ) - a professional who is authorised and regulated by the fsa to advise on suitable financial products after researching the whole market and a customer ’ s needs and circumstances. - inheritance tax - inheritance tax may be payable in the event of death if the estate is over the threshold specified for that tax year - this is the money that you earn in a savings account. - interest rate - the percentage figure that shows how much interest you will earn with that savings account. - introductory bonus - on certain accounts, an introductory bonus will be included within the interest rate. this is available for a fixed term, usually twelve months from you opening the savings account. - an individual savings account ( isa ) is a savings account where you don ’ t pay tax on the interest you earn. as your earnings are tax - free, this means you get to keep everything that you invest and earn. there are two different types of isas - cash isas which are available to anyone aged 16 or over and stocks and shares isas – which are available to anyone aged 18 and over. virgin money have a great range of cash isas for you to choose from. learn about cash isas - limited access - a limited access account is a savings account which could earn you a higher rate of interest by giving us notice when you wish to withdraw. usually with a variable interest rate, a limited access account gives you the flexibility of adding to your savings when you like. learn about limited access accounts - limited issue - some products such as bonds are limited issues and therefore, may only be available for a short period of time and may be withdrawn without notice. - once reaching the end of a fixed term, your money will mature and will be available to access. alternatively it may become a matured account and receive a different rate of interest. - maximum additional deposits - this is the most amount of money you can add to a savings account. - maximum investment - this is the most amount of money you can invest into a savings account. - minimum additional deposits - this is the least amount of money you can add into a savings account. - minimum investment - this is the least amount of money you can invest to open a savings account. - this is a free, impartial guide on bank accounts provided by the fsa ( the uk financial services regulator ) which you may find useful if you are opening an account or thinking about getting a new savings account. - net is


account. - this is a free, impartial guide on bank accounts provided by the fsa ( the uk financial services regulator ) which you may find useful if you are opening an account or thinking about getting a new savings account. - net is the annual rate of interest payable after the deduction of basic rate tax ( currently 20 % ). - no - notice accounts - with a no - notice account you have easy access to your money. - notice period - this is the time you have to give to notify the bank or building society that you want to withdraw your money without paying a penalty. 60, 90, 120, 180 days are common notice periods. - online account - an account you can access and manage online. - overdraft / overdrawn - a facility allowing you to spend more money from your bank account than you have in it. the bank will usually charge you interest and sometimes other fees as well if you do this. - an annual summary of all your payslips. your employer gives you one at the end of every tax year, if you still work for the employer. keep it safe. - a payslip shows how much you ’ ve been paid by your employer and also how much tax you ’ ve paid. your employer should give you one every time you get paid. - this is an arrangement that provides people with an income when they are no longer earning money from employment. - power of attorney - a written legal document that gives an individual the authority to act for another. - this is the company or organisation that provides the account. - r85 form - the hm revenue & customs r85 form is completed when you are entitled to receive interest without tax being taken off. by completing the r85 form you are telling your bank or building society that you do not have to pay tax on the interest that is paid to you. - the figure that shows how much interest you earn. - sole account holder - if the account is in one name, this is the person who holds the account. - standing order - a standing order is an instruction someone gives to their bank to pay a set amount at regular intervals to another account. this is also known as a banker ' s order. - this includes details of all transactions carried out within your account. - summary box - a summary box is the key product information about a savings account - a charge you pay to the government – there are different types of tax but income and inheritance tax are the ones most people may be aware of. - tax free


. - summary box - a summary box is the key product information about a savings account - a charge you pay to the government – there are different types of tax but income and inheritance tax are the ones most people may be aware of. - tax free - this simply means that you don ’ t pay tax. for example, with a tax - free cash isa, you don ’ t pay tax on any interest you earn. - tax year - a tax year runs from 6th april one year until 5th april the following year. - tax year for cash isas - a tax year runs from 6th april one year until 5th april the following year. the current isa subscription limit is £5, 760 for the 2013 / 2014 tax year. - the term is the period of time your investment runs for, for example, three years. - quite simply, a trustee is someone who is appointed to hold the funds in the account for the benefit of the beneficiary. - interest rates offered by banks and financial institutions on loans or deposits which are liable to change according to circumstances. for example, a movement in the bank of england base rate which is set by the monetary policy committee. - welcome pack - you will receive a welcome pack within five business days of opening your account. this will include everything you need to know about saving with virgin money and how to use your account. - a withdrawal simply means to take money out of an account.


h. l. mencken ( 18801956 ). the american language. 1921. 2. differences in usage the differences here listed, most of them between words in everyday employment, are but examples of a divergence in usage which extends to every department of daily life. in his business, in his journeys from his home to his office, in his dealings with his family and servants, in his sports and amusements, in his politics and even in his religion the american uses, not only words and phrases, but whole syntactical constructions, that are unintelligible to the englishman, or intelligible only after laborious consideration. a familiar anecdote offers an example in miniature. it concerns a young american woman living in a region of prolific orchards who is asked by a visiting englishman what the residents do with so much frut. her reply is a pun : we eat all we can, and what we cant we can. this answer would mystify most englishmen, for in the first place it involves the use of the flat american a in cant and in the second place it applies an unfamiliar name to the vessel that the englishman knows as a tin, and then adds to the confusion by deriving a verb from the substantive. there are no such tings as canned - goods in england ; over there they are tinned. the can that holds them is a tin ; to can them is to tin them. and they are counted, not as groceries, but as stores, and advertised, not on bill - boards but on hoardings. and the cook who prepares them for the table is not nora or maggie, but cook, and if she does other work in addition she is not a girl for general housework, but a cook - general, and not help, but a servant. and the boarder who eats them is often not a boarder at all, but a paying - guest. and the grave of the tin, once it is emptied, is not the ash - can, but the dust - bin, and the man who carries it away is not the garbage - man or the ash - man or the white - wings, but the dustman. an englishman, entering his home, does not walk in upon the first floor, but upon the ground floor. what he calls the first floor ( or, more commonly, first storey, not forgetting the penultimate e! ) is what we call the second floor, and so on up to the roofwhich is covered not with tin


upon the ground floor. what he calls the first floor ( or, more commonly, first storey, not forgetting the penultimate e! ) is what we call the second floor, and so on up to the roofwhich is covered not with tin, but with slate, tiles or leads. he does not take a paper ; he takes in a paper. he does not ask his servant, is there any mail for me? but are there any letters for me? for mail, in the american sense, is a word that he seldom uses, save in such compounds as mail - van, mail - train and mail - order. he alwaus speaks of it as the post. the man who brings it is not a letter - carrier but a postman. it is posted, not mailed, at a pillar - box, not at a mail - box. it never includes postal - orders but only post - cards, never money - orders, but only postal - orders or postoffice - orders. 2 the englishman dictates his answers, not to a typewriter, but to a typist ; a typewriter is merely the machine. if he desires the recipient to call him by telephone he doesnt say, phone me at a quarter of eight, but ring me up at a quarter to eight. and when the call comes he says are you there? when he gets home, he doesnt find his wife waiting for him in the parlor or living - room, 3 but in the drawing - room or in her sitting - room, and the tale of domestic disaster that she has to tell does not concern the hired - girl but the scullery - maid. he doesnt bring her a box of candy, but a box of sweets. he doesnt leave a derby hat in the hall, but a bowler. his wife doesnt wear shirtwaists, but blouses. when she buys one she doesnt say charge it, but put it down. when she orders a tailor - made suit, she calls it a costume or a coat - and - skirt. when she wants a spool of thread she asks for a reel of cotton. 4 such things are bought, not in the department - stores, but at the stores, which are substantially the same thing. in these stores calico means a plain cotton cloth ; in the united states it means a printed cotton cloth. things bought on the instalment plan in england are said to be bought on the hire - purchase plan or system ; the instal