archeological investigations at ulysses s. grant nhs the restored stone building at ulysses s. grant nhs. ulysses s. grant, general of the triumphant northern army during the civil war that brought an end to slavery in the united states, himself owned enslaved people. prior to rejoining the army in 1860, and then going on to become the 18th president ( 1869 - 1877 ), grant farmed his wife ’ s family ’ s property outside of st. louis, missouri, with his father - in - law, frederick dent. nps archeologists have been uncovering clues at white haven, named after an estate in dent ’ s native maryland, that help us to better understand conditions of slavery in the two decades before the civil war. they investigated a stone building behind the main house at white haven to learn more about activities carried out there, and about the people who may have lived in it. this stone structure was probably a summer kitchen, and may have been sewing room and residence for african american house servants. the dents and grants at white haven white haven, ca. 1850. stone building is visible to the immediate left of the main house. frederick dent bought the two story farmhouse and surrounding land located southwest of st. louis in 1820. for several years he and his young family used the plantation as a summer retreat, but moved here to take up year - round residence in 1825. julia dent and her brother frederick grew up on the farm. fred would later befriend ulysses grant while they were both students at west point. when grant was stationed at jefferson barracks as a young army officer he often rode over to visit his classmate ’ s family and, while at white haven, met julia. ulysses and julia were married in st. louis in 1848, while he was still an officer in the army. he resigned his commission in 1854, returning to missouri to take up farming with his father - in - law at white haven. he and his growing family lived on the farm until 1858. in 1860, ulysses moved his family to galena, illinois, to go join his father and brother in their leather - goods business. he was in galena when the civil war was declared, and he immediately re - enlisted. julia and the children then returned to white haven and lived with her family. she and the children joined grant at army headquarters as often as possible during the war. prior to his election to the presidency the grants, along with julia ’ s father, lived in georgetown. when grant became the president the entire family moved into the white house


and the children joined grant at army headquarters as often as possible during the war. prior to his election to the presidency the grants, along with julia ’ s father, lived in georgetown. when grant became the president the entire family moved into the white house. although the farm stayed in the dent - grant family until 1885, the land was farmed by tenants after 1869. with julia ’ s approval, grant signed the property over to william vanderbilt after falling into financial difficulties from failed business ventures and bad investments. grant died shortly afterwards, only days after completing the memoir that helped provide for his widow. enslaved people at white haven slave labor was used extensively in the farming and maintenance of the 850 - acre plantation. frederick dent, julia ’ s father, improved and maintained white haven through the efforts of enslaved people. eighteen enslaved people were living on the plantation in 1830 ; half of them were under the age of 10. nation - wide financial depressions in the 1830s affected dent ’ s businesses, and by 1840, only 13 enslaved people lived at white haven. in 1850, however, 30 enslaved people were reported as working on the farm, indicating that dent ’ s financial status had improved. field hands plowed, sowed, and reaped wheat, oats, potatoes, and corn grown on the plantation. slaves also cared for the orchards and gardens. more than 75 horses, cattle, and pigs required daily attention, while grounds maintenance and numerous remodeling projects on the main house and outbuildings utilized the skills of those in servitude. during grant ’ s management of the farm, he worked side by side with the slaves. in 1859, grant freed william jones, the only slave he is known to have personally owned. missouri ’ s citizens had divided opinions about slavery. the state was admitted to the union as a slave state in 1821 as part of the missouri compromise, but the state government voted to stay within the union when southern states seceded at the beginning of the civil war. during the war, some slaves at white haven simply walked off, as they did on many plantations in both union and confederate states. missouri ’ s constitutional convention abolished slavery in the state in january 1865, freeing any slaves still living at white haven. the stone building : from kitchen to garage frederick dent was probably responsible for construction of the stone building. it stands behind and slightly north of the main residence. the dry course walls of the stone building are in sharp contrast to the largely wooden structures around it. the walls were laid with skill and care ;


was probably responsible for construction of the stone building. it stands behind and slightly north of the main residence. the dry course walls of the stone building are in sharp contrast to the largely wooden structures around it. the walls were laid with skill and care ; there was a three feet foundation below the visible walls. archeological excavations located the builder ’ s trench for the foundation. the stone building in ruins. the western wall of the north room is collapsed, revealing the warming fireplace. the south room has a rough wooden roof and western wall. the original building consisted of two adjacent rooms, each with its own gable end fireplace and chimney. the south room contained a massive limestone cooking fireplace, and the north room contained a smaller warming fireplace. each room had a door to the outside in the western wall of the building, but no interior door connected the rooms. a window was located in the eastern wall of the south room. there appears to have been a window or a door in the corresponding position in the eastern wall of the north room. this type of building is known as “ double pen, ” although most double pen houses have an open porch between the two rooms. early drawings of the building show small windows positioned high in the wall, directly under the eaves, but there is no evidence for these small windows in later photographs, or in the remnants of the stone walls. nps archeologists found evidence for sewing and cooking in the stone building. the south fireplace still exhibits the gudgeons used to support a cooking pot crane. kitchen functions may have seasonally moved from the basement kitchen of the main house to the relatively cooler quarters of the nearby stone building during the summer. the building ’ s construction material — stone — stood in contrast to the nearby wooden structures of the plantation. the choice of building material suggests that the stone building was constructed specifically to be used as a kitchen, being cooler in hot summer months than wood, and less prone to catching fire. the stone building rebuilt as a garage. the presence of two fireplaces suggests that this was a residential structure as well as a locus for cooking activities. at some point after slavery was abolished, a permanent kitchen was established on the first floor of the main residence and the stone building ceased to function as a summer kitchen. the roof and walls of the neglected building collapsed. in the 1940s, the private owners of white haven expanded the west wall of the stone building, rebuilt and re - roofed it, and used it as a garage. changes to the structure included rebuilding exterior walls, removal of the wall dividing


building collapsed. in the 1940s, the private owners of white haven expanded the west wall of the stone building, rebuilt and re - roofed it, and used it as a garage. changes to the structure included rebuilding exterior walls, removal of the wall dividing the two rooms, replacement of the gabled roof with a shed roof, and a concrete floor. excavations at the stone building archeologists undertook excavations inside the stone building in 1991, shortly after the nps acquired the property ( noble 1997 ), and again in 1999 as part of the restoration planning ( scott 2001 ). the concrete floor was removed to enable excavation beneath it. the 1991 excavations focused on location of original walls and on verifying construction details. excavation units were placed in the area of the interior dividing wall, immediately outside of the eastern windows / door, and in the area of the western wall. the 1999 excavations were more extensive, and encompassed the entire interior floor space of the stone building. project archeologists think that the original floor of the building was probably clay earth, and that the floor had been leveled prior to pouring the concrete. it is unlikely that the artifacts from inside the building were found in their original locations. there were extensive rodent holes, trenching for a utility pipe, and leveling and preparing of the earth surface in preparation for the concrete floor. as a result of this earth - moving, artifact distribution provides only general information about the activities that were carried out in the stone building. objects tended to cluster on the west side of both rooms, near the exterior doorways, and not all artifacts displayed the same distributional patterns. the open doorways to the west would have afforded the greatest amount of natural light at the end of the day. the stone building artifacts domestic artifacts like spoons, thimbles, and marbles give insight into the work and domestic lives of the people who lived and labored in the stone building. a total of 2, 202 artifacts were recovered during the 1991 and the 1999 excavations. the artifacts found during excavation come from three potential sources : 1 ) objects such as nails and window glass may have been introduced into the archeological record as a result of decay of the building fabric. 2 ) trash may have been thrown into the building after it was no longer used for domestic purposes. 3 ) objects may have been lost or dropped while the building was in active use. the bulk of the objects dates from the 1840s to 1880s, which is probably the time span of domestic occupation of the stone building. as grant directed his tenant to build an addition


objects may have been lost or dropped while the building was in active use. the bulk of the objects dates from the 1840s to 1880s, which is probably the time span of domestic occupation of the stone building. as grant directed his tenant to build an addition to the main house to house farm hands, it is likely that the stone building was also needed as a residence for laborers after 1866. objects deposited in the stone building after this time may represent incidental trash. the scarcity of artifacts dating after the 1880s suggests that the structure was not used for deliberate deposition of domestic refuse. over half of the artifacts consisted of nails and window glass. most of the nails, no doubt, were deposited when the roof decayed. window glass and glazing compound found in the north room suggest that this room once did contain a window, unless windows were simply stored ( and broken ) in this room. window glass was also found in the south room. after eliminating objects deposited after domestic use of the structure, and the glass and nails from the building itself, the remaining artifacts can be divided into categories relating to domestic activities. food preparation. the majority of the domestic artifacts were numerous types of ceramics, and animal bones. inside the building, most of the ceramics and bones were found in the south room, which also contained the large fireplace. the greatest density of ceramics and broken glass, however, was found outside the south room, next to the window. this suggests that a clumsy cook simply tossed broken vessels out of the window. some of the identified ceramics and glass include a white ware sherd with blue decoration that was made between 1840 and the 1860s ; an early mason jar, dated to 1880 - 1916 ; and sherds of embossed wares, popular between the 1820s and 1840s. laundry and sewing. a number of objects suggest that laundry was washed or mended in the stone building. pins, thimbles, a needle case fragment, sequins, clothes fasteners, and numerous buttons were located during excavations. for the most part, they were found in the western half of both rooms. a number of the buttons were decorated ; several were from military uniforms. personal items. marbles and smoking pipes cross - cut these functional artifact categories. marble decoration included solid colors, polka dots, and two distinct bands that ran in right angles to each other ( that is, plaid ). marbles are assumed to be children ’ s toys, and indicate that the stone building was used by young people as well as adults. a domino tile was also found


distinct bands that ran in right angles to each other ( that is, plaid ). marbles are assumed to be children ’ s toys, and indicate that the stone building was used by young people as well as adults. a domino tile was also found. fragments of ceramic pipes were found in both rooms ; both african and european american men and women smoked pipes during this time period. a small number of coins were also uncovered. the stone building artifacts are similar to the array of objects recovered from excavations in the winter kitchen in the basement of the main house ( price and hastings 1998 ), some of which have been interpreted as representing ritualistic caches intentionally placed beneath the cellar floorboards. both yielded similar types of decorations and types of vessels, which were not restricted to serving containers but also included plates, saucers, and cups. both excavations recovered marbles, sewing pipes, buttons, and sewing thimbles ( scott 2001 : 23 ). this similarity in artifacts suggests that the stone building, for at least part of its life, was the summer kitchen for white haven. while the archeological excavations indicate that cooking and laundry - related activities were carried out in the stone building, the artifact assemblages do not specifically identify the people carrying out the activities as african americans. other archeological investigations of early 19th century kitchens have not identified any definitive archeological assemblage as having african american ethnic origins. while we know from written sources that african americans are likely to have used this kitchen, we don ’ t expect a direct correlation between artifact assemblages and cultural backgrounds. given the dates for the artifacts, and the historical information about the people living at white haven, it is reasonable to conclude that the activities in the summer kitchen were carried out by enslaved african americans. we do not know whether the enslaved african americans who worked there also lived in the stone building, but there is no evidence to suggest that they did not. there is little nineteenth century documentation about housing for the enslaved at white haven. grant ordered that a group of slave cabins “ by the barn ” be demolished after the end of the civil war. the stone building, near the main house, was left intact. certainly, the range of artifacts found suggests that, even if people did not sleep there, a wide range of personal domestic activities were carried out in the stone building, including child care, mending, and food preparation for personal consumption. investigations at the stone building on the white haven plantation have provided us with a better understanding of the organization of labor at a mid - nineteenth century plantation


carried out in the stone building, including child care, mending, and food preparation for personal consumption. investigations at the stone building on the white haven plantation have provided us with a better understanding of the organization of labor at a mid - nineteenth century plantation. the material remains indicate that food preparation took place in the south room, suggesting that the building was used as a summer kitchen for the european american family in the main house. activities related to washing and mending of clothing also took place there, presumably for the european american family. although there are no artifacts to clearly identify them it may be assumed, at least prior to the civil war, that the workers were african americans. the range of personal items found indicates that domestic activities took place in the building as well. children were present, and the range of non - serving ceramics identified suggests that cooking for personal consumption took place. this overlap of work activity areas and domestic activity areas is reproduced in the winter kitchen, in the basement of the house, and suggests that the enslaved african americans at white haven were allowed some discretion in their organization of space. by karen mudar special thanks to vergil noble and karen maxville, who assisted with development of the text ; and to pam sanfilippo and karin roberts, who assisted with images. noble, vergil e. 1997 a report on the 1991 excavations at ulysses s. grant national historic site, st. louis, missouri. midwest archeological center, technical report no. 49. price, james e., and mary jane hastings 1998 a report on the 1995 excavations at ulysses s. grant national historic site, st. louis, missouri. american archaeological division, university of missouri - columbia. scott, douglas d. 2001 archeological investigations of the ice house and summer kitchen / stone building at ulysses s. grant national historic site, st. louis, missouri. midwest archeological center, technical report no. 69


the black hills beetle it appears that our unwelcome acquaintance of 1927 and 1928, the black hills beetle, is again becoming active and, indeed, manifests signs of becoming epidemic. reports have been coming to the park office of valuable ponderosa pines dying, and then the reporter asks what can be done about it. since this beetle, it seems, is to plague us locally for some time to come, every resident of this community should know something of its habits. rangers have been keeping an eye on the beetle ever since the big outbreak of 1927 and ' 28, when well over a thousand pine trees were killed in a summer. our bark beetle belongs to the genus dendroctonus and is one of the 24 species in the genus. the word dendroctonus means " killer of trees " and this name surely is well applied to a genus of beetles which mr. a. d. hopkins of the bureau of entomology estimates has killed over $ 1, 000, 000, 000 worth of standing timber in the last fifty years. the black hills beetle ( dendroctonus ponderosae ) was first noted in the black hills, and it is now doing damage in the black hills region, wyoming, colorado, new mexico, and arizona. in the adult stage, the beetle is a very dark brown or black, and is approximately one - quarter of an inch in length. it attacks the ponderosa and limber pines and has been noted a few times in lodgepole pine. its life cycle is interesting. it spends practically all of its life, with the exception of a few hours in flight after it emerges from one tree and enters another, in two trees and at times, one tree. a mature beetle will enter a tree during june or early july : it bores galleries in the living part of the tree and deposits eggs in these galleries. these eggs usually hatch into larvae in august and the larvae continue active until the beginning of hibernation in the fall. during the next spring, these larvae extend the galleries and are transformed into pupae, and then to adults, and the process repeats itself. it is the galleries the beetle bores in the cambium layer that kills the tree, for the extension of these galleries has the same effect as girdling the tree. wherever the beetle enters a healthy tree, a small spot of pitch appears ; and if the beetles become too numerous, the tree ' s needles become red and it is dead by the following spring. about the only practical method of combating this


june 1, 2004 the iceman cometh to u - m ann arbor, mich. — no air - conditioning, frozen or refrigerated foods, iced drinks or ice cream. that ' s just a sampling of how drastically different our lives and diets would be if there was no refrigeration. " it was not so very long ago, " said janice longone, curator of culinary history at the university of michigan ' s clements library, " that meat was preserved primarily by drying or salting, that milk could be preserved only in the form of butter and cheese, that fresh fruits and vegetables were only available seasonally in areas where they were grown. " and then came ice and icehouses followed by mechanical refrigeration. it is that history of american ingenuity that longone illustrates in the exhibition " the iceman cometh... and goeth " at the clements library june 8 through september. " throughout history, the wealthy and powerful had icehouses and ice available to them in limited quantities, " longone said. " but it took that american ingenuity to make ice available to all. the democratization of ice was largely due to a couple of 19th century yankee businessmen. " the exhibition explores the history of the american ice industry from new england pond ice harvesting to the introduction of mechanical refrigeration. it includes : — the story of the ice king, frederic tudor, and his collaborator nathaniel wyeth. — the 1803 book by thomas moore, " an essay on the most eligible construction of ice - houses. " — the tools, equipment and methods of natural ice harvesting and its distribution, including the successful arrival in 1833 of a ship carrying ice from boston to calcutta, crossing the equator twice. — the manufactured ice industry and how it revolutionized food and eating in america. — the introduction of mechanical refrigerators, with the millionth frigidaire sold by 1929 and the millionth general electric refrigerator by 1931. — icehouses, ice cards, icemen, iceboxes, tools of the trade, advertising. " the use ( or overuse ) of ice and refrigeration is one of the features of american life most commented upon by visitors to our shores, " longone said. " this exhibition makes use of the diverse resources of the clements library to explain the whys and hows of this phenomenon of our culture. " the exhibit can be viewed at the clements library mon. - fri. 1 - 4 : 30 p. m.


the following is the speech given by french president francois hollande to commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the vel d ’ hiv roundup on july 16 and 17, 1942, when the french police arrested 13, 152 jewish men, women, and children from paris and its suburbs, and confined them to the velodrome d ’ hiver, a bicycle stadium in paris. they were later deported to german concentration camps. eight hundred and eleven survived the war. president hollande delivered his speech at the site of the demolished velodrome on july 22, 2012. prime minister, president of the national assembly, ambassadors, mayor of paris, president of the representative council of jewish institutions of france, chief rabbi, representatives of the religions, ladies and gentlemen : we ’ ve gathered this morning to remember the horror of a crime, express the sorrow of those who experienced the tragedy, and speak of the dark hours of collaboration, our history, and therefore france ’ s responsibility. we ’ re also here to pass on the memory of the holocaust — of which the roundups were the first stage — in order to fight the battle against oblivion and testify to new generations what barbarity is capable of doing and what resources humanity may possess to defeat it. seventy years ago, on july 16, 1942, early in the morning, 13, 152 men, women, and children were arrested in their homes. childless couples and single people were interned in drancy, where the museum created by the memorial de la shoah will stand in the autumn. the others were taken to the velodrome d ’ hiver. thrown together for five days in inhuman conditions, they were taken from there to the camps of pithiviers and beaune - la - rolande. a clear directive had been given by the vichy administration. “ the children must not leave in the same convoys as the parents. ” so, after heartrending separations, they departed — the parents on one side, the children on the other — for auschwitz - birkenau, where the deportees of drancy had preceded them by a few days. there, they were murdered. solely for being jews. this crime took place here, in our capital, in our streets, the courtyards of our buildings, our stairways, our school playgrounds. it was to prepare the way for other roundups, in marseille and throughout france — in other words, on both sides of the demarcation line. there were also other deportations, notably of gypsies.


the food and drug administration has gone to court to prevent the colorado - based firm regenerative sciences from using stem cells developed in one part of your body ( bone marrow ) to repair damage in other parts of your body, such as joints. the fda objects to the fact that these cells are chemicals, the use of which the agency has the power to regulate even though the cells are taken from your body to later be injected back into your body. the fda is accustomed to the process by which it requires that many years and millions of dollars be spent to approve drugs developed in a laboratory before anyone is allowed to use them. regardless of clinical results that show use of stem cells to be highly effective, the fda finds it intolerable to let you use the cells in your own body without prior approval by a vast and expensive bureaucracy. it is a shame that no one told all of those who would benefit from stem - cell research that the benefits of such research would not actually be available to patients. treatment of individuals does not comply with the fda ' s regulatory paradigm. personalized medicine may work new miracles, but care for the individual must be subordinated to supervision by a multitude of administrators. growing government involvement in medicine, over generations, has resulted in control for the controller ' s sake. the most extreme example of this is the refusal of the fda, in many cases, to forbid access by terminally ill patients to drugs that have passed the first phase of testing, which establishes safety. the fda insists on protecting these patients from these drugs that have not been conclusively proven effective, taking pride in this perverse method of protecting the dead. as documented by the courageous abigail foundation, hundreds of thousands of these patients have died waiting for drugs already known to be safe – and which the fda ultimately approved. the use of stem cells, should the fda eventually give its approval, may still have to pass many other obstacles, thanks to the wonders enacted by congress. in 2009, congress created the federal coordinating council for comparative effectiveness research and handed it $ 400 million as a part of the stimulus bill. ( don ' t ask what that had to do with economic stimulus. ) now, anything that the fda first decides is safe and effective must run an additional gauntlet of effectiveness. it will not make a difference whether a drug is effective for some people or most people – it must be effective for everyone. so much for personalized medicine. in 2010, another hurdle was created with the passage of obamacare. the independent payment advisory board ( ipab )


courtesy of the arkansas secretary of state ’ s office born on august 10, 1837, in maury county, tennessee, eagle moved with his family to arkansas when he was only two years old. the eagle family, descendants of german immigrants who had settled in pennsylvania in the colonial era, farmed first in pulaski county and later outside lonoke. in 1859, eagle was elected deputy sheriff of prairie county, a position he held when he enlisted in the fifth arkansas mounted rifles in june 1861. entering the confederate ranks as a private, he rose to the rank of captain and saw action at hominy creek and pea ridge and was taken prisoner at murfreesboro, tennessee. in may 1863, he returned to his unit as part of a prisoner exchange and fought in the battles at jackson, chickamauga, and atlanta, where he was seriously wounded in the abdomen. remarkably eagle recovered and rejoined his troops after only two months. it was said that men either found god or lost him forever during the civil war. eagle was among the former. following the war he studied for the ministry and was ordained as a baptist preacher. at the same time he managed the family farm, turning it into one of the most prosperous in the state. in 1872 friends placed eagle ' s name in nomination for the state legislature and he was elected. he became actively involved in the brooks - baxter dispute in 1874, raising and commanding three companies in support of elisha baxter. eagle married mary kavanaugh oldham of kentucky in 1882. eagle ' s reputation as a farmer and a minister served him well in politics and contributed to his nomination as the democratic party ' s gubernatorial candidate in 1888. that year the party faced a formidable challenge from a coalition of blacks, republicans, the knights of labor, and agrarian reformers who belonged to the agricultural wheel. eagle won what many regard as the most corrupt election in arkansas history. his rival c. m. norwood protested the election results but to no avail. eagle was re - elected by a larger margin in 1890. in eagle ' s first term the legislature was little inclined to enact the more ambitious items in his agenda which included reforms in taxes, railroad regulation, education, roads, and prisons. his program fared a little better in his second term but the governor did manage over four years to restore a degree of harmony in the democratic party. in 1891 the legislature enacted a separate coach law requiring separate accommodations for blacks and whites traveling on public transportation. eagle did not advocate such a measure, but allowed it to


one of the first things every freebsd user wishes to configure on his computer is e - mail access. however, a look in the mail section of the ports collection yields an amazing 148 applications dealing with e - mail. to make matters worse, some claim to be muas, mtas, pop3 clients, or imap4 servers. these descriptions are not helpful if you are unfamiliar with these terms and just want to be able to send and receive e - mail. in this article, i ' ll give a " readers digest " version of some important e - mail concepts, with references to additional information. then i ' ll walk you through the steps of configuring your freebsd system to send and retrieve e - mail, as well as configuring pine. ever since networks were invented, people have wanted a method of sending messages to each other. this led to the development of many messaging programs, most of which were proprietary, meaning you could only send a message to someone who used the same messaging system. early messaging systems allowed you to send a message directly to another person ' s computer. however, this method doesn ' t work if the other computer is turned off or there is a problem with the physical connection between the two computers. most messaging systems prefer to have all users send their messages to a centralized server for storage ; since this server is always available, it can act like a post office. if a user has a mailbox on that server, he can periodically check his mailbox to see if he has received any messages. as the need for messaging grew, standards were developed to allow users to send messages to any user, regardless of the messaging system they used. one of these standards was x. 400 ; another was smtp, which became the standard used on the internet. two interesting points of views on these standards can be found at x. 400 - the better internet and x. 400 is dead, long live x. 400. unless you work at a company that uses an internal x. 400 messaging system, you probably use smtp to send e - mail. the e - mail addresses you are used to seeing are actually smtp addresses and look like this : firstname. lastname @ example. org you ' ll note that an smtp address looks similar to a web address, except it has a @ instead of the first period. the internet already uses dns ( the domain name system ) to locate a computer ' s ip address. when an administrator sets up a


that an smtp address looks similar to a web address, except it has a @ instead of the first period. the internet already uses dns ( the domain name system ) to locate a computer ' s ip address. when an administrator sets up a mail server, he will create an mx ( mail exchange ) record in his dns database to indicate which computer in his network is the mail server. the name to the left of the @ indicates the name of a user ' s mailbox on that mail server. when the internet messaging standard was being developed, it was decided to use the centralized server ( post office ) approach where users would check their mailboxes. the internet uses tcp / ip, so new tcp / ip protocols needed to be created. remember from last week that protocols define the rules of communication and that each tcp / ip protocol has an associated port number and at least one rfc which describes its operation. smtp ( simple mail transfer protocol ) describes the communications between mail servers. its port number is 25, and its behavior is described in rfc 821. as its name implies, smtp merely transfers mail from one server to another until it reaches the correct mail server. in order to ensure that the message makes it into the right mailbox on that server, pop3 ( post office protocol 3 ) is used. pop3 uses port number 110 and is defined by rfcs 1734, 1957, 2449, and std0053 ( standard 53 ). pop3 is also responsible for the management of the mailboxes on a mail server. pop3 will not let a user retrieve the messages in their mailbox until they have been authenticated. if you are unfamiliar with the commands used by pop3 and smtp, try the smtp with telnet tutorial. this tutorial shows how you yourself can issue smtp and pop3 commands to send and receive e - mail. these are the same commands that are usually issued by messaging systems and e - mail programs. one other term you may come across is imap4 ( internet message access protocol version 4 ). imap4 is similar to pop3, but with extra features. pop3 assumes that a user will download all of the mail in their mailbox so the copy on the mail server can be deleted ; the user will then disconnect from the mail server to read his e - mail " offline. " with imap4, a user can download just the headers of his e - mail so he can decide which messages


can be deleted ; the user will then disconnect from the mail server to read his e - mail " offline. " with imap4, a user can download just the headers of his e - mail so he can decide which messages he wants to retrieve at this time ; he can also delete messages directly at the mail server without having to download them first. messaging software is usually divided into two separate components : the mta ( message transfer agent ) and the mua ( message user agent ). the mta runs on the mail server and understands both smtp and pop3. therefore, it is able to send messages to other smtp mail servers, receive messages from other smtp mail servers, and store messages in the appropriate user mailboxes. sendmail is the most common mta in use on the internet and comes bundled and ready to go on your freebsd system. exim, postfix, and qmail are examples of other mtas that you can build using freebsd ' s ports collection. the mua is used by users to compose and read e - mail messages. some muas have a pop3 client built - in, meaning you can check for new mail using the mua ; some do not, and will only display e - mail you ' ve retrieved using a separate pop3 client. muas differ widely in their features ; which mua to use is a matter of personal preference. there are dozens of muas in the ports collection ; some of the most popular are mutt, pine, and xfmail. so, how do all these components work together when you send an e - mail message? you use your mua ( for example, pine ) to create an e - mail message ; pine will pass the message to the mta ( sendmail ), who will query dns to find the address of the smtp server hosting the mailbox of the user you are sending the message to. sendmail will then use smtp commands to transfer the message to that mail server. that mail server will use pop3 to put the message in the correct mailbox. your recipient will use pop3 commands to retrieve the message and will use their favorite mua to read the message and possibly compose a reply to it. let ' s look at the configuration of a freebsd system that will be using sendmail ( the mta ), fetchmail ( the pop3 client ), and pine ( the mua ). let ' s assume a very


it. let ' s look at the configuration of a freebsd system that will be using sendmail ( the mta ), fetchmail ( the pop3 client ), and pine ( the mua ). let ' s assume a very quick and dirty scenario in which i have one user on a single freebsd computer who wishes to use e - mail. sendmail, 2nd edition like any mta, sendmail is a highly configurable and complex program capable of providing messaging for large companies and even isps. however, you don ' t want to start messing with the default sendmail configuration files unless you know what you ' re doing. if you ever need to get into more complicated sendmail configurations, you should first read the book sendmail, 2nd edition by brian costales and eric allman. you may also wish to investigate other alternatives such as qmail or exim. fortunately, the default sendmail configuration on your freebsd system will issue smtp commands so you can send out e - mail to the world. sendmail is enabled by default ; if you want to double - check that you haven ' t disabled it at some point, issue the following command : more / etc / defaults / rc. conf | grep sendmail sendmail _ enable = " yes " # run the sendmail daemon ( or no ). sendmail _ flags = " - bd - q30m " # flags to sendmail ( if enabled ) sendmail _ enable line is set to " no ", you ' ll have to become the superuser to change it to " yes " using your favorite text editor. be sure to check your change carefully for typos before saving the file. while you ' re still the superuser, close all programs running on the computer and issue the following from the alt - f1 terminal : when you receive a prompt, press the enter key, then type : watch the messages that appear on the screen ; you should see a line similar to this : starting standard daemons : sendmail. now that your mta is running, you ' ll want to build the mua. if you have installed the ports collection on your computer, become the superuser and : cd / usr / ports / mail / pine4 make & & make install when that is finished, you ' ll also want to build the pop3 client so : cd.. / fetchmail make & & make install if you don ' t use the ports collection, both pine and


/ pine4 make & & make install when that is finished, you ' ll also want to build the pop3 client so : cd.. / fetchmail make & & make install if you don ' t use the ports collection, both pine and fetchmail have packages that can be downloaded from freebsd ports. save the downloaded packages to this directory, then : cd / usr / packages pkg _ add pine * pkg _ add fetc * now that we have the necessary software, we need to create a user account to use when sending and receiving e - mail. you can either create a user with the same name as the mailbox portion of your e - mail address, or you can create an alias to map an existing user to the mailbox name. since my e - mail address is email @ example. com, to keep my life simple on my home freebsd box, i create a user called genisis. when i wish to access my e - mail, i log in to my freebsd system as the user genisis. this trick is useful on small systems as it saves you editing an alias file. if you need to create a new user, become the superuser and type / stand / sysinstall and select configure | user management | user. the login id should be the same as the name of the mailbox, so in my case it is genisis. input a password you ' ll remember and tab over to ok. arrow over to cancel twice, then arrow over to exit install. leave the superuser account and log in as the new user. now type pine - - you should see the following message : creating subdirectory " / home / yourusername / mail " where pine will store its mail folders. this will be followed by pine ' s greeting text. you ' ll notice that pine ' s commands are always listed at the bottom of your screen. the ^ symbol means use your ctrl key along with the letter next to the ^. once you ' ve read the greeting, use ^ e ( exit this greeting ). this will bring you to pine ' s main menu. since this is the first time you are running pine as this user, you ' ll need to press s to enter setup, then c to enter config. the first three items should be edited as follows : you ' ll notice that pine supports a lot of configuration values ; if you find one that sounds interesting,


you ' ll need to press s to enter setup, then c to enter config. the first three items should be edited as follows : you ' ll notice that pine supports a lot of configuration values ; if you find one that sounds interesting, highlight it and press the? key. this will give a short, and usually helpful, description of what this configuration parameter does. i usually change the following on mine : under viewer preferences - - i use the enter key to put an [ x ] in the following values : this will highlight urls and e - mail addresses so i can go directly to a web site or add an address to my address book. once you ' ve finished your configurations, press e to exit setup and y to commit changes. this will return you to the main menu where you can press a to edit the address book. the @ key will let you add an e - mail address ; when you ' re finished, type ^ x and the address should now show in your address book. highlight a user you ' ve added to your address book and press c to compose an e - mail message to them. arrow down to cc and input your e - mail address so you ' ll be sent a copy of the message. once you ' ve composed your message, make sure you are connected to your isp and press ^ x to send your message. type y when pine asks you if you want to send the message. it should say [ sending mail ], then [ message sent and copied to ' sent - mail '. ] use your < key to return to the main menu, then l to enter the folder list. if you arrow over to sent - mail and press enter, you should be able to view and read the message that you sent. one last point on pine : it contains a built - in editor called pico. pico is a very easy editor to learn as its commands are always listed on the bottom of the screen. you don ' t have to run pine to use pico ; if you want to edit a file with pico, do this : now that you ' ve sent your first e - mail with pine, you ' ll want to check that you received your copy of the e - mail by using the fetchmail program. open up another virtual terminal, and log in as your user. i use fetchmail like so : fetchmail istar. caenter password for firstname. lastname @ example. org : fetchmail : imap connection to istar. ca failed


up another virtual terminal, and log in as your user. i use fetchmail like so : fetchmail istar. caenter password for firstname. lastname @ example. org : fetchmail : imap connection to istar. ca failed : connection refused 1 message for genisis at istar. ca ( 868 octets ). reading message 1 of 1 ( 868 octets ) flushed when you check your e - mail, substitute the value to the right of the @ in your e - mail address for istar. ca. if everything worked, fetchmail will download at least one message. return to the terminal where you are running pine and navigate to your inbox to read it. note that fetchmail added genisis to my e - mail address for me because i am logged in as genisis. if i happened to be logged in as another user, say biko, it would use the address email @ example. com instead. the fetchmail command would then fail as i don ' t have a mailbox called biko on istar ' s mail server. however, if i ' m logged in as biko and invoke fetchmail like so : fetchmail - u genisis istar. ca this will tell fetchmail to use the mailbox name of genisis instead of my login name of biko so i can retreive genisis ' email. fetchmail also has a verbose mode which can be used to view the various pop3 commands between fetchmail and the mail server. you can invoke verbose mode with - v and very verbose mode with - vv. here is a portion of a session with fetchmail in verbose mode : enter password for firstname. lastname @ example. org : fetchmail - v istar. ca you should be able to recognize the list commands from the tutorial. fetchmail is highly configurable through its use of switches ; its manpage is well worth reading. hopefully, we ' ve cleared up some of the mystery regarding how e - mail works. next week, we ' ll look at setting permissions. dru lavigne is a network and systems administrator, it instructor, author and international speaker. she has over a decade of experience administering and teaching netware, microsoft, cisco, checkpoint, sco, solaris, linux, and bsd systems. a prolific author, she pens the popular freebsd basics column for o ' reilly and is


the volume measure provides an estimate of the amount of goods and services purchased by households. in q3 2012 it increased by 0. 4 per cent, meaning it was 4. 8 per cent below the peak of pre recession spending in q4 2007. the current price value of household spending ( inflation included ) shows how much uk households spent. in q3 2012 it increased by 0. 8 per cent on the quarter, meaning it was 10. 5 per cent higher than q4 2007. in q3 2012, the value of uk household spending per head, in current price terms, was £3, 840, an increase of 0. 6 per cent on the quarter, £241 higher than in q4 2007. household final consumption expenditure ( hhfce ) includes spending on goods and services except buying or extending a house, investment in valuables ( paintings, antiques ) or purchasing second - hand goods. explanations for these exceptions and the related concepts are available in the consumer trends guidance and methodology section. household expenditure is used in the national accounts to measure the contribution of households to economic growth and accounts for about 60 per cent of gdp. there are two measures : current prices : which is the value of spending in a particular quarter measured in the prices at that time. volume terms : which adjusts for price inflation and gives a better picture of whether households are purchasing more goods and services. analysis in this section of the statistical release is conducted from 1997 because this is the period from which revisions were applied in blue book 2012. starting in 1997 household final consumption expenditure : increased in current prices to £220. 5 billion ( in q1 2008 ), before falling to £212. 2 billion in q2 2009, then returning to predominantly positive growth to reach £243. 3 billion in the present quarter. increased to £228. 5 billion in volume terms in q4 2007, before falling to £213. 3 billion in q2 2009. it then increased slightly between q3 2009 and q4 2010, but since then has fallen back and is still lower than q4 2010. pre - 2007, increases in household spending were a consequence of households facing higher prices and buying more goods and services. however, in 2008 and 2009 households spent less because they bought less. since 2009, household spending has increased, but the volume of goods and services purchased has been broadly flat. in q3 2012, the value of household spending in current prices increased by 0. 8 per cent on the quarter, and by 4. 0 per cent on the same quarter in 2011


but the volume of goods and services purchased has been broadly flat. in q3 2012, the value of household spending in current prices increased by 0. 8 per cent on the quarter, and by 4. 0 per cent on the same quarter in 2011. the volume measure of household spending increased by 0. 4 per cent on the quarter, and 1. 3 per cent on the same quarter in 2011. the increases in current price estimates and relative weakness ( small increases or falls ) in the volume estimates ( inflation adjusted ) signify households are spending more for a lower volume of goods and services than in the past. trends in household spending per head have followed a similar pattern to overall household expenditure. in q3 2012 the value of current price spending per head was £3, 840, an increase of £23 on the previous quarter. this continued the increases of the past year, between q3 2011 and q3 2012 household spending per head increased by £119. in q1 1997 the value of household spending per head in current prices was £2, 155. it reached £3, 599 in q4 2007 before falling to £3, 435 in q2 2009. since that date the current price expenditure per head has continued to increase to reach the q3 2012 level of £3, 840. the volume measure ( inflation adjusted ) of household spending per head increased to £3, 431 in q3 2012, up £7 from q2 2012. in the latest quarter, the largest share of household spending per head has been on ‘ housing ’ ( which includes spending on electricity, gas and rental charges ). this accounts for almost 25 per cent of current price spending. in the latest quarter, spending on ‘ housing ’ decreased to £942 per head, a fall of £5 on the previous quarter. the main driver of this fall was reduced spending on ‘ gas ’, which fell by £18. this fall is emphasised by higher than average spending in q2 2012, when the met office recorded the coldest april and june for over 20 years. spending on ‘ transport ’ is the next largest component of overall spending this quarter, with current expenditure rising to £565, a rise of £3 on the quarter. ‘ transport ’ expenditure includes the purchase of vehicles, the fuel to power vehicles, and other modes of transport. this reflects an increase in purchases of ' motor cars ', which has increased by £10 to £164. with additional spending on olympic and paralympic tickets this quarter, spending per head on ' recreational and sporting services ' has increased by £9 to


transport. this reflects an increase in purchases of ' motor cars ', which has increased by £10 to £164. with additional spending on olympic and paralympic tickets this quarter, spending per head on ' recreational and sporting services ' has increased by £9 to a record level of £37. in volume terms ( adjusted for inflation ), spending on ‘ recreation and culture ’ made the largest contribution to the positive growth in q3 2012, increasing by 3. 3 per cent on the quarter. ‘ recreational and sporting services ’ ( which has this quarter included sales of olympic and paralympic tickets ), has made the main contribution to growth, increasing by 31. 7 per cent this quarter. this is an increase of 34. 3 per cent when compared to q3 2011. ‘ transport ’ also contributed to the overall increase in volume spending, with an increase of 1. 3 per cent. within ‘ transport ’, ' motor cars ' were the main positive contribution to growth with an increase of 6. 9 per cent when compared to the previous quarter, and 23. 1 per cent when compared to q3 2011. even with the positive growth in the latest 2 quarters the volume of purchases in q3 2012 is still weaker in comparison to before the contraction in gdp in 2008. the largest negative contribution in the current quarter can be seen in ‘ housing ’ which has fallen by 2. 1 per cent this quarter. in particular, there has been a large decrease in sales of ‘ gas ’ which has fallen by 20. 1 per cent in volume terms. this large decrease is partially due to a higher than average q2 2012, when the met office recorded unseasonably low temperatures for the time of year, meaning households spent more on heating than normal. the household expenditure measure of prices is an important component of the gdp deflator which is used to determine price pressures in the economy. this quarter the seasonally adjusted household expenditure measure of prices ( the deflator ) increased by 0. 4 per cent. the household expenditure deflator ( seasonally adjusted ) is now 2. 8 per cent higher than in q3 2011. this continues the trend of positive deflator growth since 2009 q2, indicating the increased prices that households face when purchasing goods or services. although the household expenditure measure of price inflation is positive ( indicating increasing prices ) the growth in the first three quarters of 2012 is weaker than in 2010 and 2011. this indicates that the rate of increase in prices has slowed. in q3 2012, the largest increases in percentage terms in the household def


positive ( indicating increasing prices ) the growth in the first three quarters of 2012 is weaker than in 2010 and 2011. this indicates that the rate of increase in prices has slowed. in q3 2012, the largest increases in percentage terms in the household deflator were seen in ‘ housing ’ and ‘ restaurants and hotels ’ which grew by 1. 7 per cent and 1. 3 per cent respectively. it should be noted that the cpi and rpi are the two official main measures of inflation. from blue book 2011, cpi has been used to deflate estimates of household expenditure. households bought tickets, but the wider olympic and paralympic effects are more difficult to identify in consumer demand. during q3 2012, london played host to the 2012 olympic and paralympic games. in line with national accounts methods expenditure on ticket sales has been included in the latest quarter ’ s estimate, so that all expenditure is captured at the point the service was provided, rather than when the tickets were purchased. for household expenditure the ticket sales are included in the category ' recreational and sporting services ' which captures household spending on services provided by sports stadia, racecourses, golf courses and other sporting and recreation venues. this section uses current price data to analyse the changes in spending related to the olympics. spending on olympic and paralympic tickets accounted for almost £500 million of household spending in ' recreational and sporting services '. the increase in spending between q2 2012 and q3 2012 was exceptional in terms of growth for this category at £591 million ( 34 per cent on the quarter ) and took the total amount spent by households to £2. 3 billion. household spending grew consistently for ten years from £849 million in q1 1997 to £1, 692 million in q1 2007. household spending on ' recreational and sporting services ' was then flat for the four years between 2007 and 2011 ( a period spanning the recession ), with total spending remaining close to £1, 500 million. in addition to changes in spending on recreational and sporting services it might be expected that other categories of household spending were affected ; for example, changes in spending on eating at home, eating out, travel to olympic and paralympic venues and accommodation. if there were changes in households spending behaviour these might appear in spending on food, alcohol, transport, restaurants and hotels. household spending on food for “ eating at home ” increased by 1. 4 per cent while the volume measure of food showed that households bought 0. 9 per cent more food, so the increase in spending was a combination of price changes and an increase in


household spending on food for “ eating at home ” increased by 1. 4 per cent while the volume measure of food showed that households bought 0. 9 per cent more food, so the increase in spending was a combination of price changes and an increase in the amount of goods purchased. in terms of “ eating out ” in restaurants spending increased by 1. 6 per cent and when adjusted for inflation increased by 0. 3 per cent. but neither of these changes were particularly strong in the context of previous growth rates. this suggests that any positive or negative impact from the olympic and paralympic games was counter - balanced by other changes in households spending for this category. spending on accommodation services increased by 1. 2 per cent quarter on quarter but fell by 0. 2 per cent when adjusted for inflation. again, because these estimates are not unusual for the quarter this suggests that any positive or negative impact from the olympic and paralympic games was counter - balanced by other changes in spending on this category. in comparison, the index of services publication showed a 2. 0 per cent increase in output adjusted for inflation in the distribution, hotels and restaurants industry between q3 and q2 2012. this stronger growth could be related to the business to business spend or the impact of the distribution industry. in q3 2012 the major changes in spending on ' transport ' by households were driven by the purchase of motor vehicles. these estimates are based on information from the society of motor manufacturers and traders. apart from the ticket sales the possible direction of any olympic and paralympic games effect on household spending is difficult to isolate. this is because both uk and foreign tourists could be substituting their usual expenditure for olympic and paralympic games related expenditure in the same category. for example, households spending on accommodation related to olympic and paralympic events may have been a substitute for another holiday, and therefore not created any additional hotel spending. between q1 1997 and q1 2008 uk household spending abroad ( imports of tourism ) increased from £3. 5 billion to £9. 1 billion ( current prices seasonally adjusted ). following this, spending fell rapidly until q2 2009. spending by uk households abroad was then relatively stable up until q3 2011, after which it has grown in consecutive quarters to its current level. in q3 2012 uk households spent £7. 4 billion abroad, its highest level since q1 2009. this increase in spending fits with the estimates produced in the ons publication, overseas travel and tourism which showed that : during the period july to september, uk residents made 1 per cent more visits abroad than in the


its highest level since q1 2009. this increase in spending fits with the estimates produced in the ons publication, overseas travel and tourism which showed that : during the period july to september, uk residents made 1 per cent more visits abroad than in the corresponding period in 2011, and spent 7 per cent more on these visits. the met office also reported that summer 2012 ( june, july and august ) was the wettest in 100 years, which could have influenced uk households decision to holiday abroad. foreign households spending in the uk ( exports of tourism ) was relatively flat between q1 1997 and q4 2003. since then, the amount of money spent by foreign tourists when holidaying in the uk has increased from £3. 7 billion to £6. 0 billion in q3 2012. again the overseas travel and tourism publication supports this : during the period july to september 2012, overseas residents made 4 per cent fewer visits to the uk than in the corresponding period in 2011. however, they spent 6 per cent more on these visits. spending by foreign tourists holidaying in the uk has continued to grow since q3 2010 in current prices seasonally adjusted terms. whilst the latest quarter is continuing the trend, the fact that the increase in spending is not exceptional suggests that foreign tourists coming to the uk to attend olympic and paralympic events were replacing rather than adding to the normal numbers who holiday in the uk. the level of uk tourist spending abroad and foreign tourist spending in the uk is captured by the international passenger survey ( ips ). the foreign tourist expenditure is subsequently removed from the hhfce estimate at national level ( exports of goods and services ). exports of goods and services are therefore normally expressed as a negative value. information on uk residents ’ spending abroad is also collected by the ips. this is then included in the hhfce estimate at national level ( imports of goods and services ). when analysing patterns of imports and exports of tourism, there are a number of influencing factors, for example changing popularity of holiday destinations and currency exchange rates. in common with all components of uk gross domestic product ( gdp ), household final consumption expenditure ( hhfce ) estimates are subject to the revisions policy of the uk national accounts. this allows revisions to estimates to be made at particular times of the year. in q3 2012, the revisions to total household final consumption expenditure have been made from the first quarter of 2011. revisions between the previous edition of consumer trends ( q2 2012 ) and the latest hhfce estimates are summar


the year. in q3 2012, the revisions to total household final consumption expenditure have been made from the first quarter of 2011. revisions between the previous edition of consumer trends ( q2 2012 ) and the latest hhfce estimates are summarised in table 1 ‘ revisions to household final consumption expenditure ’. they reflect updated data from suppliers, as well as adjustments to hhfce as a result of the gdp balancing process. | revisions to value ( current prices ) | | revisions to growth ( current prices ) | | revisions to growth ( volume measure ) | consumer trends guidance offers full details regarding this publication. date of this publication : 21 december, 2012. next edition : the next edition of consumer trends, q4 2012, will be published on 27 march 2013. estimates will be consistent with blue book 2012. ons would like to invite users of the household expenditure and income estimates to a user seminar. the seminar will cover the consumer trends and economic position of households publications, and the detailed estimates contained within, which feed into the estimate of the size of the uk economy ( gdp ). this event will offer the opportunity for suppliers and users of the data to discuss their priorities. household final consumption expenditure estimates produced in consumer trends are produced according to the national accounts timetable. the preliminary estimate of gdp for the fourth quarter of 2012 will be published on 25 january 2013, followed by the second estimate of gdp on 27 february 2013. the next full set of quarterly national accounts will be published on 27 march 2013. basic quality information for consumer trends statistical bulletin summary quality reports a summary quality report ( 134. 3 kb pdf ) for this statistical bulletin can be found on the national statistics website. key quality issues household expenditure volume series are chainlinked annually. estimates in this consumer trends are now based on 2009 price structures, i. e the chained volume measure estimate in 2009 equals the current price value of expenditure in 2009. growth in each year up to and including 2009 is calculated at average prices of the previous year. growth from 2009 onwards is calculated at average prices of 2009. volume series are only additive for the most recent periods ; annual data for 2009 onwards and quarterly data for quarter one 2010 onwards. common pitfalls in interpreting series : very few statistical revisions arise as a result of ‘ errors ’ in the popular sense of the word. all estimates, by definition, are subject to statistical ‘ error ’ but in this context the word refers to the uncertainty inherent in any process or calculation that uses sampling, estimation or modelling. most revisions reflect either the adoption


the popular sense of the word. all estimates, by definition, are subject to statistical ‘ error ’ but in this context the word refers to the uncertainty inherent in any process or calculation that uses sampling, estimation or modelling. most revisions reflect either the adoption of new statistical techniques or the incorporation of new information which allows the statistical error of previous estimates to be reduced. only rarely are there avoidable ‘ errors ’ such as human or system failures and such mistakes are made quite clear when they do occur. household final consumption expenditure estimates published in consumer trends are a component of the gdp expenditure approach. however, the preliminary estimate for gdp is produced based on the gdp output approach. historic experience shows that the output approach provides the best timely approach to measuring gdp growth. gdp growth according to the expenditure and income approaches is therefore brought into line with that recorded by output. further quarterly national accounts, quarterly sector accounts and financial accounts tables are available in the united kingdom economic accounts. details of the policy governing the release of new data are available from the press office. view the latest podcasts on youtube code of practice national statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the uk statistics authority ' s code of practice for official statistics. they undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure that they meet customer needs. they are produced free from any political interference. for information about the content of this publication, contact gareth clancy. tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1633 45 5889. other customer enquiries ons customer contact centre tel : 0845 601 3034 international : + 44 ( 0 ) 845 601 3034 minicom : 01633 815044 fax : 01633 652747 post : room 1. 101, government buildings, cardiff road, newport, south wales np10 8xg. tel : 0845 604 1858 ( 8. 30am – 5. 30pm weekdays ). details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www. statisticsauthority. gov. uk / assessment / code - of - practice / index. html or from the media relations office email : email @ example. com | gareth clancy | | + 44 ( 0 ) 1633 455889 | | household expenditure, | | firstname. lastname @ example. org |


edited by : sports medicine team last updated : thursday, december 31, 2009 | shoulder instability ( also called subluxation ) and shoulder dislocation are potentially painful and disabling conditions, and the treatments for these conditions vary widely depending upon the severity of symptoms and signs. many patients will improve with the appropriate bracing and physical therapy. however, for those patients who require surgery, arthroscopic shoulder surgery should be used to both define and diagnose the exact nature of the joint instability. in most cases, the problem can be treated using specially - designed instruments working through very small incisions with a minimum of discomfort and without the need for a hospital stay. the terms “ instability ”, “ subluxation ” and “ dislocation ” mean different things to different people. in addition, the term “ shoulder instability ” is a term that encompasses a vast spectrum of shoulder problems. in the simplest sense, the shoulder is like a “ ball and socket ” joint. figure 1a shows the front view of a right shoulder. figure 1b shows the view from behind of a right shoulder. for the sake of simplicity, the surrounding muscles and tendons are not shown, but the glenoid ( socket ) and humeral head are labled. figure 2 shows an mri view looking down through the shoulder joint from above. the glenoid and humeral head are labled. ( figures 1a and 1b are redrawn from warner et al. am j sports med 1992 : 20 : 675 ) subluxation and dislocation both represent problems that occur when the “ ball ” ( or humeral head ) doesn ’ t stay centered correctly in the “ socket ” ( or glenoid ). these problems may manifest themselves in a variety of ways ; from pain with the normal activities of daily living, to the inability to lift the arm without dislocating the joint, and everything in between. for many patients, the diagnosis is made in the emergency room after they have dislocated their shoulder during sports or an accident. many other people who have subtle instability can be misdiagnosed as having “ rotator cuff tear ” or “ bursitis ”. an experienced shoulder surgeon or sports medicine surgeon can usually recognize the signs of shoulder instability. often, the diagnosis is confirmed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques ( mri ), however many people can have a “ normal mri ” appearance and debilitating symptoms — so a thorough clinical examination by an experienced orthopedic shoulder surgeon is recommended. video 1 shows a patient being examined prior


magnetic resonance imaging techniques ( mri ), however many people can have a “ normal mri ” appearance and debilitating symptoms — so a thorough clinical examination by an experienced orthopedic shoulder surgeon is recommended. video 1 shows a patient being examined prior to surgery. the right shoulder can be subluxed out of joint in the anterior direction. note : video may be slow to load on non - broadband internet connections. modem users may wish to right click ( or command click for macs ) and save the file locally for viewing. for many people, a conservative approach with physical therapy and a home - based strengthening program can resolve the pain or symptoms of instability. those who do not improve with therapy, high - demand athletes, and overhead workers may require surgery to achieve a functional, painless range of motion. when surgery is required, it is of utmost importance that the surgeon look for and address all the potential causes of instability in the joint. if any of the factors contributing to instability is not addressed, the surgery will fail. arthroscopic shoulder surgery, or shoulder arthroscopy is a valuable tool to diagnose and treat shoulder instability and dislocation. using the scope, an experienced surgeon can evaluate the entire shoulder joint and can usually treat the conditions leading to instability through very small incisions using specially - designed instruments and devices. in a small subpopulation of patients, a formal open surgery ( using an incision about 3 ” to 5 ” long ) will be required to correctly address the problem ( s ) encountered. the goal of surgery is to re - establish the stability of the humeral head in the shallow glenoid socket without compromising the shoulder range of motion. this is a delicate balance, and the results are most predictable in the hands of a highly - specialized surgical team that is familiar with the various techniques and instruments and who perform the surgery often. such a team will maximize the benefits of the surgery and minimize the risks. the procedure can usually be performed within a few hours under general ( or nerve block ) anaesthesia, and the patient can be discharged to home with a minimum of discomfort. in addition, the scope allows the surgeon to take pictures and video to show to the patient what problem ( s ) existed and how the problem was addressed. patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder stabilization require a limited period in a sling ( usually 2 - to 3 - weeks ) with some simple range - of - motion exercises at home. they will require fairly intensive outpatient physical therapy for re - establishing


. patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder stabilization require a limited period in a sling ( usually 2 - to 3 - weeks ) with some simple range - of - motion exercises at home. they will require fairly intensive outpatient physical therapy for re - establishing pain - free motion and strengthening the shoulder muscles for a few months. normally, a person can return to most forms of normal activity within 6 weeks, and limited athletics between 10 and 14 weeks. a return to all activities and even contact athletics can usually be accomplished between 14 and 24 weeks, depending on the sport. watch a video : characteristics of shoulder dislocation, subluxation, and instability by definition, all forms shoulder dislocation and shoulder instability share the common bond that the humeral head ( or “ ball ” at the top of the arm bone or humerus ) does not stay adequately centered on the glenoid ( or “ socket ” attached to the shoulder blade ). this instability can be subtle, manifesting as pain at the shoulder or upper arm with overhead activities ; mild to moderate, manifesting as the inability to perform overhead activities without apprehension ( or the sense that the shoulder could dislocate ) ; or severe, in which the shoulder can easily dislocate voluntarily or involuntarily during any activities, overhead or otherwise. figure 3 shows the humeral head dislocated from the glenoid socket ( redrawn from burkhart et al. arthroscopy. 2000 : 16 : 7 : 682 ) a dislocation following trauma ( such as a sports injury or auto accident ) may be obvious, requiring emergent relocation. however, subtle instabilities can be difficult to diagnose correctly in the hands of physicians who do not normally examine the shoulder. these are not infrequently misdiagnosed as “ rotator cuff tears ” or “ bursitis ”. in addition, shoulder instability can occur in concert with other shoulder problems, so if the instability is not recognized and treated, the results of a rotator cuff surgery or surgery to remove “ bone spurs ” may not alleviate the symptoms. most patients with significant instability will have the sense that the shoulder “ feels like it could come out of joint ” when in certain positions, or have the sense that the shoulder “ pops out and in ” frequently with activities. the wide range of problems that contribute to shoulder instability can be defined in several ways, including : in fact, the severity, direction and mechanism all influence how the shoulder should best be treated


that the shoulder “ pops out and in ” frequently with activities. the wide range of problems that contribute to shoulder instability can be defined in several ways, including : in fact, the severity, direction and mechanism all influence how the shoulder should best be treated, so all of these factors must be considered. severe shoulder instability, manifested by frequent dislocations and subluxations during normal activities of daily living are less likely to resolve without surgery, but are also most difficult to treat. a subset of patients who may not improve with surgery are those who voluntarily or willfully dislocate their shoulders regularly, or those who are not willing or not able to undergo the appropriate postoperative rehabilitation. dislocations and subluxations can also occur in people without any inciting event. this is called atraumatic instability, and can be more difficult to treat. many people who suffer from atraumatic instability are usually also “ double jointed ” or “ ligamentously lax ” in other joints. because the shoulder is the joint in the human body with the largest range of motion ( i. e. it is relatively less stable anyway ), the extra laxity or give in the shoulder can predispose it to subluxation or dislocation. the most common direction for dislocation and subluxation ( instability ) to occur is to the front of the shoulder ( anterior dislocation ). anterior dislocations and subluxations are frequently associated with a disruption of the stabilizing ligaments at the front edge of the glenoid ( this ligament tear is termed a “ bankart lesion ” ), but can occur in the absence of any discrete injury as well. true posterior dislocations are rare, and are usually the result of seizures or major trauma. posterior subluxation, however, can occur after repetitive athletic trauma, particularly in weight lifters and contact athletes in sports such as hockey, lacrosse, and football. persons who have atraumatic instability due to laxity of their shoulder ligaments may sublux or dislocate their shoulder in more than one direction ; this is called “ multidirectional instability ” or “ mdi ”. multidirectional instability is usually related more to an inherent elasticity in the connective tissues around the shoulder joint, and not to a discreet injury to any particular ligaments of the shoulder capsule. physical therapy is the mainstay of treatment for mild multidirectional instability ( mdi ). more severe mdi


connective tissues around the shoulder joint, and not to a discreet injury to any particular ligaments of the shoulder capsule. physical therapy is the mainstay of treatment for mild multidirectional instability ( mdi ). more severe mdi may require surgery if a patient is to maintain an active lifestyle. similar conditionsunless a true dislocation occurs that must be relocated in the emergency room, the presentation of shoulder instability can be subtle, and the diagnosis can be confused with several other conditions. instability of the shoulder joint can lead to shoulder pain or apprehension ( the avoidance or of overhead activities due to a sense that the shoulder could dislocate ). however, there are many other causes of pain and apprehension in the shoulder, including rotator cuff tears, shoulder arthritis or degenerative changes, or impingement ( friction between the top of the rotator cuff and bone spurs at the bony roof of the shoulder joint ). not uncommonly, these different problems can occur simultaneously ( i. e. instability can lead to arthritis or to rotator cuff tears or to impingment, and alternatively a rotator cuff tear can lead to subtle instability ). for these reasons, a comprehensive shoulder examination by an experienced physician is important. incidence and risk factors the shoulder joint had the greatest range of motion of all the joints in the human body and every individual is unique in terms of the amount of ligamentous laxity ( or flexibility ) they have. for this reason, the “ stability ” of the shoulder joint is relative from person to person and shoulder to shoulder. in general terms, in the “ normal ” shoulder the humeral head ( ball ) should not travel more than a few millimeters in any direction from the center the glenoid ( socket ) — it should behave essentially as a “ ball and socket joint ”. “ instability ” of the shoulder joint should therefore be defined as excessive motion of the head away from the center of the socket ( glenoid ) that produces pain or the inability to perform activities of daily living, overhead motions, or sports. the same degree of movement causing symptoms in one person may be perfectly acceptable to another. it is therefore difficult to give an exact percentage of persons who suffer from any particular form of instability. once a young person ( who is still growing ) suffers a shoulder dislocation, it is statistically likely that they will dislocate again. studies have shown that when a dislocation occurs in a child with open growth plates, there is up to a 100 % chance that


growing ) suffers a shoulder dislocation, it is statistically likely that they will dislocate again. studies have shown that when a dislocation occurs in a child with open growth plates, there is up to a 100 % chance that they will dislocate again. in young adults ( after the growth plates begin closing but younger than 20 years old ), the re - dislocation rate is about 55 % to 95 %. people who suffer their first dislocation after 30 or 40 years of age are much less likely to suffer another dislocation without a significant traumatic event ( usually less than 10 % to 15 % ). unfortunately, older persons who dislocate their shoulders may develop other problems as a result of the dislocation, such as fractures at the joint or rotator cuff tears. risk factors for shoulder instability include : a physician can diagnose shoulder instability by reviewing the patients history, performing a thorough physical examination and shoulder examination, and through the use of imaging techniques such as x - rays and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). the physical examination and history remain the most reliable means to diagnose instability, because several persons will have no abnormalities present on x - ray or mri. x - rays may show bony injuries to the glenoid socket ( termed a “ bony bankart lesion ” ) or to the humeral head ( termed a “ hill - sach ’ s lesion ” ). mri may demonstrate tears of the stabilizing ligaments of the shoulder joint ( termed “ labral tears ”, “ capsular disruptions ” or “ soft tissue bankart lesion ”. alternatively, the mri may demonstrate an abnormally large or “ loose ” shoulder capsule ( joint ). figure 4 shows an mri of an unstable shoulder. the stabilizing ligaments are torn from the front of the glenoid ( arrow ). figure 5 shows an arthroscopic view of the ligament attachments ( l ) the metal probe is on the labrum, where the ligament attaches. the top view is a normal attachment, the middle is a mild tear, below is a severely torn ligament attachment. there are no medications that can treat the excess laxity or instability of the shoulder joint. however, some medications such as non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) will frequently help to ease pain or symptoms related to the unstable shoulder. these medications can be quite helpful, but can also have side effects and therefore should be taken under the supervision of a physician experienced


steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) will frequently help to ease pain or symptoms related to the unstable shoulder. these medications can be quite helpful, but can also have side effects and therefore should be taken under the supervision of a physician experienced in their use. injections of steroids ( cortisone ) or lubricants ( such as hyaluronic acid ) into the shoulder have little role in the treatment of instability and carry some risk of infection. for any medications taken, patients should learn : the stability of the shoulder joint is dependent upon a balance of several factors, including : of all these factors, the one that can be addressed most easily is the strength and function of the rotator cuff muscles. frequently, the extra laxity of the shoulder joint capsule can be overcome by strengthening the muscles around the joint that are used to stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid socket. these muscles can be strengthened effectively with a supervised and home physical therapy program designed to selectively balance and strengthen the four muscles around the shoulder that comprise the “ cuff ” ( called the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis ). most general shoulder exercisers in the gym do not adequately isolate and address rotator cuff strengthening, so it is important to learn which exercises are most beneficial. if the exercises are performed gently several times per day on an ongoing basis, many patients will obtain relief of their symptoms and suffer few or no episodes of instability. it is important for patients to learn the possible risks of physical therapy as well as its cost. the anticipated effectiveness of physical therapy is dependent upon the degree and nature of the instability. possible benefits of arthroscopic shoulder surgery in persons who have recurrent episodes of shoulder subluxation or dislocation who continue to have instability despite an adequate trial of physical therapy, surgical stabilization of the shoulder is the most effective method to restore comfort and eliminate the symptoms. a qualified shoulder surgeon can isolate the factors contributing to instability, including tears of the glenoid socket “ lip ” ( or “ labrum ” ), tears of the shoulder capsule and ligaments, bony fractures of the glenoid socket or humeral head, the integrity of the rotator cuff tendons, or excessive laxity or volume of the shoulder capsule. video 2 shows a short “ diagnostic arthroscopy ” of the shoulder, a virtual tour around the joint. this person has a normal glenohumeral ligament attachment, but a partial - thickness rot


physical therapy to try and limit the possibility of recurrence. several options are available to the patient and the surgeon, depending on the problem that causes the instability. in most cases, the problem to be treated will dictate the nature of the surgical procedure performed. in the hands of a surgeon who is experienced with arthroscopic shoulder surgery, almost all of the following procedures can be performed alone or together to restore joint stability and eliminate pain using arthroscopic techniques : patients who have large bony fractures at the glenoid socket or humeral head ( “ bony bankart lesions ” or “ hill - sach ’ s defects ) or those who have true multi - directional instability ( mdi ) may require an open procedure ( using a larger incision ) to adequately stabilize the shoulder. effectivenessin the hands of an experienced surgeon, shoulder stabilization can be very effective in eliminating instability and restoring comfort and function to the shoulder of a well - motivated patient. the greatest benefits are often the ability to perform the usual activities of daily living, overhead activities, and sports without the fear of subluxation, dislocation or pain. as long as the shoulder is cared for properly and subsequent traumatic injuries are avoided, the benefits on stabilization should be permanent. a dislocated shoulder ( one that is “ out of joint ” ) must be relocated on an emergent basis. any patient who thinks they have had a dislocation, or who can not move the shoulder appropriately after an injury must be evaluated in the emergency room as soon as possible to avoid a possible permanent injury to the nerves or blood vessels around the shoulder. most often, the dislocated shoulder can be relocated into the joint with a mild sedative in the emergency room. x - rays must be taken to confirm that the shoulder has been appropriately relocated. unless the shoulder can not be relocated or is stuck “ out of joint ”, surgical shoulder stabilization is not an emergency. the relocated shoulder is likely to remain in the joint as long as the patient is willing to wear a sling or brace and avoid motions that create un “ unstable ” feeling. many persons who suffer their first episode of instability ( particularly persons over the age of 30 - 40 years ) may never require surgery to have a fully - functional, stable shoulder after an adequate period of bracing and physical therapy. persons who suffer frequent or multiple dislocations may wish to have surgery to stabilize the shoulder, but such patients have time to adequately become informed about the surgical options and select an experienced surgeon. before surgery


an adequate period of bracing and physical therapy. persons who suffer frequent or multiple dislocations may wish to have surgery to stabilize the shoulder, but such patients have time to adequately become informed about the surgical options and select an experienced surgeon. before surgery is undertaken, the patient needs to : risksthe risks of arthroscopic or open shoulder stabilization procedures include but are not limited to the following : infection, temporary or permanent injury to the nerves and blood vessels around the shoulder, excessive stiffness of the joint, recurrent instability or loosening of the joint, recurrent tears of the rotator cuff, pain, allergic reactions to any implants or suture materials used to stabilize the joint, the need for additional surgeries. the anaesthesia used during the procedure also has some risks, that can be addressed by the anaesthesiologist. the experienced and cautious surgical team uses special techniques to minimize all the above risks. adverse events following shoulder surgery are extremely rare, but they can not be completely eliminated. managing riskmany of the risks of surgical stabilization can be effectively managed if they are promptly identified and treated. infections may require a wash - out of the joint, and rarely require removal of any implanted materials. blood vessel or nerve injuries are rare, and most resolve spontaneously. occasionally, such an injury may require surgical repair. excessive stiffness of the joint is rare in the person who is cooperative with the postoperative rehabilitation program, and most of the stiffness will respond to exercises. excessive laxity or loosening of the joint is a sign that the surgery has not completely addressed the instability, and may require further evaluation and management. if a patient has questions or concerns about the “ normal ” course after surgery, the surgeon should be informed as soon as possible and be available to explain the expected course and outcome. surgical shoulder stabilization is considered for healthy and motivated individuals in whom instability interferes with shoulder function and activity. successful surgery depends upon a partnership between the patient and the experienced shoulder surgeon. patients should optimize their health to prepare for surgery. smoking should be stopped one month prior to surgery, and be avoided altogether for at least three months following surgery. any heart, lung, kidney, bladder, tooth, or gum problems should be managed before the shoulder surgery. any active infections will delay elective surgery to optimize the benefit and reduce the risk of shoulder joint infection. the surgeon should be made aware of any health issues, including allergies and non - prescription and prescription medications being taken. some medications will


active infections will delay elective surgery to optimize the benefit and reduce the risk of shoulder joint infection. the surgeon should be made aware of any health issues, including allergies and non - prescription and prescription medications being taken. some medications will need to be held or stopped prior to surgery. for instance, aspirin and anti - inflammatory medications ( advil®, motrin®, alleve®, and other nsaids ) should be discontinued as they will affect intra - operative and postoperative bleeding. before surgery, patients should consider the limitations, alternatives and risks to surgery. patients must recognize that the procedure is a process and not an event : the benefit of the surgery depends a large part on the patient ’ s willingness to apply effort to rehabilitation after surgery. patients must plan on being less active and functional for 12 to 16 weeks after the surgery. driving, shopping and performing overhead chores, lifting, and repetitive arm activities may be difficult or impossible during this time. plans for the necessary assistance need to be made before surgery. for individuals who live alone or those without readily - available help, arrangements for home help should be made well in advance. timingunless the shoulder is dislocated or stuck “ out of joint ” ; shoulder stabilization surgery can be delayed until the time that suits the patient best. persons who suffer several subluxations or dislocations on a daily or weekly basis risk further injuries to the shoulder joint or capsule that could compromise the surgical result. coststhe surgeon ’ s office should provide a reasonable estimate of : surgical teamshoulder stabilization, particularly when done through the arthroscope is a technically demanding procedure that must be performed by an experienced, specially trained shoulder surgeon in a medical center accustomed to performing complex arthroscopic shoulder procedures on a weekly basis. patients should inquire as to the specific training the surgeon has undergone to perform such procedures ( i. e. a fellowship - trained, sports medicine specialist familiar with arthroscopic techniques and equipment ) and also as to how many of these procedures the surgeon and the medical center perform on a yearly basis. finding an experienced surgeonwhile surgeons who are capable of performing simple arthroscopic procedures are relatively easy to find, complex reconstructive surgeries in the shoulder ( like arthroscopic stabilization procedures and arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs ) demand a degree of highly - specialized training. many capable surgeons will have completed a fellowship ( additional year or two of training ) specifically in arthroscopic techniques


( like arthroscopic stabilization procedures and arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs ) demand a degree of highly - specialized training. many capable surgeons will have completed a fellowship ( additional year or two of training ) specifically in arthroscopic techniques, shoulder surgery and sports medicine. a qualified sports medicine surgeon should be comfortable with both open ( traditional ) and arthroscopic techniques, and tailor the appropriate treatment to the problem to be addressed. fellowship - trained surgeons may be located through university schools of medicine, county medical societies, or state orthopedic societies. other resources include professional societies such as the american orthopedic society for sports medicine ( aossm ) or the american shoulder and elbow surgeon ’ s society ( ases ). facilitiesarthroscopic shoulder stabilization is usually performed in a qualified ambulatory surgical center or major medical center that performs such procedures on a regular basis. these centers have surgical teams, facilities, and equipment specially designed for this type of surgery. for those patients who require an overnight stay, the centers have nurses and therapists who are accustomed to assisting patients in their recovery from shoulder stabilization. shoulder stabilization, either arthroscopic or through an open incision is a highly technical procedure ; each step plays a critical role in the outcome. after the patient is comfortably positioned in a seated position and anesthetic has been administered, the shoulder is given a sterile washed and draped for surgery. the surgeon begins by examining the shoulder while the patient is asleep or the shoulder relaxed so he or she can assess the relative stability of the joint, the range of motion, and feel for any abnormal grinding or catching of the joint. next, one or two very small ( 1cm ) incisions, or “ portals ” are made, usually one in the front and one behind the shoulder joint. through these small portals, hollow instruments called “ canulas ” are placed that irrigate the inside of the shoulder joint with sterile saline and “ inflate ” the joint with clear fluid. the canulas allow the placement of an arthroscopic camera and specially designed instruments within the shoulder joint. figure 6 shows the 2 healed incisions several weeks following an instability repair. the surgeon maneuvers the camera around the joint while he or she watches a video monitor of what the camera “ sees ”. a highly - skilled surgeon can evaluate all of the important structures within the joint, test their stability and integrity, and look for signs of ligament injuries, cartilage wear ( or arthritis ), and


video monitor of what the camera “ sees ”. a highly - skilled surgeon can evaluate all of the important structures within the joint, test their stability and integrity, and look for signs of ligament injuries, cartilage wear ( or arthritis ), and bony injuries that can be caused by or lead to shoulder instability or dislocation. ( see video 2 ) most often, the surgeon will take photographs of the interior of the joint to help to explain to the patient what was found, and how it was corrected. this portion of the surgery is called a “ diagnostic arthroscopy ” and is absolutely necessary to assure the success of any surgical procedure for shoulder instability ( even if an mri had been obtained prior to the procedure ). this is because the arthroscopic examination of the joint is still the “ gold standard ”, or best way to understand all of the factors that could be present and may need to be addressed to treat the problem. once the surgeon understands what structures within the joint are injured or torn, he or she will choose the best possible surgical approach to treat the problem. a highly - skilled surgeon who is comfortable with the anatomy of the joint and who has exceptional skills with specially - designed arthroscopic instruments and implants can usually address the problem without the need for large incisions. for the most common types of shoulder instability or dislocation, the ligaments at the front of the shoulder that hold the head in the glenoid socket are torn or loose from the lip of the glenoid ( or labrum ). using special implants called “ suture anchors ” the surgeon can repair the ligaments and labrum in place and tighten them as necessary. these anchors are buried into the bone, and most are made of absorbable materials that will disintegrate over time after the shoulder has healed. figure 7a shows the labrum ( l ) torn away from the glenoid surface. figure 7b shows the labrum ( l ) repaired to the glenoid using three suture anchors. other injuries, such as tears of the origin of the biceps muscle tendon ( called a slap lesion ) can also be seen and addressed during the procedure. figure 8a shows the biceps ( bi ) and labrum torn away from the top of the glenoid. figure 8b shows the biceps ( bi ) and labrum repaired to the labrum using a suture anchor. very rarely, a patient will have severe dislocation is multiple directions ( multidirectional instability or mdi