11 - hour days. the number of employees he oversaw varied. during high employment periods, he oversaw five to six mechanics. in february of 2010, he employed three mechanics. airframe and powerplant technician with inspection authorization the a & p / ia began his maintenance career in the military in 1991. following the military, he worked in airline heavy line maintenance for seven years. he held employment as a flight engineer and first officer at a cargo company, and then returned to the seattle area for family reasons. he began work with auburn flight service where he worked for two years until leaving in february of 2010 for career advancement at a different company. the a & p / ia typically worked a 40 - hour week with occasional overtime. he never felt like he was asked to do more than he was capable of doing. airframe and powerplant technician the a & p held an aviation maintenance technician certificate with airframe and powerplant ratings. he began his maintenance career in the military in 1974 and obtained his a & p in 1986. he began working for auburn flight service in april of 2007. the mechanic generally worked a 40 - hour work week although his workload had recently increased due to more work and fewer employees. the mechanic felt that he had adequate time to perform his job duties. the four - seat, low - wing, fixed - gear airplane, serial number ( sn ) 1326 was manufactured in 2005. it was powered by a teledyne continental io - 550 - n engine and equipped with a hartzell phc - j3yf - 1rf propeller. the maintenance records were reviewed and the last annual inspection noted in the logbooks was october 17, 2008. the safety board investigator - in - charge contacted the maintenance facility that performed the annual inspection, auburn flight service, and inquired whether or not a more recent annual inspection had been completed. according to the dom for auburn flight service, the last annual inspection was completed in february of 2010. he was uncertain why the annual inspection logbook entries were not in the logbooks. a work order dated january 8, 2010, contained a stamp dated february 5, 2010, and was signed by the dom indicating that the airplane and engine had undergone an annual inspection. the dom indicated that he did not perform the work on the airplane but had signed it off as airworthy. the work order for the airplane showed that cylinders 3, 5, and 6 needed to be replaced due to cracks. the cylinders were replaced on february 2, 2010. on february 3, the work order noted " perform gnd run and


airworthy. the work order for the airplane showed that cylinders 3, 5, and 6 needed to be replaced due to cracks. the cylinders were replaced on february 2, 2010. on february 3, the work order noted " perform gnd run and leak check … check engine specs per tcm mm table 19 - 1 / tcm sb m89 - 71r. " both items were initialed by the a & p. the last item noted on the work order was dated february 3, and stated that " during ground runs l / r mag drops rough. " spark plugs were cleaned, tested, and reinstalled. the a & p also initialed this item. the cirrus maintenance checklist for the accident airplane was reviewed. the checklist noted the type of inspection as " annual. " on page 17, the " return to service " checklist, five of the following six items were not initialed as being completed : 1. close access 2. verify all airworthiness directives complied with ( initialed ) 3. fuel injection system ( the checklist noted " functional inspection of fuel injection system in accordance with the manufacturer ' s approved instructions for continued airworthiness after engine installation, every 100 hours, at annual, or fuel system component replacement. " ) 4. perform an airplane run - up ( the checklist noted " in accordance with operational / functional check in 5 - 30. after completing the operational check, perform a walk around to detect fluid leaks or other abnormalities. " ) 5. install engine cowling 6. verify airplane papers in proper order director of maintenance interview in an interview with the dom, he indicated that the normal process when an airplane is brought in for maintenance is that the airplane is dropped off by the owner, a work order is created by the dom, squawks are noted, checklists are compiled, and the package is assigned to a mechanic. if the maintenance includes an annual inspection, then the inspection is assigned to an ia. due to differences in work requirements, mechanics may shift to other projects throughout an annual inspection. when the work order for an annual inspection is completed, it is returned to the responsible ia, the operations checks and engine cylinder compression checks are completed, the endorsements are made, the checklists and work orders are initialed, and the work order is stamped completed by the responsible ia. according to the dom, during an annual inspection of a cirrus, the fuel system must be checked. calibrated gauges are used to test


and work orders are initialed, and the work order is stamped completed by the responsible ia. according to the dom, during an annual inspection of a cirrus, the fuel system must be checked. calibrated gauges are used to test metered and unmetered fuel pressure. a steel fuel cap is removed and the gauge is installed. at the completion of the test, the cap is reinstalled, and a leak check is performed. the dom stated that the accident airplane had been maintained at auburn flight service since it was new. the annual inspection was due in october of 2009 and in november the owner contacted him about the inspection. the owner brought the airplane to auburn flight service in january of 2010. in addition to the annual inspection and two - year items being due, the inspection had identified three cracked cylinders. another a & p / ia who worked at auburn flight service was assigned to complete the inspection. two additional a & ps worked on the airplane during the maintenance as well. the dom stated that following the accident, he asked the a & p / ia if he had signed off the annual inspection. the dom stated that the ia was certain he had signed it off. a review of records showed that another cirrus was in the shop at the same time and it also had to have three of its cylinders replaced. the dom believes that the ia may have remembered completing the endorsement for the other airplane. a checklist was created during the annual inspection for the airplane and as noted previously, items on the checklist were not initialed. the dom stated that the ia assigned to complete the job forgot to initial the checklist items, and to complete the endorsements. when asked how he knew the work was completed, the dom said that he was aware of what was going on in the facility regarding airplanes currently being worked on through daily contact with his technicians, contact with aircraft owners, and through review of the work orders. the dom indicated that the a & p / ia should have signed off the inspection and maintenance endorsement for the airplane logbooks but overlooked doing so. aviation maintenance technician with inspection authorization interview the a & p / ia said that the accident airplane had been in the facility for an annual inspection. he was assigned to perform the annual inspection. during the inspection, three cracked cylinders were identified and they had to be replaced. the annual inspection was completed as far as the maintenance personnel could work until the new parts arrived. once the parts arrived, an a & p in the shop replaced the cylinders and the a & p


cracked cylinders were identified and they had to be replaced. the annual inspection was completed as far as the maintenance personnel could work until the new parts arrived. once the parts arrived, an a & p in the shop replaced the cylinders and the a & p / ia replaced a seal on the lower cowling. he could not recall doing any additional maintenance items on the airplane. the a & p / ia was asked about the throttle and metering assembly and when the fuel inlet cap on the line would be removed. he indicated that although he ran the engine before the annual inspection was conducted, he did not conduct any final checks. he said that in order to check the metered and unmetered fuel pressure, you would refer to a service bulletin and usually connect the gauge at the steel cap fitting. at the completion of the test, the cap is reinstalled and torqued. he indicated that normally torque seal would be used to mark that the cap had been torqued. he indicated that the engine run noted on the work order on february 3, was for the cylinder work and not the return to service run. the a & p / ia stated that when he finished an annual inspection, he would sign the stamped page on the work order. in this case, the dom, signed the front page. additionally, the a & p / ia would have created logbook endorsements. the a & p / ia felt that the dom may have been pressured to return the airplane to the owner. there was another cirrus in the facility at the time and the workload was high. the a & p / ia provided a copy of a logbook page showing the airplanes that he had signed off as airworthy or unairworthy from january 2010 through february 2010. the accident airplane was not listed. aviation maintenance technician interview the a & p recalled the accident airplane being in the shop for an annual inspection. the a & p said that there was nothing out of the ordinary during the maintenance that he performed and that the annual inspection items must be checked and functionally checked by an ia. the a & p explained the fuel system pressure checks indicating that the line and cap are removed on the metering assembly, the fuel pressures are checked, and then the lines and cap are secured. this is followed by a leak check. the a & p stated that after the check is completed, everything is torque sealed. during the interview, he could not recall what color torque seal he might have used when securing the cap on the throttle and metering assembly. when


a leak check. the a & p stated that after the check is completed, everything is torque sealed. during the interview, he could not recall what color torque seal he might have used when securing the cap on the throttle and metering assembly. when the a & p reviewed the annual inspection checklist during the interview, he indicated that several items were not completed by the a & p / ia. during the interview, the a & p indicated that there should have been additional discrepancy items for the a & p / ia ' s check of the fuel system. the a & p stated that the fuel system check that he ( the a & p ) performed was required due to the cylinder change as well as annual inspection requirements, and was not the final check. additionally, he stated that the checklist was not filled out entirely by the a & p / ia. the a & p indicated that once all of the work order discrepancies are accomplished, the a & p / ia takes the work order package, completes the logbook entry, and the airplane is released. the a & p did not recall seeing the a & p / ia doing the final items not initialed on the checklist. in later correspondence, the a & p stated that he misspoke during the interview and noted that he did not recall removing the test equipment. he reported the following : " on work order 7631 item # 39, i did not sign off removal of equipment or a leak check. in addition on the cirrus checklist 05 - 20 page 17 item 3 was left blank, indicating that check was not completed by the inspector in accordance with far 43. 15 ( c. ), ( 2. ), ( i. ), ( ii. ), ( iii. ) and ( iv. ). furthermore, on cirrus checklist 05 - 20 page 17, items 1., 4., 5., and 6., were left blank indicating a final inspection / return to service was not documented by the inspector. " teledyne continental motors guidance according to teledyne continental motors service information directive ( sid ) 97 - 3e, procedures and specifics for adjustment of teledyne continental motors ( tcm ) continuous flow fuel injection systems, after the fuel pressures are checked, the test gages are removed, and all fuel hoses and cap fittings are reinstalled to their original location. under section d ( 3 ), it states " assure cap assembly 639494 is correctly


the fuel pressures are checked, the test gages are removed, and all fuel hoses and cap fittings are reinstalled to their original location. under section d ( 3 ), it states " assure cap assembly 639494 is correctly installed on inlet tee fitting of combination throttle body / metering units. torque to 135 - 190 inch pounds per table 1 specs. under no circumstance allow any cap fitting other than 639494 to be installed during engine operation. " following the installation, a complete fuel system leak check must be performed in accordance with the aircraft manufacturer ' s instructions. the closest official aviation weather was reported 30 miles west of strom field at chehalis - centralia airport, chehalis, washington, at 1915 pdt. the following weather conditions were reported : visibility 10 statute miles, sky condition clear, temperature 13 degrees centigrade, dew point 2 degrees centigrade, wind from 340 degrees at 7 knots, and altimeter 30. 13 inches of mercury. strom airport is located in mountainous terrain at an elevation of 941 feet, and surrounded by heavily treed terrain that rises to 2, 000 feet. it has one asphalt runway, 7 / 25, that is 1, 810 feet in length and 40 feet wide. according to the airport facility directory, trees 41 to 59 feet in height obstruct the ends of the runway. wreckage and impact information investigators responded to the accident site on march 20, 2010. the airplane came to rest in a rural residential area, on soft terrain used for gardening. the first identified point of impact was an area of approximately 50 - foot tall trees. a 4 - inch diameter section of a tree was broken, and a piece of fiberglass material remained suspended at the top portion of one tree. the outboard section of the right wing containing the navigation light was found in this area and it was located about 130 feet from the main wreckage. from the outboard right wing section moving east, the next identified point of impact was fencing that surrounded a garden. multiple fence posts and rails were dislodged and found at the main wreckage site. the wings and forward fuselage area sustained significant impact damage. all control surfaces remained attached. an impact crater approximately 2 feet deep was directly in front of the engine and two propeller blades were partially buried in the soft soil. the wreckage came to rest on a heading of about 015 degrees. there was no fire. the cirrus airframe parachute system ( caps ) was examined. the rocket motor


the engine and two propeller blades were partially buried in the soft soil. the wreckage came to rest on a heading of about 015 degrees. there was no fire. the cirrus airframe parachute system ( caps ) was examined. the rocket motor assembly and deployment bag ( d - bag ) remained connected to the parachute. the rocket motor propellant was expended. the parachute was connected to the airframe with the harness and ran parallel to the right wing from the wreckage. the parachute canopy remained partially folded with the slider located at the top of the suspension lines. both reefing line cutters were fired, however, the rear harness remained snubbed. the caps activation handle was found seated in the handle holder. the caps enclosure cover was found approximately 15 feet from the wreckage on the right side. according to the cirrus representative, the signatures were consistent with activation due to impact forces. approximately 7 gallons of fuel were drained from the left wing fuel tank. the right fuel tank was breached. investigators obtained approximately 1 cup of fuel from the right header fuel tank following the removal of the wreckage from the accident site. medical and pathological information an autopsy was completed by the lewis county coroner ' s office. the cause of death was attributed to blunt force head injuries. the faa civil aerospace medical institute ( cami ) completed toxicological testing on specimens from the pilot. the results were negative for carbon monoxide, cyanide, and volatiles. the results were positive for the following : 20. 97 ( ug / ml, ug / g ) acetaminophen detected in urine 66. 89 ( ug / ml, ug / g ) salicylate detected in urine trazodone detected in liver 0. 041 ( ug / ml, ug / g ) trazodone detected in blood trazodone detected in urine interviews with the pilot ' s family revealed that he used trazodone as a sleep aid. tests and research investigators examined the engine at teledyne continental motors, mobile, alabama. the engine exhibited impact damage concentrated at the upper forward and bottom areas. the throttle and metering assembly inlet, fitting cap part number 639494, was discovered missing. the cap was located resting on the number 1 and 3 inter - cylinder baffle. there was no evidence of damage to the cap. there was evidence of light blue staining on the crankcase. the engine was prepared for a test run by installing a substitute inlet fitting cap and replacing


number 1 and 3 inter - cylinder baffle. there was no evidence of damage to the cap. there was evidence of light blue staining on the crankcase. the engine was prepared for a test run by installing a substitute inlet fitting cap and replacing parts that had sustained impact damage as follows : fuel manifold inlet fitting, push rod housings for the number 2, 5, and 6 cylinders exhaust and intake, push rods for the numbers 2 and 6 intake and number 5 intake and exhaust, right magneto, induction system riser for the number 6 cylinder, engine mounts, oil cooler, oil sump, oil suction tube, and the starter adapter. the engine was not disassembled prior to the engine run. during the engine run, the substitute fuel inlet cap was installed finger tight. a fuel system leak check revealed a fuel droplet accumulating at the cap. the engine run was then conducted with the fuel inlet cap finger tight. the testing showed that with the fuel inlet cap installed finger tight, the operation of the engine was normal and did not reveal any abnormalities that would have prevented normal operation and production of rated horsepower. fuel inlet cap a metallurgist from the ntsb materials laboratory examined the cap from the fuel inlet. drawings showed that each cap was an assembly of two parts with an internally threaded hex section and a floating end plug with an internal conical recess. when fully engaged, the threaded hex section clamps the conical recess of the plug over the conical end of the male fitting, sealing the male fitting and blocking fluid flow. additional exemplar caps ( used and new ) were also submitted for the examination. examination of the cap revealed thick granular material covering three or four internal threads nearest the plug. the deposits were white or light tan in color with areas of reddish products. the three threads nearest the cap opening had some similar deposits but were essentially clean. the internal surfaces of the plug were also covered by similar thick corrosion products except on the ring shaped sealing surface of the conical recess. to examine the pressure flanks of the cap threads, which are the sides of the thread teeth that contact and engage with the teeth of the mating threads, the staking deformations were filed off and the plug pushed through the hex section. high magnification examination of the pressure flanks on the clean threads uncovered circumferential scuffing, indicative of sliding contact with mating threads. to establish the typical length of thread engagement, a laboratory supplied plug fitting was threaded into the new exem


##erly heading. the way point was changed to " krnt ", the airport identifier for renton, washington. at 1857, the altitude bug changed from 8, 500 feet to 5, 000 feet and the airplane began a shallow descent, fluctuating between 200 and 500 feet per minute ( fpm ). at 1904 : 16, the mfd data indicated a sharp reduction in exhaust gas temperature ( egt ) on all cylinders, accompanied by a gradual decrease in cylinder head temperature ( cht ) on all cylinders. engine rpm decreased from the cruise value of approximately 2, 450 rpm and varied between 1, 200 rpm and 1, 750 rpm for the remainder of the recording. at 1905 : 34, recorded fuel flow spiked, decreased slightly and then pegged at 30 gallons per hour, the maximum range of the fuel flow sensor, where it remained until the end of the recording. after the power loss, the descent rate increased, fluctuating between 1, 000 and 1, 700 fpm. the airplane turned to the east, then slightly back to the north, and finally settled on an easterly course heading directly towards strom airport during the descent. indicated airspeed decreased to approximately 100 knots ( kias ). the sr22 airplane flight manual ( afm ) indicates speed for best glide is 87 or 88 kias, depending on weight. however, the afm notes additional glide range may be achieved with a windmilling propeller by increasing airspeed by 5 to 10 knots. according to the cirrus representative, based on the pilot ' s position when the loss of engine power occurred, morton ( 9 miles to the east ) would have been the nearest airport with a hard surface runway. there were several grass airstrips to the west of the airplane ' s position, and toledo, washington airport was approximately 16 miles west.


an eu - funded project investigating the high - end nutritional content of seaweed says antioxidant extraction potential is high – with some seaweed forms offering better bioavailability than others. speaking with us, swafax project leader ian rowland, said two studies had been completed that showed certain extracts contained high levels of antioxidant polyphenols. “ land plants have all these polyphenols in them but seaweeds have never really been studied for their antioxidant potential – so we are looking at that and the results are very encouraging, ” said rowland, the director of research and head of the hugh sinclair unit of human nutrition at reading university. “ one of the most important things with polyphenols whether they are from seaweeds or land plants is how easily they are absorbed in the body. ” ascophyllum seaweed had shown the best potential in this area. “ the antioxidant content can be up to 15 % of the weight of the seaweed, ” rowland said. “ some of them are similar to land plants but not all of them. the best potential we have seen is for phlorotannins which are found in brown seaweeds like ascophyllum. ” rowland said seaweed was abundant and offered high - end potential as to date it was mainly used as a whole food or as a source for basic vitamins and minerals. the two year old project was slated to complete already but has been extended until april when the final study will finish. the studies will then be sent to nutrition journals for assessment and potential publication. the project has worked with three small to medium enterprises ( smes ) – irish firm marigot which specialises in seaweed mineral extraction ; hebridean seaweed in scotland and mesosystem, based out of spain. there are also three rtd providers - cybercolloids and the universities of reading and ulster. world production of seaweeds stood at 16 million tonnes in 2008, with 93 % cultivated and 7 % harvested in the wild.


belt pkwy., williams court bet. e. 12 st. and homecrest ave directions via google maps this playground is named for the surrounding neighborhood, a 20th century extension of the town of gravesend. gravesend derives its name from either dutch or english colonists ; the dutch words grafes and ande, meaning “ end of the grove, ” could refer to the eastern location of gravesend, but the name also might reflect the wishes of english settlement founder lady deborah moody ( c. 1583 - 1659 ). gravesend was the name of a city near her former home in england at the mouth of the thames river. lady deborah moody was a wealthy widow when she left england for america in 1639. initially arriving in massachusetts, she was coldly received by the puritans due to her adherence to anabaptism. according to the religion ’ s basic tenets, followers could not hold government office, bear arms, or perform childhood baptisms. moody and her fellows were expelled from massachusetts in 1643 and traveled to new netherland in 1645 in search of a place to settle. governor willem kieft ( 1597 - 1647 ) was at that time offering land grants to those who would settle in the areas around manhattan. kieft was in the middle of a war with the surrounding native americans, and he reckoned that expanding the colony would provide manhattan with a buffer, warning the center of new netherland when its outposts were under attack. moody accepted kieft ’ s offer, and she and her anabaptists established gravesend on the south shore of long island, just north of coney island, thereby starting the first english settlement in what is now brooklyn. the anabaptists quickly abandoned gravesend in the face of canarsie raiders, but the religious sect returned with the advent of peace in 1645, bearing the first town charter written in english in the colonies. moody ’ s plan for gravesend was innovative and based on anabaptist beliefs. designed to create open and equal spaces for the town ’ s inhabitants ; the resulting grid layout was the first of its kind. lady moody died in 1659, and the town remained largely rural for over two centuries until it was incorporated into the city of brooklyn in 1894. the rail lines that followed spelled the end of gravesend ’ s more bucolic years. developers built many large single - family homes in the east end of gravesend and agreed to change the neighborhood ’ s name to homecrest - by - the - sea. its boundaries


spelled the end of gravesend ’ s more bucolic years. developers built many large single - family homes in the east end of gravesend and agreed to change the neighborhood ’ s name to homecrest - by - the - sea. its boundaries are kings highway to the north, avenue v to the south, east 16th street to the east, and ocean parkway to the west. this playground is part of shore parkway, an 816. 1 - acre collection of parks that stretches across brooklyn and queens. the city acquired the parcels of land that make up shore parkway between 1927 and 1939 by condemnation. parks was assigned the property in 1939, and the parkway opened the following year. in 1942, homecrest playground opened with a baseball field, basketball courts, handball courts, and benches for community use. london plane trees ( platanus x acerifolia ) encircle this park, creating welcoming shade. today, this site still provides ample opportunity for recreation and rest. city council member anthony d. weiner sponsored a $ 555, 000 reconstruction in 1993, funding the removal of the old wading pool and comfort station, refurbishment of the handball courts, construction of a spray area with whale sculptures, and the installation of new play equipment, swings, benches, and a chain link fence.


07dec2000 usa : congress sends bill banning shark finning to president for signature. conservationists applaud sweeping congressional action to protect sharks washington, dec. 7 / prnewswire / - after a two - year fight to safeguard shark populations, the u. s. senate today passed legislation to prohibit shark finning - the practice of slicing off a shark ' s fins and discarding its carcass at sea - in all u. s. waters. the u. s. house of representatives passed the same legislation in november. the bill will now be sent to the president to be signed into law. leading conservation organizations were quick to commend the u. s. congress for passing this landmark legislation that also seeks to address the problem internationally. " this truly bipartisan effort, led by representative cunningham ( r - ca ) in the house, the senators kerry ( d - ma ), hollings ( d - sc ), and snowe ( r - me ) in the senate, is critical to conserving vulnerable shark populations, " commented russell dunn, assistant director of the ocean wildlife campaign. " without their leadership, the growing trade in shark fins would have posed an ever increasing threat to these animals. " " the vulnerability of sharks to overfishing and the massive mortality associated with finning made achieving a finning ban a top priority for the owc and its member organizations, " explained dr. david wilmot, owc director. shark fins are the principal ingredients in shark fin soup, an asian delicacy that can sell for as much as $ 100 a bowl. each year, tens of thousands of sharks are killed just for their fins in the u. s. pacific. in 1998, the number of sharks finned in the waters surrounding hawaii topped 60, 000. because fins comprise only a small percentage of a shark ' s bodyweight, finning wastes 95 to 99 percent of each shark. sharks are especially susceptible to overfishing because they generally grow slowly, mature late and produce a small number of young. " by addressing this egregious waste, congress has established a strong and consistent national shark policy and reasserted u. s. leadership in addressing global threats to these exceptionally vulnerable fish, " remarked sonja fordham, shark fisheries specialist for the center for marine conservation. allowing finning in the pacific was inconsistent with a number of u. s. fisheries policies and ran counter to the recommendations of several international fishery agreements, including the united nations international plan of action for


, shark fisheries specialist for the center for marine conservation. allowing finning in the pacific was inconsistent with a number of u. s. fisheries policies and ran counter to the recommendations of several international fishery agreements, including the united nations international plan of action for sharks. " we are ecstatic that the congress has responded to the american public ' s outrage over finning, " noted dunn. " the fact that they were able to do so during a period of bitter partisanship clearly demonstrates congress ' intolerance of wasteful and destructive practices which threaten this nation ' s living marine resources, " summarized dunn. the ocean wildlife campaign is a coalition of the center for marine conservation, national audubon society, national coalition for marine conservation, natural resources defense council, wildlife conservation society, and world wildlife fund. the owc was created to tackle the complex challenge of conserving and restoring giant ocean fishes including sharks, swordfish, marlin, and tunas. the owc is generously supported by the david and lucile packard foundation. source ocean wildlife campaign - 0 - 12 / 07 / 2000 / contact : carrie collins, 202 - 537 - 9166, or amy bunch, 301 - 593 - 6960, both of ocean wildlife campaign /. source : pr newswire 07 / 12 / 2000


butterflies - the tribe of the coppers ( originally published 1917 ) the members of this tribe are well characterized by their name, for most of them show on the upper wing surface tones of coppery brown, more or less marked around the margin with darker shades. on the under side of the tarsi there are numerous spines in irregular clusters. in the chrysalis there are curious hair - like projections on the skin, which are short and shaped like tiny toadstools or mushrooms. while some of the coppers are very abundant, the majority are rather rare. only a few species are sufficiently widely distributed to require description here. feniseca tarquinius in many orders of insects there are whole families whose larvae are habitually carnivorous, feeding entirely upon other kinds of insects. this is especially so in case of the beetles, the flies, the true bugs, and the great order to which the bees and wasps belong. among the scale - winged insects, however, carnivorous caterpillars are rare, seldom occurring among the moths and in hardly more than one species among the butterflies. this one exception is the modest looking little butterfly fancifully called the wanderer, perhaps because instead of frequenting the flowery fields where other butterflies congregate it wanders in and out among the alders by brooks and ponds, alighting oftener upon a leaf or twig than upon a flower the latter apparently lacking for it the attraction it has for other butterflies. if you watch one of these copper - hued creatures for awhile, however, you will soon see that its wandering is not aimless but has rather a method all its own. perhaps you will see it alight upon an alder twig on or above which you are likely to notice curious woolly white excrescences. if you are close enough you will probably see the butterfly uncoil its tongue and sip up a liquid on twig or leaf the exudations of the woolly aphids that make up the supposed excrescence and suck the sap from the bark. much of this sap passes through the bodies of the aphids and collects in liquid globules on twigs and leaves, forming a sort of honey - dew which is much sought after by flies, wasps, and other insects. it seems to form the chief sustenance of these wanderers. but many of these butterflies have another purpose besides that of sipping the honey - dew. should you watch one of the mother butterflies carefully you would be likely to see her


and other insects. it seems to form the chief sustenance of these wanderers. but many of these butterflies have another purpose besides that of sipping the honey - dew. should you watch one of the mother butterflies carefully you would be likely to see her alight on or near a colony of woolly aphids and rim rather rapidly over them in a wasp - like manner, finally stopping long enough to lay a tiny, roundish, slightly flattened egg upon the twig, generally on the under side, and only one in a place. then she may continue her way, wandering lazily along the alder - bordered stream. let us now centre our interest upon the egg. three or four days later it hatches into a curious caterpillar. instead of having mouth parts fitted for biting leaves as is the ease with most butterfly larvae, it has one fitted for grasping, piercing, and sucking the juices of the plump bodies of the aphids, which it finds hard by its place of birth. it also has silk spinnerets connected with its mouth, so it is able to spin a web to shelter it from being run over by its intended victims. the newly hatched larva is not slow to take advantage of the facilities with which it is provided. it at once begins to spin a web above and around itself, from the and of which it reaches out for the nearest aphids, sucking their life blood and casting their empty skins to the discard of its protecting web. the skins thus serve as an additional shelter so that, as the caterpillar moves forward, increasing the number of its victims from day to day, it extends its web and the protection of the cast skins intermingled with it, while through all the cast skins, the silken web, and even the hairs on the body of the caterpillar there runs a woof of the woolly excretion effectually concealing the larva from sight. the woolly aphids thus serve as the sole food of the caterpillar during its brief life as a larva. perhaps because of the pre - digested nature of its food, it is able to mature much sooner than most butterfly larvae. in about eleven days after hatching it is ready to change to a chrysalis, having undergone during this period only three moults, instead of at least four as with other caterpillars. each caterpillar then changes to a chrysalis which is remarkable because the form and color of its back bears


found to be double - brooded in northern new england and triple - brooded in southern new england and the atlantic states. it is probable that in its far northern home in the hudson bay territory it is only single - brooded. it is thought that the insect hibernates as a chrysalis. these little butterflies are so small and fly so near the ground that they are likely to be overlooked by the casual observer. they frequently alight to sun themselves or to sip nectar from many kinds of flowers. they begin their day ' s work early in the morning and continue well into the evening. then they find a roosting - place, head downward upon a blade of grass, where they sleep until wakened by the morning sunshine. the bronze copper this butterfly is nearly twice as large as the american copper to which the female of the present species bears a striking resemblance. the bronze copper is a rare species, occurring from new england nearly to the rocky mountains. the slug - shaped yellowish green caterpillar feeds upon dock and related plants. synopsis of the coppers the wanderer ( feniseca tarquinius ). wing expanse 1 1 / 4 inches. upper wing surface tawny brown, each wing more or less marked with dark brown spots, the distinction between the colors being clear - cut, and the lines between having an angular effect. lower surface of front wings similar in colors to upper with dark spots rectangular under surface of hind wings mottled with irregular spots of pale brown. american copper ( heodes hypophlaeas or chrysophanus hypophlaeas ). wing expanse 1 inch. upper surface of front wings tawny orange with margins and rectangular spots blackish. upper surface of hind wings coppery red with a tawny orange band on outer margin. lower surface of front wings much like upper surface, that of hind wings grayish marked with dark spots and an orange line near the margin. bronze copper ( chrysophanus thoe ). wing expanse 11 / 2 inches. male. upper wing surface coppery brown marked with dark spots and a tawny orange sub - marginal band along outer margin of hind wings. under surface of front wings lighter orange with blackish spots and of hind wings grayish with blackish spots and an orange sub - marginal band. female. upper surface of front wings tawny orange with blackish spots.


birds of the world : read more articles about : birds of the world ( originally published early 1900 ' s ) the final members of this subfamily are the little dove petrels ( prion ), of which some four species are recognized ; all are inhabitants of the southern oceans. about twelve inches long, the upper surface is ashy blue, darker on the head and under the eye, and white below, while there is a very distinct black v - shaped band running from the wrist - joint along the radial portion of the wing to and across the rump, which is very conspicuous when the bird is flying. the several species are mainly distinguished by the width of the bill. the common dove petrel ( p. desolatus ) is perhaps the best known, being not uncommon in the south atlantic and antarctic seas. they fly in small flocks, and kidder notes that they use first one wing and then the other, producing a peculiar irregularity of flight, that leads them to be often mistaken for shore - birds. they are rather wary, not feeding on the scraps from a ship, but attending the whales to feed on what drops from their mouths, whence they are often called whale - birds by the sailors and others. they breed on kerguelen island, making their burrows near the seashore, in lowland, under stones, or in the stony ground, and are strictly nocturnal in their habits.


more and more people over the age of 50 are being diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections — a development that has a medical journal urging doctors to be more vigilant when treating older patients. the student bmj, an international journal published for medical students, says doctors need to ensure that when they are diagnosing older individuals, they aren ' t ruling out sexually transmitted infections based on age alone. " sexually transmitted infections are not high on your list of differential diagnoses — but increasing evidence indicates that they should be, " as cases of common infections have more than doubled in people aged 50 to 90 years old, the editorial says. according to one study, 80 per cent of the people in that age group are sexually active. one of the authors of the editorial, rachel von simson, a medical student at king ' s college london, said in an email that despite the dramatic rise in infections, there isn ' t enough awareness and more education is necessary. von simson says that it shouldn ' t be more difficult to educate older adults. " whilst we have a huge evidence base on what works to educate young people about sex and sexually transmitted infections and we have had lots of campaigns over the years dedicated towards them, we don ' t have any evidence base on what will work with older adults, " she said. " if all the campaigns older adults see are targeted at young adults, it is not surprising that they might take from that that they are not at risk. " at the calgary sexual health centre a program called seniors a gogo is helping bring the message to older people in the city, according to the centre ' s spokeswoman. pam krause said that through monologues on sexuality led by seniors and education seminars, seniors a gogo is able to educate people who may not have had sex ed when they were in school. " the first year what was interesting was ( the seniors ) talked about sexuality in a really, really broad way about it being about relationships and love and not being lonely, " krause said. " then the seniors themselves said the second year, ' i think we actually need to kick it up a notch. ' " from there the sessions for seniors a gogo involved discussions about condoms and the dangers of unprotected sex. " it ' s funny, but it is shocking sometimes how uncomfortable people when thinking about older adults and sexuality. so there ' s this immediate barrier, " krause said. " you can talk to youth about a lot of stuff...


woah. death came to two digital music pioneers within just a couple of days of each other. max matthews, widely considered the father of computerized music, died on april 21st. two days later, the inventor of the compact disc, sony ’ s norio ohga, also passed away. in 1957, matthews, then working for bell labs, wrote a program called “ music, ” which played back synthesized sounds according to the user ’ s input. his work is the foundation upon which all subsequent computer music, including his own additional innovations, have been built. ohga, who led sony ’ s immense growth as president from 1982 through 1995, pushed for the development of the media - revolutionizing compact disc. in addition to determining the size of the disc, the classical music lover and former aspiring opera singer famously mandated the cd ’ s 75 - minute running time so that it would fit the entirety of beethoven ’ s symphony no. 9. ah, when music fans were in charge … digital music evolved greatly in the intervening years and beyond. matthews ’ initial forays inspired more the actual creation of synthesizer music, rather than the development of digital formats. it wasn ’ t until 1975 that betamax developed high - fidelity digital audio to their compact video cartridges ( ultimately falling to the competing vhs format, which quickly caught up to beta ’ s audio quality ). 1978 similarly saw an audio development married to a video format in the laserdisc, the first optical disc storage format available commercially, which offered unparalleled audio quality in terms of home video. however, due to the high cost of discs and players alike, along with its inconvenient size ( about that of a vinyl lp, but heavier ), the laserdisc never truly caught on. but both of these developments were important steps in the evolution of digital music. the laserdisc is essentially a giant cd and led directly to the game - changing success of that smaller format, first made available in 1982 by norio ogha ’ s sony. the cd itself inspired further innovations — the high definition cd and minidisc are obviously direct descendants, and digital audio tape ( dat ) owes more to the cd than the compact cassette. then around 1988, apple inc. introduced the audio interchange file format ( aiff ), a non - compressed digital file that could store pieces of audio for personal use. aiff is still widely used today by audio professionals, along with the waveform audio file format ( wav ) and digidesign ’ s sound designer ii ( sd


a non - compressed digital file that could store pieces of audio for personal use. aiff is still widely used today by audio professionals, along with the waveform audio file format ( wav ) and digidesign ’ s sound designer ii ( sdii ). while there have been additional improvement in tangible formats ( dvd, dualdisc, blu - ray ), the real leap forward was in 1993, when the mpeg audio layer iii ( mp3 ) successfully compressed audio files into a manageable size without rendering the sound quality so low as to be an unfaithful or unlistenable reproduction. the mp3, in tandem with internet technology, has obviously led to file sharing, and the myriad of opportunities and problems that ensued have forever altered the music industry. while no one can dispute the usefulness of the mp3, it is lamentable that it is quickly becoming the standard for audio consumption. you don ’ t have to be an audiophile to hear the difference between compressed and un - compressed music. all this begs the question of what ’ s next for digital audio? will consumers demand higher quality? will “ lossy ” mp3s be the standard for decades to come? or will the demand to fit more information in less space extend a tolerance for even a lower - quality format ( or lower bit - rate mp3s )? it would be nice if, as professional music recording technology and fidelity standards continue to improve, consumers rightly clamor for an improvement in fidelity, either via format or, more likely, via technology that can handle more lossless files, like wav and aiff, in less space. some people won ’ t have an interest in improving the sound of their music beyond what mp3s can provide. as their ipod is able to hold more information, they are more likely to see this as an opportunity to fit more mp3s. but some will certainly trade off better quality for at least the same song capacity. a good sign is apple ’ s development of the apple lossless format ( ale or alac, denoted by the. m4a extension ), which is now in use for itunes, both in converting cds and for music purchases. this is still proprietary, though, and is not easily shared, especially onto pc and windows - based computers. certainly, more innovations are to come, and hopefully ones that support higher quality audio. hopefully music lovers in the mold of max matthews and norio ogha are on the case. r. i. p., gentlemen.


you probably have lots of questions once you receive the news you have parkinson ’ s disease. a 20 - minute doctor visit isn ’ t sufficient time to get educated about what the future has in store for you. the good news is that with the proper medication, a skilled and knowledgeable treatment team and routine exercise, your life with pd is manageable. first, a few facts : parkinson ’ s is a progressive neurological condition. people with parkinson ' s don ' t have enough of a chemical called dopamine because some nerve cells in their brain have died. without dopamine people can find that their movements become slower, so it takes longer to do things. the loss of nerve cells in the brain causes the symptoms of parkinson ’ s to appear. there ' s currently no cure for parkinson ' s and we don ' t yet know why people get the condition. what medications are commonly prescribed? * before taking any medication, consult with your doctor. symptoms ( motor and non - motor ) the main symptoms of parkinson ' s are tremor, rigidity and slowness of movement. as well as affecting movement, people with parkinson ' s can find that other issues, such as fatigue, pain, depression and constipation, can have an impact on their day - to - day lives. primary symptoms are : secondary symptoms include : some non - motor symptoms of pd include : the symptoms someone has and how quickly the condition develops will differ from one person to the next. other parkinson - related diseases multiple system atrophy msa is a rare, neurodegenerative movement disorder. the main symptoms include ataxia ( inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movement or lack of coordination ) and problems with the autonomic nervous system. this is a degenerative brain condition for which, at present, there is no known cause. it causes slowness of movement, rigidity, poor coordination and balance. the symptoms can be helped in the very short term with dopamine agonists and levadopa but in the longer term there is no effective treatment. progressive supranuclear palsy ( psp ) psp is a progressive neurologic disorder characterized by long term changes of certain areas of the brain, including particular areas of the basal ganglia and the brainstem. symptom onset most often occurs in the sixth decade of life. symptoms may include balance difficulties, sudden falls, stiffness ( rigidity ), slowness of movement ( bradykinesia ), an impaired ability to perform certain voluntary eye movements


symptom onset most often occurs in the sixth decade of life. symptoms may include balance difficulties, sudden falls, stiffness ( rigidity ), slowness of movement ( bradykinesia ), an impaired ability to perform certain voluntary eye movements and visual disturbances. affected individuals may also develop slurred speech, swallowing difficulties, personality changes, dystonia, sudden involuntary " shock - like " muscle contractions ( myoclonus ) or other abnormalities. psp usually occurs randomly for unknown reasons ( sporadically ) ; however, there are some reports of families with multiple affected members, suggesting a possible hereditary component to the disease. this degenerative disease causes poor balance leading to frequent falls. eventually there will be problems with eye movement leaving a person unable to look down or up. the disease progresses far quicker than parkinson ’ s and there are no specific medical treatments. this degenerative brain disorder produces the symptoms of parkinsonism. with this comes early dementia, hallucinations, a low attention span and poor problem solving skills. levodopa can make the hallucinations worse. lbd is an umbrella term for two related diagnoses. lbd refers to both parkinson ’ s disease dementia and dementia with lewy bodies. the earliest symptoms of these two diseases differ, but reflect the same underlying biological changes in the brain. over time, people with both diagnoses will develop very similar cognitive, physical, sleep, and behavioral symptoms. while it may take more than a year or two for enough symptoms to develop for a doctor to diagnose lbd, it is critical to pursue a formal diagnosis. early diagnosis allows for important early treatment that may extend quality of life and independence. lbd is a multisystem disease and typically requires a comprehensive treatment approach. this approach involves a team of physicians from different specialties who collaborate to provide optimum treatment of each symptom without worsening other lbd symptoms. many people with lbd enjoy significant improvement of their symptoms with a comprehensive approach to treatment, and some can have remarkably little change from year to year. some people with lbd are extremely sensitive or may react negatively to certain medications used to treat alzheimer ’ s or parkinson ’ s in addition help is a phone call away! ( 303 ) 861 - 1810


what is multivitamin? multivitamins are a combination of many different vitamins that are normally found in foods and other natural sources. multivitamins are used to provide vitamins that are not taken in through the diet. multivitamins are also used to treat vitamin deficiencies ( lack of vitamins ) caused by illness, pregnancy, poor nutrition, digestive disorders, and many other conditions. multivitamins may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. many vitamins can cause serious or life - threatening side effects if taken in large doses. do not take more of this medication than directed on the label or prescribed by your doctor. if you have any medical conditions, ask your doctor before taking a multivitamin. if you have certain conditions, you may need a certain vitamin formulation or special tests while taking a multivitamin. do not take multivitamins without telling your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. some vitamins and minerals can harm an unborn baby if taken in large doses. you may need to use a prenatal vitamin specially formulated for pregnant women. multivitamins can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast - feeding a baby. avoid taking more than one multivitamin product at the same time unless your doctor tells you to. taking similar vitamin products together can result in a vitamin overdose or serious side effects. avoid the regular use of salt substitutes in your diet if your multivitamin contains potassium. if you are on a low - salt diet, ask your doctor before taking a vitamin or mineral supplement. do not take this medication with milk, other dairy products, calcium supplements, or antacids that contain calcium. calcium may make it harder for your body to absorb certain ingredients of the multivitamin. back to top seek emergency medical attention if you think you have used too much of this medicine. an overdose of vitamins a, d, e, or k can cause serious or life - threatening side effects. certain minerals contained in a multivitamin may also cause serious overdose symptoms if you take too much. overdose symptoms may include stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, hair loss, peeling skin, tingly feeling in or around your mouth, changes in menstrual periods, weight loss, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, severe back pain, blood in your urine, pale skin, and easy bruising or bleeding


, peeling skin, tingly feeling in or around your mouth, changes in menstrual periods, weight loss, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, severe back pain, blood in your urine, pale skin, and easy bruising or bleeding. take the missed dose as soon as you remember. if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take the medicine at the next regularly scheduled time. do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose. back to top get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction : hives ; difficulty breathing ; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. when taken as directed, multivitamins are not expected to cause serious side effects. less serious side effects may include : - upset stomach ; - headache ; or - unusual or unpleasant taste in your mouth. this is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. tell your doctor about any unusual or bothersome side effect. you may report side effects to fda at 1 - 800 - fda - 1088. back to top vitamin and mineral supplements can interact with certain medications, or affect how medications work in your body. before taking a multivitamin, tell your doctor if you also use : - diuretics ( water pills ) ; - heart or blood pressure medications ; - tretinoin ( vesanoid ) ; - isotretinoin ( accutane, amnesteen, clavaris, sotret ) ; - trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole ( cotrim, bactrim, septra, tmp / smx ) ; or - an nsaid ( non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drug ) such as ibuprofen ( motrin, advil ), naproxen ( aleve, naprosyn ), diclofenac ( cataflam, voltaren ), etodolac ( lodine ), indomethacin ( indocin ), ketoprofen ( orudis ), and others. this list is not complete and there may be other medications that can interact with or be affected by multivitamins. tell your doctor about all the prescription and over - the - counter medications you use. this includes vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. do not start using a new medication without telling your doctor. 1000 bc, abidec, allbee with c, allbee - c,


medications you use. this includes vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. do not start using a new medication without telling your doctor. 1000 bc, abidec, allbee with c, allbee - c, allbee - c 800, animal shape vitamins, animi - 3, apatate, b complex 100, b complex 50, b - 50 complex, b - complex 50, b - complex with b - 12, b - ject 100, b - plex, b - plex plus, b - scorbic, b - stress, baby vitamin drop, balanced b - 100, balanced b - 150, balanced b - 50, becomject - 100, bee with c, bee - comp with c, beminal, beminal with c fortis, beminal - 500, berocca, biotin forte, bounty bear vitamins, bugs bunny multiple vitamins, bugs bunny with extra c, cardiotek rx, cefol, centrum 8400, cerefolin, cerefolin nac, cernevit, cernevit - 12, chewable - vite, childrens chewable multivitamins, cholidase, cholinoid, cod liver oil, cod liver oil mint, d - 400iu, daflon, daily multiple vitamins, daily vite, daily - vite men ' s formula, dayalets, dexfol, dialyvite rx, diatx, equaline one daily essential, essential balance, essentiale, fabb, farbee with c, fletanol, flintstones multivitamins, flintstones with c multivitamins, folamin, folbalin, folbalin plus, folbee, folbee plus, folbic, folcaps, folgard, folgard rx, folgard rx 2. 2, folplex, foltabs 800, foltrate, foltx, formula b, fruity chew, garfield vitamins, glutofac, health aid multivitamin, high b complex, high potency b complex with b12 and c, high potency b + c, icar c, infuvite, infuvite pediatric, jetepar, kenwood therapeutic, lipoflavonoid, lipogen, liponol, lipotriad, lipotrop


, high potency b + c, icar c, infuvite, infuvite pediatric, jetepar, kenwood therapeutic, lipoflavonoid, lipogen, liponol, lipotriad, lipotropic with multivitamins, m. v. c. sdv, m. v. i. adult, m. v. i. pediatric, m. v. i. - 12, mega b, metanx, multiple vitamins, nephplex rx, nephro - vite, nephro - vite rx, nephrocaps, nephrolan rx, nephronex, neurobion, neurodep, neuroforte - six, oncovite, one tab daily, one - a - day 50 +, one - a - day essentials, one - a - day men ' s health formula, optilets - 500, pediatric multiple vitamins, poly vit drops, poly - vi - sol, poly - vi - sol chewable, poly - vi - sol drops, poly - vit chew, prevital, primaplex, protegra, protegra cardio, rena - vite, rena - vite rx, renal caps, scotts emulsion, sesame st. vitamins with extra c, sigtab, stress b with c, stress formula, stresstabs, sunkist child chewable, sunkist child chewable with c, super b complex, super b - 100 td, super b - 50, super plenamins, superplex - t, surbex, surbex filmtab, surbex with c, surbex - t, tab - a - vite, tender age vitamin adc, thera, thera - plus, theragenerix, theragran, therapeutic multiple vitamins, therems, therobec, thex forte, topfit vitamin b complex, topfit vitamin b complex forte, tri - vi - sol, tri - vit, tri - vit drops, unicap, unicap capsule, unicap jr., unichem multivitamin, vesselvite, vi - daylin, vi - daylin adc, vi - daylin chewable, vi - daylin drops, vi - stress, vitabee with c, vitamin a and d, vitamin a and d concentrate, vitamin a


vesselvite, vi - daylin, vi - daylin adc, vi - daylin chewable, vi - daylin drops, vi - stress, vitabee with c, vitamin a and d, vitamin a and d concentrate, vitamin a, d, vitamin a, d and c, vitamin b complex, vitamin b complex with c, vitamin b complex with c and folic acid, vitamin b compound strong, vitamin b - 100, vitamin b - 100 t / r, vitamin b - 50, vitamin c and e, vitamin c, e, and rose hips, vitamin daily liquid, vitamins, vitamins for hair, zymacap, multivitamin, allantex, animi - 3 ( obsolete ), b 100 complex, cardiotek, cardiotek - rx, combgen, cota - b - plex, d - 400 international units, dialyvite 800, foleve, foleve plus, folmor, folnate, folnate plus, folplex 2. 2, hexavitamin, multi - delyn, multi vits with beta carotene, nufol, renaphro, renatabs, reno caps, stress formula 600, theravite, t - vites, vigomar forte, vimar, vita drop, vitaplex, and zycose back to top every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by cerner multum, inc. ( ' multum ' ) is accurate, up - to - date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the united states and therefore multum does not warrant that uses outside of the united states are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. multum ' s drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. multum ' s drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and / or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. the absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. multum does not assume any responsibility for any


- size ( weight ) - 6 - 14 lbs - seal, chocolate, blue, and lilac point - chatty and curious - ideal parents - playful families, experienced cat owners - kid friendly - less allergenic - 8 - 12 years the siamese cat has strikingly large ears and attractive baby blue eyes. its sleek, slim figure is accentuated by its short, fine coat with long tapering lines. the coat comes in four traditional colors : seal, chocolate, blue, and lilac point - - a pale body color with relatively darker extremities ; i. e., the face, ears, feet and tail. personality and temperament this is an outgoing, social cat which relies heavily on human companionship. it is a born chatterbox, loving to communicate with those around it. however, this is not a cat to have if you ' re not home often, as it gets lonely and sad fairly easily. the cat needs to be handled carefully, but when it is shown love, patience and care, it makes an ideal companion. history and background this world famous cat has a long and colorful history. as its name suggests, the cat originally came from thailand ( formerly known as siam ). its interesting appearance and demeanor caused the cat to be adored by royalty. when a member of the royal family died, it was also thought a siamese cat would receive this person ' s soul. the cat would then be moved to a temple, spending the rest of its life in luxury, with monks and priests as servants. other myths try to explain some of its fascinating characteristics. one such myth tells of how a siamese cat, having the duty of guarding the royal vase, curled its tail around it and gazed at it so intensely that its eyes became crossed. yet another tells of siamese cats guarding rings belonging to a royal princess. the cats slid the rings on their tail, and developed tail kinks to keep the rings from falling off. the siamese has also made it to the cat book of poems, a manuscript written between 1350 and 1767. it describes a slim cat with dark coloring on its ears, tail and feet, and a pale body. it is not known exactly when this fabled cat made its first appearance in britain. the earliest documented account, however, tells of a pair of siamese cats given to the sister of a british consul general in bangkok in 1884. these cats were exhibited the following year in london. although, there is earlier evidence indicating the siamese cat was exhibited in the first


however, tells of a pair of siamese cats given to the sister of a british consul general in bangkok in 1884. these cats were exhibited the following year in london. although, there is earlier evidence indicating the siamese cat was exhibited in the first cat show in 1871 at crystal palace in london, where it ultimately received a dismal reception. the attendees were said to have been disgusted with " an unnatural, nightmare kind of cat. " despite the abrupt and unwelcoming start, the siamese quickly began to gain regional popularity. the first british standard - - an abstract aesthetic ideal for the animal type - - describes the siamese as a " striking - looking cat of medium size, if weighty, not showing bulk, as this would detract from the admired svelte appearance... also distinguished by a kink in the tail. " the first siamese cat in america was reportedly given to mrs. rutherford b. hayes ( the first lady to the nineteenth president of the united states ) in 1878 by the u. s. consul, david stickles, living the rest of its days in the white house. in the 1900s, siamese cats participated in various cat shows and today, occupies the top place among short haired cat breeds. due to its popularity, the siamese breed has been used to form many modern cat breeds including the ocicat, himalayan, burmese, tonkinese, korat, snowshoe, and myriad oriental breeds ( oriental shorthair, oriental longhair, colorpoint shorthair, colorpoint longhair, balinese, and javanese ).


i stand at the edge of a dream, my breath a cloud. snow has transformed my familiar landscape and chilled my toes. this careless arm of the east verde where my grandchildren splashed away the summer has frozen over and snow has rendered abstract the shapes of rocks and junipers. water gleams in all its forms about me — still flowing in the stream, gathered in vapor on my breath, crystallized into snow on every hand, frozen into ice underfoot. i wish i knew the proper prayer — the light step of the ritual dance — the intonation of the chant – to offer at such a moment. instead, i kneel at the edge of the stream and study the ice, perhaps the most unlikely of water ’ s forms. here ’ s a nugget to suck on : chill any other liquid and the jittery molecules will slow down — bouncing about less as the temperature drops. eventually, the liquid will settle into a stable crystal lattice — which takes up less space than the liquid did. that ’ s why all other liquids most sensibly condense when they freeze. but not water, thank the lord. water ’ s made of one molecule of hydrogen linked to two molecules of oxygen. these amiable molecular companions actually share electrons to keep everyone happy. moreover, a water molecule has a slight positive electrical charge at one end and a faint negative electrical charge at the other end. this accounts for the nearly miraculous chemistry of water — on which life on the planet depends utterly. for starters, as water cools below 32 degrees f the molecules slip into a strange and counter - intuitive crystalline lattice. once they click into place, they actually take up about 9 percent more space than they did as a warm liquid. now, that didn ’ t work out so well for folks in rim country who left the water on in empty houses during the big freeze, since the expanding ice in the neglected pipes can split open even copper or steel. but water ’ s demented determination to expand when it ought to contract makes life on the planet possible. if water contracted as it froze, then sea ice would form at the surface every winter and sink to the bottom. over time, the oceans would freeze solid — and we could not be here. we could go on and on about the fortunate strangeness of water. for instance, the positive and negative ends of water molecules account for surface tension — so useful to water skiers, stone - skippers and water bugs. but it also explains what ’ s called “ capillary action, ”


snowflake contains about 3 x 10 to the 13th water molecules — don ’ t ask me how much that is, except that it dwarfs a thousand trillion. that ’ s why no two snowflakes are ever exactly alike. the world ’ s largest measured snowflake was reportedly 15 inches across and fell in montana in 1887. the intricate crystal on the stream ice at my feet suggests that it formed at between 0 and 10 degrees, which promotes the growth of these bizarre shapes. cautiously, i rise from my cold, wet knees and step out onto the ice, which is dangerously slick. scientists used to confidently assert that ice is slippery because stepping on the ice instantly melts a microscopic layer. subsequent experiments demolished the theory, proving how little we know about even the simplest of things. instead, the leading theory now suggests that the top layer of ice molecules doesn ’ t get locked securely into the ice lattice, since it has only fickle air to bond to on the top side. so a layer of molecules almost too thin to measure slides easily about, sending we clumsy monsters crashing to earth. i stand, unsteadily, on the ice, to admire the gleam and the sparkle. underneath, the stream still trickles, making its stealthy way to the sea — which covers 70 percent of the planet, just as water comprises 70 percent of my substance. i can see the water moving beneath the blurred patterns of the ice, which did not sink and murder the stream because it expanded when it froze. the sky is highlighted with high white clouds the color of snow, which is the color of my breath. my heart pumps blood made mostly of water and the naked trees also made mostly of water lean in toward the stream, waiting patiently for the capillary action of spring. i do not know the proper prayers to thank whatever providence arranged for water to expand when it freezes, creep upward in roots and make the world such a happy place for stone - skippers. but i give thanks, nonetheless — every moist breath a puff of steam.


protect your vision with leafy greens in the study, the carotenoid ( yellow pigment ) zeaxanthin was found to improve vision in older men with macular degeneration, and the effect was comparable to that seen with the better - known carotenoid, lutein. both zeaxanthin and lutein are widely found in colorful fruits and vegetables, especially the dark greens like spinach and kale. carotenoid supplements improve vision the study included 60 older people with mild to moderate amd. all but three of the participants were male and their average age was 75. they were divided into three groups : one group received 8 mg of zeaxanthin per day, another group received 8 mg of zeaxanthin plus 9 mg of lutein per day, and a third group received 9 mg of lutein per day. visual tests were performed at the beginning of the trial and after four, eight, and twelve months of treatment. the study ’ s authors reported the following findings : - the total amount of pigment in the macula increased from low - normal to normal in all three groups. higher amounts of macular pigment are believed to protect the retina from the damaging effect of sunlight. - visual acuity ( sharpness ) in high contrast conditions, such as bright light, improved most in the zeaxanthin group, while the lutein group saw the most improvement in their ability to distinguish shapes in low contrast conditions. - the men receiving either zeaxanthin alone or lutein alone improved more on vision tests than the men receiving both. the study ’ s authors proposed that the unnaturally low ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin used in the study ( almost 1 : 1, compared to roughly 5 : 1 in plants ) may have been the source of this finding. the influence of the ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin on their absorption and metabolism is still unknown. pigments in vision - producing cells the study ’ s authors pointed out that zeaxanthin primarily enhanced the aspects of vision that are related to the function of the cone cells of the retina, cells that naturally concentrate this pigment. lutein is naturally concentrated in the rod cells of the retina, and the men who supplemented with lutein saw the most benefit in the aspects of vision for which the rods are responsible. they concluded that, while there was considerable overlap between the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin in men with amd, their differences make them complementary. “ we believe


the state of texas holds an interesting and important place in the history of the united states, and this volume explores those men and women who have helped to shape the course of the state by serving as governor. for example, miriam v. ferguson ( 1925 - 1927, 1933 - 1935 ) was the first woman governor of the state. she won the governorship by promising that she would work with her husband, former texas governor, james e. " farmer jim " ferguson ( 1915 - 1917 ), assuring texans that they would have " two governors for the price of one. " as in the story of the fergusons, the governors of texas offers political and biographical information on each texas governor from the period of french control through 1973. thus the progression towards statehood and beyond is clearly visible in this history of the individuals who took great pride in serving as their state ' s chief executive officer. for quick reference, a roster of governors is also provided, giving full names and the dates in which each individual held office. also included are pictures of most of the governors, so that these men and women may be more vividly brought to life. about the author ross phares is also the author of texas tradition [ $ 12. 95 pb ( f ) ], cavalier in the wilderness [ $ 15. 95 pb ( f ) ], and reverend devil : master criminal of the old south [ $ 17. 95 pb ( f ) ], all of which are published by pelican. he is a native of shreveport, louisiana. the governors of texas by ross phares 184 pp. 6 x 9 illustrations - bibliography - index ean : 978 - 1 - 56554 - 505 - 2 pb ( f )


campylobacteriosis is a common cause of enteritis ( intestinal inflammation ) in man and several animal species, including dogs and cats. the disorder is caused by a bacterium, campylobacter jejuni the conditions associated with an increased risk of developing campylobacteriosis are : animals with diarrhea crowded housing conditions stressful conditions, such as pregnancy, surgery, or other illness concurrent infection with other intestinal pathogens such as parvovirus, salmonella, giardia or parasites campylobacteriosis is a leading cause of intestinal disease in people. puppies and kittens can serve as a source of infection for humans. in many cases, dogs and cats are carriers of the organism, but show no clinical signs. when clinical signs are present in dogs and cats, it is usually in animals younger than six months of age. what to watch for partial loss of appetite microscopic examination of feces home care and prevention there is no home care for campylobacteriosis. if your pet develops severe diarrhea, contact your veterinarian. avoid conditions that have been associated with spread of the disease. isolate animals with diarrhea and improve sanitation in kennels and boarding facilities. avoid stress and practice good hygiene, such as hand - washing after coming into contact with animals that have diarrhea.


ph and hiv print ph and hiv brochure ( pdf ) order copies of the ph and hiv brochure what do i need to know about pulmonary hypertension in connection with hiv? first of all, it is essential to know that pulmonary hypertension and hiv are two separate conditions, and that ph does not cause hiv. however, there have been hiv patients who have developed pulmonary hypertension, a condition called hiv - pah. scientists are continuing to study this to see if there is a connection, and what that connection might be. the first case of pulmonary hypertension in an hiv - infected individual was reported in 1987, and since that time research has been ongoing. about 150 patients with hiv infection and pulmonary arterial hypertension have been reported since that time. it is possible that there are other unreported cases. because the first several hiv - pah cases that were reported had occurred in patients with hemophilia ( a congenital tendency to have uncontrolled bleeding ), researchers originally ( and incorrectly ) thought that the cause of hiv - pah was the hemophilia itself or perhaps had to do with problems associated with the hemophilia. however, since that time, more hiv - pah cases have been found in patients who do not have hemophilia at all. therefore, scientists have decided that the development of pulmonary hypertension in hiv patients is in some way related to the hiv infection itself. how common is the combination of hiv and pah? pah is still an uncommon complication of hiv infection. as research into hiv continues and as new and better therapies are developed to combat the disease, hiv patients are living longer lives. as a result, the chance that an hiv - positive individual may develop pah may increase as time goes on. we can still safely say that ph occurs more frequently in the hiv - infected population than it does in those who do not have hiv. thus, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pulmonary hypertension that results from unknown causes, in this case an hiv - negative group of people ), occurs less frequently than it does in those who are hivinfected. those who are infected with hiv have roughly six to 12 times the occurrence of pah than the uninfected general population. who is most susceptible to a combination of hiv and ph? hiv - pah occurs more frequently in males, and in a slightly older individual than is usually seen in ipah. in studies of hiv - pah, the most frequent risk


population. who is most susceptible to a combination of hiv and ph? hiv - pah occurs more frequently in males, and in a slightly older individual than is usually seen in ipah. in studies of hiv - pah, the most frequent risk factors for hiv were intravenous drug use ( 45 % ), homosexual contact ( 25 % ), hemophilia ( 12 % ) and heterosexual contact ( 10 % ). smaller numbers of cases have been identified in which the risk for hiv infection is blood transfusion, hiv passed from mother to child during pregnancy, or a combination of homosexual contact and intravenous drug use. a high rate of stimulant use ( methamphetamine or cocaine, depending on the region of the country ) is common among individuals who are both hiv - infected and afflicted with pah. ( as a side note, intravenous drug use is also associated with development of pulmonary hypertension, even without hiv infection ). does having hiv make ph worse? there doesn ’ t seem to be any data to indicate that hiv makes ph worse. the usual symptoms of hiv - pah are similar to those in other individuals with pah, shortness of breath being the most common. does ph make hiv worse? it ’ s hard to say. when tested, some hiv patients who also suffer from ph have lower pulmonary artery pressures than those who have ph alone ; despite this, their survival rate appears worse. medical professionals are not sure whether this has to do with a combination of the two conditions, or whether other problems associated with hiv contribute to the lower survival rate. why do ph and hiv seem to occasionally occur together, then? this is another question that medical science is searching for. we do know that many hiv - infected individuals have other problems and other risk factors that can lead to ph. a direct cause and effect relation between hiv infection and pulmonary hypertension has not yet been found, and proteins associated with hiv have not yet been found in the lining of the blood vessels of the lungs. medical researchers have not yet been able to say for sure what role hiv infection plays in the development of pah. it is not yet known, for example, whether hiv itself can directly cause pulmonary hypertension, or whether hiv is simply a trigger for the development of pah in susceptible individuals. hiv remains a complicated disease that can cause many problems that weaken blood vessels, and these, too, can play into the development of pah. should an hiv patient be tested for pulmonary hypertension


trigger for the development of pah in susceptible individuals. hiv remains a complicated disease that can cause many problems that weaken blood vessels, and these, too, can play into the development of pah. should an hiv patient be tested for pulmonary hypertension? hiv patients know that medical supervision is critical to their best possible long - term health, and that any change in their condition should be brought to the attention of their doctors. changes that may have to do with ph might include difficulty when attempting physical activity, swelling of the feet, ankles, legs or abdomen, increased shortness of breath, worsening fatigue, chest discomfort or pain, light - headedness or fainting. however, because these symptoms are general and may have to do with several types of problems, the patient ’ s doctor should always be contacted. how is testing for ph carried out? an echocardiogram is a useful screening tool ; unfortunately, it alone is not accurate enough to make the diagnosis of hiv - pah. a test known as right heart catheterization remains the most accurate way of diagnosing hiv - pah. can pulmonary hypertension be treated the same way in hiv patients as in those without hiv? researchers are working to find the answer to this question, but to date, there have been few studies done with hiv patients who have pah. the fact that the population of hiv - pah patients is very small has been a problem for researchers. another problem has been that the long - term survival of hiv - pah patients is lower than those who have ph without the addition of hiv. in all cases, however, the sooner ph ( or any other complicating problem ) is diagnosed in an hiv patient, the better the outlook is for the patient.


the life linemade in united states, north and central america winslow homer, american, 1836 - 1910 oil on canvas e1924 - 4 - 15the george w. elkins collection, 1924 labelthe dramatic rescue from a foundering ship shown here was made possible by a recent innovation in lifesaving technology, the breeches buoy. secured firmly to ship and shore, the device permitted the transfer of stranded passengers to safety by means of a pulley that was hauled back and forth by crews at either end. cropped down to its essentials, homer ' s composition thrusts us into the midst of the action with massive waves rolling past, drenching the semiconscious woman and her anonymous savior. the life line was immediately recognized by critics as a major contribution to american art, portraying a heroic, contemporary subject with both painterly virtuosity and detailed observation. social tags [? ] landscape [ x ] nhd 1861 to 1877 maritime [ x ] rescue [ x ] seascape [ x ] victorian [ x ] waves [ x ] [ add your own tags ] * works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.


natural gas is an off - the - shelf technology for cars and trucks. according to ngvamerica, there are more than 10 million natural gas vehicles ( ngvs ) in operation around the world. however, there are only about 130, 000 ngvs — about 1. 3 percent — in the united states. conversely, batteries will not power heavy trucks and hydrogen fuel cells may be decades away from being in widespread use. we are even further away from having a battery advanced enough to efficiently power heavy trucks. natural gas is the only fuel capable of offsetting imported diesel to power heavy trucks — the 18 - wheelers which move goods around america. over - the - road truckers frequently run the same routes and stop in the same places on a regular basis. unlike passenger cars and suvs, truckers generally use the same facilities to eat, rest and refuel along their routes. in addition to over - the - road trucks, there are a growing number of transit companies converting to all - natural gas municipal buses. in los angeles alone there are more than 2, 800 ngv buses in operation. refuse and recycling trucks are among the most inefficient vehicles on the road. they are either at idle or driving at walking speeds for most of their work day. san diego county is aggressively replacing its refuse and recycling trucks with ngvs. any fleet operator — taxi cabs, utilities, and express delivery firms, for example — whose vehicles go back to “ the barn ” every night are candidates to be up - fitted to ngvs. at & t, which operates one of the largest domestic fleets in america, recently announced it is purchasing approximately 8, 000 vehicles over the next few years to replace gasoline and diesel vehicles with ngvs. even with higher initial costs ( which will disappear as manufacturing ramps up ) the life - cycle costs of ngvs are significantly lower. fuel costs are at least 15 percent less using natural gas rather than gasoline or diesel. an equivalent gallon of compressed natural gas ( cng ) provides the same miles per gallon as a gallon of gasoline. and the cleaner burning nature of the fuel means maintenance costs are reduced because engine parts such as spark plugs stay cleaner while operating on natural gas.


okay, i ' ll chime in... the purpose of reinforcement is to increase the occurrence of a behavior. one of the main principles of any learning theory ( whether it be classical or operant conditioning ) is that they, for the most part, follow aristotle ' s laws of association, of which there are four. now, many behaviorists maintain that the laws of similarity and contrast don ' t play as major a role in conditioning as do the other two : the law of contiguity and law of frequency. law of frequency is easy to understand : the higher the frequency in which two things are linked together, the more likely they are to be strongly associated. law of contiguity predicts that things that occur close together in space and time, will be more likely to be associated. now, take these laws and apply them to learning theory. the more frequently you pair food with a behavior, the more likely the organism will be to perform the behavior. why? because the behavior has, in the past, brought about an appetitive consequence. but, you have to also take into consideration the law of contiguity. things that occur together in space and time. so, if the dog gets the treat, right after it comes to you, then you are positively reinforcing that behavior. in reality, this is how many of us teach a recall to our dogs. we call dog, dog comes to us, dog gets treat! so, why would we even say that we are " resetting " the dog by getting it to come to us, when, in reality, you ' re just teaching it to come to you. now, is there such a thing as delayed reinforcement? yes, but there is not a ton of empirical support for the idea that it is as effective. in fact, most researchers cite skinner ' s ( 1938 ) original study using immediate reinforcement and reinforcement occurring at 2, 3, and 4 second delays in their arguments against the efficacy of delayed reinforcement. in fact, skinner found that while the rats could acquire the behavior when reinforcement was delayed ( 2, 3, and 4 seconds ), it was severely retarded as compared to immediate reinforcement. now, if we look at marker training ( which is actually referred to as a conditioned reinforcer by behaviorists ), many studies have shown that the conditioned reinforcer functions in much the same was as a primary reinforcer, where a primary reinforcer is simply a reinforcer that is inherently good, and the organism does not


a conditioned reinforcer by behaviorists ), many studies have shown that the conditioned reinforcer functions in much the same was as a primary reinforcer, where a primary reinforcer is simply a reinforcer that is inherently good, and the organism does not have to " learn " it ' s value ( the most common examples of primary reinforcers are food, water, and sex ). a conditioned, or secondary, reinforcer on the other hand is one in which the " goodness " of it is learned ( for example, the clicker in clicker training ) through classical conditioning ( the pairing of a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus )... however, this only occurs if the proper classical conditioning trials take place for that previously neutral stimulus. as a side note, seconary reinforcers are also the primary mechanism in our economic system ( i. e., you aren ' t born knowing that money is good, but you do learn that it can be used to get you other things, which is good ) which is basically a larger scale token economy ( commonly used in mental hospitals and prisons ). therefore, to me, you don ' t need to use this " reset " with a dog if you ' re also using other consequences in your training with the right frequency and contiguity... and, no, people, i ' m not simply talking about a prong collar correction... even something as simple as turning your back - negative punishment - used in conjunction with positive reinforcement can gain the behavior you want ( i ' ve done all of axo ' s training using these two consequences, and greg has even made a comment that he ' s starting to look incredible with his behaviors, all things considered ( his age, etc ) )... see, this is what happens when you catch me while i ' m writing a lecture for learning!


atr intelligent robotics and communication laboratories and vstone teamed up to create a communication robot called robovie r - 2 ( vie = life ). combining many areas of atr ’ s research ( artificial intelligence, pathfinding, speech synthesis, and speech recognition ) with vstone ’ s technical experience and manufactured parts was an easy fit for the key individuals involved, such as higarashi ishiguro ( creator of the famous geminoid android ) because they also teamed up to make the humanoid soccer champions as team osaka. robovie r - 2 has performed as a museum guide robot – assigning it this function allowed the researchers a chance to study human - robot interactions. one of the major problems facing communication robots is the delay between hearing and responding. it became clear that the robot would need to be connected to a network of computers to make for quicker response time to lessen the frustrating gaps in conversation. field trials were conducted at the ohara museum of art, where robovie r - 2 ver 2 would guide visitors through exhibits, stopping to give relevant commentary about the history of an artist or work. the researchers found that the robovie ’ s body language, such as his head tilting, nodding, and his arms waving, had a major impact on how people interacted with it. experiments are also being conducted that would allow robovie to take on an elder care role. without needing to be approached or requested by an elderly person, the robot should take the initiative and help out on its own. part of the solution requires adequate facial recognition, so that the robot can see if a person is looking in its direction. that way, it can focus its attention on someone who may need its assistance. atr has developed several different versions of the robovie, including versions with soft, sensitive skin. this particular version sells for 5, 040, 000 jpy ( $ 53, 000 usd ). in march 2010, atr revealed a small version of the robovie called robovie - mr2. - atr robotics ’ robovie r - 2 page ( jp ) - itr intelligent robotics & communications laboratories ( jp ) - atr ( official site jp ) - vstone ( official site jp ) vstone | impress robot watch


after reaching the two poles in 1909 and 1911, mt everest in 1953 and the seven summits in 1986. what else is there to explore, or to conquer? after over 30 expeditions in 100 countries explorer johan ernst nilson started to plan his biggest adventure ever ; a unique journey still undone and one of the most difficult adventure projects ever attempted ; pole2pole! the expedition starts with skis on the north pole on the exact date of pearya€™s discovery, april 6, and will then reach greenland two months later. from greenland johan and his team will then continue 1000 km with dogsled over greenland where they will sail across the arctic ocean into canada. from canada the journey continues with bike across north america and south america through jungles, deserts and mountains into patagonia. after six month on the bike johan and his team will travel to the coldest place on earth ; antarctica. johan and his team will then ski and kite for two months across the continent until they reach the other side of the planet ; the south pole. the odyssey will take approximately one year to accomplish and will be done climate neutral. the team will use skis, kites, doglsed, solarpower, bikes and a sailboat to be able to travel between the two poles. any distance that cana´t be done without engine will be climate compensated. between the poles johan and the pole2pole team will visit charity organizations to cover the important work the organizations do for our world. the pole2pole expedition is the one journey left undone … follow the adventure! since the early 19 : th century, explorers have been trying to reach the polar regions and the ends of the world ; the north pole in the arctic and the south pole in antarctica. explorers like shackelton, amundsen, cook, peary and nansen all had the same dream and many vanished in their fight against nature. the first expedition to cross the antarctic circle was run by cook, who circumnavigated antarctica in 1772 - 75 without actually sighting it. the first person to claim to have reached the geographic north pole was robert peary on the 6th of april 1909 and the first person on the south pole was amundsen on december 14th, 1911. 1909 - 1911 were the most important years in polar history. now 100 years has past and the most spectacular of all adventures is still to be done ; the journey from the north pole all the way down across the globe to the south pole. during the one year long journey between the two poles


main article : fermin tanguis fermin tanguis poses with an example of the “ tanguis cotton ” in 1901, peru ’ s cotton industry suffered because of a fungus plague caused by a plant disease known as “ cotton wilt ” ( more correctly, “ fusarium wilt ” ) caused by the fungus fusarium vasinfectum. the plant disease, which spread throughout peru, entered plant ’ s roots and worked its way up the stem until the plant was completely dried up. fermin tanguis, a puerto rican agriculturist who lived in peru, studied some species of the plant that were affected by the disease to a lesser extent and experimented in germination with the seeds of various cotton plants. in 1911, after 10 years of experimenting and failures, tanguis was able to develop a seed which produced a superior cotton plant resistant to the disease. the seeds produced a plant that had a 40 % longer ( between 29 mm and 33 mm ) and thicker fiber that did not break easily and required little water. the tanguis cotton, as it became known, is the variety which is preferred by the peruvian national textile industry. it constituted 75 % of all the peruvian cotton production, both for domestic use and apparel exports. the tanguis cotton crop was estimated at 225, 000 bales that year.


journal issue : children with disabilities volume 22 number 1 spring 2012 this issue of the future of children explores childhood disability — its prevalence, nature, treatment, and consequences. with unprecedented numbers of u. s. children now being identified as having special medical and educational needs and with the nation ' s resources for addressing those needs increasingly constrained, the topic is timely. public discussion of childhood disability, by the media, parents, scholars, and advocates alike, tends to emphasize particular causes of disability, such as autism, asthma, cystic fibrosis, or attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). in this volume, however, we focus not on individual disabilities, but rather on cross - cutting themes that apply more broadly to the issue of children with disabilities. to this end, we commissioned a group of experts to review research on childhood disability, including its definition ( itself a challenge ), its prevalence and trends over time ( likewise ), and the costs it imposes both on the individual child and on the child ' s family. our contributors also consider disability within the context of the nation ' s educational, health insurance, and medical systems ; the impact of emerging technologies on the experience of disability ; and the definition of health care quality. the volume concludes with a discussion of the prevention of childhood disability.


4 essential sleep habits for kids healthy kids from teeth to feet : kids & health by peg rosen for healthy kids from teeth to feet a good night ’ s sleep for grade - schoolers and teens means at least 10 hours of solid shut - eye, according to the national institutes of health. for preschoolers, it ’ s 11 - 12 hours, and for babies it ’ s up to 18. but many kids are falling short … and paying the price. new research from the university of chicago suggests that youngsters who don ’ t get enough rest are more than four times as likely to be obese as their well - rested counterparts ; sleep deprivation has been shown to disrupt levels of chemicals that regulate appetite. and spanish researchers recently found that kids who don ’ t log an adequate amount of shut - eye are more likely to struggle in the classroom, where poor sleep habits hinder their motivation and compromise their ability to concentrate, memorize, write and spell. one of the biggest sleep - snatchers is electronics, according to timothy f. hoban, director of pediatric sleep medicine at the university of michigan medical center. “ thirty years ago, there were no game systems, personal computers or mobile phones. this technology is now commonplace and often available in the child ’ s own room, ” he says. but bad sleep habits are also to blame. here are hoban ’ s top tips for getting your kids ’ sleep situation under control : has contributed to numerous magazines and websites, including healthy kids, more, redbook, self, real simple, parents, family circle, american baby, parentcenter. com and webmd. com. she blogs at relish - this. blogspot. com.