an historical building that has fallen victim to its own structural shortcomings, and not wanting to repair the damage out of concern for having to use modern materials in it ’ s reconstruction. considering our current situation with how much the constitution has already been trashed, as well as the fascistic direction that we are currently heading, we the people have very little to lose and everything to gain from reestablishing our popular sovereignty over our government. new orleans resident and long - time activist curtis muhammed said recently that he has not seen a true movement in this country, since the true movement of the civil rights struggle. i would agree with him, and add that we the people need to be willing to take more risks, the same risks the pro democracy movements in burma anf tibet are willing to take. we have to be willing to risk our comfortable lifestyles and stop playing it safe, myself included. i know i have given you a lot to consider, so i will end this on a good thought. to steal an overused cliche from hollywood, which is nonetheless true, “ all men die, but not all men truly live! ” peace and solidarity, we the people network in california where i live, some state politicians are starting to call for a constitutional convention in order to alter the basic way the state government operates, for the stated reason of preventing future budget deadlocks. we the people need to act to protect and strengthen our constitution, before we lose the ability to do so!


you are hereasia on the 35th anniversary of the fall of saigon, ray suarez talks to retired marine corps lt. col. james zumwalt about his new book on the vietnam war, as seen through the eyes of north vietnamese and viet cong veterans. ray suarez : so, give us some examples of the kind of techniques and tactics the north vietnamese used successfully against a much - better - armed, much - better - equipped enemy. lt. col. james zumwalt : well, one that stands out in my mind is the - - what they did along the ho chi minh trail. the ho chi minh trail, as you know, was a logistical supply line that brought men and materiel from the north down to the south. obviously, they had to cross rivers at certain points. and the only way you cross a river is with a bridge. they would build bridges for the specific purpose of having as a target - - having a target that we would go after. they - - what they would do then is, upstream or downstream of that bridge, they would come up with very clever ways of hiding bridges. well, how do you hide a bridge? one is a concept known as a submarine bridge, where they actually built a bridge platform underneath the low watermark. and, for those who served in vietnam, they know that the - - the water is basically brown, so you cannot see from the air if there was anything under the water. but these submarine bridges were very effectively used. as convoys would cross them, they would have guides standing on either side of the bridge platform guiding them as to where the edges of the platform were. these existed for the duration of the war, and we never knew about them... lt. col. james zumwalt : this was a people who, again, going back to their dna, would not tolerate being invaded. could we have won the war? we had the military power, and we never lost a battle in vietnam. we - - if we committed ground forces in the north, we could have driven them out of the cities, but all that would have done was delayed the inevitable, which was that they would keep eating away and eating away, and drawing the war out for as long as it took for us to get out. rest of transcript. michael munk shared a telling observation : a report on a journalists ' reunion in ho chi minh city on the 35th anniversary of the us defeat in vietnam says it all : " this was the first foreign war the


to get out. rest of transcript. michael munk shared a telling observation : a report on a journalists ' reunion in ho chi minh city on the 35th anniversary of the us defeat in vietnam says it all : " this was the first foreign war the u. s. ever fought where the press challenged government thinking, challenged the decisions of generals, challenged the political decisions the war was based on, " said former cnn correspondent peter arnett, who won a pulitzer prize for his vietnam coverage in 1966 while working for the associated press. arnett, like many of the globe - trotting journalists, came to vietnam as a young reporter and grew up covering battles from the trenches where correspondents were permitted to go without restrictions. many carried their war experience into other conflicts, including iraq and afghanistan, but said they were never again given such freedom to tell their stories from the front lines. " no longer will you ever be able to do wars like vietnam, " said bob carroll, a former united press international photographer. " what did the military learn about press access from vietnam? don ' t give it to them. " read the entire article : vietnam war journalists reunite for anniversary. " when i saw those tanks, i felt so happy, " said thuy, who on friday carried a hammer and a sickle flag. " the south had been liberated, the country was united, and the war was over. " vietnam marked the 35th anniversary of the communist victory in the vietnam war with a grand military parade friday through the former saigon, with the government basking more in its economic achievements than its historic military defeat of the united states. the city is now named for ho chi minh, the father of the revolution, but signs of the burgeoning market economy are everywhere, with communist banners competing for space with corporate ads and logos. some 50, 000 invitees, many waving red and gold ruling party flags, crowded the parade route. they marked the day that north vietnamese tanks smashed through the gates of the former presidential palace in saigon and ousted the u. s. - backed south vietnam government — the culmination of one of the most seismic military achievements since world war ii. read more. u. s. consolidates military network in asia - pacific region rick rozoff | stop nato | blog site | april 28, 2010 the united states has six naval fleets and eleven aircraft carrier strike groups patrolling the world ' s oceans and seas. the u. s. navy is as large as the world ' s next thirteen biggest navies combined.


blog site | april 28, 2010 the united states has six naval fleets and eleven aircraft carrier strike groups patrolling the world ' s oceans and seas. the u. s. navy is as large as the world ' s next thirteen biggest navies combined. washington has as many aircraft carriers as all other nations together. russia has one ; china has none. the u. s. and its nato allies - britain ( 2 ), italy ( 2 ), france ( 1 ) and spain ( 1 ) - account for 17 of 22 in service in the world. ten of the eleven american carriers are nimitz class nuclear - powered supercarriers, substantially larger than most all non - u. s. ones. the u. s. navy has all ten supercarriers in the world at the moment. u. s. aircraft carriers contain 70 - 80 planes and are available for deployment in all the world ' s oceans and most of its seas. they are escorted in their carrier groups by anti - air and anti - submarine warfare guided missile destroyers, anti - submarine warfare frigates, missile cruisers with long - range tomahawks, and nuclear - powered fast - attack submarines. the u. s. also maintains between ten and twelve naval expeditionary strike groups which include amphibious assault ships and ah - 1 super cobra attack helicopters in addition to destroyers, cruisers, frigates, attack submarines and p - 3c orion long - range anti - submarine and maritime surveillance aircraft. with the reestablishing of the navy ' s fourth fleet - its area of responsibility includes central and south america and the caribbean sea - two years ago after a 58 - year hiatus, the u. s. has six fleets that can be dispatched to all five oceans. the seventh fleet ( there is no first fleet ), based in japan, is the largest of u. s. forward - deployed fleets and consists of as many as 40 – 60 ships, 200 - 350 aircraft and 20, 000 - 60, 000 navy and marine corps personnel. its area of responsibility takes in more than 50 million square miles of the pacific and indian oceans, from russia ' s kuril islands in the north to the antarctic in the south, from the south china sea to the arabian sea, south africa to the korean peninsula, the strait of malacca to the taiwan strait. when on the occasion of accepting the nobel peace prize last december president barack obama referred to himself as the commander - in - chief of the world ' s sole military superpower he was not guilty of hyperbole if he was


to the taiwan strait. when on the occasion of accepting the nobel peace prize last december president barack obama referred to himself as the commander - in - chief of the world ' s sole military superpower he was not guilty of hyperbole if he was of hubris. his defense budget for next year is almost half as large as world military spending for 2008, the last year for which the stockholm international peace research institute has compiled figures. geoff millard, chair of iraq veterans against the war, national board of directors wrote : from the 26th of march until the 9th of april i was lucky to be a part of a veterans delegation to vietnam in order to do research in preparation for an upcoming push for legislation to alleviate the suffering of the people of vietnam that has plagued them since we first started using agent orange in 1961. vietnam may seem an odd place for an iraq vet whose parents had not even met when the last us forces retreated in defeat hanging from helicopters, but somehow i was the perfect piece to complete a very complicated puzzle. you see there are many connections to be made between the two wars but i was there because both were toxic battlefields that left veteran and civilian alike scared for many generations. in the late 1960s and early 1970s it was not conservative veterans groups who were talking about the effects of agent orange ( more specifically dioxin but for common understanding i will simply use ao as my reference ), it was vvaw and cci. as much as revisionists would love to write antiwar veterans from history or minimize them as a small force ( as they are trying today with ivaw ) the reality is that while the vfw would not allow vietnam veterans to join their ranks antiwar vets were creating a new generation of leaders. these brave souls were the ones to first paint the words agent orange kills our soldiers on banners. one of these young leaders would leave to form vva but his roots are undeniably with vvaw. it is from the work of antiwar veterans that any compensation for ao has been granted. thus it must again be antiwar vets that take up their banners and fight for compensation for the now three generations of survivors who have lived 35 years in a toxic battlefield that americans have long since forgotten. japanese military joins u. s. and nato in horn of africa rick rozoff | stop nato | blog site | april 25, 2010 japanese navy commander keizo kitagawa recently spoke with agence france - presse and disclosed that his nation was opening its first overseas military base - at any


in horn of africa rick rozoff | stop nato | blog site | april 25, 2010 japanese navy commander keizo kitagawa recently spoke with agence france - presse and disclosed that his nation was opening its first overseas military base - at any rate since the second world war - in djibouti in the horn of africa. kitagawa is assigned to the plans and policy section of the japan maritime self - defense force, as his nation ' s navy is called, and is in charge of the deployment. afp quoted the japanese officer as stressing the unprecedented nature of the development : " this will be the only japanese base outside our country and the first in africa. " the military installation is to cost $ 40 million and is expected to accommodate japanese troops early next year. djibouti rests at the confluence of the red sea and the gulf of aden, across from strife - torn yemen, and borders the northwest corner of equally conflict - ridden somalia. the narrow span of water separating it from yemen is the gateway for all maritime traffic passing between the mediterranean sea and the indian ocean via the suez canal, the red sea, the gulf of aden and the arabian sea. kyle kajihiro sent the following report from honolulu : yesterday, in solidarity with the 90, 000 + okinawans who rallied against u. s. military bases in okinawa, the hawai ' i - okinawa alliance ( hoa ), the american friends service committee - hawai ' i and dmz - hawai ' i / aloha ' aina organized a vigil in front of the japanese consulate in honolulu. approximately 40 people held signs and candles in front of the japanese consulate. ukwanshin kabudan, nakem youth, fight for guahan, veterans for peace and urban babaylan were some of the groups represented. people spoke about the impacts of u. s. military bases in hawai ' i, guam, korea, and the philippines and the need for our peoples to be in solidarity for the removal of these bases of war. wearing a " deji - wajiwaji! " hoa tee - shirt, world war ii veteran don matsuda called for the bases to get out of okinawa. kisha borja - kicho ' cho ' with a contingent from fight for guahan expressed solidarity from the chamoru community in their struggle to resist the u. s. military base expansion on her home island. many speakers expressed a desire to remove the oppressive military bases and make the pacific a


a contingent from fight for guahan expressed solidarity from the chamoru community in their struggle to resist the u. s. military base expansion on her home island. many speakers expressed a desire to remove the oppressive military bases and make the pacific a zone of peace. several people came after seeing coverage of the event on the television. for some it was their first demonstration. norman kaneshiro sensei and several young okinawan musicians sang traditional okinawan songs. we closed the circle with singing " hana " ( kina shoukichi ' s famous peace anthem ). then we tied yellow ribbons with messages of peace written on them on the consulate fence. the event was covered on kitv and khnl television stations, and there reporters for the okinawa times and ryukyu shimpo covered the event. attached are some photos by jamie oshiro. more detailed report and photos to come. click " read more " to see more event pictures. i was in hyderabad, india, from may through december, 2009. i returned to the us for january through march, and by april 2nd was again back here in hyderabad. i spent the last ten years studying - getting a degree in journalism and following that up with an ma in integrative studies. i wrote many articles and essays, wrote two books, and organized a national conference. i came to hyderabad to organize the second conference. the u. s. military on okinawa is advising department of defense personnel and their families to stay away from the village of yomitan on sunday, where a large anti - base rally is scheduled. organizers said wednesday they expect 100, 000 people to gather at the village sports complex for the 3 p. m. event. among featured speakers will be elected officials and union leaders. if the size of the crowd turns out to be as big as predicted, it will be the largest anti - base event on okinawa since 58, 000 people gathered in ginowan in october 1995 to protest the abduction and gang rape of a 12 - year - old schoolgirl by two marines and a sailor. the crime sparked an anti - base movement that resulted in the u. s. and japan agreeing the next year to return about 20 percent of the land used by the u. s. military on okinawa. that agreement included closing marine corps air station futenma if an alternate location on the island could be found. several relocation plans followed and were scrapped because of opposition by anti - base and environmental - protection groups. japan ’ s new left - center government is reviewing a 2006


marine corps air station futenma if an alternate location on the island could be found. several relocation plans followed and were scrapped because of opposition by anti - base and environmental - protection groups. japan ’ s new left - center government is reviewing a 2006 agreement to close futenma and move the marines to a new air facility to be built at camp schwab on okinawa. prime minister yukio hatoyama said he will settle on a proposed new location for futenma operations by the end of may. read more. the united states air force has announced that it will launch a secret space plane that has sparked speculation about the militarization of space. the pentagon has set april 21 as the date for the launch of the robotic space plane known as the x - 37b orbital test vehicle ( otv ), which is a reusable unmanned plane capable of long outer space missions at low orbits. since the nature of the project is shrouded in mystery, defense analysts allege that the us military is building the first generation of us ' space predator drones ' that will build up the united states ' space armada, the christian science monitor wrote in a recent article. military experts argue that the us department of defense would not have saved nasa ' s costly x - 37b project, which had been scrapped, if it did not have a military application. they say the us wants to maintain a leading role in space via the development of the new ' space weapon ' at a time when other countries like china are expanding their space programs. read more. kucinich voices concern over futenma base relocation by robert naiman | just foreign policy representative dennis kucinich sent a letter to norman dicks, chair of the house subcommittee on defense appropriations, expressing concerns about u. s. plans to relocate the u. s. base at futenma in okinawa to nago, and urging that the concerns of okinawa residents be taken into account. the letter is here. kazakhstan : u. s., nato seek military outpost between russia and china rick rozoff | stop nato | blog site | april 14, 2010 on april 11, the day before the two - day nuclear security summit held in washington, dc, u. s. president barack obama met with his kazakh counterpart nursultan nazarbayev and their deliberations resulted in the u. s. obtaining the right to fly troops and military equipment over ( and later directly into ) the territory of kazakhstan for the escalating war in afghanistan. michael mcfaul


, 000 coalition personnel passed through the base on their way in or out of afghanistan, and manas was the transit point for 5, 000 tons of cargo, including spare parts and equipment, uniforms and various items to support personnel and mission needs. “ currently, around 1, 000 u. s. troops, along with a few hundred from spain and france, are assigned to the base. ” the white house ’ s special representative for afghanistan and pakistan richard holbrooke paid his first visit in his current position to kyrgyzstan – and the three other former soviet central asian republics which border it, kazakhstan, tajikistan and uzbekistan – in february and said “ 35, 000 us troops were transiting each month on their way in and out of afghanistan. ” at the rate he mentioned, 420, 000 troops annually. hmm. who should be occupying whom? pakistan parliament agrees to curb presidential powers the parliament of pakistan has voted unanimously in favour of measures which limit key presidential powers. the measures transfer certain powers from the office of the president to the prime minister and take away his power to dismiss elected governments. supporters say the legislation will strengthen parliamentary democracy, weakened by periods of military rule. the bill was approved unanimously by pakistan ' s national assembly. it now needs approval from the upper house. from veterans for peace hanoi - - at a meeting with american veterans here yesterday, vietnamese prime minister nguyen tan dung urged " the united states government to take responsibility for solving the aftermath of its war with vietnam. " during the war, mr. dung emphasized, more than two million vietnamese were killed, millions more were injured, and more than 300, 000 are still missing. moreover, three million people were exposed to toxic chemicals like agent orange sprayed by the u. s. military during the war. mr. dung further urged the u. s. government to " listen to its conscience, " and to cooperate with vietnam ' s government by giving assistance to vietnamese victims of agent orange to help them overcome the difficulties they face, and to aid in the clean - up of the dioxin contaminated environment. the futenma base relocation issue has been dominating the headlines in japan ever since the formation of the hatoyama administration in september 2009. understandably the focus has been on okinawa, long the center of anti - base activism. but we should see the futenma base relocation issue as part of a much broader problem. in this article i want to consider the futenma issue in the context of other activities within the international anti - bases movement. i have been involved in


but we should see the futenma base relocation issue as part of a much broader problem. in this article i want to consider the futenma issue in the context of other activities within the international anti - bases movement. i have been involved in the anti - bases movement for many years and serve on the hokkaido asia africa latin america solidarity committee ( haala ). haala is an organization that opposes neo - colonialism, respects the rights of people to self - determination and aims for the equality of all peoples. revocation of the us - japan security treaty and the removal of all american bases from japan are among its aims. we have links with vietnam, nicaragua, cuba and south africa among others and are involved in various humanitarian projects there. a representative of the japan africa asia south america solidarity committee went to ecuador to attend the anti - base activities described in fuse yujin ’ s article [ add link ], and have also visited venezuela and bolivia. the international network for the abolition of foreign military bases ( inafmb ) took off at the world social forum held in mumbai in january 2004 and was launched officially as a result of its first international conference in quito and manta, ecuador, in march 2007. i attended the mumbai meeting as the representative of haala. it was an unforgettable experience. to have 130, 000 people gathering from across the globe under the slogan ‘ another world is possible ’ in a meeting of such diversity and vibrancy was enough to really make one believe it could happen. in particular, the demonstrations by members of india ’ s so - called ‘ untouchables ’ caste left a particularly strong impression. their cries of ‘ if another world is possible then it must include us ’ brought it home that only by raising one ’ s voice is there any hope to change things. read more. on march 11, the us state department issued its " 2009 human rights report : china ( includes tibet, hong kong, and macau ), " calling the people ' s republic of china ( prc ) " an authoritarian state in which the chinese communist party ( ccp ) constitutionally is the paramount source of power, " practicing : - " cultural and religious repression ; " - harassment of human rights activists ; - harassment and disbarment of lawyers who defend them ; - control of free expression, the internet, and access to it ; - extrajudicial killings ; - torture and coerced confessions of prisoners ; - use of forced labor, including prison labor ; - monitoring, harassing,


defend them ; - control of free expression, the internet, and access to it ; - extrajudicial killings ; - torture and coerced confessions of prisoners ; - use of forced labor, including prison labor ; - monitoring, harassing, detaining, arresting, and imprisoning " journalists, writers, dissidents, activists, petitioners, and defense lawyers and their families ; " - denial of due process ; japan ' s prime minister yukio hatoyama has said the result of a weekend mayoral poll could fuel a major rethink about us military bases in japan. residents of the japanese city of nago, on okinawa, chose a candidate opposed to the hosting of an american air base. the futenma base was originally scheduled to move to nago from a more crowded part of okinawa. talk of moving the base out of japan altogether has threatened the long - standing us - japan security alliance. mr hatoyama said the results of sunday ' s election reflected the will of the people, and that japan will continue to re - examine its commitment to relocate the air base. " the country will start from scratch on this issue and take responsibility to reach a conclusion by the end of may, " he told reporters. read more. from tomdispatch this morning : an unprecedented picture of china on one of history ' s great spending binges in search of access to, and control over, the world ' s key future energy and other resources - - " china ' s global shopping spree : is the world ' s future resource map tilting east? " " think of it as a tale of two countries, " begins energy expert and author of rising powers, shrinking planet michael klare. " when it comes to procuring the resources that make industrial societies run, china is now the shopaholic of planet earth, while the united states is staying at home. hard - hit by the global recession, the united states has experienced a marked decline in the consumption of oil and other key industrial materials. not so china. with the recession ’ s crippling effects expected to linger in the u. s. for many years, analysts foresee a slow recovery when it comes to resource consumption. not so china. " tomdispatch regular klare offers a picture of state - owned or state - backed chinese companies ranging the world gobbling up the key future energy and other resources crucial to an industrial society, and at recession - induced bargain - basement prices. backed with endless streams of cash


force, does not help to achieve such purposes, and as such their stationing in japan lacks justification under the treaty. further, 75 % of us military bases and facilities are concentrated in this one prefecture of okinawa, and all okinawans want us bases to be downsized and removed. the principles of democracy, which are recognized universally the world over, do not tolerate troop stationing which goes against the will of the people. 2 ) in japan the constitution ’ s preamble and articles 9 and 98 provide the right to seek removal of us military bases. the japanese constitution provides that “ never again shall we be visited with the horrors of war through the action of government ” and recognizes that “ all peoples of the world have the right to live in peace, free from fear and want. ” it says that the japanese renounce war, do not maintain “ land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, ” and it pledges to faithfully observe “ established laws of nations, ” which include the law of war and international humanitarian law. from the perspective of this extensive peace design, when at least part of the us forces stationed in japan are highly problematic to bringing about peace and eliminating “ fear and want, ” it is possible to exercise one ’ s legitimate rights, including appeals to the international community, to resolve the matter which is the cause. in view of the situation with us military bases, which is a never - ending stream of aircraft crashes, traffic accidents, crimes, and pollution, it stands to reason that the people of okinawa prefecture seek the return of futenma air station, and, with respect for their will, the japanese government indeed has the right to take the initiative and ask the us government to immediately remove futenma air station. march 24, 2010 japan lawyers international solidarity association, executive committee osamu niikura, president. jun sasamoto, secretary - general finally a congressman takes look at expanding empire of bases, but apparently he was drugged or is just an idiot mongolia : pentagon trojan horse wedged between china and russia rick rozoff | stop nato | blog site | march 31, 2010 because of its history, its location and the nations which surround it, mongolia would seem the last country in the world to host annual pentagon - led military exercises and to be the third asian nation to offer nato troops for the war in afghanistan. from the early 1920s until the breakup of the soviet union in 1991 mongolia was the latter nation ' s longest - standing and in many ways closest political and


led military exercises and to be the third asian nation to offer nato troops for the war in afghanistan. from the early 1920s until the breakup of the soviet union in 1991 mongolia was the latter nation ' s longest - standing and in many ways closest political and military ally, its armed forces fighting alongside those of the ussr against the japanese in world war ii. it was not a member of the warsaw pact as that alliance was formed in europe six years after and in response to the creation of nato in 1949, but mongolia was a military buffer between the soviet union and the japanese army in china in the second world war and between it and china during the decades of the sino - soviet conflict. mongolia is also buried deep within the asian continent and is the world ' s second - largest landlocked nation next to kazakhstan, which is only 21 miles from its western border. those two countries along with north korea, impenetrable in most every sense of the word, are the only three that border both china and russia. russia abuts mongolia along its entire northern frontier and china along its eastern, southern and western borders. there is no way to enter the country except by passing through or over russia and china. as such mongolia would have appeared to be a refuge of non - alignment in a world of rapidly expanding u. s. and nato penetration of increasingly vast tracts of the earth ' s surface. but in the post - cold war period no country is beyond the pentagon ' s reach, either inside or on its borders. in the last decade alone the u. s. has acquired bases and other military installations and stationed its armed forces throughout parts of the world that it had never penetrated during the cold war era, including : africa : approximately 2, 000 troops and the pentagon ' s combined joint task force - horn of africa at camp lemonnier in djibouti in the horn of africa. indonesia ' s national armed forces ( tni ), especially its thuggish kopassus special forces command, has a long, sordid human rights record, including political killings and massacres of hundreds of thousands of civilians in east timor, aceh, papua, and elsewhere in the country. in response to the november 12, 1991 santa cruz cemetery massacre of over 270 demonstrators in dili, east timor ' s capital, congress restricted indonesia ' s tni from receiving international military education and training ( imet ). it brings foreign military officers to america for what ' s taught at the infamous school of the americas ( soa, renamed whinse


' s capital, congress restricted indonesia ' s tni from receiving international military education and training ( imet ). it brings foreign military officers to america for what ' s taught at the infamous school of the americas ( soa, renamed whinsec ) - namely, the latest ways to kill, maim, torture, oppress, exterminate poor and indigenous people, overthrown democratically elected governments, suppress popular resistance movements, assassinate targeted leaders, and work cooperatively with washington to solidify hard - right rule, intolerant of democratic rights, social justice, and progressive change. the 1976 arms export control act requires us military hardware sales use only for defense or to maintain internal security. guam taxpayers pay $ 1, 019 / hr for port negotiator! since former gm of the port authority of guam, ken takagawa, became the port ’ s chief negotiator, there has been no forward progress with the contract negotiations for our workers. he refuses to negotiate on items that have been negotiable for public employees under the public employees management relations act for 40 years. mr. takagawa works 6 hrs a week and receives $ 20, 000 per month plus per diem of $ 215 per day which comes out to $ 1, 019 per hour to basically delay the process of getting our port workers a contract! it appears that mr. takagawa is deliberately delaying the process to maximize his salary. in an effort to rectify the situation, president matt rector sent a letter to the office of attorney general chief prosecutor, diane corbett, to investigate the situation and ensure protection of the people of guam from government corruption, theft and waste of thousands of public dollars to this private contractor. read letter. brazil, russia, india, and china — otherwise known as the bric nations — are enjoying a new and, in ways, unprecedented role on the international stage. the four emerging markets maintained an average growth rate of 10. 7 percent from 2006 to 2008, according to the international monetary fund. with this outstanding performance, they are creating a new economic miracle. in an article recently published in the beijing - based newspaper guangming daily, experts in a research team of the hunan provincial planning office of philosophy and social science pointed to a trend known as the " big country effect " as a determining factor in their rapid, sustainable growth. excerpts from this article follow : some scholars say the rapid economic growth of the bric countries stemmed from their wise choices in comparative advantage strategies — which have allowed them considerable


the " big country effect " as a determining factor in their rapid, sustainable growth. excerpts from this article follow : some scholars say the rapid economic growth of the bric countries stemmed from their wise choices in comparative advantage strategies — which have allowed them considerable room to maneuver with regards to their resources. others say their brilliant performance emanated from their advantages in terms of being latecomers. in other words, having been so economically dormant for so long, the bric countries have enjoyed advances in development via technological improvements, human resource development, as well as economic restructuring. none of these arguments are fully convincing. read more. your calls on jeju island are working already - keep making them jeju is the island inside the red circle. to the left is mainland china. to the right is japan. china imports 80 % of its oil along the seaway beside jeju island. the u. s. navy obviously relishes the idea of one more navy base in the region that would enable it to choke off china ' s importation oil thus giving the u. s. the " key " to china ' s economic engine. you can see that this navy base will dramatically widen already dangerous tensions in the region. bruce k. gagnon, coordinator of global network against weapons & nuclear power in space, just wrote to afterdowningstreet : since my earlier email this morning ( read it below ) asking people to call the south korean embassy in washington dc i ' ve already heard from two different people who both told me the person they spoke to at the embassy said it was the u. s. navy that wants the base. one of our supporters emailed me the following message after her call to the embassy : i just spoke with the aide to the attache at the korean embassy ( 202 - 939 - 5600 ) and she asked that we contact the u. s. navy to complain. she understood our motivation is to support the resistance of the people on jeju but she said " you have to talk to your government because they are the ones who want to do this. " she asked me to relay this message to others. this is very important information and confirms the worst suspicions of many of us that the u. s. has been pushing the south korean government to build the navy base on jeju island in order for the u. s. navy to deploy aegis destroyers at the base. but we never had confirmation of that theory until now! we need to keep calling the south korean embassy and tell them not to do what


base on jeju island in order for the u. s. navy to deploy aegis destroyers at the base. but we never had confirmation of that theory until now! we need to keep calling the south korean embassy and tell them not to do what the u. s. pentagon tells them. south korea is a sovereign nation and should not allow the u. s. to push them into building a provocative navy base on what is known as the " peace island ". china ’ s currency manipulation fuels continued trade imbalance | press release the growing trade deficit between the u. s. and china eliminated or displaced an estimated 2. 4 million jobs in the u. s. between 2001 and 2008, according to a new report from the economic policy institute. the new report, unfair china trade costs local jobs, shows that every state in the country, as well as washington, d. c. and puerto rico, suffered jobs lost or displaced because of the trade imbalance. the deficit grew by an average of $ 26. 6 billion each year between 2001 and 2008 ; chinese exports to the united states in 2008 were more than five times greater than u. s. exports to china. a surge in imports of chinese computer and electronic products accounted for more than 40 % of the $ 186 billion increase in the u. s. trade deficit with china between 2001 and 2008, with these industries experiencing the largest trade - related job losses of any sector – 627, 700 jobs, or 26 % of all jobs lost or displaced between 2001 and 2008. china friday retorted us criticism by publishing its own report on the us human rights record. " as in previous years, the ( us ) reports are full of accusations of the human rights situation in more than 190 countries and regions including china, but turn a blind eye to, or dodge and even cover up rampant human rights abuses on its own territory, " said the information office of the state council in its report on the us human rights record. the human rights record of the united states in 2009 was in retaliation to the country reports on human rights practices for 2009 issued by the us department of state on march 11. the report is " prepared to help people around the world understand the real situation of human rights in the united states, " said the report. the report reviewed the human rights record of the united states in 2009 from six perspectives : life, property and personal security ; civil and political rights ; economic, social and cultural rights ; racial discrimination ; rights of women and children ; and the us ' violation of human rights


the human rights record of the united states in 2009 from six perspectives : life, property and personal security ; civil and political rights ; economic, social and cultural rights ; racial discrimination ; rights of women and children ; and the us ' violation of human rights against other countries. it criticized the united states for taking human rights as " a political instrument to interfere in other countries ' internal affairs, defame other nations ' image and seek its own strategic interests. " china advised the us government to draw lessons from the history, put itself in a correct position, strive to improve its own human rights conditions and rectify its acts in the human rights field. this is the 11th consecutive year that the information office of china ' s state council has issued a human rights record of the united states to answer the us state department ' s annual report. " at a time when the world is suffering a serious human rights disaster caused by the us subprime crisis - induced global financial crisis, the us government still ignores its own serious human rights problems but revels in accusing other countries. it is really a pity, " the report said. spying on citizens read more. daytona beach, tomorrow night! milestone : 1, 000 americans kia in afghanisan action : " stop the wars now! " we ' ve reached a sad milestone in afghanistan. today, monday, february 22, 2010, it was reported that 1, 000 u. s. troops have now been killed in action ( kia ) in afghanistan. the name of the soldier and other details, other than being killed by an improvised explosive devise ( ied ), have yet to be released. for more information about troops killed in both afghanistan and iraq, go to www. icasualties. org on line. to recognize the 1, 000th kia in afghanistan and to say " enough " to continued killing there due to the 9 - year u. s. occupation of afghanistan, there will be an emergency antiwar protest in daytona beach tomorrow evening, tuesday february 23rd, beginning at 6 : 00 pm and ending at 8 : 00 pm on the northwest corner of nova road and international speedway boulevard in front of the steak n shake. the street address is 1000 w. international speedway blvd, daytona beach, fl 32114 and directions can be found on line here. this event is being billed as " afghanistan - 1, 000 kia - enough already, bring them home now! ". there will be tv and print news media on site reporting on the event. this event will not be a vigil


this page lists climate science and climate impact claims that have either not been proven, or have had the claim modified, moved, or expanded to protect the claimant from having to admit the original claim was wrong. this will always be a work in progress. new items will be added as they are examined and will include : - the claim itself – what was stated as factual or predicted? a clear unambiguous statement, such as “ 50 million climate refugees by 2010 ″ - proof of the original claim – website, documents, photos, audio, video that clearly and unambiguously show the claim being made sometime in the past. - a test of the of the claim, and the results – website, documents, photos, audio, video that clearly and unambiguously show the claim not coming true or not meeting the claim. - proof of change in the claim ( if applicable ) – often, when the claim fails to materialize, goalposts get moved, such as we saw with the “ 50 million climate refugees ” story that was originally set with a due date of 2010, is now set for the year 2020. the claim : 50 million climate refugees will be produced by climate change by the year 2010. especially hard hit will be river delta areas, and low lying islands in the caribbean and pacific. the un 62nd general assembly in july 2008 said : … it had been estimated that there would be between 50 million and 200 million environmental migrants by 2010. the test : did population go down in these areas during that period, indicating climate refugees were on the move? the answer, no. the proof : population actually gained in some caribbean island for which 2010 census figures were available. then when challenged on these figures, the un tried to hide the original claim from view. see : the un “ disappears ” 50 million climate refugees, then botches the disappearing attempt the change in claim : now it is claimed that it will be 10 years into the future, and there will be 50 million refugees by the year 2020.


by ellen brown / www. webofdebt. com — president john adams is quoted as saying, “ there are two ways to conquer and enslave a nation. one is by the sword. the other is by debt. ” the major conquests today are on the battlefield of debt, a war that is raging globally. debt forces individuals into financial slavery to the banks, and it forces governments to relinquish their sovereignty to their creditors, which in the end are also private banks, the originators of all non - cash money today. in great britain, where the bank of england is owned by the government, 97 % of the money supply is issued privately by banks as loans. in the u. s., where the central bank is owned by a private consortium of banks, the percentage is even higher. the federal reserve issues federal reserve notes ( or dollar bills ) and lends them to other banks, which then lend them at interest to individuals, businesses, and local and federal governments. that is true today, but in the past there have been successful models in which the government itself issued the national currency, whether as paper notes or as the credit of the nation. a stellar example of this enlightened approach to money and credit was the commonwealth bank of australia, which operated successfully as a government - owned bank for most of the 20th century. rather than issuing “ sovereign debt ” – federal bonds indebting the nation to pay at interest in perpetuity – the government through the commonwealth bank issued “ sovereign credit, ” the credit of the nation advanced to the government and its constituents. the bank ’ s achievements were particularly remarkable considering that for its first eight years, from 1912 to 1920, it did not have the power to issue the national currency, and it operated without startup capital. sir denison miller, governor of the bank from its creation in 1912 to 1923, was quoted in the australian press on july 7, 1921 as saying, “ the whole of the resources of australia are at the back of this bank, and so strong as this continent is, so strong is the commonwealth bank. whatever the australian people can intelligently conceive in their minds and will loyally support, that can be done. ” this was not just hype. in a 2001 article titled “ how money is created in australia, ” david kidd wrote of the bank ’ s early accomplishments : “ australia ’ s own government - established commonwealth bank achieved some impressive successes while it was ‘ the peoples ’ bank ’, before being crippled by


article titled “ how money is created in australia, ” david kidd wrote of the bank ’ s early accomplishments : “ australia ’ s own government - established commonwealth bank achieved some impressive successes while it was ‘ the peoples ’ bank ’, before being crippled by later government decisions and eventually sold. at a time when private banks were demanding 6 % interest for loans, the commonwealth bank financed australia ’ s first world war effort from 1914 to 1919 with a loan of $ 700, 000, 000 at an interest rate of a fraction of 1 %, thus saving australians some $ 12 million in bank charges. in 1916 it made funds available in london to purchase 15 cargo steamers to support australia ’ s growing export trade. until 1924 the benefits conferred upon the people of australia by their bank flowed steadily on. it financed jam and fruit pools to the extent of $ 3 million, it found $ 8 million for australian homes, while to local government bodies, for construction of roads, tramways, harbours, gasworks, electric power plants, etc., it lent $ 18. 72 million. it paid $ 6. 194 million to the commonwealth government between december, 1920 and june, 1923 – the profits of its note issue department – while by 1924 it had made on its other business a profit of $ 9 million, available for redemption of debt. the bank ’ s independently - minded governor, sir denison miller, used the bank ’ s credit power after the first world war to save australians from the depression conditions being imposed in other countries.... by 1931 amalgamations with other banks made the commonwealth bank the largest savings institution in australia, capturing 60 % of the nation ’ s savings. ” harnessing the secret power of banking for the public good the commonwealth bank was able to achieve so much with so little because both its first governor, denison miller, and its first and most ardent proponent, king o ’ malley, had been bankers themselves and knew the secret of banking : that banks create the “ money ” they lend simply by writing accounting entries into the deposit accounts of borrowers. this banking secret was confirmed by a number of early banking insiders. in a 1998 paper titled “ manufacturing money, ” australian economist mike mansfield quoted the rt. hon. reginald mckenna, former chancellor of the exchequer, who told shareholders of the midland bank on january 25, 1924, “ i am afraid the ordinary citizen will not like to be told that the banks can, and do, create and destroy money. the amount of money in existence varies only with the action of the


shareholders of the midland bank on january 25, 1924, “ i am afraid the ordinary citizen will not like to be told that the banks can, and do, create and destroy money. the amount of money in existence varies only with the action of the banks in increasing or decreasing deposits and bank purchases. we know how this is effected. every loan, overdraft or bank purchase creates a deposit, and every repayment of a loan, overdraft or bank sale destroys a deposit. ” dr. coombs, former governor of the reserve bank of australia, said in an address at queensland university on september 15, 1954, “ [ w ] hen money is lent by a bank it passes into the hands of the person who borrows it without anybody having less. whenever a bank lends money there is therefore, an increase in the total amount of money available. ” ralph hawtrey, assistant under secretary to the british treasury in the 1930s, wrote in trade depression and the way out, “ when a bank lends, it creates money out of nothing. ” in his book the art of central banking, hawtrey clarified this, writing, “ when a bank lends, it creates credit. against the advance which it enters amongst its assets, there is a deposit entered in its liabilities. but other lenders have not the mystical power of creating the means of payment out of nothing. what they lend must be money that they have acquired through their economic activities. ” banks can do what no one else can : “ create the means of payment out of nothing. ” the commonwealth bank ’ s far - sighted founders roped this guarded banking secret into the public service. the bank collapse of 1893 spawns a new public banking model the commonwealth bank was founded under conditions like those prevailing today : the country had just suffered a massive banking collapse. in the 1890s, however, there was no fdic insurance, no social security, no unemployment insurance to soften the blow. people who thought they were well off suddenly found they had nothing. they could not withdraw their funds, write checks on their accounts, or sell their products or their homes, since there was no money with which to buy them. desperate people were leaping from bridges or throwing themselves in front of trains. something had to be done. the response of the labor government was to pass a bill in 1911 which included a provision for a publicly - owned bank that would be backed by the assets of the government. in a rare move for the time, the bank was to have


be done. the response of the labor government was to pass a bill in 1911 which included a provision for a publicly - owned bank that would be backed by the assets of the government. in a rare move for the time, the bank was to have both savings and general bank business. it was also the first bank in australia to receive a federal government guarantee. jack lang was australia ’ s treasurer in the labor government of 1920 - 21 and premier of new south wales during the great depression. a controversial figure, he was relieved of his duties after he repudiated loans owed to the london bankers. in the great bust : the depression of the thirties ( mcnamara ’ s books, katoomba, 1962 ), lang described the commonwealth bank ’ s triumphs and tribulations in revealing detail. he wrote : “ the labor party decided that a national bank, backed with the assets of the government, would not fail in times of financial stress. it also realised that such a bank would be a guarantee that money would be found for home building and other needs. after the collapse of the building societies, there was a great scarcity of money for such purposes. “... chief advocate of the cause of a commonwealth bank was king o ’ malley, a colorful canadian - american... before coming to australia, he had worked in a small new york bank, owned by an uncle.... he had been much impressed by the way that his uncle had created credit. a bank could create the credit, and at the same time manufacture the debit to balance it. that was the big discovery of o ’ malley ’ s banking career. a born showman, he itched to try it out on a grand scale. he started his political career in south australia by advocating a state commercial bank. in 1901 he went into the first federal parliament as a one - man pressure group to establish a commonwealth bank, and joined the labor party for that purpose. ” king o ’ malley insisted that the commonwealth bank had to control the issue of its own notes, but he lost on that point – until 1920, when the bank did take over the issuance of the national currency, just as the u. s. federal reserve was authorized to do in 1913. that was the beginning of the commonwealth bank ’ s central bank powers. but even before it had that power, the bank was able to fund infrastructure and defense on a massive scale, and it did this without startup capital. these achievements were chiefly due to the insights and boldness of the bank


’ s central bank powers. but even before it had that power, the bank was able to fund infrastructure and defense on a massive scale, and it did this without startup capital. these achievements were chiefly due to the insights and boldness of the bank ’ s first governor, denison miller. the other bankers, fearing competition, had thought that by getting one of their own men in as the bank ’ s governor, they could keep it in line. but they had not reckoned on their independent appointee, who saw the opportunity posed by a government - backed bank and set out to make it the finest institution the country had ever known. as lang tells the story : “ the first test came when a decision was required regarding the amount of capital needed to start a bank of that kind. under the act, the commonwealth had the right to sell and issue debentures totalling £1 million. some even thought that amount of capital would be insufficient, having in mind what had happened in 1893.... “ when denison miller heard of it, his reply was that no capital was needed. ” miller was wary of going to the politicians for money. he could get by without capital. like king o ’ malley, he knew how banking worked. ( this, of course, was before the modern - day capital requirements imposed from abroad by the central banker ’ s bank, the bank for international settlements. ) lang went on : “ miller was the only employee. he found a small office... and asked the treasury for an advance of £10, 000. that was probably the first and last time that the commonwealth lent the bank any money. from then on, it was all in the reverse direction. “... by january, 1913 [ miller ] had completed arrangements to open a bank in each state of the commonwealth, and also an agency in london.... [ o ] n january 20th, 1913 he made a speech declaring the new commonwealth bank open for business. he said : “ ‘ this bank is being started without capital, as none is required at the present time, but it is backed by the entire wealth and credit of the whole of australia. ’ “ in those few simple words was the charter of the bank, and the creed of denison miller, which he never tired of reciting. he promised to provide facilities to expand the natural resources of the country, and it would at all times be a people ’ s bank. ‘ there is little doubt that in time it will be classed as one of the great


never tired of reciting. he promised to provide facilities to expand the natural resources of the country, and it would at all times be a people ’ s bank. ‘ there is little doubt that in time it will be classed as one of the great banks of the world, ’ he added prophetically. “... slowly it began to dawn on the private banks that they may have harbored a viper. they had been so intent on the risks of having to contend with bank socialisation that they didn ’ t realise they had much more to fear from competition by an orthodox banker, with the resources of the country behind him. “... one of the first demonstrations of his vigor came when the melbourne board of works went on the market for money to redeem old loans, and also to raise new money. up to that time, apart from treasury bills and advances by their own savings banks, governments had depended on overseas loans from london.... in addition to stiff underwriting charges, they found that the best they could expect would be £1 million at 4 per cent., at 97 1 / 2 net. “ they then decided to approach denison miller, who had promised to provide special terms for such bodies. he immediately offered to lend them £3 millions at 95 on which the interest rate would be 4 per cent. they immediately clinched the deal. asked where his very juvenile bank had raised all that money, miller replied, ‘ on the credit of the nation. it is unlimited. ’ ” another major test came in 1914 with the first world war : “ the first reaction was the risk that people might start rushing to the banks to withdraw their money. the banks realised that they were still vulnerable if that happened. they were still afraid of another black friday. “ there was a hurried meeting of the principal bankers. some reported that there were signs that a run was already starting. denison miller then said that the commonwealth bank on behalf of the commonwealth would support any bank in difficulties.... that was the end of the panic. but it put miller on the box seat. now, for the first time, the commonwealth bank was taking the lead. it was giving, not taking, orders.... “ denison miller... was virtually in control of the financing of the war. the government didn ’ t know how it was going to be achieved. miller did. ” and so this interesting story continues. miller died in 1923, and in 1924 the bankers got back in control, throttling the activities


financing of the war. the government didn ’ t know how it was going to be achieved. miller did. ” and so this interesting story continues. miller died in 1923, and in 1924 the bankers got back in control, throttling the activities of the commonwealth bank and preventing it from saving australians from the ravages of the 1930s depression. in 1931, the bank board came into conflict with the labor government ofjames scullin. the bank ’ s chairman refused to expand credit in response to the great depression unless the government cut pensions, which scullin refused to do. conflict surrounding this issue led to the fall of the government, and to demands from labor for reform of the bank and more direct government control over monetary policy. the commonwealth bank received almost all of the powers of a central bank in emergency legislation passed during world war ii, and at the end of the war it used this power to begin a dramatic expansion of the economy. in just five years, it opened hundreds of branches throughout australia. in 1958 and 1959, the government split the bank, giving the central bank function to the reserve bank of australia, with the commonwealth banking corporation retaining its commercial banking functions. both banks, however, remained publicly - owned. eventually, the commonwealth bank had branches in every town and suburb ; and in the bush, it had an agency in every post office or country store. as the largest bank in the country, it set the rates and set policy, which the others had to follow for fear of losing customers. the commonwealth bank was widely perceived to be an insurance policy against abuse by private banks, serving to ensure that everyone had access to equitable banking. it functioned as a wholly owned state bank until the 1990s, when it was privatized. its focus then changed to maximization of profits, with steady and massive branch and agency closures, staff layoffs, and reduced access to automated teller machines and to cash from supermarket checkouts. it has now become just another part of the banking cartel, but proponents say it was once the lifeblood of the country. today there is renewed interest in reviving a publicly - owned bank in australia on the commonwealth bank model. the united states and other countries would do well to consider this option too. special thanks to peter myers for reproducing major portions of jack lang ’ s book in his weekly newsletter. ellen brown is the author of web of debt : the shocking truth about our money system and how we can break free. she can be reached through her website.


“ drunkorexia ” : worrying trend has students eating less, drinking more it is hardly news that eating disorders and alcohol abuse both have a significant presence on college campuses. however, a disturbing trend among young adults called “ drunkorexia, ” a combination of these two disorders, has recently been which is making headlines. drunkorexia refers to the restrictive eating behaviors that some people engage in before consuming alcohol, in order to conserve calories as well as get drunk faster. because alcohol has a high calorie content — many beers clock in at 150 calories — some students who wish to avoid weight gain will, for example, drastically decrease their food intake or skip meals entirely in order to consume the same amount of calories in alcohol. this behavior is unsurprisingly common among college students, and is said to be especially prevalent among female students. while drunkorexia is a useful label for a common behavior, it is not a medical term, and many disagree about whether it should be considered a disorder separate from either anorexia or alcoholism. leada fuller - marashi ’ 14, who helps run an eating disorder support group on campus, took issue with the term. “ i think that the term drunkorexia trivializes the issue and at the same time it implies a strong link to anorexia, which i think is flawed as well, ” fuller - marashi said. “ people who are anorexic struggle with their restrictive behavior pretty much constantly, and that isn ’ t the case with drunkorexia, because it ’ s more of a means to an end rather than an ongoing psychological phenomenon. it might make more sense to describe the issue as alcohol - related disordered eating. ” fuller - marashi made it clear that she believes drunkorexia is distinct from anorexia. however, to label drunkorexia as disordered eating, rather than an eating disorder, does not mean it is necessarily less serious, although sometimes that is the implication. while eating disorders are diagnosed when a person engages in unusual eating habits, such as inadequate or excessive food intake, that harm their physical and emotional health, disordered eating describes a wider range of abnormal eating habits ( that do not permit a diagnosis for a specific eating disorder ). regardless of its exact location on a scale of eating and alcohol - related disorders, drunkorexia is regarded as dangerous by health professionals. dr. davis smith of wesleyan ’ s davison health center finds the phenomenon extremely troubling. “ eating before drinking helps slow the absorption of


a scale of eating and alcohol - related disorders, drunkorexia is regarded as dangerous by health professionals. dr. davis smith of wesleyan ’ s davison health center finds the phenomenon extremely troubling. “ eating before drinking helps slow the absorption of alcohol, ” smith said. “ this is why eating before drinking is a good idea. sudden, rapid, intense onset of intoxication is more likely to lead to problems like drunk drinking ( losing track of intake ) and blackouts. excessive drinking and blacking out increase risk for severe intoxication, medically dangerous intoxication, sexual assault, vomiting, loss of bladder and bowel control, hangovers, and other adverse effects. i work on the assumption that avoiding the above is desirable. ” the playfulness of the term drunkorexia may imply that this behavior does not have lasting impacts. however, this disordered eating pattern can have serious long - term consequences, since it can lead to malnourishment, among other issues. “ complications of malnourishment could include structural damage to the heart, decreased fertility, wasting of respiratory muscles, and brain atrophy, ” dr. smith said. this behavioral pattern of restricting food in order to consume more alcohol was brought to national attention this year by a study at the university of missouri. in this study, sixteen percent of college students surveyed admitted to engaging in this behavior ; three - quarters of that sixteen percent were women. although fuller - marashi said that she personally had not encountered this form of disordered eating at the univesrity, she was unsurprised that drunkorexia was found to be common among college students. “ from my research and experience, i know that this is a very common time for people to have or develop eating disorders and disordered eating habits, so i ’ m sure ‘ drunkorexia ’ is not a rare occurrence, ” fuller - marashi said. “ last i checked, one in ten people in the u. s. has an eating disorder, and i imagine the proportion of people with disordered eating is even higher. so statistically speaking, i ’ m sure a not - insignificant number of students deals with this issue. ” however, director of public safety dave meyer disagrees. his experiences with dangerously intoxicated students on campus have not led him to believe that drunkorexia is that common at the university. “ we ’ ve had issues with students who have been intoxicated because they didn ’ t eat enough and quickly became over - into


intoxicated students on campus have not led him to believe that drunkorexia is that common at the university. “ we ’ ve had issues with students who have been intoxicated because they didn ’ t eat enough and quickly became over - intoxicated, ” meyer said. “ there isn ’ t any direct evidence that it ’ s intentional. we also have people who have just been stressed out or tired, and any of those factors would allow you to be more intoxicated. ” even though the term drunkorexia may not be familiar to everyone, many university students interviewed said they had noticed people on campus engaging in the behaviors it describes. “ i know people who eat less before drinking, usually in order to save calories, but sometimes to get drunk faster, ” said hope kabel ’ 14. “ i ’ ve even seen people eat less the day before they ’ re going to drink — this way they can eat on the day they are actually going to drink, and that way they won ’ t get sick. ” when asked if she thought drunkorexia was common at the university, kelsey siegel ’ 13 did not have to think twice. “ yes, definitely, ” siegel said. without a formal study or survey, it is uncertain exactly how prevalent this form of disordered eating is at the university ; it may very well not be a prevalent phenomenon. nevertheless, it is important to be aware of it as a potential problem on campus, and discourage peers from engaging in this unhealthy behavior. “ you can encourage people to eat when they think they shouldn ’ t, if you do so in a non - pushy way, ” fuller - marashi said. “ and if someone is seriously hurting themselves by binge drinking or their body mass is low enough to be dangerous, a heartfelt conversation could help them, because they might not even realize what they ’ re doing to themselves. but generally speaking, people with eating disorders have to decide to start the journey to recovery themselves. ”


viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. le reve women in wine scholarship upon repeal of prohibition, rudolph c. kopf founded the wine and spirits department of macy ' s department store in new york, the year was 1933. it quickly gained a reputation as the finest wine and spirits shop in the country and kopf became recognized as one of america ’ s most knowledgeable wine and spirits professionals. in 1944 he decided to turn his knowledge and relationships toward establishing his own company, which would become kobrand corporation. his founding principles were simple : first was quality of product, second was the quality of people, and third was the quality of relationships created. regarding quality of product, mr. kopf was determined to represent only the very finest produc...


noaa : sixth warmest february in combined global surface temperature, fifth warmest december - february last month ’ s combined global land and ocean surface temperature made it the sixth warmest february ever recorded. additionally, the december 2009 – february 2010 period was the fifth warmest on record averaged for any similar three - month northern hemisphere winter - southern hemisphere summer season, according to scientists at noaa ’ s national climatic data center in asheville, n. c. based on records going back to 1880, the monthly ncdc analysis is part of the suite of climate services noaa provides to businesses, communities and governments so they may make informed decisions to safeguard their social and economic well - being. separately, the average global ocean surface temperature for both february and the december - february season was second warmest on record, behind 1998. the global land surface temperature for february 2010 tied with 1992 as the 14th warmest on record, while december - february period was the 13th warmest on record. global highlights – february • the combined global land and ocean surface temperature for february 2010 was the sixth warmest on record, at 1. 08 degrees f ( 0. 60 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 53. 9 degrees f ( 12. 1 degrees c ). • the global land surface temperature for february 2010 was 1. 35 degrees f ( 0. 75 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 37. 8 degrees f ( 3. 2 degrees c ) — tying with 1992 as the 14th warmest february on record. • anomalously cool conditions were widespread across the contiguous united states, mexico, europe and russia. overall, the united kingdom had its coolest february since 1991, and the irish republic, its coolest february since 1986. • warmer - than - average temperatures enveloped much of the rest of the world ’ s land areas, with the warmest temperature anomalies occurring across alaska, canada and across the middle east and northern africa. • the february worldwide ocean temperature was the second warmest, behind 1998, on record. the temperature anomaly was 0. 97 degrees f ( 0. 54 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 60. 6 degrees f ( 15. 9 degrees c ). • a moderate - to - strong el nino continued in february. sea surface temperatures across parts of the equatorial pacific ocean were more than 2. 7 degrees f ( 1. 5 degrees c ) above average during the month. according to noaa ’ s climate prediction center, el nino is expected to continue at least through the northern


temperatures across parts of the equatorial pacific ocean were more than 2. 7 degrees f ( 1. 5 degrees c ) above average during the month. according to noaa ’ s climate prediction center, el nino is expected to continue at least through the northern hemisphere spring 2010. global highlights – december 2009 – february 2010 • the combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for december - february was 54. 8 degrees f ( 12. 7 degrees c ), which is the fifth warmest on record and 1. 03 degrees f ( 0. 57 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 53. 8 degrees f ( 12. 1 degrees c ). • the worldwide land surface temperature for december - february was 1. 15 degrees f ( 0. 64 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 37. 8 degrees f ( 3. 2 degrees c ) – the 13th warmest on record. ( cool temperatures enveloped much of europe, russia, mexico, central and southeastern contiguous u. s., southern chile, southern argentina and parts of northern australia. ) • the united kingdom had its coolest northern hemisphere winter since 1978 - 1979. the irish republic experienced its coolest winter since 1962 - 1963. conversely, much of australia was engulfed by warmer - than - average conditions. the warmth was concentrated in western australia, resulting in the warmest december - february period on record. • the worldwide ocean surface temperature was 0. 97 degrees f ( 0. 54 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 60. 5 degrees f ( 15. 8 degrees c ) and the second warmest december - february on record, behind 1998. • arctic sea ice covered an average of 5. 6 million square miles ( 14. 6 million square kilometers ) during february. this is 6. 8 percent below the 1979 - 2000 average extent and the fourth lowest february extent since records began in 1979. this was also the 12th consecutive february with below - average arctic sea ice extent. february arctic sea ice extent has decreased by 2. 9 percent per decade since 1979. • antarctic sea ice extent in february was 7. 3 percent above the 1979 - 2000 average, resulting in the eighth largest february extent on record. february antarctic sea ice extent has increased by 3. 1 percent per decade over the same period. • northern hemisphere snow cover extent during february was the third largest on record, behind 1978 and 1972. north american snow cover for february was also the third largest extent since satellite records began in 1967 — behind 1978 and 1979. northern hemisphere december - february snow cover during december 2009


art & design unusual diego rivera work restored in mexico city the mexican muralist diego rivera painted in new york city, san francisco, detroit, europe and the soviet union. but some of rivera ' s most famous murals and most unusual projects are found in mexico city. in mexico city, rivera did far more than just paint. he collected pre - hispanic pottery and indigenous folk art. and he experimented with sculpture and architecture. and between 1950 and 1952, rivera built a giant, tiled fountain to the aztec rain god tlaloc as part of an overhaul of mexico city ' s municipal water system. " it ' s a very special fountain. it ' s one of the most important sculptures that diego rivera did in his life, " says lilia haua of probosque chapultepec, an organization which helped raise money to restore this work by rivera. but the fountain and murals had fallen into disrepair and until a year ago, were closed to the public for more than a decade. " the fountain was completely destroyed so we tried to make it as nice as we can... always respecting the style and what diego rivera did, " haua says. the fountain is basically a shallow pool more than a hundred feet long and a hundred feet wide. originally, it served as the ceremonial entry point for water from the lerma river into the city ' s main reservoirs. the main flow of water has now been diverted into a pipe, but in rivera ' s sculpture the rain god, tlaloc, still lies on his back in the pool. " in the beginning, the water was coming through tlaloc ' s face, under his mouth, and then, the water was coming up to here to the carcamo, " haua says. the carcamo is a giant tank inside a rotunda that ' s part of the same complex. until the 1990s municipal water flowed into the tank, and from here technicians could control the levels in several large reservoirs. rivera painted the entire cement tank, including the floor in elaborate, colorful scenes. water damaged the murals the flow of water, however, not only covered much of the murals, it was also destroying them so the water is no longer there. it ' s been diverted. to replace the sound of the missing stream, there ' s now a new and unexpected element — a pipe organ. it rumbles and changes tone based on the flow of water through the adjacent municipal pipes. lilia haua notes that rivera viewed water as a social issue, and an element


, there ' s now a new and unexpected element — a pipe organ. it rumbles and changes tone based on the flow of water through the adjacent municipal pipes. lilia haua notes that rivera viewed water as a social issue, and an element essential to life. pointing to the mural, she says, " on this side we can see a beautiful wall, a beautiful painting, and he ' s talking about the origin of life and the importance of the fertility. but everything is related with the importance of the water. " more than a half a century after his death, diego rivera still has a strong presence throughout mexico city. his best - known works include murals at the national palace and the palace of fine arts. these include a recreation of his controversial " man at the crossroads " at rockefeller center, which nelson rockefeller ordered destroyed in 1934 after rivera slipped in a portrait of the soviet leader vladimir lenin. then there ' s a huge mural made of tiny bits of tile that stretches across the front of the insurgentes theater. another one of his sculptures covers the entire front of the soccer stadium at the national autonomous university. the blue house of his wife frida kahlo is more famous and attracts far more visitors, but rivera left behind two houses in the south of mexico city. one is a stark modernist structure that was way ahead of its time in the 1920s. the other is a giant pyramid made of black volcanic rock. one critic referred to its style as soviet / aztec. rivera ' s iconic murals still grace the walls not only of museums but of schools, hospitals, and government buildings. his chubby face has even turned up on the new 500 peso mexican bank note. and now, with his project at the municipal pumping station restored, his work once again gazes over the water before it flows out into the mexican capital.


according to some writers the origin of beatification and canonization in the catholic church is to be traced back to the ancient pagan apotheosis. in his classic work on the subject ( de servorum dei beatificatione et beatorum canonizatione ) benedict xiv examines and at the very outset refutes this view. he shows so well the substantial differences between them that no right - thinking person need henceforth confound the two institutions or derive one from the other. it is a matter of history who were elevated to the honour of apotheosis, on what grounds, and by whose authority ; no less clear is the meaning that was attached to it. often the decree was due to the statement of a single person ( possibly bribed or enticed by promises, and with a view to fix the fraud more securely in the minds of an already superstitious people ) that while the body of the new god was being burned, an eagle, in the case of the emperors, or a peacock ( juno ' s sacred bird ), in the case of their consorts, was seen to carry heavenward the spirit of the departed ( livy, hist. rome, i, xvi ; herodian, hist. rome, iv, ii, iii ). apotheosis was awarded to most members of the imperial family, of which family it was the exclusive privilege. no regard was had to virtues or remarkable achievements. recourse was frequently had to this form of deification to escape popular hatred by distracting attention from the cruelty of imperial rulers. it is said that romulus was deified by the senators who slew him ; poppaea owed her apotheosis to her imperial paramour, nero, after he had kicked her to death ; geta had the honour from his brother caracalla, who had got rid of him through jealousy. canonization in the catholic church is quite another thing. the catholic church canonizes or beatifies only those whose lives have been marked by the exercise of heroic virtue, and only after this has been proved by common repute for sanctity and by conclusive arguments. the chief difference, however, lies in the meaning of the term canonization, the church seeing in the saints nothing more than friends and servants of god whose holy lives have made them worthy of his special love. she does not pretend to make gods ( cf. eusebius emisenus, serm. de s. rom. m. ; augustine, city of god


friends and servants of god whose holy lives have made them worthy of his special love. she does not pretend to make gods ( cf. eusebius emisenus, serm. de s. rom. m. ; augustine, city of god xxii. 10 ; cyrill. alexandr., contra jul., lib. vi ; cyprian, de exhortat. martyr. ; conc. nic., ii, act. 3 ). the true origin of canonization and beatification must be sought in the catholic doctrine of the worship ( cultus ), invocation, and intercession of the saints. as was taught by st. augustine ( quaest. in heptateuch., lib. ii, n. 94 ; reply to faustus xx. 21 ), catholics, while giving to god alone adoration strictly so - called, honour the saints because of the divine supernatural gifts which have earned them eternal life, and through which they reign with god in the heavenly fatherland as his chosen friends and faithful servants. in other words, catholics honour god in his saints as the loving distributor of supernatural gifts. the worship of latria ( latreia ), or strict adoration, is given to god alone ; the worship of dulia ( douleia ), or honour and humble reverence, is paid the saints ; the worship of hyperdulia ( hyperdouleia ), a higher form of dulia, belongs, on account of her greater excellence, to the blessed virgin mary. the church ( augustine, reply to faustus xx. 21 ; cf. city of god xxii. 10 ) erects her altars to god alone, though in honour and memory of the saints and martyrs. there is scriptural warrant for such worship in the passages where we are bidden to venerate angels ( exodus 23 : 20 sqq. ; joshua 5 : 13 sqq. ; daniel 8 : 15 sqq. ; 10 : 4 sqq. ; luke 2 : 9 sqq. ; acts 12 : 7 sqq. ; revelation 5 : 11 sqq. ; 7 : 1 sqq. ; matthew 18 : 10 ; etc. ), whom holy men are not unlike, as sharers of the friendship of god. and if st. paul beseeches the brethren ( romans 15 : 30 ; 2 corinthians 1 : 11 ; colossians 4 : 3 ; ephesians 6 : 18 - 19 ) to


sharers of the friendship of god. and if st. paul beseeches the brethren ( romans 15 : 30 ; 2 corinthians 1 : 11 ; colossians 4 : 3 ; ephesians 6 : 18 - 19 ) to help him by their prayers for him to god, we must with even greater reason maintain that we can be helped by the prayers of the saints, and ask their intercession with humility. if we may beseech those who still live on earth, why not those who live in heaven? it is objected that the invocation of saints is opposed to the unique mediatorship of christ jesus. there is indeed " one mediator of god and man, the man christ jesus ". but he is our mediator in his quality of our common redeemer ; he is not our sole intercessor nor advocate, nor our sole mediator by way of supplication. in the eleventh session of the council of chalcedon ( 451 ) we find the fathers exclaiming, " flavianus lives after death! may the martyr pray for us! " if we accept this doctrine of the worship of the saints, of which there are innumerable evidences in the writings of the fathers and the liturgies of the eastern and western churches, we shall not wonder at the loving care with which the church committed to writing the sufferings of the early martyrs, sent these accounts from one gathering of the faithful to another, and promoted the veneration of the martyrs. let one instance suffice. in the circular epistle of the church of smyrna ( eusebius, church history iv. 23 ) we find mention of the religious celebration of the day on which st. polycarp suffered martyrdom ( 23 february, 155 ) ; and the words of the passage exactly express the main purpose which the church has in the celebration of such anniversaries : we have at last gathered his bones, which are dearer to us than priceless gems and purer than gold, and laid them to rest where it was befitting they should lie. and if it be possible for us to assemble again, may god grant us to celebrate the birthday of his martyrdom with gladness, thus to recall the memory of those who fought in the glorious combat, and to teach and strengthen by his example, those who shall come after us. this anniversary celebration and veneration of the martyrs was a service of thanksgiving and congratulation, a token and an


memory of those who fought in the glorious combat, and to teach and strengthen by his example, those who shall come after us. this anniversary celebration and veneration of the martyrs was a service of thanksgiving and congratulation, a token and an evidence of the joy of those who engaged in it ( muratori, de paradiso, x ), and its general diffusion explains why tertullian, though asserting with the chiliasts that the departed just would obtain eternal glory only after the general resurrection of the body, admitted an exception for the martyrs ( de resurrectione carnis, xliii ). it must be obvious, however, that while private moral certainty of their sanctity and possession of heavenly glory may suffice for private veneration of the saints, it cannot suffice for public and common acts of that kind. no member of a social body may, independently of its authority, perform an act proper to that body. it follows naturally that for the public veneration of the saints the ecclesiastical authority of the pastors and rulers of the church was constantly required. the church had at heart, indeed, the honour of the martyrs, but she did not therefore grant liturgical honours indiscriminately to all those who had died for the faith. st. optatus of mileve, writing at the end of the fourth century, tells us ( de schism, donat., i, xvi, in p. l., xi, 916 - 917 ) of a certain noble lady, lucilla, who was reprehended by caecilianus, archdeacon of carthage, for having kissed before holy communion the bones of one who was either not a martyr or whose right to the title was unproved. the decision as to the martyr having died for his faith in christ, and the consequent permission of worship, lay originally with the bishop of the place in which he had borne his testimony. the bishop inquired into the motive of his death and, finding he had died a martyr, sent his name with an account of his martyrdom to other churches, especially neighboring ones, so that, in event of approval by their respective bishops, the cultus of the martyr might extend to their churches also, and that the faithful, as we read of st. ignatius in the " acts " of his martyrdom ( ruinart, acta sincera martyrum, 19 ) " might hold communion with the generous martyr of christ ( generoso christi martyri com


the faithful, as we read of st. ignatius in the " acts " of his martyrdom ( ruinart, acta sincera martyrum, 19 ) " might hold communion with the generous martyr of christ ( generoso christi martyri communicarent ). martyrs whose cause, so to speak, had been discussed, and the fame of whose martyrdom had been confirmed, were known as proved ( vindicati ) martyrs. as far as the word is concerned it may probably not antedate the fourth century, when it was introduced in the church at carthage ; but the fact is certainly older. in the earlier ages, therefore, this worship of the saints was entirely local and passed from one church to another with the permission of their bishops. this is clear from the fact that in none of the ancient christian cemeteries are there found paintings of martyrs other than those who had suffered in that neighborhood. it explains, also, almost the universal veneration very quickly paid to some martyrs, e. g., st. lawrence, st. cyprian of carthage, pope st. sixtus of rome [ duchesne, origines du culte chretien ( paris, 1903 ), 284 ]. the worship of confessors of those, that is, who died peacefully after a life of heroic virtue is not as ancient as that of the martyrs. the word itself takes on a different meaning after the early christian periods. in the beginning it was given to those who confessed christ when examined in the presence of enemies of the faith ( baronius, in his notes to ro. mart., 1 january, d ), or, as benedict xiv explains ( op. cit., ii, c. ii, n. 6 ), to those who died peacefully after having confessed the faith before tyrants or other enemies of the christian religion, and undergone tortures or suffered other punishments of whatever nature. later on, confessors were those who had lived a holy life and closed it by a holy death in christian peace. it is in this sense that we now treat of the worship paid to confessors. it was in the fourth century, as is commonly held, that confessors were first given public ecclesiastical honour, though occasionally praised in ardent terms by earlier fathers, and although an abundant rewards ( multiplex corona ) is declared by st. cyprian to be theirs ( de zelo et livore, col. 509 ; cf. innoc. iii, de myst. miss., iii, x


although an abundant rewards ( multiplex corona ) is declared by st. cyprian to be theirs ( de zelo et livore, col. 509 ; cf. innoc. iii, de myst. miss., iii, x ; benedict xiv, op. cit., i, v, no 3 sqq ; bellarmine, de missa, ii, xx, no 5 ). still bellarmine thinks it uncertain when confessors began to be objects of cultus, and asserts that it was not before 800, when the feasts of sts. martin and remigius are found in the catalogue of feasts drawn up by the council of mainz. this opinion of innocent iii and benedict xiv is confirmed by the implicit approval of st. gregory the great ( dial., i, xiv, and iii, xv ) and by well attested facts ; in the east, for example, hilarion ( sozomen, iii, xiv, and viii, xix ), ephrem ( greg. nyss., orat. in laud. s. ephrem ), and other confessors were publicly honoured in the fourth century ; and, in the west, st. martin of tours, as is gathered plainly from the oldest breviaries and the mozarabic missal ( bona, rer. lit., ii, xii, no. 3 ), and st. hilary of poitiers, as can be shown from the very ancient mass - book known as " missale francorum ", were objects of a like cultus in the same century ( martigny, dictionnaire des antiquites chretiennes, s. v. confesseurs ). the reason of this veneration lies, doubtless, in the resemblance of the confessors ' self - denying and heroically virtuous lives to the sufferings of the martyrs ; such lives could truly be called prolonged martyrdoms. naturally, therefore, such honour was first paid to ascetics ( duchesne, op. cit., 284 ) and only afterwards to those who resembled in their lives the very penitential and extraordinary existence of the ascetics. so true is this that the confessors themselves are frequently called martyrs. st. gregory nazianzen calls st. basil a martyr ( orat. de laud., p. l., xxxvi, 602 ) ; st. chrysostom applies the same


carelessness of some bishops in inquiring into the lives of those whom they permitted to be honoured as saints. towards the close of the eleventh century the popes found it necessary to restrict episcopal authority on this point, and decreed that the virtues and miracles of persons proposed for public veneration should be examined in councils, more particularly in general councils. urban ii, calixtus ii, and eugenius iii followed this line of action. it happened, even after these decrees, that " some, following the ways of the pagans and deceived by the fraud of the evil one, venerated as a saint a man who had been killed while intoxicated ". alexander iii ( 1159 - 81 ) took occasion to prohibit his veneration in these words : " for the future you will not presume to pay him reverence, as, even though miracles were worked through him, it would not allow you to revere him as a saint unless with the authority of the roman church " ( c. i, tit. cit., x. iii, xlv ). theologians do not agree as to the full import of this decretal. either a new law was made ( bellarmine, de eccles. triumph., i, viii ), in which case the pope then for the first time reserved the right of beatification, or a pre - existing law was confirmed. as the decretal did not put an end to all controversy, and some bishops did not obey it in as far as it regarded beatification ( which right they had certainly possessed hitherto ), urban vii published, in 1634, a bull which put an end to all discussion by reserving to the holy see exclusively not only its immemorial right of canonization, but also that of beatification. before dealing with the actual procedure in causes of beatification and canonization, it is proper to define these terms precisely and briefly in view of the preceding considerations. canonization, generally speaking, is a decree regarding the public ecclesiastical veneration of an individual. such veneration, however, may be permissive or preceptive, may be universal or local. if the decree contains a precept, and is universal in the sense that it binds the whole church, it is a decree of canonization ; if it only permits such worship, or if it binds under precept, but not with regard to the whole church, it is a decree of beatification. in the ancient discipline


binds the whole church, it is a decree of canonization ; if it only permits such worship, or if it binds under precept, but not with regard to the whole church, it is a decree of beatification. in the ancient discipline of the church, probably even as late as alexander iii, bishops could in their several dioceses allow public veneration to be paid to saints, and such episcopal decrees were not merely permissive, but, in my opinion, preceptive. such decrees, however, could not prescribe universal honour ; the effect of an episcopal act of this kind, was equivalent to our modern beatification. in such cases there was, properly speaking, no canonization, unless with the consent of the pope extending the cultus in question, implicitly or explicitly, and imposing it by way of precept upon the church at large. in the more recent discipline beatification is a permission to venerate, granted by the roman pontiffs with restriction to certain places and to certain liturgical exercises. thus it is unlawful to pay to the person known as blessed ( i. e. the beatus, beatified ), public reverence outside of the place for which the permission is granted, or to recite an office in his honour, or to celebrate mass with prayers referring to him, unless special indult be had ; similarly, other methods of honour have been interdicted. canonization is a precept of the roman pontiff commanding public veneration to be paid an individual by the universal church. to sum up, beatification, in the present discipline, differs from canonization in this : that the former implies ( 1 ) a locally restricted, not a universal, permission to venerate, which is ( 2 ) a mere permission, and no precept ; while canonization implies a universal precept. in exceptional cases one or other element of this distinction may be lacking ; thus, alexander iii not only allowed but ordered the public cultus of bl. william of malavalle in the diocese of grosseto, and his action was confirmed by innocent iii ; leo x acted similarly with regard to bl. hosanna for the city and district of mantua ; clement ix with regard to bl. rose of lima, when he selected her as principal patron of lima and of peru ; and clement x, by making her patron of all america, the philippines, and the indies. clement x also chose bl. stanislaus kostka as patron of poland


lima, when he selected her as principal patron of lima and of peru ; and clement x, by making her patron of all america, the philippines, and the indies. clement x also chose bl. stanislaus kostka as patron of poland, lithuania, and the allied provinces. again, in respect to universality, sixtus iv permitted the cultus of bl. john boni for the universal church. in all these instances there was only beatification. the cultus of bl. rose of lima, it is true, was general and obligatory for america, but, lacking complete preceptive universality, was not strictly speaking canonization ( benedict xiv, op. sit., i, xxxix ). canonization, therefore, creates a cultus which is universal and obligatory. but in imposing this obligation the pope may, and does, use one of two methods, each constituting a new species of canonization, i. e. formal canonization and equivalent canonization. formal canonization occurs when the cultus is prescribed as an explicit and definitive decision, after due judicial process and the ceremonies usual in such cases. equivalent canonization occurs when the pope, omitting the judicial process and the ceremonies, orders some servant of god to be venerated in the universal church ; this happens when such a saint has been from a remote period the object of veneration, when his heroic virtues ( or martyrdom ) and miracles are related by reliable historians, and the fame of his miraculous intercession is uninterrupted. many examples of such canonization are to be found in benedict xiv ; e. g. saints romuald, norbert, bruno, peter nolasco, raymond nonnatus, john of matha, felix of valois, queen margaret of scotland, king stephen of hungary, wenceslaus duke of bohemia, and gregory vii. such instances afford a good proof of the caution with which the roman church proceeds in these equivalent canonizations. st. romuald was not canonized until 439 years after his death, and the honour came to him sooner than to any of the others mentioned. we may add that this equivalent canonization consists usually in the ordering of an office and mass by the pope in honour of the saint, and that mere enrollment in the roman martyrology does not by any means imply this honour ( benedict xiv, l, c., xliii, no 14 ). is the pope infallible in issuing a decree of canonization