of them, the fundamental object is a closed string, whilst in the third, the string is open. by mixing the best aspects of bosonic string theory and superstring theory, we can create two other consistent theories of strings, heterotic string theories supersymmetry is a theory which postulates that for every elementary particle, there is a more massive " superpartner " whose spin is different by 1 / 2. the theory comes about to solve mathematical difficulties related to quantum field theory and the reconciling of general relativity and quantum field theory. these inconsistencies arise because the higgs boson, a gauge boson whose interaction with other particles gives them mass, appears to gain large amounts of mass through interactions with itself. solving these inconsistencies would give physicists a way to marry quantum mechanics and gravity at the smallest scales. these superpartners are a possible candidate for dark matter. no superpartners have yet to be detected and no evidence exists as of yet to support supersymmetry. this is because in order to observe particles of this mass we need to use incredible amounts of energy, which so far we have been unable to generate. it is hoped that the large hadron collider at cern might detect evidence of supersymmetric particles. this is the set of points in space where decoupling occurred, approximately 380, 000 years after the big bang, at the right distance so that we are now seeing these photons reach us as part of the cosmic microwave background relic radiation. this occurs when a system in some state of symmetry moves into a different configuration, resulting in the loss of that symmetry. consider a ball on a hill. the ball is symmetrical. the hills is also symmetrical. if the ball is on top of the hill, the ball and hill in system are symmetrical. if the ball rolls down the hill, the ball and hill are individually still symmetrical, but the system of the ball and the hill is now asymmetrical. this is symmetry breaking. in a cosmological context, this happened as the universe cooled down after the big bang. as this occurred, elementary particles changed state in what is known as a phase transition. as this occurred, symmetry that previously was exhibited by these particles was broken. these symmetries are associated with different fundamental forces. this is why some particles are acted upon by these forces, and others not. these symmetries are restored at higher temperatures, however. these are a type of topological defect that


was broken. these symmetries are associated with different fundamental forces. this is why some particles are acted upon by these forces, and others not. these symmetries are restored at higher temperatures, however. these are a type of topological defect that is hypothesised to form when large symmetries are broken. they are unstable and prone to collapse. unlike certain other topological defects, such as magnetic monopoles, these are delocalized and occur over large areas. no evidence has been found of them as yet. this is a gravitational anomaly located in the centaurus supercluster. it is a localized concentration of mass of unknown origin that is equivalent to tens of thousands of galaxies. it mass is so large, that ( as the name suggests ) its gravitational attraction is altering the motion of galaxies and galaxy clusters in a region over hundreds of millions of light years across. in the aftermath of the big bang, the universe was extremely hot and extremely dense. at these energies, the laws of nature that we know were changed. the fundamental forces that we see in nature were unified - it is only as the universe expanded and cooled that gravitation, electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces all ceased to be as one. electroweak theory describes the unification of the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism. a theory of everything will marry up all the fundamental forces. the issue with this is that whilst quantum chronodynamics and the electroweak theory describe the strong and weak nuclear forces and electromagnetism on a well understood quantum basis, there is no consistent theory for describing gravity on such a basis. m - theory, and the associated string theories behind it are being explored as possible candidates. these are configurations of matter that form during matter phase transitions and symmetry breakings, such as occurred during the very early universe. they are configurations of matter in the old, symmetrical phase that remain stable in the new phase where the symmetry that was previously held is now broken. examples of these defects include monopoles, cosmic strings, domain walls and textures. within quantum field theory, particles may move from higher to lower energy states, such as occurred in the very early universe as the universe was expanding and thus cooling. these lower energy states, or vacuum states, may be different whilst possessing the same amount of energy. this means these states are degenerate. the particle, therefore, has a chance of falling into any of these degenerate vacuum states, unless there is something outside the system described here which


| chief charles furlong | aklavik indian band / ehdiitat gwich ' in council po box 118 ph : ( 867 ) 978 - 2340 fax : ( 867 ) 978 - 2937 aklavik – " place of the barren - land grizzly " – was established in 1918 on the west shore of the peel river, not far from where the mackenzie river flows into the beaufort sea near the foot of the richardson mountains. the region is composed of three major physiographic regions : the mackenzie delta, the caribou hills and the anderson plains. aklavik is located at 68 ' 13 ' n latitude and 135 ' 00 ' w longitude. aklavik itself is located on a flat, muskeg - covered silt, hemmed in by the river and swamps and ponds, at the edge of the treelike. it is the most westerly community in the nwt and boasts a population of approximately 780 people. located in inuvialuktun, aklavik is 58 km by air west across the delta from inuvik and accessible by air and water – from dec. 15 to april 15 the frozen river supports a road while water crossings are possible for a portion of the remaining year. 90 % of travel to the remote region is therefore via air. the beaufort - delta self - government office was established in inuvik in october 1996 to negotiate a self governance agreement with the governments of canada and the northwest territories on behalf of the gwich ’ in and other aboriginal groups. this process continues today. aklavik was the site where the inuvialuit and the gwich ’ in ( dene ) traditionally met and sometimes clashed in their search for food and furs they utilized for sustenance and later, for trade. the community rapidly became the principal location for trapping, trading and transportation in the muskrat - rich mackenzie delta. hudson bay established a trading post at aklavik in 1912. a permanent settlement was located on the aklavik site shortly thereafter. a roman catholic mission was built, in 1926. although most inhabitants of aklavik continue to follow the traditional way of life – hunting, fishing and trapping, local retail businesses, transportation, arts and crafts, tourism and mineral and gas exploration have become a significant secondary economy to the community. facilities available include a community hall, school, curling rink, playground, a swimming pool, an outdoor rink, playfield, museum, community health centre, fire hall, and churches.


judy d. j. ellich daily american reporter the giant turn - of - the - century water meter displayed at the quemahoning reservoir ’ s family recreational area is “ symbolic of the immense impact that the dam has had in the region, ” said james greco, cambria somerset authority chairman. the 40 - foot - long pipe - like device measured the flow of billions of gallons of water to the johnstown steel mills for nearly 100 years without a single failure, he said at a dedication ceremony friday for the venturi meter historic display and museum. to produce one ton of steel, it took 271 tons of water. the museum houses photographs, documents and multimedia displays detailing the construction and history of the dam. greco called the displays the first generation. members of the cambria somerset authority, the owners of the que, hope that visitors will add to the display with more pictures and artifacts. on friday more than two dozen county officials and business representatives strolled down the hill from the pavilion where the dedication ceremony had been held. numerous families were setting up campsites nearby. adults and children laughed and called to each other as they frolicked in the roped - off water area or soaked up the sun on the small beach. “ on memorial day we counted 85 kids at one time in the water at the beach, ” greco said. last summer there were 15, 000 visitor days, and this year it looks like that number may be surpassed, he said. greco called projects like the meter and museum a “ critical draw ” for visitors to the historic and recreational area. greco and somerset county commissioner jim marker spoke at the dedication, along with john m. mcgrath, associate professor at the university of pittsburgh at johnstown, who produced the meter and museum multimedia display. in the early 1900s the venturi meter was used to measure the water flowing to johnstown ’ s mills. at that time it was the largest meter built on the east coast. it was designed to operate with no moving parts, he said. at its greatest diameter, the meter is as tall as the average american woman, or 64 inches. “ there are so many layers of history, ” mcgrath said of the reservoir. the six layers begin with the native americans, who named the area, which translated means “ the lick in the pines, ” he said. other layers include early settlers, steel mills and the building of a water resource for industrial and recreational growth and for increasing the quality of life for local residents with quality drinking water, he said. “ the last layer is probably the


this week ' s sudden temperature dips served as a reminder that the summer garden party will be coming to an end soon enough. as we move into a fall, an upcoming forecast will have vegetable gardeners scrambling to pick their last tomatoes and peppers and hunker down for fall. except that hunkering isn ' t really necessary. some planting can mean fresh greens into december even if you don ' t have a greenhouse or cold frames. " a fall garden is really bountiful, " says niki hayden, who founded the boulder culinary gardeners. she describes herself as a " low - tech gardener, " meaning that she relies on the occasional use of row cover weighted down with rocks to protect on bitter cold nights. otherwise, though, she takes advantage of the natural hardiness of greens such as spinach, lettuce and arugula to carry her through the cooling temperatures. " we tend to have more rain at this time of year than in mid - summer when it ' s so dry, " she says. " greens grow beautifully. we have fewer pests. it ' s much easier to have a beautiful greens garden. " roland evans, who lives up fourmile canyon and saw two of his three greenhouses severely damaged in the fire, says he already has the remaining greenhouse planted. at 7, 400 feet, where he lives, such protection is necessary with temperatures that dip below freezing occurring earlier in the season than in lower elevations. however, he says the principle for figuring out what to plant in the fall is the same at all altitudes. " pretend it ' s spring. that ' s the secret, " he says. " you start planting all your early spring vegetables. " there are a few caveats. long - maturing spring - planted vegetables such as cauliflower won ' t have enough time to mature before the coldest weather strikes, but evans says you can plant sprouting broccoli. many greens thrive in cool weather ; spinach, for example, along with lettuces, needs cooler temperatures to germinate. ( evans " tricks " his spinach seeds by placing them in the freezer before planting. ) brassicas such as collard greens or kale even taste better after a frost, the dip in temperatures causes the plant to produce sugar as a natural defense, making the greens taste sweeter. evans says he has planted japanese greens, some of which are hardy to 0 degrees. in general, he advises, more bitter greens tend to be hardier


temperatures causes the plant to produce sugar as a natural defense, making the greens taste sweeter. evans says he has planted japanese greens, some of which are hardy to 0 degrees. in general, he advises, more bitter greens tend to be hardier. he uses cold frames with layers of protection. while some seeds may go dormant, they will come back in early february, he says. " you get a very early crop. " many gardeners plant spinach in this way with the intent of letting it " winter over, " so that tender leaves grace their salad bowls in late february and early march. the trick at lower elevations can be keeping temperatures cool enough to get seeds to germinate and keeping tender plants cool on the odd 80 plus - degree day that might punctuate cooler weather. for this, hayden uses row covers on the seed beds and young plants and keeps them moist. she plants her seeds in rows, which is the best way to plant in a large garden, so that you won ' t step in planting areas and compress soil. for gardeners with raised beds or a long single row, sprinkling the tiny greens seeds can be a great and simple way to plant. mix the seeds with some dry compost or soil, using lots of seeds, and sprinkle over a thoroughly watered garden bed. cover with row cover and keep moist. as greens come up, thin plants, using the baby leaves in salads. after thinning, let larger plants mature, cutting off larger leaves as needed. hayden, who has grown as many as 23 types of lettuces in a season, says the sturdier types such as batavians and romaines are good for winter planting, although mesclun mixes also work well. she also generally plants about five varieties of spinach, and arugula, one of her favorite greens. kale, collards, turnip and mustard greens also do well. when a bitter freeze and / or snow threaten, hayden covers the plants with two layers of row cover and a plastic sheet weighted down with rocks. " when it warms up the next week, you have saved the plants for another two to three weeks. " the last week of december is a killer, " she says. " that ' s my demarcation. " evans, with his greenhouse and cold frames can take plants through the winter. in addition to greens, he also plants some root vegetables such as carrots, beets and celeriac and covers them with mulch.


this has proven to be a bad week for nasa rovers patrolling mars. nasa has several rovers on the surface of mars performing various missions including looking for water and existence of ice on the red planet. yesterday, nasa announced that it had lost communications with the phoenix lander and had no expectations of the lander surviving the inhospitable martian winter. despite the fact that the rover has been declared dead by nasa, the phoenix mission was a success and lasted longer than originally planned by nasa. today, nasa has announced that the spirit rover is also in jeopardy of failing. lack of sunlight hitting the solar panels of spirit is causing serious concern at nasa. according to scientists on the mission, spirit only produced 89 watt - hours of energy last weekend, which is half the amount of power the rover needs for full performance. the reason for the drop in power production is a massive dust storm that deposited martian dust on the solar panels and prevented sunlight form reaching them. spirit ' s mission began in 2003 when it was sent to the red planet to search for clues on past water on the surface of the planet. to help conserve power and prevent spirit from running its batteries dry, nasa instructed the rover to turn off several heaters designed to keep scientific instruments warm. the rover was also ordered to stop communicating with earth until thursday. nasa says that if it doesn ' t hear form spirit on thursday it will be extremely concerned. scientists hope spirit will make it, the dust storms over it position have abated. it ' s not known if the storm caused damage to any of the rover ' s instruments at this time or if the rover will be able to move again due to the dust on the panels.


in the early ' 50s women prisoners still resided at raiford. in 1956 the state completed a prison for women at lowell. big pine key, copeland and loxahatchee road prisons and the gainesville work camp were among the other institutions established at that time. until 1957, responsibility for corrections in florida had been divided among three state agencies : agriculture, state institutions and the state road department. the laws related to administrating the penal system had last been codified in 1899, and over half the original sections remained unchanged. therefore, lawmakers adopted a new correctional code, which provided for the division of corrections, under the control of state institutions. avon park correctional institution opened and c. o. culver was appointed the first director of the division of corrections. by this time, lawmakers believed that prisons could provide useful opportunities for preparing people to return to society as law - abiding citizens. the system emphasized rehabilitation and self - improvement. inmates were expected to make good use of their time, accept that they made mistakes in their lives, and take academic and vocational courses to raise their earning potential after release. in the late fifties, the use of sweatboxes ended. florida state prison work camp was established. the state also saw the addition of a male unit at florida ci, apalachee ci west unit, marion ci and caryville work camp. what is now known as florida state prison was constructed with a new execution chamber in 1961. it was designed as a maximum - security prison to house adult male inmates at all custody levels and remains the same today. this facility became known as florida state prison and " the rock " was named union correctional institution. extra money creates extra problems in prison, so in the early sixties florida established prison canteens. the canteens helped to use up extra money in inmate pockets. they also provided visitors with refreshments. by the seventies canteen sales reached more than $ 1 million per year. canteens are still in use today. in 1963, a landmark u. s. supreme court decision put florida ' s prison system on the map. fifty - one - year - old drifter clarence gideon was arrested, charged, and convicted of breaking and entering a pool hall. gideon, without the assistance or benefit of counsel, was then sentenced to prison. he appealed to the u. s. supreme court, and in a far - reaching decision the court guaranteed those charged with a felony the right to an attorney, whether they could afford one or not. as a result of that ruling,


from asparagus to zebra crossings, this is an indispensable commentary on modern life and behaviour. more information... the day on which a young girl was formally presented to the sovereign was considered one of the most important in her life. application to present a girl to the sovereign could only be made by someone - usually her mother, but not necessarily a relative - who had herself been presented to the sovereign. the procedure was quite complex. at the end of each year an announcement was made by the lord chamberlain of their majesties ' intention to hold courts on specified dates in the following year. those who desired to make presentations sent in applications on 1 january, or as soon as possible thereafter, simply stating that ' lady debrett desires their majesties ' gracious permission to attend one of the courts and present her daughter. ' if the request was granted, a summons card was sent out about three weeks before the court stating ' the lord chamberlain is commanded by their majesties to summon the marchioness of richmond to the court on such and such a date. ' presentations were always held at 10 pm. summons from the sovereigns were considered to be royal commands, and therefore had to be obeyed unless extreme circumstances - such as illness or death - intervened. on presentation, the debutante and her mother were ushered into the royal presence, and announced. the debutante stepped forward and made a low curtsy to both the king and queen, who each bowed in acknowledgment. she was then expected to exit, walking backwards, from the royal presence.


as the usa deployed major forces to vietnam between 1965 and 1967, american politicians and military commanders were inspired by futuristic, space - age visions of how to fight the war. the problem, however, was that these visions often conflicted with each other and became rallying cries for opposing institutional lobbies. most modern armies are organized along similar lines, although there are local variations among nations and among the formal arrangements in peacetime and ad hoc groupings used for specific types of combat. the basic infantry fighting unit is the platoon, which consists of around 30 to 40 men. in the 1980s we witnessed a number of wars - for example the falklands conflict ( 1982 ), the israelis and pakistan, and the falklands themselves, where sovereignty is still a bone of contention between britain and argentina. individually these problems ( and there are many more worldwide ) pose very serious questions. the basic principle of tactics is to combine fire and maneuver so that the troops first ‘ win the firefight ’ that is, neutralize the enemy, and then go on to overrun the enemy ’ s position. traditionally the idea has been for the ` base of fire ’ to be provided by a static force that keeps the enemy ’ s head [... ] an army ’ s ability to fight and win is conditioned by its training. what this in fact says is that victory will go to the side that can make the most intelligent combination of what was classically know as the three arms ; infantry, artillery and cavalry ( which today includes armored and air mobile forces ). it is almost axiomatic that a defensive position should incorporate at least some mobile elements to reinforce threatened points ; to make counter penetrations ( that is, to block holes that may develop ) ; to make counter - attacks ( in other words, to carry out a direct strike on the attacking enemy ) or to implement counter strikes. the western front in world war i has scarred the popular mind as the epitome of fruitless, static, attritional warfare. lines of trenches or strong points in depth, protected by barbed wire and covered by powerful artillery, resist every assault, with the attacker suffering devastating casualties.


induced seismicity potential in energy technologies ( 2012 ) board on earth sciences and resources each report is produced by a committee of experts selected by the academy to address a particular statement of task and is subject to a rigorous, independent peer review ; while the reports represent views of the committee, they also are endorsed by the academy. learn more on our expert consensus reports. report in brief > > in the past several years, some energy technologies that inject or extract fluid from the earth, such as oil and gas development and geothermal energy development, have been found or suspected to cause seismic events, drawing heightened public attention. although only a very small fraction of injection and extraction activities among the hundreds of thousands of energy development sites in the united states have induced seismicity at levels noticeable to the public, understanding the potential for inducing felt seismic events and for limiting their occurrence and impacts is desirable for state and federal agencies, industry, and the public at large. to better understand, limit, and respond to induced seismic events, work is needed to build robust prediction models, to assess potential hazards, and to help relevant agencies coordinate to address them. - research has provided a better understanding of the factors that induce seismicity. although existing faults and fractures are generally stable, changes in subsurface pore pressure, for example due to the injection or extraction of fluid from earth ' s subsurface, may change the crustal stresses acting on a nearby fault and induce a seismic event. net fluid balance appears to have the most direct correlation to the magnitude of induced seismic events, thus, energy technology projects that maintain a balance between the amount of fluid injected and the amount withdrawn may induce fewer felt seismic events than technologies that do not maintain balance. - although the general mechanisms that create induced seismic events are well understood, scientists are currently unable to accurately predict the magnitude or occurrence of such events due to the lack of comprehensive data on the complex natural rock systems at particular energy development sites. predictions of induced seismicity at specific energy development sites will continue to rely on both theoretical modeling, and data and observations from measurements made in the field. - of all the energy - related injection and extraction activities conducted in the united states, only a very small fraction have induced seismicity at levels noticeable to the public ( that is, above magnitude 2. 0 ). different energy technologies typically use different injection rates and pressures, fluid volumes, and injection duration — factors that affect the likelihood and magnitude of an induced earthquake. - geothermal energy — the use of heat from the earth as an energy source —


0 ). different energy technologies typically use different injection rates and pressures, fluid volumes, and injection duration — factors that affect the likelihood and magnitude of an induced earthquake. - geothermal energy — the use of heat from the earth as an energy source — usually attempts to maintain a balance between fluid volumes extracted for energy production and those replaced by injection, which reduces the potential for induced seismicity. however, site - specific characteristics can make a difference. for example, the high - pressure hydraulic fracturing undertaken to produce geothermal energy from hot, dry rocks has caused seismic events that are large enough to be felt. - conventional oil and gas development extracts oil, gas, and water from pore spaces in rocks in subsurface reservoirs. incidences of felt induced seismicity from conventional oil and gas development appear to be very rare. - shale formations may contain oil, gas, and / or liquids. shales have very low permeability that prevent these fluids from easily flowing into a well bore, and so wells may be drilled horizontally and hydraulically fractured to allow hydrocarbons to flow up the well bore. hydraulic fracturing to date has been confirmed as the cause for small, felt seismic events at one location in the world. the process of hydraulic fracturing a well as presently implemented for shale gas recovery does not pose a high risk for inducing felt seismic events. - tens of thousands of waste water disposal wells have been drilled in the united states to dispose of the water generated by geothermal and oil and gas production operations, including shale gas production. water injection for disposal has been suspected or determined a likely cause for induced seismicity at approximately 8 sites in the past several decades. however, the long - term effects of increasing the number of waste water disposal wells on the potential for induced seismicity are unknown, and wells used only for waste water disposal usually do not undergo detailed geologic review prior to injection, in contrast to wells for enhanced oil recovery and secondary recovery. - capturing carbon dioxide and developing means to store it underground could, if technically successful and economical, help reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. however, carbon capture and storage differs from other energy technologies because it involves the continuous injection of very large volumes of carbon dioxide under high pressure, and is intended for long term storage with no fluid withdrawal. the large net volumes of carbon dioxide that would help reduce global carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere may have potential for inducing larger felt seismic events due to increases in pore pressure over time ; potential effects of large - scale carbon capture storage projects require further research


“ argentine cardinal jorge bergoglio ( left ) greeted crowds in rome ’ s st peter ’ s square today after his election as the catholic church ’ s new pope, francis, ” the bbc reports. “ the 76 - year - old from buenos aires is the first latin american and the first jesuit to be pontiff. ” the new pope should be “ a charismatic, missionary culture warrior, challenging the world ’ s democracies to rebuild their moral foundations, ” writes a leading observer. “ as an advocate for religious freedom in full and religious freedom for all, the new pope can help to strengthen civil society and its free institutions, which are both elementary schools of democracy and barriers against the encroachment of the leviathan state, ” says george weigel, author of evangelical catholicism and a board member of the national endowment for democracy : when conceived in strictly functional terms, democracy demeans itself, and the gears of democratic politics too often freeze, as we have seen in venues ranging from the u. s. congress to the greek parliament. democracy is more than the institutions of democracy ; it takes a certain kind of people, living certain virtues, to make democracy work. weigel appreciates that the church faces similar challenges to those facing an earlier generation and the need to “ forge a new catholic encounter ” with the realities of modern political and economic life, notes julianne dolan of the catholic university of america in washington, d. c. : weigel notes that vatican ii was built upon changes set in motion under the papacy of leo xiii ( 1878 - 1903 ). leo took over a church truly under siege — the italian risorgimento had overrun the papal states, making the pontiff a “ prisoner of the vatican. ” “ the rapidly expanding working class of an industrializing europe was leaving the church in large numbers, ” mr. weigel writes. “ european high culture was becoming increasingly secularized — indeed, hostile to biblical religion. ” leo didn ’ t respond in kind ; instead, mr. weigel suggests, he …. pushed the church toward advocating religious freedom rather than relying on the sponsorship of governments. he reshaped catholic social teaching with his 1891 encyclical rerum novarum, which defined the rights of workers and the poor in an industrialized world. the new pope should promote a morally rigorous conception of democracy, writes weigel ( right ). “ can democracy ‘ long endure ’ if democracies lack a critical mass of citizens who cherish the common good as well as individual freedom


tragedy remembered : artifacts tell stories of life aboard the titanic » 35 items « on april 15, 1912, the rms titanic struck an iceberg and sank on her maiden voyage, leaving just over 700 survivors out of the more than 2, 000 people on board. now, 100 years after the sinking of the titanic, museum artifacts and pictures of the wreck help offer glimpses of life in 1912, and life aboard the titanic. related stories : prayers and silence mark titanic centenary the enduring titanic : life lessons gained from the tragedy titanic : the unsinkable cultural phenomenon free lunch : legacy of titanic ' s only utahn will be passed down for generations » 35 items « what you may have missed most popular across site - photo gallery : tornado rips oklahoma suburb - fire chief says search almost complete in... - ' tattooed mormon ' al fox shares her... - search for susan cox powell is over, west... - wright words : oklahoma tornado provides... - byu football : fan - developed software gives... - s. l. draws up airport plans - bodyguards allegedly beat up 2 fans who took... - frances monson, wife of lds prophet,... 66 - mitt romney talks irs, ap records,... 65 - mia love announces she ' s officially... 42 - journalists criticize obama... 37 - gop delegates reject changes to... 31 - s. l. draws up airport plans 30 - associated press ceo calls records... 23 - xango co - founder accuses partners of... 23


2d games using silverlight - collision detection implementation this article shows how to implement collision detection in a microsoft silverlight game application. this is the second article in a series which will show how to create a complete working game ( a clone of the classic arkanoid game ). the first article in this series 2d games using silverlight - implementing the game loop introduced the possibility of writing 2d games using silverlight, an approach that has benefits when targeting all of the platforms : windows phone 7, windows phone 8 and windows 8 and internet browsers. the original article covered the creation of the game skeleton for a simple arkanoid clone called jailbreaker, and included the games loop and the game controllable loop. this article extends the game skeleton by adding collision detection. collision detection implementation strategy there are numerous strategies and algorithms for collision detection : broad detection phase, narrow detection phase, how to use dot production to estimate distance, etc. however it does not make sense to re - invent the wheel : for more complicated games there are open source physics engines, and for simple games like this there are often platform apis that can be used to help with collision detection. for this example we use the collision detection functionality built into the platform, along with a good understanding of the simple collision detection required for this game. considering the game environment : - there are few components with complex non - predictable movement - essentially just the club and ball. all other elements either stand still or fall in predictable manner - they do not collide. as a result we only need to consider a single object, the ball, for determining whether a collision has occurred. - we only need to consider collisions in three directions along the active object movement : forward, forward diagonal up, forward diagonal down. this limitation allows us to minimize number of tests required collision detection in the platform : - there is a helper class visualtreehelper in the platform that allows hit test on the component tree ( all visible components in silverlight application form a component tree hierarchy ) - there is a support for object animation based on storyboard that is suitable for steady moving objects - the game movement is based on screen refresh rate, which is not constant across devices. to make object speed the same on different devices / conditions we need to measure the refresh rate before calculation the object next position - during object movement, the object perception will be conducted on the next the object position because we are going to make the calculations in a hook to the screen refresh loop. new module in the project physicalbody the


rate before calculation the object next position - during object movement, the object perception will be conducted on the next the object position because we are going to make the calculations in a hook to the screen refresh loop. new module in the project physicalbody the new class physicalbody is attached to a ui element statically created in xaml. it handles the element : - position update - object collision assessment - checking the class container extends to keep the element position inside the container also it accepts gameover and hitscores ( ) method delegates from the class container the position update is a simple increment of the current position based on the current body speed. note that the body speed defines the body direction according to the coordinate system : positive value is from left to right by x axis, and from top to bottom in y axis and negative value is in the opposite direction. object collision assessment this is the crucial part of the article. the collision detection is implemented in one function and follows the strategy we have declared above in the preceding sections. let us examine the code : private void assesscollision ( ) / / get bounding box and offset the box in movement direction on one step canvas canvas = ( canvas ) body. parent ; / / ( 1 ) for converting screen - to - control coordinates var transform = canvas. transformtovisual ( application. current. rootvisual ) ; / / for converting screen - to - control coordinates var origin = transform. transform ( new point ( canvas. getleft ( body ) + velocityx, canvas. gettop ( body ) + velocityy ) ) ; var boundingbox = new rect ( origin, new size ( body. actualwidth, body. actualheight ) ) ; / / ( 2 ) check whether there are element exist on the body ' s way / / in three directions : forward, forward - diagonal - up and forward - diagonal - down / / ( 3 ) use visualtreehelper helper class to walk through elements hierarchy tree / / ( 4 ) filter out all objects except shapes if ( iscollided ( visualtreehelper. findelementsinhostcoordinates ( new point ( boundingbox. right, boundingbox. bottom ), ( canvas ) body. parent ) ) | | iscollided ( visualtreehelper. findelementsinhostcoordinates ( new point ( boundingbox. right, boundingbox. y ), ( canvas ) body. parent ) ) | | iscollided (


diseases of interest the following diseases have currently been defined by the department of homeland security and the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) for study at the national bio and agro - defense facility ( nbaf ) : - foot and mouth disease ( fmd ). viral disease of domestic and wild cloven - hoofed animals ; acute disease characterized by fever, lameness, and vesicular lesions on the feet, tongue, mouth and teats ; fmd is considered to be one of the most contagious, infectious diseases known ; cost estimates of an introduction of fmd in the u. s. are more than $ 37 billion. - classical swine fever ( csf ). wild and domestic swine are the only known natural reservoir ; widespread throughout the world and has the potential to cause devastating epidemics, particularly in countries free of the disease ; any outbreak of csf would have serious consequences for domestic and international trade of swine and swine products ; improved countermeasures are needed. - african swine fever ( asf ). infected animals have high mortality rates ; effective countermeasures are not available for infected animals ; no vaccines are available to prevent infection ; no treatment exists for asf and countermeasures need improvements. - rift valley fever ( rvf ). virus affects human beings and cloven - hoofed animals ( sheep, goats, cattle, camels, buffalo and deer ) ; suitable countermeasures to respond in the u. s. do not exist ; risk for establishment of endemic disease ; ranked as a major disease of concern with usda, dhs, and other stakeholders. - contagious bovine pleuropneumonia ( cbpp ). caused by an infective microorganism ( mycoplasma mycoides ) ; primarily affects cattle including european - bred cattle and zebu ; a related form can affect goats ; may survive for days in the environment ; no treatment available. - japanese encephalitis ( je ) virus. similar to st. louis encephalitis virus ; je virus is amplified in the blood of domestic pigs and wild birds ; the virus can infect humans, most domestic animals, birds, bats, snakes and frogs. - nipah virus. virus was discovered in 1999 ; causes disease in swine and in humans through contact with infectious animals ; mode of transmission between animals and from animals to humans is uncertain ( appears to require close contact with infected tissues or body


. - nipah virus. virus was discovered in 1999 ; causes disease in swine and in humans through contact with infectious animals ; mode of transmission between animals and from animals to humans is uncertain ( appears to require close contact with infected tissues or body fluids ) ; caused respiratory disease and encephalitis in people in malaysia and singapore ; no drug therapies have yet been proven to be effective in treating nipah infection ; no countermeasures exist. - hendra virus. formerly called equine morbillivirus ; first isolated in 1994 ; the natural reservoir for hendra virus is still under investigation ; human beings and equines seem to be predominately affected ; caused respiratory and neurological disease in horses and humans in australia. the nbaf research mission will be based on current pathogen and disease risk assessments, subject to change as threats and risk assessments change. the nbaf research mission will be based on current pathogen and disease risk assessments, subject to modification as threats and risk assessments change. researchers would focus on developing tests to detect the diseases and countermeasures to prevent the disease. in some cases, we would be studying the disease itself to determine : - what mechanism it uses to enter the animal, - what type of cell the disease affects, - what effects the disease causes on the cells, - how to develop countermeasures to help the animal develop protection against the disease, and - how quickly the animal can become protected from the disease. by knowing what type of cell the disease affects we are able to develop a test to more accurately and quickly determine if the animal is suffering from that specific disease. nbaf is owned by the department of homeland security with the department of agriculture ' s agriculture research service ( usda - ars ) and animal plant health inspection service, veterinary services ( usda - aphis - vs ) as our primary partners. these same agencies are currently working in the plum island facility. the department of health and human services and other agencies may also have space in the facility, in case of some event where the researchers would wish for a particular agency ’ s assistance or an event dictates a particular agency needs additional assistance. the departments of homeland security and agriculture work cooperatively to set priorities regarding diseases to be researched. they use a variety of risk assessments, gap analysis and intelligence gathering in order to establish the priorities. ars functions to perform the early research and transition prospective candidates for countermeasure development to homeland security. the department of homeland security further develops these candidates and transitions


in the 1980s and 1990s, congress began discussing medical savings accounts ( msas ) where any consumer could ( 1 ) pay for all medical expenses with tax - deductible dollars and ( 2 ) spend or save unlimited tax - advantaged amounts for current or future medical expenses. in 1996, congress created the archer medical savings accounts experiment, named after representative daniel archer who sponsored the msa amendment to hipaa, allowing a limited number of msas for a trial period. msa eligibility was severely restricted to up to 750, 000 self - employed taxpayers and, despite their enormous tax advantages, they were complex, and only 150, 000 msas were eventually opened before they were made obsolete by health savings accounts ( hsas ) in 2003. throughout 2003, with the existing msa legislation set to expire on december 31, the federal government debated new legislation to expand the msa experiment. the white house wanted universal health savings accounts, similar to iras, that could be opened by any u. s. taxpayer and pay for any medical expense including health insurance premiums. such an hsa could have become a universal employee, employer, and retiree health benefits vehicle. however, congress was greatly concerned about the budget implications of the white house request, particularly since the congress was also debating the medicare prescription drug, improvement, and modernization act ( mma ) which was expected to alone cost $ 400 billion over 10 years ( in 2005 the mma cost was later revised to $ 1. 2 trillion ). the end result was a watered - down version of health savings accounts ( hsas ), created via an amendment to the overhaul of medicare in the mma bill, and signed into law on december 8, 2003. importantly, the bill placed five restrictions on hsas, which combined to make hsas fall short of their potential. ( 1 ) only u. s. taxpayers already covered by highly restricted “ hsa - qualified ” health insurance plans could open health savings accounts. additionally, other supplemental insurance coverage by a spouse or employer could automatically disqualify taxpayers from making hsa contributions. this made most of the u. s. population ineligible for hsas until, and if, their employer modified their health benefit plan. ( 2 ) hsa funds generally could not be used to pay for health insurance premiums hsa funds could not be used to pay for health insurance premiums, except when the account owner was legally unemployed, on cobra, over age 65, or using hsa funds to pay for long - term care premiums. this kept


premiums hsa funds could not be used to pay for health insurance premiums, except when the account owner was legally unemployed, on cobra, over age 65, or using hsa funds to pay for long - term care premiums. this kept hsas as supplements to a health benefits plan rather than as substitutes for an employer - sponsored health benefits plan. ( 3 ) taxpayers received tax - deductions only for “ contributions ” to their hsa and then received no further tax incentive ( or disincentive ) to take distributions. economically, this made hsa funds the “ money of last resort ” for taxpayers to use for current medical expenses. money in a hsa continues to appreciate and accumulates interest and / or dividends tax - free, and can be taken out at any time, tax - free, to reimburse a medical expense — even one that may have been incurred decades earlier. ( 4 ) total annual contributions to an hsa, regardless of the source, were capped. ( in 2013 this cap is $ 3, 250 for an individual and $ 6, 450 for a family. ) additionally, if employers contribute to their employees ’ hsa accounts, they had to do so equally without regard to each employee ’ s actual medical expenses. this destroyed the primary economic reason for small to mid - size employers to switch to hsa - qualified health plans : cost savings. by raising the annual deductible on a fully - insured employer - sponsored group health policy ( e. g. from $ 500 to $ 3, 500 ), an employer typically lower their annual premium by 30 - 50 %. however, so that employees do not incur higher out - of - pocket costs, the employer would have to contribute $ 3, 000 ( $ 3, 500 less $ 500 ) each year to each employee ’ s hsa regardless of whether they had any medical expenses. ( 5 ) employers could not restrict ( or, due to hipaa, even know ) what employees did with their hsa funds once the employer contribution was made. this prevented employers from designing hsa - powered programs coordinated with the objectives ( e. g. wellness, savings ) of their primary group health plan coverage. hsas thus became a “ black box ” for employers once their contributions were completed. thus, hsas could not be the universal health savings vehicle to help people afford health insurance, help pay for medical expenses, or enable employers to create more effective health benefit plans. instead, congress converted hsas into a healthcare retirement tool


were completed. thus, hsas could not be the universal health savings vehicle to help people afford health insurance, help pay for medical expenses, or enable employers to create more effective health benefit plans. instead, congress converted hsas into a healthcare retirement tool, much like 401 ( k ) s or iras. hsas combine the benefits of both traditional and roth 401 ( k ) s and iras for medical expenses. taxpayers receive a 100 % income tax deduction on annual contributions, they may withdraw hsa funds tax - free to reimburse themselves for qualified medical expenses, and they may defer taking such reimbursements indefinitely without penalties. hsas are unique — “ iras on steroids ” — with triple tax advantages : a ) tax - deductible contributions, b ) tax - free accumulation of interest and dividends tax - free, ; and c ) tax - free distributions for qualified medical expenses. every u. s. taxpayer should have an hsa to save money for retirement healthcare expenses — even maximizing their hsa contributions before contributing to other retirement vehicles. hsas are not the optimal health benefit solution for employers, who : a ) want employees to have proper economic incentives today to stay healthy and reduce their current medical spending, b ) seek to reduce the ever - increasing cost of their group health benefits plan, or c ) are looking for an affordable replacement to a group health benefits plan altogether for either current or formerly ineligible employees. zane benefits, inc, a software company, helps insurance brokers, accountants, and employers take advantage of new defined contribution health benefits and private exchanges via its proprietary saas online health benefits software. zane benefits does not sell insurance. using zane ’ s platform, insurance professionals and accountants offer their clients a defined contribution health plan with multiple individual health insurance options via a private health exchange of their choice. learn more at http : / / www. zanebenefits. com.


link : added by : timeline of inventions. created by chuggington on oct 18, 2010 last updated : 10 / 19 / 10 at 07 : 52 am industrial revolution inventors has no followers yet. be the first one to model t ford, assembly line. important because this was an easier and faster way to travel and once again it is still a great invention. important because faster than a ship and cars couldnt cross the ocean. it also took alot less time getting to other places that were across the world or even just a few states away. important because it was used for very large ships. induction electric motor. important because it was used to help as a generator. phonograph, light bulb. important because without it we would constantly be stuck in the dark inside rooms or buildings and at night. candles gave very small portions of light. important because this was a newer, easier, and alot faster way to communicate with others from all over the world. this is also still a huge and great invention that is still being used. important because they need this in order to have telegraph communications. improves and markets howes sewing machine. important because obviously the other sewing machine needed some work to help it do more things and work faster. important because it was a faster process to make clothing for themselves. impotant because people eventually got tired of physically having to send letters, so they finally had a long distance transmission. regular steam boat service on the hudson river. important because i ' m sure people in that time needed way to get to places so he made it a regular thing. invented cotton gin, interchangable parts of musks. important because cotton has helped us make clothes and coats and other items we wear. this man invented the first reliable steam engine. important because the steam engine helps the modern day with some type of travel.


- uploaded : jul 1, 2012 - hits : 332 agent orange is the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the u. s. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, operation ranch hand, during the vietnam war from 1961 to 1971. vietnam estimates 400, 000 people were killed or maimed, and 500, 000 children born with birth defects. a 50 : 50 mixture of 2, 4, 5 - t and 2, 4 - d, it was manufactured for the u. s. department of defense primarily by monsanto corporation and dow chemical. the 2, 4, 5 - t used to produce agent orange was later discovered to be contaminated with 2, 3, 7, 8 - tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, an extremely toxic dioxin compound. it was given its name from the color of the orange - striped 55 us gallon ( 208 l ) barrels in which it was shipped, and was by far the most widely used of the so - called " rainbow herbicides ". during the vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the united states military sprayed nearly 20, 000, 000 us gallons ( 80, 000, 000 l ) of material containing chemical herbicides and defoliants mixed with jet fuel in vietnam, eastern laos and parts of cambodia, as part of operation ranch hand. the program ' s goal was to defoliate forested and rural land, depriving guerrillas of cover ; another goal was to induce forced draft urbanization, destroying the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, and forcing them to flee to the u. s. dominated cities, thus depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base and food supply. the us began to target food crops in october 1962, primarily using agent blue. in 1965, 42 percent of all herbicide spraying was dedicated to food crops. rural - to - urban migration rates dramatically increased in south vietnam, as peasants escaped the destruction and famine in the countryside by fleeing to the u. s. - dominated cities. the urban population in south vietnam nearly tripled : from 2. 8 million people in 1958, to 8 million by 1971. the rapid flow of people led to a fast - paced and uncontrolled urbanization ; an estimated 1. 5 million people were living in saigon slums. united states air force records show that at least 6, 542 spraying missions took place over the course of operation ranch hand. by 1971, 12 percent of the total area of south vietnam had been


. 5 million people were living in saigon slums. united states air force records show that at least 6, 542 spraying missions took place over the course of operation ranch hand. by 1971, 12 percent of the total area of south vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended usda application rate for domestic use. in south vietnam alone, an estimated 10 million hectares of agricultural land were ultimately destroyed. in some areas tcdd concentrations in soil and water were hundreds of times greater than the levels considered " safe " by the u. s. environmental protection agency. overall, more than 20 % of south vietnam ' s forests were sprayed at least once over a nine year period. fair use notice : the material on this channel is provided solely for educational and informational purposes. it may contain copyrighted material, the use of which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. infringement of copyright is not intended. the material is made available to help educate people about health related issues. it is believed that this constitutes a ' fair use ' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in title 17, section 107 of the us copyright law. the material is distributed without profit to those who would like to use such material for research and educational purposes. fair use notice the use of the media material found on this channel is protected by the fair use clause of the u. s. copyright act of 1976, which allows for the rebroadcast of copyrighted materials for the purposes of commentary, criticism, and education. this site may contain copyrighted material whose use has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. users may make such material available in an effort to advance awareness and understanding of issues relating to civil rights, economics, individual rights, international affairs, liberty, science & technology, etc. we believe this constitutes a ' fair use ' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the us copyright law. in accordance with title 17 u. s. c. section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.


evolution and the nature of science institutes : lesson plans from cutting edge this website provides access to lesson plans published by the evolution and the nature of science institutes ( ensi ). based on 32 key ideas of scientific thought, the ensi program emphasizes the importance of teaching the nature of modern science before introducing the elements of evolution as an example of modern scientific thinking. this website features lessons in three categories - the nature of science, the origins of life, and evolution. lesson plans are organized into eight sections including an overview of concepts and objectives, logistics such as time, materials, and teaching preparations, and ready - to - use handouts and worksheets for students. these lessons are intended for use in any high school biology course, and may also be used in middle school and / or lower division university courses depending on slight modifications and the experience and level of students. intended for grade levels : type of resource : adobe acrobat reader cost / copyright : copyright 1999 by the evolution & the nature of science institutes. this material may be copied only for noncommercial classroom teaching purposes, and only if this source is clearly cited. dlese catalog id : serc - nagt - 000 - 000 - 000 - 391 this resource is part of ' creating effective web - based learning resources in the geosciences ' resource contact / creator / publisher : contact : dr jean beard evolution & the nature of science institutes


you are here : applications and projects earth observation center applications and projects projects : civil security - environment projects : land surface applications and projects : atmosphere according to the current plans of space agencies and satellite operators, in the course of the next two decades over 100 satellite - based instruments will be providing a wealth of data about the earth ’ s atmosphere from ground level up to the border to outer space. the spectrum extends from detecting trace gases and aerosols to clouds, precipitation and radiation to global measurement of temperature and wind. in parallel, powerful data communication and analysis systems will be established in order to make these data available in a standardized format and ready to use worldwide in near - real - time. anwendungen und projekte : atmosphare endorse is involved in the user - driven creation of so - called ‘ downstream services ’ for the renewable energies sector of the european union ’ s global monitoring for environment and security ( gmes ) programme. based on the gmes services for land, atmosphere and security, specific applications will be developed together with users from the fields of solar energy, wind energy, distributed power networks, bioenergy and daylighting for buildings. the goal of the esa project aerosol _ cci, a climate change initiative, is to design consistent prototype algorithms for the production of long - term aerosol data sets from several european earth observation sensors. the project starts with an in depth analysis and comparison of the retrieval results for several existing algorithms. based on this analysis, elements of community algorithms and harmonized retrieval are then developed. topics of investigation are the different assumptions and approaches for modeling optical aerosol properties, how to deal with surface reflectance and its anisotropy, cloud masking, and the use of auxiliary data sets. within europe ’ s family of gmes ( global monitoring for environment and security ) projects, macc - ii ( monitoring atmospheric composition and climate, phase 2 ) deals with the atmosphere. dlr is in charge of the macc solar radiation service and the interface to macc - ii users. furthermore, dlr contributes satellite - based information on stratospheric ozone chemistry, tropospheric trace gases and aerosols. the sahara is a huge reservoir for the introduction of dust into the atmosphere, which can be carried as far as the americas in air currents. in the samum ( saharan mineral dust experiment ) project, the optical effects of mineral dust will be investigated in detail. a team of eight national institutes will take in - situ aerial as well


can be carried as far as the americas in air currents. in the samum ( saharan mineral dust experiment ) project, the optical effects of mineral dust will be investigated in detail. a team of eight national institutes will take in - situ aerial as well as remote sensing measurements and combine them with models to derive information on the spatial distribution and transport of these dust layers as well as their physical and chemical composition. - volcano monitoring ( promote and exupery ) volcanic eruptions not only endanger the local population, they can also have a negative effect on air traffic. because the eruption clouds of volcanoes threaten the functioning of airplane engines, operators of aircraft needs to be promptly informed about volcanic eruptions so that flight paths can be modified accordingly. virtual institute " environmental research station schneefernerhaus " ( ufs ) the environmental research station schneefernerhaus ( 2650 a. s. l. ) on the mountain zugspitze is an internationally linked center of competence for high altitude, climate and environmental research with focus on development, demonstration and operation of innovative technologies in the context of atmospheric and climate research, satellite validation, model verification, quality assurance for value added products ( e. g. in the framework of gmes ), analyses for the understanding of climate system processes, environmental and high altitude medicine, early detection of natural hazards, cosmic radiation and radioactivity. the ufs has the status of a global station within the global atmosphere watch programme ( gaw ) of the world meteorological organization ( wmo ). it is in addition part of the ndacc program and linked with the icsu / wmo world data center for remote sensing of the atmosphere ( wdc - rsat ), which is hosted by dfd. as part of the eu seventh framework program, the energeo project was established to devise a strategy for estimating the influence of the exploitation and use of energy resources on the environment and various ecosystems. this assessment will be based on models and remote sensing data. the strategy is to be demonstrated making use of pilot projects involving a variety of energy sources, including fossil fuels, biomass, solar energy and wind power. helmholtz alliance planetary evolution and life the helmholtz alliance is using an interdisciplinary approach to investigate the relationships between the formation of planets and the evolution of life. entire planets are included in the study, from their outer envelopes of magnetosphere and atmosphere to their core. beginning with earth, other planetary bodies in our solar system will also be studied, such as the earthlike


revised december 2012 this year ' s monitoring the future survey raises concerns about increases in drug use among the nation ' s teens, particularly the youngest. read the full description of percentage of u. s. 12th grade students reporting past month use of cigarettes and marijuana, 1975 to 2009. - daily marijuana use increased among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders from 2009 to 2010. among 12th graders it was at its highest point since the early 1980 ' s at 6. 1 %. this year, perceived risk of regular marijuana use also declined among 10th and 12th graders suggesting future trends in use may continue upward. - in addition, most measures of marijuana use increased among 8th graders between 2009 and 2010 ( past year, past month, and daily ), paralleling softening attitudes for the last 2 years about the risk of using marijuana. - marijuana use is now ahead of cigarette smoking on some measures ( due to decreases in smoking and recent increases in marijuana use ). in 2010, 21. 4 percent of high school seniors used marijuana in the past 30 days, while 19. 2 percent smoked cigarettes. - steady declines in cigarette smoking appear to have stalled in all three grades after several years of improvement on most measures. - after marijuana, prescription and over - the - counter medications account for most of the top drugs abused by 12th graders in the past year. among 12th graders, past year non - medical use of vicodin decreased from 9. 7 % to 8 %. however, past year non - medical use of oxycontin remains unchanged across the three grades and has increased in 10th graders over the past 5 years. moreover, past - year nonmedical use of adderall and over - the - counter cough and cold medicines among 12th graders remains high at 6. 5 % and 6. 6 %, respectively. - after several years of decline, current and past year use of ecstasy has risen among 8th and 10th graders. from 2009 to 2010, lifetime use of ecstasy among 8th graders increased from 2. 2 % to 3. 3 %, past year use from 1. 3 % to 2. 4 %, and current use 0. 6 % to 1. 1 %. this follows declines in perceived risk associated with mdma use seen over the past several years. - alcohol use has continued to decline among high school seniors with past - month use falling from 43. 5 % to 41. 2 % and alcohol binge drinking ( defined as 5 or more drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks ) declining from 25. 2 % to 23


study finds possible link between gene variation and teen binge drinking scientists in london have found a genetic variation that may play a role in binge drinking in teenagers, reuters reports. the two - phase study included mice and teenage boys. “ people seek out situations which fulfill their sense of reward and make them happy, so if your brain is wired to find alcohol rewarding, you will seek it out, ” lead researcher professor gunter schumann of king ’ s college institute of psychiatry in london said in a news release. the researchers found that a gene called rasgrf - 2 is important in controlling how alcohol stimulates the brain to release the brain chemical dopamine, which triggers feelings of reward. previous studies have suggested that this gene increases the risk for alcohol abuse, but the mechanism was unclear, the article notes. the researchers began by studying mice whose rasgrf - 2 gene was removed, to see how they would react to alcohol. the lack of the gene was found to significantly reduce alcohol - seeking activity in the mice. when the rodents did consume alcohol, the lack of the gene reduced the activity of dopamine - releasing activity in the brain, and limited any sense of reward. the scientists then analyzed brain scans of 663 teenage boys. they found when the boys were expecting a reward in a mental test, those with genetic variations in the rasgrf - 2 gene had more activity in the brain involved in dopamine release. this suggests people with the genetic variation release more dopamine when they anticipate a reward, and get more pleasure out of it, the researchers said. two years later, the researchers retested the boys, many of whom had begun drinking frequently. those with the gene variation drank more often than those without it. their findings appear in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences.


‘ falling for orangutans ’, by jonathan stark. 27th november 2012 earlier this year, a group of durrell staff took part in a sponsored skydive over jersey to raise money for “ the tripa campaign ”, an initiative led by our esteemed ex colleague dr ian singleton who is now the conservation director for the sumatran orang - utan conservation programme. the idea to support this campaign was born during a visit i made to sumatra in may of this year when i had the opportunity to meet with ian and see the devastation of the tripa peat land forest for myself. tripa is one of just 3 remaining peat swamp forests on the west coast of aceh province, sumatra. in terms of area, these peat forests make up just 10 % of the viable remaining sumatran orang - utan habitat yet they are home to 30 % of the population making them vital for the survival of this species. as a peat swamp, the protection of tripa is also incredibly important for the regulation of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. estimates of the amount of carbon stored in tripa ' s three peat domes range from 50 to 100 million tons, an amount equal to the carbon emitted by the use of air conditioning in the whole of the united states in a year. with the destruction of the forest and the draining of the peat swamp comes the massive release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. in 1990 the forest of tripa covered 60, 000 hectares which is equivalent in area to the size of singapore while sustaining a population of 3, 000 orang - utan. since then much of tripa has been destroyed with over 250 concessions handed out to companies for the development of palm oil plantations. today forest covers just 15, 000 hectares and the population of orang - utan has plummeted to 200 individuals. tripa is part of the wider “ leuser ecosystem ”, which covers more than 2. 6 million hectares. it is one of the richest expanses of tropical rain forest in southeast asia and is the last place on earth where sumatran elephant, sumatran rhinoceros, sumatran tiger and sumatran orangutan are found within one area. the area provides water to nearly 4 million people living in aceh and it is of global importance to the conservation of biodiversity, as well as an important status symbol of aceh. fig. 3. the leuser ecosystem from above whilst in sumatra i was hoping to visit tripa with dr singleton but unfortunately he was suffering from extreme fatigue at the time


the conservation of biodiversity, as well as an important status symbol of aceh. fig. 3. the leuser ecosystem from above whilst in sumatra i was hoping to visit tripa with dr singleton but unfortunately he was suffering from extreme fatigue at the time, brought on no doubt by the arduous work schedule he maintains. i therefore travelled with a group of socp staff including shayne mcgrath, a 29 year old new zealander who has been working alongside ian in challenging the illegal allocation of palm oil concessions in tripa and other areas within the borders of the leuser ecosystem. packed in tightly to one of ian ' s numerous pick - up trucks we left the socp office in allubele which is a small ramshackle village on the outskirts of tripa. soon we were speeding through mile after mile of mature palm oil estate deep into the heartland of what was once forest. after a while the horizon opened up as we entered an area of newly cleared land as the burning midday sun shone down. fig. 4. map showing the tripa region with the contested pt kalista allam concession in dark blue. what was a few months ago a riot of jungle had been replaced by line after line of freshly planted oil palm saplings on ground still charred from the clearance fires. this was the controversial concession granted to the company pt kalista allam. it was the illegal issue of this concession that had galvanised ian and his colleagues into taking action and hence “ the tripa campaign " was born. with tripa so close to complete annihilation, forcing the government to rethink the sale of this 1500 hectare plot represented the final battle to protect what remained of this vital orang - utan habitat. we continued through the concession for another 15 minutes before arriving at a solitary fragment of forest which was set back perhaps 100 metres from the road. this patch, barely the size of a football pitch, had been spared the recent destruction and using a hand held gps shayne pinpointed its position within the boundary of an area supposedly protected by spatial planning laws. shayne explained that it was from this fragment just a few weeks earlier that a fully mature male orang - utan had found refuge and had been rescued by the socp team. this magnificent male was presently housed in socp ' s batu mbelin quarantine facility in the outskirts of medan awaiting relocation to jantho, one of socp ' s release sites in central aceh. fig. 5. fully flanged male orang


in socp ' s batu mbelin quarantine facility in the outskirts of medan awaiting relocation to jantho, one of socp ' s release sites in central aceh. fig. 5. fully flanged male orang - utan rescued from tripa by socp fig. 6. the socp quarantine facility at batu mbelin in april 2012. within seconds of entering the forest patch it was to my amazement that we heard the kiss squeak vocalisation of a female orangutan up above. i looked up and her lithe silhouette hung suspended below the canopy, bobbing up and down as she rested on forest vines before disappearing amid a crash of breaking branches. i looked to the faces of the socp team and they appeared more dejected than surprised. " looks like we need to sort out another rescue " one replied. we continued onwards to see if we could get a better look but within a couple of minutes we heard another rustle of foliage, this time to our right, perhaps 50 metres away. knowing looks were passed between the socp team as we altered direction, moving through the thick undergrowth in the direction of the noise. to our amazement the mysterious form of a fully flanged male orangutan came in to view. with each limb spread - eagled he anchored himself to branch, vine and climber staring directly at us. he gave penetrating kiss squeak vocalisations while snapping off twigs from surrounding trees and throwing them in our direction. my mind darted back to dagu, our magnificent adult male at durrell and the life he may have lived. i couldn ' t help but think if he was unfortunate enough to be living in tripa at this time, then the security of durrell would be some kind of heaven. it was saddening to think that this was my first encounter with truly wild orang - utans, forced in to these increasingly tiny forest fragments as their habitat is destroyed all around them. at the same time i felt very aware that the only hope for these individuals was provided by ian singleton and the sumatran orangutan conservation programme. while there are a couple of other orangutan ngo ' s working in the region, socp is the only one that can respond to the clear and present danger individual orangutans find themselves in when the palm oil companies arrive. who would have thought a humble keeper from durrell could become the greatest hope for a species as magnificent and beguiling as the orang


respond to the clear and present danger individual orangutans find themselves in when the palm oil companies arrive. who would have thought a humble keeper from durrell could become the greatest hope for a species as magnificent and beguiling as the orangutan. maybe it was at this point that i thought we should try and raise some money to help turn this situation around. when i returned to jersey i suggested the idea of a sponsored skydive to my colleagues at durrell. it was with no surprise that they were immediately enthusiastic about the idea and within a week or so we had 10 willing participants across 5 different departments willing to take a stand by " falling for orangutans ". fig. 7. a promotional poster showing the skydiving team of 10 durrell staff. with the help of the marketing department we set up a justgiving fundraising page and each participant was encouraged to attract support from friends, colleagues and family. within about a month we had raised £4, 200 between us. this, i am told is sufficient to run the campaign for 2 and a half months, ensuring ian can maintain individuals such as shayne in the field while paying the lawyer fees necessary to save tripa by the challenging the perpetrators in the courts of jakarta. so the day of the skydive came and as the first jumpers ; gordon and myself, arrived at the dilapidated portacabin of skydive jersey. following a 30 minute training session by a worryingly aged instructor we climbed into a van reminiscent of one of the rust heaps i had seen in sumatra. following a short journey we arrived at the air strip where we were introduced to the " aeroplane " which was supposed to break our god given right to terra firma. after a few adjustments to the gafa tape that held the wings on we were off, accelerating down the run way, a knot of apprehension tightening in our stomachs. this humble craft took flight and, slightly slower than anticipated, jersey unfolded below us into a patchwork of greens and browns. we headed over the sea and began climbing in a wide spiral up to the jumping height of 10, 000 feet. the wind screamed like a banshee and gordon was first to go, clamped firmly to his instructor - i couldn ' t bring myself to look as they shuffled towards the open door before falling away towards jersey. i kept my head up as instructed and took my position ready for the experience of a lifetime. arriving at the open door i looked skyward and after a short pause suddenly i


to look as they shuffled towards the open door before falling away towards jersey. i kept my head up as instructed and took my position ready for the experience of a lifetime. arriving at the open door i looked skyward and after a short pause suddenly i was falling too. when i ' d opened my eyes i saw the shape of jersey below me. in honesty it was a rather tranquil experience that lasted just a few seconds. the instructor pulled the cord and suddenly we were floating down to ground. as we descended towards st aubins bay i could make out the gathering of durrell staff who were waiting by the slipway to greet us. fig. 8. colm sporting a rather fetching orang - utan costume. fig. 9. alberto and chris after their jump – smiles all round fig. 10. i think this was me fig. 11. eluned comes in to land. fig. 12. gordon on the final approach fig. 13. colm and will doing the “ mo ” fig. 14. where on earth is johnny!? fig. 15. colm takes the orang - utan mask off. the rest of the day was spent welcoming the rest of team back to solid ground. alberto, chris, will, colm and eluned landed safely and without incident. relatives and colleagues of johnny poole exchanged worry shrouded small talk while the sky darkened as day crept into night, wondering when the last of the jumpers would arrive. finally a johnny - like shape appeared up above. johnny had accepted the stealth mission, jumping in near darkness long after the sun had set and landing to cheers all around. unfortunately louise and sarah weren ' t able to jump that day as we ran out of time so their skydive will be postponed till early next year – so get your wallets ready! since the skydive the controversial pt kallista allam concession has been revoked, a historic first in the battle to save indonesia ' s forests. this is undoubtedly down to the efforts of socp and their partners. the hope of ian is that this victory will provide the necessary leverage to enforce forest laws across increasingly large tracts of indonesia. whilst these are just small steps along a long road to a coherent and sustainable land use policy in indonesia it ’ s certainly a start. looking back over all these events i think it is remarkable what durrell ’ s army can achieve when they put their mind to it.


a song for saturday an easyenglish translation with notes ( about 1200 word vocabulary ) on psalm 92 words in boxes are from the bible. words in brackets, ( ), are not in the hebrew bible. the notes explain words with a * star by them. the translated bible text has yet to go through advanced checking. jesus said, " thank you, father ". ( matthew 11 : 25 ) the jews ( people that were born from abraham, isaac and jacob and their children ) had a story that adam sang this song the day after god made him. the jews called that day the sabbath, the 7th day. we call it saturday. really, we do not know who the person was that wrote psalm 92. we call the person that wrote a psalm the psalmist. maybe it was after god had done something good for his people judah or israel. many bible students think that it was when king cyrus of persia beat king belshazzar of babylon. cyrus then sent the jews home to their own country. for 70 years, the babylonians had made them live in babylon. now they were free! study the psalm in 5 parts : · verses 1 - 3 say that it is good to tell the * lord that he is great and to use music to do it. · verses 4 - 6 say that god has done something good. you would have to be silly not to see it. · verses 7 - 9 tell us that even if the enemy is strong, god will destroy them. · verses 10 - 11 tell us that god has made the * psalmist very strong. and also that god has destroyed his enemies. · verses 12 - 15 tell us that all * righteous people will be strong. verses 1 – 3 : in this part there are two words for god and three words for things that make music. we call these things " musical instruments ". they are the lute, harp and lyre. the psalm calls god " lord " and " most high ". " lord " means that he is always alive. " most high " means that he is more important than anyone else is. in verse 2, " do what you have promised " suggests that god has done something good. verses 4 – 6 : now the * psalmist says that god has done something good. the * psalmist is now very happy. only a silly man would not see what god has done. what god thinks is often hard to understand. only fools would not agree that grass and weeds grow everywhere. verses 7 – 9 : grass and


. the * psalmist is now very happy. only a silly man would not see what god has done. what god thinks is often hard to understand. only fools would not agree that grass and weeds grow everywhere. verses 7 – 9 : grass and weeds grow everywhere! so do bad people. but god will destroy them and they will never come back again. really, they destroy themselves, as hosea 13 : 9 tells us. it says, " you have destroyed yourselves ( yourselves means more than one yourself ) ". verses 10 – 11 : here bible students think that the * psalmist was a leader of the people. if he wrote the psalm before babylon beat the * jews, then that leader was the king. they made people king by pouring special oil over them. we are not sure what the wild animal was. maybe it was a wild ox. an ox is a kind of cow. verses 12 – 15 : now the * psalmist talks about righteous people. righteous is a word that means " very, very good ". only god is really righteous. but god makes people that love him righteous too. it does not mean that they are good. it means that they love god and want to obey him. they will not be as grass and weeds that do not live long, verse 7. instead, they are as trees. they are as palm trees that produce fruit called " dates " ; and as the cedar tree which lives for centuries. " the temple of our god " in verse 13 is the same as " the house of the * lord ". it was a special building where the people went to meet god. 1. count how many times me, my or mine come in the psalm. 2. how many times does " * lord " come in the psalm? 3. if you have a bible, read ezekiel 18. 4. learn to say psalm 92 : 8 by heart. ( this means without looking at the words. ) © 2001 - 2002, wycliffe associates ( uk ) this publication is written in easyenglish level a ( 1200 words ). visit our website :


poland has celebrated " flag day " on may 2nd since 2004. asked what it means, most poles shrug. some say it is a jingoistic gimmick to plug the gap between labour day, on may 1st, and the may 3rd anniversary of the polish - lithuanian commonwealth ' s 1791 written constitution, the first in europe. but ask polish veterans of the second world war, particularly those that served on the eastern front, and they will remind you of a neglected story. for in berlin on may 2nd 1945, polish troops clambered up berlin ' s iconic victory column, the siegessaule, to hoist their colours at the end of the battle for the german capital. hitler ' s corpse lay a few hundred metres away. it is the soviet flag fluttering atop the reichstag that people remember from that day, thanks partly to an iconic photograph. this is not unreasonable : the lion ' s share of the fight against nazi germany was undertaken by the peoples of the soviet union. but the contribution of the polish army to the battle for berlin was significant. it fielded up to 200, 000 troops, more than the combined american, british and canadian deployment at d - day. this was poland ' s largest battlefield deployment in the history of its military victories ( more soldiers were sent to fight in the 1939 battle of the bzura, in which the invading nazis defeated the poles ). the poles were greatly outnumbered by the 1. 5m soviet troops in the berlin " defensive area ", a dense network of anti - tank obstacles, gun emplacements, trenches and bunkers. but they did make a tactically instrumental contribution to the fight : the polish 1st infantry division bailed out a halted soviet tank advance on the reichstag. the poles were later invited to the moscow victory parade, while the british and americans were shunned ( soviet leaders accused the western allies of conducting a strategy of bait and bleed throughout the war ). the polish army on the eastern front had been set up, with stalin ' s blessing, to rival its counterpart on the western front, backed by churchill. many of its commanders were russian plants, but most of its soldiers were former gulag inmates who had been deported from poland to siberia during the soviet occupation of 1939 - 1941. all the troops who took part in the battle of berlin, including holocaust survivors and former home army resistance fighters, wore polish uniforms, used the polish salute and swore an oath to poland alone. some witness testimonies state that the polish flag was raised before the


troops who took part in the battle of berlin, including holocaust survivors and former home army resistance fighters, wore polish uniforms, used the polish salute and swore an oath to poland alone. some witness testimonies state that the polish flag was raised before the soviet one, possibly even a day earlier, making it the first allied victory banner to be raised in berlin at the end of the war. one version has it that the polish solider who raised it was shot dead by the soviets, who then pulled the flag down. if these accounts are true, they were soon covered up by soviet propaganda. the story of the polish flag in berlin helps illustrate several things : that poland did not surrender to germany ; that the polish army, contrary to the allegations of some, was neither ineffective or inept ; that many polish jews did not passively accept their fate at the hands of the nazis ; that poland did not collaborate with germany ( although some traitors did ). the story also serves as a reminder that poland ' s war heroes, normally associated with the london - based government - in - exile, were vastly outnumbered by poles who fought under soviet high command, willingly or otherwise. some poles might also like to consider that if the battle of berlin was their countrymen ' s finest hour, then it should also be shared with, among others, the ordinary people of russia who did so much to bring an end to nazi tyranny.


ecu faculty, students work to authenticate wright brothers artifact ( apr. 22, 2008 ) when the wright brothers moved to kitty hawk to follow the wind more than a century ago, they brought limited household supplies. their thoughts seemed to be focused more on glider materials at first than basic goods to get their “ camp ” established. one of the crates that shipped supplies to “ w. wright, elizabeth city, north carolina ” is believed to have been recycled by the wrights to create the top of a wooden kitchen table, which resurfaced last month in kitty hawk. a leading wright brothers authority, dr. larry tise, and several of his students at east carolina university have worked since that time to analyze and authenticate the history of the small wooden table. the table will be shown publicly for the first time april 24 at the wright brothers national memorial site in kill devil hills. it will be presented during a public program at 7 p. m., when tise and his students will discuss their research and findings on the little known secret flights of the wright brothers at kitty hawk in may 1908. tise, the wilbur & orville wright distinguished professor of history in the thomas harriot college of arts and sciences, is author of the 2005 work, “ hidden images : discovering details in the wright brothers ’ kitty hawk photographs 1900 - 1911. ” in that book, tise used modern computer technology to magnify and examine small areas of the black and white photos made by the wright brothers to document their life and quest for flight while conducting experiments at kitty hawk. tise admitted he was skeptical when he was first contacted about the table by a kill devil hills resident, but after close examination and further study, he said he is positive it is the same table shown in 1902 photographs of the wright brothers ’ living quarters. how ron ciarmello, an outer banks jeweler, came to own the table is almost unbelievable : he answered a classified ad earlier this year. a self - described aviation enthusiast, ciarmello said he spotted the ad and called the telephone number. the person selling the table said her family had it for about a century and had used it through the years in the family laundry room and as a utility table in a family - operated barber shop. the family was moving and had decided to sell it. ciarmello in his own research located a photo with the table in it on the library of congress website. ciarmello contacted tise after seeing his book at the wright brothers national memorial gift shop and finding


moving and had decided to sell it. ciarmello in his own research located a photo with the table in it on the library of congress website. ciarmello contacted tise after seeing his book at the wright brothers national memorial gift shop and finding that the book contained a second image of the table. tise asked ciarmello to send him digital images of the table. “ when i saw the photos, i was 70 percent sure it was the table, but i wanted to see it in person, ” tise said. tise travelled to kitty hawk and met ciarmello at the home of bill harris, whose grandfather welcomed the wright brothers to the outer banks in 1900. “ bill has vast knowledge of the families in the area for the past century, which was quite helpful. we examined and studied the table for almost three hours. the more we looked, the more we decided this could not be a fluke, ” tise said. the table consists of three “ convincing ” components : the legs are from a pre - existing writing table and the top is made from the sides of a shipping crate and two remnants of ash rib material used by the wrights to build their gliders. “ the different types of wood combined with the shipping label, a distinctive exposed nail that can be seen in the photos which is in the same place in the table, it was exciting to put all the evidence together, ” tise said. the way the shipping crate has been addressed to wilbur wright was consistent with others that had been documented previously by tise. as for the future of the table, ciarmello said he would like for it to be permanently displayed


children ’ s play and early number knowledge recent research at u. c. berkeley ’ s institute of human development ( ihd ) suggests that children ’ s early number knowledge comes about because as children play with objects, they spontaneously set up correspondences between sets and they track what happens as set sizes change. they seem to understand correspondence and simple arithmetic quite well when they actually play with objects. however, they find it quite difficult to look at object sets and try to judge whether sets are of the same size or not. when children solved number problems in the active method, they succeeded up to three times more frequently than they did when they solved the same problems in the passive method. in the active method tasks, their responses to the correspondence problems were nearly perfect, whereas in the passive method correspondences the children responded correctly only about half of the time. when children solved addition and subtraction problems, they were similarly more successful in the active method than in the passive method. one explanation for these differences is that the active method more closely mimics the sort of “ number play ” that young children do when they sort objects, when they set up tea parties, when they arrange for each of their friends to have a toy, and so on. these are examples of naturally occurring correspondences. and importantly, these all involve the children ’ s actions upon the objects. it is also interesting to note that these early number abilities do not associate directly with children ’ s ability to count sets of objects. the children in these studies were younger than three years. they sometimes knew some number words, and perhaps could recite the counting sequence up to five or so, but they were not particularly good at saying how many objects were in front of them. and yet they could solve problems that look remarkably like object based arithmetic when they could act upon the set materials. add your own comment today on education. com workbooksmay workbooks are here! we ' ve got a great round - up of activities perfect for long weekends, staycations, vacations... or just some good old - fashioned fun! get outside! 10 playful activities - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - why is play important? social and emotional development, physical development, creative development - 10 fun activities for children with autism - test problems : seven reasons why standardized tests are not working - bullying in schools - a teacher ' s guide to differentiating instruction - first grade sight words list


underage drinking : start talking before they start drinking you are the most powerful influence on your child ’ s behavior underage drinking can have serious consequences. you can protect your children from the risks associated with drinking by maintaining open communication and expressing a clear, consistent message about alcohol. building a close relationship with your kids will encourage them to come to you for help in making decisions that impact their health and well - being. this guide provides facts and practical advice on how to talk with your children about underage drinking. it helps you create household rules to support your values. society gives children mixed messages about alcohol. make sure that your children get their information from the best resource available what you need to know many kids start drinking in middle school. 1 > one out of every two 8th graders has tried alcohol. 2 > more kids use alcohol than use tobacco or illicit drugs. 3 > more children are killed by alcohol than all illegal drugs combined. 4 > children who begin drinking alcohol before the age of 15 are 5 times more likely than those who start after age 21 to develop alcohol problems. 5 > the chances of becoming dependent decrease by 14 % for each year of delay in the onset of alcohol use. 6 alcohol and judgement the teenage brain is still developing. alcohol can impair the parts of the brain that control the following : 7 > motor coordination. this includes the ability to walk, drive and process information. > impulse control. drinking lowers inhibitions and increases the chances that a person will do something that they will regret when they are sober. > memory. impaired recollection and even blackouts can occur when too much alcohol has been consumed. > judgement and decision making capacity. drinking may lead young people to engage in risky behaviors that can result in illness, injury, and even death. 8 alcohol use among youth is strongly correlated with violence, risky sexual behavior, poor academic performance and other harmful behaviors. 10 > children who start drinking before age 15 are 12 times more likely to be injured while under the influence of alcohol and 10 times more likely to be in a fight after drinking, compared with those who wait until they are 21. 11 > alcohol use by teens is a strong predictor of both sexual activity and unprotected sex. 12 > a survey of high school students found that 18 % of females and 39 % of males say it is acceptable for a boy to force sex if the girl is high or drunk. 13 > teens who use alcohol have higher rates of academic problems and poor performance than non - drinkers. 14 > among eighth -


females and 39 % of males say it is acceptable for a boy to force sex if the girl is high or drunk. 13 > teens who use alcohol have higher rates of academic problems and poor performance than non - drinkers. 14 > among eighth - graders, higher truancy rates are associated with greater rates of alcohol use in the past month. 15 illicit drug use > more than 67 % of young people who start drinking before the age of 15 will try an illicit drug. children who drink are 7. 5 times more likely to use any illicit drug, more than 22 times more likely to use marijuana, and 50 times more likely to use cocaine than children who never drink. 16 > when young people drink and get into a car, they tend to make poor decisions that impact their safety. 17 > traffic crashes are the number one killer of teens and over one - third of teen traffic deaths are alcohol - related. 18 “ what parents may not realize is that children say that parental disapproval of underage drinking is the key reason they have chosen not to drink. ” charles curie, samhsa administrator u. s. department of health and human services you have more influence over your children than you may realize. kids spend a lot of time with friends, television, music and magazines. but they are also tuned in to you. your words and actions impact them in many ways every day. > research studies indicate that children are less likely to drink when their parents are involved in their lives and when they and their parents report feeling close to each other. 20 > you can influence your children ’ s behavior by observing the rules of a moderate drinker or by not drinking. 21 > your older children also influence their younger brothers and sisters. older siblings ’ alcohol use can influence the alcohol use of younger siblings in the family, particularly for same sex siblings. 22 for adults who choose to drink, moderation is defined as no more than one drink per day for women and no more than two drinks per day for men. 23 reprinted with the permission of the national mental health information center. add your own comment today on education. com workbooksmay workbooks are here! we ' ve got a great round - up of activities perfect for long weekends, staycations, vacations... or just some good old - fashioned fun! get outside! 10 playful activities - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - why is play important? social and emotional