. in these stores calico means a plain cotton cloth ; in the united states it means a printed cotton cloth. things bought on the instalment plan in england are said to be bought on the hire - purchase plan or system ; the instalment business itself is the credit - trade. goods ordered by post ( not mail ) on which the dealer pays the cost of transportation are said to be sent, not postpaid or prepaid, but postfree or carriage - paid. an englishman does not wear suspenders, but braces. suspenders are his wifes garters ; his own are sock - suspenders. the family does not seek sustenance in a rare tenderloin but in an underdone undercut or fillet. it does not eat beets, but beet - roots. the wine on the table, if white and german, is not rhine wine, but hock. yellow turnips, in england, are called swedes, and are regarded as fit food for cattle only ; when rations were short there, in 1916, the saturday review made a solemn effort to convince its readers that they were good enough to go upon the table. the english, of late, have learned to eat another vegetable formerly resigned to the lower fauna, to wit, american sweet corn. but they are still having some difficulty about its name, for plain corn in england, as we have seen, means all the grains used by man. some time ago, in the sketch, one c. j. clive, a gentleman farmer of worcestershire, was advertising sweet corn - cobs as the most delicious of all vegetables, and offering to sell them at 6s. 6d. a dozen, carriage - paid. chicory is something else that the english are unfamiliar with ; they always call it endive. by chicken they mean any fowl, however ancient. broilers and friers are never heard of over there. neither are crawfish, which are always crayfish. 5 the classes which, in america, eat breakfast, dinner and supper, have breakfast, dinner and tea in england ; supper always means a meal eaten late in the evening. no englishman ever wears a frock - coat or prince - albert, or lives in a bungalow ; he wears a morning - coat and lives in a villa or cottage. his wifes maid, if she has one, is not ethel, or maggie but robinson, and the nurse - maid who looks after his children is not lizzie but nurse


bungalow ; he wears a morning - coat and lives in a villa or cottage. his wifes maid, if she has one, is not ethel, or maggie but robinson, and the nurse - maid who looks after his children is not lizzie but nurse. 6 so, by the way, is a trained nurse in a hospital, whose full style is not miss jones, but nurse jones or sister. and the hospital itself, if private, is not a hospital at all, but a nursing - home, and its trained nurses are plain nurses, or hospital nurses, or maybe nursing sisters. and the white - clad young gentlemen who make love to them are not studying medicine but walking the hospitals. similarly, an english law student does not study law, but reads the law. if an english boy goes to a public school, it is not a sign that he is getting his education free, but that his father is paying a good round sum for it and is accepted as a gentleman. a public school over there corresponds to our prep school ; it is a place maintained chiefly by endowments, wherein boys of the upper classes are prepared for the universities. what we know as a public school is called a board school or council school in england, not because the pupils are boarded but because it is managed by a school board or county council. the boys in a public ( i. e., private ) school are divided, not into classes, or grades, but into forms, which are numbered, the lowest being the first form. the benches they sit on are also called forms. an english boy whose father is unable to pay for his education goes first into a babies class ( a kindergarten is always a private school ) in a primary or infants school. he moves thence to class one, class two, class three and class four, and then into the junior school or public elementary school, where he enters the first standard. until now boys and girls have sat together in class, but hereafter they are separated, the boy going to a boys school and the girl to a girls. he goes up a standard a year. at the third or fourth standard, for the first time, he is put under a male teacher. he reaches the seventh standard, if he is bright, at the age of 12, and then goes into what is known as the ex - seventh. if he stays at school after this he goes into the ex - ex - seventh. but many leave the public elementary school at the ex - seventh and go into the secondary school, which


and then goes into what is known as the ex - seventh. if he stays at school after this he goes into the ex - ex - seventh. but many leave the public elementary school at the ex - seventh and go into the secondary school, which is what americans call a high - school. the lowest class in a secondary school, says an english correspondent, is known as the third form. in this class the boy from the public elementary school meets boys from private preparatory schools, who usually have an advantage over him, being armed with the greek alphabet, the first twenty pages of french without tears, the fact that balbus built a wall, and the fact that lines equal to the same line are equal to one another. but usually the public elementary school boy conquers these disabilities by the end of his first high - school year, and so wins a place in the upper fourth form, while his wealthier competitors grovel in the lower fourth. in schools where the fagging system prevails the fourth is the lowest form that is fagged. the lower fifth is the retreat of the unscholarly. the sixth form is the highest. those who fail in their matriculation for universities or who wish to study for the civil service or pupil teachers examinations go into a thing called the remove, which is less a class than a state of mind. here are the brahmins, the contemplative olympians, the prefects, the lab. monitors. the term public elementary school is recent. it was invented when the old board school system was abolished about 1906. but the term standard is ancient. the principal of an english public ( i. e., private ) school is a head - master or head - mistress, but in a council school he or she may be a principal. the lower pedagogues used to be ushers, but are now assistant masters ( or mistresses ). the titular head of a university is a chancellor or rector. 7 he is always some eminent public man, and a vice - chancellor or vice - rector performs his duties. the head of a mere college may be a president, principal, master, warden, rector, dean or provost. at the universities the students are not divided into freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors, as with us, but are simply first - year - men, second - year - men, and so on, though a first - year - man is sometimes a fresher. such distinctions, however, are not as important in england as in america


as with us, but are simply first - year - men, second - year - men, and so on, though a first - year - man is sometimes a fresher. such distinctions, however, are not as important in england as in america ; members of the university ( they are called members, not students ) do not flock together according to seniority, and there is no regulation forbidding an upper classman, or even a graduate, to be polite to a student just entered. an english university man does not study ; he reads. he knows nothing of frats, class - days, senior - proms and such things ; save at cambridge and dublin he does not even speak of a commencement. on the other hand his daily speech is full of terms unintelligible to an american student, for example, wrangler, tripos, head, pass - degree and don. the upkeep of council - schools in england comes out of the rates, which are local taxes levied upon householders. for that reason an english municipal taxpayer is called a ratepayer. the functionaries who collect and spend money are not office - holders, but public - servants. the head of the local police is not a chief of police, but a chief constable. the fire department is the fire brigade. the street - cleaner is a crossing - sweeper. 8 the parish poorhouse is a workhouse. if it is maintained by two or more parishes jointly it becomes a union. a pauper who accepts its hospitality is said to be on the rates. a policeman is a bobby familiarly and a constable officially. he is commonly mentioned in the newspapers, not by his name, but as p. c. 643 ai. e., police constable no. 643 of the a division. the fire - laddie, the ward executive, the wardman, the roundsman, the strong - arm squad, the third - degree, and other such objects of american devotion are unknown in england. an english saloon - keeper is officially a licensed victualler. his saloon is a public house, or, colloquially, a pub. he does not sell beer by the bucket or can or growler or schooner, but by the pint. he and his brethren, taken together, are the licensed trade. his back - room is a parlor. if he has a few upholstered benches in his place he usually calls it a lounge. he employs no bartenders. barmaids do the work, with maybe a


together, are the licensed trade. his back - room is a parlor. if he has a few upholstered benches in his place he usually calls it a lounge. he employs no bartenders. barmaids do the work, with maybe a barman to help. the american language, as we have seen, has begun to take in the english boot and shop, and it is showing hospitality to head - master, haberdasher and week - end, but subaltern, civil servant, porridge, moor, draper, treacle, tram and mufti are still rather strangers in the united states, as bleachers, picayune, air - line, campus, chore, stogic and hoodoo are in england. a subaltern is a commissioned officer in the army, under the rank of captain. a civil servant is a public servant in the national civil service ; if he is of high rank, he is usually called a permanent official. porridge, moor, scullery, draper, treacle and tram, though unfamiliar, still need no explanation. mufti means ordinary male clothing ; an army officer out of uniform ( american : in cits, or in citizens clothes ) is said to be in mufti. to this officer a sack - suit or business - suit is a lounge - suit. he carries his clothes in a box. he does not miss a train ; he loses it. he does not ask for a round - trip ticket, but for a return ticket. if he proposes to go to the theatre he does not reserve or engage seats ; he books them. if he sits down - stairs, it is not in the orchestra, but in the stalls. if he likes vaudeville, he goes to a music - hall, where the head - liners are top - liners. if he has to stand in line, he does it, not in a line, but in a queue. if he goes to see a new play, he says that it has just been put up, not put on. in england a corporation is a public company or limited liability company. the term corporation, over there, is commonly applied only to the mayor, aldermen and sheriffs of a city, as in the london corporation. an englishman writes ltd. after the name of a limited liability ( what we would call incorporated ) bank or trading company, as we write inc. he calls its president its chairman or managing director. its stockholders are its shareholders, and


london corporation. an englishman writes ltd. after the name of a limited liability ( what we would call incorporated ) bank or trading company, as we write inc. he calls its president its chairman or managing director. its stockholders are its shareholders, and hold shares instead of stock in it. the place wherein such companies are floated and lootedthe wall street of londonis called the city, with a capital c. bankers, stock - jobbers, promoters, directors and other such leaders of its business are called city men. the financial editor of a newspaper is its city editor. government bonds are consols, or stocks, or the funds. 9 to have money in the stocks is to own such bonds. as englishman hasnt a bank - account, but a banking - account. he draws cheques ( not checks ), not on his bank but on the bankers. 10 in england there is a rigid distinction between a broker and a stock - broker. a broker means, not a dealer in securities, as in our wall street broker, but a dealer in second - hand furniture. to have the brokers11 in the house means to be bankrupt, with ones very household goods in the hands of ones creditors. for a city man to swindle a competitor in england is not to do him up or to do him, but to do him in. when any english business man retires he does not actually retire ; he declines business. 12 tariff reform, in england, does not mean a movement toward free trade, but one toward protection. the word government, meaning what we call the administration, is always capitalized and plural, e. g., the government are considering the advisability, etc. vestry, committee, council, ministry and even company are also plural, though sometimes not capitalized. a member of parliament does not run for re - election ; he stands. he does not make a campaign, but a canvass. 13 he does not represent a district, but a division or constituency. he never makes a stumping trip, but always a speaking tour. when he looks after his fences he calls it nursing the constituency. at a political meeting ( they are often rough in england ) the bouncers are called stewards ; the suffragettes used to delight in stabbing them with hatpins. a member of parliament is not afflicted by the numerous bugaboos that menace an american congressman. he knows nothing of lame ducks, pork barrels, gag - rule, junkets, pulls, gerrymanders,


them with hatpins. a member of parliament is not afflicted by the numerous bugaboos that menace an american congressman. he knows nothing of lame ducks, pork barrels, gag - rule, junkets, pulls, gerrymanders, omnibus - bills, snakes, niggers in the woodpile, salt river, crow, bosses, ward heelers, men higher up, silk - stockings, repeaters, steam - rollers, ballot - box stuffers and straight and split tickets ( he always calls them ballots or voting papers ). he has never heard, save as a report of far - off heresies, of direct primaries, the recall, or the initiative and referendum. a roll - call in parliament is a division. a member speaking is said to be up or on his legs. when the house adjourns it is said to rise. a member referring to another in the course of a debate does not say the gentleman from manchester, but the honorable gentleman ( written hon. gentleman ) or, if he happens to be a privy councillor, the right honorable gentleman, or, if he is a member of one of the universities, or a member of one of the learned professions, the honorable and learned gentleman. if the speaker refers to a member of his own party he may say my honorable friend. in the united states a pressman is a man who runs a printing press ; in england he is a newspaper reporter, or, as the english usually say, a journalist. 14 this journalist works, not at space rates, but at lineage rates. a printing press is a machine. an editorial in a newspaper is a leading article or leader. an editorial paragraph is a leaderette, or par. a newspaper clipping is a cutting. a pass to the theatre is an order. the room - clerk of a hotel is the secretary. a real - estate agent or dealer is an estate - agent. the english keep up most of the old distinctions between physicians and surgeons, barristers and solicitors. a barrister is greatly superior to a solicitor. he alone can address the higher courts and the parliamentary committees ; a solicitor must keep to office work and the inferior courts. a man with a grievance goes first to his solicitor, who then instructs or briefs a barrister for him. if that barrister, in the course of the trial, wants certain evidence removed from the record, he moves that it be struck out, not stricken out, as an american lawyer would say. only barristers may become judges


briefs a barrister for him. if that barrister, in the course of the trial, wants certain evidence removed from the record, he moves that it be struck out, not stricken out, as an american lawyer would say. only barristers may become judges. an english barrister, like his american brother, takes a retainer when he is engaged. but the rest of his fee does not wait upon the termination of the case : he expects and receives a refresher from time to time. a barrister is never admitted to the bar, but is always called. if he becomes a kings counsel, or k. c. ( a purely honorary appointment ), he is said to have taken silk. in the united states a lawyer tries a case and the judge hears it ; in england the judge tries it. in the united states the court hands down a decision ; in england the court hands it out. in the united states a lawyer probates a will ; in england he proves it, or has it admitted to probate. the common objects and phenomena of nature are often differently named in england and america. as we saw in a previous chapter, such americanisms as creek and run, for small streams, are practically unknown in england, and the english moor and downs early disappeared from american. the englishman knows the meaning of sound ( e. g., long island sound ), but he nearly always uses channel in place of it. in the same way the american knows the meaning of the english bog, but rejects the english distinction between it and swamp, and almost always uses swamp or marsh ( often elided to mash ). the englishman seldom, if ever, describes a severe storm as a hurricane, a cyclone, a tornado, or a blizzard. he never uses cold - snap, cloudburst or under the weather. he does not say that the temperature is 29 degrees ( fahrenheit ) or that the thermometer or the mercury is at 29 degrees, but that there are three degrees of frost. he calls ice water iced - water. he knows nothing of blue - grass country or of the pennyryal. 15 what we call the mining regions he knows as the black country. he never, of course, uses down - east or up - state. many of our names for common fauna and flora are unknown to him save as strange americanisms, e. g., terrapin, moose, june - bug, persimmon, gumbo, egg - plant, alfalfa, catnip, sweet


names for common fauna and flora are unknown to him save as strange americanisms, e. g., terrapin, moose, june - bug, persimmon, gumbo, egg - plant, alfalfa, catnip, sweet - potato and yam. until lately he called the grapefruit a shaddock. he still calls the rutabaga a mangelwurzel. he is familiar with many fish that we seldom see, e. g., the turbot. he also knows the hare, which is seldom heard of in america. but he knows nothing of devilled - crabs, crab - cocktails, seafood - dinners, clam - chowder or oyster - stews, and he never goes to oyster - suppers, clam - bakes or burgoo - picnics. he doesnt buy peanuts when he goes to the circus. he calls them monkeynuts, and to eat them publicly is infra dig. the common american use of peanut as an adjective of disparagement, as in peanut politics, is incomprehensible to him. in england a hack is not a public coach, but a horse let out at hire, or one of similar quality. a life insurance policy is usually not an insurance policy at all, but an assurance policy. what we call the normal income tax is the ordinary tax ; what we call the surtax is the supertax. 16 an englishman never lives on a street, but always in it. 17 he never lives in a block of houses, but in a row ; it is never in a section of the city, but always in a district. the business - blocks that are so proudly exhibited in all small american towns are quite unknown to him. he often calls an office - building ( his are always small ) simply a house, e. g., carmelite house. going home by train he always takes the down - train, no matter whether he be proceeding southward to wimbleton, westward to shepherds bush, northward to tottenham or eastward to noaks hill. a train headed toward london is always an up - train, and the track it runs on is the up - line. eastbound and westbound tracks and trains are unknown in england, and in general the englishman has a much less keen sense of the points of the compass than the american. he knows the east end and the west end, but he never speaks of the north - east corner of two streets. when an englishman boards a


and in general the englishman has a much less keen sense of the points of the compass than the american. he knows the east end and the west end, but he never speaks of the north - east corner of two streets. when an englishman boards a bus, in fact, it is not at a corner at all, but at a crossing, though he is familiar with such forms as hyde park corner. the place he is bound for is not three squares or blocks away, but three turnings. square, in england, always means a small park. a backyard is a garden. a subway is always a tube, or the underground. but an underground passage for pedestrians is a subway. english streets have no sidewalks ; they always call them pavements or foot - paths or simply paths. an automobile is always a motor - car or motor. auto is almost unknown, and with it to auto. so is machine. an englishman always calls russet, yellow or tan shoes brown shoes ( or, if they cover the ankle, boots ). he calls a pocketbook a purse, and gives the name of pocketbook to what we call a memorandum - book. his walking stick is always a stick, never a cane. by cord he means something strong, almost what we call twine ; a thin cord he always calls a string ; his twine is the lightest sort of string. when he applies the adjective homely to a woman he means that she is simple and home - loving, not necessarily that she is plain. he uses dessert, not to indicate the whole last course at dinner, but to designate the fruit only ; the rest is ices or sweets. he uses vest, not in place of waistcoat, but in place of undershirt. similarly, he applies pants, not to his trousers, but to his drawers. an englishman who inhabits bachelor quarters is said to live in chambers ; if he has a flat he calls it a flat, and not an apartment, which term he reserves for a single room. 18flat - houses are often mansions. the janitor or superintendent thereof is a care - taker or porter. the scoundrels who snoop around in search of divorce evidence are not private detectives, but private enquiry agents. the englishman is naturally unfamiliar with baseball, and in consequence his language is bare of the countless phrases and metaphors that it has supplied to american. many of these phrases and metaphors are in daily use among us, for example, fan, rooter, blea


naturally unfamiliar with baseball, and in consequence his language is bare of the countless phrases and metaphors that it has supplied to american. many of these phrases and metaphors are in daily use among us, for example, fan, rooter, bleachers, batting - average, double - header, grand - stand - play, charley - horse, pennant - winner, gate - money, busher, minor - leaguer, glass - arm, to strike out, to foul, to be shut out, to play ball, on the bench, on to his curves and three strikes and out. the national game of draw - poker has also greatly enriched american with terms that are either quite unknown to the englishman, or known to him only as somewhat dubious americanisms, among them, cold - deck, kitty, full - house, jack - pot, four - flusher, ace - high, pot, penny - ante, divvy, a card up his sleeve, three - of - a - kind, to ante up, to stand pat, to call ( a bluff ), to pony up, to hold out, to cash in, to go it one better, to chip in and for keeps. but the englishman uses many more racing terms and metaphors than we do and he has got a good many phrases from other games, particularly cricket. the word cricket itself has a definite figurative meaning. it indicates, in general, good sports - manship. to take unfair advantage of an opponent is not cricket. the sport of boating, so popular on the thames, has also given colloquial english some familiar terms, almost unknown in the united states, e. g., punt and weir. contrariwise, pungy, batteau and scow are unheard of in england, and canoe is not long emerged from the estate of an americanism. 19 the game known as ten - pins in america is called nine - pins in england, and once had that name over here. the puritans forbade it, and its devotees changed its name in order to evade the prohibition. 20 finally, there is soccer, a form of football that is still relatively little known in the united states. what we call simply football is rugby or rugger to the englishman. the word soccer is derived from association ; the rules of the game were established by the london football association. soccer is one of the relatively few english experiments in portmanteau words. another is to be found in bakerloo, the name


. the word soccer is derived from association ; the rules of the game were established by the london football association. soccer is one of the relatively few english experiments in portmanteau words. another is to be found in bakerloo, the name of one of the london underground lines, from baker - street and waterloo, its termini. but though the english talk of racing, football, cricket and golf a great deal, they have developed nothing comparable to the sporting argot used by all american sporting reporters. when, during the war, various american soldier nines played baseball in england, some of the english newspapers employed visiting american reporters to report the games, and the resultant emission of wild and woolly technicalities interested english readers much more than the games themselves. an english correspondent, greatly excited, sent me the following report from the times of may 26, 1919 : the pastime was featured by the heavy stick work of wallace, former harvard university man, who slammed out a three - bagger and a clean home - run in three trys with the willow. the brand of twirling for both teams was exceptionally good, and the fielding not at all bad considering the chances the a. e. f. boys have had to practise since crossing the deep to join the bigger game over here. for the first three frames both teams hung tough and allowed no scoring, and both shawenecy and thomas appeared to have everything necessary, with shawenecy holding the edge. fourth innings netted a brace for the home lads. ives clouted one to centre and richards let the sphere slip ; eagle watched four bad ones go by, and, after ives was tagged trying to steal home, was pushed over for the first tally when williams leaned against one for two sacks. shawenecy went bad here and gave storey a free ticket, and wallace came through with a three station bingle that shoved williams and storey across. brown ended the agony by missing three. in the sixth, cambridge made an effort to close the gap when shawenecy kissed the leather for a bingle. richards picked a double, and myers followed up with a safe swat which brought the count within one. looked good for another after myers swiped the second stop, but thorngate and hart both carved the breeze. oxford wasnt going to let them feel too good about it though, so they slipped up a few more to convince the crowd it wasnt visitors day. eagle went to first on myers error. gammell took a stroll, and both were


. oxford wasnt going to let them feel too good about it though, so they slipped up a few more to convince the crowd it wasnt visitors day. eagle went to first on myers error. gammell took a stroll, and both were forced at the third corner by williams and storey. cobb wallace stepped into a nice one for the washout drive and was well over the platter before the pill was relayed in. shawenecy was here yanked to give clarke a chance to use his slants, and after singling through second, brown was nabbed off the first pillow. cambridge came back strong in the eighth when shawenecy singled. richards was given a lift by a muff on third, and both scored with the help of a two - timer from myers and a nifty sacrifice by thorngate, but the combined efforts of hart and beal could not push the anxious myers over and scoring for the day was no more. this jargon, as i say, flabbergasted england, but it would be hard to find an american who could not understand it. as a set - off to itand to nineteenth hole, the one american contribution to the argot of golf, if african golf for craps be omittedthe english have an ecclesiastical vocabulary with which we are almost unacquainted, and it is in daily use, for the church bulks large in public affairs over there. such terms as vicar, canon, verger, prebendary, primate, curate, nonconformist, dissenter, convocation, minster, chapter, crypt, living, presentation, glebe, benefice, locum tenens, suffragan, almoner, dean and pluralist are to be met with in the english newspapers constantly, but on this side of the water they are seldom encountered. nor do we hear much of matins, lauds, lay - readers, ritualism and the liturgy. the english use of holy orders is also strange to us. they do not say that a young man is studying for the ministry, but that he is reading for holy orders. they do not say that he is ordained, but that he takes orders. save he be in the united free church of scotland, he is never a minister, though the term appears in the book of common prayer ; save he be a nonconformist, he is never a pastor ; a clergyman of the establishment is always either a rector, a vicar or a curate,


, he is never a minister, though the term appears in the book of common prayer ; save he be a nonconformist, he is never a pastor ; a clergyman of the establishment is always either a rector, a vicar or a curate, and colloquially a parson. 21 in american chapel simply means a small church, usually the branch of some larger one ; in english it has acquired the special sense of a place of worship unconnected with the establishment. though three - fourths of the people of ireland are catholics ( in munster and connaught, more than nine - tenths ), and the protestant church of ireland has been disestablished since 1871, a catholic place of worship in that country is still a chapel and not a church. 22 so is a methodist wailing - place in england, however large it may be, though now and then tabernacle is substituted. chapel, of course, is also used to designate a small church of the establishment, as st. georges chapel, windsor. a methodist, in great britain, is not ordinarily a methodist, but a wesleyan. contrariwise, what the english call simply a churchman is an episcopalian in the united states, what they call the church ( always capitalized! ) is the protestant episcopal church, 23 what they call a roman catholic is simply a catholic, and what they call a jew is usually softened ( if he happens to be an advertiser ) to a hebrew. the english jews have no such idiotic fear of the plain name as that which afflicts the more pushing and obnoxious of the race in america. 24 news of jewry is a common headline in the london daily telegraph, which is owned by lord burnham, a jew, and has had many jews on its staff, including judah p. benjamin, the american. the american language, of course, knowns nothing of dissenters. nor of such gladiators of dissent as the plymouth brethren, nor of the nonconformist conscience, though the united states suffers from it even more damnably than england. the english, to make it even, get on without circuit - riders, holy - rollers, dunkards, hard - shell baptists, united brethren, seventh day adventists and other such american fer natur and are born, live, die and go to heaven without the aid of either the uplift or the chautauqua. in music the english cling to an archaic and unintelligible nomenclature, long since


such american fer natur and are born, live, die and go to heaven without the aid of either the uplift or the chautauqua. in music the english cling to an archaic and unintelligible nomenclature, long since abandoned in america. thus they call a double whole note a breve, a whole note a semibreve, a half note a minim, a quarter note a crotchet, an eighth note a quaver, a sixteenth note a semi - quaver, a thirty - second note a demisemiquaver, and a sixty - fourth note a hemidemisemiquaver, or semidemisemiquaver. if, by any chance, an english musician should write a one - hundred - and - twenty - eighth note he probably wouldnt know what to call it. this clumsy terminology goes back to the days of plain chant, with its longa, brevis, semi - brevis, minima and semiminima. the french and italians cling to a system almost as confusing, but the germans use ganze, halbe, viertel, achtel, etc. i have been unable to discover the beginning of the american system, but it would seem to be borrowed from the german. since the earliest times a great many of the music teachers in the united states have been germans, and some of the rest have had german training. in the same way the english hold fast ( though with a gradual slacking of the grip of late ) to a clumsy and inaccurate method of designating the sizes of printers types. in america the simple point system makes the business easy ; a line of 14 - point type occupies exactly the vertical space of two lines of 7 - point. but the english still indicate differences in size by such arbitrary and confusing names as brilliant, diamond, small pearl, pearl, ruby, ruby - nonpareil, nonpareil, minion - nonpareil, emerald, minion, brevier, bourgeois, long primer, small pica, pica, english, great primer and double pica. they also cling to a fossil system of numerals in stating ages. thus, an englishman will say that he is seven - and - forty, not that he is forty - seven. this is probably a direct survival, preserved by more than a thousand years of english conservatism, of the anglo - saxon seofan - and - feowertig. he will also say that he weighs


that he is forty - seven. this is probably a direct survival, preserved by more than a thousand years of english conservatism, of the anglo - saxon seofan - and - feowertig. he will also say that he weighs eleven stone instead of 154 pounds. a stone is 14 pounds, and it is always used in stating the heft of a man. he employs such designations of time as fortnight and twelve - month a great deal more than we do, and has certain special terms of which we know nothing, for example, quarter - day, bank - holiday, long - vacation, lady day and michaelmas. per contra, he knows nothing whatever of our thanksgiving, arbor, labor and decoration days or of legal holidays, or of yom kippur. finally, he always says a quarter to nine, not a quarter of nine. if it is 8. 35 he usually says that it is five - and - twenty minutes to nine. but he never inverts any other number ; it is twenty - three minutes to and twenty - seven minutes past. he rarely says fifteen minutes to ; nearly always he uses quarter to. he never says a quarter hour or a half hour ; he says a quarter of an hour and half an hour. in english usage, to proceed, the word directly is always used to signify immediately ; in american a contingency gets into it, and it may mean no more than soon. in england quite means completely, wholly, entirely, altogether, to the utmost extent, nothing short of, in the fullest sense, positively, absolutely ; in america it is conditional, and means only nearly, approximately, substantially, as in he sings quite well. an englishman does not say i will pay you up for an injury, but i will pay you back. he doesnt look up a definition in a dictionary ; he looks it out. he doesnt say, being ill, i am getting on well, but i am going on well. he doesnt use the american different from or different than ; he uses different to. he never adds the pronoun in such locutions as it hurts me, but says simply, it hurts. he never catches up with you on the street ; he catches you up. he never says are you through? but have you finished? he never uses to notify as a transitive verb ; an official act may be notified, but not a person. he never uses gotten as the perfect participle of get ; he


he never says are you through? but have you finished? he never uses to notify as a transitive verb ; an official act may be notified, but not a person. he never uses gotten as the perfect participle of get ; he always uses plain got. 25 an english servant never washes the dishes ; she always washes the dinner or tea things. she doesnt live out, but goes into service. her beau is not her fellow, but her young man. she does not keep company with him but walks out with him. she is never hired, but always engaged ; only inanimate things, such as a hall or cab, are hired. when her wages are increased she does not get a raise, but a rise. when her young man goes into the army he does not join it ; he joins up. that an englishman always calls out i say! and not simply say! when he desires to attract a friends attention or register a protestation of incredulitythis perhaps is too familiar to need notice. his hear, hear! and oh, oh! are also well known. he is much less prodigal with good - bye than the american ; he uses good - day and good - afternoon far more often. a shop - assistant would never say good - bye to a customer. to an englishman it would have a subtly offensive smack ; good - afternoon would be more respectful. various very common american phrases are quite unknown to him, for example, over his signature, on time and planted to corn. the first - named he never uses, and he has no equivalent for it ; an englishman who issues a signed statement simply makes it in writing. he knows nothing of our common terms of disparagement, such as kike, wop, yap and rube. his pet - name for a tiller of the soil is not rube or cy, but hodge. when he goes gunning he does not call it hunting, but shooting ; hunting is reserved for the chase of the fox. when he goes to a dentist he does not have his teeth filled, but stopped. he knows nothing of european plan hotels, or of day - coaches, or of baggage - checks. an intelligent englishwoman, coming to america to live, told me that the two things which most impeded her first communications with untraveled americans, even above the gross differences between english and american pronunciation and intonation, were the complete absence of the general utility adjective jolly from the american vocabulary,


, told me that the two things which most impeded her first communications with untraveled americans, even above the gross differences between english and american pronunciation and intonation, were the complete absence of the general utility adjective jolly from the american vocabulary, and the puzzling omnipresence and versatility of the verb to fix. in english colloquial usage jolly means almost anything ; it intensifies all other adjectives, even including miserable and homesick. an englishman is jolly bored, jolly hungry or jolly well tired ; his wife is jolly sensible ; his dog is jolly keen ; the prices he pays for things are jolly dear ( never steep or stiff or high : all americanisms ). but he has no noun to match the american proposition, meaning proposal, business, affair, case, consideration, plan, theory, solution and what not : only the german zug can be ranged beside it. 26 and he has no verb in such wide practise as to fix. in his speech it means only to make fast or to determine. in american it may mean to repair, as in the plumber fixed the pipe ; to dress, as in mary fixed her hair ; to prepare, as in the cook is fixing the gravy ; to bribe, as in the judge was fixed ; to settle, as in the quarrel was fixed up ; to heal, as in the doctor fixed his boil ; to finish, as in murphy fixed sweeney in the third round ; to be well - to - do, as in john is well - fixed ; to arrange, as in i fixed up the quarrel ; to be drunk, as in the whiskey fixed him ; to punish, as in ill fix him ; and to correct, as in he fixed my bad latin. moreover, it is used in all its english senses. an englishman never goes to a dentist to have his teeth fixed. he does not fix the fire ; he makes it up, or mends it. he is never well - fixed, either in money or by liquor. 27 the american use of to run is also unfamiliar to englishmen. they never run can hotel, or a railroad ; they always keep it or manage it. the english use quite a great deal more than we do, and, as we have seen, in a different sense. quite rich, in american, means tolerably rich, richer than most ; quite so, in english, is identical in meaning with exactly so. in american just is almost equivalent to the english quite, as in


seen, in a different sense. quite rich, in american, means tolerably rich, richer than most ; quite so, in english, is identical in meaning with exactly so. in american just is almost equivalent to the english quite, as in just lovely. thornton shows that this use of just goes back to 1794. the word is also used in place of exactly in other ways, as in just in time, just how many and just what do you mean? two other adverbs, right and good, are used in american in senses strange to an englishman. thornton shows that the excessive use of right, as in right away, right good and right now, was already widespread in the united states early in the last century ; his first example is dated 1818. he believes that the locution was possibly imported from the southwest of ireland. whatever its origin, it quickly attracted the attention of english visitors. dickens noted right away as an almost universal americanism during his first american tour, in 1842, and poked fun at it in the second chapter of american notes. right is used as a synonym for directly, as in right away, right off, right now and right on time ; for moderately, as in right well, right smart, right good and right often, and in place of precisely, as in right there. some time ago, in an article on americanisms, an english critic called it that most distinctively american word, and concocted the following dialogue to instruct the english in its use : how do i get to? go right along, and take the first turning ( sic ) on the right, and you are right there. but this englishman failed in his attempt to write correct american, despite his fine pedagogical passion. no american would ever say take the first turning ; he would say turn at the first corner. as for right away, r. o. williams argues that so far as analogy can make good english, it is as good as one could choose. nevertheless, the concise oxford dictionary admits it only as an americanism, and avoids all mention of the other american uses of right. good is almost as protean. it is not only used as a general synonym for all adjectives and adverbs connoting satisfaction, as in to feel good, to be treated good, to sleep good, but also as a reinforcement to other adjectives and adverbs as in i hit him good and hard and i am good and tired. of late some has come into wide


as in to feel good, to be treated good, to sleep good, but also as a reinforcement to other adjectives and adverbs as in i hit him good and hard and i am good and tired. of late some has come into wide use as an adjective - adverb of all work, indicating special excellence or high degree, as in some girl, some sick, going some, etc. it is still below the salt, but threatens to reach a more respectable position. one encounters it in the newspapers constantly and in the congressional record, and not long ago a writer in the atlantic monthly29 hymned it ecstatically as some worda true super - word, in fact and argued that it could be used in a sense for which there is absolutely no synonym in the dictionary. it was used by the prim emily dickinson forty or more years ago. 30 it will concern us again in chapter ix. it would be easy to pile up words and phrases that are used in both america and england, but with different meanings. i have already alluded to tariff - reform. open - shop is another. it means, in england, what an american union man ( english : trades - unionist ) calls a closed - shop. and closed - shop, in england, means what an american calls an open - shop! finally, there is the verb - phrase, to carry on. in the united states it means to make a great pother ; in england it means to persevere. but the record must have an end. note 5. the verb to crawfish, of course, is also unknown in england. [ back ] note 6. the differences between the nursery vocabulary in english and american deserve investigation, but are beyond the jurisdiction of a celibate inquirer. i have been told by an englishman that english babies do not say choo - choo to designate a railroad train, but puff - puff. [ back ] note 7. this title has been borrowed by some of the american universities, e. g., chancellor day of syracuse. but the usual title remains president. on the continent it is rector. [ back ] note 8. however, the street - cleaner is beginning to appear in some of the english cities. he is commonly employed by the urban sanitary authority, and so the letters u. s. a. appear upon his carta shock to visiting americans. the old - time crossing - sweeper was a free lance. he had his pitch at a crossing, and kept it clean ;


urban sanitary authority, and so the letters u. s. a. appear upon his carta shock to visiting americans. the old - time crossing - sweeper was a free lance. he had his pitch at a crossing, and kept it clean ; his income came from the free - will offerings of passers - by. as the english cities grow cleaner and official street - cleaning departments are set up he tends to disappear. [ back ] note 9. this form survives in the american term city - stock, meaning the bonds of a municipality. but state and federal securities are always called bonds. [ back ] note 10. cf. a glossary of colloquial slang and technical terms in use in the stock exchange and in the money market, by a. j. wilson ; london, 1895. [ back ] note 12. this was formerly good american. vide rufus king : life and correspondence ; new york, 1894 - 1900, vol. i, p. 132. [ back ] note 13. but he is run by his party organization. cf. the government of england, by a. lawrence lowell ; new york, 1910, vol. ii, p. 29. canvass was formerly good american. cf. autobiography of martin van buren ; washington, 1920, p. 8. [ back ] note 14. until a few years ago no self - respecting american newspaper reporter would call himself a journalist. he always used newspaper man, and referred to his vocation, not as a profession, but as the newspaper business. this old prejudice, however, now seems to be breaking down. cf. dont shy at journalist, the editor and publisher and journalist, june 27, 1914. [ back ] note 15. the herb, of course, is used in england. it is popularly regarded as an effective abortifacient. [ back ] note 16. cf. a speech of senator la follette, congressional record, aug. 27, 1917, p. 6992. [ back ] note 17. of late in has come into use in america, but only in relation to minor streets. thus a man may be said to live in sixty - first street, but his office is on broadway. [ back ] note 18. according to the new international encyclopedia, 2nd ed. ( art. apartment house ), the term flat is usually in the united states restricted to apartments in houses having no elevator or hall service. in new york such apartments are commonly called walk - up - apartments or walk - ups.


, 2nd ed. ( art. apartment house ), the term flat is usually in the united states restricted to apartments in houses having no elevator or hall service. in new york such apartments are commonly called walk - up - apartments or walk - ups. even with the qualification, apartment is felt to be better than flat. [ back ] note 19. canoeing was introduced into england by john macgregor in 1866, and there is now a royal canoe club. in america the canoe has been familiar from the earliest times, and in mme. sarah kemble knights diary ( 1704 ) there is much mention of cannoos. the word itself is from an indian dialect, probably the haitian, and came into american through the spanish, in which it survives as canoa. [ back ] note 20. an act was passed to prohibit playing nine - pins ; as soon as the law was put in force, it was notified everywhere, ten - pins played here. capt. marryat : diary in america, vol. iii, p. 195. [ back ] note 21. i am informed by the rev. w. g. polack, of evansville, ind., that certain lutherans in the united states, following german usage, employ vicar to designate a theological student, not yet ordained, who is doing temporary supply - work in a mission congregation. the verb, to vicar, means to occupy such a pulpit. mr. polack is occupied with an interesting inquiry into the american ecclesiastical vocabulary. he believes that mission - festival, common in the middle west, comes from the german missionsfest. so with agenda, used by some of the lutheran churches to designate their book of common prayer. he says that it is not the english term, but the german agende. he notes the use of services to indicate a single service ( this is common throughout the united states ) ; the decay of reverend to revernor, reverner, revenor or revener ; the use of confirmand to designate a candidate for confirmation ; the use of to announce to indicate notifying a pastor of an intention to partake of communion ( ger. sich anmelden ) ; and the use of confessional - address ( beichtrede. ) all these terms are used by english - speaking lutherans. [ back ] note 22. the term chapel, says joyce, in english as we speak it in ireland, has so ingrained itself in my mind that to this hour the word instinctively springs to my lips when i


by english - speaking lutherans. [ back ] note 22. the term chapel, says joyce, in english as we speak it in ireland, has so ingrained itself in my mind that to this hour the word instinctively springs to my lips when i am about to mention a catholic place of worship ; and i always feel some sort of hesitation or reluctance in substituting the word church. i positively could not bring myself to say, come, it is time now to set out for church. it must be either mass or chapel. [ back ] note 23. certain dissenters, of late, show a disposition to borrow the american usage. thus the christian world, organ of the english congregationalists, uses episcopal to designate the church of england. [ back ] note 24. so long ago as the 70s certain jews petitioned the publishers of websters and worcesters dictionaries to omit their definitions of the verb to jew, and according to richard grant white, the publisher of worcesters complied. such a request, in england, would be greeted with derision. [ back ] note 25. but nevertheless he uses begotten, not begot. [ back ] note 26. this specimen is from the congressional record of dec. 11, 1917 : i do not like to be butting into this proposition, but i looked upon this post - office business as a purely business proposition. the speaker was hon. homer p. snyder, of new york. in the record of jan. 12, 1918, p. 8294, proposition is used as a synonym for state of affairs. see also a speech by senator norris on feb. 21, 1921, congressional record, p. 3741 et seq. he uses proposition in five or six different senses. see also a speech by senator borah, congressional record, may 13, 1921, p. 1395, col. 1. [ back ] note 27. already in 1855 bristed was protesting that to fix was having more than its legitimate share of work all over the union. in english conversation, he said, the panegyrical adjective of all work is nice ; in america it is fine. this was before the adoption of jolly and its analogues, ripping, stunning, rattling, etc. perhaps to fix was helped into american by the german word. [ back ] note 28. i speak united states, saturday review, sept. 22, 1894. [ back ] note 29. should language be abolished? by harold goddard, july, 1918, p. 63.


what is linux anyway? everybody knows windows, and not always for the right reasons. linux on the other hand can seem like dark magic only known to geeks and computer nerds to those of us on the outside. while it is harder to master than windows, it is much more rewarding in that you finally gain control of your own pc. no more nagging from the operating system telling you it didn ’ t like what you just did, or not allowing you to delete that file you wanted to get rid of. if linux tells you not to do something you can be sure it ’ s for a good reason! linux is an operating system that has its roots in unix. it can do ( almost ) everything windows can, and most of the time it can do it better. the fundamental difference between windows and linux is the approach. windows is a commercial product designed to appeal to the widest possible audience and their various computers. it makes things as easy as possible to use, and hides all the workings from the user. this entails compromise. any system that tries to covers as wide a field as windows isn ’ t going to be able to do everything well. to make it appeal and work for the widest audience the users have to be ‘ protected ’ from damaging the system and cede most of the control to it. linux on the other hand has a more sensible approach. it has a core system which you can then bolt extras onto if you need them. you can tailor it to an amazing degree to your specific needs. it ( mostly ) isn ’ t a commercial product, and is maintained and developed by enthusiasts throughout the world. the differenced i think can be summed up in one sentence. windows was designed to sell, linux was created to work. most distributions or ‘ distros ’ are free. you can download them, use them, abuse them, and pretty much do what you like with them. most of the utilities and applications are also free. this is the other main attraction to new linux users. freedom. not only do you not have to pay for any of the software, although i would encourage donations where appropriate, you have the freedom to do what you like. there are no lengthy terms and conditions to read, or copy protection because the software is free to use and distribute. linux main downside is that it is harder to manage to begin with. it can seem daunting at first, but well worth it once you get the hang of things. a lot of work has been done


is free to use and distribute. linux main downside is that it is harder to manage to begin with. it can seem daunting at first, but well worth it once you get the hang of things. a lot of work has been done, and is being done to make the system easier for the newbie. the documentation is pretty good, and because the following of linux is pretty fanatical there are hundreds of online forums and resources to help you along the way. linux, like your pc itself is made up of several components which i shall briefly describe below. even though you can see it, your operating system is doing several things at once. most of them will have to go through your processor. linux has a scheduler which prioritizes all the different demands and gives them to the processor in order. it decides what is important and what isn ’ t and ensures the processor deals with the important ones first. linux tries to use your available memory as much as possible as it works much faster than your hard drive. the processes mentioned above are stored here while they are being worked on. if you memory gets full then it has an overflow called swap space which pretends to be memory so your processor can use it. your pc is made up of any number of combinations of hardware. sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives, the list is endless. somehow linux manages to support the majority of them while remaining a decent size. it does this by using modules. these are like ‘ bolt - ons ’ that can be added if they are needed by the system. this allows the flexibility to add and remove hardware as you need to. the kernel is the heart of linux. it is the sun around which everything orbits and receives life. this is what makes linux what it is. it is a core program that controls everything around it. it coordinates everything that goes on within the system. where you had fat and ntfs in windows, here we have ext2, ext3 and others. think of them as a library. your hard drive is the book shelf, and the file system is how the books are arranged. there has to be a system for you to quickly find your book and the same for computer files. the graphical user interface ( gui ) is the pretty desktop you see. windows is purely gui driven, in that everything you do is dragging and dropping from one window to another, which is where it got its name. although linux can do the same, it works differently. at its core


is the pretty desktop you see. windows is purely gui driven, in that everything you do is dragging and dropping from one window to another, which is where it got its name. although linux can do the same, it works differently. at its core linux is controlled from the command line. you type in commands and the machine does its thing. these are software addons you can install to achieve a certain goal. things like music players, office tools, web browsers etc. exactly the same as buying a firewall or office suite for windows, except for the most part, applications for linux are free. there are commercial applications out there which you have to pay for, but they are in the minority, and unless your needs are extremely specific, not really necessary. these are similar to applications in that you can install them on your system for a specific purpose. however that purpose is very different. applications are like productivity tools, they help you produce something. utilities help you manage your system like managing hard drives, monitoring networks, firewalls and that kind of thing. that is your linux system in a nutshell. as with everything, there is as much technical detail as you could wish for if that ’ s your thing, but this was just an overview to familiarize you with linux. pretty straightforward once explained isn ’ t it?


join us at warborne farm in lymington as we find out what exactly the organic food label really means. you ’ ll discover what it means for the farm workers, how the farmers keep pests at bay, manage without chemicals and produce quirky but delicious lemon cucumbers although farmers markets are not uncommon in rural areas and have emerged in suburban areas, it is still rare for farmers to come and sell their products regularly in crowded tokyo districts. while it can appear like a new trend, organic food has actually been around for a lot longer than the foods that we ’ re accustomed to eating. this is food that are grown as well as nurtured in a natural manner, so as not to disturb the growing development or the individual who ’ s eating it. however with more and more labels claiming to be ‘ natural ’ and ‘ organic, ’ it may become perplexing when you ’ re in a grocery store aisle. and when you perceive that the charges are somewhat higher than ‘ normal ’ food, you may doubt if it ’ s even worth a second look. what defines organic foods? natural food are defined as foods that do not endure any chemical processing, either in the growing process or in the harvesting procedure. these are foods that should not contain pesticides or insecticides, fertilizers as well as other toxins. if you see organic foods that are pre - packaged, this means that each of the components is also processed using organic techniques. however, you need to look for packages that comprise the term ’ 100 % ’ or ‘ certified ’ organic in order to know that all of the ingredients are organic. when a package just contains the now generic phrase of organic, it can mean that only a percentage of the ingredients are processed in this method. why decide on organic foods? many people are turned off by the higher costs that natural food seems to have. and with the lessened processing, these prices don ’ t seem acceptable. however, the reason behind the somewhat higher costs is that these are farms that can not manufacture as much yield as those that make use of chemicals. a lot of fertilizers will allow farms to produce many more stalks of corn, for example. however when you take away this fertilizer to cultivate organic corn, you may only get half as much – and thus in doing so, the farmer requires to charge more. there are also some restrictions as to how much money these smaller and sometimes family run farms get from government sources. without the extra monetary help, these farms might not


get half as much – and thus in doing so, the farmer requires to charge more. there are also some restrictions as to how much money these smaller and sometimes family run farms get from government sources. without the extra monetary help, these farms might not make any profits without increasing their overall prices. in selecting organic foods, you are also sustaining local farmers ( in the majority of cases ) that are growing healthier foods. the food that you eat may not contain added toxins and chemicals. some studies have exposed that consuming large quantities of these types of ingredients can lead to a large number of problems – some cancers, disorders, and other illnesses. the toxins can build up within your system and start to damage healthy cells. and this is no wonder, considering nature in no way intended for us to eat chemical substances that have been added to our foods. in addition, a lot of people are sensitive to these kinds of chemical substances, so consuming organic foods enables them to keep away from any harmful reactions they may have otherwise. what are the health advantages of eating organic foods? but the truth is that organic food has many of the similar benefits of eating ‘ normal ’ food. when you choose an apple ( organic or not ) over a candy bar, you ’ re making a healthier choice for your body. however, organic and natural foods can have additional benefits : 1 ) enhanced tasting foods 2 ) no preservatives 3 ) more seasonal choices 4 ) more vitamins and minerals 5 ) more water content 6 ) brighter colors and appearance 7 ) reduced allergic reactions possible 8 ) cleaner, fresher foods organic and natural foods tastes better than the mass produced food too because it ’ s not forced to ripen in order to arrive at a store ready to sell. organic foods are usually harvested when they are ripe, and then shipped to local stores for customers to purchase right away – preserving the freshness, taste, and maximum vitamin content. there are many more items that are organic these days besides organic foods, you might also find a number of organic items that contain organic ingredients. you can find everything from shampoo to face cream, cleaning soap to laundry detergent in lots of local stores. this might allow you to decrease the overall toxins that you come into contact with, further increasing your health as well as your vitality. and organic and natural food isn ’ t limited to the small little heath food stores anymore ; many larger grocer chains are now carrying organic and natural foods – occasionally at better prices than at the smaller stores. many retailers are


| matthew henry ' s concise commentary | 19 : 3. men run into troubles by their own folly, and then fret at the appointments of god. 4. here we may see how strong is men ' s love of money. 5. those that tell lies in discourse, are in a fair way to be guilty of bearing false - witness. 6. we are without excuse if we do not love god with all our hearts. his gifts to us are past number, and all the gifts of men to us are fruits of his bounty. 7. christ was left by all his disciples ; but the father was with him. it encourages our faith that he had so large an experience of the sorrows of poverty. 8. those only love their souls aright that get true wisdom. 9. lying is a damning, destroying sin. 10. a man that has not wisdom and grace, has no right or title to true joy. it is very unseemly for one who is a servant to sin, to oppress god ' s free - men. verse 4. - wealth maketh many friends ( vers. 6, 7 ; proverbs 14 : 20 ). a greek gnome expresses the same truth - εαν δ εχωμεν χρημαθ εξομεν φιλους. the poor is separated from his neighbour. but it is better to make the act of separation emanate from the friend ( as the hebrew allows ), and to render, with the revised version, the friend of the poor separateth himself from him. the word for " poor " is here dal, which means " feeble, " " languid ; " so ver. 17 ; and the came word ( rea ), " friend " or " neighbor, " is used in both clauses. the idea of man ' s selfishness is carried on in vers. 6 and 7. the law of moses had tried to counteract it ( deuteronomy 15 : 7, etc. ), but it was christianity that introduced the practical realization of the law of love, and the honouring of the poor as members of christ. septuagint, " but the poor is deserted even by his whilom friend. " gill ' s exposition of the entire bible wealth maketh many friends,.... or " adds " ( f ) ; it increases the number of them : so the poet ( g ), " donec er


whilom friend. " gill ' s exposition of the entire bible wealth maketh many friends,.... or " adds " ( f ) ; it increases the number of them : so the poet ( g ), " donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos " ; and to this agrees what the wise man says, proverbs 14 : 20 ; but the poor is separated from his neighbour ; or " friend " ( h ) ; he will not visit him as he did in his prosperity, nor suffer him to come into his house or company, or come near him ; he is separated from his affection, friendship, and presence : so another poet ( i ), " if thou art rich, thou wilt have many friends ; but, if poor, few. ' ' ( f ) " addit ", junius & tremellius, piscator. ( g ) ovid. ( h ) " ab amico sua ", pagninus, montanus, baynus, junius & tremeliius, piscator, michaelis ; " a sodali sua ", schultens. ( i ) theognis. jamieson - fausset - brown bible commentary 4. ( compare pr 14 : 20 ). such facts are often adduced with implied disapprobation. proverbs 19 : 4 parallel commentaries proverbs 19 : 4 niv proverbs 19 : 4 nlt proverbs 19 : 4 esv proverbs 19 : 4 nasb proverbs 19 : 4 kjv bible hub : online parallel bible


solar delivers when grid needs it most with more and more solar being built in california, new records of peak solar generation are being set and re - set. on september 5, the california independent system operator issued a press release ( pdf ) to celebrate how solar is helping meet the state ’ s energy needs : “ california surpassed a major milestone during a recent heat wave that hit the sun - soaked state. more than 1, 000 megawatts of solar power generation — equal to the size of two large gas - fired power plants — set new u. s. records twice in recent weeks. ” ( note that this data reflects only wholesale generation — when you add the 1. 2 gw and counting of customer - owned solar generation that serves onsite load, the total more than doubles ). a key takeaway here is that solar generates when the grid needs it the most. august 14 was a flex - alert day, when a heatwave drove the grid to near breaking point. as the caiso chart shows, solar was there when the grid needed it the most. solar offsets the most expensive electricity, and reduces costs for all. vote solar is a non - profit grassroots organization working to fight climate change and foster economic opportunity by bringing solar energy into the mainstream. | tags : caiso california energy needs grid solar solar generation | | [ permalink ] |


michael cruz is a great example of someone that has fully embraced the benefits of putting technology to use in a classroom setting. for five years, he taught courses at san jose state university ’ s college of business ranging from web marketing to entrepreneurship. he now focuses on technology and productivity. | name : michael cruz evernote is a great application for educators. it ’ s usefulness can range from planning a course to delivering a lesson plan to capturing feedback after class. i experimented with using evernote while i was teaching courses at san jose state university. it proved to be an excellent classroom companion. here are some ways to use evernote to achieve your teaching goals. as a teacher, my evernote use falls into three categories : - prior to class - during class - after class prior to class - plan and organize your classes with tags : using tags is a great way to organize your classes on a week - to - week basis or on a class - by - class basis. for example, if you know that there is certain content that has to be taught during the second week of the school year, then for all related content you can use the tag “ week 2 ″. once you ’ ve created this system you can keep adding additional items throughout the year. - standards database : compile standards of achievements for your particular grade or subject. you can even share them with teachers, parents, administrators and students using evernote ’ s sharing features. - professional development : if you use the summer break or vacations to improve your skills or continue your education, keep all your notes, resources, lessons and new ideas learned in evernote. this also works well for teacher in - services, conferences, workshops and seminars that you attend. - classroom templates : templates are a great way to save time when grading and assessing your students. if you use templates such as grade sheets or student assessment forms, keep them in evernote so you have them at your fingertips throughout the year. - prepare for your absence : use evernote ’ s shared notebooks as a way to keep your class up and running even if you aren ’ t there. evernote makes it easy to share a notebook with the substitute teacher. consider sharing lesson plans, worksheets, answer keys and examples of completed work. this can ensure your class keeps moving even if you aren ’ t there. - share a notebook with your class : after you create a public notebook, share the url with your class. this way anything you add can be viewed by your students ( or their


ensure your class keeps moving even if you aren ’ t there. - share a notebook with your class : after you create a public notebook, share the url with your class. this way anything you add can be viewed by your students ( or their parents ). here ’ s an example of a public notebook that i created for an entrepreneurship class. - whiteboard photos : taking snapshots of the whiteboard is a favorite use of mine. take photographs of the whiteboard before the start of the class, and again at the end. this gives you an accurate time stamped snapshot of what you were working on, on any given date. you can title or tag each photo based on the lecture number to make searching for specific photos easier. also, you can share the photos with students that miss a class, so that they have the day ’ s notes. - keep handouts handy : keep all of the handouts, worksheets, templates, study guides and assignments that you frequently use in evernote, where they are easily searchable and accessible. - simplify grading : scan graded tests, including scantrons and add them to evernote. you can then enter them into your preferred grade - book or spreadsheet when you have time. this is also great if you have a teacher ’ s assistant. you can share the notebook with them and have them help with the grading process. - keep your extracurriculars in order : if you participate in any committees or coach a team, you can use evernote to keep track of all the different research, notes and information associated with it. again, shared notebooks are a great way to keep your committee on the same page and makes for an easy way to share collective knowledge about a project. to get more productivity tips for teachers you can visit my website http : / / www. michaelcruz. com and sign up for my e - mail list. evernote education series - evernote at school : the montclair kimberley academy ’ s 1 : 1 program, plus q & a webinar - how evernote helped me through college - 10 evernote tips for school - how my students started using evernote join the discussion about evernote for schools on our forum. learn from educators and share your own experiences, best practices and tips.


dr. craig idso, is the founder and chairman of the center for study of carbon dioxide and global change. he addresses concerns about global warming and marine life, including the death of the coral reefs and other underwater ecosystems. neither increases in temperature nor increases in carbon or both of them together, have had any lasting ill effects on the calcifications and growth in marine organisms. the center ’ s work on ocean acidification can be found here. his general advice for politicians : pay attention more to real world observations than theoretical hypotheses. cato scholar pat michaels gives the audience a great preview of his relatively new book, climate of extremes : global warming science they don ’ t want you to know. michaels refutes the misstatements of al gore, the ipcc scientists, and other global warming alarmism through simple fact - checking. the book, a bit technical at times ( as it should be ) is one of the best pieces of literature out there refuting climate change extremism. you can get it here. bob carter is next. professor carter is a geologist at james cook university and is widely known for his global warming skepticism. in his 2006 article, “ there is a problem with global warming … it stopped in 1998, ” he goes on to say, the essence of the issue is this. climate changes naturally all the time, partly in predictable cycles, and partly in unpredictable shorter rhythms and rapid episodic shifts, some of the causes of which remain unknown. we are fortunate that our modern societies have developed during the last 10, 000 years of benignly warm, interglacial climate. but for more than 90 per cent of the last two million years, the climate has been colder, and generally much colder, than today. the reality of the climate record is that a sudden natural cooling is far more to be feared, and will do infinitely more social and economic damage, than the late 20th century phase of gentle warming. ” an australian professor, carter discusses the wildfires that took place in his homeland which resulted in over 200 deaths, displaced 10, 000 people and devastated a great deal of land and wildlife in australia. he then points to massive floods, hurricanes, tornadoes that have done the same around the world. needless to say, the alleged culprit of these events is often global warming. any plan stemming from natural disasters should be a plan not to change temperature but to accommodate those affected and adapt when and where we can. countries have spent trillions of dollars on kyoto protocol treaty


alleged culprit of these events is often global warming. any plan stemming from natural disasters should be a plan not to change temperature but to accommodate those affected and adapt when and where we can. countries have spent trillions of dollars on kyoto protocol treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions since 1997. notice any change in the temperature? dr. john s. theon follows carter. theon, a retired senior nasa atmospheric scientist was once james hansen ’ s supervisor. hansen, remember, is the climate scientists known for global warming fear mongering and is probably the most prominent name in the global warming movement other than al gore. hansen believes ceos of oil companies should be put on trial for committing high crimes on humanity and nature. theon is one of the 650 dissenting scientists named in a u. s. senate minority report released in december 2008. he tells the story of hansen ’ s close relationship with gore and how gore and hansen worked together to politicize what should have been a scientific debate. accused of muzzling hansen, dr. theon confidently says he did so for a good reason. the climate change models used by nasa simply did not know enough to forecast credible predictions of climate change and anthropogenic effects on it. at the time in 1988 to the early 1990s, the variation in modeling results, from a few degrees of warming to a few degrees of cooling, indicated to dr. theon that these models could not be trusted. though the models have improved, the climate remains extremely complex, and that has led dr. theon to the same conclusion that many other climatologists and scientists have arrived at over the past few days : there is no scientific consensus on climate change and implementing an extremely costly policy that may have little or no effect on temperature would be ill - advised and dangerous.


i think a good way to start this blog post series will be to explain some appliance terminology and what it all means. a short encyclopedia, if you will. this is not necessarily all in alphabetical order. i might get a little technical, but i ’ ll try to apply the k. i. s. s. rule ( keep it simple, stupid ) wherever i can. compressor - based system : an appliance that uses a compressor, or pump, with a closed refrigeration system, and uses a refrigerant to cool a particular space. this could be a refrigerator, wine cooler ( some ), kegerator or deep freezer. common refrigerants include r134a and r410a, among others. thermoelectric / te : an appliance that uses electronics / electricity to cool a small space without the use of refrigerants. these typically consist of a cooling node ( peltier effect ) and fans to distribute the air inside the cabinet and dissipate the heat to the outside. they are, for the most part, efficient, although there are a few drawbacks, especially if you are trying to build it into a cabinet. i ’ ll delve into that in a later post, along with what exactly a peltier unit is in simple terms. led : refers to a light emitting diode, which is a commonly used electronic component. all diodes allow electricity to flow in one direction only. think of it as a one way street, except this one glows when the electric flows. they are used for operation and mode indicators, and also for general lighting purposes. sometimes they use different colors and are commonly used to highlight and display wines in wine coolers. cooling fans : this will mostly apply to thermoelectric, or te, wine coolers. they do different jobs : some distribute the cooled air inside the cabinet or at the evaporator coil on compressor - based units, and others get rid of the hot air at the back of the cabinet or from the condenser coils on compressor - based units. most of them consist of the same small dc - powered fans you find in your desktop computer. portable dishwasher : this isn ’ t the one your mom used to roll around the kitchen and store in a corner. these actually are small enough to sit on a countertop. these are really simple to install. most come with two hoses, a drain and supply, and


’ t the one your mom used to roll around the kitchen and store in a corner. these actually are small enough to sit on a countertop. these are really simple to install. most come with two hoses, a drain and supply, and a quick connector to attach to a standard kitchen faucet, in place of the aerator. they are typically not meant for a permanent installation. they come in different sizes and capacities, also. portable air conditioner : an alternative to the typical, window - mounted a / c unit. these usually have one hose used to exhaust out the hot air produced during the cooling process, though some will also have an intake hose. they are mounted on casters, so they can be moved room to room. most will evaporate the majority, if not all, of the water produced in the exhaust air, but if they don ’ t get rid of all of it, they will usually have a drain at the bottom of the unit to get rid of the collected water. portable air conditioners usually will require a 15 amp circuit to run properly, although there are some that require 20 amps or more. most will come with a window fitting kit that is easily assembled, as they have to be vented to the outside of the room being cooled in most cases. portable ice maker : an ice maker that is small enough to sit on a counter, produces 6 - 12 cubes at a time, uses a self - contained water supply and storage for the ice after the cycle is complete. these are not high volume units. typically, they will not refrigerate the ice and it will melt back into the water tank to start the process over yet again. i recommend moving each batch of ice out of the ice maker and into your regular freezer. kegerator : a refrigerated appliance used to keep beer cold and dispense beer. usually has a connected tower and faucet, with dispenser head to pour the beer and on board co2 storage to pressurize the beer. they also usually have casters for portability and can be used with multiple beers of your choice, sometimes more than one keg can be used ( called a dual tap kegerator ). some kegerators are much smaller and utilize a 5 liter mini keg. these are fairly new on the market. the larger kegerators fit a half shell sankey keg, or cornelius keg. some of the mini keg 5 liter units will


##ators are much smaller and utilize a 5 liter mini keg. these are fairly new on the market. the larger kegerators fit a half shell sankey keg, or cornelius keg. some of the mini keg 5 liter units will run on 12v dc and are popular with tailgaters. portable freezer / refrigerator : these are unique, as they can be used in a vehicle, or boat, or while camping and for emergency uses. some use compressor - based refrigeration, while others use te technology. a te unit typically will not be able to refrigerate to freezing or below, and they will usually be good for 40 degrees f below the ambient temperature around the unit. think short term storage, like trips to the grocery store. the compressor - based units are infinitely more flexible, allowing for - 0 degrees f operation, up through 50 + degrees f, in most cases. both can be operated from 12v dc and 120v ac, depending on the model. each type has their pluses and minuses and i will cover those later. personally, i like them both! wine cooler : these come in a wide variety of sizes and capacities. the same can be said for the refrigeration system used. while they have a large temperature range to work with, the te models generally will hold wines from 45 degrees f - 65 degrees f, depending on the ambient temperature of the room they are located in. a compressor - based unit will usually hold wines at 40 degrees f or less, and can be built into a cabinet, as the condenser coil and fan is at the bottom front of the unit. one thing to remember with wine coolers in general : they are designed for long term storage, not drinkability, and that applies to te units in particular. again, that is a general guideline, so ymmv, or your mileage may vary. ( i love acronyms, don ’ t you? ) til next time! previous post : what is a small appliance, anyway?


scratching is a normal, healthy behavior for cats ; even declawed cats go through the motions of scratching. why? • to remove the dead outer layer of their claws. • to mark their territory by leaving both a visual mark and a scent – cats have scent glands on their paws. • to stretch their bodies and flex their feet and claws. • to work off excess energy. attempting to train a cat never to scratch is fighting a losing battle. it is much easier for you and much better for your feline companion if you concentrate on training your cat to scratch where you find it acceptable. give your cat a special place to use her claws. surfaces for scratching should be appealing and attractive to your cat, and above all, convenient. the answers to the following questions will help you understand your cat ’ s scratching preferences : • where is his or her prime scratching area now? prominent objects, objects close to sleeping areas and areas near the entrance to a room are often chosen. • what texture does the chosen surface have – is it soft or coarse? • what shape does it have – horizontal or vertical? • how tall is the current scratching area? at what height does your cat scratch? now that you know where and what your cat prefers to scratch, you can substitute similar, acceptable objects for her to scratch, for instance, rope - wrapped posts, corrugated cardboard or even a log. place the new scratching station near the inappropriate item ( s ) that she ’ s already using. make sure the scratching objects are stable and won ’ t fall over or move around when she uses them. cover the old inappropriate surfaces with something your cat will find unappealing, such as double - sided sticky tape, aluminum foil, sheets of sandpaper or a plastic carpet runner with the pointy side up. or you may give the former scratching area an aversive odor by attaching cotton balls containing perfume, a muscle rub or some other unappealing odor. be careful with scents - you don ’ t want the new scratching station to smell unpleasant. when your cat is consistently using your chosen scratching object, it can be moved very gradually ( no more than three inches each day ) to a location that suits you. it ’ s best to keep the appropriate scratching objects as close to your cat ’ s preferred scratching locations as possible. don ’ t remove the unappealing coverings or odors from the formerly scratched objects until your cat is consistently using the new scratching surfaces in their permanent locations for several weeks, or even a month. after that,


maybe you ’ ve noticed that seattle ’ s sunrises and sunsets are particularly colorful lately. if you haven ’ t seen them in the sky, you ’ ve probably seen them on your facebook feed. ( at least, my own feed seems full of “ beautiful sunset ” pictures every evening. ) there ’ s a reason for our pretty orange skies. heard of the the wildfires burning in siberia? smoke from those fires is drifting over the ocean and lending hazy color to our horizon at dusk and dawn. “ i believe many of you … particularly those near the coast and northwest washington will be able to see the smoke, particularly at sunset, where the sun should look redder than normal, ” uw meteorologist cliff mass recently noted on his blog. here ’ s what that smoke looked like from space recently, courtesy of nasa. as nasa recently noted : russian firefighters have battled uncontrolled fires for months. according to the environmental group greenpeace, more land in russia had burned in 2012 than in 2010, a year that intense wildfires affected western russia. itar - tass reported that more than 1, 826 forest fires had burned a total of 195, 800 hectares in the far east of russia. it isn ’ t uncommon for smoke from large wildfires in siberia to be lofted high enough into the atmosphere that winds push plumes of it across the pacific ocean to north america. significant amounts of smoke arrived in british columbia this week, according to cbc news. speaking of beautiful sunsets, check out this recent video from seattleite adam foster. visit seattlepi. com ’ s home page for more seattle news. contact amy rolph at email @ example. com. find more of her stories on twitter via @ amyrolph and @ bigblog or subscribe to her updates on facebook.


during the last decade the tile industry has reinvented the way ceramic tiles are decorated. with the advent of inkjet technology being incorporated into this process there is no longer a need for screen or roller printing methods, freeing the industry up to many different opportunities. as with screen and roller printing, the image of the design is first scanned, then modified on a computer. however, by utilizing the key advantages of digital imaging the design can be almost instantly transferred to the inkjet printing machine, which is fully equipped with the essential inks to print any design with any desired color. the non - impact technology that the inkjet printer utilizes enables manufactures to decorate any type of tile, including relief tile, just as easy as traditional flat tile. this is done by using a print style called drop on demand ( dod ) and by utilizing a special type of printing device called a piezoelectric printhead. these let the printer create an identical picture of the digital image by propelling tiny drops of ink ( measured in picoliters ) onto the tile. because the inkjet machines fit perfectly into the manufacturing process, it is no wonder how they improve efficiency, yet allow for a higher degree of customization by allowing virtually an infinite possibility of design. what we used before in the not too distant past the entire ceramic tile industry were slaves to screen and roller printing. while not bad, technology has since proven these methods to be rather inefficient. not only are they more time consuming, but they can produce large amounts of waste. a key benefit of the inkjet printer is not just the fact that you can load an image of almost unlimited length, but at any time during the printing process you can change that image instantaneously. with the older methods your design capability is more limited, and changing designs can prove to be time consuming and expensive. the biggest hindrance of the older methods is that the production line needs to briefly stop while the design is applied to the tile. because inkjet printing allows a seamless application of the image, it can speed up the production rate up to five times! you must also consider the green benefit for embracing this new technology. besides the screen and roller printers taking longer, they must also be replaced from time to time. you must also replace the film, adhesives, chemicals, and emulsion from the process as well, creating an unnecessary amount of waste. simply put, an inkjet printer reproduces a digital image by propelling a continuous stream of ink droplets onto the tile. with virtually


, adhesives, chemicals, and emulsion from the process as well, creating an unnecessary amount of waste. simply put, an inkjet printer reproduces a digital image by propelling a continuous stream of ink droplets onto the tile. with virtually no setup time, this shortens the period from idea to product immensely. as mentioned earlier, this allows relief tile, as well as fragile tile, to be decorated without any additional effort other than programming in the design. although standard inkjet printers are only equipped with enough memory to decorate about 30 12×12 ceramic tiles, like most computers additional memory can be added to create a virtually limitless possibility of unique designs. factor in the ability to easily adjust to any size and texture and it ’ s easy to see how inkjet technology is revolutionizing the ceramic tile industry. another key factor is that all of your design information can be stored digitally. this allows the manufacturer to reproduce any image with a push of a button, with alterations to the design or size easily changeable. in today ’ s market the demand for stone tile is declining as it is now so simple to replicate these images, despite the fact they inherently fluctuate in their design. not only do you get the same aesthetic cosmetic design, but because the engineered stone is actually technical porcelain it is not only stronger and more durable, but it is much easier on the environment. products such as stonepeak ’ s limestone ebony combine the subtle beauty of a soft hue with the uniqueness of the limestone ’ s design. by using engineered stones you not only receive the green benefits of manufacturing the tile instead of cutting it from a quarry, but limestone ebony contains 84 % recycled material. combine this with superior strength of porcelain and a through - body color you have an eco - friendly tile that will look spectacular for a lifetime.


- freezing a small piece of leaf tissue in liquid nitrogen ( - 196 degrees c! ) and grinding it as finely as possible. - adding a detergent to release the dna from the cells of the leaf tissue. - adding chloroform. the detergent and chloroform do not mix ( like oil and water ), but proteins and other things we do not want are drawn into the chloroform while the dna is left in the detergent. - the detergent layer is removed, and alcohol is added to it. this precipitates the dna ( i. e., makes it turn into a solid ), and we can actually see it. i don ’ t have any pictures of pseudopanax dna, but precipitated dna all looks much the same – see this link. it is possible to extract dna using household items ( see this link ). in order to analyse the dna further we have to make it go back into solution. the alcohol is tipped off, and a small amount of salt solution is added ; the dna ‘ dissolves ’ in this. to test the quality and quantity of the extracted dna, we run a small amount of the dna solution on an agarose gel in a process called electrophoresis ( see link ). in the gel above, each lane corresponds to a separate sample, except the right - most lane which is a ‘ ladder ’ for sizing the dna samples. a negative charge was applied at the top and a positive charge at the bottom. dna is negatively charged, so its moves towards a positive charge. the bright blobs indicated by the green arrow indicate that we got high quality ( the dna is in big pieces, as it hasn ’ t moved very far ) and quantity ( a brighter stain indicates more dna ) for most of these samples, which is great! the sample labelled 5957 ( my collection number ) is a bit weak, while we didn ’ t get anything for sample 5964. these dna extractions are all from samples of fierce lancewood ( pseudopanax ferox ), except 5966 which is p. macintyrei. the next step in assessing the relationships of these plants is to genetically ‘ fingerprint ’ them.


- mount rushmore national memorial – photo by sd tourism usually mount rushmore is attributed to the genius of gutzon borglum, but without the influence of a humble state historian named duane robinson, the idea might never have gotten its start. in 1923, while secretary and superintendent of the state historical society of south dakota, doane had the idea to carve western figures on the “ needles ” ( granite spires ) in custer state park to draw tourism dollars to the state. he envisioned grand people like buffalo bill cody, lewis & clark and sacagawea in stone. encouraged by other politicians, doane shared his dream with sculptor gutzon borglum who molded the historian ’ s vision into what we see today. ( source : gutzon borglum : his life and work ) sculptor gutzon borglum the month of october is a significant one in telling the story of sculptor gutzon borglum. the carving of mount rushmore began on october 4, 1927 and ended on october 31, 1941 not long after his death. born in 1867 to danish immigrants, he ventured to california at the age of 16 and began pursuing art in the form of painting. although he is mainly known for carving mount rushmore, his art legacy also included oil painting, line drawings, gargoyles and other national monuments. after studying in europe, borglum fell in love with mary montgomery borglum who went with him on his quest in planning a momentous sculpture at stone mountain, georgia which was to be a tribute to the confederate army. after an argument with the association that contracted him for the project and promptly throwing the models off the mountain, gutzon borglum fled georgia and turned his eyes to where his dream of carving a mountain was sure to be realized – mount rushmore. the mount rushmore national memorial society allowed us to share these great pieces of history about mount rushmore national memorial, visit their website for more information. they can also be found on facebook by searching for “ mount rushmore national memorial society. ”


after more than four years in space, restlessly searching for planets orbiting other stars, nasa ’ s kepler space telescope may have met its demise. the kepler project is typically described in terms of raw numbers. as of the last official announcement, it had found 2, 740 likely new planets – including 1, 200 neptune - size planets, 350 earth - size planets, and at least 4 planets that orbit within the “ habitable zone ” where liquid water can exist. all of those numbers are sure to increase, as more observations are confirmed and as mission scientists continue to dig through a trove of archived data. but spirit, not statistics, is what really defines kepler. it is a modern version of the expedition of lewis and clark, or the great voyages of vasco da gama and ferdinand magellan. it is a headlong plunge into the unknown cosmic territory around us. extrapolating from kepler ’ s results, astronomers now estimate there are at least 17 billion earth - size planets in our galaxy. that is another number, yes, but one with a powerful message : another age of exploration awaits, one that may very well lead to the discovery that humanity is not alone in the universe. read more dark energy is the single most important element in the universe. it influenced how the cosmos was born, how it is evolving today, and how it all will end trillions of years in the future. right now, this energy is causing the universe to expand faster and faster ; in the far future, the expansion may become so rapid that space itself will be torn apart. and yet we know next to nothing about what dark energy is. we don ’ t even have a proper name for it — the very term “ dark energy ” is little more than a scientific shrug. small wonder, then, that our recent discover magazine cover story about the mystery of dark energy ( confronting the dark by zeeya merali ) produced such an outpouring of curious reader mail. in a previous post, i addressed some of the key cosmological questions submitted by our readers. but really, that first set of responses only scratched the surface. for every letter writer who asked broadly about the nature of the big bang, someone else who wanted to know more about dark energy itself. so as promised, here is a second installment addressing how scientists came to realize that energy, not matter, rules the universe. read more fifteen years ago, a small cabal of researchers took some of the most firmly held notions about how the universe works and turned them on their head