fly ash isn ' t just filler in concrete. as a very fine - grained pozzolan, it reacts with the calcium hydroxide that is generated by the hydration reaction of cement and water to take on cementitious properties of its own. the reaction makes concrete stronger, less permeable, and reduces the alkalinity, which can reduce the danger of alkali - silica reactivity in the aggregate — and the need in some parts of the country to import nonreactive aggregate from distant sources. fly ash concrete is more workable and pumpable. it also hydrates more slowly, which reduces the heat of hydration — critical to reducing cracking in mass concrete placements. all of this makes fly ash concrete more durable than plain portland cement concrete. and concrete with fly ash costs less, because fly ash is typically less expensive than portland cement. due to all these advantages, fly ash is used in about half the concrete placed today. nrmca estimates that 15 % of cementitious materials in concrete are replaced by fly ash and other supplementary cementitious materials. typically specified as a percentage replacement for portland cement, both class c and class f ash is used at dosages as high as 50 % ( although 15 % is more common ). but the percentage of fly ash use has been increasing. to achieve a more sustainable concrete, producers and engineers have been increasing replacement rates. one recent study used fly ash at replacement rates up to 30 % with no adverse results on a hard - troweled concrete floor ( see “ adding fly ash to concrete mixes for floor construction ” concrete construction special floors issue, november 2007 ). there is a limit to how much fly ash our industry can use. first, not all fly ash is equal. “ every power plant has its idiosyncrasies ” says morris “ skip ” huffman, former chairman of aci committee 232, fly ash, and division manager with headwaters resources, a marketer of fly ash. “ the quality can vary, depending on exactly how the plant is being run. some fly ashes have higher sulfur trioxide ( so3 ) contents and are not suitable for use in concrete. some have problems with higher carbon content or they are too coarse. but the majority of ash, especially in the western u. s., is suitable for use in concrete and can go straight from the plant to the silo. ” and contractors often object to using fly ash concrete. these concerns include set time, air content, and strength gain. some fly


western u. s., is suitable for use in concrete and can go straight from the plant to the silo. ” and contractors often object to using fly ash concrete. these concerns include set time, air content, and strength gain. some fly ash can retard hydration and lead to longer set times and slower strength gain. and some can lead to loss of entrained air. an experienced concrete producer can easily overcome these issues. in january 2006 cc, ( using high volume fly ash concrete ), lattimore materials ' richard szecsy notes that even at replacement rates as high as 50 %, the set time and strength gain can be controlled using admixtures and proportioning. why a hazardous waste? no one argues that containment pond failures are acceptable — they are not. and no one doubts that there should be tighter regulations governing their design, construction, and maintenance. but to many proponents supporting fly ash use in concrete, regulating final disposal methods is a completely separate matter than designating fly ash as a hazardous waste under subtitle c. the problem is that the epa wants more authority than the current law allows. at the september 2009 meeting of the environmental council of the states ( ecos ), matt hale, director of epa ' s office of resource conservation & recovery, said that while he believes that regulating fly ash under subtitle d would be sufficient to protect public health and the environment, it doesn ' t provide the epa with the authority to enforce more stringent disposal requirements. insideepa. com reports that the agecy ' s current proposal is an unusual “ hybrid ” approach : designating fly ash as hazardous if it ' s disposed of in a containment pond or landfill but not hazardous when recycled for “ beneficial uses. ” this proposal could mean that producers and power plants would have to transport, store, and treat fly ash as a hazardous waste in its powder form, but not after it ' s incorporated into concrete. however well - intended, a hybrid approach to fly ash classification would cause our nation significant problems.


autism and aspergers - 04 - 10 - 2007, 08 : 07 am ( taken from wikipedia ) autism is classified by the world health organization ( who ) and american psychological association as a developmental disability that results from a disorder of the human central nervous system. it is diagnosed using specific criteria for impairments to social interaction, communication, interests, imagination and activities. the causes, symptoms, etiology, treatment, and other issues are controversial. autism manifests itself " before the age of three years " according to the who ' s international classification of diseases ( icd - 10 ) children with autism are marked by delays in their " social interaction, language as used in social communication, or symbolic or imaginative play " ( diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ). autism, and the other four pervasive developmental disorders ( pdd ), are all considered to be neurodevelopmental disorders. they are diagnosed on the basis of a triad, or group of three behavioral impairments or dysfunctions : 1. impaired social interaction, 2. impaired communication and 3. restricted and repetitive interests and activities. these three basic characteristics reflect dr. leo kanner ' s first reports of autism emphasizing " autistic aloneness " and " insistence on sameness. " from a physiological standpoint, autism is often less than obvious in that outward appearance may not indicate a disorder. diagnosis typically comes from a complete patient history and physical and neurological evaluation. the incidence of diagnosed autism has increased since the 1990s. reasons offered for this phenomenon include better diagnosis, wider public awareness of the condition, regional variations in diagnostic criteria, or simply an increase in the occurrence of asd ( autism spectrum disorders ). the united states centers for disease control ( cdc ) estimate the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders to be about one in every 150 children. in 2005, the national institute of mental health ( nimh ) stated the " best conservative estimate " as 1 in 1000. in 2006, nimh estimated that the incidence was 2 - 6 in every 1000. there are numerous theories as to the specific causes of autism, but they have yet to be fully supported by evidence ( see section on " causes " below ). proposed factors include genetic influence, anatomical variations ( e. g. head circumference ), abnormal blood vessel function and oxidative stress. their significance as well as implications for treatment remain speculative. conversely, some autistic children and adults are opposed to attempts to cure autism. these people see autism as part of who they are, and


abnormal blood vessel function and oxidative stress. their significance as well as implications for treatment remain speculative. conversely, some autistic children and adults are opposed to attempts to cure autism. these people see autism as part of who they are, and in some cases they perceive treatments and attempts of a cure to be unethical. on the surface, individuals who have autism are physically indistinguishable from those without. some studies show that autistic children tend to have larger head circumferences but the significance in the disorder is unclear. sometimes autism co - occurs with other disorders, and in those cases outward differences may be apparent. individuals diagnosed with autism can vary greatly in skills and behaviors, and their response to sensory input shows marked differences in a number of ways from that of other people. certain stimulations, such as sounds, lights, and touch, will often affect someone with autism differently than someone without, and the degree to which the sensory system is affected can vary greatly from one individual to another. autistic children may display unusual behaviors or fail to display expected behaviors. normal behaviors may develop at the appropriate age and then disappear or, conversely, are delayed and develop quite some time after normal occurrence. in assessing developmental delays, different physicians may not always arrive at the same conclusions. much of this difference between diagnosis is due to the disputed criteria for autism. deciding how a child should behave is also difficult because diagnostic tests have to be objective, which is not a simple thing to accomplish. because of this practitioners and researchers in pediatrics, child psychology, behavior analysis, and child development are always looking for early indicators of autism. the diagnosis of autism must meet specific criterion but there are also many characteristics that are idiosyncratic. thus, autism is not a " one size fits all " label. in other words the spectrum disorder encompasses a very wide range of behaviors and symptoms. some behaviors cited by the national institute of child health and human development ( listed below ) may simply mean a normal delay in one or more areas of development, while others are more typical of asds — autistic spectrum disorders. the list below is not all - inclusive, and generally applies to children and not adults. furthermore, while some of these behaviors might be seen in a person with autism, others may be absent. noted behaviors in children


recently, i ' ve been attempting to grind and sift my own flour. the grinding is straightforward with a retsel mil - rite, an excellent home stone buhr mill or my new meadows 8 - inch stone mill. however, the mysteries of sifting the flour have been less straightforward. a subsequent blog entry will deal with my progress on grinding and sifting my own flour. the sifting project motivates the need for measuring the ash content of my flour. ash content in general is the percentage of inorganic matter in a sample of some material. it is used in many different ways to analyze agricultural products, at least, based on some cursory sampling of articles on the internet. about. com says defines ash content as : the nonvolatile inorganic matter of a compound which remains after subjecting it to a high decomposition temperature. a traditional method for determining ash content is to place a sample of known weight in a furnace at high temperature ( 600f or higher ) for a number of hours ( 12 hours, for example ) such that all the water, volatile compounds, and organic matter either evaporate or burn. after that, the remaining material is weighed. ash content is the weight of remaining " ash " expressed as a percentage of the original weight of the sample. the remaning mass will be the inorganic non - volatile compounds that were in the original sample. flour ash content in europe is measured using a dessicated ( dried out ) sample of flour, so the original weight of the sample doesn ' t contain any water. in the us, a moisture content of 14 % is assumed ( typical for white flour before it is dried out ), so us numbers for ash content differ from the same european measure by the amount of water in the original sample. an important characterizing measure of wheat flour ash content is widely used in europe to classify flours. when you see " type 55 ", for example, the 55 refers to the ash content, which would be 0. 55 % of dry matter in this flour. in the us, it is often available by searching a manufacturer ' s or supplier ' s web site for flour specifications ( often hidden somewhere hard to find ), or more often, by calling someone in their testing department. why ash content the inorganic matter in a wheat berry is heavily concentrated in the outer layers, such as the bran, various seed coatings, and the germ. as you traverse from the outer coatings to the outer endosperm and then to the inner end


inorganic matter in a wheat berry is heavily concentrated in the outer layers, such as the bran, various seed coatings, and the germ. as you traverse from the outer coatings to the outer endosperm and then to the inner endosperm, the concentration of inorganic matter steadily drops. during milling, the flour is ground, then sifted, then ground again, and sifted again repeatedly. when the milling process is complete, a large number of bins of product will result from very coarse to very fine, and from very dark to very light flours. the whitest flours will have less ash content, and the darker flours will have more ash content. at this point, various grades of flour may be created by blending the flour from the bins. ash content then summarizes how much of the outer layers made it in to the final flour, regardless of how it may have been milled, sifted, and blended. the importance of measuring ash content was immediately obvious to me as i tried to mill and sift at home on my own. an infinite number of possible permutations of grinding and milling could be imagined. for example, i tried grinding very coarsely, then sifting, then grinding the coarser results of the sifting again, then sifting again. another version was grinding very finely and sifting into more and finer sizes. i also tried grinding coarsely, then regrinding, then sifting. of course, the possibilities are endless. in each of these cases, flour resulted that made good bread, seemed light in color, and fine in texture. the difference to the eye and the feel in the hand was not great between one and the other, at least not to me, a first - time home miller. measuring ash content of my results would make it possible to know at least approximately how much of the outer layers had made it into each type of flour resulting from the various grinding and sifting processes tried. also, once a given process is adopted and used consistently, calculating the right blend of the various outputs of the milling process to achieve a desired ash content, depending on the type of flour needed, should also be fairly easy. distilled water doesn ' t conduct electricity. however, if some salt is dissolved in distilled water, it will conduct electricity. the ions contributed by the salt are charged particles that will travel through the water in the field created by the voltage difference on the electrodes of the conductivity meter to create a flow


salt is dissolved in distilled water, it will conduct electricity. the ions contributed by the salt are charged particles that will travel through the water in the field created by the voltage difference on the electrodes of the conductivity meter to create a flow of electric current. the higher the concentration of salt, the higher the conductivity of the water and salt solution will be. the diverse mineral content in the inorganic matter that makes up the " ash content " of the flour ionizes the water in the same way described above for salt. if the flour has a larger amount of " ash content " it will also contribute a larger quantity of ionizing compounds to water, increasing the conductivity. to measure conductivity you need a conductivity meter. in the field of water quality measurement, " total dissolved solids " is a standard measurement, but it is essentially a measure of the conductivity of the water being tested. so, you can use either a " conductivity meter " or a " tds meter ". in my case, i had obtained a hanna 9813 ph meter a number of years ago, and it turns out it also had a conductivity meter function. however, it was easy to discover conductivity meters on the internet, by searching on terms like " conductivity meter ", " tds ", " total dissolved solids ", " water quality meter ", and so on. one place i found was http : / / www. technika. com. also searching on " hannah meter " might work, since that ' s the brand of meter i have that has both ph and conductivity meters, both useful functions for flour measurement. you might wonder why a standard digital multi - meter wouldn ' t work. i tried to use one unsuccessfully. first of all, you would have to carefully mount the probes to maintain the same distance apart and total surface area exposed to the water. however, it gets worse. the dc current used by a digital multi - meter to measure resistance causes the ions to build up on the electrodes, so the measurement just goes higher and higher the longer you leave the electrodes in the water. conductivity meters made for measuring water impurities use ac current to measure the conductivity so the above problem with an ohm - meter doesn ' t occur, have probes made of less reactive conductors, and are designed to maintain proper spacing of the electrodes. i found a couple of papers on the internet describing methods of measuring ash content with conductivity. one was especially useful for home


t occur, have probes made of less reactive conductors, and are designed to maintain proper spacing of the electrodes. i found a couple of papers on the internet describing methods of measuring ash content with conductivity. one was especially useful for home measurements and was titled, " electrical conductivity of flour suspensions and extracts in relation to flour ash. " published in 1977 in the journal of cereal chemistry. the method described below was derived from the discussion in this paper. the method is very simple. mix 100 grams of distilled water ( should be distilled water to get good results ) and add 5 grams of the flour to be tested in a container. stir thoroughly to completely hydrate the flour. periodically stir for about 12 hours. after the flour has settled to the bottom of the jar, measure the conductivity of the water. for the best measurement, allow the flour to settle on the bottom so there is clear water to measure. the clear water will have a higher conductivity than recently stirred and cloudy water. at first the conductivity rises, as the various compounds that contribute to the conductivity of the water dissolve, but at some point the conductivity will stabilize. in my case it took a long time, maybe 12 hours or so, for the conductivity to stop changing. the conductivity measured can then be calibrated by measuring flours with known ash content and fitting a curve of conductivity to the known ash content. in practice it looked very linear, so even a simple proportional relationship would give reasonable results, based on my admittedly minimal sampling. | | | ppm | | us / cm | | ash % | the table above shows measured conductivity in ppm, as the meter represents it for tds or " total dissolved solids " in parts per million salts for a hydroponic solution and also shows conductivity in the more standard measure of milli - siemens per cm. i don ' t know the ash content, but based on some flour specification information from heartland mill, i filled in rough numbers and then used them to approximate the ash content of my " 71 % yield, fairly white bread flour " sifted from a couple of passes with my new meadows 8 inch mill and a couple of siftings with a number 60 sieve in my new ss - 100 econo - shaker sieve shaker. the method in the paper heated the samples to boil them for a short period, then cooled and centrifuged the samples to create a clear liquid with the dissolved minerals


in my new ss - 100 econo - shaker sieve shaker. the method in the paper heated the samples to boil them for a short period, then cooled and centrifuged the samples to create a clear liquid with the dissolved minerals in it. i didn ' t want to deal with boiling or somehow obtaining a centrifuge. ok, maybe you could put your jars in bags, tie them to some rope and spin them like argentine " bolas ", but i recommend patience. it was unclear what the effects of boiling were from this paper, but it seemed to affect the measurement in some unexpected way. so, my approach is to keep it simple and just wait for the conductivity and the flour to settle, even if it takes a while. you can obtain a reasonable estimate of ash content by mixing 5 grams of flour with 100 grams of distilled water, stirring periodically for a few hours and then measuring the stabilized conductivity and comparing to the same measurement for some reference flours of known ash content. i proceeded to make one of my favorite miche recipes and found this flour to give very comparable results to heartland mill golden buffalo flour, which is of similar ash content. the difference is i can mill my own version of the golden buffalo flour and obtain it absolutely fresh when called for. in addition, measuring and recording the ash content of the output from the various passes of grinding and sifting should allow me to blend the outputs in the right proportions to obtain a desired ash content for recipes that may call for more refined or less refined flour.


bringing hope to families with autistic children, 11 countries from the who southeast asian region, at a recent meeting, adopted a resolution on the distinct brain damage disorder that produces a range of behavioural abnormalities. the countries resolved to strengthen national capacities and help mobilise resources in southeast asia to address this issue. autism is a severely - incapacitating developmental disability that happens in the first three years of life, but can be better dealt with, if detected early. statistics show that one in every 150 births is autistic. india has more than one crore autistic children, but treatment and rehabilitation facilities are virtually non - existent. the resolution impressed upon the member states to give appropriate recognition to autism spectrum disorders ( asd ) and developmental disabilities in policies and programmes related to early childhood development, and asked them to develop and implement policies and plans — including public awareness, stigma removal campaigns, supported with adequate human, financial and technical resources — to address the issue. the meeting called for development of strategies for early detection and community - based interventions for such children, thereby leading to the creation of appropriate infrastructure for care, support, intervention, service and rehabilitation. the who expressed deep concern on the dramatic rise in the number of children with autism and developmental disabilities, and the growing cost involved in managing such disabilities in addition to the challenges of stigma, isolation, and discrimination faced by families dealing with autism. to begin with, the 11 countries have agreed to support the activities of autism - related networks, including the south asia network ( saan ) — a concept that emerged from the dhaka declaration on autism spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities, adopted at the end of a conference organised last year by bangladesh prime minister sheikh hasina ’ s daughter, saima hossain, to discuss the needs and challenges of the autism community in bangladesh and south asia. the conference was attended by united progressive alliance chairperson, sonia gandhi. in addition to the 11 countries from southeast asia, jordan, united arab emirates, bahamas, united kingdom and the united states of america participated in the who conference. taking up the cause of autistic children, india has now decided to hold the first ‘ annual saan regional networking meeting ’ in january next year.


- special sections - public notices robotics courses can teach kids math and programming skills, instructor jeff rivera said, but if that ’ s not enough, there ’ s always the draw of legos. “ everybody loves to play with legos, ” rivera said. elizabethtown community and technical college has started its kids ’ college program this summer, offering week - long classes to children covering a variety of topics, from forensic science to video game design. this week, the college is hosting an intermediate robotics course, one of three robotics courses in the kids ’ college program. rivera, an associate professor in the electrical technology program, has taught the courses for several years. the courses use lego robotic kits. students learn to build robots and program them to perform tasks. the robots can be programmed to retrieve and carry objects, or push and pull them along a map filled with different pathways. programming involves a lot of math to determine distances for the path the robot needs to travel, rivera said. the courses have proven to be some of the most popular in the kids ’ college program. rivera said robotics can be found in many professions from medicine to mining. “ robotics is becoming more and more prevalent in industry and just in everyday life, ” he said. melissa broadfoot, 9, enrolled in the courses to explore possibilities in engineering. “ i just wanted to become an engineer or a doctor, so i just wanted to get started on one of those two, ” she said. justice smith, 13, is entering his freshman year at john hardin high school. he had taken a beginning robotics before this week ’ s course. “ i took one the first time because i like to see how things work, ” smith said. smith has enjoyed himself, to the point where he thinks he might want to go into a field using some of the same skills. he ’ ll never be bored, he said. “ it will always keep my interest, ” smith said. kelly cantrall can be reached at ( 270 ) 505 - 1747 or firstname. lastname @ example. org.


this category will be for all the current classroom essentials teacher binders that are currently listed. keep in mind that you can also grab the matching csss lesson planning packs and ccss complete vocabulary programs to coordinate as well in those categories! enjoy! for back - to - school, assessment, and more, this category will be where you will need to head! this category is all about pd from the comfort of your own home! grab a cup of your favorite beverage, put your feet up, and enjoy learning! if you are using, or going to adopt the common core standards, you are going to want to make your life a while lot easier by checking out these lesson planning packs for grades k - 5! the standards used are the national common core state standards - if you are unsure whether your state has adopted them, please check this map for more information. there are also common core pacing guides available! make sure to also check out the coordinating theme classroom essentials sets and complete vocabulary programs! are you required to display the common core standards word - for - word in your classroom? do you, the parents, and students even know what all of the words within the standards mean? if your answers are yes and no, this program is for you! and they coordinate perfectly with the ccss lesson planning packs and classroom essentials sets! there are also common core pacing guides available! need a helping hand in figuring out when to teach which standards with the new ccss? look no more! this category will be all you need! need more ccss resources? common core lesson planning packs and complete vocabulary programs also available! looking to stay organized and plan for the year ahead? make sure to check out all the different themes in the personal planning calendars category! they coordinate perfectly with the classroom essentials sets, common core lesson planning packs, and complete vocabulary programs! this new category brings learning and classroom organization together as a team! check out the possibilities when you combine great looking displays and fun learning objectives! reading, writing, and spelling items will all be waiting for you to check out here! all math products all in one place! just for you science teachers ( or those who wish they could be science teachers ) : ) from the super popular posts on the organized classroom blog ' s facebook fan page! now, you can download and print all of your favorites! this category is for customers would would like to order more than one set of the same designer dots ccss pack. the shopping cart feature will not allow you to place more than one


page! now, you can download and print all of your favorites! this category is for customers would would like to order more than one set of the same designer dots ccss pack. the shopping cart feature will not allow you to place more than one of the same item into the cart, so this is a solution for those customers! this will allow for purchases of 2 - 5 copies of the same file. for those that need to order 20 + copies of the dot ccss packs in total, please contact me at my email address ( found in the top navigation bar of the site ). if you are ordering less than 20 copies, and none of them are the same, please just add your choices to the shopping cart in the usual way. the designer dot theme is the most popular and is the only item that can be purchased this way. thanks so much! if you are a blogger, this category is just for you! you now have access to some great tips and tricks for your very own blog! if you would like to be able to purchase these items at a savings of 50 %, make sure to check out teaching blog traffic school, as all membership purchasers have the opportunity to buy at half off the list price! for more great teaching blog marketing ideas, find us on facebook and pinterest! see you there! this category has all the seasonal items you need to keep the novelty running at full speed in your classroom! enjoy! the organized classroom blog brings you tons of great free resources that you can download and use today! enjoy! as a reminder, if you look at the freebies category on the blog, you will also find additional files that are not located here. : ) pinterest scavenger hunt pin # 4! please pin the image below, along with the description : " freebies galore at the organized classroom blog! http : / / theorganizedclassroomblog. com / index. php / ocb - store " clue for pin # 5 : you will find your last pin on the blog post with a tag of data binder. : ) click to read the newest issue! < a href = " http : / / theorganizedclassroomblog. com " > < img src = " http : / / www. theorganizedclassroomblog. com / uploads / ocblogbutton - 200pxw. png " alt = " the oc blog button " width = " 200 " height = " 150


new research finds the pathogen e. coli o157 : h7 lives about 30 days in soils from california ’ s salinas valley — 10 days more than in the state ’ s imperial valley or yuma, ariz. lower salinity in salinas irrigation water is the main cause of the difference, said mark ibekwe, a microbiologist with the u. s. department of agriculture ’ s agricultural research service in riverside, calif. ibekwe and three colleagues published their findings, “ persistence of escherichia coli o157 : h7 in major leafy green producing soils, ” in the journal environmental science & technology in october. the results were based on laboratory - tested soil samples. field studies of e. coli are typically limited to nonpathogenic varieties. increasing salinity in salinas water would not be realistic or beneficial for leafy greens growers there, ibekwe said. nevertheless, the research underscores the importance of keeping new pathogens from entering the fields. “ you don ’ t want to introduce another variable into the farming environment that will ultimately cause adverse effects on the crops and result in lower yield, ” ibekwe said. “ because of how salinity will react with other factors there, we are not suggesting that. “ what we ’ re saying is that because we know there ’ s a longer survival in the salinas area, we should be very, very careful in introducing pathogens from manure, poorly composted materials or any source at all into the farming environment, ” he said. imperial and yuma irrigation water has higher salinity because it ’ s drawn from rivers, ibekwe said, whereas salinas depends on groundwater. to a lesser extent, the research also links longer survival to higher levels of organic carbon in salinas soils. total nitrogen is another contributor, the scientists said, but that shed little light in this case because the three regions have similar levels. these factors add to a list of others previously identified such as temperature, ph level and moisture content. the research was funded by the usda ’ s national institute of food and agriculture and the agricultural research service. it ’ s not the only e. coli research tied to the salinas valley. in 2011, steven koike, plant pathology farm advisor at university of california cooperative extension, monterey county, began a two - year study of survival on lettuce residue plowed back into soil. that project was funded for $ 118, 000 by the center for produce


father john a. hardon, s. j. archives | return to : home > archives index > mass index | the sacrifice sacrament of the holy eucharist by fr. john a. hardon, s. j. the purpose of our present meditation is to explain how the mass is the sacrifice sacrament of the eucharist. again, we will draw on the churchs teaching on the mass, especially focusing on definitions from the council of trent in the sixteenth century. we will also examine pope pius xiis teachings on the mass, upon which the second vatican council built its base document on eucharist liturgy. the council of trent and the mass we have been drawing on the churchs teaching at trent mainly because during the sixteenth century so many eucharistic dogmas were not only questioned, but openly denied. the teaching of the council of trent is teaching of the churchs previous 1500 years, but sharpened and clarified in order to respond to the widespread eucharistic challenges in the sixteenth century. if there was one dominant feature in the writings of luther, calvin, and zwingli in their break with the roman catholic church, it was their claim that christ never instituted the sacrament of holy orders, which empowers ordained priests to offer the holy sacrifice of the mass. with this in mind, we understand why the council of trent published nine lengthy formal anathemas condemning anyone who held certain erroneous positions on the sacrifice of the mass. ( as before, each tridentine document begins with if anyone says. and then for whatever the person is saying, let him be anathema. - - let him be condemned. ) three of these nine definitions are especially pertinent to our subject and should be quoted and explained : unfortunately, these statements are not being circulated or published or taught widely in nominally catholic circles today. and if you look at weekly parish bulletins from some dioceses, you will notice that so few refer to the mass as a sacrifice or even mass anymore. it is called a liturgy or eucharist. but to be a catholic means to believe that christ instituted the sacrifice of the mass. so what is the council of trent telling us about the sacrifice of the mass? we are told that the sacrifice of the mass is a true sacrifice. in the mass, the same christ, who offered himself on calvary, now offers himself in an unbloody manner on the altar. the mass is a true sacrifice because it is the same jesus really present on the altar through the words of consecration. in


mass, the same christ, who offered himself on calvary, now offers himself in an unbloody manner on the altar. the mass is a true sacrifice because it is the same jesus really present on the altar through the words of consecration. in the mass, we have the same priest, christ, who offers the same victim, christ. christ offers himself. at the last supper, christ ordained his apostles as priests when he told them, do this in remembrance of me. what had christ done? he changed bread and wine into his own living person and he offered his flesh and blood to the heavenly father for the redemption of a sinful human race. trent tells us that the sacrifice of the mass is not only a liturgical ceremony, or merely a celebration or merely a remembrance of the sacrifice on calvary. no, the mass is a sacrifice. the mass is the sacrifice, which st. paul tells us wiped out all the other sacrifices that had been offered until the coming of christ. christs death on the cross originally merited the graces to redeem the world, but christ now actually confers those graces. the sacrifice of the mass is the channel by which those graces are communicated. we believe the sacrifice on that first good friday is re - enacted or re - presented in the eucharistic sacrifice of the mass. christs blood was shed only once - - physically. he died only once, but he dies mystically and spiritually every time mass is offered. his sacrifice is offered to the father continuously for all men for all eternity. moreover, for our purpose, the mass is a sacrament which pours numerous graces on the human family. what kind of grace does the sacrifice sacrament of the eucharist confer? the grace of propitiation for sin. propitiation means obtaining graces from god that will make up for, amend and expiate the ravages of sin. the grace of obtaining mercy from god, who removes more or less of the guilt incurred by our sins. guilt is the loss of divine grace. the word guilt is so common in our language, we had better know what we mean by guilt. in catholic terms it is not merely a declaration by a court of someone being found guilty of breaking a law. nor is it merely a psychological emotion or feeling of anxiety. thus sigmund freud was not only a non - believer in a personal god yet, after a lifetime of clinical practice, freud said he had yet to meet a single client who was not troubled


is it merely a psychological emotion or feeling of anxiety. thus sigmund freud was not only a non - believer in a personal god yet, after a lifetime of clinical practice, freud said he had yet to meet a single client who was not troubled by the sense of guilt. this may be the foundation of psychological disorders, but it is not the guilt of which we are speaking here. guilt is the loss of grace. and the sacrifice sacrament of the eucharist restores more or less of that lost grace. pope pius xii and the sacrifice of the mass why of all pontiffs should we choose pius xii? because during his pontificate he wrote extensively on the sacrifice of the mass, and he laid the groundwork for the liturgical teaching of vatican ii. similar to the sixteenth century, many nominal catholics in the twentieth century have either abandoned their faith entirely or are struggling to remain believing catholics. pius xii repeatedly declared that catholics in this century must deepen their understanding of the mass. in fact, he said that unless the modern western world rediscovers its need for the sacrifice sacrament of the eucharist, whole cultures run the risk of losing their catholic identity. with this theme for his pontificate, pius xii on november 20, 1947, published the historic document mediator dei - - on the sacred liturgy. in more than 30, 000 words, he explained that the mass is absolutely necessary for our salvation. how is this? the mass is the sacrament through which christ mainly dispenses graces he won for us on calvary. christ died on the cross for our salvation, and having died, he gained the graces we need. but we must have access to those graces. the principal treasury of these graces is the sacrifice sacrament of the eucharist. the pope said : christ built on calvary a purifying and saving reservoir which he filled with the blood he poured forth. but if men do not immerse themselves in its waves and do not therefore cleanse themselves of the stains of their sins, they certainly cannot be saved. so when we say the mass is a sacrament, it means graces are conferred just because mass is being offered. thus, we should make sure every priest we know offers mass every day! these graces are especially those which have to do with sin and the remission of both guilt ( loss of grace ) and the punishment for sins. because the mass is a sacrament, it confers these graces infallibly. it confers these grace


except for the mass, he said, being daily offered on thousands of altars, the world would long ago have been destroyed because of its sins. i would summarize this first recommendation by using the imperative verb meditate. meditate on the mass. plan your mass if the mass is the important action that faith tells us it is, we should plan for it. it is common knowledge and experience that we plan for things according to the importance we attach to them. unimportant things we hardly plan for at all, important things we plan for at length, with care. this planning can mean different things. it can mean looking ahead to know what mass is to be said. if we wait till mass begins, it will take us ten minutes to find out what to find out what the mass for today is all about. it can mean that i read the scripture lessons beforehand, the orations, know what or whose feast is to be commemorated in the mass. it can mean that i have given some thought before mass to what will be said during the mass, and i would emphasize, to what i will be thinking about during the mass. i have taught too many classes not to know, and on occasion i have had to walk into class quite unprepared. an unprepared class i might just as well have called off. it should always mean that i have a definite intention or intentions for which i will offer my mass. since the mass is of infinite value, do not hesitate to multiply the intentions. i would summarize the second recommendation by saying : anticipate the mass. be attentive during mass the degree of participation in the new liturgy is such that most people are almost necessarily kept alert during the offering of the mass. in fact this is one of the reasons for the vernacular and the antiphonal responses between the priest or the ministers at the altar and the congregation, and the out - loud saying of what used to be silent or very subdued parts of the eucharist rite. but the attention about which i am speaking here is something more. it is attention not only to the verbal forms being heard or said or the actions of the priest being performed, it is what i call internal attention to the mystery of faith that is being enacted before my eyes. i would compare attendance at mass to recitation of the rosary. in both cases there are vocal prayer and silent reflection and the two should not conflict but harmonize. what i mean is that it would be well for us to mentally


before my eyes. i would compare attendance at mass to recitation of the rosary. in both cases there are vocal prayer and silent reflection and the two should not conflict but harmonize. what i mean is that it would be well for us to mentally place ourselves - - and we have many options - - at the last supper, or the garden of gethsemane, or with christ before herod, or before pilate or the sanhedrin, or on his way to golgotha, or being nailed, or dying on the cross. each one of us, according to our own devotion, should unite ourselves in spirit with christ now as he was then in body. let us remind ourselves that at the time when he offered his mass, his first mass, he had us in mind. should we not repay him in kind and now have him in our mind in return? i would summarize this third recommendation as concentrate. there is one more important observation. we should live the mass. the human race was redeemed by the sacrifice of christ on calvary. but, unlike calvary, the sacrifice of the mass is not only christ offering himself to his heavenly father. the mass is also our sacrifice. through the mass, we obtain the grace of self - surrender to the will of god. but we must put this grace to use. we must surrender our wills to the will of god. the measure of our self - surrender to the divine will is the measure of our profiting from the mass, not just for ourselves but for the whole world. the official latin of the liturgy when a priest turns to the people to say the orate fratres, reads pray brethren that my sacrifice and yours may be pleasing to god the father almighty. what are we being told? we are being told that the mass is a sacrifice twice over. it is a sacrifice which jesus makes when the priest consecrates the bread and wine separately, to signify the separation of christs blood from his body which caused his death. the mass is also our sacrifice in separating our selfish will in order to surrender ourselves to the will of god. the degree of this self - surrender is the norm by which we profit from the mass. the more sacrificial our lives the more beneficial is every mass offered on all the altars of the world every day. mary, mother of our redeemer, obtain for us something of the generous surrender of will which you made as you stood under the cross on calvary. help us


an age - old frontier may separate northumberland and the borders, but there is much these two geographical areas share in common. the political border has shifted many times over the centuries. but the inhabitants have always shared similar customs, habits, a dialect and a common outlook. this is mostly because of the region ’ s history, which has at times been turbulent and dramatic, but always filled with ideas and innovation. you can read about the events and forces which shaped the culture in different parts of this site and in particular in the history and explore sections. the legacy is rich and gives northumberland and the scottish borders its unique forms of music, craft, art, drama and language. the music is both timeless and beautiful. northumbrian folk ballads are usually accompanied by the traditional northumbrian smallpipes, played by pipers dressed in traditional northumberland tartan. the northumberland tartan is a tight black and white check which dates back thousands of years. it was originally woven by hill shepherds who only had access to the basic black and white wool from their flock. this tartan provides the basis for the scottish estate tartans of today. see the pattern here at the northumberland tartan company. many of the words found in the area ’ s folk songs and used today are northumbrian. this dialect reflects many influences – viking, norse, gaelic, german and french. you ’ ll either know northumbrian / border words because you live here, or you ’ ve heard them in films and tv shows. words such as canny ( pleasant, good ) ; muckle ( big ) ; clart ( mud ) ; tetties ( potatoes ) ; bairn ( child ) ; and deek ( look at ) are from this part of the world. lesser known is the fact that two well - known words, blackmail and bereaved, originated in the borders. blackmail was originally a fee paid by locals for protection from pillage, while bereaved is said to come from ‘ be reived ’, a term that originally applied to the victims of the infamous border reivers raids and has now come to mean to suffer a personal loss. northumberland has its own flag, the red and gold banner which some claim is the oldest known flag design in britain. the design comes from the regal banner of gold and purple which was draped over the tomb of st oswald, the 7th century king of northumbria. today, northumberland / borders cultural heritage is celebrated in unique, diverse museums and galleries and at festivals throughout the region. sites that link


the study involved the first - ever use on an infectious disease of a new research technique called chemical genetics. every virus presents scientists with a new kind of genetic code — the challenge is to figure out how to decipher it to gain a fuller understanding of how the virus works and how to combat it. in the past, such research was often slow and laborious. but thanks to chemical genetics — which allows scientists to quickly test how a new virus reacts with thousands of different chemicals — viruses that might have remained indecipherable for years can now be at least partially unlocked in months or even weeks. " instead of testing out keys in a lock one by one, it ' s like trying out 50, 000 keys all at once, " says yuen. the point of both chemical and classical genetic research is to figure out which genes do what — in effect, to learn to read an organism ' s genetic language. in classical genetics, scientists usually mutate an organism, see how its functions have changed ( a mutated virus might no longer be infectious ) and then work back and identify which gene mutated. if a mutated virus loses its ability to infect a cell, then that gene probably has something to do with infectivity. in chemical genetics, explains dr. richard kao, the lead researcher on the hku study, scientists try do the same by testing thousands upon thousands of chemicals on virus samples. the vast majority won ' t have any effect, but a handful will. researchers can then take those virus samples and use further tests to figure out which viral gene has been affected by which chemical. " if we discover that interfering with a certain gene stops the virus from replicating, then we know that gene ' s function likely has to do with replication, " says kao, a biochemist who brought his passion for chemical genetics to hku from harvard university, where the process was first pioneered in the early 1990s. in hku ' s sars study, kao and his colleagues filled the tiny wells of a small, waffle - like board with samples of the coronavirus cultured in cell lines. microscopic amounts of different chemical compounds were introduced into each separate well using a $ 180, 000 machine called an automated high - throughput screening platform. once the chemicals had time to interact with the virus, scientists could examine the results with an inverted microscope. the process was repeated until all 50, 240 compounds in their chemical library had been tested, which took a few months. " you ' d think it '


chemicals had time to interact with the virus, scientists could examine the results with an inverted microscope. the process was repeated until all 50, 240 compounds in their chemical library had been tested, which took a few months. " you ' d think it ' d be tedious work, but it ' s really not that bad, " says kao. if the chemical failed to interfere with the virus, as was the case with most of them, researchers would easily see evidence of unchecked infection in the cell lines. but about 1, 000 compounds seemed to slow the virus, and 104 of those all but stopped infection. it stood to reason that those compounds were hitting the viral genetic pathways that were most important for infectivity. with help from their collaborators at the aaron diamond aids research center in new york, kao and his colleagues discovered that one of 104 compounds inhibited a kind of viral processing inside the cell, six inhibited viral replication and 18 seemed to prevent the virus from entering the cell in the first place. ( kao says further work will be needed to figure out which viral genes the remaining 78 compounds affect. one of them seems to affect both processing and replication. ) a number of these compounds could form the basis for promising anti - sars drugs, and hku plans to begin animal - testing some of the most effective compounds soon. but the real value of the study is the clearer picture it offers of the sars virus and the blueprint it provides for research responses to any future emerging diseases, like avian flu. " we can react more rapidly, and we can find new drugs that specifically target the disease, " kao says. " if there ' s a new virus, we can jump onto this. " around hku, that ' s a question of when, not if. hku ' s work on sars and bird flu has helped transform a regional university into a world player in disease research, and its staff understand that they are part of a vital bulwark. " hong kong is a very strategic place to be for emerging - infectious - disease work, " says yuen. and when the next would - be superbug pops up, at least scientists will have one more arrow in their quiver.


the world bank has tremendous power and reach in determining living conditions for billions of people around the world — including the 1 billion who live on less than a dollar a day. but the process for choosing a leader for the institution is secretive and includes only americans and elite europeans. here, rev. jesse jackson sr. calls for the " south " — the developing nations of the world — to take matters into their hands and nominate one of their own to lead the world bank. even if it ' s nothing more than a symbolic gesture this time, it ' s a start. reverend jesse l. jackson, sr., is the founder & president of the national rainbow / push coalition, and a former candidate for president in 1984 and 1988. the bush administration in general, and paul wolfowitz in particular, would have you believe that 1, 500 americans have died, perhaps 100, 000 iraqi civilians have been killed, and more than $ 200 billion has been spent on invading and occupying iraq, in the name of " democracy. " funny, then, that paul wolfowitz is now being promoted in a secret, opaque, closely held process that freezes out most of the world. of special note, the selection of the new world bank head freezes out the 1 billion people who live on less than $ 1 per day, and the 3 billion who live on less than $ 2 per day. it freezes out the entire southern hemisphere, africa, asia and south america. in fact, it freezes out everyone who is not a bush loyalist in the united states, or a nervous european elite. it is as if fighting world poverty were a ping - pong game between the united states and europe, a game in which the poorer nations are not even allowed to enter. but why? why should the world ’ s poorest people be excluded from the process of selecting one of the most important leaders who will affect their lives? why are the nations most controlled by world bank and international monetary fund policies not allowed to nominate — or even participate in any meaningful way — in the selection of new leadership? is nelson mandela less qualified to run the world bank than paul wolfowitz? or how about one of the brazilians behind the lula government ’ s innovative proposal to eliminate hunger by taxing international arms sales? or, since we know that the most direct route to fighting world poverty is to empower and educate poor women, why not a woman from the south to lead the world bank ; say, arundhati roy of india, or nobel prize


sales? or, since we know that the most direct route to fighting world poverty is to empower and educate poor women, why not a woman from the south to lead the world bank ; say, arundhati roy of india, or nobel prize winner wangari maathai of kenya — two women who actually know something about helping poor people? these names are not even considered. only americans, and even then, only hard - core bush loyalists, are in the loop. in an entirely secret process, despite his lack of development credentials, and despite the widespread rejection of the idea when the wolfowitz name was first floated publicly, george w. bush followed up on his divisive choice of john bolton for the u. n. with the promotion of leading war hawk wolfowitz to head the world bank. forget all that talk about reconciliation with europe and the rest of the world. bush ’ s picks were like a thumb in each of the world ’ s wide - open eyes. since bush makes up his own rules as he goes along, so should we. after all, when george w. bush meets with tony blair, that ’ s a minority meeting. the united states and the united kingdom together are only one - sixteenth of the world ’ s population. it ' s time for a new set of international rules. the imf is not just the property of europe ; and the world bank can no longer be just a tool of u. s. foreign policy. " one - dollar, one - vote " is no recipe for democracy. the south deserves a voice, and a candidate. the south should nominate one of their own this week, even if just to break the stranglehold the united states and european elites have on the process — just to crack the ice a bit. that nominee should have a program, a " 4 - d " platform : democracy, to open up the world bank / monetary fund systems to the whole world development, to move from big energy projects to micro -, women - centered projects, with an emphasis on renewable technologies disease - fighting, to battle aids and malaria, and the other diseases that ravage the southern hemisphere debt cancellation, to completely eliminate the debts of africa and latin america, to bring the " jubilee " described in the bible to the world ’ s poorest people. providing 100 percent debt cancellation with no conditions, no tricks, no limitations and no restrictions is the single most useful step we could take to fight world poverty. we must challenge the process, right now, by acting


sunday, february 5, 2012 he will make his way up in an adapted weather balloon. the 400 ft wide scientific balloon will carry a pressurized capsule, with him in it. at 120, 000 ft up 23 miles up, he will have to endure temperatures as low as - 94 f as well as lack of oxygen and an air pressure that would make his blood boil. to protect him from these difficulties, a suit has been specially designed. the custom suit is also pressurized in a very similar way to the ones nasa astronauts use and carries a supply of 20 minutes of oxygen. his helmet was also specially designed to try and keep him from blacking out when he causes a sonic boom passing through the sound barrier. due to the difficulties of reaching his parachute ' s cords whilst in the suit, it also had to be adapted to make the jump possible. once he jumps out of the capsule, and away from the balloon, it should take him ten minutes to reach the ground. thirty - five seconds later he ' ll break the sound barrier. he ' ll be traveling close to 700 miles an hour, for the first five minutes, until he reaches 5, 000 ft and opens his chute. five minutes later he hopes to have reached the ground safely, hoping to land in a specific area of new mexico, but even a slight breeze could cause him to drift 150 miles. during his jumping blacking will be his worst fear, it would very easily prove deadly. breaking the sound barrier, the sheer force of the fall, or going into a spin could cause it to happen. baumgartner stated during an interview that, " i always feel the danger because you might always be subject to an unexpected or emergency event. one single mistake might cause a real catastrophe. you are worried about being where humans shouldn ' t be. "


thailand ' s elephant " crushing " ritual it ' s a sound not easily forgotten. just before dawn in the remote highlands of northern thailand, west of the village mae jaem, a four - year - old elephant bellows as seven village men stab nails into her ears and feet. she is tied up and immobilized in a small, wooden cage. her cries are the only sounds to interrupt the otherwise quiet countryside. the cage is called a " training crush. " it ' s the centerpiece of a centuries - old ritual in northern thailand designed to domesticate young elephants. in addition to beatings, handlers use sleep - deprivation, hunger, and thirst to " break " the elephants ' spirit and make them submissive to their owners. " the people believe that to control the animal they have to do something to make the elephant feel fear and pain, " said sangduen " lek " chailert, a well - known chiang - mai - based activist who runs jumbo express, a program bringing free veterinary care to these animals. she ' s an outspoken critic of the crush. video at peta : torture in thailand what can you do? please support elephant nature park - northern thailand ' s conservation project for visitors.. remember that even a small donation can go a long way in thailand. elephant heaven is a sanctuary for abused elephants run by lek chailert, a well - known chiang mai - based activist who campaigns on their behalf. her exposure of the brutal crush and her conservation campaign has raised international awareness and also provoked local resistance. more about elephant heaven : reporter ' s notebook : elephants heal at thai " heaven " http : / / www. time. com / time / asia / 2005 / h... n _ chailert. htm do not support, in any way, elephant camps where elephants do " tricks " or may have been subjected to cruelty. please forward this message to animal lovers around the world.


in this kitchen, trash is treated with respect. melanie peterson - nafziger carefully cleans up, putting a milk jug in one bin, the cap for the jug in another. paper goes into a recycling bin. she slips a wine cork into the cork - recycling bowl. she carries food scraps outside to her compost pile. egg cartons go back to the man who sells her eggs. her nonrecycled garbage? it fills half a shoebox. for the week. for a family of four. " it all makes such perfect sense to me, " said peterson - nafziger, of st. paul, sliding a battery - recycling bowl back into a cabinet. but is minnesota ready to follow her example? the future of recycling is at stake. after surging ahead in the 1980s, minnesota ' s recycling rate has stagnated for green advocates hope to recharge the movement by centralized recycling of food scraps. they say organics recycling will sweep minnesota, just as recycling of aluminum, glass and paper has. they say that eventually minnesotans will automatically sort out their leftovers, knowing they will be made into earth - friendly compost. but composting your lunch isn ' t like recycling a pop can. early tests of potential interest are mixed. even some avid recyclers balk at recycling table scraps, which can bring smells and insects to their kitchens. and the environmental benefits are debatable. skeptics don ' t think curbside food - scrap collection " if it does not save money and doesn ' t do much for the environment, why are we doing it? " said winston porter, president of the waste policy center in virginia and a former assistant administrator of the environmental protection agency. " we are not exactly running out of mulch in this country. " 43 percent and flat for the past 15 years, minnesota has recycled about 43 percent of its solid waste each year - - and that rate has remained flat. that ' s well above the national average of about 34 percent. " minnesotans are really good recyclers, " said maggie mattacola, communications director of the recycling association of minnesota. but recycling advocates are discouraged to see no progress, despite decades of promotion. " the entire state has experienced a stagnation of performance, " said the metropolitan solid waste management policy plan 2010 - 30, written by the state pollution control agency. the stall in recycling is partly due to the economic slowdown, which has reduced trash and recycl


experienced a stagnation of performance, " said the metropolitan solid waste management policy plan 2010 - 30, written by the state pollution control agency. the stall in recycling is partly due to the economic slowdown, which has reduced trash and recyclables. and the weight of recycled materials is falling because of smaller newspapers, skinnier catalogs and thinner aluminum cans. but recycling might have hit a ceiling. " a large amount of people, through laziness or just not caring, are just not going to recycle, " said jim wollschlager, spokesman for randy ' s environmental services, a west metro recycling business. recycling advocates have wondered what, if anything, can be done to increase recycling rates. " we have tried educational campaigns, " mattacola said. food is next their solution? organics recycling. america ' s food waste put into landfills in 2010 was about 14 percent of the total waste generated, according to the epa. the country recycles a mere 3 percent of its food waste. minnesota has decided to change that. the state pca has set a metro - area goal of reducing the annual flow into landfills by 75 percent by 2030, said of that 75 percent reduction, between 9 percent and 16 percent must come from recycling organic material, he said. the rest would come from expanding conventional recycling and other programs. food scraps will become the third wave of recycling. the first was in the 1980s and 1990s, when recycling services spread across the state. the next wave, spreading gradually today, is no - sort recycling. this allows homeowners to put all recyclables into one bin - - which is more expensive but boosts recycling rates. the third wave - - organics recycling - - has already started in a group of communities around wayzata and some neighborhoods in minneapolis. st. paul could be next. the nonprofit eureka recycling is proposing to start no - sort recycling and organics recycling in the city, adding $ 23 a year to the $ 37 every household now pays for recycling. the city council is expected to vote on the plans next year. every household would pay for the service, whether it uses it or not. in that way, the program would reflect a social value, said eureka spokeswoman dianna kennedy. she compared it to libraries - - paid for by all taxpayers if not necessarily used by all. " i see it as another quality - of - life investment we make, " she said. " i have thousands in


spokeswoman dianna kennedy. she compared it to libraries - - paid for by all taxpayers if not necessarily used by all. " i see it as another quality - of - life investment we make, " she said. " i have thousands in st. paul who want composting. " eureka chief executive tim brownell said pilot programs in 2001 and 2010 concluded that 55 percent to 60 percent of households would participate in an expanded recycling service. but others say centralized organics recycling will wither like a composted apple core. only 13 percent of households participated in an organics recycling pilot project recently run by allied waste services, which handles garbage and recycling in much of the metro area. allied test - marketed 200 homes in the metro area, educated homeowners and provided separate green bins. but the 13 percent was greater participation than what was seen for a eureka program in the macalaster - groveland neighborhood of st. paul. there, subscribers pay $ 40 a year to bring food waste to a centralized pick - up site. in a neighborhood of about 8, 000, about 150 are participating. tenley johnson lives in the neighborhood. she recalled the rotten smells and insects in her kitchen when she participated in a trial run. " a lot of people would try to do it, " said johnson, who now composts in her back yard. " but we have to make it cleaner and more efficient. " participation rates could be raised if residents were convinced the programs help the environment. but the green benefits are as slippery as a half - recycled banana peel. every commercial organics recycling truck in the metro area must drive to a composting plant in empire township - - 26 miles south of downtown st. paul. that costs money, increases traffic and contributes to air pollution. closer substations would help, said eureka ' s kennedy. " for us to drive trucks to empire township is wildly expensive, " she said. advocates say composting reduces the need for landfills. but the pca says landfills are in no danger of filling up and more could be built if they do. composting prevents the formation of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas created when organics are thrown into landfills. but the epa says landfills - - such as the four that serve the metro area - - capture an average of 75 percent of methane. all of the metro landfills use methane to generate electricity. despite that, mark rust, supervisor of the sustainable - material management unit of the state pca, said


four that serve the metro area - - capture an average of 75 percent of methane. all of the metro landfills use methane to generate electricity. despite that, mark rust, supervisor of the sustainable - material management unit of the state pca, said that compost has value as a water - retaining soil additive that reduces pollution. but that doesn ' t mean it has much monetary value. aluminum is recycled into aluminum cans ; and paper into other paper products. but food scraps can be turned only into compost, which often sells for less than topsoil - - making it literally dirt - cheap. scott nutzmann doesn ' t see the point of centralized composting. he owns the clo - spin cleaners only three doors away from recycling super - star peterson - nafziger, yet his attitude is worlds apart. " why should you compost leftovers? " said nutzmann, as he folded a pair of pants. " you throw it in the dump and it eventually becomes dirt again anyway. " better in the back yard? centralized composting programs face competition from mother nature herself. unlike recycling of aluminum and glass, composting happens naturally when organic material is left outdoors. so backyard composting has the same benefits as a city - sponsored program, without running expensive, air - polluting trucks. that ' s good for the environment, but bad for business. many hauling companies are paid by the ton to remove trash and recyclables. to them, a backyard composter is a missing customer, the same as someone who doesn ' t recycle at all. eureka says it avoids this quandary by being a nonprofit. if its organics service is paid for by everyone in st. paul, eureka won ' t be hurt by competition, so it could - - and will - - encourage backyard recycling. but the program will need to appeal to enough voters to get city council support. and many resent being forced to pay for a service they won ' t use. " the idea of the government grabbing this drives me up a wall, " said erik knutson, as he sold a six - pack of beer in scott ' s liquor store in the same st. paul neighborhood. knutson composts in his yard in little canada - - which works just fine, thank you. " where are they going to take it that ' s any better? " he asked. and another potential competitor? a food - to - hogs program run out


the pca. people had to learn to love conventional recycling, and they will do the same with organics recycling, predicted ramsey county ' s hansen. " people will look at what they throw away not as waste, but as a resource, " said hansen. " they will say, ' this banana peel - - this is a resource. ' " but recyclers don ' t always think about the money. they share a zeal that is almost spiritual - - celebrating connections with the planet, ties with the community and harmony with what is eaten, discarded or reused. " i love the idea that i can spread this beautiful compost on my garden, " said peterson - nafziger, as she dumped a few rinds on her compost heap. she knows her neighbors don ' t share her delight in her compost, which to them looks a lot like dirt. but they will learn as the next wave hits, she said. " we see the economy and the environment and people ' s lifestyles, " she said, " and right now they are all colliding. " bob shaw can be reached at 651 - 228 - 5433. follow him at twitter. com / bshawpp. is landfill space really that scarce? to the list of things minnesota has plenty of - - lakes, walleyes, therapy clinics - - we can now add landfills. " to say we are literally running out of space, and that we don ' t have land for landfills - - that is an old notion, more of a myth, " said mark rust, supervisor of the sustainable - material management unit of the minnesota pollution control agency. the status of landfills is important because a key argument supporting organics recycling is that it reduces the need for scarce landfill space. rust said that at the current landfill demand of 917, 000 tons a year, the metro area has 10 to 20 years of capacity left. the end date could change according to how much people recycle in the future, market demand for recyclables, changes in permits for landfills and other factors. but when the current sites are full, new ones can be built, rust said. there might be local resistance, but rust is confident that land will be available. four landfills serve the metro area : spruce ridge landfill near glencoe, pine bend landfill in inver grove heights, burnsville landfill and elk river landfill. all have liners to prevent seepage of pollution into groundwater. all capture the greenhouse


a high - fat diet appears to make you dumber, but exercise makes you smarter. at least if you ' re a rat. that ' s what researchers at the university of minnesota and the va medical center found, according to studies presented in october in new orleans at the annual meeting of the society for neuroscience. in one experiment, researchers housed 30 rats in containers that had two compartments, which the rat could freely go between. ten of the rats were allowed to use a running wheel whenever they wanted. ten were put on a treadmill for 45 minutes a day, five days a week. and 10 rats were sedentary. the rats were trained with 30 trials in which a light went on and a tone sounded that would be followed five seconds later by a mild shock to the rat ' s feet. the shock lasted five seconds. but the rats could escape the shock by crossing over to the other compartment. the result : after five weeks of exercise, the rats on the running wheels or the treadmills were more likely to figure out that they could escape the shock by running over to the other compartment. and they were more likely and quicker to get to the safe side before the shock began. the sedentary rats were more likely to just to sit there and endure the shock. another finding : the farther members of the exercising rat team ran, the better they were at avoiding the shocks. one particularly high - performing rat voluntarily clocked nearly 40 kilometers, or close to 25 miles, on the running wheel during " rats, they love running wheels, " said vijayakumar mavanji, a researcher with the va and the u of m department of food science and nutrition. the research team also included chuanfeng wang, catherine kotz and charles billington. another experiment by the group tested the effect of a high - fat diet on 17 rats. for four months, 10 rats were fed a normal diet and seven were fed a high - fat diet - - food containing 45 percent saturated fats. then about half the rats in each group were given access to a running wheel, while half were allowed to remain sedentary. for the next seven weeks they were given the foot - shock test. the result : the rats on the high - fat diets did worse than the others in avoiding the foot shocks. but after hitting the running wheel for seven weeks, the high - fat rats wised up and did about as well as those on a standard diet in figuring out how to avoid the shocks. according to mavanji


others in avoiding the foot shocks. but after hitting the running wheel for seven weeks, the high - fat rats wised up and did about as well as those on a standard diet in figuring out how to avoid the shocks. according to mavanji, high - fat diets may impair memory formation and retention, by leading to fatty acids getting into a part of the brain called the hippocampus. but for the rats, exercise appears to reverse that cognitive decline. maybe the exercise increases the size of the hippocampus, as studies on humans have shown. or maybe the rat workouts are leading to biochemical changes in the brain or the formation of new neurons or synapses that offset the impact of the fatty diet. mavanji said the data are still preliminary. he said researchers still need to find out if it ' s actually the exercise that helps the rats ' brains or if it ' s a byproduct of the treadmill workouts, like lower body weight or the lower food consumption that was seen in the running rats. humans shouldn ' t see the findings as permission to eat fatty foods thinking they can offset any effect on their brains by exercising, mavanji said. " we won ' t suggest anyone should eat high - fat food, " he said. richard chin can be reached at 651 - 228 - 5560. follow him at twitter. com / rrchin.


lauretta underwood, 72, said she can clearly remember the day her mother told her she was about to witness history as she was dropped off at school. following the landmark supreme court case brown v. board of education, which made school segregation unconstitutional, central high school and the state of arkansas became a national symbol of integration resistance, according to the arkansas encyclopedia of arkansas history and culture. the school board complied with the law and adopted a plan to integrate, beginning at the high school level and working down to the lower grades starting in 1957, according to the website. on sept. 2, 1957, nine african american students who volunteered to attend central high school were stopped by the arkansas national guard under the direction of gov. orval faubus, who asserted the students ’ entrance to the school would cause violence, the website states. president dwight eisenhower brought in the u. s. army ’ s 101st airborne division to ensure the students were allowed to attend the school on sept. 25. mrs. underwood said mobs of people, many of whom were mothers, were protesting and the soldiers formed a perimeter around the school, but she was not afraid as she entered. “ in a way, you felt safe because you knew they were there to keep things under control, and there were tanks and trucks everything — it was like a warzone, ” she said. she said, before the airborne division came in, students flocked to the windows as an innocent black man was beaten and dragged down the street by a mob. from her vantage point, she wasn ’ t exactly sure who stopped the violence, but it appeared the national guard wasn ’ t doing much. “ best i can remember, he was just an innocent guy walking down the street, and there was a mob, and they were going to take it out on him, ” she said. “ the people that were protesting the most were the mothers, ” she said. “ the fathers were at work. ( it was ) not all of them, a minority were … protesting. ” some mothers picked up their children from school that first day if they had a class with an african american student, and one of them addressed earnest green while he was in study hall, she said. “ most of the mothers who came to get their kids were quiet and respectful, but one ( that ) came to the door when i was in study hall was not, ” she said. “ i won ’ t ( repeat ) what she said, but it ’ s still in my memory. he just


were quiet and respectful, but one ( that ) came to the door when i was in study hall was not, ” she said. “ i won ’ t ( repeat ) what she said, but it ’ s still in my memory. he just put his head on his desk — never said a word. ” mrs. underwood said study hall was the only class she had with earnest, and speaking was not allowed in the class. she said, although they were never friends, she considered him to be very nice, polite and intelligent. the two also shared a lunch period and after the resistance that day, earnest ate lunch by himself. “ part of me wanted to get up and join him, ” she said. “ i knew that was the right and christian thing to do, however, i did not have the courage to do so, and no one else at my table would go with me. ” mrs. underwood said after a few days, a group of boys found the courage to sit with earnest and he gradually made friends at the school. despite the initial resistance, most students did not go out of their way to make the nine student ’ s lives difficult, she said. “ most of the kids were pleasant to the nine, or at least ignored them, but there were some who were cruel and harassed them constantly, ” she said. “ they were the minority. the majority were either nice to them or left them alone. ” mrs. underwood said the ceremony was held outside in the school ’ s stadium and earnest was booed and jeered at as he walked across the stage during rehearsal. a strong police presence was at the actual ceremony, and mrs. underwood said she became anxious as earnest ’ s name was called out. “ i didn ’ t want them to do that to him, ” she said. “ he was such a nice guy, so when he called his name, i was holding my breath. there wasn ’ t one sound, one jeer, one boo one anything — it was just quiet. ” looking back on the historical year, mrs. underwood said she had one regret. “ i know as a christian i felt really bad for not befriending earnest, but i ’ m happy to see hearts have melted and race relations have improved, ” she said. “ i pray they will continue to get better. ”


start your visit withhistorical timelines general interest maps fidel castro was a young cuban lawyer when he decided to begin an armed struggle against dictator fulgencio batista in 1953. he failed at the time and was nearly killed, but lived to lead a second and successful rebellion. those who hoped that castro would become a democratic reformer, however, were disappointed when he instead became the hemisphere ' s longest - serving dictator. fidel alejandro castro ruz was born on august 13, 1926, near mayari, cuba. his parents owned a sugarcane plantation and the family lived moderately prosperous lives. he attended catholic schools and enrolled in the university of havana in 1945, where he studied law. at the university, castro joined groups opposed to the government. he received his law degree in 1950 and planned to run for a seat in the legislature, but his plans were frustrated when batista overthrew the government and stopped the elections. castro charged batista with violating the constitution, but his case was refused by the court. with political action impossible, castro switched to violent opposition. on july 26, 1953, he led a group of armed rebels in an attack on the moncada army garrison in santiago. they were defeated by the army, which murdered dozens of the captured rebels in reprisal. castro was sentenced to 15 years in prison. following two years in prison, castro was released by batista as a gesture of reconciliation. not at all reconciled, castro left for mexico to train a fresh rebel army. on december 2, 1956, they returned by boat. the army confronted them and they were defeated again, but this time castro escaped into the mountains with a handful of supporters. from the mountains, they began to amass an army of more than 800 men and employed guerrilla military tactics that bastista ’ s men were unequipped to handle. they began to win support among peasants, students, and even catholic priests, from an additional propaganda campaign. by the end of 1958, castro had made batista ' s position untenable. on the morning of january 1, 1959, the dictator left cuba for the dominican republic, and from there to madeira island in portugal, where he died. castro entered havana in triumph on january 8 to begin his more than 40 - year rule. he promised to maintain the democratic constitution of 1940, but quickly imposed authoritarian socialist rule. thousands of batista supporters were executed, foreign holdings were confiscated, and american companies lost over a billion dollars in assets. on january 31, 1961, the united


. he promised to maintain the democratic constitution of 1940, but quickly imposed authoritarian socialist rule. thousands of batista supporters were executed, foreign holdings were confiscated, and american companies lost over a billion dollars in assets. on january 31, 1961, the united states imposed an economic embargo on cuba. as a result, cuba became more dependent on soviet and eastern bloc nations for economic aid. many cubans fled the island for the united states and some established an anti - castro organization in miami, florida. stirrings of castro ’ s overthrow began publicly when american presidential candidate john f. kennedy criticized then president dwight d. eisenhower, during the 1960 presidential campaign, for not doing more about castro. kennedy decided early in his administration that castro needed to be ousted, by force if necessary. he inherited a cia plan for the bay of pigs invasion from the eisenhower administration and followed through on the covert attack in april 1961. castro ' s military defeated the cuban exiles and humiliated the united states. the united states got a measure of revenge the following year when they forced u. s. s. r. general secretary nikita khrushchev to withdraw soviet missiles from cuba during the october cuban missile crisis. castro adopted the attitude that cuba was " non - aligned " despite its close ties with other communist regimes around the world. he was elected head of nonaligned nations movement and has been a strong voice against american imperialism. until the fall of the soviet union, cuba relied on soviet subsidies to maintain its economy. with money received from sugar sales and economic aid from the soviet union, castro implemented such social programs as his war on illiteracy and no - cost universal health care. without their economic support, the cuban economy has suffered, but castro has maintained tight control. castro ' s regime also has assisted with revolutions in angola and ethiopia. from the american side, the economic embargo seems firmly in place, despite being supported by no other government in the world. the status quo seems likely to remain, at least until fidel castro finally passes from the scene. - - - - selected quotes - - - - quotes by fidel castro. i feel my belief in sacrifice and struggle getting stronger. i despise the kind of existence that clings to the miserly trifles of comfort and self - interest. i think that a man should not live beyond the age when he begins to deteriorate, when the flame that lighted the brightest moment of his life has weakened. letter from prison, 1953 regarding human rights with what moral authority can they speak


interest. i think that a man should not live beyond the age when he begins to deteriorate, when the flame that lighted the brightest moment of his life has weakened. letter from prison, 1953 regarding human rights with what moral authority can they speak of human rights — the rulers of a nation in which the millionaire and beggar coexist ; the indian is exterminated ; the black man is discriminated against ; the woman is prostituted ; and the great masses of chicanos, puerto ricans, and latin americans are scorned, exploited, and humiliated? speech in 1978 quotes regarding fidel castro. by jesse jackson the most honest, courageous politician i have ever met. during 1984 visit to havana - - - books you may like include : - - - - one minute to midnight : kennedy, khrushchev and castro on the brink of nuclear war by michael dobbs. in october 1962, at the height of the cold war, the united states and the soviet union appeared to be sliding inexorably toward a nuclear conflict ove... the dark side of camelot by seymour m. hersh. if the kennedys are america ' s royal family, then john f. kennedy was the nation ' s crown prince. magnetic, handsome, and charismatic, his perfectly coi... brothers : the hidden history of the kennedy years by david talbot. for decades, books about john or robert kennedy have woven either a shimmering tale of camelot gallantry or a tawdry story of runaway ambition and rec... one hell of a gamble : khrushchev, kennedy, and castro, 1958 - 1964 by aleksandr fursenko. the berlin wall has been rubble for a decade and the memories of the cold war are growing dim. and yet no one is ever likely to forget the cuban miss...


smooth ride to juneau : rap maps wind shear and turbulence at isolated airport that ubiquitous air travel safety announcement about fastening seatbelts and placing seats in their upright positions has a special meaning when it comes to flying into juneau international airport. the local wind shear and turbulence are notorious because the mountains that tightly encircle the airport produce a complex wind - flow pattern that literally rattles passengers who travel in and out of alaskas small capital two airplanesa university of wyoming king air and an alaska airlines 737 - 400gather data on raps prototype as the project manager for the faa - sponsored juneau wind project, bob barron of the research applications program hopes to give travelers a smoother, safer ride. bob and his colleagues are developing a prototype warning system that issues up - to - the - minute alerts about wind shear and turbulence to air traffic controllers, airline dispatchers, and pilots. the goal is to warn pilots in time to prevent injuries to passengers and crew. rap designed a similar system thats operating at hong kongs chek lap kok its great that ncar can use its scientific and technical expertise to contribute to society on this day - to - day operational level, raps bob barron and deirdre garvey. the rap team used anemometers and wind profilers to set up the juneau warning system. the devices use vector mathematics to create a comprehensive picture of surrounding winds and to determine the danger these winds pose to airplanes and passengers. a wind profiler is an upward - looking radar that can measure turbulence, wind speed, and wind direction. it gives researchers a profile of horizontal winds and turbulence at 60 - meter ( 200 - foot ) increments up to about 2. 5 kilometers ( 1. 5 miles ). an anemometer also measures wind speed and wind direction, but its measurements are at a single point near the ground. the team placed the anemometers and wind profilers at a variety of locations ranging from the airports runways to the surrounding mountains. many sites were chosen for their proximity to flight paths, while others were placed upstream to monitor incoming air before it reaches the airport. rap is working with the atmospheric technology division to locate and operate the instruments. from 1996 to 1997, atd collected wind data for several months to explore wind patterns and ultimately determine the best locations for the wind profilers in juneau. atds steve cohn has helped ensure the accuracy and proper functioning of the juneau wind profilers, analyzing data with raps steve mueller, andrew week


to explore wind patterns and ultimately determine the best locations for the wind profilers in juneau. atds steve cohn has helped ensure the accuracy and proper functioning of the juneau wind profilers, analyzing data with raps steve mueller, andrew weekley, cory morse, and kent goodrich. by boat or plane despite a population of barely more than 30, 000, juneau has a busy airport. this is because, unlike rome, no roads lead to juneau. the only ways in or out are by boat or plane. from apples to zucchini, supplies travel through the airport along with people. this high volume of traffic, coupled with unusually dangerous winds, brought juneau international airport to the attention of the faa. the area has two major airflows : a warm south to southeast wind from the gulf of alaska and a north to northeast wind bringing cold air from the interior. under certain wind conditions, the only way to fly out of juneau is by making a slow, 180 - degree turn just after takeoff while turbulent winds coming over the mountains buffet the aircraft. for several years, rap has worked with the faa, alaska airlines, the univeristy of north dakota, the university of oklahoma, and the university of wyoming to collect data in juneau. in 1998, 2000, and 2002, rap and university staffers traveled to juneau to collect wind data that have been used to build and refine the warning system. this past winter, two airplanes, the university of wyomings king air and a larger alaska airlines boeing 737 - 400, gathered data to fine - tune the prototype system. the planes were used to correlate ground - system readings with actual data from the planes. for further accuracy, the doppler on wheelsa truckborne radar owned jointly by ncar and the university of oklahoma that measures radial wind speedconfirmed the data. with the cold winter weather and rough traveling conditions in juneau, bob jokes that a lot of people have suffered on the project. but everyone involved understands that the focus of the new system is safety. turbulence is a major concern for the airlines. in one serious incident in juneau, a 737 departing the airport fully loaded with passengers encountered a wind hazard and rolled over more than 90 degrees. fortunately in this case, the pilots were able to get the airplane back upright just a few hundred feet above the ground and complete their departure. the juneau warning system is designed to provide alerts that will allow pilots to avoid these types of hazardous areas. it will also


, the pilots were able to get the airplane back upright just a few hundred feet above the ground and complete their departure. the juneau warning system is designed to provide alerts that will allow pilots to avoid these types of hazardous areas. it will also help airlines save money. turbulence costs u. s. airlines an estimated $ 100 million each year in injuries and operational disruptions such as delays and rerouting. in juneau, high winds can last from 2 to 72 hours, and wind information can help airlines adjust their routes and schedules to optimize usage of the airport. the warning system features sophisticated technology. the wind profilers have two computers, explains raps deirdre garvey. one is part of the profiler and the other is a debian linux computer running the rap algorithms. the anemometers and wind profilers transmit data to a central location at the airport, where final data analysis is performed. there is also a wind information system in juneau running a set of rap algorithms and sending the data to various remote locations in juneau. despite all this technology, in the end, it is up to the pilot to decide how to respond to the warnings. rap hopes to have the prototype completed and handed over to the faa by 2004. the faa will then modify the system to fit its long - term needs. in the meantime, rap staffers will continue to refine the prototype alert system and check it for accuracy. until the warning system is up and running, people will be sure to remember to pull their seat belts tight on their next trip to juneau. bob sighs, ncar never seems to send me to a place where the weather is nice. before the juneau project, rap built a similar warning system at hong kongs chek lap kok airport ( above in an artists illustration ), which is scheduled to be completed as shown in 2040. without this warning system, called the windshear and turbulence warning system ( wtws ), research showed that one in 700 flights would encounter severe wind shear and one in 2, 500 would encounter severe turbulence. with the wtws system installed, unexpected windshear and turbulence are rarely encountered. the wtws is equipped with a suite of wind shear and turbulence detection algorithms. it processes data from anemometers and a terminal doppler weather radar. also in this issue... launching instrument collection lally wins prestigious ballooning award special evening with an intimate of the atmosphere pto, health benefits, and diversity training to


the inside story / a monkey, a plan, a canal george dreams that he and gnocchi are chasing the germs that are giving him a cold out of his body. the inside story - george doesn ' t feel so well. he ' s sneezing and can ' t taste chef pisghetti ' s sauce. he learns that he has a germ inside that ' s given him a cold. george wishes he could make the germ go away so he could feel better. gnocchi curls up with george and they both go to sleep. in his dream, george wakes up inside himself, with gnocchi at his side. they are facing that pesky germ - the bluesy, singing toots and his germettes, who have set up camp inside george. george wants them to leave, but they are having a wonderful time and never want to go! george and gnocchi chase toots through george ' s body ( nose, stomach and lungs ) in an effort to evict him. will they succeed? and if so, how? a monkey, a plan, a canal - oh no! george and allie find that a dry spell has lowered the water level of lake wanasink lake and one of their fish friends got trapped in a small pond away from it ' s family! what ' s a monkey and girl to do? trying to put the fish in a pail to carry it over doesn ' t work. george decides to dig a canal between the lake and the little pond. this would work except that the small pond is downhill from the lake and fish can ' t swim up hill. with some help from bill, george realizes his canal needs a lock. even though this is big work for a little monkey, george is up to it! once george figures out how to build it, will the fish use it and swim back to his family?


a tree at the centre : the mapuche - pewenche, people of the araucaria in the andes of southern chile, near the border with argentina, the araucaria tree is an ecological keystone species. at the same time it plays a central role in the economic, social and spiritual lives of the indigenous inhabitants of the area, who call themselves ‘ mapuche - pewenche ’ - the people of the araucaria tree. summary : the mapuche nation covers a large area, in parts of both chile and argentina. within this vast area are various sub - regions named according to their location or ecological features, such as puel mapu ( the eastern lands ), nag mapu ( the land of the plains ), or pewen mapu ( the land of the pewen tree ). the pewen tree, or araucaria ( araucaria araucana ), is more commonly known in english as the monkey puzzle tree. the mapuche - pewenche value the pine nut from the araucaria for its taste, and use it as a staple food. in the autumn and winter, when the wheat or potato stores can run out, the araucaria pine nut offers food security. the tree also provides the main source of firewood, and the resin is used as medicine to relieve headaches, colds, ulcers, menstrual pains, as well as for healing wounds, broken ligaments or sprained muscles. the mapuche - pewenche describe their relationship to the araucaria forest as analogous to that of ' an extended family ' ( lobpewen ). the male tree ( domopewen ) and female tree ( wentrupewen ) are said to reproduce by criss - crossing their roots underground. two important spirit beings are said to help the trees reproduce and so the mapuche - pewenche provide them with offerings during a ceremony called nguillatun. the indigenous markan - kura association developed this project, in consultation with the local communities. in a first phase, an interdisciplinary team of mapuche, consisting of a teacher, an anthropologist and a forester, are collecting knowledge relating to the araucaria to enhance teaching material in schools in the mapuche - pewenche territory. this is not only to encourage the safeguarding of mapuche language through bi - lingual education, but also to move beyond a mere translation of western / scientific concepts to presenting mapuche understandings of their environment in a way that is