provided they exceed forty persons in one body or company, they shall be exempted from payment of any publick or county tax for the space of ten years, next ensueing their arrival. resolved that an address be presented to his excellency the governor to desire him to use his interest, in such manner, as he shall think most proper to obtain an instruction for giveing encouragement to protestants from foreign parts, to settle in townships within this province, to be set apart for that purpose after the manner, & with such priviledges and advantages, as is practised in south carolina. the lower house concurred with the several resolves of the upper house save that relating to the thousand pounds, which was held over till the next assembly for consideration. this was on the 29th february, 1740. further consideration was shown to the new comers on the next day by the appointment by the governor and council of duncan campbell, dugald mcneil, dan. mcneil, col. mcalister and neil mcneil as magistrates for the county of bladen, being the first scotch names that appear in the record of magistrates for bladen county. among other charges brought against the governor was an inordinate fondness for his brother scotchmen, even scotch rebels. his partiality in 1740, england having declared war against spain, over four hundred men were raised in the colony, and distributed into four companies for service in the expedition against st. augustine. two hundred more could have been easily raised if it had been possible to negotiate bills of exchange so as to get ready money. the troops embarked, some at cape fear and some at edenton. three of the companies were raised in the northern counties. the legislature appropriated £1, 200 sterling to aid in the expedition. early in the following year these troops were transported from florida to jamaica, and there embarking on board the british fleet, under command of admiral vernon, sailed to the harbor of carthagena, in south america, where they took part in the attack on fort st. lazarus. in 1744, lord granville ' s one - eighth part of carolina, under the original grants from king charles, was set off to him by grant from king george, entirely in north carolina, all that territory lying between the virginia line on the north and the parallel of 35° 34 ′ on the south, being thus set off to him. the line ran near or through the old town of bath, the present towns of snow hill and princeton, along the southern borders of the counties of chatham


north and the parallel of 35° 34 ′ on the south, being thus set off to him. the line ran near or through the old town of bath, the present towns of snow hill and princeton, along the southern borders of the counties of chatham, randolph, davidson and rowan, a little below the southern border of catawba county but not as low down as lincolnton, and so on west to the mississippi. in the winter of 1743 - ' 44 the line was run from the coast to the town of bath, and in the spring of 1746 from bath to peter parker ' s house, on the west side of cape fear river, now the southeast corner of chatham county. the reason given by the commissioners for not continuing the line at that in 1747, several small sloops and barcalonjos crept along the coast from st. augustine, full of armed men, mostly mulattoes and negroes, their small draught securing them from the attacks of the only ship of war then on our coast. they landed at ocacock, core sound, bear inlet and cape fear, where they killed several people, burned some ships and small vessels, carried off some negroes and slaughtered a great number of cattle and hogs. these practices were continued all the summer of 1747, and led to the erection of several forts along the coast, one of which, fort johnston, still survives. in 1748, on the 29th september, samuel davis, charles robinson and thomas smith, in behalf of themselves and sundry other inhabitants of the pedee, exhibited to the governor and council a petition setting forth in substance that the inhabitants on the river were some eight hundred to twelve hundred in number, and that the court house of bladen was about 100 miles from the nearest inhabitant, and the roads at times very bad if not impracticable, and praying that a new county be erected to be called anson county. the petition was granted and the new county erected, the boundary between it and bladen being the little pedee river, to the head of the main branch of it, and thence a line equi - distant between haw river and great pedee river. in 1749, on the 11th july, died colonel edward moseley. as has been well said of him, 1 : “ of all the men who watched and guarded the tottering footsteps of our infant state, there was not one who, in intellectual ability, in solid and polite learning, in scholarly cultivation and refinement, in courage and endurance, in


1 : “ of all the men who watched and guarded the tottering footsteps of our infant state, there was not one who, in intellectual ability, in solid and polite learning, in scholarly cultivation and refinement, in courage and endurance, in high christian morality, in generous consideration for the welfare of others, in all the true merit, in fine, which makes a man among men, could equal edward moseley. ” and yet it is to no one of these qualities, nor to all of them, that the great debt of gratitude north carolina will ever owe to him is due, but to his undying love of free government, and his indomitable maintenance of the rights of the people. doubtless no man ever more fully realized than he, that eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, nor was there ever upon any watchtower a more faithful sentinel than he. and to him, above all others, should north carolina erect her first statue, for to him, above all others, is she indebted for stimulating that love of liberty regulated by law, and that hatred of arbitrary government that has ever characterized her people. in him, arbitrary and oppressive government ever found a bold, prompt and effective opponent. not a mere brawling demagogue, by any means, but a true patriot, who knew the rights of the people, who knew how to assert them and feared not to do it. happily for our state, he came to the front in the formative period of her existence, and, so far as her records show, did more than any man ever within her borders to give shape and direction to the character of her people. it was under his lead that the assembly, in 1716, in a formal resolve, told the governor and his council, “ that the impressing of the inhabitants or their property under pretence of its being for the public service, without authority from the assembly, was unwarrantable, and a great infringement of the liberty of the subject. ” the man who, at that early day, could formulate that resolve, and the people whose assembly could fling it in the face of the government, were worthy of each other. his first appearance upon the records that have come down to us is as a member of the council in the year 1705, at the meeting at which the county of bath was divided into three precincts. he was then a house - holder, and the council met at his house. how long he had been a member of the council does not


council in the year 1705, at the meeting at which the county of bath was divided into three precincts. he was then a house - holder, and the council met at his house. how long he had been a member of the council does not appear, this being the first record of that body that has come down to us. from that time to the day of his death he was continuously in the public service, in some high office or employment. in 1708, he was elected to the assembly of that year, chosen to decide between the claims of cary and glover to the governorship, and was made speaker of that body. from that time until 1734, when he became a member of the council by royal appointment, and as such a he was also surveyor general of the colony, and for near twenty years one of the commissioners in behalf of north carolina in her famous controversy with virginia about their boundary line. he was also one of the commissioners that ran the line between north and south carolina, chief baron of the exchequer, and associate justice of the general court of the province. he was also for many years public treasurer. meanwhile, he was also the foremost lawyer in the province, and an active member of the vestry in his parish and ever a friend of learning. the list of books he gave to found a provincial library in edenton is still extant. he was also one of the commissioners that ran the line between lord granville ' s possessions and the king ' s domain in the province. his last public service was as a member of the commission to revise the laws of the province. surely, it is no mean tribute to his character that while he was so beloved by the people, that he received through life every possible mark of their regard and confidence, he was so respected by the government, also, that upon all important occasions, when honesty, ability, and courage, were required, and the interests of the province were to be subserved, it too, called his services into requisition. the name of moseley will never be without honor in north carolina so long as time and gratitude shall live. in october, 1749, the line between virginia and north carolina was extended from peter ' s creek, where it stopped in 1728, to steep rock creek, a distance of 90 miles. william churton and daniel weldon were the commissioners on the part of north carolina, and joshua fry and peter jefferson on the part of virginia. governor johnston says “ they crossed a large branch of the mississippi [ new river ]


distance of 90 miles. william churton and daniel weldon were the commissioners on the part of north carolina, and joshua fry and peter jefferson on the part of virginia. governor johnston says “ they crossed a large branch of the mississippi [ new river ] which runs between the ledges of the mountains, and nobody ever dreamt of before. ” it so happens, however, that no record of this survey has been preserved, and we are to - day without evidence, save from tradition, to ascertain the location of our boundary for ninety miles. in 1750, by a statute of the british parliament, the old method of computing time was abolished in all the king ' s dominions and the new style introduced, under which the years began on the 1st of january instead of the 25th of march. in 1752, the day after the 2d of september was counted the 14th of september, eleven days being omitted. in 1752, appeared the first printed revisal of the laws of the province ever published. the revisal was the work principally of samuel swann, edward moseley, his colleague on the commission, having died before the completion of the work. the printing was done at new bern by james davis, who, in 1749, had carried there the first printing press ever in the province. this revisal was known in common talk in the province as “ the yellow jacket, ” from the color of its covers. governor johnston began the quit rent quarrel in less than ninety days after his arrival, by seeking to limit the number of places for the collection of quit rents. the importance of the question at issue will be appreciated when it is remembered that the people of the province did not own their lands in fee simple, as is now the case, but were mere tenants of the crown, holding the lands upon payment of an annual rent per acre. the people contended that unless they agreed upon a different place, the rents were collectable only upon the land upon which they accrued, and were payable in certain products, or “ commoditys, ” as they were called, at fixed prices. governor johnston held that, as the representative of the king, he had a right to fix not only the place of payment, but how it should be made, and the bill then pending was amended in the upper house so as to reduce the number of places to four. the house of burgesses refusing to agree to this view of the case, the bill fell through, and thereupon governor johnston issued a proclamation directing where the


pending was amended in the upper house so as to reduce the number of places to four. the house of burgesses refusing to agree to this view of the case, the bill fell through, and thereupon governor johnston issued a proclamation directing where the rents should be collected and the prices at which commodities should be received. against this proclamation the house of burgesses on the 26th february, 1735, made the following respectful protest : “ we are very much concerned to see your excellency ' s proclamation commanding us to pay in sterling money or in bills at the difference that your excellency and council shall be pleased to assess which we “ wherefore we humbly pray your excellency would be pleased to issue out a proclamation directing the officers who are appointed to collect the quit rents to proceed in the said collections according to the laws and customs of this province and that no distress may be made upon his majesties poor tenants contrary to the same untill a law shall be passed directing some other method for collecting the said rents more agreeable to his majesties instructions and as much as may be for the ease of his majesties tenants which we were in hopes would have been done by the bill we offered this session and that your excellency would be pleased to give a further time for the payment of arrears which does not become due by any default of the tenants refusing to pay those rents but in the officers neglecting to collect the same. ” the protest had no effect, however, and the governor ' s officers proceeded to demand the rents as directed in the proclamation, and to distrain for them when not paid. thereupon ensued what the governor called “ great confusion and disorder. ” on the 7th october, 1736, the legislature having again met, the house of burgesses presented the following address to the governor, viz. : “ we the members of the lower house of assembly humbly beg leave to lay before your excellency the several grievances represented to us by the committee appointed for that purpose which are in the words following ( vizt ) “ on reading the petition of perquimons, bertie and other precincts and also several other informations complaining of the illegal proceedings and methods of collecting & receiving the quit rents, it appears to this committee, that the collectors or receivers, have compelled the inhabitants of this province, who hold their land by grants from the late lords proprietors, to carry their quit rents to certain places appointed, tho ' such rents were only demandable and payable


committee, that the collectors or receivers, have compelled the inhabitants of this province, who hold their land by grants from the late lords proprietors, to carry their quit rents to certain places appointed, tho ' such rents were only demandable and payable on the lands for which they were due, and had by custom time out of mind been received by the collectors at the people ' s respective dwelling houses ; and that they the governor paying no attention to this respectful address, and his officers continuing to distrain for the rents, the assembly ordered the officers into custody. thereupon, as the record states, “ his excellency being now come to the upper house, and having sent a message to command the immediate attendance of the house of burgesses, they not paying obedience thereto, his excellency was pleased to send another message to them ; but they still neglecting to give their attendance, his excellency then by and with the advice and consent of his majesty ' s council, prorogued the general assembly to the first day of march next, then to meet at newbern. ” but putting an end to the legislature did not reconcile the people to the collection of the quit rents at unlawful places. some months thereafter, in 1737, at the general court at edenton, a man was imprisoned for insulting the marshal in the execution of his office during the sitting of the court, and the people of bertie and edgecombe precincts, hearing that he was imprisoned about his quit rents, rose in arms to the number of 500, and marched within five miles of the town, intending to rescue him by force, in the meantime cursing the king and uttering a great many rebellious speeches. by this time the man had made his peace with the court, and the crowd learning the truth, dispersed without doing any mischief, threatening, however, “ the most cruel usage to such persons as durst come to demand any quit rents of them for the future, ” and the governor goes on to say further, “ how to quell them i cannot tell if they should attempt an insurrection against next collection. ∗ ∗ the people seem here to be persuaded that they may do what they please, and that they are below the notice of the king and his ministers, which makes them highly insolent. they never were of any service to the lords proprietors, and if something is not speedily done to convince them that his majesty will not be so used, i am afraid they will be of as little profit to the crown


highly insolent. they never were of any service to the lords proprietors, and if something is not speedily done to convince them that his majesty will not be so used, i am afraid they will be of as little profit to the crown. ” this state of things continued until 1739, when the governor, having become convinced that the collection of the quit rents was impossible except in a way satisfactory to the people, a bill was permitted to pass the legislature to which all parties agreed. from the governor ' s representation regarding this bill, it would seem that it was also passed in part, at least, by “ management, ” that is to say, in consideration of an abatement of his demands in the matter of blank patents set forth in the bill. he seems, too, to have thought he had overreached the assembly in the prices at which the commodities agreed upon were rated ; at least, he represented to the board of trade that the rates were fixed so much below their real value that none of them would be offered in payment. a great concession was that the bill contained a provision, whereby the power of fixing the value of paper money was given to a committee consisting of the governor and council and the attorney general and receiver general on the one side, and an equal number of the house of burgesses on the other. another great concession was as to the number of places at which payment might be made, which he said “ it could have been wished were fewer in number, but there was no possibility of avoiding it. ” the next year, 1740, the crown disallowed the act, on the ground that the vesting the power to regulate the price of money “ in any person whatsoever, might be of dangerous consequence, and highly prejudicial to the trade of the nation. ” in 1741, an attempt was made to pass a new quit rent law, but although, as the governor said, “ the assembly was called in the most southern part of the province on purpose to keep at home the northern members who were most numerous and from whom the greatest opposition was expected and some of the most troublesome leading men were prevailed upon to be absent, ” he was obliged to prorogue the legislature without accomplishing anything. at the next session of the legislature, 1744, the committee on propositions and grievances reported, on 29th november, the following resolution, in which the house concurred, viz. : “ resolved by this committee that no produce of this province being accepted in payment of


legislature, 1744, the committee on propositions and grievances reported, on 29th november, the following resolution, in which the house concurred, viz. : “ resolved by this committee that no produce of this province being accepted in payment of quit rents of late years nor the current bills at less than 10 for 1 which is equal to sterling money as this from the on the 4th december the governor prorogued the legislature. in april of next year, 1745, the legislature met again, but neither side was in better temper than when they parted. in his opening address, the governor reviled the assembly for having passed no bills at the last session, and informed them that he had “ orders from his majestie and lord carteret to insist on their passing a quit rent law. ” the assembly replied that they had “ frequently in former assemblys had under their consideration matters of consequence recommended by his excellency but had been unhappily prevented from doing anything therein with effect by unexpected dissolutions and prorogations, ” and no quit rent law was passed. in 1746, in june, the assembly again declared the refusal to receive “ commoditys ” in payment of quit rents to be a very great grievance. after this session, the northern counties were not represented in the legislature during johnston ' s administration, and in april, 1749, the governor succeeded in passing a quit rent law, but in the condition the province was from that time to the end of his administration, it could not have accomplished much. his quarrel with the albemarle or northern counties and its consequences deserve a more extended notice, if for no other reason, to show into what gross and unpardonable errors historians can fall upon the most important points. when governor johnston came to north carolina, the precincts of albemarle county sent five members each to the lower house of the legislature, while the precincts of bath, that is to say, the newer precincts, sent only two. of course, this gave the older counties controlling influence in the assembly. doubtless this was not an equitable representation, and ought to have been changed if possible, but in a legal and fair way. the governor, however, determined to bring about the change in his own peculiar way, that is to say, in a manner neither legal nor fair. so he called a session of the legislature to meet on the in the meanwhile the northern counties sent agents to london to represent matters to the authorities there, and after a


own peculiar way, that is to say, in a manner neither legal nor fair. so he called a session of the legislature to meet on the in the meanwhile the northern counties sent agents to london to represent matters to the authorities there, and after a full investigation, the crown disallowed the act, on the ground that it had been improperly and unfairly obtained, and the order of repeal was brought over by governor dobbs. the unequal representation being restored, continued until the provincial assemblies of the revolution came into existence, as appears from the records preserved here from that day to this. to these bodies each county sent five delegates, equality of representation doubtless being considered as a necessary preliminary step to united harmonious action, especially in view of the fact that the bulk of population was then in the west. in spite of the records, both here and in london, the historian williamson, after reciting the main facts in the case, when governor johnston undertook forcibly and fraudulently to deprive the northern counties of the greater part of their representation in the legislature, he had been governor of the province for twelve years, and he must have studied the people over whom he ruled those twelve years to but little purpose if he supposed they would submit to a deprivation of their rights, either by force or by fraud. he must have known, too, that if they did not choose to submit, he was utterly without power to compel them to do so ; but in spite of everything, and seemingly regardless of consequences, he pursued a policy that resulted in an open defiance of the law, that he dared not even to attempt to punish. such a state of things probably never existed in any other province for such a length of time — open, bold resistance and defiance of the constituted authorities for eight years, without an attempt even to enforce obedience. the population of north carolina at the beginning of johnston ' s administration was near 50, 000 in all, and at the close it was somewhere about 90, 000, that is to say, just about double the number usually given. of course this great addition was made up from immigration as well as from natural increase. this immigration came in part from adjacent virginia counties, covering the northern border generally, west of the chowan. these immigrants simply followed the tributaries of the chowan and the roanoke rivers in their search for “ bottom land ; ” other immigrants came from the adjacent south carolina counties, on the 15th february, 1751, governor johnston wrote to the board of trade that inhabitants flocked in daily,


tributaries of the chowan and the roanoke rivers in their search for “ bottom land ; ” other immigrants came from the adjacent south carolina counties, on the 15th february, 1751, governor johnston wrote to the board of trade that inhabitants flocked in daily, mostly from pennsylvania and other parts of america already overstocked with people, and some directly from europe. many thousand people, he said, had then come in, settling mainly in the west, so that they had nearly reached the mountains. on the 28th june, 1753, president rowan wrote, that in the year 1746 he was in the territory composing the counties of anson, orange and rowan, and there were then not above one hundred fighting men in all that country ; whereas, at the time he wrote, there were at least three thousand, mostly irish protestants and germans, and their numbers were daily increasing. at these figures this new population must have numbered near twenty thousand. in 1776, their settlements had extended beyond the present state limits. the route that these immigrants from pennsylvania took to reach their future homes in north carolina is plainly laid down on the maps of that day. on jeffreys ' map, a copy of which is in the congressional library at washington city, there is plainly laid down a road called “ the great road from the yadkin river thro ' virginia to philadelphia, distant 435 miles. ” it ran from philadelphia through lancaster and york to winchester, thence up the shenandoah valley, crossing the fluvanna river at looney ' s ferry, thence to staunton river and down the river through the blue ridge, thence southward, crossing dan river below the mouth of mayo river, thence still southward near the moravian settlement to the yadkin river, just above the mouth of linville creek and about ten miles above the mouth of reedy creek. remembering the route general lee took when he went into pennsylvania on the memorable gettysburg campaign, it will be seen that very many of the north carolina boys, both of german and scotch - irish the following is a brief statement of the condition of the currency of the province during governor johnston ' s administration : in 1735, by act of assembly, bills for £40, 000 to be exchanged for the bills issued in 1729. not a legal tender at any rated exchange. in the same year, bills for £10, 000 for the more immediate discharge of the public debts, not issued at any rated exchange, but for the payment of them a poll tax was laid. the rate of exchange in 1739 was 1000 per cent., and


same year, bills for £10, 000 for the more immediate discharge of the public debts, not issued at any rated exchange, but for the payment of them a poll tax was laid. the rate of exchange in 1739 was 1000 per cent., and there was outstanding about £50, 000. the above seem to have been redeemed by bills for £21, 350 issued in 1747, of which £189. 13. 3 in april, 1749, and £513. 12. 0 were burned in april, 1750, leaving in circulation £20, 646. 14. 0 proclamation money, equal to £15, 485. 1. 0 sterling money. these bills maintained the value they were issued at as late as 29th september, 1850. no question seems to have arisen during johnston ' s administration as to the right of the house of burgesses to control the purse strings — about the only trouble that he seems to have avoided. but that the people for eight years refused to recognize, in any way, the authority of the government under which they lived, because they were not represented in its legislature, is evidence enough that even at that day they were fully inspired with the principles that underlaid the great american revolution, and foreshadowed plainly enough what their course would be in that great struggle. 1 a study in colonial history. hon. george davis.


astrocytoma is type of brain tumor. it is a malignant ( cancerous ) tumor. this type of tumor begins from small, star - shaped cells in the brain. they are called astrocytes. astrocytes are one of several types of supporting cells in the brain. these types of cells are called glial cells. an astrocytoma is a type of the larger group of brain tumors called gliomas. astrocytoma is the most common form of glioma. it may occur anywhere in the brain. it is most commonly found in : - the cerebrum in adults — the largest part of the brain - the cerebellum — a smaller part of the brain in the rear - brainstem — connects the brain to the spinal cord - optic nerves in children — nerve that leads from the brain to the eye when an astrocytoma is diagnosed, the most important factors are : - grade of tumor ( how aggressive it looks under a microscope ) - degree of side effects from the tumor - age of the patient these factors will determine the symptoms, outlook, and treatment. the exact cause is unknown. some possible causes of brain tumors include : - certain occupations - environmental factors the exact risk factors for astrocytomas have not been identified. some studies suggest the following risk factors increase your chance of this tumor : - genetic disorders ( including neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis ) occupational exposure to : - oil refining - rubber manufacturing the first symptoms of any brain tumor can be caused as the tumor grows. the growth can increase pressure in the brain. symptoms may include : - visual changes - personality changes - problems with memory, thinking, and concentration - problems with walking symptoms will vary depending on the location of the tumor. for example : - frontal lobe — gradual changes in mood and personality, loss of muscle function on one side of the body - temporal lobe — problems with coordination, speech, and memory - parietal lobe — problems with sensation, writing, or fine motor skills - cerebellum — problems with coordination and balance - occipital lobe — problems with vision, visual hallucinations the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. your doctor may need to look at pictures of your brain. this can be done through : you may also have biopsy / resection to remove a sample of brain tissue to test it for cancer cells. a specialist will determine the grade of the tumor. astrocytomas


look at pictures of your brain. this can be done through : you may also have biopsy / resection to remove a sample of brain tissue to test it for cancer cells. a specialist will determine the grade of the tumor. astrocytomas are graded from i to iv. these grades indicate the outlook and rate of tumor growth. - grades i and ii — these low - grade astrocytomas grow slowly. they generally stay in an area of the brain. they are more commonly found in younger patients. grade ii astrocytomas can spread. - grades iii and iv — these high - grade tumors grow rapidly. they can spread throughout the brain and spinal cord. aggressive treatment is needed. this is the most common type found in adults. grade iii tumors are called anaplastic astrocytoma. grade iv tumors are called glioblastoma multiforme or gbm. treatment is based on the location, size, and grade of the tumor. treatment may include : surgery involves the removal of as much of the tumor as possible. high grade tumors are treated with surgery. surgery is followed by radiation or chemotherapy to help prevent further spread. radiation therapy ( or radiotherapy ) radiation therapy involves the use of radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink the tumor. radiation may be : - external radiation therapy — radiation aimed at the tumor from a source outside the body - internal radiation therapy ( also called brachytherapy ) — radioactive materials placed into the body near the cancer cells chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. it may be given in many forms including pill, injection, and catheter ( iv or port ). the drugs enter the bloodstream. they travel through the body killing mostly cancer cells. some healthy cells are killed as well. there are no prevention guidelines because the exact cause of astrocytoma is not known. it has been suggested that the electromagnetic waves emitted from high - tension wires or even cell phones may increase the risk of developing brain tumors. there is no scientific evidence supporting this theory. - reviewer : mohei abouzied, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 08 / 2012 -


more women are obtaining ph. d. ’ s in science than ever before, but those women — largely because of pressures from having a family — are far more likely than their male counterparts to “ leak ” out of the research science pipeline before obtaining tenure at a college or university. that ’ s the conclusion of a study by researchers at the university of california, berkeley, who warned that the loss of these scientists — together with the increased research capabilities of asian and european countries — may threaten america ’ s pre - eminence in science. the study, “ keeping women in the science pipeline, ” found that women who are married with young children are 35 percent less likely to enter a tenure - track position after receiving a ph. d. in science than are married men with young children and ph. d. ’ s in science. not only that, the married women with young children are 28 percent less likely than women without children to achieve tenure in the sciences. moreover, women ph. d. ’ s with young children are 27 percent less likely than men with children to receive tenure after entering a tenure - track job in the sciences. the report notes that single women without young children are roughly as successful as married men with children in attaining tenure - track jobs. read more …


ed home ( text ) - trc home - sciencelines index fermilab prairie project organizers teach volunteers to recognize particular plants and then clip the ripe flower heads for seeds. fermilab uses the seeds to enrich newer prairie tracts at fermilab and to share with other prairie restoration projects. although a mechanical harvest is also done, the public harvest is vital for grassland growth. " with mechanical harvesting, prairie keepers can ' t get as many of the specialized plants as when the volunteers go out, " said bob lootens, lead grounds - keeper. " the seed is used to enrich young prairie and help build diversity into the grasslands, " lootens added. the fall event is becoming increasingly popular, with about 180 people participating last year, including many families and school classes. prairies, or native american grasslands, are thriving communities rich with plant and animal life, all interrelating in a complex ecosystem. tallgrass prairies once blanketed northern illinois, " the prairie state. " however, during the area ' s settlement in the 19th century, agriculture consumed all but a tiny remnant of the native grasslands. fermilab, the nation ' s premier high - energy physics laboratory, has a longstanding dedication to restoring the prairie, working for more than 20 years to revive the historical grasslands on its batavia site. more than 1, 000 acres of tallgrass prairie are in various stages of reconstruction, thanks in part to the effort of volunteers who have participated in past seed harvests. this year ' s harvest will take place on saturday, september 28 and saturday, november 2, from 10 a. m. to 2 p. m. volunteers are welcome to spend as much or as little time as they wish, and refreshments will be provided. persons interested in participating should wear field clothing and gloves, and are encouraged to bring pruning shears and paper grocery bags, if possible. on - site directional signs will direct volunteers to harvest sites. in case of bad weather on the scheduled dates, please call the fermilab switchboard at 630 - 840 - 3000 to see if the harvest is canceled. for more information, call the fermilab public affairs office at 630 - 840 - 3351. additional opportunities for participating in harvesting activities are available through the kane county forest preserve district. these workdays are hosted by the volunteer stewards and the forest preserve staff. participants learn special techniques related to restoration work and enjoy a tour of the site. new volunteers are especialy encouraged and welcome to these


county forest preserve district. these workdays are hosted by the volunteer stewards and the forest preserve staff. participants learn special techniques related to restoration work and enjoy a tour of the site. new volunteers are especialy encouraged and welcome to these workdays. september 29, 1 p. m. to 4 p. m., elburn woods, 45w061 route 38, maple park. woodland seed harvesting is fun for the whole family. learn how the seeds will be used for district natural areas restoration projectss. november 17, 10 a. m. to 4 p. m., tekakwitha woods barn, 35w076 villa maria road, st. charles. harvest fest! join this final seed processing and mixing day. come for a few hours, or spend the day! food and music add to the celebration of harvesting and preparing the mixes for distribution to the various woodland restoration projects. weekly seed harvest outings are also coordinated by grace koehler, volunteer coordinator. district staff lead outings will be held at different preserves on wednesdays at 10 am. and fridays at 1 p. m. locations vary each week. call grace at 847 - 741 - 9798 to have your name put on a call list for locations the tuesday prior to the outing day you want to participate. harvesting begins september 25.


filed under : digestive health pancreatic cysts are sac - like pockets of fluid on or within your pancreas. the pancreas is a large organ located behind the stomach. it produces hormones and enzymes that help digest food. most pancreatic cysts aren ' t cancerous, and many don ' t cause symptoms. in fact, many pancreatic cysts technically aren ' t cysts at all. called pseudocysts, these noncancerous ( benign ) pockets of fluids are lined with scar or inflammatory tissue, not the type of cells found in true cysts. but some pancreatic cysts can be cancerous. your doctor may want to take a sample of the pancreatic cyst fluid to determine if cancer cells are present. sometimes, your doctor may not be able to tell whether a cyst may become cancerous. your doctor may recommend monitoring the cyst over time for changes in size or shape that may suggest the need to remove it surgically. some cysts have a low potential for becoming cancerous, and your doctor may recommend watching them carefully. want to know more about this article or other health related issues? ask your question and we ' ll post some each week for cnn. com reader to discuss or for our experts to weight in. | most viewed | | most emailed |


in november the arabs said ' no ' there are no uneventful months in the tortured history of the arab - israel conflict. november is no exception. it was on november 2, 1917 that chaim weizmann won the backing of the british government for " the establishment in palestine of a national home for the jewish people " famously codified by foreign secretary arthur james balfour ( 1848 - 1930 ) in his letter to lord rothschild, titular head of the british jewish community, as the balfour declaration. and as if to bookend the month, november 29th will mark the 64th anniversary of the un general assembly ' s adoption of the 1947 partition plan : the two - state solution that was recklessly spurned by the arabs ; a rebuff that has embodied arab rejection of a jewish homeland ever since. on november 9th the israel britain and commonwealth association held a gala anniversary dinner in tel aviv to mark balfour ' s pronouncement. guests included britain ' s ambassador to israel, the eu head of delegation and ambassadors from several commonwealth countries ( including those who reflexively vote against jerusalem at the u. n. ). the israeli government does not make too much of the occasion though prime minister benjamin netanyahu made passing reference to the balfour declaration in his september 2011 remarks to the un general assembly and deputy foreign minister danny ayalon did address the tel aviv banquet. for its part, hamas makes it a point to issue an annual denunciation of the declaration accompanied this year by a blood - curdling montage. al - hayat al - jadida, the official daily newspaper of the palestinian authority, routinely condemns balfour claiming his declaration granted rights to " those who had no connection " to the land – meaning the jewish people. chaim weizmann ( 1874 - 1952 ), then a distinguished chemist living in london, was instrumental in fashioning the zionist - british alliance that resulted in the declaration. fittingly, it was in november 60 years ago that weizmann was re - elected to the presidency of israel despite failing health. in fact, both weizmann ' s 59th yahrzeit and the 137th anniversary of his birth are also commemorated this month. weizmann ' s achievement was never preordained, as jonathan schneer, by no means a zionist sympathizer, notes in his the balfour declaration. the early zionist leader had to overcome influential assimilationists jews, including edwin montagu, who strenuously lobbied their government against cooperating with the zionists, as well


by no means a zionist sympathizer, notes in his the balfour declaration. the early zionist leader had to overcome influential assimilationists jews, including edwin montagu, who strenuously lobbied their government against cooperating with the zionists, as well as grand sharif hussein of mecca and his sons the emirs abdullah and feisal who lobbied through british proxies. ( the family ultimately lost control of arabia to the saudis. ) while the palestinian arabs had scarcely any unique identity at the time, arab intellectuals in syria pressured against zionism on the grounds that palestine was an integral part of syria and could therefore not be delinked from britain ' s magnanimous territorial bequest to the arabs. at the end of the day britain, the preeminent power during and in the aftermath of world war one ( 1914 – 1918 ), promised the jews a sliver of the middle east, while the arabs would get everything else. even these commitments to the jews and arabs would have come to naught had secret talks conducted between britain and the ottoman empire led to a separate peace, according to schneer. after world war i, both the paris peace conference ( 1919 ) and the san remo conference ( 1920 ) ratified britain ' s mandate for palestine. france ' s presence in syria notwithstanding, britain ' s role assured that both arabs and jews would be on their way to self - determination. balfour ' s expectation was that the arabs would be willing to share a small sliver of the vast mideast landscape with the jews. indeed, on march 3, 1919 faisal encouragingly wrote zionist leader felix frankfurter : " we arabs, especially the educated among us look with the deepest sympathy on the zionist movement. " tragically, pragmatists like faisal did not carry the day. instead, anti - zionist arab riots instigated by the fanatical husseini clan were launched in 1920. london immediately went wobbly and embarked on a series of moves that first backtracked and then reversed its balfour declaration commitments. to assuage arab demands, britain brought abdullah from arabia to eastern palestine in november 1920. this immense area – today ' s jordan – comprising four - fifths of the palestine mandate promised to the jews by balfour was ceded to the arabs by 1921. put another way, 80 percent of palestine as defined by the league of nations was lopped off leaving the jews only the area between the jordan river and mediterranean. in 1937, in response to intensified arab violence, britain ' s peel commission called


1921. put another way, 80 percent of palestine as defined by the league of nations was lopped off leaving the jews only the area between the jordan river and mediterranean. in 1937, in response to intensified arab violence, britain ' s peel commission called for further splitting the remaining 20 % of palestine to create an additional arab state within what was supposed to be jewish palestine. the zionists reluctantly acquiesced ; the arabs said no. by 1939, neville chamberlain had completely reneged on the balfour declaration and blocked jewish immigration to palestine just as the nazi killing machine was going into lethal gear. none of this can be blamed on balfour who deserves to be remembered as a friend of the jews. statesmen do not act purely out of altruism and he like other british politicians were partly motivated by an exaggerated sense of zionist influence in the international arena which they hoped to exploit for the war effort. at the same time, balfour believed that christian anti - semitism had been a " disgrace " and wanted to make amends by providing the jews with a " small notch " of territory, according to his biographer r. j. q. adams. in 1925, he famously helped dedicate the hebrew university on mount scopus. like theodor herzl, balfour may have assumed that british jews would either thoroughly assimilate or choose to live in the jewish homeland. ninety - four years after balfour ' s declaration the right of the jewish people to re - establish their national homeland is still rejected by even palestinian arab " moderates. " the unremitting threat of renewed violence remains the arabs ' default position. emboldened by the gilad schalit deal, arab violence in judea, samaria and gaza has seen an upswing. cairo ' s renewed efforts to bring hamas leader khaled mashaal and fatah chief mahmoud abbas together will perforce necessitate more militancy from fatah rather than greater flexibility from hamas. in the words of mahmoud zahhar, the notion that hamas will ever make peace with israel is " insane. " sixty - four years after palestinian arabs rejected the partition plan, abbas claims to be having second thoughts. yet instead of negotiating with the jewish state he is forging ahead at the un for unilateral statehood without making peace with israel. sadly, abba eban ' s 1973 quip that the arabs " never miss an opportunity to miss an opportunity " holds stubbornly true. to be fair, time does not stand completely still. abbas - like moderates are


primitives are objects that you can render. there isn ’ t really much else in a fluxus scene, except lights, a camera and lots of primitives. the normal way to create a primitive is to set up some state which the primitive will use, then call it ’ s build function and keep it ’ s returned id ( using with - primitive ) to modify it ’ s state later on. ( define myobj ( with - state ( colour ( vector 0 1 0 ) ) ( build - cube ) ) ) ; makes a green cube ( with - primitive myobj ( colour ( vector 1 0 0 ) ) ) ; changes its colour to red so primitives contain a state which describes things like colour, texture and transform information. this state operates on the primitive as a whole – one colour for the whole thing, one texture, shader pair and one transform. to get a little deeper and do more we need to introduce primitive data. primitive data arrays [ aka. pdata ] a pdata array is a fixed size array of information contained within a primitive. each pdata array has a name, so you can refer to it, and a primitive may contain lots of different pdata arrays ( which are all the same size ). pdata arrays are typed – and can contain floats, vectors, colours or matrices. you can make your own pdata arrays, with names that you choose, or copy them in one command. some pdata is created when you call the build function. this automatically generated pdata is given single character names. sometimes this automatically created pdata results in a primitive you can use straight away ( in commands such as build - cube ) but some primitives are only useful if pdata is setup and controlled by you. in polygons, there is one pdata element per vertex – and a separate array for vertex positions, normals, colours and texture coordinates. so, for example < code > ( build - sphere ) < / code > creates a polygonal object with a spherical distribution of vertex point data, surface normals at every vertex and texture coordinates, so you can wrap a texture around the primitive. this data ( primitive data, or pdata for short ) can be read and written to inside a with - primitive corresponding to the current object. ( pdata - set! name vertnumber vector ) sets the data on the current object to the input vector ( pdata - ref name vertnumber ) returns the vector from the pdata on the current object returns


current object. ( pdata - set! name vertnumber vector ) sets the data on the current object to the input vector ( pdata - ref name vertnumber ) returns the vector from the pdata on the current object returns the size of the pdata on the current object ( the number of vertices ). the name describes the data we want to access, for instance “ p ” contains the vertex positions : ( pdata - set! “ p ” 0 ( vector 0 0 0 ) ) sets the first point in the primitive to the origin ( not all that useful ) ( pdata - set! “ p ” 0 ( vadd ( pdata - ref “ p ” 0 ) ( vector 1 0 0 ) ) ) the same, but sets it to the original position + 1 in the x offsetting the position is more useful as it constitutes a deformation of the original point. ( see deforming, for more info on deformations ) pdata - ref procedures are useful, but there is a more powerful way of deforming primitives. map and fold relate to the scheme functions for list processing, it ’ s probably a good idea to play with them to get a good understanding of what these are doing. ( pdata - map! procedure read / write - pdata - name read - pdata - name... ) maps over pdata arrays – think of it as a for - every pdata element, and writes the result of procedure into the first pdata name array. an example, using pdata - map to invert normals on a primitive : ( define p ( build - sphere 10 10 ) ) ( with - primitive p ( pdata - map! ( lambda ( n ) ( vmul n - 1 ) ) " n " ) ) this is more concise and less error prone than using the previous functions and setting up the loop yourself. ( pdata - index - map! procedure read / write - pdata - name read - pdata - name... ) pdata - map! but also supplies the current pdata index number to the procedure as the first argument. ( pdata - fold procedure start - value read - pdata - name read - pdata - name... ) this example calculates the centre of the primitive, by averaging all it ’ s vertex positions together : ( define my - torus ( build - torus 1 2 10 10 ) ) ( define torus - centre ( with - primitive my - tor


this example calculates the centre of the primitive, by averaging all it ’ s vertex positions together : ( define my - torus ( build - torus 1 2 10 10 ) ) ( define torus - centre ( with - primitive my - torus ( vdiv ( pdata - fold vadd ( vector 0 0 0 ) “ p ” ) ( pdata - size ) ) ) ) ) ( pdata - index - fold procedure start - value read - pdata - name read - pdata - name... ) pdata - fold but also supplies the current pdata index number to the procedure as the first argument. sometimes retained mode primitives can be unwieldy to deal with. for instance, if you are rendering thousands of identical objects, or doing things with recursive graphics, where you are calling the same primitive in lots of different states – keeping track of all the ids would be annoying to say the least. this is where instancing is helpful, all you call is : will redraw any given object in the current state ( immediate mode ). an example : ( define myobj ( build - nurbs - sphere 8 10 ) ) ; make a sphere ( define ( render - spheres n ) ( cond ( ( not ( zero? n ) ) ( with - state ( translate ( vector n 0 0 ) ) ; move in x ( draw - instance myobj ) ) ; stamp down a copy ( render - spheres ( - n 1 ) ) ) ) ) ; recurse! ( every - frame ( render - spheres 10 ) ) ; draw 10 copies built in immediate mode primitives to make life even easier than having to instance primitives, there are some built in primitives that can be rendered at any time, without being built : ( draw - cube ) ( draw - sphere ) ( draw - plane ) ( draw - cylinder ) ( define ( render - spheres n ) ( cond ( ( not ( zero? n ) ) ( with - state ( translate ( vector n 0 0 ) ) ; move in x ( draw - sphere ) ) ; render a new sphere ( render - spheres ( - n 1 ) ) ) ) ) ; recurse! ( every - frame ( render - spheres 10 ) ) ; draw 10 copies these built in primitives are very restricted in that you can ’ t edit them or change their resolution settings etc, but they are handy to use for quick scripts with simple shapes.


kutahya tiles and ceramics forms and motifs stylised floral motifs, religious motifs and human and animal figures decorate most of the 18th century tiles and ceramics in the suna and inan kırac foundation ' s kutahya tiles and ceramics collection. the pieces dating from this period have a white or cream coloured paste, white slip and transparent glaze. the motifs are painted underglaze in green, turquoise, yellow, cobalt blue and, from the mid - 18th century onwards, manganese purple, the motifs being outlined in black. a second group of kutahya ware consisting of dishes, lemon squeezer, bowls, bottles, plates and cups dating from the 18th century are decorated with stylised flowers, leaves and curling tendrils in cobalt blue, with the occasional addition of yellow, green or turquoise. ewers and jugs of various shapes and sizes are decorated with cypress tree motifs in relief, circular crosshatched medallions and floral scrolls worked in free brushstrokes. one of the foremost characteristics of the ottoman empire was the tolerant attitude and absence of discrimination on grounds of religion, race or culture. consequently muslim and christian potters work together in kutahya producing objects designed to meet the needs of both communities. striking examples in this exhibition are pottery and tiles with motifs relating to the christian liturgy. kutahya ' s contribution to architectural decoration over the centuries is illustrated by tiles dating from various periods in the last section of the exhibition, showing how kutahya pottery set its mark to ottoman society at every level, from coffee cups to monumental building decoration.


a - level geography / as ocr geography / investigation paper spearman ' s rank this is a concept to find the statistical significance of the correlation between the two variables. first, a null hypothesis needs to be made. mann - whitney u test mann - whitney u test is a test for difference between 2 data sets. using a critical values table, the level of confidence in the relationship can be established, and the null hypotheses can be accepted or rejected. there are both advantages and disadvantages which accompany this statistical test for analysis of statistical data. one advantage is that it can compare two data sets that are different sizes. this makes the test much more versatile, and can be applied to a range of different data sets. secondly, the test is not based on observed values. this means that there are no assumptions made about the distribution of the data. this is particularly useful in geography because most of the data we collect will be either positively or negatively skewed. finally, mann - whitney u uses non - parametric ( non - grouped ) data. this is an advantage because the trends in the data cannot be generalised, and thus producing a more statistically sound result. it does however carry some disadvantages with it, one being the fact that it cannot be applied to more than 2 data sets at one time. this is because it is non - parametric data. if the test was done using parametric ( grouped ) data, you would be able to compare multiple data sets at once. an example of this is the student ’ s “ t ” test. this is because parametric data provides a result in proportion to the data, and can therefore be contrasted with many data sets. also, mann - whitney becomes increasingly less effective as the data sets get larger. this reduces its effectiveness because the calculation becomes too long - winded, and it takes a very long time to complete. it also reduces the precision of the result, as with a bigger sample size there is more margin for error. in conclusion, despite the obvious flaws with the test, it is a very effective way of looking at the differences between 2 pairs of data sets. five sections of investigation pragmatic = essentially safety and accessibility. for example, if a student is carrying out a river investigation they might use pragmatic sampling methods meaning only areas that were easily accessible and did not pose a risk would be studied. it is reliable and practical. random = not as one might assume randomly selecting a site or throwing a quadrat, in order to use random


pragmatic sampling methods meaning only areas that were easily accessible and did not pose a risk would be studied. it is reliable and practical. random = not as one might assume randomly selecting a site or throwing a quadrat, in order to use random sample methods either a calculator, grid or computer is needed to generate random statistics that have not been influenced by human decision. systematic = this type of technique would be used if progressional change over distance or time was being studied. a transect would be measured and data recorded at regular intervals along said transect, so that change over time or distance could be observed. for example, if a student wished to study psammosere succession, a transect might be measured from the sea to the climax environment ( woodland ) and at every 25m or so measurements would be taken. stratified = to be completed by magneto and river ' s landmass. statistics : mode most = mode the most frequent sample number. this is the sample figure which occurs the most times e. g. 7, 8, 9, 5, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5 = mode comes from the french word " la mode " for fashion statistics : median this is the middle sample when all the samples are placed in arithmetic order. e. g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 5 = median statistic : range the area which the samples stretch from. statistics : standard deviation to describe the data regarding an infiltration rate statistically i would use the mean and the standard deviation as a measure of central tendency and dispersion. these two are always used together. the mean is simply the sum of all values of x ( infiltration rate ) divided by n ( total number of samples ) the standard deviation is more complicated and requires the use of the formula ; where x is the individual infiltration rate and x bar is the mean of x ’ s ( as above ) this is simply done by listing the value of x on a table, and subtracting x bar from each. in the next column, square the subsequent result. then add up all the values of ( x - xbar ) ² ( σ ( x - xbar ) ². divide this by n ( 100 in this case ), and then square root the answer. these methods are the most powerful and sensitive, because they include all the values of all the data. they do not exclude


daguerreotype of washington irving ( modern copy by mathew brady, original by john plumbe ) april 3, 1783 | new york city, new york | died | | november 28, 1859 sunnyside, tarrytown, new york | occupation | | short story writer, essayist, biographer, magazine editor, diplomat | washington irving ( april 3, 1783 – november 28, 1859 ) was an american author, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. he is best known for his short stories " the legend of sleepy hollow " and " rip van winkle ", both of which appear in his book the sketch book of geoffrey crayon, gent. his historical works include biographies of george washington, oliver goldsmith and muhammad, and several histories of 15th - century spain dealing with subjects such as christopher columbus, the moors, and the alhambra. irving served as the u. s. ambassador to spain from 1842 to 1846. he made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the morning chronicle, written under the pseudonym jonathan oldstyle. after moving to england for the family business in 1815, he achieved international fame with the publication of the sketch book of geoffrey crayon, gent. in 1819. he continued to publish regularly — and almost always successfully — throughout his life, and completed a five - volume biography of george washington just eight months before his death, at age 76, in tarrytown, new york. irving, along with james fenimore cooper, was among the first american writers to earn acclaim in europe, and irving encouraged american authors such as nathaniel hawthorne, herman melville, henry wadsworth longfellow, and edgar allan poe. irving was also admired by some european writers, including sir walter scott, lord byron, thomas campbell, francis jeffrey, and charles dickens. as america ' s first genuine internationally best - selling author, irving advocated for writing as a legitimate profession, and argued for stronger laws to protect american writers from copyright infringement. early years washington irving ' s parents were william irving, sr., originally of quholm, shapinsay, orkney, and sarah ( nee sanders ), scottish - english immigrants. they married in 1761 while william was serving as a petty officer in the british navy. they had eleven children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. their first two sons, each named william, died in infancy, as did their fourth child, john. their surviving children were : william, jr. ( 1766 ), ann


british navy. they had eleven children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. their first two sons, each named william, died in infancy, as did their fourth child, john. their surviving children were : william, jr. ( 1766 ), ann ( 1770 ), peter ( 1772 ), catherine ( 1774 ), ebenezer ( 1776 ), john treat ( 1778 ), sarah ( 1780 ), and washington. the irving family settled in manhattan, new york city, and was part of the city ' s small, vibrant merchant class when washington irving was born on april 3, 1783, the same week city residents learned of the british ceasefire that ended the american revolution ; irving ’ s mother named him after the hero of the revolution, george washington. at age six, with the help of a nanny, irving met his namesake, who was then living in new york after his inauguration as president in 1789. the president blessed young irving, an encounter irving later commemorated in a small watercolor painting, which still hangs in his home today. the irvings lived at 131 william street at the time of washington irving ' s birth. the family later moved across the street to 128 william st. several of washington irving ' s older brothers became active new york merchants, and they encouraged their younger brother ' s literary aspirations, often supporting him financially as he pursued his writing career. an uninterested student, irving preferred adventure stories and drama and, by age fourteen, was regularly sneaking out of class in the evenings to attend the theater. the 1798 outbreak of yellow fever in manhattan prompted his family to send him to healthier climes upriver, and irving was dispatched to stay with his friend james kirke paulding in tarrytown, new york. it was in tarrytown that irving became familiar with the nearby town of sleepy hollow, with its quaint dutch customs and local ghost stories. irving made several other trips up the hudson as a teenager, including an extended visit to johnstown, new york, where he passed through the catskill mountain region, the setting for " rip van winkle ". " [ o ] f all the scenery of the hudson ", irving wrote later, " the kaatskill mountains had the most witching effect on my boyish imagination ". the 19 - year old irving began writing letters to the new york morning chronicle in 1802, submitting commentaries on the city ' s social and theater scene under the name of jonathan oldstyle. the name, which purposely evoked the writer ' s federalist


langstaff, irving lampooned new york culture and politics in a manner similar to today ' s mad magazine. salmagundi was a moderate success, spreading irving ' s name and reputation beyond new york. in its seventeenth issue, dated november 11, 1807, irving affixed the nickname " gotham " — an anglo - saxon word meaning " goat ' s town " — to new york city. in late 1809, while mourning the death of his seventeen - year - old fiancee matilda hoffman, irving completed work on his first major book, a history of new - york from the beginning of the world to the end of the dutch dynasty, by diedrich knickerbocker ( 1809 ), a satire on self - important local history and contemporary politics. prior to its publication, irving started a hoax akin to today ' s viral marketing campaigns ; he placed a series of missing person adverts in new york newspapers seeking information on diedrich knickerbocker, a crusty dutch historian who had allegedly gone missing from his hotel in new york city. as part of the ruse, irving placed a notice — allegedly from the hotel ' s proprietor — informing readers that if mr. knickerbocker failed to return to the hotel to pay his bill, he would publish a manuscript knickerbocker had left behind. unsuspecting readers followed the story of knickerbocker and his manuscript with interest, and some new york city officials were concerned enough about the missing historian that they considered offering a reward for his safe return. riding the wave of public interest he had created with his hoax, irving — adopting the pseudonym of his dutch historian — published a history of new york on december 6, 1809, to immediate critical and popular success. " it took with the public ", irving remarked, " and gave me celebrity, as an original work was something remarkable and uncommon in america ". today, the surname of diedrich knickerbocker, the fictional narrator of this and other irving works, has become a nickname for manhattan residents in general. after the success of a history of new york, irving searched for a job and eventually became an editor of analectic magazine, where he wrote biographies of naval heroes like james lawrence and oliver perry. he was also among the first magazine editors to reprint francis scott key ' s poem " defense of fort mchenry ", which would later be immortalized as " the star - spangled banner ", the national anthem of the united states. like many merchants and


among the first magazine editors to reprint francis scott key ' s poem " defense of fort mchenry ", which would later be immortalized as " the star - spangled banner ", the national anthem of the united states. like many merchants and new yorkers, irving originally opposed the war of 1812, but the british attack on washington, d. c. in 1814 convinced him to enlist. he served on the staff of daniel tompkins, governor of new york and commander of the new york state militia. apart from a reconnaissance mission in the great lakes region, he saw no real action. the war was disastrous for many american merchants, including irving ' s family, and in mid - 1815 he left for england to attempt to salvage the family trading company. he remained in europe for the next seventeen years. life in europe the sketch book irving spent the next two years trying to bail out the family firm financially but was eventually forced to declare bankruptcy. with no job prospects, irving continued writing throughout 1817 and 1818. in the summer of 1817, he visited the home of novelist walter scott, marking the beginning of a lifelong personal and professional friendship for both men. irving continued writing prolifically — the short story " rip van winkle " was written overnight while staying with his sister sarah and her husband, henry van wart in birmingham, england, a place that also inspired some of his other works. in october 1818, irving ' s brother william secured for irving a post as chief clerk to the united states navy, and urged him to return home. irving, however, turned the offer down, opting to stay in england to pursue a writing career. in the spring of 1819, irving sent to his brother ebenezer in new york a set of essays that he asked be published as the sketch book of geoffrey crayon, gent. the first installment, containing " rip van winkle ", was an enormous success, and the rest of the work would be equally successful : it was published over the course of 1819 – 1820 in seven installments in new york and in two volumes in london ( " the legend of sleepy hollow " would appear in the sixth issue of the new york edition and the second volume of the london edition ). like many successful authors of this era, irving struggled against literary bootleggers. in england, some of his sketches were reprinted in periodicals without his permission, an entirely legal practice as there was no international copyright law at the time. to prevent further piracy in britain, irving paid to have the first four american


literary bootleggers. in england, some of his sketches were reprinted in periodicals without his permission, an entirely legal practice as there was no international copyright law at the time. to prevent further piracy in britain, irving paid to have the first four american installments published as a single volume by john miller in london. irving appealed to walter scott for help procuring a more reputable publisher for the remainder of the book. scott referred irving to his own publisher, london powerhouse john murray, who agreed to take on the sketch book. from then on, irving would publish concurrently in the united states and britain to protect his copyright, with murray being his english publisher of choice. irving ' s reputation soared, and for the next two years, he led an active social life in paris and britain, where he was often feted as an anomaly of literature : an upstart american who dared to write english well. bracebridge hall and tales of a traveller with both irving and publisher john murray eager to follow up on the success of the sketch book, irving spent much of 1821 travelling in europe in search of new material, reading widely in dutch and german folk tales. hampered by writer ' s block — and depressed by the death of his brother william — irving worked slowly, finally delivering a completed manuscript to murray in march 1822. the book, bracebridge hall, or the humorists, a medley ( the location was based loosely on aston hall, occupied by members of the bracebridge family, near his sister ' s home in birmingham ) was published in june 1822. the format of bracebridge was similar to that of the sketch book, with irving, as crayon, narrating a series of more than fifty loosely connected short stories and essays. while some reviewers thought bracebridge to be a lesser imitation of the sketch book, the book was well - received by readers and critics. " we have received so much pleasure from this book, " wrote critic francis jeffrey in the edinburgh review, " that we think ourselves bound in gratitude... to make a public acknowledgement of it. " irving was relieved at its reception, which did much to cement his reputation with european readers. still struggling with writer ' s block, irving traveled to germany, settling in dresden in the winter of 1822. here he dazzled the royal family and attached himself to mrs. amelia foster, an american living in dresden with her five children. irving was particularly attracted to mrs. foster ' s 18 - year - old daughter emily, and vied in frustration for her hand


dazzled the royal family and attached himself to mrs. amelia foster, an american living in dresden with her five children. irving was particularly attracted to mrs. foster ' s 18 - year - old daughter emily, and vied in frustration for her hand. emily finally refused his offer of marriage in the spring of 1823. he returned to paris and began collaborating with playwright john howard payne on translations of french plays for the english stage, with little success. he also learned through payne that the novelist mary wollstonecraft shelley was romantically interested in him, though irving never pursued the relationship. in august 1824, irving published the collection of essays tales of a traveller — including the short story " the devil and tom walker " — under his geoffrey crayon persona. " i think there are in it some of the best things i have ever written, " irving told his sister. but while the book sold respectably, traveller was dismissed by critics, who panned both traveller and its author. " the public have been led to expect better things, " wrote the united states literary gazette, while the new - york mirror pronounced irving " overrated. " hurt and depressed by the book ' s reception, irving retreated to paris where he spent the next year worrying about finances and scribbling down ideas for projects that never materialized. spanish books while in paris, irving received a letter from alexander hill everett on january 30, 1826. everett, recently the american minister to spain, urged irving to join him in madrid, noting that a number of manuscripts dealing with the spanish conquest of the americas had recently been made public. irving left for madrid and enthusiastically began scouring the spanish archives for colorful material. with full access to the american consul ' s massive library of spanish history, irving began working on several books at once. the first offspring of this hard work, a history of the life and voyages of christopher columbus, was published in january 1828. the book was popular in the united states and in europe and would have 175 editions published before the end of the century. it was also the first project of irving ' s to be published with his own name, instead of a pseudonym, on the title page. the chronicles of the conquest of granada was published a year later, followed by voyages and discoveries of the companions of columbus in 1831. irving ' s writings on columbus are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history / historical fiction. irving based them on extensive research in the spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story


columbus in 1831. irving ' s writings on columbus are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history / historical fiction. irving based them on extensive research in the spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story. the first of these works is the source of the durable myth that medieval europeans believed the earth was flat. ( see myth of the flat earth. ) in 1829, irving moved into granada ' s ancient palace alhambra, " determined to linger here ", he said, " until i get some writings under way connected with the place ". before he could get any significant writing underway, however, he was notified of his appointment as secretary to the american legation in london. worried he would disappoint friends and family if he refused the position, irving left spain for england in july 1829. secretary to the american legation in london arriving in london, irving joined the staff of american minister louis mclane. mclane immediately assigned the daily secretary work to another man and tapped irving to fill the role of aide - de - camp. the two worked over the next year to negotiate a trade agreement between the united states and the british west indies, finally reaching a deal in august 1830. that same year, irving was awarded a medal by the royal society of literature, followed by an honorary doctorate of civil law from oxford in 1831. following mclane ' s recall to the united states in 1831 to serve as secretary of treasury, irving stayed on as the legation ' s charge d ' affaires until the arrival of martin van buren, president andrew jackson ' s nominee for british minister. with van buren in place, irving resigned his post to concentrate on writing, eventually completing tales of the alhambra, which would be published concurrently in the united states and england in 1832. irving was still in london when van buren received word that the united states senate had refused to confirm him as the new minister. consoling van buren, irving predicted that the senate ' s partisan move would backfire. " i should not be surprised ", irving said, " if this vote of the senate goes far toward elevating him to the presidential chair ". return to america washington irving arrived in new york, after seventeen years abroad, on may 21, 1832. that september, he accompanied the u. s. commissioner on indian affairs, henry leavitt ellsworth, along with companions charles la trobe and count albert - alexandre de pourtales, on a surveying mission deep in indian territory.


1832. that september, he accompanied the u. s. commissioner on indian affairs, henry leavitt ellsworth, along with companions charles la trobe and count albert - alexandre de pourtales, on a surveying mission deep in indian territory. at the completion of his western tour, irving traveled through washington, d. c. and baltimore, where he became acquainted with the politician and novelist john pendleton kennedy. frustrated by bad investments, irving turned to writing to generate additional income, beginning with a tour on the prairies, a work which related his recent travels on the frontier. the book was another popular success and also the first book written and published by irving in the united states since a history of new york in 1809. in 1834, he was approached by fur magnate john jacob astor, who convinced irving to write a history of his fur trading colony in the american northwest, now known as astoria, oregon. irving made quick work of astor ' s project, shipping the fawning biographical account titled astoria in february 1836. in 1835 irving, astor and a few others founded the saint nicholas society in the city of new york. during an extended stay at astor ' s, irving met the explorer benjamin bonneville, who intrigued irving with his maps and stories of the territories beyond the rocky mountains. when the two met in washington, d. c. several months later, bonneville opted to sell his maps and rough notes to irving for $ 1, 000. irving used these materials as the basis for his 1837 book the adventures of captain bonneville. these three works made up irving ' s " western " series of books and were written partly as a response to criticism that his time in england and spain had made him more european than american. in the minds of some critics, especially james fenimore cooper and philip freneau, irving had turned his back on his american heritage in favor of english aristocracy. irving ' s western books, particularly a tour on the prairies, were well - received in the united states, though british critics accused irving of " book - making ". in 1835, irving purchased a " neglected cottage " and its surrounding riverfront property in tarrytown, new york. the house, which irving named sunnyside in 1841, would require constant repair and renovation over the next twenty years. with costs of sunnyside escalating, irving reluctantly agreed in 1839 to become a regular contributor to the knickerbocker magazine, writing new essays and short stories under the knickerbocker and crayon pseudonyms


twenty years. with costs of sunnyside escalating, irving reluctantly agreed in 1839 to become a regular contributor to the knickerbocker magazine, writing new essays and short stories under the knickerbocker and crayon pseudonyms. irving was regularly approached by aspiring young authors for advice or endorsement, including edgar allan poe, who sought irving ' s comments on " william wilson " and " the fall of the house of usher ". irving also championed america ' s maturing literature, advocating stronger copyright laws to protect writers from the kind of piracy that had initially plagued the sketch book. writing in the january 1840 issue of knickerbocker, he openly endorsed copyright legislation pending in the u. s. congress. " we have a young literature ", irving wrote, " springing up and daily unfolding itself with wonderful energy and luxuriance, which... deserves all its fostering care ". the legislation did not pass. irving at this time also began a friendly correspondence with the english writer charles dickens, and hosted the author and his wife at sunnyside during dickens ' s american tour in 1842. minister to spain in 1842, after an endorsement from secretary of state daniel webster, president john tyler appointed irving as minister to spain. irving was surprised and honored, writing, " it will be a severe trial to absent myself for a time from my dear little sunnyside, but i shall return to it better enabled to carry it on comfortably ". while irving hoped his position as minister would allow him plenty of time to write, spain was in a state of perpetual political upheaval during most of his tenure, with a number of warring factions vying for control of the twelve - year - old queen isabella ii. irving maintained good relations with the various generals and politicians, as control of spain rotated through espartero, bravo, then narvaez. however, the politics and warfare were exhausting, and irving — homesick and suffering from a crippling skin condition — grew quickly disheartened : i am wearied and at times heartsick of the wretched politics of this country.... the last ten or twelve years of my life, passed among sordid speculators in the united states, and political adventurers in spain, has shewn me so much of the dark side of human nature, that i begin to have painful doubts of my fellow man ; and look back with regret to the confiding period of my literary career, when, poor as a rat


spain, has shewn me so much of the dark side of human nature, that i begin to have painful doubts of my fellow man ; and look back with regret to the confiding period of my literary career, when, poor as a rat, but rich in dreams, i beheld the world through the medium of my imagination and was apt to believe men as good as i wished them to be. with the political situation in spain relatively settled, irving continued to closely monitor the development of the new government and the fate of isabella. his official duties as spanish minister also involved negotiating american trade interests with cuba and following the spanish parliament ' s debates over slave trade. he was also pressed into service by the american minister to the court of st. james ' s in london, louis mclane, to assist in negotiating the anglo - american disagreement over the oregon border that newly elected president james k. polk had vowed to resolve. final years and death returning from spain in 1846, irving took up permanent residence at sunnyside and began work on an " author ' s revised edition " of his works for publisher george palmer putnam. for its publication, irving had made a deal that guaranteed him 12 percent of the retail price of all copies sold. such an agreement was unprecedented at that time. on the death of john jacob astor in 1848, irving was hired as an executor of astor ' s estate and appointed, by astor ' s will, as first chairman of the astor library, a forerunner to the new york public library. as he revised his older works for putnam, irving continued to write regularly, publishing biographies of the writer and poet oliver goldsmith in 1849 and the 1850 work about the islamic prophet muhammad. in 1855, he produced wolfert ' s roost, a collection of stories and essays he had originally written for the knickerbocker and other publications, and began publishing at intervals a biography of his namesake, george washington, a work which he expected to be his masterpiece. five volumes of the biography were published between 1855 and 1859. irving traveled regularly to mount vernon and washington, d. c. for his research, and struck up friendships with presidents millard fillmore and franklin pierce. he continued to socialize and keep up with his correspondence well into his seventies, and his fame and popularity continued to soar. " i don ’ t believe that any man, in any country, has ever had a more affectionate admiration for him than that given to you in america ", wrote senator william c. preston in a letter to


and popularity continued to soar. " i don ’ t believe that any man, in any country, has ever had a more affectionate admiration for him than that given to you in america ", wrote senator william c. preston in a letter to irving. " i believe that we have had but one man who is so much in the popular heart ". by 1859, author oliver wendell holmes, sr. noted that sunnyside had become " next to mount vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land ". on the night of november 28, 1859, at 9 : 00 pm, only eight months after completing the final volume of his washington biography, washington irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at sunnyside at the age of 76. legend has it that his last words were : " well, i must arrange my pillows for another night. when will this end? " he was buried under a simple headstone at sleepy hollow cemetery on december 1, 1859. irving and his grave were commemorated by henry wadsworth longfellow in his 1876 poem, " in the churchyard at tarrytown ", which concludes with : how sweet a life was his ; how sweet a death! living, to wing with mirth the weary hours, or with romantic tales the heart to cheer ; dying, to leave a memory like the breath of summers full of sunshine and of showers, a grief and gladness in the atmosphere. literary reputation irving is largely credited as the first american man of letters, and the first to earn his living solely by his pen. eulogizing irving before the massachusetts historical society in december 1859, his friend, the poet henry wadsworth longfellow, acknowledged irving ' s role in promoting american literature : " we feel a just pride in his renown as an author, not forgetting that, to his other claims upon our gratitude, he adds also that of having been the first to win for our country an honourable name and position in the history of letters ". irving perfected the american short story, and was the first american writer to place his stories firmly in the united states, even as he poached from german or dutch folklore. he is also generally credited as one of the first to write both in the vernacular, and without an obligation to the moral or didactic in his short stories, writing stories simply to entertain rather than to enlighten. irving also encouraged would - be writers. as george william curtis noted, there " is not a young literary aspirant


without an obligation to the moral or didactic in his short stories, writing stories simply to entertain rather than to enlighten. irving also encouraged would - be writers. as george william curtis noted, there " is not a young literary aspirant in the country, who, if he ever personally met irving, did not hear from him the kindest words of sympathy, regard, and encouragement. " some critics, however — including edgar allan poe — felt that while irving should be given credit for being an innovator, the writing itself was often unsophisticated. " irving is much over - rated ", poe wrote in 1838, " and a nice distinction might be drawn between his just and his surreptitious and adventitious reputation — between what is due to the pioneer solely, and what to the writer ". a critic for the new - york mirror wrote : " no man in the republic of letters has been more overrated than mr. washington irving. " some critics noted especially that irving, despite being an american, catered to british sensibilities and, as one critic noted, wrote " of and for england, rather than his own country ". other critics were inclined to be more forgiving of irving ' s style. william makepeace thackeray was the first to refer to irving as the " ambassador whom the new world of letters sent to the old ", a banner picked up by writers and critics throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. " he is the first of the american humorists, as he is almost the first of the american writers ", wrote critic h. r. hawless in 1881, " yet belonging to the new world, there is a quaint old world flavor about him ". early critics often had difficulty separating irving the man from irving the writer — " the life of washington irving was one of the brightest ever led by an author ", wrote richard henry stoddard, an early irving biographer — but as years passed and irving ' s celebrity personality faded into the background, critics often began to review his writings as all style, no substance. " the man had no message ", said critic barrett wendell. yet, critics conceded that despite irving ' s lack of sophisticated themes — irving biographer stanley t. williams could be scathing in his assessment of irving ' s work — most agreed he wrote elegantly. impact on american culture the surname of his dutch historian, diedrich knickerbocker, is generally associated with new york and new yorkers


williams could be scathing in his assessment of irving ' s work — most agreed he wrote elegantly. impact on american culture the surname of his dutch historian, diedrich knickerbocker, is generally associated with new york and new yorkers, and can still be seen across the jerseys of new york ' s professional basketball team, albeit in its more familiar, abbreviated form, reading simply knicks. in bushwick, brooklyn, a neighborhood of new york city, there are two parallel streets named irving avenue and knickerbocker avenue ; the latter forms the core of the neighborhood ' s shopping district. one of irving ' s most lasting contributions to american culture is in the way americans perceive and celebrate christmas. in his 1812 revisions to a history of new york, irving inserted a dream sequence featuring st. nicholas soaring over treetops in a flying wagon — a creation others would later dress up as santa claus. in his five christmas stories in the sketch book, irving portrayed an idealized celebration of old - fashioned christmas customs at a quaint english manor, that depicted harmonious warm - hearted english christmas festivities he experienced while staying in aston hall, birmingham, england, that had largely been abandoned. he used text from the vindication of christmas ( london 1652 ) of old english christmas traditions, he had transcribed into his journal as a format for his stories. the book contributed to the revival and reinterpretation of the christmas holiday in the united states. the community area of irving park in chicago was named in irving ' s honor. the irving trust corporation ( now the bank of new york mellon corporation ) was named after him. since there was not yet a federal currency in 1851, each bank issued its own paper and those institutions with the most appealing names found their certificates more widely accepted. his portrait appeared on the bank ' s notes and contributed to their wide appeal. in his biography of christopher columbus, irving introduced the erroneous idea that europeans believed the world to be flat prior to the discovery of the new world. borrowed from irving, the flat - earth myth has been taught in schools as fact to many generations of americans. the american painter john quidor based many of his paintings on scenes from the works of irving about dutch new york, including such paintings as ichabod crane flying from the headless horseman ( 1928 ), the return of rip van winkle ( 1849 ), and the headless horseman pursuing ichabod crane ( 1858 ). washington irving ' s home, sunnyside, is still standing, just south


the headless horseman ( 1928 ), the return of rip van winkle ( 1849 ), and the headless horseman pursuing ichabod crane ( 1858 ). washington irving ' s home, sunnyside, is still standing, just south of the tappan zee bridge in tarrytown, new york. the original house and the surrounding property were once owned by 18th - century colonialist wolfert acker, about whom irving wrote his sketch wolfert ' s roost ( the name of the house ). the house is now owned and operated as a historic site by historic hudson valley and is open to the public for tours. the washington irving memorial by daniel chester french stands near the entrance to sunnyside in the village of irvington, which renamed itself from dearman in his memory, and visitors to christ episcopal church in nearby tarrytown, where he served as a vestryman in the last years of his life, can see his pew. west, over the catskills and in the finger lakes, cornell university ' s oldest continuous student - run organization, the irving literary society, is named for washington irving. his name is also frequently mentioned in joseph heller ' s novel catch - 22 in a recurring theme where his name is signed by other people to documents which triggers several military investigations as to who washington irving is. throughout the united states, there are many schools named after irving or after places in his fictional works. a washington irving memorial park and arboretum exists in oklahoma. the city of irving, texas gives credit to washington irving for the town ' s name. it is believed by local historians that irving co - founders otis brown and j. o. schulze decided in 1902 to name the city after the favorite author of otis brown ' s wife, netta barcus brown. schulze, a graduate engineer from the university of iowa and member of the washington irving literary society, also was partial to the name irving. the irving city council officially adopted author washington irving as the city ' s namesake in 1998. the chicago, illinois neighborhood of irving park is named after him. the town of knickerbocker, texas was founded by two of irving ' s nephews who named the town in honor of their uncle ' s literary pseudonym. list of works | letters of jonathan oldstyle | | 1802 | | jonathan oldstyle | | observational letters | | salmagundi | | 1807 – 1808 | | launcelot langstaff, will wizard | | satire | | a history of new york


letters of jonathan oldstyle | | 1802 | | jonathan oldstyle | | observational letters | | salmagundi | | 1807 – 1808 | | launcelot langstaff, will wizard | | satire | | a history of new york | | 1809 | | diedrich knickerbocker | | satire | | the sketch book of geoffrey crayon, gent. | | 1819 – 1820 | | geoffrey crayon | | short stories / essays | | bracebridge hall | | 1822 | | geoffrey crayon | | short stories / essays | | tales of a traveller | | 1824 | | geoffrey crayon | | short stories / essays | | a history of the life and voyages of christopher columbus | | 1828 | | washington irving | | biography / history | | the chronicles of the conquest of granada | | 1829 | | fray antonio agapida | | romantic history | | voyages and discoveries of the companions of columbus | tales of the alhambra | | 1832 | | " the author of the sketch book " | | short stories / travel | | the crayon miscellany | | 1835 | | geoffrey crayon | | short stories | | the adventures of captain bonneville | | 1837 | | washington irving | | biography / romantic history | | the life of oliver goldsmith | | 1840 | biography and poetical remains of the late margaret miller davidson | mahomet and his successors | | 1850 | | washington irving | | biography | | wolfert ' s roost | | 1855 | | geoffrey crayon | the life of george washington ( 5 volumes ) | | 1855 – 1859 | | washington irving | | biography | - burstein, 7. - pmi, 1 : 26, et al. - pmi, 1 : 27. - jones, 5. - " the life and letters of washington irving " archive. org - warner, 27 ; pmi, 1 : 36. - jones, 11. - pmi, 1 : 42 – 43. - burstein, 19. - jones, 36. - burstein, 43. - see jones, 44 – 70 - washington irving to william irving jr., september 20, 1804, works 23 : 90. - irving, washington. " memoir of washington allston ", works 2 : 175. - washington irving to mrs. amelia foster, [ april – may 1823 ], works, 23 : 740 - 41. see also pmi, 1 : 173, williams, 1 : 77


memoir of washington allston ", works 2 : 175. - washington irving to mrs. amelia foster, [ april – may 1823 ], works, 23 : 740 - 41. see also pmi, 1 : 173, williams, 1 : 77, et al. - burstein, 47. - jones, 82. - burrows, edwin g. and mike wallace. gotham : a history of new york city to 1898. ( oxford university press, 1999 ), 417. see jones, 74 – 75. - jones, 118 - 27. - burstein, 72. - washington irving to mrs. amelia foster, [ april – may, 1823 ], works, 23 : 741. - oxford english dictionary. - hellman, 82. - jones, 121 – 22. - jones, 121. - jones, 122. - hellman, 87. - hellman, 97. - jones, 154 - 60. - jones, 169. - william irving jr. to washington irving, new york, october 14, 1818, williams, 1 : 170 - 71. - washington irving to ebenezer irving, [ london, late november 1818 ], works, 23 : 536. - see reviews from quarterly review and others, in the sketch book, xxv – xxviii ; pmi 1 : 418 – 19. - burstein, 114 - irving, washington. " preface to the revised edition ", the sketch book, works, 8 : 7 ; jones, 188 - 89. - mcclary, ben harris, ed. washington irving and the house of murray. ( university of tennessee press, 1969 ). - see comments of william godwin, cited in pmi, 1 : 422 ; lady littleton, cited in pmi 2 : 20. - aderman, ralph m., ed. critical essays on washington irving. ( g. k. hall, 1990 ), 55 – 57 ; stw 1 : 209. - aderman, 58 – 62. - see reichart, walter a. washington irving and germany. ( university of michigan press, 1957 ). - jones, 207 - 14. - see sanborn, f. b., ed. the romance of mary wollstonecraft shelley, john howard payne and washington irving. boston : bibliophile society, 1907. - irving to catharine paris, paris, september 20, 1824, works 24 : 76 - see reviews in blackwood ' s edinburgh magazine, westminster review, et al., 1824. cited