two years of life. however, exceptions have reported in the medical literature. individuals who lived past the age of 10 years have been reported. for atypical, mildly affected patients, prognosis is variable. scientists ' understanding of peroxisomal disorders, and of the peroxisome itself, increased enormously in the last five years. developing effective treatments of rcdp is a great challenge. but having a better understanding of the underlying cause is the first step. this has also increased awareness of rcdp, probably leading to more accurate diagnoses and higher clinical suspicion. a correct diagnosis is critical in providing accurate recurrence, prognosis, and prenatal diagnosis information. bennett, ruth. " workshop looks into the challenges, causes of dwarfism. " the oregonian ( july 7, 1999 ). hedley, lisa abelow. " a child of difference. " new york times magazine 147 ( october 1997 ) : 98 - 99. footsteps institute for rare diseases. 624 martin luther king way, tacoma, wa 98405. ( 253 ) 383 - 0985 or ( 888 ) 640 - 4673. email @ example. com. international patient advocacy association. 800 bellevue way ne, suite 400, bellvue, wa 98004. ( 425 ) 462 - 4037 or ( 310 ) 229 - 5750 or ( 800 ) 944 - 7823 x4037. firstname. lastname @ example. org. < http : / / www. vanpelt - ipaa. com >. national organization for rare disorders ( nord ). po box 8923, new fairfield, ct 06812 - 8923. ( 203 ) 746 - 6518 or ( 800 ) 999 - 6673. fax : ( 203 ) 746 - 6481. < http : / / www. rarediseases. org >. rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata ( rcp ) family support group. 137 25th ave., monroe, wi 53566. " genetics tutorial and diagnosis information. " greenberg center for skeletal dysplasias. johns hopkins university. < http : / / www. med. jhu. edu / greenberg. center / greenbrg. htm >. gould, stephen j. " the peroxisome website. " john hopkins university school of medicine. < http : / / www. peroxisome. org >. michelle que


autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) involve a wide range of clinical diagnoses, including - asperger syndrome ( a mild form of autism ) - childhood degenerative disorder - pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( pdd - nos ) although the severity of the symptoms that occur with each of these disorders will be different, all asds result in specific impairments. these are commonly seen in three specific areas : - social interaction - language and communication - engagement in repetitive behavior the centers for disease control and prevention estimates that about one in every 88 children have an asd ( cdc, 2012 ). the term autistic behavior is used to describe the actions of a child with an asd. doctors do not know for certain what causes autistic behavior. genetics may play a role. research examining the brains of children with autism has shown abnormalities in several different regions. environment may also play a part in the development of autism. exposure of the fetus to certain toxins or viruses may increase the chances of developing autism. autism may also be passed down through families. if an identical twin has autism, there is a 90 percent chance that his or her twin will have the disorder. families with a child who has autism have a one in 20 chance of having another child with autism. even though this is only a five percent risk, it is higher than the risk for families that do not have a child with autism ( ninds, 2012 ). for unknown reasons, boys are significantly more likely to have autism. studies show that one in 54 boys is diagnosed with an asd, while only one in 252 girls suffer from an asd ( cdc, 2012 ). many people believe that autistic behavior is caused by vaccines. the link between vaccines and autism has received much media attention in recent years. however, there is no evidence that suggests that childhood immunizations cause autism. if you are concerned about this issue, talk with your doctor. the symptoms of autistic behavior vary depending on your specific diagnosis. the most common feature of autistic behavior is difficulty with social interaction. infants and children who display this behavior may : - not respond when their names are called - avoid eye contact - not respond appropriately to social cues, such as someone being angry or upset - engage in self - injurious behavior, such as biting - engage in repetitive behaviors, such as rocking back and forth as autistic children grow, they may develop problems in other areas, including language and communication. children with asds typically learn


in self - injurious behavior, such as biting - engage in repetitive behaviors, such as rocking back and forth as autistic children grow, they may develop problems in other areas, including language and communication. children with asds typically learn to speak later than children without the disorder. in addition, children with asds : - may refer to themselves by name instead of using pronouns such as “ i ” or “ me ” - will not know how to play with other children - appear disinterested when being engaged by other children or adults - may not smile or respond to others - may have specific interests or habits that are more important to them than interacting with others - may have sensitivity to loud sounds or bright lights autistic behavior can be diagnosed by your doctor. infants typically reach developmental milestones by certain ages. examples include : - babbling by 12 months - gesturing and pointing by 12 months - saying single words by 16 months - saying two - word phrases by 24 months if your child does not develop these behaviors or has other symptoms of autism, your doctor may order additional tests. tests will be used to rule out other health problems and may include : - hearing tests ( to rule out a hearing problem may cause similar behaviors ) - blood tests ( to look for lead toxicity, which may cause similar behaviors ) your doctor may also screen your child for autism using the checklist for autism in toddlers ( chat ) or the autism screening questionnaire. your doctor may refer you to a developmental psychologist for further evaluation. this specialist can provide you with a more accurate diagnosis. treatment for autistic behavior will depend on the severity of the symptoms. young children diagnosed with an asd are typically provided with early intervention services. these can include : - occupational therapy - social skills training - physical therapy - speech - language therapy in some cases, your doctor may recommend medication to control certain behaviors. these might include : - risperidone for irritability and aggression - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) to stabilize mood - methylphenidate, a stimulant treatment may also include changes in diet. gluten has been postulated to be associated with certain autistic behaviors. there is no evidence to support this reasoning ; however removing gluten from the diet may reduce symptoms of asds. treatment works best when it is tailored to meet the needs of the individual with autism. the long - term outcome for a child with autistic behavior is better today than it was a generation ago.


parents are often shocked when i tell them that pediatricians think it ’ s a bad idea for children to watch tv before age 2. surveys tell us about 40 % of infants are watching some sort of video by age 5 months, and by age 2 the number rises to 90 %. early brain development to answer these questions we have to return briefly to the child ’ s developing brain. kids ’ brains grow profoundly during the first 3 years of life, with the brain tripling in mass in just the first 12 months. the stimuli children experience during this period profoundly influence brain development. images on screens behave in ways that differ dramatically from those in the real world. because we ’ re all steeped in the visual language of screens, it ’ s easy to forget those differences until we think about them. imagine a ball in real life and a ball on tv. infants are developing 3 - dimensional vision. the world of the screen exists in 2 dimensions, so the ball is just a flat, shaded circle. if you roll a ball across the floor it proceeds in a single motion, slowing gradually until it stops. the same action on tv is broken up — you see the ball leave someone ’ s hand, then there ’ s a shot of it in motion, then a picture of the ball at rest. if your infant wants to grab a ball in real life he ’ ll lunge for it, grasp at it, or crawl after it. the stuff on the screen just disappears, to be replaced by other stuff ; you can never get your hands ( or mouth ) on it. infants may stare at the bright colors and motion on a screen, but their brains are incapable of making sense or meaning out of all those bizarre pictures. it takes 2 full years for a baby ’ s brain to develop to the point where the symbols on a screen come to represent their equivalents in the real world. because of this confusion, children up to age 3 learn better from the real world than they do from any screen, especially when it comes to language. they do seem to learn a little more if they ’ re watching in the company of a person who is talking to them about what they ’ re seeing, in the same way you would while looking at a picture book. where ' s the harm? so sure, babies and toddlers don ’ t get anything out of watching tv, but if they seem to like it, where ’ s the harm? if a little tv is what it takes for you to get dinner on the table, isn ’ t it


, babies and toddlers don ’ t get anything out of watching tv, but if they seem to like it, where ’ s the harm? if a little tv is what it takes for you to get dinner on the table, isn ’ t it better for them than, say, starving? yes, watching tv is better than starving, but it ’ s worse than not watching tv. good evidence suggests that screen viewing before age 2 has lasting negative effects on children ’ s language development, reading skills, and shortterm memory. it also contributes to problems with sleep and attention. if “ you are what you eat, ” then the brain is what it experiences, and video entertainment is like mental junk food for babies and toddlers. the problem lies not only with what toddlers are doing while they ’ re watching tv ; it ’ s what they aren ’ t doing. specifically, children are programmed to learn from interacting with other people. the dance of facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language between a toddler and parent is not only beautiful, it ’ s so complex that researchers have to record these interactions on video and slow them down just to see everything that ’ s going on. whenever one party in this dance, child or parent, is watching tv, the exchange comes to a halt. a toddler learns a lot more from banging pans on the floor while you cook dinner than he does from watching a screen for the same amount of time, because every now and then the 2 of you look at each other. just having the tv on in the background, even if “ no one is watching it, ” is enough to delay language development. normally a parent speaks about 940 words per hour when a toddler is around. with the television on, that number falls by 770! fewer words means less learning. toddlers are also learning to pay attention for prolonged periods. toddlers who watch more tv are more likely to have problems paying attention at age 7. video programming is constantly changing, constantly interesting, and almost never forces a child to deal with anything more tedious than an infomercial. after age 2 things change, at least somewhat. during the preschool years some children do learn some skills from educational tv. well - designed shows can teach kids literacy, math, science, problem - solving, and prosocial behavior. children get more out of interactive programs like dora the explorer and sesame street when they answer the characters ’ questions. educational tv makes the biggest difference for children whose homes are the least intellectually stimulating


dogs can be trained to use a certain area set aside for elimination. they ’ re less fussy than cats about what materials you use to absorb the waste, so you could put old newspapers, paper litter, clay, or another absorbent material in the bottom of the pan. no matter what material you decide to use, use it consistently. at first, you may want to leave the litter a little dirty, because dogs tend to go back to a place where they have gone before. for the same reason, clean the carpet whenever your dog has an accident, to be sure she doesn ’ t return to the same spot. most of all, be patient and consistent. develop a schedule of feeding, playing, walking, and sleeping, which will keep your dog on an elimination schedule as well. learn the times when she will generally have to go : after eating, after waking up and, for puppies, about every 20 - 30 minutes when they are awake and playing. watch for the cues your dog gives before urinating, like sniffing and circling, and place her in the pan when you see her getting ready to go. praise her when she uses the pan. different dogs learn at different rates, so it may take a few days of accidents before your pet learns to use the pan. eventually, though, with gentle persistence, she can learn to use the litter box consistently. remember, though, the pan is not meant to replace trips outside, but to supplement them. your dog still needs to go outside for exercise and fresh air every day.


- hhmi news - scientists & research - janelia farm - science education - resources & publications browse all resources by typeanimation ( 3 ) book / manual ( 4 ) cd ( 1 ) classroom activity ( 12 ) college course ( 6 ) curriculum ( 11 ) game ( 1 ) kit ( 1 ) lab ( 9 ) lesson plan ( 5 ) publication ( 23 ) software ( 3 ) tutorial ( 5 ) video ( 24 ) website ( 47 ) wiki ( 2 ) by topicbiochemistry ( 14 ) biodiversity ( 3 ) bioengineering ( 3 ) bioethics ( 3 ) bioinformatics ( 8 ) biology ( 104 ) biotechnology ( 9 ) cell biology ( 3 ) chemistry ( 17 ) earth science ( 1 ) ecology ( 9 ) engineering ( 1 ) evolution ( 10 ) general science ( 15 ) genetics ( 29 ) genomics ( 13 ) immunology ( 2 ) infectious diseases ( 1 ) life science ( 65 ) mathematics ( 9 ) medicine ( 6 ) microarrays ( 5 ) microbiology ( 3 ) molecular biology ( 34 ) neuroscience ( 7 ) physics ( 5 ) plants ( 2 ) professional development ( 35 ) research methods ( 12 ) science communication ( 2 ) systems biology ( 1 ) by grade levelk - 16 ( 1 ) 4 - 8 ( 1 ) k - 5 ( 6 ) medical school ( 6 ) k - 3 ( 2 ) k - 8 ( 2 ) k - 12 ( 9 ) 6 - 8 ( 18 ) 9 - 12 ( 52 ) college ( 101 ) graduate ( 21 ) number sense : a 1st and 2nd grade math event this curriculum, developed by the science education partnerships program at oregon state university, contains all the tools a teacher or administrator needs to organize a family math program at an elementary school. using the powerpoint presentation and timing guide available online, the speaker ( a teacher or volunteer ) leads student - parent pairs through a series of games and activities designed to develop students ' number sense and strategies for addition and subtraction. the math event focuses on listening to students ' mathematical thinking and helping parents understand how they can tailor the games to their child ' s ability level. at the end of the event, parents take home handouts, which are also available in spanish, for playing simple card games, building number sense and nurturing a " mathematically powerful student. " the curriculum includes templates for the games and a check - off list for organizing the event, which can be held in individual or multiple classrooms during the school day or in the evening.


greenhouse gas emissions in the 1990s could have been underestimated by billions of tonnes, throwing doubt on some of the maths behind the kyoto protocol, research by australian and international scientists suggests. the research team measured real - world changes in the amount of co2 building up in the atmosphere against the amount of gases that each country said it emitted. and, like a jigsaw puzzle with one or two missing pieces, the picture did not quite match. ' ' the simplest explanation is there has been an underestimate in the accounting of about 7 per cent through that early period in the 1990s, ' ' said the lead researcher, roger francey, an honorary fellow at the csiro. ' ' the increase in co2 in the atmosphere doesn ' t reflect the reported emissions. this may be because the methodology for getting national emissions was far less developed than today, and only really developed for a few countries, so they were relying much more on estimates. ' ' if confirmed, the findings would carry some potentially good news about the rate of climate change : if emissions were higher in the 1990s, then they have not been increasing at quite such a steep rate to reach today ' s level. it would mean emissions have been rising more steadily for the past three decades, at the middle range of predictions by intergovernmental panel on climate change, rather than surging up since 2000. the group ' s findings are contained in a paper published on monday in the journal nature climate change. although an error of 7 per cent in estimated emissions is within the stated level of uncertainty, it still means that emissions equivalent to about four times the size of australia ' s annual greenhouse output had somehow been ' ' lost ' '. the accounting method is made even more complicated by the performance of ' ' carbon sinks ' ' which absorb large but varying amounts of carbon out of the atmosphere. ' ' when they were adding up all the emissions from around the world back then … it ' s understandable that there might have been significant errors, ' ' said the head of the csiro ' s changing atmosphere group, paul fraser. ' ' exactly how that may have happened, it ' s hard to know … what it shows is that the ipcc estimates of more recent times have got it about right. ' '


nature and hinduism are so entwined that it is quite impossible to think about one without the other. the need for an ecological balance is stressed in the vedas and upanishads and this message is repeated in the ramayana, mahabharata, gita, puranas and in the messages of hindu saints. mother nature is worshipped in hindu religion. but for majority of hindus, worship is confined to temples and homes and thus they are equal contributors in global warming, pollution and emissions. - one should not destroy the trees. ( rig veda samhita vi - 48 - 17 ) - plants are mothers and goddesses. ( rig veda samhita x - 97 - 4 ) - trees are homes and mansions. ( rig veda samhita x - 97 - 5 ) - sacred grass has to be protected from man ' s exploitation ( rig veda samhita vii - 75 - 8 ) - plants and waters are treasures for generations. ( rig veda samhita vii - 70 - 4 ) earth, in which lie the sea, the river and other waters, in which food and cornfields have come to be, in which lives all that breathes and that moves, may she confer on us the finest of her yield. earth, in which the waters, common to all, moving on all sides, flow unfailingly, day and night, may she pour on us milk in many streams, and endow us with lustre. ( from the atharva veda - hymn to the earth - bhumi - sukta ) may those born of thee, o earth, be for our welfare, free from sickness and waste, wakeful through a long life, we shall become bearers of tribute to thee. earth my mother, set me securely with bliss in full accord with heaven, o wise one, uphold me in grace and splendor. ( from the atharva veda - hymn to the earth - bhumi - sukta ) - earth, atmosphere, sky, sun, moon, stars, waters, plants, trees, moving creatures, swimming creatures, creeping creatures all are hailed and offered oblations. ( taittiriya samhita i - 8 - 13 ) - one should protect the habitation. ( rig veda samhita vi - 71 - 3 ) - waters as friends of man give full protection to his progenies. ( rig veda samhita vi - 50 - 7 ) - one shall take care of quadrupeds.


( rig veda samhita vi - 71 - 3 ) - waters as friends of man give full protection to his progenies. ( rig veda samhita vi - 50 - 7 ) - one shall take care of quadrupeds. ( taittiriya samhita iv - 4 - 10 ) - one shall be auspicious to animals. ( taittiriya samhita ii - 3 - 14 ) - one shall not find fault with animals. ( chandogya upanishad ii - 18 - 2 ) - waters represent splendor. ( atharva veda samhita iii - 13 - 5 ) - waters bear off all defilements and cleanse people. ( vajasaneya samhita iv - 2 ) - whoever injures the essence of food, kine or steeds is a robber who sinks both himself and his offspring into destruction. ( rig veda samhita vii - 104 - 10 ) - offerings are dedicated to waters of wells, pools, clefts, holes, lakes, morasses, ponds, tanks, marshes, rains, rime, streams, rivers and ocean. ( taittiriya samhita vii - 4 - 13 ) - there was only water in the beginning. ( brihadaranyaka upanishad v - 5 - 1 ) - waters and herbs should have no poison. ( rig veda samhita vi - 39 - 5 ) - waters are to be freed from defilement. ( atharva veda samhita x - 5 - 24 ) - waters cleanse humanity from the evil of pollution committed by it. ( atharva veda samhita xii - 2 - 40 ) - waters are healing and they strengthen one to see great joy. ( taittiriya samhita vii - 4 - 19 ) the mahabharata says that ' even if there is only one tree full of flowers and fruits in a village, that place becomes worthy of worship and respect. ’ ‘ no religion, perhaps, lays as much emphasis on environmental ethics as does hinduism. it believes in ecological responsibility and says like native americans that the earth is our mother. it champions protection of animals, which it considers also have souls, and promotes vegetarianism. it has a strong tradition of non - violence or ahimsa. it believes that god is present in all nature, in all creatures, and in every human being regardless of their faith or lack of it. ’ dr. david frawley we hindus are always proud


strong tradition of non - violence or ahimsa. it believes that god is present in all nature, in all creatures, and in every human being regardless of their faith or lack of it. ’ dr. david frawley we hindus are always proud to hear others praise our culture. we publish them, discuss them in social circles but rarely follow the unparalleled teachings in our scriptures. lord ganesha, holy cow, worship of mountains, worship of nagas ( snakes ), tulsi and the numerous other plants and animals that form part of hindu worship are nothing but messages incorporated by wise hindu saints to teach us that we humans are part of nature and not outside it and above it. the hindu concept of brahman, the supreme soul, suggests that all animate and inanimate and all born and yet to be born are part of brahman. therefore an imbalance in a particular part will affect all other parts. the supreme being then finds out a method to transform that defective part. since brahman is present in all, it is easy to transform. and we humans might term such a transformation as the end or death or total annihilation. for the supreme soul, it is a small repair work carried out by a minute virus. mother nature is not dependent on human beings but human beings are. ancient seers knew it and therefore they worshiped nature. modern humans termed it as animism and replaced it with more refined worships. and the result of such a refined worship... ‘ in our arrogance and ignorance we have destroyed the environment of this planet. we have polluted the oceans, we have made the air unbreathable, we have desecrated nature and decimated wildlife. but the vedantic seers knew that man was not something apart from nature, and, therefore, they constantly exhort us that, while we work for own salvation, we must also work for the welfare of all beings. ’ karan singh only a people ’ s movement can save the earth from destruction. we are armed with wise teachings of our saints. now what we need is its implementation. courtesy : quotes from vedas as found in the articles of dr. s kannan and dr. karan singh


cleopatra, queen of egypt and lover of julius caesar and mark antony, takes her life following the defeat of her forces against octavian, the future first emperor of rome. cleopatra, born in 69 b. c., was made cleopatra vii, queen of egypt, upon the death of her father, ptolemy xii, in 51 b. c. her brother was made king ptolemy xiii at the same time, and the siblings ruled egypt under the formal title of husband and wife. cleopatra and ptolemy were members of the macedonian dynasty that governed egypt since the death of alexander the great in 323 b. c. although cleopatra had no egyptian blood, she alone in her ruling house learned egyptian. to further her influence over the egyptian people, she was also proclaimed the daughter of re, the egyptian sun god. cleopatra soon fell into dispute with her brother, and civil war erupted in 48 b. c. rome, the greatest power in the western world, was also beset by civil war at the time. just as cleopatra was preparing to attack her brother with a large arab army, the roman civil war spilled into egypt. pompey the great, defeated by julius caesar in greece, fled to egypt seeking solace but was immediately murdered by agents of ptolemy xiii. caesar arrived in alexandria soon after and, finding his enemy dead, decided to restore order in egypt. during the preceding century, rome had exercised increasing control over the rich egyptian kingdom, and cleopatra sought to advance her political aims by winning the favor of caesar. she traveled to the royal palace in alexandria and was allegedly carried to caesar rolled in a rug, which was offered as a gift. cleopatra, beautiful and alluring, captivated the powerful roman leader, and he agreed to intercede in the egyptian civil war on her behalf. in 47 b. c., ptolemy xiii was killed after a defeat against caesar ' s forces, and cleopatra was made dual ruler with another brother, ptolemy xiv. julius and cleopatra spent several amorous weeks together, and then caesar departed for asia minor, where he declared " veni, vidi, vici " ( i came, i saw, i conquered ), after putting down a rebellion. in june 47 b. c., cleopatra bore a son, whom she claimed was caesar ' s and named caesarion, meaning " little caesar. " upon caesar ' s triumphant return to rome, cleopatra and caesarion joined him there. under the auspices of negotiating a treaty with rome, cleopatra lived discretely in a villa that caesar owned outside the capital. after caesar


, meaning " little caesar. " upon caesar ' s triumphant return to rome, cleopatra and caesarion joined him there. under the auspices of negotiating a treaty with rome, cleopatra lived discretely in a villa that caesar owned outside the capital. after caesar was assassinated in march 44 b. c., she returned to egypt. soon after, ptolemy xiv died, likely poisoned by cleopatra, and the queen made her son co - ruler with her as ptolemy xv caesar. with julius caesar ' s murder, rome again fell into civil war, which was temporarily resolved in 43 b. c. with the formation of the second triumvirate, made up of octavian, caesar ' s great - nephew and chosen heir ; mark antony, a powerful general ; and lepidus, a roman statesman. antony took up the administration of the eastern provinces of the roman empire, and he summoned cleopatra to tarsus, in asia minor, to answer charges that she had aided his enemies. cleopatra sought to seduce antony, as she had caesar before him, and in 41 b. c. arrived in tarsus on a magnificent river barge, dressed as venus, the roman god of love. successful in her efforts, antony returned with her to alexandria, where they spent the winter in debauchery. in 40 b. c., antony returned to rome and married octavian ' s sister octavia in an effort to mend his strained alliance with octavian. the triumvirate, however, continued to deteriorate. in 37 b. c., antony separated from octavia and traveled east, arranging for cleopatra to join him in syria. in their time apart, cleopatra had borne him twins, a son and a daughter. according to octavian ' s propagandists, the lovers were then married, which violated the roman law restricting romans from marrying foreigners. antony ' s disastrous military campaign against parthia in 36 b. c. further reduced his prestige, but in 34 b. c. he was more successful against armenia. to celebrate the victory, he staged a triumphal procession through the streets of alexandria, in which he and cleopatra sat on golden thrones, and caesarion and their children were given imposing royal titles. many in rome, spurred on by octavian, interpreted the spectacle as a sign that antony intended to deliver the roman empire into alien hands. after several more years of tension and propaganda attacks, octavian declared war against cleopatra, and therefore antony, in 31 b. c. enemies of octavian rallied to antony


spectacle as a sign that antony intended to deliver the roman empire into alien hands. after several more years of tension and propaganda attacks, octavian declared war against cleopatra, and therefore antony, in 31 b. c. enemies of octavian rallied to antony ' s side, but octavian ' s brilliant military commanders gained early successes against his forces. on september 2, 31 b. c., their fleets clashed at actium in greece. after heavy fighting, cleopatra broke from the engagement and set course for egypt with 60 of her ships. antony then broke through the enemy line and followed her. the disheartened fleet that remained surrendered to octavian. one week later, antony ' s land forces surrendered. although they had suffered a decisive defeat, it was nearly a year before octavian reached alexandria and again defeated antony. in the aftermath of the battle, cleopatra took refuge in the mausoleum she had commissioned for herself. antony, informed that cleopatra was dead, stabbed himself with his sword. before he died, another messenger arrived, saying cleopatra still lived. antony had himself carried to cleopatra ' s retreat, where he died after bidding her to make her peace with octavian. when the triumphant roman arrived, she attempted to seduce him, but he resisted her charms. rather than fall under octavian ' s domination, cleopatra committed suicide on august 30, 30 b. c., possibly by means of an asp, a poisonous egyptian serpent and symbol of divine royalty. octavian then executed her son caesarion, annexed egypt into the roman empire, and used cleopatra ' s treasure to pay off his veterans. in 27 b. c., octavian became augustus, the first and arguably most successful of all roman emperors. he ruled a peaceful, prosperous, and expanding roman empire until his death in 14 a. d. at the age of 75.


there are three basic ways to navigate around a map within the viewer : - the home button zooming in or out of the map will make the contents of the map bigger or smaller within the viewer. if you are using windows operating system, and have a mouse with a scroll - wheel ( like this one ), you can simply use the middle mouse wheel for zooming in and out. otherwise, you can use either the zoom in or out buttons at the right edge of the viewer...... or you can zoom in by double - clicking with the left mouse button. if you are using windows operating system, you can zoom out by double - clicking while holding down on the control key ( ctrl ) on your keyboard. panning is the vertical ( up / down ) or horizontal ( left / right ) movement of the map within the viewer. to pan around in a map image you can either use the directional pan buttons at the right edge of the viewer...... or you can use your mouse by clicking and holding down on a spot with your left mouse button and then moving the mouse to drag the image in a given direction. located in the center of the directional pan buttons ( see above ), clicking the home button will zoom and position the map so that the whole thing fits within the viewer.


the trees around your house provide similar services in your neighborhood that trees do in a forest. to learn more about the environmental benefits of trees in urban and suburban environments, you can use various tree benefit calculators based on i - tree. i - tree is a software suite, from the u. s. forest service, that consists of tools that calculate the value of trees in urban areas and your home. a tree ’ s value is expressed in terms of services it provides and the value of these services. this information helps communities strengthen the structure and management of their urban forests as well as advocacy efforts to build and preserve urban forests. by determining what services trees can provide for urban ecosystems, people can increase environmental quality and livability of urban areas. use one of the following calculators to determine the monetary value of individual trees on your property. mobile app : http : / / value. m. davey. com / the simplest calculator, for a quick estimate of the value of one tree. ( requires flash and will not work in firefox or google chrome ) the most up - to - date and accurate calculator, that also allows you to see the value of multiple trees. ( requires flash, and works in most non - mobile browsers ) sponsored by itree.


june 16, 2005. doctors have a lot to learn when it comes to dealing with patients who are blind, according to an occupational therapist working in tcd who is herself blind. bethan collins, writing in forum, the journal of the irish college of general practitioners, says anecdotal evidence suggests a lack of awareness among gps and a lack of assertiveness among blind people can create many of the communication difficulties that exist between the two groups. ms collins gave the example of one blind person who when attending a gp, was told by the doctor : " there ' s a seat over there ", following which the doctor ( presumably ) pointed to the seat. the patient then asked where the seat was and the doctor replied - " over there " again trying to point the seat out to the blind patient. the patient then pointed out to the doctor that he was blind but again the doctor pointed to the seat and told the patient it was " over there. " according to the article, the consultation continued with a number of further faux pas, culminating in the doctor saying to the patient : " i ' m giving you this prescription ", holding the prescription out without putting it into the blind patient ' s hand. prior to the consultation, the doctor ' s receptionist had been told that the patient was blind, according to the article. ms collins said an important element in promoting good communication between doctors and blind and visually impaired patients is the doctor giving adequate descriptions to the patient. for example, doctors explaining to the blind patient what will be done before a physical examination ; and giving clear verbal descriptions if the patient is required to perform specific movements or actions, rather than the doctor simply saying " do this ", and gesturing. practice staff, according to the article, should offer an elbow to the blind person entering the surgery. for those patients who do not want to make physical contact, practice staff, according to the article, should also clearly tell them of obstacles in their way when entering the surgery. ms collins said blind people are calling for more awareness, particularly among professional groups such as doctors, of the needs of blind people. she said if information about guiding, access to information and more accurate conceptions of blindness were readily available, the current communication issues would be a thing of the past. source url : http : / / www. irishhealth. com /? level = 4 & id = 7693. end of article. any further reproduction or distribution of this article in a format other than a specialized format, may be an infringement of


this article was originally published in the january / february 1998 issue of home energy magazine. some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content. | back to contents page | home energy index | about home energy | home energy magazine online january / february 1998 regulating ventless heaters the gas industry defends unvented heaters, pointing out that they are allowed by 42 state building codes in the united states, and that they are widely used in europe. mike calderrera of the gas appliance manufacturers association says the heaters have safety measures intended to guard against dangerous combustion products. every heater since 1980 has been required to have an oxygen depletion sensor ( ods ), calderrera says. this has certainly improved safety. today ' s products are built to satisfy all the requirements of the ansi safety standard. ken maitland, director of engineering at the california - based gas appliance maker fireplace manufacturers incorporated ( fmi ), says, i believe as an engineer that they ' re safe, if designed correctly and the ods is installed. the safety features are widely proclaimed by the vent - free alliance ( vfa ), a coalition of members of the gas appliance manufacturers association. nice & warm, a booklet published by the vfa, says that the consumer product safety commission ( cpsc ) data show no documented deaths due to emissions associated with the use of an ods - equipped vent - free gas heating appliance since 1980. sandy weisner of medford, oregon, is not soothed by these assurances. she installed an fmi ventless heater in 1996, and soon after developed symptoms of carbon monoxide ( co ) poisoning. she installed a co alarm, which sounded as soon as she used her unvented fireplace. she went to the doctor and found that the levels of carbon monoxide in her blood were 30 times normal concentrations. she has since been lobbying her state ' s code bodies to ban the heaters. many building scientists are harshly critical of the gas industry ' s safety claims. while every brochure, video, and web site about unvented heaters relates their safety to the ods, greg traynor, formerly an indoor air quality researcher at lawrence berkeley national laboratory, says there is almost no correlation between oxygen depletion and increased pollutant concentrations. there ' s no way you ' re ever going to get the ods to go off unless you have a way oversized heater in a tiny room, he says. in a


no correlation between oxygen depletion and increased pollutant concentrations. there ' s no way you ' re ever going to get the ods to go off unless you have a way oversized heater in a tiny room, he says. in a 1983 department of energy study, traynor and six other researchers, including mike apte ( author of unvented heaters : drainless sinks? he, sept / oct ' 96, p. 9 ) found that the heaters pose a potential threat to the health of occupants of houses where such appliances are used. meanwhile, a new study from the university of connecticut reports that co can cause permanent brain damage without any single traumatic poisoning. oregon, however, is like most other states where the devices are allowed. legislatures and code officials are reluctant to outlaw the vent - free heaters, for lack of conclusive evidence that they are harmful. as of march 1996, only eight states and eight canadian provinces prohibited the appliances, and codes are steadily becoming more accommodating. the tide turning? today, unvented heaters are being carefully scrutinized in california and new york. after contentious legislative battles in those states, both states ' health officials are seeking reliable sizing guidelines. they hope that by sizing the heaters correctly for the amount of ventilation in a house and for the local climate, they can keep the heaters from hurting anyone. with these developments on the horizon, in march, 1996, the gas research institute ( gri ) released what it hoped would be universally acceptable sizing guidelines. in 1997, the gri guidelines were nominated for incorporation into the ansi national safety standard for unvented gas heaters, z21. 11. 2. these proposed guidelines have turned into a lightning rod for criticism. the gri guideline has been criticized for flawed assumptions and weak science. for example, one indoor air quality researcher with the california air resources board ( carb ) says, the report assumes that a loose house has one air change per hour ( ach ), while a tight house has 0. 35 ach. but 0. 35 ach is probably about average for the good new houses being built in california today, and we often see houses much tighter than this. tom greiner ( author of the case of the co leak : solving the mysteries of carbon monoxide exposure, he nov / dec ' 97, p. 21 ) adds, no attention whatever is paid to a ' worst - case ' or even a less than favorable [ ventilation


of the case of the co leak : solving the mysteries of carbon monoxide exposure, he nov / dec ' 97, p. 21 ) adds, no attention whatever is paid to a ' worst - case ' or even a less than favorable [ ventilation ] scenario. the gas industry traditionally uses worst - case scenarios, and then adds additional safety factors when designing equipment or developing standards. greiner also criticizes the gri assumption that the heaters will be used at most four hours at a time. he cites a homeowner who uses an unvented heater all the time, but calls it a supplemental heater because it heats only part of the house. ken giles of the consumer product safety commission ( cpsc ) agrees. in the burn belt of the south, he says, unvented heaters have traditionally been used as primary heat for many homes without central heaters. the cpsc recommends that indoor heaters not be used while residents are asleep, and produces safety brochures encouraging homeowners to use co alarms. the new york state research and development authority ( nyserda ) produced a peer - reviewed critique of the gri standard. among other things, it criticizes the gri ' s indoor air quality guideline of 0. 5 ppm ( parts per million ) for nitrogen dioxide. no international, federal, or state guidelines that have been adopted are as high as 0. 5 ppm. if an air quality guideline of 0. 25 ppm is used for nitrogen dioxide, air quality will quickly reach unacceptable levels for homes in climates with more than 2, 000 heating degree - days. some such climates include mild santa barbara, california ; st. louis, missouri ; and washington, d. c. the nyserda report also criticized the gri ' s science. the heater sizes recommended, it says, are larger than the heater sizes which were used to calculate indoor air contaminant levels. potential moisture problems are cited by stuart brooks, an architect with energy design associates incorporated of eagle river, alaska. in his eight years at the alaska energy programs office and since then in private practice, he has encountered several unvented heaters. they do create a large condensation problem for houses here in the anchorage area, as well as carbon shadowing on walls and ceilings, he says ( see black stains in houses : soot, dust, or ghosts, p. 15 ). while the vent - free alliance ' s video vent - free iaq research states that


as well as carbon shadowing on walls and ceilings, he says ( see black stains in houses : soot, dust, or ghosts, p. 15 ). while the vent - free alliance ' s video vent - free iaq research states that a humidity level of 60 % is desirable, brooks says that in very cold weather, more than 40 % continuous relative humidity is almost a surefire level of condensation problems. icing on windows, not just condensation, becomes a problem. it is too early to tell whether criticisms of the proposed ansi standard will affect california ' s and new york ' s sizing guidelines. but regardless of what guidelines eventually prevail, one source familiar with california ' s indoor air quality politics points out, it ' s dubious whether sizing standards could be enforced. after all, the heaters are sold as do - it - yourself retrofits at large retailers nationwide. when customers buy and install their units, they may use whatever size they feel fits their needs. crisis or annoyance? for all the problems, there is no epidemic of deaths caused by unvented heaters. even a harsh critic at carb says the current standards, combined with the ods, are likely to prevent fatalities. the vent - free alliance claims that such heaters have caused no fatalities since the ods was first required in the early 1980s. the consumer products safety commission logged over 15 co poisoning events, including 10 fatalities, from unvented gas heaters between december 1994 and january 1997. some of the poisonings were clearly caused by new heaters, but it is unclear whether the fatalities were caused by pre - ods heaters. some manufacturers have experimented with including co detectors with their unvented heaters, but this is not even being considered as part of the revision to the ansi standard. weisner still suffers from reduced stamina and dizziness that were not present before her poisoning. however, because she was not seriously disabled, she has been unable to find an attorney willing to sue fmi. they think the prospective award would be too small to pay the necessary expert witnesses. but with millions of unvented heaters now installed nationwide, she feels it ' s only a matter of time before more people are poisoned. it could have been my grandchildren, she adds. | back to contents page | home energy index | about home energy | home energy can be reached at : email @ example. com - first page - previous page


" i couldn ' t care if i never had sex again " " forget the sex, i just wish i had some energy " " i do it for him, not for me " " i love him, but i just don ' t want to have sex with him " " it ' s all just too much, i ' d rather get a good night ' s sleep " these comments are repeated by thousands of women every day of the week, sometimes to doctors, sometimes to friends, sometimes to partners. women provide a far more complex sex hormonal picture than men, with three hormones contributing to the overall makeup of the hormonal balance. women produce oestrogens, progesterone and testosterone. the ovaries produce the bulk of the oestrogens during the years leading up to the menopause and substantially less post - menopause. progesterone is produced once ovulation has taken place during the menstrual years. progesterone ceases to be produced when ovulation stops at the menopause. testosterone in women is predominantly produced by the ovaries. it is produced on a continual basis and testosterone production declines with age from year twenty onwards. testosterone is vital in the preservation of bone, for its positive effect on libido and maintenance of energy levels. - reduced libido - unexplained fatigue - lack of concentration - emotional mood changes typify the symptoms of testosterone deficiency in women. supplementing small amounts of testosterone in women experiencing symptoms of testosterone deficiency results in increased energy, libido and sexual response. in the last decade there has been increasing interest in administering low doses of testosterone to pre - and postmenopausal women, particularly to help with loss of libido. the use of testosterone to manage low libido in women has extensively been reviewed in the medical literature for decades.


what teaching style do you favor? how do you present material in your class? when i was student teaching ( many years ago now ), i recall that we were required to observe another teacher in our supervising teacher ’ s department. i observed the man who happened to be chosen teacher of the year for his school by his colleagues. actually, it was probably my supervising teacher who recommended i observe him. matter of fact, i also observed the department head, who was an intimidating woman, both to her colleagues and students ( she required english department members to hand in lesson plans, and i recall after one particularly didactic department meeting, the other english teachers clustered in the parking lot to “ discuss ” the meeting ). the teacher of the year ’ s class was taking a notebook check the day i observed. he apologized for not being “ up in front of the room, ” but also added that he wasn ’ t up in front of room a lot because he “ really didn ’ t believe in that. ” what he was trying to say is that he viewed his role as a teacher as that of a facilitator or coach. in other words, he favored a constructivist approach to teaching. the department head was definitely more of a direct instructor. when i observed her class, she was standing in front of it, speaking. she called on students to provide answers. one thing i like about wiggins and mctighe is that they see value in various approaches to teaching ; however, what they emphasize is that a good teacher needs to figure out when each approach is best. this can be difficult, however, because of our biases as teachers : teachers who love to lecture do too much of it ; teachers who resist it do too little. teachers who love ambiguity make discussions needlessly confusing. teachers who are linear and task - oriented often intervene too much in a seminar and cut off fruitful inquiry. teachers who love to coach sometimes do too many drills and overlook transfer. teachers who love the big picture often do a poor job of developing core skills and competence. ( 242 ) the most important quotation of the chapter, at least in my view, is that “ [ w ] hen choosing instructional approaches, think about what is needed for learning, not just what is comfortable for teaching ” ( 242 ). teachers tend to use one instructional approach at the expense of all others, and to be honest, i have seen some hostility among teachers regarding this issue. teachers who prefer direct instruction tend to see teachers who favor constructivism as ir


” ( 242 ). teachers tend to use one instructional approach at the expense of all others, and to be honest, i have seen some hostility among teachers regarding this issue. teachers who prefer direct instruction tend to see teachers who favor constructivism as irresponsible, unknowledgeable, lazy, and at worst, dangerous. it is not unheard of to hear that constructivists are the downfall of education as we know it, and don ’ t you know, education was so much better before these hippie yahoos came along and changed it all. on the other hand, i see constructivists characterize teachers who favor direct instruction as dour, boring, and punitive. in other words, they are the entire reason why kids hate school, and if they just weren ’ t teaching, why think of all we could change! in fact, i think we call all admit there are times when we want to learn things ourselves using a constructivist approach, and i don ’ t know about you, but i have certainly listened to some fascinating lectures. the point of the chapter is not necessarily to advocate one method of instruction over another, but to emphasize that what method you choose needs to be based upon what your desired results are. all of a sudden the necessity for backward design “ clicks. ” how can you figure out whether lecture or a socratic seminar would be best if you don ’ t know what you want the students to understand? in the words of bob the nutrition unit designer, “ what is the best use of our limited time together? ” this should be the mantra of teachers planning instruction. the two pages of formative assessment techniques are well worth some study ( 248 - 249 ). i like the index card summary idea. one of my colleagues uses hand signals with good results. actually, her approach is slightly different from that of the book. she asks students to hold up one finger for one answer, two for another, and three for a third. it ’ s a very quick way to engage all the students and see who understands and who doesn ’ t. i tend to rely too much on discussion, which means if you talk a lot in class, i know what you know. i need to utilize methods of “ hearing ” from silent students more often ( and not necessarily calling on them more often, although that would help ; students are sometimes intimidated and afraid to say “ i don ’ t get it ” ). i want to put a question box in my room, too. i think i


it ' s been 22 years since the house of commons voted unanimously to eradicate child poverty in canada by 2000. all parties supported the motion and it appeared that we were finally on the right track to ensuring that no child ever had to grow up hungry or homeless again. however, a new report from campaign 2000 reveals that over two decades later 639, 000 children are still living in poverty. that ' s one in 10 children. aboriginal children are in an even worse situation, with a shocking one in four children who are living on reserves below the poverty line. what ' s more alarming is that one in three children who live in poverty have at least one parent working full time. if the number of canadians still fighting to make ends meet isn ' t disturbing enough, the costs associated with poverty certainly are. estimates currently say that poverty costs canada a minimum of $ 24 billion a year, with 20 per cent of all health care costs directly attributed to poverty. look at it this way, a child born into poverty has a greater chance of dying in infancy and, if he or she lives, is likely to have a lower birth weight and more disabilities. as they grow, they will suffer from poor nutrition and poor health. they ' ll miss more days of school and slowly, but surely, fall further and further behind at significant cost to society. if we can solve the problem early, and prevent children from growing up in poverty in the first place, the savings both financially and in the quality of life they will go on to have will be dramatically increased. that is why i am calling on this government to finally bring forth a viable long term national strategy to eliminate poverty in canada. the strategy must focus on what the national council of welfare refers to as the investment model. instead of paying to make a person ' s life marginally better in the short term, we must invest in long term solutions. as they put it, the current spending model we use is " like getting half a dose of antibiotics and having your infection ease up for a little while only to have it return worse than it was before. " we cannot continue on that path. in fact we are not that far away even with current expenditures. the latest report from the national council of welfare states that canada currently faces a $ 12 billion poverty gap. that $ 12 billion annually is what it would take to make sure every canadian was above the poverty line. although this might mean more money upfront, the payoffs in terms of savings long term greatly out weight the initial costs because we


since its establishment, the people ' s republic of china ( prc ) has worked vigorously to win international support for its position that it is the sole legitimate government of all china, including hong kong, macau, and taiwan. until the early 1970s, the republic of china government in taipei was recognized diplomatically by most world powers and the un. after the beijing government assumed the china seat in the united nations in 1971 ( and the roc government was expelled ) and became increasingly more significant as a global player, most nations switched diplomatic relations from the republic of china to the people ' s republic of china. japan established diplomatic relations with the prc in 1972, following the joint communique between the governments of japan and the people ' s republic of china ; the united states followed in 1972. the number of countries that have established diplomatic relations with beijing has risen to 165, while 24 maintain diplomatic relations with the republic of china ( taiwan ). both the prc and roc make it a prerequisite for diplomatic relations that a country does not recognize and conduct any official relations with the other party. after its founding, the prc ' s foreign policy initially focused on solidarity with the soviet union and other communist countries. in 1950, the prc sent the people ' s liberation army into north korea as " volunteers " to help north korea halt the un offensive that was approaching the yalu river. after the conclusion of the korean conflict, the prc sought to balance its identification as a member of the soviet bloc by establishing friendly relations with pakistan and other third world countries, particularly in southeast asia. in 1962, the prc had a brief war with india over a border dispute. in the 1960s, beijing competed with moscow for political influence among communist parties and in the developing world generally. following the 1968 soviet invasion of czechoslovakia and clashes in 1969 on the sino - soviet border, chinese competition with the soviet union increasingly reflected concern over china ' s own strategic position. in late 1978, the chinese also became concerned over vietnam ' s efforts to establish open control over laos and cambodia. in response to the soviet - backed vietnamese invasion of cambodia, the prc fought a war with vietnam ( february - march 1979 ). chinese anxiety about soviet strategic advances was heightened following the soviet union ' s december 1979 invasion of afghanistan. sharp differences between the prc and the soviet union persisted over soviet support for vietnam ' s continued occupation of cambodia, the soviet invasion of afghanistan, and soviet troops along the sino - soviet border and in mongolia - - the so - called " three obstacles " to improved sino - soviet relations. in


union persisted over soviet support for vietnam ' s continued occupation of cambodia, the soviet invasion of afghanistan, and soviet troops along the sino - soviet border and in mongolia - - the so - called " three obstacles " to improved sino - soviet relations. in the 1970s and 1980s the prc sought to create a secure regional and global environment for itself and to foster good relations with countries that could aid its economic development. to this end, the prc looked to the west for assistance with its modernization drive and for help in countering soviet expansionism, which it characterized as the greatest threat to its national security and to world peace. the prc maintained its consistent opposition to " superpower hegemonism, " focusing almost exclusively on the expansionist actions of the soviet union and soviet proxies such as vietnam and cuba, but it also placed growing emphasis on a foreign policy independent of both the u. s. and the soviet union. while improving ties with the west, the prc continued to closely follow the political and economic positions of the third world non - aligned movement, although the prc was not a formal member. in the immediate aftermath of tiananmen crackdown in june 1989, many countries reduced their diplomatic contacts with the prc as well as their economic assistance programs. in response, the prc worked vigorously to expand its relations with foreign countries, and by late 1990, had reestablished normal relations with almost all nations. following the collapse of the soviet union in late 1991, the prc also opened diplomatic relations with the republics of the former soviet union. the foreign relations of the people ' s republic of china draws upon traditions extending back to china in the qing dynasty and the opium wars, despite china having undergone many radical upheavals over the past two and a half centuries. the goal of the foreign policy within the people ' s republic of china is to create a strong, independent, powerful, and united china which is a great power within the world. chinese foreign policy experts believe that in achieving this goal, they are not pursuing any hegemonic or war - like ambitions and are sometimes very perplexed that others may see china ' s motives in this way. nevertheless, many actions taken by the chinese government in its relations with other countries as well as its rapidly developing military capacities belie this perplexity. in sharp contrast to the former soviet union and the united states, recent chinese foreign policy has not been devoted to advancing any higher international ideological interests such as world communism and are generally cynical about the motives of nations, particularly the united states, who


##ity. in sharp contrast to the former soviet union and the united states, recent chinese foreign policy has not been devoted to advancing any higher international ideological interests such as world communism and are generally cynical about the motives of nations, particularly the united states, who claim that they are motivated by higher goals such as spreading freedom, democracy and justice. this cynicism partially comes from chinese thinking in which ideology is secondary to advancing national interest. in this sense, chinese foreign policy makers may be seen to adhere to the realist rather than the liberal school of international relations theory. while this cynicism strikes many as selfish, others have pointed out that the " selfish " nature of chinese foreign policy has made chinese foreign policy extremely flexible and also prevents china from involving itself in the affairs of other nations on ideological grounds. still others point out that in an era of increasing scarcity such selfishness will breed international altercations. in much of the 20th century, chinese foreign policy was based on a sense of victimhood ( of centuries - long western and japanese colonialism ) and a determination to fight back perceived humiliations. at the start of the 21st century, there appears to be a shift in chinese foreign policy and calls from within china to reduce its victim mentality ( 心, shouhaizhe xintai ) and recognize that with a generation of economic growth, that china has begun to fulfil its ambitions of becoming a great power once again and should adopt a great power mentality ( 大 国 心, daguo xintai ) to use its power responsibly and optimistically. these ideas form part of the new security concept which is china ' s vision for the post - cold war era in which nations interact economically and diplomatically for mutual benefit and avoid forming exclusive alliances and / or blocs. modern foreign policy in recent years, china ' s communist leaders have been regular travelers to all parts of the globe, and the prc has sought a higher profile in the un through its permanent seat on the united nations security council and other multilateral organizations. closer to home, the prc has made efforts to reduce tensions in asia ; it has contributed to stability on the korean peninsula, cultivated a more cooperative relationship with members of the association of southeast asian nations ( asean ) ( brunei, myanmar, indonesia, laos, malaysia, philippines, singapore, thailand, vietnam ), and participated in the asean regional forum. in 1997, the asean member nations and the people ' s republic of china, south korea and japan agreed


) ( brunei, myanmar, indonesia, laos, malaysia, philippines, singapore, thailand, vietnam ), and participated in the asean regional forum. in 1997, the asean member nations and the people ' s republic of china, south korea and japan agreed to hold yearly talks to further strengthen regional cooperation, the asean plus three meetings. in 2005 the " asean plus three " countries together with india, australia and new zealand held the inaugural east asia summit ( eas ). china has improved ties with russia. president putin and president jiang, in large part to serve as a counterbalance to the united states, signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation in july 2001. the two also joined with the central asian nations of kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, and uzbekistan to found the shanghai cooperation organization ( sco ) in june 2001. the sco is designed to promote regional stability and cooperate to combat terrorism in the region. relations between india and china have also improved considerably. after years of competition, china and india are finally starting to collaborate in several economic and strategic areas. both countries have doubled their economic trade in the past few years and china is expected to become india ' s largest trading partner by 2008. the two countries are planning to host joint naval exercises to strengthen defense partnership. in 2003, china and india settled a major border dispute through dialogue. china recognized sikkim as a part of india while india recognized tibet as part of the prc. however, the dispute over aksai chin and arunachal pradesh and china ' s military aid to pakistan, india ' s arch - rival, continues to plague sino - india relations. the prc has a number of border and maritime disputes, including with vietnam in the gulf of tonkin, with a number of countries in the south china sea, as well as with japan. beijing has resolved many of these disputes, notably including a november 1997 agreement with russia that resolved almost all outstanding border issues and a 2000 agreement with vietnam to resolve some differences over their maritime border, though disagreements remain over some islands in the south china sea. during the late 1990s and early 21st century, chinese foreign policy appeared to be focused at improving relations with russia and europe in order to counterbalance the united states. this strategy was based on the premise that the united states was a hyperpower whose influence could be checked through alliances with second tier powers such as russia or the european union. this assessment of united states power was reconsidered after the united states intervention in kosovo, and as the 20th century drew to a close, the discussion among thinktan


be checked through alliances with second tier powers such as russia or the european union. this assessment of united states power was reconsidered after the united states intervention in kosovo, and as the 20th century drew to a close, the discussion among thinktanks in china involved how to reorient chinese foreign policy in a unipolar world. this discussion also occurred in the context of china ' s new security concept which argued that the post - cold war era required nations to move away from thinking in terms of alliances and power blocs and toward thinking in terms of economic and diplomatic cooperation. the shift away from a balancing strategy could be seen in china ' s actions after the september 11, 2001 attacks, the united states invasion of iraq, and the accession of hu jintao. although there were some initial fears that american intervention in afghanistan and iraq would lead to an increase in american power and the encirclement and tighter containment of china, the actual consequence was a shift in focus by the united states to the middle east, which resulted in a desire to avoid crises in east asia. after the september 11, 2001 attacks, the blue team in the united states which argued that china was the largest security threat to the united states became much more muted. china was instrumental at brokering talks with north korea over its nuclear program, and in 2003, there was a concerted effort by china to improve relations with the asean nations and form a common east asian market. these foreign policy efforts have been part of a general foreign policy initiative known as china ' s peaceful rise. much of the new diplomatic activity appears to be the result of a change in china ' s self - image. with the accession of the fourth generation of chinese leaders, china appears to be seeing itself less as a victimized developing nation, but rather more as an assertive but responsible regional power. in 2005, there has been talk of the european union lifting its arms embargo, however the united states has objected to this.


from husky to avalanche : may - - mid - august 1943 although trident did not settle the role the mediterranean was to play in long - range european strategy, the need for deciding the size, timing, and direction of immediate operations in the mediterranean became urgent. one effect of trident was to speed preparations for the invasion of sicily. by the close of the conference, operational planning for husky was taking final shape. the germans had at last been defeated in tunisia, and the allied headquarters in algiers could turn its full attention to sicily. pantelleria had been accepted as an intermediate objective, an ad hoc, or modified, husky had been rejected, and a full - scale operation had been projected in accord with a plan developed by general eisenhower ' s staff. the final outline plan for sicily, approved by the ccs on 13 may during the trident meetings, provided for british and american assaults against southern and southeastern areas of the island. on 22 may, while the ccs were still at the conference, general eisenhower confirmed 10 july 1943 as d day. 1 early in its planning for husky, general eisenhower ' s combined planning staff had concluded that the most important need was to capture suitable airfields and ports to maintain the armies after the landings. by early may general eisenhower and his deputy, general alexander, had decided to concentrate the assault against the southeastern group of airfields and to seize catania, palermo, and other important ports later on. as usual, the landing craft bottleneck presented a problem. the outline plan called for eight seaborne assaults on approximately a hundred miles of coast line extending from just below syracuse around the southeast tip of the island to the west as far as licata. british troops were to assault the southeast coast, u. s. troops to land farther west in the vicinity of gela and licata. general eisenhower chose 10 july, which occurred in the second quarter of the moon, as the target date offering sufficient light during the early period of the night for parachutists ' landings and complete darkness after midnight for the naval force operations. 2 with the objectives and timing definite, the tempo of preparations for launching the campaign was stepped up both in washington and abroad. as a part of the advance planning for husky, the british arranged for a body, made to appear to be that of a british courier, to be washed ashore on the spanish coast. in the corpse ' s pouch were plans for an attack upon greece under the code name husky and for a second attack in the western mediterranean. according to the planted information, only a fein


a british courier, to be washed ashore on the spanish coast. in the corpse ' s pouch were plans for an attack upon greece under the code name husky and for a second attack in the western mediterranean. according to the planted information, only a feint would be made against sicily. the germans in due course received word of the body and the plans and reinforced the peloponnesus and sardinia. 3 the close of the tunisia campaign led to a radical change in the situation in italy. the defeat in north africa convinced many italian leaders that italy should get out of the war, but hitler remained adamant in his determination to fight both the russians and the anglo - americans. with their hopes for a political settlement quashed, the italians were placed in a precarious position. their military weakness made them acutely aware of the dangers of attempting to break their alliance with germany, for swift retaliation might follow. on the other hand, they wanted to stop fighting. as they wavered between scilla and charybdis, they aroused the suspicion of hitler. on 20 may he decided to take no chances and directed the german staff to prepare a plan for german control of northern italy in the event of italy ' s defection. by mid - june, the german commanders in italy concluded that italian morale was hopeless and that little could be expected in the way of resistance unless german forces were brought in. the italian military staff conceded the truth of the german position by permitting and requesting german aid. as german troops entered italy in increasing numbers during june and the early days of july, the italians ' freedom of action decreased. thus, on the eve of husky, german forces controlled the northern approaches to italy and were firmly ensconced around rome. if the italians defected, the german commanders would be in a position to evacuate their forces from the south to a defensive line along the northern apennines. were the italians to continue the fight, the germans contemplated defending all of italy. all signs pointed to an allied attack upon sicily, but the germans were forced to be prepared for a number of eventualities. the next move depended upon the allies - - and the italians. 4 the uncertainty in the relations between the two european axis partners was not unwelcome to the allies, but the german reinforcement of italy and sicily was hardly encouraging. to the allies, husky represented months of preparation. it developed as a unique combined undertaking, involving mounting, assembling, and supplying assault forces from tour widely separated areas - - the united states, the united


of italy and sicily was hardly encouraging. to the allies, husky represented months of preparation. it developed as a unique combined undertaking, involving mounting, assembling, and supplying assault forces from tour widely separated areas - - the united states, the united kingdom, the middle east, and north africa. it required the organization and dispatch of one task force from the united states, the assembly in the theater of a gigantic allied armada, and the launching of an ambitious amphibious operation. husky also represented the first large - scale allied venture in airborne operations. to maintain equal status between u. s. and british forces, special arrangements for command and administration were required. in the process, husky ushered in an experiment in military government for occupied enemy territory. all of these experiences were to furnish valuable precedents for the management and conduct of subsequent combined operations. the preparation and execution of this whirlwind campaign, which lasted only thirty - nine days ( 10 july - 17 august 1943 ), pointed up the fact that much operational planning hitherto performed in washington was shifting to large theater headquarters. the development of the replacement system and of the standing operating procedure for convoy loading and dispatching troops to the field made much of the work of operations officers in washington routine and automatic. at the same time the tendency for an increasing number of general marshall ' s plans and operations assistants to go overseas to serve on the theater headquarters staff as observers, liaison officers, planners, and active participants in the operation became even more marked. 5 the chief army planner, general wedemeyer, during a tour of extended temporary duty in the north african theater, joined general patton ' s staff and at the latter ' s request analyzed the entire operational plan for husky. wedemeyer went so far as to ask for and receive command of a regiment and participated in the initial fighting in sicily. 6 this leaven of practical experience with amphibious operations, needless to say, was to serve the washington army headquarters in good stead in subsequent planning for the highly operational phase of the war. while some of its representatives were busily engaged in theater planning, the washington army headquarters completed arrangements for dispatching the 45th infantry division and the 82d airborne division. 7 the combat - loaded 45th division was a task force in miniature, for whose preparation the washington headquarters had already had intensive experience in mounting and moving the western task force for torch. the 82d airborne arrived in the north african theater in may, followed a month later by the 45th division. general marshall ' s operations staff examined general eisenhower '


washington headquarters had already had intensive experience in mounting and moving the western task force for torch. the 82d airborne arrived in the north african theater in may, followed a month later by the 45th division. general marshall ' s operations staff examined general eisenhower ' s troop lists in terms not only of available units, ships, and escorts but also of the effect on other prospective operations, particularly on the build - up in the european theater for the projected cross - channel operation. 8 the contrast in the totals of american strength divided between north africa and the united kingdom in the summer of 1943 drove home the need to hold the line so far as possible and to use troops already in the mediterranean for husky. by 1 july 1943, just ten days before husky was launched, the strength of u. s. forces in the north african theater was estimated by the washington planners at over 528, 000, while u. s. strength in the united kingdom was only about 160, 000. 9 meanwhile, replacements had to be sent to the active theater, and the war department took steps to correct deficiencies in the replacement training program in the zone of interior. it opened replacement depots on both coasts, increased capacities for training infantry and field artillery replacements, augmented training periods, and made provision for more small unit training. 10 to match british arrangements, the war department also took a significant step in organizing u. s. forces for husky. learning of the apparent british intention to designate general montgomery ' s eastern task force for husky as an army, general hull, then acting assistant chief of staff, opd, suggested on 13 may to marshall the advisability of designating general patton ' s western task force - - then set up as a corps - - also as an army. general hull was concerned lest world opinion conclude that american contribution to husky was much less than that of the british - - a conclusion contrary to the facts in the case. general marshall thereupon conferred with field marshall dill, who confirmed the british intention. at the same time, the war department operations staff learned of general eisenhower ' s favorable disposition to hull ' s proposal. as a result, on 17 may the chief of staff cabled general eisenhower that the designation of general patton ' s force for husky was to be the u. s. seventh army. 11 general montgomery ' s eighth army comprised seven divisions, while general patton ' s seventh army was given six divisions - - the 1st, 3d, 9th, and 45th infantry divisions, the 2d armored, and the 82d airborne. the


seventh army. 11 general montgomery ' s eighth army comprised seven divisions, while general patton ' s seventh army was given six divisions - - the 1st, 3d, 9th, and 45th infantry divisions, the 2d armored, and the 82d airborne. the 9th and part of the 82d airborne were to be held in reserve in north africa ; the rest were to, be used in the first assault. 12 the seventh army became " the first united states field army to operate as a unit in the war. " 13 to provide fighter cover, a major problem in the operation, general eisenhower had decided to subject the island of pantelleria, almost equidistant from tunisia and sicily, to a heavy allied bombardment well in advance of the assault on sicily. before an amphibious assault, the severe air attacks were supplemented by naval bombardment. the island surrendered after a few rounds of small arms fire were exchanged with the landing forces on 11 june. next day lampedusa, a smaller island some distance to the south, also fell. these attacks marked the first successful allied effort to conquer enemy territory principally by air action. 14 a month later, on 10 july, the allied ground forces went ashore in sicily. u. s. troops participated in the assault on the south coast of sicily as the western task force ( seventh army ), the attacks coinciding with those launched by the eastern task force ( eighth army ) on the southeast end of sicily with british forces from the middle east, tunisia, and the united kingdom. making the assaults for the americans were three reinforced infantry divisions - - the 1st, 3d, and 45th - - and the 2d armored division. the 1st and 3d infantry and the 2d armored divisions were mounted from north african bases. the 45th, trained amphibiously in the united states, had spent five weeks at sea and required a brief conditioning in north africa before its participation in the initial assault. airborne operations were carried out by the 82d airborne division before and after these landings - - not without some unfortunate mishaps. 15 though the seventh army encountered bad weather conditions, the landings on the whole came off without serious opposition. the remarkable performance of the celebrated dukw - - a product of american ingenuity - - in unloading over the beaches solved the problem of large - scale supply until suitable ports were captured. 16 soon the ports of licata, syracuse, and augusta were seized. on 22 july, elements of the u. s. 2d armored and 3d divisions, moving with great speed, met at the outskirts


scale supply until suitable ports were captured. 16 soon the ports of licata, syracuse, and augusta were seized. on 22 july, elements of the u. s. 2d armored and 3d divisions, moving with great speed, met at the outskirts of palermo, and palermo surrendered without resistance. early in the morning of 17 august, patrols of the u. s. 3d division entered messina not far in advance of patrols from the british eighth army. the campaign was over. in the closing days of the operation the strength of the u. s. and. british army forces in sicily was almost evenly balanced - - 168, 427 american and 168, 268 british. 17 at casablanca, seven months before, the combined chiefs of staff had set as the objectives of the sicily campaign : to make the allied lines of communication in the mediterranean more secure ; to divert as much german strength as possible from the soviet front during the critical summer period ; and to intensify pressure on italy. general eisenhower ' s conclusion was, " the operation achieved all these and much more. " 18 the invasion of sicily, accompanied by heavy bombing on the italian mainland - - especially of the marshaling yards in the rome area on 19 july - dealt crushing blows to italian morale and led directly to the overthrow of the fascist regime. 19 on 25 july king victor emmanuel announced the resignation of mussolini and charged marshal pietro badoglio with the task of forming a new government. italy had taken the first step toward withdrawing from the war against the allies. 20 aside from their effect on italy, air attacks from mediterranean bases served as a prelude and warm - up for the five groups of b - 24 ' s that were withdrawn from husky on 20 july, the day after the attack on rome, in order to prepare for a raid on the ploesti oil refineries in rumania on 1 august 1943. ploesti, with its rich resources of natural oil of great importance to the german war machine, had long been a favorite target in u. s. military planning. its special attraction was the prospect of slowing up german operations on the eastern front and thereby offering immediate help to the ussr. shortly after pearl harbor, american planners had studied the possibility of bombing ploesti, and in the late spring of 1942 an ineffective attempt - - by a special air group under col. harry a. halverson - - had been made by aaf planes from the middle east. 21 in the spring of 1943 a new plan had been developed by the air staff in washington - -


- - by a special air group under col. harry a. halverson - - had been made by aaf planes from the middle east. 21 in the spring of 1943 a new plan had been developed by the air staff in washington - - a project for a low - level mass attack based on bengasi. general arnold and his planners heartily supported the plan, which was presented at trident and approved by general eisenhower and the ccs early in june. 22 in order not to deprive husky of bomber support, it was agreed by all that the north african air force should provide only two groups of b - 24 ' s for the operation ( known successively as statesman, soapsuds, and tidalwave ) and that the remainder should be obtained by transferring two groups of b - 24 ' s ( the 93d and 44th ) from the eighth air force and temporarily diverting one group ( the 389th ) scheduled to move to the united kingdom. 23 arriving in the mediterranean at the end of june and beginning of july 1943, these groups joined the 376th and 98th groups. the raid on ploesti of 1 august was not a complete success. the loss of men and planes was heavy - - 532 ( dead, prisoners, missing, or interned ) of the 1, 726 airmen and 54 of 177 planes, 41 of them in action. much damage was inflicted on ploesti ' s refining and cracking installations, reducing the production of lubricating oils, but the germans soon repaired the damage. aaf historians, analyzing the results after the close of hostilities, have concluded that " though the over - all damage was heavy it was not decisive. " 24 planning post - husky operations the progress of husky inevitably raised anew the question that had been left in suspense at trident - - what was to be the next strategic move? should large - scale activity in the mediterranean be closed down, and resources and strength be husbanded for the major operations in northwest europe? the conferees had agreed to eliminate italy, but how, where, and when had been left undecided. should the allies cross the strait of messina and seize the toe of italy? should they capture the heel at taranto, or possibly land higher up the west coast? or should they limit themselves to occupying sardinia, as the u. s. chiefs of staff had favored? churchill, who had come to trident with his heart set on an invasion of the italian mainland, was disappointed in the vagueness of the agreement on italy. 25


limit themselves to occupying sardinia, as the u. s. chiefs of staff had favored? churchill, who had come to trident with his heart set on an invasion of the italian mainland, was disappointed in the vagueness of the agreement on italy. 25 as he confided somewhat later to general jan christian smuts : not being satisfied with this, i requested the president [ at the close of trident to send general marshall with me to north africa and there upon the spot to convince eisenhower and others that nothing less than rome could satisfy the requirements of this year ' s before he left washington, churchill explained to roosevelt that he would feel awkward in discussing post - husky policy with the allied staff in the theater without the presence of a high - ranking american representative, lest he be charged with having exercised " undue influence. " obviously, if he could persuade marshall - - the strongest and most influential american military protagonist of an early cross - channel operation as well as the theater commanders to back an invasion of italy after sicily, the prime minister would have gone a long way toward realizing his immediate goal in the mediterranean. at the president ' s request, general marshall agreed to defer a trip to the southwest pacific in order to accompany the prime minister and his staff. 27 the transaction between the president and the prime minister prompted marshall ' s rueful remark,. that " he [ marshall ] seemed to be merely a piece of baggage useful as a trading point. " 28 algiers conference, 29 may, june 1943 a series of meetings with general eisenhower and other high - ranking allied military leaders in the mediterranean followed at algiers in the week of 29 may - 3 june 1943. among those present were generals sir harold alexander, sir bernard l. montgomery, and sir alan brooke, air chief marshal sir arthur tedder, maj. gen. walter b. smith, brig. gen lowell w. rooks, and general sir hastings l. ismay. toward the close of the week general handy, assistant chief of staff, opd, who had been on a tour of the overseas theaters, arrived at algiers to join the chief of staff at the meetings. churchill and marshall acquainted eisenhower with the trident decisions, explored with him the progress of the husky preparations and the implications of the projected cross - channel operation ( roundhammer ) for mediterranean operations after husky, and exchanged views with him on the merits of various possible post - husky operations. at the outset general eisenhower expressed the view that if the allies were going to knock out italy, they should do so immediately after husky with all available


mediterranean operations after husky, and exchanged views with him on the merits of various possible post - husky operations. at the outset general eisenhower expressed the view that if the allies were going to knock out italy, they should do so immediately after husky with all available means. if husky proved to be an easy undertaking, the allies should go directly into italy rather than to any of the mediterranean islands. 29 the prime minister drew on all his eloquence to reaffirm the position he had supported at trident. he insisted that he had no desire to interfere with a cross - channel attack projected for 1944, but he wanted to take full and immediate advantage of all opportunities offered by the capture of sicily. his " sincere wish and hope " was that the united states and great britain could go directly from husky into italy. he declared that " his heart lay in an invasion of southern italy. " to churchill, the choice of southern italy over sardinia represented the difference between " a glorious campaign and a mere convenience. " 30 in reply, general marshall emphasized that he was not arguing against the broad commitment made at trident to aim at the fall of italy but, he stated, the allies would have to select the particular operation in the mediterranean to follow husky with great care in order to ensure that it be based on a close calculation of requirements and of actual conditions to be faced. the " ball " and " toe " of italy were only a small part of the mainland, and operations on the mainland might, in the final analysis, result in great drains on allied shipping and other resources. before a decision could be reached on post - husky operations, it would be necessary to estimate german reaction to husky in order to determine general dwight d. eisenhower and general marshall during the algiers conference, 3 june 1943. whether there would be real resistance to an allied landing in southern italy, whether the germans would withdraw to the po, whether the germans could organize and handle the italians effectively, and what readjustments they would make on the soviet front. the information could be secured, in general marshall ' s opinion, after the initial phases of husky were completed. 31 general marshall thus continued to show the cautious attitude of the u. s. military staff toward large - scale ground operations in the mediterranean. pending the outcome of husky, he recommended that the commander in chief, allied forces, prepare for various mediterranean operations. the logical approach, lie suggested, was to set up two forces, each with its own staff - - one to train for an operation against sardinia and corsica, the other for


that the commander in chief, allied forces, prepare for various mediterranean operations. the logical approach, lie suggested, was to set up two forces, each with its own staff - - one to train for an operation against sardinia and corsica, the other for an operation against the mainland of italy. when the husky situation became sufficiently clear to make a decision on the next step, the necessary air strength and vital resources could be assigned to the force carrying out the plan adopted. as a result of general marshall ' s recommendations, general eisenhower modified the view lie lead first offered. he would designate two separate headquarters, each with its own staff, to plan post - husky operations. one would plan for operations against sardinia and corsica ; the other for operations against the mainland of italy, particularly the toe and the ball. if sicily collapsed quickly, he would cross the strait of messina and seize a bridgehead on the mainland. 32 the conference ended, as it had begun, without a clear - cut decision on post - husky operations. the conferees simply concluded that general eisenhower should send his recommendations to the ccs during the early phases of husky. in effect, as the prime minister summed it up at the close of the meetings, " post - husky would be in general eisenhower ' s hands. " the prime minister had to take what comfort he could from his impression that all were agreed that italy be eliminated from the war as soon as possible, and if differences arose over the particular course of action recommended by general eisenhower, they would be settled between the two governments. general marshall had won his way on postponing a final decision. 33 decision to undertake avalanche meanwhile, in washington general marshall ' s planning assistants kept one eye on the progress of husky, the other on post - husky planning. in examining recommendations for mediterranean operations after sicily, they took the same cautious stand marshall had taken against allied embroilment in large - scale ground action in italy. their yardstick was the likely effect of any mediterranean operation on the main effort in northwestern europe. one recommendation to which they objected was that advanced on 3 july by general arnold for invading italy in the fall of 1943 in order to occupy the ravenna - ancona area. arguing purely from the air point of view, the air forces chief dwelt on the advantages of gaining a base area in northern italy from which the german controlled industrial centers of southern europe could be bombed, thus supplementing the combined bomber offensive from the united kingdom and paving the way for an invasion of the continent., on the other


the advantages of gaining a base area in northern italy from which the german controlled industrial centers of southern europe could be bombed, thus supplementing the combined bomber offensive from the united kingdom and paving the way for an invasion of the continent., on the other hand, alternative operations - - against sardinia, corsica, or the iberian peninsula - - promised only limited results for air operations. 34 the army planners objected that should the enemy offer strong resistance after husky, a sufficient number of allied divisions and adequate means would not be available to occupy the northern portion of the italian boot. it was their hope, however, that the measures finally adopted to eliminate italy would yield a base area for broadening air operations against german - controlled europe35 in fact, so important did they consider this aim that they were opposed to allocating u. s. heavy bombers to turkey - - then suggested by the british joint staff mission in washington - - on the ground that the airplanes could be more effectively used in operations based on italy. 36 the army planners also raised objections to a concomitant recommendation of the british chiefs of staff that the allies occupy the toe and ball of italy. in presenting their proposal, the british declared that " all means at our disposal " should be used to eliminate italy from the war, and thereby contain as large a german force as possible in the mediterranean. 37 col. george a. lincoln of the war department ' s operations staff argued that the toe and ball had little military value in themselves. if the axis powers chose to resist, a commitment of limited allied forces available against italy would not necessarily afford the best method of containing german forces in the mediterranean or of bringing about the collapse of italy. on the other hand, air operations from sicily, sardinia, and corsica might pave the way for the later disintegration of italy. in any event, the seven divisions scheduled for transfer from the mediterranean to the united kingdom must be sent. a major operation in italy must be avoided so long as there was a " reasonable " chance of executing overlord. a realistic decision by the ccs on post - husky plans, colonel lincoln concluded, must be based on general eisenhower ' s appraisal of axis reaction to husky and of probable axis reaction to a post - husky operation, on a reliable estimate of resources remaining after husky, and, above all, on over - all strategic considerations. 38 pending the response to husky and the final decision on post - husky operations, the army planners heartily approved the flexible concept of operations embodied in general eisenhower ' s


resources remaining after husky, and, above all, on over - all strategic considerations. 38 pending the response to husky and the final decision on post - husky operations, the army planners heartily approved the flexible concept of operations embodied in general eisenhower ' s unfolding plans against sardinia, corsica, southern italy, and various combinations thereof. in this theater planning, the seizure of the toe or ball of italy was to be followed by an overland advance to occupy the heel and thence northward to capture naples. to ensure that post - husky mediterranean actions would not become extended, the army planners sought to keep the wherewithal limited to that already allocated to the area, exclusive of planned withdrawals for other operations. on the other hand, the british were anxious to increase the means and strength available to general eisenhower for an invasion of the italian mainland in force. success of the initial assaults on sicily soon began to bring the interrelated questions of objectives, resources, and timing to a head. at first the vital resource in immediate question was combat loaders. at the close of june general eisenhower had asked for the retention of nine combat loaders that trident had not definitely allocated to other theaters. within a week after the initial landings the british urged that general eisenhower to be given a free hand in respect to shipping - - especially combat loaders - - the resulting loss to be absorbed by bolero or the pacific. the army planners resisted. they called for general eisenhower to adjust his projected requirements for combat loaders for post - husky operations to those remaining in the mediterranean after the withdrawals for bolero, bullfrog ( operation against arakan coast, burma ), and the pacific were met - - as originally planned. in a meeting of the ccs on 16 july general marshall forcefully backed his planners ' point of view on the distribution of resources, observing that losses of combat loaders in the initial husky operations had been slight. 39 up to this point general marshall ' s attitude toward an invasion of italy had been a cautious " wait and see. " he now proposed that a bold amphibious attack on naples be seriously considered. presumably his stand was influenced - - in part at least - - by a 15 july report from his intelligence staff on the exploitation of husky. g - 2 indicated that italian combat power had deteriorated to the point where the allies could assume calculated risks in dealing with italy. to exploit their advantage, the allies would be justified in taking prompt action against the italian mainland. g - 2 recommended the naples area as the most promising target for an allied