{"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 467 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research 13 conclusions and recommendations : an agenda for the next decade when president roosevelt announced in 1937 that \u201c one third of our nation are ill housed, ill clad, ill nourished, \u201d our country was galvanized into action. yet today, when careful population studies tell us that as many as one third of american adults will suffer a diagnosable mental disorder sometime in their life and that 20 percent have a mental disorder at any given time, there is little alarm. the institute of medicine ' s committee on prevention of mental disorders believes that strong action is warranted, and with this report it calls on the nation to mount a significant program to prevent mental disorders. although research on the causes and treatment of mental disorders remains vitally important \u2014 and indeed major advances are leading to better lives for increasing numbers of people \u2014 much greater effort than ever before needs to be directed to prevention. public health experience has shown that when a critical mass of knowledge regarding a specific health problem accumulates and a core group of expert researchers have been identified, the time is ripe for launching a larger, coordinated research and training endeavor. the committee believes that such a moment has arrived for the field of mental health. opportunities now exist to effectively exploit existing knowledge to launch a promising research agenda on the prevention of mental disorders. therefore the committee strongly recommends that an enhanced research agenda to prevent mental disorders be initiated and supported across all relevant federal agencies, including, but not limited to, the departments of health and human services, education, justice, labor, defense, and ocr for page 468 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research housing and urban development, as well as state governments, universities, and private foundations. this agenda should facilitate development in three major areas : building the infrastructure to coordinate research and service programs and to train and support new investigators. expanding the knowledge base for preventive interventions. conducting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5330387806539232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.406252"} {"text": ", as well as state governments, universities, and private foundations. this agenda should facilitate development in three major areas : building the infrastructure to coordinate research and service programs and to train and support new investigators. expanding the knowledge base for preventive interventions. conducting well - evaluated preventive interventions. as previously stated, the committee ' s recommendations for funding of rigorous preventive intervention research are based on its best estimates of current efforts and its judgment of needed resources to create a robust federal research agenda. the committee finds the need for prevention of mental disorders so great and the current opportunities for success so abundant that it recommends an increased investment across all federal agencies over the next five years ( 1995 through 1999 ) to facilitate the development of these three major areas of the research agenda. it recommends increased support of $ 50. 5 million per year for the next two years, $ 53 million in year three, and $ 61 million per year in years four and five. these are modest increases considering the magnitude of the problem of mental illness in this country, and congress may decide that an even greater investment is warranted. funding for the second five years should be recommended by a new coordinating body, such as a national scientific council on the prevention of mental disorders. the amount appropriated in year six should be no less than the amount of support in fy 1999. on the basis of positive results in the first five years, a considerably larger investment could be warranted during the second five years. the three major areas to be developed are recommended in conjunction with use of the definitions of interventions for mental disorders and of prevention research developed in this report. the term prevention is reserved for only those interventions that occur before the initial onset of a disorder. these preventive interventions can be further classified into universal, selective, and indicated types. the term prevention research refers only to preventive intervention research and is distinct from research that builds a broad scientific base for preventive interventions. building an enhanced infrastructure for preventive intervention research preventive intervention research for mental disorders cannot thrive without providing for its infrastructure. two areas are particularly important for moving ahead \u2014 coordination and research training. ocr for page 469 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research the coordination role and structure coordination among federal agencies is needed for four reasons : ( 1 ) variation in the application of definitions has made it virtually impossible to assess the current activities and expenditures in preventive intervention research ; ( 2 ) duplication of research activities and the lack of piggybacking of smaller projects onto larger ones contribute to waste of dollars and time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49126157376962565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.408114"} {"text": "application of definitions has made it virtually impossible to assess the current activities and expenditures in preventive intervention research ; ( 2 ) duplication of research activities and the lack of piggybacking of smaller projects onto larger ones contribute to waste of dollars and time, and, at the same time, gaps in research go undetected ; ( 3 ) agencies conduct research or provide interventions for mental disorders ( including addictions ), educational disabilities, criminal behavior, and physical disorders as though these were separate conditions, whereas, more often than not, coexisting disorders or problems occur ; and ( 4 ) agencies have different strengths ; for example, some are better at applying rigorous research methodologies to intervention programs, whereas others are better at reaching out into communities and forging alliances. in arriving at its recommendations about coordination, the committee reviewed various alternatives. the decisions to be made include ( 1 ) how best to coordinate the various relevant activities, ( 2 ) where the coordination function should reside within the federal government, and ( 3 ) staffing and funding issues. the structure and function of the coordination mechanism are inextricably intertwined, so decisions 1 and 2 above cannot be readily separated. staff and funding should be attached to the coordination mechanism wherever it is located. four alternatives were considered regarding where the coordination function should reside. although the committee does express a preference for coordination at the highest possible level, it believes that establishing a successful coordination mechanism across federal departments is more important than the details of where it is housed. initially, the committee considered the model of putting a coordination role in one agency, such as the national institute of mental health ( nimh ) or the national institutes of health ' s ( nih ) office of disease prevention. locating the coordination role in a single agency is a natural way to keep coordination close to the science, because the personnel in nimh or the director ' s office at nih are likely to be more closely connected to the scientific network than those higher in the government. although single agencies have mediated coordination among other parts of the same department and even among branches of different executive departments in the past, the breadth and extent of the need for multiagency collaboration in this case make a single agency lead seem unrealistic. one possible exception is the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), which has a public health mandate for ocr for page 470 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research prevention activities and considerable experience in working collaboratively with federal, state, and local agencies. coordination from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5162959751012263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.409451"} {"text": "and prevention ( cdc ), which has a public health mandate for ocr for page 470 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research prevention activities and considerable experience in working collaboratively with federal, state, and local agencies. coordination from an office within one department that serves as an umbrella over several relevant agencies is a second alternative. the office of the assistant secretary for health within the department of health and human services ( dhhs ) already contains an office for disease prevention and health promotion. this office could be charged with forming a subcommittee or task group to focus specifically on the coordination of research aimed at preventing mental disorders and substance abuse. these preventive efforts share many features with other disorders already subject to coordination within this office, but the involvement of the criminal justice system, the educational system, child and spousal protective services, civilian and military family support services, and other nonmedical services necessarily encompasses activities in an even broader array of federal agencies. many of these services are housed in entirely separate cabinet departments. the committee thus believes that coordination at the departmental level is preferable to coordination by a single agency ( with the possible exception of cdc ), but the nature of the problem may well necessitate a higher - level coordination mechanism. as a third alternative, the committee considered models developed within congress, such as the physician payment review commission ( pprc ) and the prospective payment assessment commission ( propac ), for which appointments are made by an independent body \u2014 the office of technology assessment. the question regarding these models is how well they would work in the prevention field, where many of the activities center on coordination of ongoing programs conducted within the executive branch. as a fourth alternative, the committee considered other successful models \u2014 the ongoing white house conferences, various presidential commissions, and the office of science and technology policy ( ostp ) \u2014 within the white house. ostp was originally created by president eisenhower to focus national attention on science ; after being disbanded, it was reestablished by president ford upon the recommendation of the national academy of sciences ( 1974 ). this model has three components : ( 1 ) an office having coordinating responsibility regarding national science policy, ( 2 ) an individual who serves as the president ' s science advisor, and ( 3 ) a council with expertise in a broad range of scientific matters. the advantages of having a coordination structure under the white house are that it is at a natural level for coordinating activities of different cabinet departments and that it places a premium on interagency cooperation, which the committee believes is an essential element. o", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5168218809640969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.410612"} {"text": "matters. the advantages of having a coordination structure under the white house are that it is at a natural level for coordinating activities of different cabinet departments and that it places a premium on interagency cooperation, which the committee believes is an essential element. ocr for page 471 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research the committee thus leans toward the establishment of an overarching federal council, operated out of the white house office of science and technology policy or another coordinating office within the executive office of the president, to coordinate preventive intervention research. it recognizes that research and services related to the prevention of mental disorders have high relevance to the many other agendas and priorities of congress and the president. these include the lack of high - quality education, deteriorating cities, drug problems, the lack of housing, poverty, and the lack of universal health care. mental disorders contribute to these problems and vice versa ; therefore the ultimate solutions must be broad in scope. adequate staffing and resources are essential to successful coordination of prevention research regardless of where it is located in the federal government. moreover, the quality of leadership and extent of commitment among agencies are often far more important than the precise location of a coordination office. leadership and commitment cannot be fully controlled, no matter how careful the plans may be. the competence of the particular individuals chosen to lead the effort and the politics of the day often determine whether interagency coordination is truly successful or merely an effort that consumes staff time and wastes increasingly scarce federal dollars. despite these caveats, the committee nonetheless believes that a coordinating committee at the highest possible level with adequate staffing is necessary to weave together disparate federal activities in many different departments. the committee strongly recommends that a mechanism be created to coordinate research and services on prevention of mental disorders across the federal departments. one model for accomplishing this would be the establishment of a national scientific council on the prevention of mental disorders by congress and / or the president. such an overarching federal council could be operated out of the white house office of science and technology policy or another coordinating office within the executive office of the president. this council should formulate policies regarding preventive intervention research, evaluation of prevention services, knowledge exchange, coordination of interagency research efforts, and training. because prevention activities span different departments, the members of the council should be appointed after soliciting nominations from a wide constituency who are willing to use the definitions and rigorous methodological criteria developed in this report to foster policies that will reduce the onset of mental disorders and related", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.505798066030293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.412270"} {"text": "span different departments, the members of the council should be appointed after soliciting nominations from a wide constituency who are willing to use the definitions and rigorous methodological criteria developed in this report to foster policies that will reduce the onset of mental disorders and related problems. members should include \u2014 as equal partners \u2014 ex - officio high - level representatives of relevant federal agencies, including but not limited to the departments of ocr for page 472 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research health and human services, justice, labor, education, defense, and housing and urban development, as well as representatives from state agencies, private foundations, universities, and the public at large. a broad range of disciplines, including medicine ( pediatrics, child psychiatry, psychiatry, primary care ), psychology, nursing, social work, public health, sociology, and epidemiology, should be represented. the council should meet regularly to coordinate collaborative research across public and private agencies and should monitor the standards for rigorous methodological approaches to preventive intervention research. terms on the council for nonfederal representatives should be limited. to provide ongoing executive leadership, the chair of the council should be appointed by the president. other leadership positions could be selected from the nonfederal representatives. the council should have its own paid staff, including a coordinator with staff, who operates out of an office of prevention of mental disorders. the office should oversee and coordinate the daily operations of preventive intervention activities in all areas that are related to mental health across the federal government. the staff of the office should be responsible to the council. the council should report regularly, at least once a year, to the congress and the president. the committee also strongly recommends that congress encourage the establishment of offices for prevention of mental disorders at the state level. the current number of such offices is small even though the states have resources for prevention available to them through the state block grants. a mechanism to encourage the development of state offices would be a requirement attached to the block grants, and as health care reform is developed other possibilities may occur. the functions of these offices should be similar to those of the proposed national scientific council on the prevention of mental disorders. states that do establish such offices should, as a group, elect representatives to the national scientific council. agencies must be required to identify their funded programs for the prevention of mental disorders, separately accounting for universal, selective, and indicated preventive interventions, using the definitions developed in this report. congress should ask for separate accounting of these different kinds of preventive interventions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5109866965475636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.414532"} {"text": "must be required to identify their funded programs for the prevention of mental disorders, separately accounting for universal, selective, and indicated preventive interventions, using the definitions developed in this report. congress should ask for separate accounting of these different kinds of preventive interventions when agencies report on the activities they support. the national institute of mental health ( nimh ), the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism ( niaaa ), and the national institute on drug abuse ( nida ) should consider including prevention researchers with broad mental health perspectives on their national advisory councils. the prevention research field must produce more researchers of international stature who can serve on such advisory councils. ocr for page 473 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research mental health reimbursement from existing health insurance should be provided for preventive interventions that have proved effective under rigorous research standards such as those described in this report. dissemination activities should receive much higher priority than they have in the past. agencies should disseminate results of research trials as well as evaluations of preventive intervention service programs. funding of research trials should be continued only when investigators demonstrate a good publication record ( including theoretical formulations and data from research trials ). interagency research conferences should be encouraged. a federal clearinghouse on preventive interventions in the mental health field should be considered, either as part of the council ' s function or as a separately funded initiative. research training training is an immediate and critical need in preventive intervention research. congress and federal agencies should immediately take steps to develop and support the training of additional researchers who can develop new preventive intervention research trials as well as evaluate the effectiveness of current service projects. this training effort should include consortiums, seminars, fellowships, and research grants to attract existing researchers into prevention research, training programs for new investigators, and expansion of the training component of the specialized prevention research centers. research training should be focused on two groups \u2014 mid - career scientists and postdoctoral students. training for these groups should be developed simultaneously, but the expectation is that the training efforts for these groups will produce two waves of personnel. as an immediate strategy, training opportunities with adequate stipends should be developed to attract talented mid - career scientists from related fields, such as risk research, epidemiology, treatment effectiveness research, and research on prevention of physical illnesses, who seek to make the transition to research on prevention of mental disorders. this could be done through existing fellowships and career development awards and through the development of creative consortiums, seminars, and mentoring. all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4662974782242199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.415564"} {"text": "research, and research on prevention of physical illnesses, who seek to make the transition to research on prevention of mental disorders. this could be done through existing fellowships and career development awards and through the development of creative consortiums, seminars, and mentoring. all training should be tailored to the needs and schedules of these scientists. such training could have a substantial impact on the number of personnel within three years if there is a simultaneous increase in the funds available for peer - reviewed research projects ( ro1s ). as a second strategy, training opportunities with sufficient stipends should be developed to attract talented postdoctoral - level trainees to preventive intervention research. much more effort should be made to ocr for page 474 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research attract trainees from a wide range of disciplines, including psychiatry, pediatrics, social work, nursing, public health, epidemiology, neuroscience, anthropology, and sociology, as well as psychology, which dominates the field today. if efforts to boost doctoral training begin concurrently with mid - career training, we might expect to see the benefits of an increased pool of researchers capable of securing their own research grants by year five of a 10 - year plan. the number of institutional training programs focusing on preventive intervention research should be increased from 5 to 12 over the next five years, including one at every specialized prevention research center, known at nimh as preventive intervention research centers ( pircs ), that is productive. training of mid - career scientists and postdoctoral students should occur within every specialized prevention research center. to ensure that this happens, funding of specialized prevention research centers should be continued only when they demonstrate good track records in the production of published research and in the training of researchers capable of procuring their own research grants. in addition to the specialized prevention research centers, research training should be supported by federal agencies, schools of public health, and schools traditionally linked to service, such as social work, education, nursing, and medicine. support for faculty within institutional training programs should be increased. such support should increase the capacity of the faculty, program, and university to train preventive intervention researchers. a major effort should be made to encourage the prevention research training of minorities. support should be offered to minority mental health research centers and other centers that focus on specific populations, such as low - income groups, the elderly, and minority groups. this would add more researchers to the field, but even more importantly, they would be researchers who specialize in populations with special needs. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4728811592257182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.416548"} {"text": "other centers that focus on specific populations, such as low - income groups, the elderly, and minority groups. this would add more researchers to the field, but even more importantly, they would be researchers who specialize in populations with special needs. the proposed national scientific council on the prevention of mental disorders should reevaluate the training needs for preventive intervention research after the first five years. at that point the emphasis on mid - career scientists might be able to be decreased. if so, support for predoctoral training could be increased. an emphasis on postdoctoral training should be consistently high throughout the decade. funding coordination and training are the two most immediate and important needs in preventive intervention research on mental disorders ( see ocr for page 475 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research table 13. 1 recommendations for federal government support above 1993 level of support ( dollars in millions ) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 infrastructure council / office / dissemination 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 training 12. 0 12. 0 12. 0 12. 0 12. 0 knowledge base research risk and protective factor research ( biological / psychosocial interaction ) 6. 5 6. 5 6. 5 6. 5 6. 5 child epidemiological study 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 population studies 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 mental health promotion study 0. 5 0. 5 0 0 0 prevention research preventive intervention research projects 20. 0 20. 0 20. 0 25. 0 25. 0 preventive intervention research centers 2. 0 2. 0 5. 0 8. 0 8. 0 total budget 50. 5 50. 5 53. 0 61. 0 61. 0 note : figures are based on 1993 dollar amounts and are not adjusted for inflation. these recommendations for support are based on the committee ' s best estimates of current efforts and its judgment of needed resources to create a robust preventive intervention research agenda for mental disorders across the federal government. table 13. 1 ). the national scientific council on the prevention of mental disorders and the office of prevention of mental disorders should have a combined budget of $ 1 million per year for five years. dissemination activities should be budgeted at $ 1 million per year for five years. support for training should be budgeted at $ 12 million above the current level for year one, and this level of funding should be maintained for each of the next four years. in the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47174203327528297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.417598"} {"text": "budgeted at $ 1 million per year for five years. support for training should be budgeted at $ 12 million above the current level for year one, and this level of funding should be maintained for each of the next four years. in the first few years, these researchers are needed for evaluating current prevention service projects ; gradually, they also will be conducting original preventive intervention research projects. stipends for mid - career scientists should be in the $ 60, 000 to $ 120, 000 range, plus travel expenses. stipends for postdoctoral trainees should be in the $ 30, 000 to $ 60, 000 range, plus travel expenses. expanding the knowledge base the committee believes, based on the review of literature for this report, that a viable research agenda for prevention of mental disorders rests on a firm stratum of health research in other fields. this knowledge base includes basic and applied research in the core sciences that is aimed at the causes and prevention of mental disorders. included in this ocr for page 476 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research knowledge base are neurosciences, genetics, epidemiology, psychiatry, behavioral sciences ( including developmental psychopathology ), and risk research. it also includes evidence and lessons from other fields of research, such as prevention of physical illness and treatment of mental disorders. research to expand the knowledge base for preventive interventions should be continued. knowledge base research should continue to be supported for all five disorders reviewed in this report, in addition to other mental disorders. basic research is essential to the understanding of mental disorders. new funds for the development of other knowledge base areas and for preventive intervention research should not be taken from funds currently used to support basic science. the committee also recommends that support be increased for the three specific knowledge base areas outlined below. support of basic research will ensure the quality and continuity of the existing research effort and attract new investigators to those fields. support for research on potentially modifiable biological and psychosocial risk and protective factors for the onset of mental disorders should be increased. priority should be given to research, regardless of the type of mental disorder, that illuminates the interaction of potentially modifiable biological and psychosocial risk and protective factors, rather than restricting the research to either biological or psychosocial factors. nimh should support a series of prospective studies on well - defined general populations under the age of 18 to provide initial benchmark estimates of the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders and problem behaviors in this age group. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4936838732037444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.418726"} {"text": "or psychosocial factors. nimh should support a series of prospective studies on well - defined general populations under the age of 18 to provide initial benchmark estimates of the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders and problem behaviors in this age group. these epidemiological investigations should be oriented toward diagnosis but also should record a range of symptomatology, so that future changes in the diagnostic system, or developmental changes in individuals, do not preclude understanding of the development of psychopathology throughout this age range and into adult life. these prospective studies also should be oriented toward identification of modifiable risk factors in this age group with the explicit goal of recommending modifiable targets for preventive interventions in the future. a population laboratory should be established with the capacity for conducting longitudinal studies over the entire life span in order to generate understanding as to how risk factors and developmental transitions combine to influence the development of psychopathology. the primary goal of this laboratory should be the enhancement of knowledge for prevention and the development of new knowledge for the implementation of preventive intervention trials. special attention should be paid to developmental transitions, such as childhood to adolescence, adolescence to adult - ocr for page 477 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research hood, entry into marriage, and loss of a spouse ; precursor signs and symptoms, prodromal periods, age periods just prior to when a specific mental disorder is most likely to occur ; and the effects of race, ethnicity, and gender. well - designed preventive intervention research trials might be conducted with these populations during the follow - up, as long as the goal of obtaining benchmark estimates of epidemiological data, especially in regard to developmental transitions, is not threatened. the population laboratory could be established as a branch in the intramural program of nimh, although there are advantages to making it a multiagency project funded through agreements among dhhs agencies such as the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), substance abuse and mental health administration ( samhsa ), national institute on drug abuse ( nida ), national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism ( niaaa ), national institute of mental health ( nimh ), national institute of child health and human development ( nichd ), and maternal and child health bureau ( mchb ), and departments such as the departments of justice, education, and defense. it could also be established as a unit outside the federal government funded through a special mechanism. an extragovernmental advisory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5107335348192739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.419808"} {"text": "and maternal and child health bureau ( mchb ), and departments such as the departments of justice, education, and defense. it could also be established as a unit outside the federal government funded through a special mechanism. an extragovernmental advisory panel, including experts in epidemiology, psychopathology, and prevention, should be formed to provide continuing scientific oversight to the population laboratory. data from investigations of the population laboratory should be made available in anonymous form in a regular and timely fashion. whenever possible, research proposals relevant to the knowledge base for preventive interventions should explicitly state this connection, such as identification of potentially modifiable risk factors and possible avenues for preventive interventions. this requirement should be applied across all federal agencies, and especially to research proposals funded from the additional support recommended by this committee. this clarification of relevance to prevention will help decrease confusion regarding definitions of prevention research and lead to findings relevant to preventive interventions. treatment intervention research conducted under rigorous methodological standards that is directly relevant to preventive intervention research should continue to be supported \u2014 but not from the prevention research budget. the criteria for \u201c direct relevance \u201d should be reviewed by prevention researchers. collaboration between treatment researchers and prevention researchers should be fostered. principles from treatment research can and should be borrowed for use in prevention. specialty areas in treatment research that are likely to yield payoffs for preventive intervention research include clinical psychopharmacology, cognitive - behavior therapy, and applied behavior analysis. ocr for page 478 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research research should continue to be supported to determine which risk and protective factors are similar and which ones are different for treatment and prevention of a variety of mental disorders. identifying potentially modifiable factors that are unique to first onset of a disorder increases possibilities for prevention. research should be supported to study the effects of social environments, such as families, peers, neighborhoods, and communities, on the individual and the effects of context on the onset of various mental disorders. researchers working on relevant research in the core sciences should be encouraged to participate in activities such as forums and colloquia with preventive intervention researchers. a comprehensive, descriptive inventory of the activities in which the public engages to promote psychological well - being and mental health should be developed and supported. this catalog of mental health promotion activities is expected to be substantial. preliminary efforts should also be made to craft outcome criteria for these activities that could be used in rigorous evaluations down the road. funding the committee recommends that $ 6. 5 million be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5361057665975614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.420998"} {"text": ". this catalog of mental health promotion activities is expected to be substantial. preliminary efforts should also be made to craft outcome criteria for these activities that could be used in rigorous evaluations down the road. funding the committee recommends that $ 6. 5 million be budgeted each year for the next five years for risk research on the complex interaction between biological and psychosocial risk and protective factors. this would augment the research base for those mental disorders furthest along the continuum in the understanding of etiology, emphasizing the identification of malleable risk factors that would augur well for further preventive intervention research. a child epidemiological study should be budgeted at a minimum of $ 2. 5 million per year over the next five years, and a population laboratory should be budgeted at $ 5 million per year over the next five years. over a two - year period, $ 1 million should be allocated to catalog mental health promotion activities and to craft outcome criteria. conducting well - evaluated interventions the knowledge base for some mental disorders is now advanced enough that preventive intervention research programs, targeted at risk factors for these disorders, can rest on sound conceptual and empirical foundations. increased methodological rigor in all research trials, demonstration projects, and service program evaluations should be required. wherever ocr for page 479 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research possible, the standards developed in this report, including hypothesis - driven randomized controlled trials and assessment of multiple outcome measures over time, should be instituted. the concept of risk reduction, including the strengthening of protective factors, should be used as the best available theoretical model for guiding interventions to prevent the onset of mental disorders. other models for preventive interventions should continue to be explored ; for example, as more becomes known about the mechanisms that link the presence of causal risk factors and absence of protective factors to the initial onset of symptoms, the possibilities for intervention may be increased. universal preventive interventions should continue to be supported in the areas of prenatal care, immunization, safety standards such as the use of seat belts and helmets, and control of the availability of alcohol. these programs decrease brain injury and mental retardation, which are conditions associated with mental disorders. although the main benefit of these interventions is the prevention of physical illness or injury, they may reduce the incidence of mental disorders as well. more evaluation is needed to assess their impact on mental disorders. research on selective and indicated interventions targeting high - risk groups and individuals should be given high priority. many of the programs described", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5030012818044228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.422044"} {"text": "or injury, they may reduce the incidence of mental disorders as well. more evaluation is needed to assess their impact on mental disorders. research on selective and indicated interventions targeting high - risk groups and individuals should be given high priority. many of the programs described in this report are selective preventive intervention research programs, targeting multiple risk factors including poverty, job loss, caregiver burden, bereavement, medical problems, divorce, peer rejection, academic failure, and family conflict. these programs provide an impressive base for more rigorous research trials with larger samples. priority should be given to preventive intervention research proposals that address well - validated clusters of biological and psychosocial risk and protective factors within a developmental life - span framework. trials should measure short - and long - term outcomes for targeted disorders and should continue past the average age of onset. sample size should be adequate for determining the validity of outcome measures. increased attention should be given to preventive intervention research that addresses the overlap between physical and mental illness. for example, prevention trials with primary care populations should include examination of effects on physical well - being, use of health care ( which at times may mean increased use ), and social functioning. research support should be developed in two waves over the next decade, initially focusing primarily on increasing research grant support for individual investigators and later on increasing support for specialized prevention research centers throughout the appropriate federal agencies. this strategy is based on the principle of building a prevention science from the ground up, rather than the top down. individual investigators should compete for ocr for page 480 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research research grant support. as their academic track record becomes established, they should be encouraged to increase the size and scope of their trials and join with other solid investigators to form preventive intervention research centers. in the first wave, lasting five years, there should be a substantial increase in the funds available for peer - reviewed research projects. preventive intervention research programs should be supported for any mental disorder for which there is well - validated evidence of risk factors that appear to be modifiable. after five years, with the impact of new mid - career researchers joining the field and evidence from five years of research programs, a review should be made of the evidence. it is highly likely that several other preventive intervention research centers could be warranted at that time. research grant support should not decrease at this time. research on sequential preventive interventions aimed at multiple risks in infancy, early childhood, and elementary school age to prevent onset of multiple behavioral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46501112660230626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.423237"} {"text": "other preventive intervention research centers could be warranted at that time. research grant support should not decrease at this time. research on sequential preventive interventions aimed at multiple risks in infancy, early childhood, and elementary school age to prevent onset of multiple behavioral problems and mental disorders should be increased immediately and substantially. this should include a large number of new research grants and at least one new specialized prevention research center. the knowledge base regarding multiple risk factors in infancy and childhood interacting in complex causal chains and resulting in multiple disorders is extensive. data on the direct linkage to specific disorders that emerge in adolescence and adulthood are becoming available. many rigorously designed preventive intervention programs document impacts on risk and protective factors that are likely to reduce incidence rates of mental disorders. addressing clusters of risk and protective factors increases the chances of preventing multiple disorders, especially major depressive disorder and conduct disorder. a number of separate randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy, and in some studies the effectiveness, of specific preventive interventions across development from the prenatal period through adolescence in reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors. these should now be combined and delivered in sequence to high - risk populations. the interventions should include high - quality prenatal care, childhood immunizations, home visiting and high - quality day care ( such as the prenatal / early infancy project and the infant health and development program ), high - quality preschool ( such as the perry preschool program ), parenting training, and enhancement of social competence and academic performance. high priority should be given to interagency sponsorship of this research, including the specialized prevention research centers. the department of health and human services ( including the maternal and child health bureau ( mchb ), national institute of child health and human development ocr for page 481 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research ( nichd ), administration on children, youth, and families ( acyf ), substance abuse and mental health services administration ( samhsa ), and the national institute of mental health ( nimh ) ) and the departments of education, justice, and defense might be interested in sponsoring such research. research on preventive interventions aimed at major depressive disorder should be increased immediately and substantially. this should include a large number of new research grants and at least one new specialized prevention research center. the knowledge base in this area is extensive, and promising preventive interventions have been empirically tested across the life span. research to prevent depressive disorders should be more focused on preventing co - morbid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49091150599438166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.424374"} {"text": "and at least one new specialized prevention research center. the knowledge base in this area is extensive, and promising preventive interventions have been empirically tested across the life span. research to prevent depressive disorders should be more focused on preventing co - morbid mental disorders than it has been in the past. also, outcomes often extend beyond traditional boundaries of mental disorders. for example, prevention of depression has strong implications for reducing suicides, lost work productivity, and physical disorders. high priority should be given to interagency agreements for research projects and specialized prevention research centers. gradually over the next five years, other new specialized prevention research centers should be initiated to focus on depression and co - occurring conditions. links between these new centers and other research sites are essential, and monies should be set aside to provide for ongoing collaboration. research on preventive interventions aimed at alcohol abuse should be increased immediately. the knowledge base is extensive, and promising preventive interventions have been empirically tested. a less categorical approach to alcohol abuse preventive intervention research is needed. coexisting illnesses, such as depressive disorders and physical disorders, must be carefully studied. prevention of alcohol abuse has strong implications for reducing drug abuse, spouse and child maltreatment, and physical injury. the outcomes of preventive interventions on these problems also should be considered. for alcohol abuse, it may be best to target children and young adolescents to delay the initiation of alcohol use. support for pilot and confirmatory preventive intervention trials should be increased for conduct disorder. priority should be given to research that addresses multiple risk factors for young children with early onset of aggressiveness, including parental psychopathology, poverty, and neurodevelopmental deficits in the child. research should be supported on alternative forms of intervention for the caregivers and family members of individuals with mental disorders, especially alzheimer ' s disease and schizophrenia, to prevent the onset of stress - induced disorders among these caregivers. ocr for page 482 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research over the next decade, as new specialized prevention research centers are initiated, priority should be given to those that are sponsored through interagency agreement. in addition to the national institute of mental health ( nimh ), national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism ( niaaa ), and national institute on drug abuse ( nida ), other federal agencies, such as those in the departments of justice, education, and defense should be encouraged to become involved. over the next 10 years, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4762054164222175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.425542"} {"text": "and alcoholism ( niaaa ), and national institute on drug abuse ( nida ), other federal agencies, such as those in the departments of justice, education, and defense should be encouraged to become involved. over the next 10 years, in addition to the new centers focusing on multiple childhood risks and depressive disorders, specialized prevention research centers could be developed for other risk factors or disorders if a review of the evidence suggests that such action is warranted. knowledge base research at the specialized prevention research centers should be supported by new research grants ( ro1s ) that do not use preventive intervention research dollars. specialized prevention research centers provide the structure, the personnel, and the study populations that could be used to increase the knowledge base for prevention through risk research and epidemiological studies as well as for increasing knowledge about preventive intervention research programs. when these two areas of research are combined in the same center, the definition of prevention research will be especially important. dissemination mechanisms, including publication in peer - reviewed journals, and knowledge exchange opportunities with other researchers and with representatives from the community should be mandated as part of the mission of each specialized prevention research center. the preventive intervention research cycle as described in this report should be used as a conceptual model for designing, conducting, and analyzing research programs. preventive intervention research should proceed from pilot studies to confirmatory and replication trials to large - scale field trials and finally be transferred into the community as service programs with rigorous evaluation. increased attention to cultural diversity, ethical considerations, and benefit - cost and cost - effectiveness analyses should be an essential component of preventive intervention research. community involvement should be increased to help identify disorders and problems that merit research and to support preventive intervention research programs. the committee believes strongly that the long - term interests of communities throughout the nation are best served if prevention services are based on well - crafted and thoroughly evaluated trial programs. community groups that hope for the best long - term outcomes need to express an increased willingness to have service projects more rigorously evaluated and to bring promising prevention programs into the research cycle for a more complete analysis of efficacy and effectiveness. ocr for page 483 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research funding preventive intervention research ( excluding the specialized prevention research centers ) should be budgeted at $ 20 million above the fy 1993 level of support in years one, two, and three, with an additional $ 5 million ( from $ 20 million to $ 25 million ) in year four and year five. support for new specialized prevention research centers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4636096935953067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.426842"} {"text": "$ 20 million above the fy 1993 level of support in years one, two, and three, with an additional $ 5 million ( from $ 20 million to $ 25 million ) in year four and year five. support for new specialized prevention research centers is budgeted at $ 2 million per year in years one and two, $ 5 million in year three, and $ 8 million per year in years four and five. ( the nimh pircs receive, on average, $ 500, 000 for core support per year. ) some of this support could come from reallocation and more prudent use of federal resources that currently are available for prevention in a broad sense. for example, huge demonstration projects are rarely warranted ; scaling up from confirmatory and replication trials to large - scale field trials is a more cautious and constructive use of resources. finding out the effectiveness of programs before they are widely disseminated is likely to save money in the long term. the support that is requested in this report is not necessarily new money, but it is new for the field of preventive intervention research for mental disorders. much of the support should come from a wide array of federal agencies already supporting prevention services that currently lack rigorous evaluation. a final word there could be no wiser investment in our country than a commitment to foster the prevention of mental disorders and the promotion of mental health through rigorous research with the highest of methodological standards. such a commitment would yield the potential for healthier lives for countless individuals and the general advancement of the nation ' s well - being. even with the support of the federal government, the effort will not be easy. there will be no \u201c magic bullet. \u201d no single prevention strategy or method of changing people ' s life - style, behavior, or environment will work across the broad range of risk factors and mental disorders that will be encountered. a program designed to prevent one public health problem will not exactly fit the needs and goals of another. dedication to prevention service programs will not necessarily bring success without a corresponding commitment to rigorous evaluation to determine the effectiveness of these services. no single agency can accomplish the task outlined above. overall, the effort will require the cooperation of numerous federal, state, and local agencies, universities, foundations, researchers, and communities. ocr for page 484 reducing risks for mental disorders : frontiers for preventive intervention research hardly a family in america has been untouched by mental illness. the need for effective preventive intervention programs is clear. it is equally clear that to obtain such programs we need to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5020767591407725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.427849"} {"text": "the plasma spray \u2013 physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ) rig at nasa ' s glenn research center uses new technology to create super thin ceramic coatings. here, bryan harder, the lead for the ps - pvd, installs a sample in the rig. image credit : nasa turbines, or rotary engines that create power, have a multitude of uses. they are used in machines that perform work on earth and are essential components of airplanes. currently, most turbines are built using metallic based components, and these metal components require cooling to avoid reaching their thermal limits. new, more efficient engine technology requires components that can survive higher temperatures and reduced cooling. silicon based ceramic components show great potential for use in advanced, higher efficiency engines, as they are capable of withstanding higher temperatures and weigh less than metal components. however, when unprotected, these silicon based ceramic components react and erode in turbine engine environments due to the presence of water vapor. new coating processing technology is being pioneered at nasa glenn ' s research center in cleveland. the technology is used to protect advanced silicon based ceramic engine components that are being developed for future engines. this coating processing technology will enable more complex and thinner coatings than are currently possible. this is important for coating turbine blades, which need to endure engine environments and stress conditions, while still remaining smooth to avoid the disruption of airflow. this coating processing technology, called plasma spray \u2013 physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ), has the potential to radically improve the capabilities of ceramic composite turbine components. \" ps - pvd technology is really necessary for the integration of silicon - based ceramic airfoil components into turbine engines. the use of these silicon - based ceramics as engine airfoil components would increase engine operation temperature, which translates into higher efficiencies, \" says bryan harder, the lead for the ps - pvd facility at glenn. plasma spray \u2013 physical vapor deposition the ps - pvd rig uses a system of vacuum pumps and a blower to remove air from the chamber, reducing the pressure to one torr ( 1 / 760th of normal atmospheric pressure ). image credit : nasa it has been known for decades that enveloping metals and other substances, such as silicon based ceramic components, with a ceramic coating can protect them. but there is new, cutting - edge technology that can create ceramic coatings in an extremely precise, uniform fashion \u2014 the coatings can be controlled to a thickness of ten microns ( a micron is one - millionth of a meter ). this technology is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.548891869616693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.436069"} {"text": "new, cutting - edge technology that can create ceramic coatings in an extremely precise, uniform fashion \u2014 the coatings can be controlled to a thickness of ten microns ( a micron is one - millionth of a meter ). this technology is made possible by glenn ' s plasma spray \u2013 physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ) facility. the plasma spray \u2013 physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ) coater was completed at glenn in 2010. created in collaboration with sulzer metco, the ps - pvd rig is one of only two such facilities in the u. s. a. and one of four in the entire world. the ps - pvd rig, which is currently a research and development facility, uses a state of the art processing method of creating thin ceramic coatings. planning began for the facility in 2007, and construction began in 2008 ( previously constructed infrastructure was reused and is now the base for the new rig ). the rig is nearing completion of its capabilities testing and assessment phase. a team of five, led by bryan harder, a materials research engineer, has put the rig through its paces. the rig will soon begin supporting the supersonic project within nasa ' s aeronautics research mission directorate at glenn. eventually, the rig could be of service to many other areas and projects within glenn, other nasa centers and governmental entities, and private industry partners. \" when you have something that has broad capabilities like this, it really allows us to work with a lot of different areas, which is a great thing, \" says bryan harder. super thin ceramic coatings ceramic powder is pumped into the ps - pvd rig. it will be transformed inside the chamber to become a thin, precise, accurate ceramic coating. image credit : nasa the plasma spray - physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ) rig creates thin, extremely precise ceramic coatings. these coatings are created on metal, ceramic, or other appropriate materials. \" to create these coatings, ceramic powder is injected into a very high power plasma flame under a vacuum. during operation, the plasma is approximately 7 feet long and 3 feet wide. the ceramic material is vaporized within the plasma, and condenses onto the target component, \" says bryan harder. the coatings can be single or multilayer, and they protect the components from environmental and thermal impact. the extremely high heat and the vacuum within the chamber allow the ceramic coating to be precisely applied, creating durable, long - lasting, effective coatings. \" if you can reduce the thickness, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5143397006554968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.437086"} {"text": "and they protect the components from environmental and thermal impact. the extremely high heat and the vacuum within the chamber allow the ceramic coating to be precisely applied, creating durable, long - lasting, effective coatings. \" if you can reduce the thickness, and still provide an effective barrier layer \u2014 you can reduce the weight, you can reduce your cost. there are a lot of benefits that come from this technology, \" harder says. inside the chamber within the ps - pvd, an extremely hot plasma flame is created. the plasma can reach a temperature of 10, 000 degrees celsius \u2014 ten times hotter than a candle flame. image credit : nasa located at glenn, the plasma spray \u2013 physical vapor deposition ( ps - pvd ) is installed in a dedicated room. a large, blimp - shaped chamber is made of stainless steel. the exterior metal, which is welded to a second sheet of stainless steel beneath, has cool water pumped through it to keep the chamber from getting too warm. inside the chamber is a steel arm which holds a plate made of a nickel - based superalloy. this plate holds the component that will be coated. several feet away from this plate is the torch, where the ceramic powder is injected into the plasma. once the chamber is closed, a system of vacuum pumps and a blower remove air from the chamber, reducing the pressure to one torr ( 1 / 760th of normal atmospheric pressure ). then, helium and argon gases are introduced to the torch. an arc is created between the anode and cathode inside the chamber, ionizing the gases and creating the high temperature plasma. the plasma, which can grow to seven feet in length, can be observed through one of three portals on the side of the rig. its steady, fierce, concentrated glow resembles a lightsaber from the star wars movies. once the vacuum and plasma are stable, the ceramic powder is introduced to the torch. the plasma immediately begins to change colors. depending on which ceramic powder is introduced, the plasma dramatically erupts into oranges, yellows, aquas, purples and blues. the gas stream moves at a speed of mach 2 \u2014 a rate of more than 2, 000 feet per second. as the ceramic powder and the plasma blast the arm and plate where the component being coated is attached, the plasma appears to envelop the component and splash around it. the plasma, which appeared like a lightsaber, seems to morph into the effect of the undulating stream of magic that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5221152156737585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.438044"} {"text": "and plate where the component being coated is attached, the plasma appears to envelop the component and splash around it. the plasma, which appeared like a lightsaber, seems to morph into the effect of the undulating stream of magic that occurs when harry potter ' s wand meets with lord voldemort ' s wand, in the harry potter movies. inside the ps - pvd, ceramic powder is introduced into the plasma flame. the plasma vaporizes the ceramic powder, which then condenses to form the ceramic coating. image credit : nasa the entire process is over in about five minutes. the plasma is extinguished and the exhaust system clears the chamber. the pressure is returned to normal atmospheric conditions, and then the chamber can be opened. the newly - coated component glows red hot and must cool down for an hour before it can be handled. the plasma within the chamber can reach a scorching 10, 000 degrees celsius \u2014 ten times hotter than a candle flame. after the sample cools, it will be tested and evaluated to ensure the coating is an effective barrier. and then the sample \u2014 be it a small test button or an essential component of a supersonic aircraft \u2014 is ready to go. the front, sides and inside of the sample can be coated \u2014 a capability never previously available from vapor deposition techniques. \" the ps - pvd allows us to do things that you can ' t do anywhere else, \" harder says. this newly developed technology could have myriad applications, both within nasa and with potential industry partners. the potential applications are only beginning to be discovered \u2014 from membrane technology to fuel cells to ion conductors and beyond. the rig is a game - changing technology ; glenn is maturing and developing a technology that doesn ' t exist elsewhere, while making direct contributions to the nasa mission. \" this is new ground, \" bryan harder says. \" this was only developed in the last couple of years \u2026 and we don ' t even know the limits of what it [ ps - pvd ] is capable of. \" - tori woods, sgt inc. nasa ' s glenn research center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5260690780499433, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.438889"} {"text": "scientists have kept a close watch on the dazzling northern lights on earth and other planets in our solar system, but now they have the chance to explore the auroras of alien planets orbiting distant stars, a new study suggests. auroras on earth occur when charged particles from the sun are funneled to the planet ' s poles and interact with the upper atmosphere, sparking spectacular light shows. similar processes have been observed on other planets in the solar system, with jupiter ' s auroras more than 100 times brighter than those on earth, scientists said. now, scientists are finding evidence of aurora displays on exoplanets for the first time. researchers used the low - frequency array radio telescope based in the netherlands to observe radio emissions most likely caused by powerful auroras from planets outside of our solar system. \" these results strongly suggest that auroras do occur on bodies outside our solar system, and the auroral radio emissions are powerful enough \u2014 100, 000 times brighter than jupiter ' s \u2014 to be detectable across interstellar distances, \" study lead author jonathan nichols of the university of leicester in england said in a statement. jupiter ' s auroras are caused by an interaction of charged particles shot from its volcanic moon, io, and the rotation of the planet itself. the gas giant turns on its axis once every 10 hours, dragging its magnetic field along for the ride, and effectively creating a whirl of electricity at each of the planet ' s poles. space news from nbcnews. com teen ' s space mission fueled by social media - buzz aldrin ' s vision for journey to mars - giant black hole may be cooking up meals - watch a ' ring of fire ' solar eclipse online - teen ' s space mission fueled by social media auroras akin to earth ' s have been spotted on saturn. but these newest findings show that auroras on exoplanets probably aren ' t formed from charged particles traveling on the solar wind. instead, the auroras on the dim, \" ultracool dwarf \" stars and \" failed stars \" known as brown dwarfs that nichols studied probably behave more like jupiter ' s northern and southern lights. by studying these radio emissions, scientists will gain more insight into the strength of a planet ' s magnetic field, how it interacts with its parent star, whether it has any moons and even the length of its day. the new research is detailed in a recent issue of the astrophysical journal. - saturn ' s aurora - the movie - aurora guide : how the northern lights work ( infographic ) -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5103254429536495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.443518"} {"text": "orthotist and prosthetist what is an orthotist? an orthotist is a health care professional who makes and fits braces and splints ( orthoses ) for patients who need added support for body parts that have been weakened by injury, disease, or disorders of the nerves, muscles, or bones. they work under a doctor ' s orders to adapt purchased braces or create custom - designed braces. braces are often named for the body part they support, such as : an afo brace is an ankle - foot orthosis. a kafo brace is a knee - ankle - foot orthosis, or long leg brace. a halo brace is a brace that surrounds the head and is held in place with small screws in the skull. it is used to stabilize the neck and prevent further damage to the spinal cord after injury. what is a prosthetist? a prosthetist is a health care professional who makes and fits artificial limbs ( prostheses ) for patients with disabilities. this includes artificial legs and arms for patients who have had amputations due to conditions such as cancer, diabetes, or injury. orthotists and prosthetists receive special education and training in undergraduate programs and / or apprenticeships. they may practice in a variety of settings, including the following : inpatient rehabilitation centers outpatient rehabilitation centers industrial health centers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4660709084240131, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.445161"} {"text": "psychology introduction 2 available in 2013 | callaghan campus | | semester 2 | previously offered in 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004 this course continues on from psyc1010 by introducing some additional key areas in psychology, including - sensation and perception, - motivation and emotion, - learning, and - memory and cognition. where psyc1010 focussed on how the world around us influences our thoughts and behaviour, psyc1020 looks at the internal mechanisms of behaviour. the course forms part of a sequence of courses that have been approved by the australian psychology accreditation council. the course cannot be counted with psyc1030. | objectives | | the course will : 1. introduce some key areas in psychology that control behaviour which include sensation and perception, motivation and emotion, learning and memory and cognition. 2. demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the research / scientific approach and the content of the course. 3. demonstrate competence in report writing for science in psychology at an introductory level. 4. demonstrate competence skills in data collection, manipulation, graphing and reporting at an introductory level. 5. develop the ability to report and discuss psychology in a clear and concise manner and using a professional style. as a consequence of studying this course students will build their : 4. library and research skills 5. research / data collection / measurement skills 7. problem solving skills 8. critical evaluation skills | content | | psychology is the science of mind and behaviour. psyc1020 provides an introduction to some of the classic and contemporary concepts, theories, and evidence in psychology. psyc1020 is focused on the mechanisms of behaviour. psyc1020 includes the following four modules : 1. biological mechanisms of behavioural emotion 3. sensation and perception 4. memory and cognition | assumed knowledge | | psyc1010 recommended | | modes of delivery | | internal mode | | contact hours | | laboratory : for 1 hour ( s ) per week for full term lecture : for 3 hour ( s ) per week for full term | timetables | | 2013 course timetables for psyc1020 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5326334450975339, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.450517"} {"text": "09 august 2011 real time operating system architectures are important for medical designers medical device manufacturers understand the importance of the operating system ( os ) and, contrary to common practice for embedded systems design, often select the os before they choose the board. the business needs which drive os selection for medical devices are much like those for most other devices and require little elaboration : cost, quality, time to market, portability, support, vendor history, ecosystem, and vendor track record. however, before a medical device can go to market, it must comply with legislation in the jurisdictions where it will be sold : for example, in the us, the fda 510 ( k ) pre market notification ; in europe, the medical devices directive ( mdd ) ; and myriad national standards. though agencies such as the us food and drugs administration ( fda ) evaluate devices as a whole, compliance can also be affected by how the os and other device components are developed and by how their functional safety claims are validated. things to look for from an os vendor include : \u2022 development in a good manufacturing process / quality management environment ( for example, iso 9001 ) \u2022 validation of functional safety claims, including testing data, proven in use data and design verification, with the appropriate certification ( such as iec 61508 and iec 62304 ) \u2022 a tool set that can provide concrete evidence of functionality and behaviours in a given system : code coverage, system profiling and memory analysis artefacts. for the purposes of this discussion, consumer grade medical devices, whose failure implies nothing more than an inconvenience, are excluded. for devices whose failure carries serious consequences, we can group key os characteristics as follows : \u2022 dependability : a correct and timely response to events, for as long as required \u2022 connectivity : communication with diverse equipments and systems, either directly or through networks \u2022 data integrity and security : safe storage of data and protection from unauthorised scrutiny to these we can add : \u2022 power management : important for any device running on battery power, even temporarily \u2022 graphics capabilities : support for the user interface design that the device requires, including the concurrent use of multiple technologies such as opengl es, adobe flash and qt \u2022 platform independence : an os that can run on different hardware architectures allows development of modular systems that can be reused for different products \u2022 multicore support : future projects will almost certainly require multicore processing while each of these characteristics merits in depth discussion, we will focus on the one that is, arguably, most important \u2013 dependability. gp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4653694025521407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.456387"} {"text": "systems that can be reused for different products \u2022 multicore support : future projects will almost certainly require multicore processing while each of these characteristics merits in depth discussion, we will focus on the one that is, arguably, most important \u2013 dependability. gpos or rtos? dependability is a combination of availability ( how often the system responds to requests in a timely manner ) and reliability ( how often these responses are correct ). a realtime os is engineered explicitly to guarantee availability and reliability and is, therefore, a better candidate than a general purpose operating system, which can only offer best effort performance. since an os ' s architecture has a profound effect on a system ' s dependability, it should be the first item under scrutiny. the three most common rtos architectures are real time executive, monolithic, and microkernel. with the real time executive model, all software components ( kernel, networking stacks, file systems, drivers and applications ) run together in one memory address space. though efficient, this architecture has two immediate drawbacks : a pointer error in any module can corrupt memory used by the kernel or another module and cause a system failure ; and the system can crash without leaving diagnostic information. some rtoss use a monolithic architecture, where user applications run as memory protected processes. while this architecture protects the kernel from errant user code, kernel components still share the same address space as file systems, protocol stacks, drivers and other system services. hence, a programming error in any service can cause the entire system to fail. in a microkernel rtos ( see fig 2 ), device drivers, file systems, networking stacks and applications reside outside the kernel in separate address spaces, which means they are isolated from the kernel and from each other. a fault in one component will not bring down the entire system, memory faults in a component cannot corrupt other processes or the kernel and the os can restart any failed component without a system reboot. \u2022 real time commitments to ensure that high priority processes always get the cpu cycles they need, the rtos must allow kernel operations to be preempted. however, the time windows during which preemption may not occur should be extremely brief and there should be an upper limit on how long preemption is held off and interrupts disabled. further, the rtos kernel must be simple, so there is a limit on the longest non preemptible code path through the kernel. \u2022 protect against priority inversions priority inversion infamously plagued the mars pathfinder project in july 1997", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49561044116320285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.457342"} {"text": "disabled. further, the rtos kernel must be simple, so there is a limit on the longest non preemptible code path through the kernel. \u2022 protect against priority inversions priority inversion infamously plagued the mars pathfinder project in july 1997. it is a condition where a low priority task prevents a higher priority task from completing its work. priority inheritance is a technique for preventing priority inversions by assigning the priority of a blocked higher priority task to the lower priority thread doing the blocking until the blocking task completes ( see fig 3 ). \u2022 guaranteed availability for many systems, guaranteeing resource availability is critical. for example, a heart monitor that loses connectivity may fail to trigger an alarm \u2013 with dire consequences for the patient. time partitioning addresses resource starvation by enforcing cpu budgets and preventing processes or threads from monopolising cpu cycles. two time partitioning approaches are possible : fixed and adaptive. with fixed partitioning, the system designer divides tasks into partitions, allocating a portion of cpu time to each. no task in any partition may consume more than that partition ' s percentage of cpu time. adaptive partitioning enforces resource budgets, but when cpu cycles are available, it uses a dynamic scheduling algorithm to reassign them from partitions that are not using them those which can benefit from extra processing time. \u2022 monitor, stop, and restart processes safeguards against process failures cascading through the system and self healing capabilities are crucial to a highly dependable os. devices that require availability or safety guarantees may implement hardware based high availability solutions, as well as a software watchdog. a software watchdog monitors the system and performs multistage recoveries or clean shutdowns as required. this process must be self monitoring and resilient to internal failures ; if it is stopped abnormally, it must reconstruct its own state immediately and completely by handing over to a mirror process. it ' s the os, it ' s the vendor device manufacturers can improve their products ' chances of success by paying careful attention to the os. devices that cannot be allowed to fail and reboot are best served by a microkernel rtos, as this architecture is best - suited for ensuring system dependability and can support a full range of features and capabilities. an rtos from a supplier with a track record of successful safety and security certifications can help reduce the costs associated with obtaining fda, mdd and other certifications. justin moon is product manager, medical, for qnx software systems. qnx software systems ltd this material is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5234714921546819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.458557"} {"text": "mammosite\u00ae 5 - day targeted radiation therapy is an advanced high - dose partial breast irradiation method for breast cancer treatment. commonly, mammosite is used following lumpectomy as a breast conservation strategy. for some women, it is an alternative to mastectomy ( removal of the entire breast. ) mammosite targets the area where cancer recurrence is most likely to develop. because it is specifically targeted, minimal radiation is delivered to other surrounding healthy tissues. it is especially appropriate for early stage breast cancers. with mammosite, the duration of treatment is shortened from several weeks to just 5 days - - without compromising the outcome. after cancerous tissues are surgically removed, radiation therapy may be used to help keep the cancer from coming back. radiation therapy uses high - energy radiation beams to destroy cancer cells. radiation disrupts the growth of cancer cells. radiated cancer cells are not able to repair themselves or replicate, which helps to keep the cancer from coming back. radiation damages all cells, both healthy and cancerous, in the exposed area. mammosite spares as many healthy cells as possible because it directs a high - dose of radiation to only a specific area surrounding the lumpectomy cavity. mammosite following lumpectomy is a breast conservation strategy. for some women, it is an alternative to mastectomy ( removal of the entire breast. ) mammosite is a type of targeted radiation therapy, also referred to as brachytherapy. targeted radiation therapy delivers a high - dose of radiation from inside of the body. tiny sources of radiation called \u201c seeds \u201d are placed in the body and removed after a short period of time. mammosite is an outpatient procedure. the radiation is delivered two times a day for five days. traditional radiation methods usually take six to seven weeks to complete. most women experience little or no discomfort during the treatment or when the catheter is removed. mammosite appears to be well tolerated and is associated with short - term mild side effects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47527421482779864, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.460760"} {"text": "the memory problems that many women experience in their 40s and 50s as they approach and go through menopause are both real and appear to be most acute during the early period of post menopause. that is the conclusion of a study which appears today in the journal menopause. \" women going through menopausal transition have long complained of cognitive difficulties such as keeping track of information and struggling with mental tasks that would have otherwise been routine, \" said miriam weber, ph. d. a neuropsychologist at the university of rochester medical center ( urmc ) and lead author of the study. \" this study suggests that these problems not only exist but become most evident in women in the first year following their final menstrual period. \" the study followed 117 women, who were grouped into categories based on criteria established in 2011 by the stages of reproductive aging workshop + 10, which consisted of an international consortium of researchers. study participants took a variety of tests assessing their cognitive skills, reported on menopause - related symptoms such as hot - flashes, sleep disturbance, depression and anxiety, and gave a sample of blood to determine current levels of estradiol ( an indicator of estrogen levels ) and follicle stimulating hormone. results were analyzed to determine if there were group differences in cognitive performance, and if these differences were due to menopausal symptoms. the study grouped participants into four stages : late reproductive, early and late menopausal transition, and early post menopause. the late reproductive period is defined as when women first begin to notice subtle changes in their menstrual periods, such as changes in flow amount or duration, but still have regular menstrual cycles. women in the transitional stage experience greater fluctuation in menstrual cycles - from a difference of 7 days or more in the early phase of transition to 60 days or longer in the later phase. hormone levels also begin to fluctuate significantly during this time. this transition period can last for several years. the researchers also evaluated women in early post menopause, defined as the first year after which a woman experienced her last menstrual period. the study participants were assessed with a comprehensive battery of tests to evaluate a variety of cognitive skills. these included tests of attention, verbal learning and memory, fine motor skills and dexterity, and \" working memory \" - or the ability to not only take in and store new information, but also manipulate it. these tests are similar to daily tasks such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5244694931907221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.465205"} {"text": "webmd medical news louise chang, md feb. 2, 2010 - - lower levels of the hormone serotonin may help explain why some infants succumb to sudden infant death syndrome ( sids ), according to a new in the u. s., sids deaths have declined by more than 50 % since 1990. experts say that ' s partly due to practices believed to minimize the risk, such as putting infants to sleep on their backs rather than their stomach and avoiding soft bedding, which could lead to asphyxiation. but sids is still the leading cause of death among infants age 1 - 12 months, accounting for about 2, 750 u. s. deaths annually. it ' s defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday that can ' t be explained even after a complete autopsy, investigation of the death scene and circumstances, and a review of the medical history of the child and family. now, the new research suggests that a deficiency of serotonin in the brain stem ( which controls vital functions during sleep, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure ) may help explain most of the deaths, says study researcher hannah kinney, md, a professor of pathology at harvard medical school and a neuropathologist at children ' s hospital boston. \" it is not going to explain all sids deaths, \" kinney tells webmd. however, she adds, \" it will explain the majority. \" her study is published in the journal of the american medical association. sids research is a ' ' controversial area, \" kinney says. many experts look to the \" triple risk \" model to explain it, believing that sids results from an underlying vulnerability, a critical developmental period, and an outside ' ' the real risk period is the first six months, \" kinney says of the critical period in which most deaths occur. but experts disagree on what the vulnerability is. kinney ' s research suggests low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, and probably other brain chemicals yet to be identified, are what make infants vulnerable. other experts suspect other vulnerabilities, such as infections. yet others say sids is due simply to suffocation, she says. \" we say, yes, some babies will die if they are severely asphyxiated, \" kinney tells webmd. but she adds, \" what we are saying is in the majority of cases, the babies have an underlying defect that puts them at risk that makes them unable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4990040634387487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.469431"} {"text": "babies will die if they are severely asphyxiated, \" kinney tells webmd. but she adds, \" what we are saying is in the majority of cases, the babies have an underlying defect that puts them at risk that makes them unable to respond to a stressor, such as having their face compressed [ while sleeping on the stomach or becoming tangled in soft bedding ]. \" in previous research, kinney and her colleagues found defects in the serotonin system of sids babies, including defects in the serotonin receptors, which are crucial for serotonin to work. ' ' but we never knew if there was too little or too much serotonin, \" she says. \" in this study, we actually measured the levels of serotonin and the enzyme that makes serotonin. \" kinney and colleagues evaluated serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase ( tph2 ), the enzyme that helps make serotonin, in 35 infants who died from sids. they compared these measurements with those from two groups - - five infants who died suddenly for whom a cause of death was established and five infants who died while hospitalized for having insufficient oxygen to the tissues. they retrieved tissue samples from the autopsies to measure the enzyme and they found that : finding the deficiency in serotonin levels isn ' t the whole story, kinney says. \" we think there are probably several neurotransmitter systems involved in the new research seems to verify the suspicions of many experts who have thought abnormalities of respiratory control contribute to sids, says richard martin, md, director of neonatology at rainbow babies and children ' s hospital and professor of pediatrics at case western reserve university \" serotonin is important for arousal, \" he says. \" if serotonin production is diminished in patients at risk for sids, that all makes sense. \" i think the message is there is something inherently wrong in some of these babies, \" he says. \" on the other hand, in no way should that subtract from the public health message - - to avoid prone position, avoid fluffy bedding and pillows, avoid exposure to cigarette smoking, and don ' t overheat your while researchers have been focusing on brain stem abnormalities to explain sids for many years, the new research ' ' tells us more about what is wrong with that part of the brain, the brain stem, \" says marian willinger, phd, special assistant for sids at the eunice kennedy shriver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45359815436513884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.470436"} {"text": "nih research matters february 14, 2011 rare artery disease linked to gene variant scientists have discovered a genetic cause for a rare disorder that leads to calcium deposits in arteries in the lower half of the body and in the joints of patients ' hands and feet. the culprit is a mutation in the gene encoding cd73, a protein that normally helps to prevent calcium buildup. the researchers hope that understanding the basis for this disease, which they call arterial calcification due to deficiency of cd73 ( acdc ), will help them find a cure. currently, 9 patients are known to have acdc, and all come from 3 families. the patients experienced pain in their buttocks, legs and joints, but doctors could find no signs of rheumatoid arthritis or other recognized problems that might cause the symptoms. a research team that included scientists from nih \u2019 s national heart, lung and blood institute ( nhlbi ) and national human genome research institute ( nhgri ) examined members of 2 affected families to search for a common thread. mri and x - rays showed that members of the 2 families all had calcium buildup in arteries in the lower half of their bodies, but not around their hearts. in one family, 5 siblings but neither parent was affected by the disorder. the researchers suspected that symptoms might be due to a recessive gene variant. recessive variants only show their effects when found in both copies of the gene. to test this theory, the team, led by dr. william gahl of nhgri, compared dna from the parents of the family to their children ' s. they found a region of dna that was present only once in the parents, but twice in the children. the team then compared this region to the same region in 200 unaffected people. the results were published on february 3, 2011, in the new england journal of medicine. the researchers found a variant in a gene called nt5e that unaffected people didn \u2019 t have. nt5e makes a protein called cd73, which produces a small molecule called adenosine that helps regulate many processes in the body. the nhlbi team, led by dr. manfred boehm and dr. cynthia st. hilaire, cultured the patients \u2019 cells to examine the effects of the mutation on an enzyme called tnap ( tissue - nonspecific alkaline phosphatase ). tnap is known to degrade a calcium buildup inhibitor and thus contribute to calcium deposits. the researchers found that the mutant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49017394878932413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.476804"} {"text": "of the mutation on an enzyme called tnap ( tissue - nonspecific alkaline phosphatase ). tnap is known to degrade a calcium buildup inhibitor and thus contribute to calcium deposits. the researchers found that the mutant cells produced higher levels of tnap. adding adenosine to the cell cultures restored normal levels of tnap. in addition, while mutant cells made more calcium phosphate crystals in culture, restoring cd73 expression in the cells prevented crystal formation. \" vascular calcification often results from poor diet and lack of exercise, \" says gahl, who is nhgri clinical director and director of the nih undiagnosed diseases program. \" the calcium buildup in arteries of our patients, however, arises because the systems to inhibit it are not working in their cells. we hope that an understanding of this faulty mechanism will guide us in providing helpful treatments for these patients. \" - nih radio : nih researchers identify genetic cause of new vascular - nhlbi heart and vascular information : - interview with dr. william gahl : nih research matters bldg. 31, rm. 5b64a, msc 2094 bethesda, md 20892 - 2094 about nih research matters harrison wein, ph. d., editor vicki contie, assistant editor nih research matters is a weekly update of nih research highlights from the office of communications and public liaison, office of the director, national institutes of health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4899034601493945, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.477351"} {"text": "archive / file : people / e / erichsen. hugo / cremation - of - the - dead last - modified : 1998 / 05 / 25 \" [ the belgian government ] dispatched colonel creteur to examine into the grievances, and, if possible, remove them. one ' s hair stands on end when one reads the report of the colonel on the condition of the sedan battle - field. the only way to remedy the evil was to destroy the dangerous cadavers by cremation, which was a difficult task, under the circumstances, but which was nevertheless accomplished by the ingenious creteur. the colonel ' s report is full of horrible facts. the bodies of german soldiers in a trench at laid - trou were covered so little by earth that carnivorous animals had already devoured part of the hands and faces. rain - water had caused 30 large pits, containing the remains of bavarians, to cave in, and had laid bare the bodies. between belan and bazailles, the owners of a field had leveled the elevation of a bavarian grave. relics of the dead protruded from the ground. the bodies were covered only by a thin layer of earth, in which corn flourished luxuriantly. wild bears, foxes, and dogs, relishing the human flesh, helped to scratch away the soil over the remains, as did the numerous crows upon the pit in which the horses had been buried. dogs, having once feasted on this fare, would not eat anything else. creteur at first could not obtain men to carry out his plans, as every one who attempted to open the trenches contracted phlyctaena, an eruption of the skin. finally, by promising good pay, he enlisted 27 workmen, whom he endeavored to protect by saturating their clothing and moistening the graves with a solution of carbolic acid. but this only intensified the phlyctaena. he then determined to cover the graves with a layer of chloride of lime, and to pour diluted muriatic acid upon them subsequently. by this means he succeeded in laying bare the topmost layer of the corpses. he then had large quantities of coal tar poured into the pit, which trickled down among the bodies to the bottom, thoroughly covering the remains. he then had more chloride of lime heaped upon the corpses, and finally had bundles of hay, previously saturated with kerosene, thrown burning into the pit. creteur declares that from 200 to 300 bodies were consumed within 50 to 60 minutes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42936363179438763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.483022"} {"text": "introduction to rocks and minerals examine the characteristics of common rocks and minerals and learn identification procedures. find out all about the physical properties of minerals including hardness, luster and color as well as the chemical compositions of important rock - forming minerals. information in the video is accurate, but narration is somewhat monotone. run time 03 : 34. dr. loopy ' s blinding you with science # 9 : rocks and minerals this is another in the blinding you with science series i produced to help elementary students learn science concepts. in this episode dr. loopy and his friends use music, comedy and parody to teach students about different types of rocks and minerals. run time 25 : 00. rocks don ' t roll : the science of rocks and minerals this is a clip from a longer video i produced in my blinding you with science series. the series is designed to help elementary students with science concepts. this is a musical parody about rocks and minerals. run time 06 : 34. differences between rocks & minerals a general difference between rocks and minerals is that minerals are chemical substances, while rocks are made from volcanoes and bodies of water. discover how granite and igneous rocks are formed with information from a science teacher in this video. vincent van gogh part 1 van gogh was born in 1853 in groot \u2014 zundert, a small village in the southern netherlands near the belgian border. the oldest son of a protestant minister, young van gogh was moody, quiet, introverted, but he grew up with a love of nature and the arts. van gogh attended school as a young boy, but at the age of sixteen he left home for the hague to work as an apprentice to an uncle, a dealer at goupil and co., an international art firm. van gogh subsequently worked for the firm in london and pa math trick for your fingers - easy multiplication a quick way for students to learn basic multiplication using their fingers. goes fast so you may need to watch it a couple of times. students will love it. learn how to count in sign language for small children i absolutely love the signing time videos made for babies and toddlers to learn sign language. my toddler learned how to sign through these videos way before he could talk which made it possible for him to communicate rather then throw tantrums. in this video you learn how to count through sign. run time 0 : 31. chanting and enchanting animals - chap. 2 / 6 ecuador as a country has among the largest diversity of frog and toad species in the world. discover through this film", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5227332751087372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.488956"} {"text": "video you learn how to count through sign. run time 0 : 31. chanting and enchanting animals - chap. 2 / 6 ecuador as a country has among the largest diversity of frog and toad species in the world. discover through this film the fascinating world of frogs in ecuador : their night life, when thousands of love - stricken males get together and sing at mating time ; their birth and transformation from beings of water to beings of dry lands ; their survival tricks and mysterious ways of life ; their importance in the discovery of medicines ; and their great variety of beautiful patterns and colors, discover th animal mothers : newborn gators watch how this protective alligator mother uses her \" jaws of love \" to protect her newborns from danger in the florida everglades. unlike crocs, the gator babies stay close to mom for their first year because they are a common food source for predators. run time 02 : 24. dolphin bay - where dolphins swim with humans near st. andrews state park in panama city is an area where the dolphins will swim right up to you to check you out and see what ' s happening. gabrielle has been swimming with this same pod since she was four years old. they ' re extremely friendly and curious, and love to pose for a picture. most of the video is set to music. run time 03 : 49 this video discusses the evening or morning star, venus. earth ' s sister planet has a symbol derived from a hand mirror, because venus was the roman goddess of love and beauty, it is also the symbol for women. discusses the size, atmosphere and its temperature. it also discusses the solar landers that went to venus. it discusses mariner 10, which went to venus. in this video various scientists discuss venus. video is of good quality and is approp from an outsider ' s perspective, storm chasing might appear to involve hours and hours of boredom, accentuated by a few moments of unimaginable excitement \u2014 or terror \u2014 depending on one ' s love or fear of tornadoes. but to tornado researchers, the effort and expense they expend in search of a single tornado - producing storm reflect the importance of these events in terms of their impact on lives and property. this video segment adapted from nova follows some of the scientists who study these vi touch and vision in this episode of the human senses, they explore the two most highly used senses, touch and vision. in this video they test the amazing things we do with our eyes, how we can instantly spot attractive people in a crowded room", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48772871899050463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.490048"} {"text": "vi touch and vision in this episode of the human senses, they explore the two most highly used senses, touch and vision. in this video they test the amazing things we do with our eyes, how we can instantly spot attractive people in a crowded room, and how our eyes guide us around the world with astonishing accuracy. when it comes to touch they reveal why we love the feel of some things and loath others. discover what our skin a glacier investigation from dragonfly tv. deborah and brittani live in juneau, alaska, which is home to 38 glaciers flowing from the gigantic juneau ice field. the girls love being outside, especially in the short alaskan summers, so they decided to check out a glacier up close at the mendenhall glacier visitor center. the center has cool exhibits that explain the science behind glaciers - like the fact that a glacier is a river of ice that moves because of its own weight and that the mendenhall glacier receives abo king minus is a cute video to introduce or review basic subtraction. the animations are great, and fun. any early elementary child will love this one! how to teach children to read : favorite children ' s authors learn about popular authors for children ' s books from a professional librarian, debbie noah, in this children ' s video. parents, this video is a great tool to use to help you choose great books that your children will love. how to teach children to read : favorite children ' s authors : part 2 learn about favorite authors of children ' s books from a professional librarian in this free children ' s video with expert : debbie noah. this is a great video for helping parents to choose reading material that young children will love. interview with phyllis reynolds naylor ( part 3 ) in this section phyllis reynolds naylor, winner of the aspca roger caras award, answers the question, \" shiloh is included on the recommended book list for many school districts and is assigned reading for many students each year. what are your thoughts about the wide appeal of shiloh and the impact you have made with this book for countless children... and animals? \" in her answer happy about the impact the books have had. she also commented that one teacher told her how children who have been abu lois ehlert interview lois ehlert ' s unique children ' s books, such as color zoo, reflect her creative and curious mind. in this exclusive video interview, lois ehlert discusses her early love for art and how she continually strives to create highly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5092243372006242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.491083"} {"text": "archeological investigations at ulysses s. grant nhs the restored stone building at ulysses s. grant nhs. ulysses s. grant, general of the triumphant northern army during the civil war that brought an end to slavery in the united states, himself owned enslaved people. prior to rejoining the army in 1860, and then going on to become the 18th president ( 1869 - 1877 ), grant farmed his wife \u2019 s family \u2019 s property outside of st. louis, missouri, with his father - in - law, frederick dent. nps archeologists have been uncovering clues at white haven, named after an estate in dent \u2019 s native maryland, that help us to better understand conditions of slavery in the two decades before the civil war. they investigated a stone building behind the main house at white haven to learn more about activities carried out there, and about the people who may have lived in it. this stone structure was probably a summer kitchen, and may have been sewing room and residence for african american house servants. the dents and grants at white haven white haven, ca. 1850. stone building is visible to the immediate left of the main house. frederick dent bought the two story farmhouse and surrounding land located southwest of st. louis in 1820. for several years he and his young family used the plantation as a summer retreat, but moved here to take up year - round residence in 1825. julia dent and her brother frederick grew up on the farm. fred would later befriend ulysses grant while they were both students at west point. when grant was stationed at jefferson barracks as a young army officer he often rode over to visit his classmate \u2019 s family and, while at white haven, met julia. ulysses and julia were married in st. louis in 1848, while he was still an officer in the army. he resigned his commission in 1854, returning to missouri to take up farming with his father - in - law at white haven. he and his growing family lived on the farm until 1858. in 1860, ulysses moved his family to galena, illinois, to go join his father and brother in their leather - goods business. he was in galena when the civil war was declared, and he immediately re - enlisted. julia and the children then returned to white haven and lived with her family. she and the children joined grant at army headquarters as often as possible during the war. prior to his election to the presidency the grants, along with julia \u2019 s father, lived in georgetown. when grant became the president the entire family moved into the white house", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38580237986574795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.506885"} {"text": "and the children joined grant at army headquarters as often as possible during the war. prior to his election to the presidency the grants, along with julia \u2019 s father, lived in georgetown. when grant became the president the entire family moved into the white house. although the farm stayed in the dent - grant family until 1885, the land was farmed by tenants after 1869. with julia \u2019 s approval, grant signed the property over to william vanderbilt after falling into financial difficulties from failed business ventures and bad investments. grant died shortly afterwards, only days after completing the memoir that helped provide for his widow. enslaved people at white haven slave labor was used extensively in the farming and maintenance of the 850 - acre plantation. frederick dent, julia \u2019 s father, improved and maintained white haven through the efforts of enslaved people. eighteen enslaved people were living on the plantation in 1830 ; half of them were under the age of 10. nation - wide financial depressions in the 1830s affected dent \u2019 s businesses, and by 1840, only 13 enslaved people lived at white haven. in 1850, however, 30 enslaved people were reported as working on the farm, indicating that dent \u2019 s financial status had improved. field hands plowed, sowed, and reaped wheat, oats, potatoes, and corn grown on the plantation. slaves also cared for the orchards and gardens. more than 75 horses, cattle, and pigs required daily attention, while grounds maintenance and numerous remodeling projects on the main house and outbuildings utilized the skills of those in servitude. during grant \u2019 s management of the farm, he worked side by side with the slaves. in 1859, grant freed william jones, the only slave he is known to have personally owned. missouri \u2019 s citizens had divided opinions about slavery. the state was admitted to the union as a slave state in 1821 as part of the missouri compromise, but the state government voted to stay within the union when southern states seceded at the beginning of the civil war. during the war, some slaves at white haven simply walked off, as they did on many plantations in both union and confederate states. missouri \u2019 s constitutional convention abolished slavery in the state in january 1865, freeing any slaves still living at white haven. the stone building : from kitchen to garage frederick dent was probably responsible for construction of the stone building. it stands behind and slightly north of the main residence. the dry course walls of the stone building are in sharp contrast to the largely wooden structures around it. the walls were laid with skill and care ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40623658816334873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.507961"} {"text": "was probably responsible for construction of the stone building. it stands behind and slightly north of the main residence. the dry course walls of the stone building are in sharp contrast to the largely wooden structures around it. the walls were laid with skill and care ; there was a three feet foundation below the visible walls. archeological excavations located the builder \u2019 s trench for the foundation. the stone building in ruins. the western wall of the north room is collapsed, revealing the warming fireplace. the south room has a rough wooden roof and western wall. the original building consisted of two adjacent rooms, each with its own gable end fireplace and chimney. the south room contained a massive limestone cooking fireplace, and the north room contained a smaller warming fireplace. each room had a door to the outside in the western wall of the building, but no interior door connected the rooms. a window was located in the eastern wall of the south room. there appears to have been a window or a door in the corresponding position in the eastern wall of the north room. this type of building is known as \u201c double pen, \u201d although most double pen houses have an open porch between the two rooms. early drawings of the building show small windows positioned high in the wall, directly under the eaves, but there is no evidence for these small windows in later photographs, or in the remnants of the stone walls. nps archeologists found evidence for sewing and cooking in the stone building. the south fireplace still exhibits the gudgeons used to support a cooking pot crane. kitchen functions may have seasonally moved from the basement kitchen of the main house to the relatively cooler quarters of the nearby stone building during the summer. the building \u2019 s construction material \u2014 stone \u2014 stood in contrast to the nearby wooden structures of the plantation. the choice of building material suggests that the stone building was constructed specifically to be used as a kitchen, being cooler in hot summer months than wood, and less prone to catching fire. the stone building rebuilt as a garage. the presence of two fireplaces suggests that this was a residential structure as well as a locus for cooking activities. at some point after slavery was abolished, a permanent kitchen was established on the first floor of the main residence and the stone building ceased to function as a summer kitchen. the roof and walls of the neglected building collapsed. in the 1940s, the private owners of white haven expanded the west wall of the stone building, rebuilt and re - roofed it, and used it as a garage. changes to the structure included rebuilding exterior walls, removal of the wall dividing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4644716455720085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.509166"} {"text": "building collapsed. in the 1940s, the private owners of white haven expanded the west wall of the stone building, rebuilt and re - roofed it, and used it as a garage. changes to the structure included rebuilding exterior walls, removal of the wall dividing the two rooms, replacement of the gabled roof with a shed roof, and a concrete floor. excavations at the stone building archeologists undertook excavations inside the stone building in 1991, shortly after the nps acquired the property ( noble 1997 ), and again in 1999 as part of the restoration planning ( scott 2001 ). the concrete floor was removed to enable excavation beneath it. the 1991 excavations focused on location of original walls and on verifying construction details. excavation units were placed in the area of the interior dividing wall, immediately outside of the eastern windows / door, and in the area of the western wall. the 1999 excavations were more extensive, and encompassed the entire interior floor space of the stone building. project archeologists think that the original floor of the building was probably clay earth, and that the floor had been leveled prior to pouring the concrete. it is unlikely that the artifacts from inside the building were found in their original locations. there were extensive rodent holes, trenching for a utility pipe, and leveling and preparing of the earth surface in preparation for the concrete floor. as a result of this earth - moving, artifact distribution provides only general information about the activities that were carried out in the stone building. objects tended to cluster on the west side of both rooms, near the exterior doorways, and not all artifacts displayed the same distributional patterns. the open doorways to the west would have afforded the greatest amount of natural light at the end of the day. the stone building artifacts domestic artifacts like spoons, thimbles, and marbles give insight into the work and domestic lives of the people who lived and labored in the stone building. a total of 2, 202 artifacts were recovered during the 1991 and the 1999 excavations. the artifacts found during excavation come from three potential sources : 1 ) objects such as nails and window glass may have been introduced into the archeological record as a result of decay of the building fabric. 2 ) trash may have been thrown into the building after it was no longer used for domestic purposes. 3 ) objects may have been lost or dropped while the building was in active use. the bulk of the objects dates from the 1840s to 1880s, which is probably the time span of domestic occupation of the stone building. as grant directed his tenant to build an addition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4637830088393271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.510477"} {"text": "objects may have been lost or dropped while the building was in active use. the bulk of the objects dates from the 1840s to 1880s, which is probably the time span of domestic occupation of the stone building. as grant directed his tenant to build an addition to the main house to house farm hands, it is likely that the stone building was also needed as a residence for laborers after 1866. objects deposited in the stone building after this time may represent incidental trash. the scarcity of artifacts dating after the 1880s suggests that the structure was not used for deliberate deposition of domestic refuse. over half of the artifacts consisted of nails and window glass. most of the nails, no doubt, were deposited when the roof decayed. window glass and glazing compound found in the north room suggest that this room once did contain a window, unless windows were simply stored ( and broken ) in this room. window glass was also found in the south room. after eliminating objects deposited after domestic use of the structure, and the glass and nails from the building itself, the remaining artifacts can be divided into categories relating to domestic activities. food preparation. the majority of the domestic artifacts were numerous types of ceramics, and animal bones. inside the building, most of the ceramics and bones were found in the south room, which also contained the large fireplace. the greatest density of ceramics and broken glass, however, was found outside the south room, next to the window. this suggests that a clumsy cook simply tossed broken vessels out of the window. some of the identified ceramics and glass include a white ware sherd with blue decoration that was made between 1840 and the 1860s ; an early mason jar, dated to 1880 - 1916 ; and sherds of embossed wares, popular between the 1820s and 1840s. laundry and sewing. a number of objects suggest that laundry was washed or mended in the stone building. pins, thimbles, a needle case fragment, sequins, clothes fasteners, and numerous buttons were located during excavations. for the most part, they were found in the western half of both rooms. a number of the buttons were decorated ; several were from military uniforms. personal items. marbles and smoking pipes cross - cut these functional artifact categories. marble decoration included solid colors, polka dots, and two distinct bands that ran in right angles to each other ( that is, plaid ). marbles are assumed to be children \u2019 s toys, and indicate that the stone building was used by young people as well as adults. a domino tile was also found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4845267016652032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.511502"} {"text": "distinct bands that ran in right angles to each other ( that is, plaid ). marbles are assumed to be children \u2019 s toys, and indicate that the stone building was used by young people as well as adults. a domino tile was also found. fragments of ceramic pipes were found in both rooms ; both african and european american men and women smoked pipes during this time period. a small number of coins were also uncovered. the stone building artifacts are similar to the array of objects recovered from excavations in the winter kitchen in the basement of the main house ( price and hastings 1998 ), some of which have been interpreted as representing ritualistic caches intentionally placed beneath the cellar floorboards. both yielded similar types of decorations and types of vessels, which were not restricted to serving containers but also included plates, saucers, and cups. both excavations recovered marbles, sewing pipes, buttons, and sewing thimbles ( scott 2001 : 23 ). this similarity in artifacts suggests that the stone building, for at least part of its life, was the summer kitchen for white haven. while the archeological excavations indicate that cooking and laundry - related activities were carried out in the stone building, the artifact assemblages do not specifically identify the people carrying out the activities as african americans. other archeological investigations of early 19th century kitchens have not identified any definitive archeological assemblage as having african american ethnic origins. while we know from written sources that african americans are likely to have used this kitchen, we don \u2019 t expect a direct correlation between artifact assemblages and cultural backgrounds. given the dates for the artifacts, and the historical information about the people living at white haven, it is reasonable to conclude that the activities in the summer kitchen were carried out by enslaved african americans. we do not know whether the enslaved african americans who worked there also lived in the stone building, but there is no evidence to suggest that they did not. there is little nineteenth century documentation about housing for the enslaved at white haven. grant ordered that a group of slave cabins \u201c by the barn \u201d be demolished after the end of the civil war. the stone building, near the main house, was left intact. certainly, the range of artifacts found suggests that, even if people did not sleep there, a wide range of personal domestic activities were carried out in the stone building, including child care, mending, and food preparation for personal consumption. investigations at the stone building on the white haven plantation have provided us with a better understanding of the organization of labor at a mid - nineteenth century plantation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5118875913126658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.515936"} {"text": "carried out in the stone building, including child care, mending, and food preparation for personal consumption. investigations at the stone building on the white haven plantation have provided us with a better understanding of the organization of labor at a mid - nineteenth century plantation. the material remains indicate that food preparation took place in the south room, suggesting that the building was used as a summer kitchen for the european american family in the main house. activities related to washing and mending of clothing also took place there, presumably for the european american family. although there are no artifacts to clearly identify them it may be assumed, at least prior to the civil war, that the workers were african americans. the range of personal items found indicates that domestic activities took place in the building as well. children were present, and the range of non - serving ceramics identified suggests that cooking for personal consumption took place. this overlap of work activity areas and domestic activity areas is reproduced in the winter kitchen, in the basement of the house, and suggests that the enslaved african americans at white haven were allowed some discretion in their organization of space. by karen mudar special thanks to vergil noble and karen maxville, who assisted with development of the text ; and to pam sanfilippo and karin roberts, who assisted with images. noble, vergil e. 1997 a report on the 1991 excavations at ulysses s. grant national historic site, st. louis, missouri. midwest archeological center, technical report no. 49. price, james e., and mary jane hastings 1998 a report on the 1995 excavations at ulysses s. grant national historic site, st. louis, missouri. american archaeological division, university of missouri - columbia. scott, douglas d. 2001 archeological investigations of the ice house and summer kitchen / stone building at ulysses s. grant national historic site, st. louis, missouri. midwest archeological center, technical report no. 69", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4934337884982679, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.516703"} {"text": "the black hills beetle it appears that our unwelcome acquaintance of 1927 and 1928, the black hills beetle, is again becoming active and, indeed, manifests signs of becoming epidemic. reports have been coming to the park office of valuable ponderosa pines dying, and then the reporter asks what can be done about it. since this beetle, it seems, is to plague us locally for some time to come, every resident of this community should know something of its habits. rangers have been keeping an eye on the beetle ever since the big outbreak of 1927 and ' 28, when well over a thousand pine trees were killed in a summer. our bark beetle belongs to the genus dendroctonus and is one of the 24 species in the genus. the word dendroctonus means \" killer of trees \" and this name surely is well applied to a genus of beetles which mr. a. d. hopkins of the bureau of entomology estimates has killed over $ 1, 000, 000, 000 worth of standing timber in the last fifty years. the black hills beetle ( dendroctonus ponderosae ) was first noted in the black hills, and it is now doing damage in the black hills region, wyoming, colorado, new mexico, and arizona. in the adult stage, the beetle is a very dark brown or black, and is approximately one - quarter of an inch in length. it attacks the ponderosa and limber pines and has been noted a few times in lodgepole pine. its life cycle is interesting. it spends practically all of its life, with the exception of a few hours in flight after it emerges from one tree and enters another, in two trees and at times, one tree. a mature beetle will enter a tree during june or early july : it bores galleries in the living part of the tree and deposits eggs in these galleries. these eggs usually hatch into larvae in august and the larvae continue active until the beginning of hibernation in the fall. during the next spring, these larvae extend the galleries and are transformed into pupae, and then to adults, and the process repeats itself. it is the galleries the beetle bores in the cambium layer that kills the tree, for the extension of these galleries has the same effect as girdling the tree. wherever the beetle enters a healthy tree, a small spot of pitch appears ; and if the beetles become too numerous, the tree ' s needles become red and it is dead by the following spring. about the only practical method of combating this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43102439574987084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.519829"} {"text": "june 1, 2004 the iceman cometh to u - m ann arbor, mich. \u2014 no air - conditioning, frozen or refrigerated foods, iced drinks or ice cream. that ' s just a sampling of how drastically different our lives and diets would be if there was no refrigeration. \" it was not so very long ago, \" said janice longone, curator of culinary history at the university of michigan ' s clements library, \" that meat was preserved primarily by drying or salting, that milk could be preserved only in the form of butter and cheese, that fresh fruits and vegetables were only available seasonally in areas where they were grown. \" and then came ice and icehouses followed by mechanical refrigeration. it is that history of american ingenuity that longone illustrates in the exhibition \" the iceman cometh... and goeth \" at the clements library june 8 through september. \" throughout history, the wealthy and powerful had icehouses and ice available to them in limited quantities, \" longone said. \" but it took that american ingenuity to make ice available to all. the democratization of ice was largely due to a couple of 19th century yankee businessmen. \" the exhibition explores the history of the american ice industry from new england pond ice harvesting to the introduction of mechanical refrigeration. it includes : \u2014 the story of the ice king, frederic tudor, and his collaborator nathaniel wyeth. \u2014 the 1803 book by thomas moore, \" an essay on the most eligible construction of ice - houses. \" \u2014 the tools, equipment and methods of natural ice harvesting and its distribution, including the successful arrival in 1833 of a ship carrying ice from boston to calcutta, crossing the equator twice. \u2014 the manufactured ice industry and how it revolutionized food and eating in america. \u2014 the introduction of mechanical refrigerators, with the millionth frigidaire sold by 1929 and the millionth general electric refrigerator by 1931. \u2014 icehouses, ice cards, icemen, iceboxes, tools of the trade, advertising. \" the use ( or overuse ) of ice and refrigeration is one of the features of american life most commented upon by visitors to our shores, \" longone said. \" this exhibition makes use of the diverse resources of the clements library to explain the whys and hows of this phenomenon of our culture. \" the exhibit can be viewed at the clements library mon. - fri. 1 - 4 : 30 p. m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.533949846455239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.522379"} {"text": "the following is the speech given by french president francois hollande to commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the vel d \u2019 hiv roundup on july 16 and 17, 1942, when the french police arrested 13, 152 jewish men, women, and children from paris and its suburbs, and confined them to the velodrome d \u2019 hiver, a bicycle stadium in paris. they were later deported to german concentration camps. eight hundred and eleven survived the war. president hollande delivered his speech at the site of the demolished velodrome on july 22, 2012. prime minister, president of the national assembly, ambassadors, mayor of paris, president of the representative council of jewish institutions of france, chief rabbi, representatives of the religions, ladies and gentlemen : we \u2019 ve gathered this morning to remember the horror of a crime, express the sorrow of those who experienced the tragedy, and speak of the dark hours of collaboration, our history, and therefore france \u2019 s responsibility. we \u2019 re also here to pass on the memory of the holocaust \u2014 of which the roundups were the first stage \u2014 in order to fight the battle against oblivion and testify to new generations what barbarity is capable of doing and what resources humanity may possess to defeat it. seventy years ago, on july 16, 1942, early in the morning, 13, 152 men, women, and children were arrested in their homes. childless couples and single people were interned in drancy, where the museum created by the memorial de la shoah will stand in the autumn. the others were taken to the velodrome d \u2019 hiver. thrown together for five days in inhuman conditions, they were taken from there to the camps of pithiviers and beaune - la - rolande. a clear directive had been given by the vichy administration. \u201c the children must not leave in the same convoys as the parents. \u201d so, after heartrending separations, they departed \u2014 the parents on one side, the children on the other \u2014 for auschwitz - birkenau, where the deportees of drancy had preceded them by a few days. there, they were murdered. solely for being jews. this crime took place here, in our capital, in our streets, the courtyards of our buildings, our stairways, our school playgrounds. it was to prepare the way for other roundups, in marseille and throughout france \u2014 in other words, on both sides of the demarcation line. there were also other deportations, notably of gypsies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42345713003192276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.526252"} {"text": "the food and drug administration has gone to court to prevent the colorado - based firm regenerative sciences from using stem cells developed in one part of your body ( bone marrow ) to repair damage in other parts of your body, such as joints. the fda objects to the fact that these cells are chemicals, the use of which the agency has the power to regulate even though the cells are taken from your body to later be injected back into your body. the fda is accustomed to the process by which it requires that many years and millions of dollars be spent to approve drugs developed in a laboratory before anyone is allowed to use them. regardless of clinical results that show use of stem cells to be highly effective, the fda finds it intolerable to let you use the cells in your own body without prior approval by a vast and expensive bureaucracy. it is a shame that no one told all of those who would benefit from stem - cell research that the benefits of such research would not actually be available to patients. treatment of individuals does not comply with the fda ' s regulatory paradigm. personalized medicine may work new miracles, but care for the individual must be subordinated to supervision by a multitude of administrators. growing government involvement in medicine, over generations, has resulted in control for the controller ' s sake. the most extreme example of this is the refusal of the fda, in many cases, to forbid access by terminally ill patients to drugs that have passed the first phase of testing, which establishes safety. the fda insists on protecting these patients from these drugs that have not been conclusively proven effective, taking pride in this perverse method of protecting the dead. as documented by the courageous abigail foundation, hundreds of thousands of these patients have died waiting for drugs already known to be safe \u2013 and which the fda ultimately approved. the use of stem cells, should the fda eventually give its approval, may still have to pass many other obstacles, thanks to the wonders enacted by congress. in 2009, congress created the federal coordinating council for comparative effectiveness research and handed it $ 400 million as a part of the stimulus bill. ( don ' t ask what that had to do with economic stimulus. ) now, anything that the fda first decides is safe and effective must run an additional gauntlet of effectiveness. it will not make a difference whether a drug is effective for some people or most people \u2013 it must be effective for everyone. so much for personalized medicine. in 2010, another hurdle was created with the passage of obamacare. the independent payment advisory board ( ipab )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4560476436352956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.531579"} {"text": "courtesy of the arkansas secretary of state \u2019 s office born on august 10, 1837, in maury county, tennessee, eagle moved with his family to arkansas when he was only two years old. the eagle family, descendants of german immigrants who had settled in pennsylvania in the colonial era, farmed first in pulaski county and later outside lonoke. in 1859, eagle was elected deputy sheriff of prairie county, a position he held when he enlisted in the fifth arkansas mounted rifles in june 1861. entering the confederate ranks as a private, he rose to the rank of captain and saw action at hominy creek and pea ridge and was taken prisoner at murfreesboro, tennessee. in may 1863, he returned to his unit as part of a prisoner exchange and fought in the battles at jackson, chickamauga, and atlanta, where he was seriously wounded in the abdomen. remarkably eagle recovered and rejoined his troops after only two months. it was said that men either found god or lost him forever during the civil war. eagle was among the former. following the war he studied for the ministry and was ordained as a baptist preacher. at the same time he managed the family farm, turning it into one of the most prosperous in the state. in 1872 friends placed eagle ' s name in nomination for the state legislature and he was elected. he became actively involved in the brooks - baxter dispute in 1874, raising and commanding three companies in support of elisha baxter. eagle married mary kavanaugh oldham of kentucky in 1882. eagle ' s reputation as a farmer and a minister served him well in politics and contributed to his nomination as the democratic party ' s gubernatorial candidate in 1888. that year the party faced a formidable challenge from a coalition of blacks, republicans, the knights of labor, and agrarian reformers who belonged to the agricultural wheel. eagle won what many regard as the most corrupt election in arkansas history. his rival c. m. norwood protested the election results but to no avail. eagle was re - elected by a larger margin in 1890. in eagle ' s first term the legislature was little inclined to enact the more ambitious items in his agenda which included reforms in taxes, railroad regulation, education, roads, and prisons. his program fared a little better in his second term but the governor did manage over four years to restore a degree of harmony in the democratic party. in 1891 the legislature enacted a separate coach law requiring separate accommodations for blacks and whites traveling on public transportation. eagle did not advocate such a measure, but allowed it to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3633138371010195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.536154"} {"text": "one of the first things every freebsd user wishes to configure on his computer is e - mail access. however, a look in the mail section of the ports collection yields an amazing 148 applications dealing with e - mail. to make matters worse, some claim to be muas, mtas, pop3 clients, or imap4 servers. these descriptions are not helpful if you are unfamiliar with these terms and just want to be able to send and receive e - mail. in this article, i ' ll give a \" readers digest \" version of some important e - mail concepts, with references to additional information. then i ' ll walk you through the steps of configuring your freebsd system to send and retrieve e - mail, as well as configuring pine. ever since networks were invented, people have wanted a method of sending messages to each other. this led to the development of many messaging programs, most of which were proprietary, meaning you could only send a message to someone who used the same messaging system. early messaging systems allowed you to send a message directly to another person ' s computer. however, this method doesn ' t work if the other computer is turned off or there is a problem with the physical connection between the two computers. most messaging systems prefer to have all users send their messages to a centralized server for storage ; since this server is always available, it can act like a post office. if a user has a mailbox on that server, he can periodically check his mailbox to see if he has received any messages. as the need for messaging grew, standards were developed to allow users to send messages to any user, regardless of the messaging system they used. one of these standards was x. 400 ; another was smtp, which became the standard used on the internet. two interesting points of views on these standards can be found at x. 400 - the better internet and x. 400 is dead, long live x. 400. unless you work at a company that uses an internal x. 400 messaging system, you probably use smtp to send e - mail. the e - mail addresses you are used to seeing are actually smtp addresses and look like this : firstname. lastname @ example. org you ' ll note that an smtp address looks similar to a web address, except it has a @ instead of the first period. the internet already uses dns ( the domain name system ) to locate a computer ' s ip address. when an administrator sets up a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5130462962737654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.548597"} {"text": "that an smtp address looks similar to a web address, except it has a @ instead of the first period. the internet already uses dns ( the domain name system ) to locate a computer ' s ip address. when an administrator sets up a mail server, he will create an mx ( mail exchange ) record in his dns database to indicate which computer in his network is the mail server. the name to the left of the @ indicates the name of a user ' s mailbox on that mail server. when the internet messaging standard was being developed, it was decided to use the centralized server ( post office ) approach where users would check their mailboxes. the internet uses tcp / ip, so new tcp / ip protocols needed to be created. remember from last week that protocols define the rules of communication and that each tcp / ip protocol has an associated port number and at least one rfc which describes its operation. smtp ( simple mail transfer protocol ) describes the communications between mail servers. its port number is 25, and its behavior is described in rfc 821. as its name implies, smtp merely transfers mail from one server to another until it reaches the correct mail server. in order to ensure that the message makes it into the right mailbox on that server, pop3 ( post office protocol 3 ) is used. pop3 uses port number 110 and is defined by rfcs 1734, 1957, 2449, and std0053 ( standard 53 ). pop3 is also responsible for the management of the mailboxes on a mail server. pop3 will not let a user retrieve the messages in their mailbox until they have been authenticated. if you are unfamiliar with the commands used by pop3 and smtp, try the smtp with telnet tutorial. this tutorial shows how you yourself can issue smtp and pop3 commands to send and receive e - mail. these are the same commands that are usually issued by messaging systems and e - mail programs. one other term you may come across is imap4 ( internet message access protocol version 4 ). imap4 is similar to pop3, but with extra features. pop3 assumes that a user will download all of the mail in their mailbox so the copy on the mail server can be deleted ; the user will then disconnect from the mail server to read his e - mail \" offline. \" with imap4, a user can download just the headers of his e - mail so he can decide which messages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.524992293564583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.550071"} {"text": "can be deleted ; the user will then disconnect from the mail server to read his e - mail \" offline. \" with imap4, a user can download just the headers of his e - mail so he can decide which messages he wants to retrieve at this time ; he can also delete messages directly at the mail server without having to download them first. messaging software is usually divided into two separate components : the mta ( message transfer agent ) and the mua ( message user agent ). the mta runs on the mail server and understands both smtp and pop3. therefore, it is able to send messages to other smtp mail servers, receive messages from other smtp mail servers, and store messages in the appropriate user mailboxes. sendmail is the most common mta in use on the internet and comes bundled and ready to go on your freebsd system. exim, postfix, and qmail are examples of other mtas that you can build using freebsd ' s ports collection. the mua is used by users to compose and read e - mail messages. some muas have a pop3 client built - in, meaning you can check for new mail using the mua ; some do not, and will only display e - mail you ' ve retrieved using a separate pop3 client. muas differ widely in their features ; which mua to use is a matter of personal preference. there are dozens of muas in the ports collection ; some of the most popular are mutt, pine, and xfmail. so, how do all these components work together when you send an e - mail message? you use your mua ( for example, pine ) to create an e - mail message ; pine will pass the message to the mta ( sendmail ), who will query dns to find the address of the smtp server hosting the mailbox of the user you are sending the message to. sendmail will then use smtp commands to transfer the message to that mail server. that mail server will use pop3 to put the message in the correct mailbox. your recipient will use pop3 commands to retrieve the message and will use their favorite mua to read the message and possibly compose a reply to it. let ' s look at the configuration of a freebsd system that will be using sendmail ( the mta ), fetchmail ( the pop3 client ), and pine ( the mua ). let ' s assume a very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5008273898638199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.551065"} {"text": "it. let ' s look at the configuration of a freebsd system that will be using sendmail ( the mta ), fetchmail ( the pop3 client ), and pine ( the mua ). let ' s assume a very quick and dirty scenario in which i have one user on a single freebsd computer who wishes to use e - mail. sendmail, 2nd edition like any mta, sendmail is a highly configurable and complex program capable of providing messaging for large companies and even isps. however, you don ' t want to start messing with the default sendmail configuration files unless you know what you ' re doing. if you ever need to get into more complicated sendmail configurations, you should first read the book sendmail, 2nd edition by brian costales and eric allman. you may also wish to investigate other alternatives such as qmail or exim. fortunately, the default sendmail configuration on your freebsd system will issue smtp commands so you can send out e - mail to the world. sendmail is enabled by default ; if you want to double - check that you haven ' t disabled it at some point, issue the following command : more / etc / defaults / rc. conf | grep sendmail sendmail _ enable = \" yes \" # run the sendmail daemon ( or no ). sendmail _ flags = \" - bd - q30m \" # flags to sendmail ( if enabled ) sendmail _ enable line is set to \" no \", you ' ll have to become the superuser to change it to \" yes \" using your favorite text editor. be sure to check your change carefully for typos before saving the file. while you ' re still the superuser, close all programs running on the computer and issue the following from the alt - f1 terminal : when you receive a prompt, press the enter key, then type : watch the messages that appear on the screen ; you should see a line similar to this : starting standard daemons : sendmail. now that your mta is running, you ' ll want to build the mua. if you have installed the ports collection on your computer, become the superuser and : cd / usr / ports / mail / pine4 make & & make install when that is finished, you ' ll also want to build the pop3 client so : cd.. / fetchmail make & & make install if you don ' t use the ports collection, both pine and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47082147159289456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.551945"} {"text": "/ pine4 make & & make install when that is finished, you ' ll also want to build the pop3 client so : cd.. / fetchmail make & & make install if you don ' t use the ports collection, both pine and fetchmail have packages that can be downloaded from freebsd ports. save the downloaded packages to this directory, then : cd / usr / packages pkg _ add pine * pkg _ add fetc * now that we have the necessary software, we need to create a user account to use when sending and receiving e - mail. you can either create a user with the same name as the mailbox portion of your e - mail address, or you can create an alias to map an existing user to the mailbox name. since my e - mail address is email @ example. com, to keep my life simple on my home freebsd box, i create a user called genisis. when i wish to access my e - mail, i log in to my freebsd system as the user genisis. this trick is useful on small systems as it saves you editing an alias file. if you need to create a new user, become the superuser and type / stand / sysinstall and select configure | user management | user. the login id should be the same as the name of the mailbox, so in my case it is genisis. input a password you ' ll remember and tab over to ok. arrow over to cancel twice, then arrow over to exit install. leave the superuser account and log in as the new user. now type pine - - you should see the following message : creating subdirectory \" / home / yourusername / mail \" where pine will store its mail folders. this will be followed by pine ' s greeting text. you ' ll notice that pine ' s commands are always listed at the bottom of your screen. the ^ symbol means use your ctrl key along with the letter next to the ^. once you ' ve read the greeting, use ^ e ( exit this greeting ). this will bring you to pine ' s main menu. since this is the first time you are running pine as this user, you ' ll need to press s to enter setup, then c to enter config. the first three items should be edited as follows : you ' ll notice that pine supports a lot of configuration values ; if you find one that sounds interesting,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47550197551702833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.552802"} {"text": "you ' ll need to press s to enter setup, then c to enter config. the first three items should be edited as follows : you ' ll notice that pine supports a lot of configuration values ; if you find one that sounds interesting, highlight it and press the? key. this will give a short, and usually helpful, description of what this configuration parameter does. i usually change the following on mine : under viewer preferences - - i use the enter key to put an [ x ] in the following values : this will highlight urls and e - mail addresses so i can go directly to a web site or add an address to my address book. once you ' ve finished your configurations, press e to exit setup and y to commit changes. this will return you to the main menu where you can press a to edit the address book. the @ key will let you add an e - mail address ; when you ' re finished, type ^ x and the address should now show in your address book. highlight a user you ' ve added to your address book and press c to compose an e - mail message to them. arrow down to cc and input your e - mail address so you ' ll be sent a copy of the message. once you ' ve composed your message, make sure you are connected to your isp and press ^ x to send your message. type y when pine asks you if you want to send the message. it should say [ sending mail ], then [ message sent and copied to ' sent - mail '. ] use your < key to return to the main menu, then l to enter the folder list. if you arrow over to sent - mail and press enter, you should be able to view and read the message that you sent. one last point on pine : it contains a built - in editor called pico. pico is a very easy editor to learn as its commands are always listed on the bottom of the screen. you don ' t have to run pine to use pico ; if you want to edit a file with pico, do this : now that you ' ve sent your first e - mail with pine, you ' ll want to check that you received your copy of the e - mail by using the fetchmail program. open up another virtual terminal, and log in as your user. i use fetchmail like so : fetchmail istar. caenter password for firstname. lastname @ example. org : fetchmail : imap connection to istar. ca failed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45876988233853344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.553932"} {"text": "up another virtual terminal, and log in as your user. i use fetchmail like so : fetchmail istar. caenter password for firstname. lastname @ example. org : fetchmail : imap connection to istar. ca failed : connection refused 1 message for genisis at istar. ca ( 868 octets ). reading message 1 of 1 ( 868 octets ) flushed when you check your e - mail, substitute the value to the right of the @ in your e - mail address for istar. ca. if everything worked, fetchmail will download at least one message. return to the terminal where you are running pine and navigate to your inbox to read it. note that fetchmail added genisis to my e - mail address for me because i am logged in as genisis. if i happened to be logged in as another user, say biko, it would use the address email @ example. com instead. the fetchmail command would then fail as i don ' t have a mailbox called biko on istar ' s mail server. however, if i ' m logged in as biko and invoke fetchmail like so : fetchmail - u genisis istar. ca this will tell fetchmail to use the mailbox name of genisis instead of my login name of biko so i can retreive genisis ' email. fetchmail also has a verbose mode which can be used to view the various pop3 commands between fetchmail and the mail server. you can invoke verbose mode with - v and very verbose mode with - vv. here is a portion of a session with fetchmail in verbose mode : enter password for firstname. lastname @ example. org : fetchmail - v istar. ca you should be able to recognize the list commands from the tutorial. fetchmail is highly configurable through its use of switches ; its manpage is well worth reading. hopefully, we ' ve cleared up some of the mystery regarding how e - mail works. next week, we ' ll look at setting permissions. dru lavigne is a network and systems administrator, it instructor, author and international speaker. she has over a decade of experience administering and teaching netware, microsoft, cisco, checkpoint, sco, solaris, linux, and bsd systems. a prolific author, she pens the popular freebsd basics column for o ' reilly and is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48965312164328473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.555201"} {"text": "the volume measure provides an estimate of the amount of goods and services purchased by households. in q3 2012 it increased by 0. 4 per cent, meaning it was 4. 8 per cent below the peak of pre recession spending in q4 2007. the current price value of household spending ( inflation included ) shows how much uk households spent. in q3 2012 it increased by 0. 8 per cent on the quarter, meaning it was 10. 5 per cent higher than q4 2007. in q3 2012, the value of uk household spending per head, in current price terms, was \u00a33, 840, an increase of 0. 6 per cent on the quarter, \u00a3241 higher than in q4 2007. household final consumption expenditure ( hhfce ) includes spending on goods and services except buying or extending a house, investment in valuables ( paintings, antiques ) or purchasing second - hand goods. explanations for these exceptions and the related concepts are available in the consumer trends guidance and methodology section. household expenditure is used in the national accounts to measure the contribution of households to economic growth and accounts for about 60 per cent of gdp. there are two measures : current prices : which is the value of spending in a particular quarter measured in the prices at that time. volume terms : which adjusts for price inflation and gives a better picture of whether households are purchasing more goods and services. analysis in this section of the statistical release is conducted from 1997 because this is the period from which revisions were applied in blue book 2012. starting in 1997 household final consumption expenditure : increased in current prices to \u00a3220. 5 billion ( in q1 2008 ), before falling to \u00a3212. 2 billion in q2 2009, then returning to predominantly positive growth to reach \u00a3243. 3 billion in the present quarter. increased to \u00a3228. 5 billion in volume terms in q4 2007, before falling to \u00a3213. 3 billion in q2 2009. it then increased slightly between q3 2009 and q4 2010, but since then has fallen back and is still lower than q4 2010. pre - 2007, increases in household spending were a consequence of households facing higher prices and buying more goods and services. however, in 2008 and 2009 households spent less because they bought less. since 2009, household spending has increased, but the volume of goods and services purchased has been broadly flat. in q3 2012, the value of household spending in current prices increased by 0. 8 per cent on the quarter, and by 4. 0 per cent on the same quarter in 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48792194326433636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.570760"} {"text": "but the volume of goods and services purchased has been broadly flat. in q3 2012, the value of household spending in current prices increased by 0. 8 per cent on the quarter, and by 4. 0 per cent on the same quarter in 2011. the volume measure of household spending increased by 0. 4 per cent on the quarter, and 1. 3 per cent on the same quarter in 2011. the increases in current price estimates and relative weakness ( small increases or falls ) in the volume estimates ( inflation adjusted ) signify households are spending more for a lower volume of goods and services than in the past. trends in household spending per head have followed a similar pattern to overall household expenditure. in q3 2012 the value of current price spending per head was \u00a33, 840, an increase of \u00a323 on the previous quarter. this continued the increases of the past year, between q3 2011 and q3 2012 household spending per head increased by \u00a3119. in q1 1997 the value of household spending per head in current prices was \u00a32, 155. it reached \u00a33, 599 in q4 2007 before falling to \u00a33, 435 in q2 2009. since that date the current price expenditure per head has continued to increase to reach the q3 2012 level of \u00a33, 840. the volume measure ( inflation adjusted ) of household spending per head increased to \u00a33, 431 in q3 2012, up \u00a37 from q2 2012. in the latest quarter, the largest share of household spending per head has been on \u2018 housing \u2019 ( which includes spending on electricity, gas and rental charges ). this accounts for almost 25 per cent of current price spending. in the latest quarter, spending on \u2018 housing \u2019 decreased to \u00a3942 per head, a fall of \u00a35 on the previous quarter. the main driver of this fall was reduced spending on \u2018 gas \u2019, which fell by \u00a318. this fall is emphasised by higher than average spending in q2 2012, when the met office recorded the coldest april and june for over 20 years. spending on \u2018 transport \u2019 is the next largest component of overall spending this quarter, with current expenditure rising to \u00a3565, a rise of \u00a33 on the quarter. \u2018 transport \u2019 expenditure includes the purchase of vehicles, the fuel to power vehicles, and other modes of transport. this reflects an increase in purchases of ' motor cars ', which has increased by \u00a310 to \u00a3164. with additional spending on olympic and paralympic tickets this quarter, spending per head on ' recreational and sporting services ' has increased by \u00a39 to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44213307975928734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.571835"} {"text": "transport. this reflects an increase in purchases of ' motor cars ', which has increased by \u00a310 to \u00a3164. with additional spending on olympic and paralympic tickets this quarter, spending per head on ' recreational and sporting services ' has increased by \u00a39 to a record level of \u00a337. in volume terms ( adjusted for inflation ), spending on \u2018 recreation and culture \u2019 made the largest contribution to the positive growth in q3 2012, increasing by 3. 3 per cent on the quarter. \u2018 recreational and sporting services \u2019 ( which has this quarter included sales of olympic and paralympic tickets ), has made the main contribution to growth, increasing by 31. 7 per cent this quarter. this is an increase of 34. 3 per cent when compared to q3 2011. \u2018 transport \u2019 also contributed to the overall increase in volume spending, with an increase of 1. 3 per cent. within \u2018 transport \u2019, ' motor cars ' were the main positive contribution to growth with an increase of 6. 9 per cent when compared to the previous quarter, and 23. 1 per cent when compared to q3 2011. even with the positive growth in the latest 2 quarters the volume of purchases in q3 2012 is still weaker in comparison to before the contraction in gdp in 2008. the largest negative contribution in the current quarter can be seen in \u2018 housing \u2019 which has fallen by 2. 1 per cent this quarter. in particular, there has been a large decrease in sales of \u2018 gas \u2019 which has fallen by 20. 1 per cent in volume terms. this large decrease is partially due to a higher than average q2 2012, when the met office recorded unseasonably low temperatures for the time of year, meaning households spent more on heating than normal. the household expenditure measure of prices is an important component of the gdp deflator which is used to determine price pressures in the economy. this quarter the seasonally adjusted household expenditure measure of prices ( the deflator ) increased by 0. 4 per cent. the household expenditure deflator ( seasonally adjusted ) is now 2. 8 per cent higher than in q3 2011. this continues the trend of positive deflator growth since 2009 q2, indicating the increased prices that households face when purchasing goods or services. although the household expenditure measure of price inflation is positive ( indicating increasing prices ) the growth in the first three quarters of 2012 is weaker than in 2010 and 2011. this indicates that the rate of increase in prices has slowed. in q3 2012, the largest increases in percentage terms in the household def", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4815893790910177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.573012"} {"text": "positive ( indicating increasing prices ) the growth in the first three quarters of 2012 is weaker than in 2010 and 2011. this indicates that the rate of increase in prices has slowed. in q3 2012, the largest increases in percentage terms in the household deflator were seen in \u2018 housing \u2019 and \u2018 restaurants and hotels \u2019 which grew by 1. 7 per cent and 1. 3 per cent respectively. it should be noted that the cpi and rpi are the two official main measures of inflation. from blue book 2011, cpi has been used to deflate estimates of household expenditure. households bought tickets, but the wider olympic and paralympic effects are more difficult to identify in consumer demand. during q3 2012, london played host to the 2012 olympic and paralympic games. in line with national accounts methods expenditure on ticket sales has been included in the latest quarter \u2019 s estimate, so that all expenditure is captured at the point the service was provided, rather than when the tickets were purchased. for household expenditure the ticket sales are included in the category ' recreational and sporting services ' which captures household spending on services provided by sports stadia, racecourses, golf courses and other sporting and recreation venues. this section uses current price data to analyse the changes in spending related to the olympics. spending on olympic and paralympic tickets accounted for almost \u00a3500 million of household spending in ' recreational and sporting services '. the increase in spending between q2 2012 and q3 2012 was exceptional in terms of growth for this category at \u00a3591 million ( 34 per cent on the quarter ) and took the total amount spent by households to \u00a32. 3 billion. household spending grew consistently for ten years from \u00a3849 million in q1 1997 to \u00a31, 692 million in q1 2007. household spending on ' recreational and sporting services ' was then flat for the four years between 2007 and 2011 ( a period spanning the recession ), with total spending remaining close to \u00a31, 500 million. in addition to changes in spending on recreational and sporting services it might be expected that other categories of household spending were affected ; for example, changes in spending on eating at home, eating out, travel to olympic and paralympic venues and accommodation. if there were changes in households spending behaviour these might appear in spending on food, alcohol, transport, restaurants and hotels. household spending on food for \u201c eating at home \u201d increased by 1. 4 per cent while the volume measure of food showed that households bought 0. 9 per cent more food, so the increase in spending was a combination of price changes and an increase in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4693353604365239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.574002"} {"text": "household spending on food for \u201c eating at home \u201d increased by 1. 4 per cent while the volume measure of food showed that households bought 0. 9 per cent more food, so the increase in spending was a combination of price changes and an increase in the amount of goods purchased. in terms of \u201c eating out \u201d in restaurants spending increased by 1. 6 per cent and when adjusted for inflation increased by 0. 3 per cent. but neither of these changes were particularly strong in the context of previous growth rates. this suggests that any positive or negative impact from the olympic and paralympic games was counter - balanced by other changes in households spending for this category. spending on accommodation services increased by 1. 2 per cent quarter on quarter but fell by 0. 2 per cent when adjusted for inflation. again, because these estimates are not unusual for the quarter this suggests that any positive or negative impact from the olympic and paralympic games was counter - balanced by other changes in spending on this category. in comparison, the index of services publication showed a 2. 0 per cent increase in output adjusted for inflation in the distribution, hotels and restaurants industry between q3 and q2 2012. this stronger growth could be related to the business to business spend or the impact of the distribution industry. in q3 2012 the major changes in spending on ' transport ' by households were driven by the purchase of motor vehicles. these estimates are based on information from the society of motor manufacturers and traders. apart from the ticket sales the possible direction of any olympic and paralympic games effect on household spending is difficult to isolate. this is because both uk and foreign tourists could be substituting their usual expenditure for olympic and paralympic games related expenditure in the same category. for example, households spending on accommodation related to olympic and paralympic events may have been a substitute for another holiday, and therefore not created any additional hotel spending. between q1 1997 and q1 2008 uk household spending abroad ( imports of tourism ) increased from \u00a33. 5 billion to \u00a39. 1 billion ( current prices seasonally adjusted ). following this, spending fell rapidly until q2 2009. spending by uk households abroad was then relatively stable up until q3 2011, after which it has grown in consecutive quarters to its current level. in q3 2012 uk households spent \u00a37. 4 billion abroad, its highest level since q1 2009. this increase in spending fits with the estimates produced in the ons publication, overseas travel and tourism which showed that : during the period july to september, uk residents made 1 per cent more visits abroad than in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43344686290313084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.575003"} {"text": "its highest level since q1 2009. this increase in spending fits with the estimates produced in the ons publication, overseas travel and tourism which showed that : during the period july to september, uk residents made 1 per cent more visits abroad than in the corresponding period in 2011, and spent 7 per cent more on these visits. the met office also reported that summer 2012 ( june, july and august ) was the wettest in 100 years, which could have influenced uk households decision to holiday abroad. foreign households spending in the uk ( exports of tourism ) was relatively flat between q1 1997 and q4 2003. since then, the amount of money spent by foreign tourists when holidaying in the uk has increased from \u00a33. 7 billion to \u00a36. 0 billion in q3 2012. again the overseas travel and tourism publication supports this : during the period july to september 2012, overseas residents made 4 per cent fewer visits to the uk than in the corresponding period in 2011. however, they spent 6 per cent more on these visits. spending by foreign tourists holidaying in the uk has continued to grow since q3 2010 in current prices seasonally adjusted terms. whilst the latest quarter is continuing the trend, the fact that the increase in spending is not exceptional suggests that foreign tourists coming to the uk to attend olympic and paralympic events were replacing rather than adding to the normal numbers who holiday in the uk. the level of uk tourist spending abroad and foreign tourist spending in the uk is captured by the international passenger survey ( ips ). the foreign tourist expenditure is subsequently removed from the hhfce estimate at national level ( exports of goods and services ). exports of goods and services are therefore normally expressed as a negative value. information on uk residents \u2019 spending abroad is also collected by the ips. this is then included in the hhfce estimate at national level ( imports of goods and services ). when analysing patterns of imports and exports of tourism, there are a number of influencing factors, for example changing popularity of holiday destinations and currency exchange rates. in common with all components of uk gross domestic product ( gdp ), household final consumption expenditure ( hhfce ) estimates are subject to the revisions policy of the uk national accounts. this allows revisions to estimates to be made at particular times of the year. in q3 2012, the revisions to total household final consumption expenditure have been made from the first quarter of 2011. revisions between the previous edition of consumer trends ( q2 2012 ) and the latest hhfce estimates are summar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4364025527525892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.576065"} {"text": "the year. in q3 2012, the revisions to total household final consumption expenditure have been made from the first quarter of 2011. revisions between the previous edition of consumer trends ( q2 2012 ) and the latest hhfce estimates are summarised in table 1 \u2018 revisions to household final consumption expenditure \u2019. they reflect updated data from suppliers, as well as adjustments to hhfce as a result of the gdp balancing process. | revisions to value ( current prices ) | | revisions to growth ( current prices ) | | revisions to growth ( volume measure ) | consumer trends guidance offers full details regarding this publication. date of this publication : 21 december, 2012. next edition : the next edition of consumer trends, q4 2012, will be published on 27 march 2013. estimates will be consistent with blue book 2012. ons would like to invite users of the household expenditure and income estimates to a user seminar. the seminar will cover the consumer trends and economic position of households publications, and the detailed estimates contained within, which feed into the estimate of the size of the uk economy ( gdp ). this event will offer the opportunity for suppliers and users of the data to discuss their priorities. household final consumption expenditure estimates produced in consumer trends are produced according to the national accounts timetable. the preliminary estimate of gdp for the fourth quarter of 2012 will be published on 25 january 2013, followed by the second estimate of gdp on 27 february 2013. the next full set of quarterly national accounts will be published on 27 march 2013. basic quality information for consumer trends statistical bulletin summary quality reports a summary quality report ( 134. 3 kb pdf ) for this statistical bulletin can be found on the national statistics website. key quality issues household expenditure volume series are chainlinked annually. estimates in this consumer trends are now based on 2009 price structures, i. e the chained volume measure estimate in 2009 equals the current price value of expenditure in 2009. growth in each year up to and including 2009 is calculated at average prices of the previous year. growth from 2009 onwards is calculated at average prices of 2009. volume series are only additive for the most recent periods ; annual data for 2009 onwards and quarterly data for quarter one 2010 onwards. common pitfalls in interpreting series : very few statistical revisions arise as a result of \u2018 errors \u2019 in the popular sense of the word. all estimates, by definition, are subject to statistical \u2018 error \u2019 but in this context the word refers to the uncertainty inherent in any process or calculation that uses sampling, estimation or modelling. most revisions reflect either the adoption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4785252470411027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.577214"} {"text": "the popular sense of the word. all estimates, by definition, are subject to statistical \u2018 error \u2019 but in this context the word refers to the uncertainty inherent in any process or calculation that uses sampling, estimation or modelling. most revisions reflect either the adoption of new statistical techniques or the incorporation of new information which allows the statistical error of previous estimates to be reduced. only rarely are there avoidable \u2018 errors \u2019 such as human or system failures and such mistakes are made quite clear when they do occur. household final consumption expenditure estimates published in consumer trends are a component of the gdp expenditure approach. however, the preliminary estimate for gdp is produced based on the gdp output approach. historic experience shows that the output approach provides the best timely approach to measuring gdp growth. gdp growth according to the expenditure and income approaches is therefore brought into line with that recorded by output. further quarterly national accounts, quarterly sector accounts and financial accounts tables are available in the united kingdom economic accounts. details of the policy governing the release of new data are available from the press office. view the latest podcasts on youtube code of practice national statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the uk statistics authority ' s code of practice for official statistics. they undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure that they meet customer needs. they are produced free from any political interference. for information about the content of this publication, contact gareth clancy. tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1633 45 5889. other customer enquiries ons customer contact centre tel : 0845 601 3034 international : + 44 ( 0 ) 845 601 3034 minicom : 01633 815044 fax : 01633 652747 post : room 1. 101, government buildings, cardiff road, newport, south wales np10 8xg. tel : 0845 604 1858 ( 8. 30am \u2013 5. 30pm weekdays ). details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www. statisticsauthority. gov. uk / assessment / code - of - practice / index. html or from the media relations office email : email @ example. com | gareth clancy | | + 44 ( 0 ) 1633 455889 | | household expenditure, | | firstname. lastname @ example. org |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5817146989754141, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.578140"} {"text": "edited by : sports medicine team last updated : thursday, december 31, 2009 | shoulder instability ( also called subluxation ) and shoulder dislocation are potentially painful and disabling conditions, and the treatments for these conditions vary widely depending upon the severity of symptoms and signs. many patients will improve with the appropriate bracing and physical therapy. however, for those patients who require surgery, arthroscopic shoulder surgery should be used to both define and diagnose the exact nature of the joint instability. in most cases, the problem can be treated using specially - designed instruments working through very small incisions with a minimum of discomfort and without the need for a hospital stay. the terms \u201c instability \u201d, \u201c subluxation \u201d and \u201c dislocation \u201d mean different things to different people. in addition, the term \u201c shoulder instability \u201d is a term that encompasses a vast spectrum of shoulder problems. in the simplest sense, the shoulder is like a \u201c ball and socket \u201d joint. figure 1a shows the front view of a right shoulder. figure 1b shows the view from behind of a right shoulder. for the sake of simplicity, the surrounding muscles and tendons are not shown, but the glenoid ( socket ) and humeral head are labled. figure 2 shows an mri view looking down through the shoulder joint from above. the glenoid and humeral head are labled. ( figures 1a and 1b are redrawn from warner et al. am j sports med 1992 : 20 : 675 ) subluxation and dislocation both represent problems that occur when the \u201c ball \u201d ( or humeral head ) doesn \u2019 t stay centered correctly in the \u201c socket \u201d ( or glenoid ). these problems may manifest themselves in a variety of ways ; from pain with the normal activities of daily living, to the inability to lift the arm without dislocating the joint, and everything in between. for many patients, the diagnosis is made in the emergency room after they have dislocated their shoulder during sports or an accident. many other people who have subtle instability can be misdiagnosed as having \u201c rotator cuff tear \u201d or \u201c bursitis \u201d. an experienced shoulder surgeon or sports medicine surgeon can usually recognize the signs of shoulder instability. often, the diagnosis is confirmed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques ( mri ), however many people can have a \u201c normal mri \u201d appearance and debilitating symptoms \u2014 so a thorough clinical examination by an experienced orthopedic shoulder surgeon is recommended. video 1 shows a patient being examined prior", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48528170417899386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.607947"} {"text": "magnetic resonance imaging techniques ( mri ), however many people can have a \u201c normal mri \u201d appearance and debilitating symptoms \u2014 so a thorough clinical examination by an experienced orthopedic shoulder surgeon is recommended. video 1 shows a patient being examined prior to surgery. the right shoulder can be subluxed out of joint in the anterior direction. note : video may be slow to load on non - broadband internet connections. modem users may wish to right click ( or command click for macs ) and save the file locally for viewing. for many people, a conservative approach with physical therapy and a home - based strengthening program can resolve the pain or symptoms of instability. those who do not improve with therapy, high - demand athletes, and overhead workers may require surgery to achieve a functional, painless range of motion. when surgery is required, it is of utmost importance that the surgeon look for and address all the potential causes of instability in the joint. if any of the factors contributing to instability is not addressed, the surgery will fail. arthroscopic shoulder surgery, or shoulder arthroscopy is a valuable tool to diagnose and treat shoulder instability and dislocation. using the scope, an experienced surgeon can evaluate the entire shoulder joint and can usually treat the conditions leading to instability through very small incisions using specially - designed instruments and devices. in a small subpopulation of patients, a formal open surgery ( using an incision about 3 \u201d to 5 \u201d long ) will be required to correctly address the problem ( s ) encountered. the goal of surgery is to re - establish the stability of the humeral head in the shallow glenoid socket without compromising the shoulder range of motion. this is a delicate balance, and the results are most predictable in the hands of a highly - specialized surgical team that is familiar with the various techniques and instruments and who perform the surgery often. such a team will maximize the benefits of the surgery and minimize the risks. the procedure can usually be performed within a few hours under general ( or nerve block ) anaesthesia, and the patient can be discharged to home with a minimum of discomfort. in addition, the scope allows the surgeon to take pictures and video to show to the patient what problem ( s ) existed and how the problem was addressed. patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder stabilization require a limited period in a sling ( usually 2 - to 3 - weeks ) with some simple range - of - motion exercises at home. they will require fairly intensive outpatient physical therapy for re - establishing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4910795497756952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.609030"} {"text": ". patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder stabilization require a limited period in a sling ( usually 2 - to 3 - weeks ) with some simple range - of - motion exercises at home. they will require fairly intensive outpatient physical therapy for re - establishing pain - free motion and strengthening the shoulder muscles for a few months. normally, a person can return to most forms of normal activity within 6 weeks, and limited athletics between 10 and 14 weeks. a return to all activities and even contact athletics can usually be accomplished between 14 and 24 weeks, depending on the sport. watch a video : characteristics of shoulder dislocation, subluxation, and instability by definition, all forms shoulder dislocation and shoulder instability share the common bond that the humeral head ( or \u201c ball \u201d at the top of the arm bone or humerus ) does not stay adequately centered on the glenoid ( or \u201c socket \u201d attached to the shoulder blade ). this instability can be subtle, manifesting as pain at the shoulder or upper arm with overhead activities ; mild to moderate, manifesting as the inability to perform overhead activities without apprehension ( or the sense that the shoulder could dislocate ) ; or severe, in which the shoulder can easily dislocate voluntarily or involuntarily during any activities, overhead or otherwise. figure 3 shows the humeral head dislocated from the glenoid socket ( redrawn from burkhart et al. arthroscopy. 2000 : 16 : 7 : 682 ) a dislocation following trauma ( such as a sports injury or auto accident ) may be obvious, requiring emergent relocation. however, subtle instabilities can be difficult to diagnose correctly in the hands of physicians who do not normally examine the shoulder. these are not infrequently misdiagnosed as \u201c rotator cuff tears \u201d or \u201c bursitis \u201d. in addition, shoulder instability can occur in concert with other shoulder problems, so if the instability is not recognized and treated, the results of a rotator cuff surgery or surgery to remove \u201c bone spurs \u201d may not alleviate the symptoms. most patients with significant instability will have the sense that the shoulder \u201c feels like it could come out of joint \u201d when in certain positions, or have the sense that the shoulder \u201c pops out and in \u201d frequently with activities. the wide range of problems that contribute to shoulder instability can be defined in several ways, including : in fact, the severity, direction and mechanism all influence how the shoulder should best be treated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4344773859576037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.610046"} {"text": "that the shoulder \u201c pops out and in \u201d frequently with activities. the wide range of problems that contribute to shoulder instability can be defined in several ways, including : in fact, the severity, direction and mechanism all influence how the shoulder should best be treated, so all of these factors must be considered. severe shoulder instability, manifested by frequent dislocations and subluxations during normal activities of daily living are less likely to resolve without surgery, but are also most difficult to treat. a subset of patients who may not improve with surgery are those who voluntarily or willfully dislocate their shoulders regularly, or those who are not willing or not able to undergo the appropriate postoperative rehabilitation. dislocations and subluxations can also occur in people without any inciting event. this is called atraumatic instability, and can be more difficult to treat. many people who suffer from atraumatic instability are usually also \u201c double jointed \u201d or \u201c ligamentously lax \u201d in other joints. because the shoulder is the joint in the human body with the largest range of motion ( i. e. it is relatively less stable anyway ), the extra laxity or give in the shoulder can predispose it to subluxation or dislocation. the most common direction for dislocation and subluxation ( instability ) to occur is to the front of the shoulder ( anterior dislocation ). anterior dislocations and subluxations are frequently associated with a disruption of the stabilizing ligaments at the front edge of the glenoid ( this ligament tear is termed a \u201c bankart lesion \u201d ), but can occur in the absence of any discrete injury as well. true posterior dislocations are rare, and are usually the result of seizures or major trauma. posterior subluxation, however, can occur after repetitive athletic trauma, particularly in weight lifters and contact athletes in sports such as hockey, lacrosse, and football. persons who have atraumatic instability due to laxity of their shoulder ligaments may sublux or dislocate their shoulder in more than one direction ; this is called \u201c multidirectional instability \u201d or \u201c mdi \u201d. multidirectional instability is usually related more to an inherent elasticity in the connective tissues around the shoulder joint, and not to a discreet injury to any particular ligaments of the shoulder capsule. physical therapy is the mainstay of treatment for mild multidirectional instability ( mdi ). more severe mdi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5028170692761421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.611042"} {"text": "connective tissues around the shoulder joint, and not to a discreet injury to any particular ligaments of the shoulder capsule. physical therapy is the mainstay of treatment for mild multidirectional instability ( mdi ). more severe mdi may require surgery if a patient is to maintain an active lifestyle. similar conditionsunless a true dislocation occurs that must be relocated in the emergency room, the presentation of shoulder instability can be subtle, and the diagnosis can be confused with several other conditions. instability of the shoulder joint can lead to shoulder pain or apprehension ( the avoidance or of overhead activities due to a sense that the shoulder could dislocate ). however, there are many other causes of pain and apprehension in the shoulder, including rotator cuff tears, shoulder arthritis or degenerative changes, or impingement ( friction between the top of the rotator cuff and bone spurs at the bony roof of the shoulder joint ). not uncommonly, these different problems can occur simultaneously ( i. e. instability can lead to arthritis or to rotator cuff tears or to impingment, and alternatively a rotator cuff tear can lead to subtle instability ). for these reasons, a comprehensive shoulder examination by an experienced physician is important. incidence and risk factors the shoulder joint had the greatest range of motion of all the joints in the human body and every individual is unique in terms of the amount of ligamentous laxity ( or flexibility ) they have. for this reason, the \u201c stability \u201d of the shoulder joint is relative from person to person and shoulder to shoulder. in general terms, in the \u201c normal \u201d shoulder the humeral head ( ball ) should not travel more than a few millimeters in any direction from the center the glenoid ( socket ) \u2014 it should behave essentially as a \u201c ball and socket joint \u201d. \u201c instability \u201d of the shoulder joint should therefore be defined as excessive motion of the head away from the center of the socket ( glenoid ) that produces pain or the inability to perform activities of daily living, overhead motions, or sports. the same degree of movement causing symptoms in one person may be perfectly acceptable to another. it is therefore difficult to give an exact percentage of persons who suffer from any particular form of instability. once a young person ( who is still growing ) suffers a shoulder dislocation, it is statistically likely that they will dislocate again. studies have shown that when a dislocation occurs in a child with open growth plates, there is up to a 100 % chance that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.480858602972558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.612093"} {"text": "growing ) suffers a shoulder dislocation, it is statistically likely that they will dislocate again. studies have shown that when a dislocation occurs in a child with open growth plates, there is up to a 100 % chance that they will dislocate again. in young adults ( after the growth plates begin closing but younger than 20 years old ), the re - dislocation rate is about 55 % to 95 %. people who suffer their first dislocation after 30 or 40 years of age are much less likely to suffer another dislocation without a significant traumatic event ( usually less than 10 % to 15 % ). unfortunately, older persons who dislocate their shoulders may develop other problems as a result of the dislocation, such as fractures at the joint or rotator cuff tears. risk factors for shoulder instability include : a physician can diagnose shoulder instability by reviewing the patients history, performing a thorough physical examination and shoulder examination, and through the use of imaging techniques such as x - rays and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). the physical examination and history remain the most reliable means to diagnose instability, because several persons will have no abnormalities present on x - ray or mri. x - rays may show bony injuries to the glenoid socket ( termed a \u201c bony bankart lesion \u201d ) or to the humeral head ( termed a \u201c hill - sach \u2019 s lesion \u201d ). mri may demonstrate tears of the stabilizing ligaments of the shoulder joint ( termed \u201c labral tears \u201d, \u201c capsular disruptions \u201d or \u201c soft tissue bankart lesion \u201d. alternatively, the mri may demonstrate an abnormally large or \u201c loose \u201d shoulder capsule ( joint ). figure 4 shows an mri of an unstable shoulder. the stabilizing ligaments are torn from the front of the glenoid ( arrow ). figure 5 shows an arthroscopic view of the ligament attachments ( l ) the metal probe is on the labrum, where the ligament attaches. the top view is a normal attachment, the middle is a mild tear, below is a severely torn ligament attachment. there are no medications that can treat the excess laxity or instability of the shoulder joint. however, some medications such as non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) will frequently help to ease pain or symptoms related to the unstable shoulder. these medications can be quite helpful, but can also have side effects and therefore should be taken under the supervision of a physician experienced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4670971404219168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.613075"} {"text": "steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) will frequently help to ease pain or symptoms related to the unstable shoulder. these medications can be quite helpful, but can also have side effects and therefore should be taken under the supervision of a physician experienced in their use. injections of steroids ( cortisone ) or lubricants ( such as hyaluronic acid ) into the shoulder have little role in the treatment of instability and carry some risk of infection. for any medications taken, patients should learn : the stability of the shoulder joint is dependent upon a balance of several factors, including : of all these factors, the one that can be addressed most easily is the strength and function of the rotator cuff muscles. frequently, the extra laxity of the shoulder joint capsule can be overcome by strengthening the muscles around the joint that are used to stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid socket. these muscles can be strengthened effectively with a supervised and home physical therapy program designed to selectively balance and strengthen the four muscles around the shoulder that comprise the \u201c cuff \u201d ( called the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis ). most general shoulder exercisers in the gym do not adequately isolate and address rotator cuff strengthening, so it is important to learn which exercises are most beneficial. if the exercises are performed gently several times per day on an ongoing basis, many patients will obtain relief of their symptoms and suffer few or no episodes of instability. it is important for patients to learn the possible risks of physical therapy as well as its cost. the anticipated effectiveness of physical therapy is dependent upon the degree and nature of the instability. possible benefits of arthroscopic shoulder surgery in persons who have recurrent episodes of shoulder subluxation or dislocation who continue to have instability despite an adequate trial of physical therapy, surgical stabilization of the shoulder is the most effective method to restore comfort and eliminate the symptoms. a qualified shoulder surgeon can isolate the factors contributing to instability, including tears of the glenoid socket \u201c lip \u201d ( or \u201c labrum \u201d ), tears of the shoulder capsule and ligaments, bony fractures of the glenoid socket or humeral head, the integrity of the rotator cuff tendons, or excessive laxity or volume of the shoulder capsule. video 2 shows a short \u201c diagnostic arthroscopy \u201d of the shoulder, a virtual tour around the joint. this person has a normal glenohumeral ligament attachment, but a partial - thickness rot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43122630969549186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.614122"} {"text": "physical therapy to try and limit the possibility of recurrence. several options are available to the patient and the surgeon, depending on the problem that causes the instability. in most cases, the problem to be treated will dictate the nature of the surgical procedure performed. in the hands of a surgeon who is experienced with arthroscopic shoulder surgery, almost all of the following procedures can be performed alone or together to restore joint stability and eliminate pain using arthroscopic techniques : patients who have large bony fractures at the glenoid socket or humeral head ( \u201c bony bankart lesions \u201d or \u201c hill - sach \u2019 s defects ) or those who have true multi - directional instability ( mdi ) may require an open procedure ( using a larger incision ) to adequately stabilize the shoulder. effectivenessin the hands of an experienced surgeon, shoulder stabilization can be very effective in eliminating instability and restoring comfort and function to the shoulder of a well - motivated patient. the greatest benefits are often the ability to perform the usual activities of daily living, overhead activities, and sports without the fear of subluxation, dislocation or pain. as long as the shoulder is cared for properly and subsequent traumatic injuries are avoided, the benefits on stabilization should be permanent. a dislocated shoulder ( one that is \u201c out of joint \u201d ) must be relocated on an emergent basis. any patient who thinks they have had a dislocation, or who can not move the shoulder appropriately after an injury must be evaluated in the emergency room as soon as possible to avoid a possible permanent injury to the nerves or blood vessels around the shoulder. most often, the dislocated shoulder can be relocated into the joint with a mild sedative in the emergency room. x - rays must be taken to confirm that the shoulder has been appropriately relocated. unless the shoulder can not be relocated or is stuck \u201c out of joint \u201d, surgical shoulder stabilization is not an emergency. the relocated shoulder is likely to remain in the joint as long as the patient is willing to wear a sling or brace and avoid motions that create un \u201c unstable \u201d feeling. many persons who suffer their first episode of instability ( particularly persons over the age of 30 - 40 years ) may never require surgery to have a fully - functional, stable shoulder after an adequate period of bracing and physical therapy. persons who suffer frequent or multiple dislocations may wish to have surgery to stabilize the shoulder, but such patients have time to adequately become informed about the surgical options and select an experienced surgeon. before surgery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4788553520646821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.616343"} {"text": "an adequate period of bracing and physical therapy. persons who suffer frequent or multiple dislocations may wish to have surgery to stabilize the shoulder, but such patients have time to adequately become informed about the surgical options and select an experienced surgeon. before surgery is undertaken, the patient needs to : risksthe risks of arthroscopic or open shoulder stabilization procedures include but are not limited to the following : infection, temporary or permanent injury to the nerves and blood vessels around the shoulder, excessive stiffness of the joint, recurrent instability or loosening of the joint, recurrent tears of the rotator cuff, pain, allergic reactions to any implants or suture materials used to stabilize the joint, the need for additional surgeries. the anaesthesia used during the procedure also has some risks, that can be addressed by the anaesthesiologist. the experienced and cautious surgical team uses special techniques to minimize all the above risks. adverse events following shoulder surgery are extremely rare, but they can not be completely eliminated. managing riskmany of the risks of surgical stabilization can be effectively managed if they are promptly identified and treated. infections may require a wash - out of the joint, and rarely require removal of any implanted materials. blood vessel or nerve injuries are rare, and most resolve spontaneously. occasionally, such an injury may require surgical repair. excessive stiffness of the joint is rare in the person who is cooperative with the postoperative rehabilitation program, and most of the stiffness will respond to exercises. excessive laxity or loosening of the joint is a sign that the surgery has not completely addressed the instability, and may require further evaluation and management. if a patient has questions or concerns about the \u201c normal \u201d course after surgery, the surgeon should be informed as soon as possible and be available to explain the expected course and outcome. surgical shoulder stabilization is considered for healthy and motivated individuals in whom instability interferes with shoulder function and activity. successful surgery depends upon a partnership between the patient and the experienced shoulder surgeon. patients should optimize their health to prepare for surgery. smoking should be stopped one month prior to surgery, and be avoided altogether for at least three months following surgery. any heart, lung, kidney, bladder, tooth, or gum problems should be managed before the shoulder surgery. any active infections will delay elective surgery to optimize the benefit and reduce the risk of shoulder joint infection. the surgeon should be made aware of any health issues, including allergies and non - prescription and prescription medications being taken. some medications will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4807988082358319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.617402"} {"text": "active infections will delay elective surgery to optimize the benefit and reduce the risk of shoulder joint infection. the surgeon should be made aware of any health issues, including allergies and non - prescription and prescription medications being taken. some medications will need to be held or stopped prior to surgery. for instance, aspirin and anti - inflammatory medications ( advil\u00ae, motrin\u00ae, alleve\u00ae, and other nsaids ) should be discontinued as they will affect intra - operative and postoperative bleeding. before surgery, patients should consider the limitations, alternatives and risks to surgery. patients must recognize that the procedure is a process and not an event : the benefit of the surgery depends a large part on the patient \u2019 s willingness to apply effort to rehabilitation after surgery. patients must plan on being less active and functional for 12 to 16 weeks after the surgery. driving, shopping and performing overhead chores, lifting, and repetitive arm activities may be difficult or impossible during this time. plans for the necessary assistance need to be made before surgery. for individuals who live alone or those without readily - available help, arrangements for home help should be made well in advance. timingunless the shoulder is dislocated or stuck \u201c out of joint \u201d ; shoulder stabilization surgery can be delayed until the time that suits the patient best. persons who suffer several subluxations or dislocations on a daily or weekly basis risk further injuries to the shoulder joint or capsule that could compromise the surgical result. coststhe surgeon \u2019 s office should provide a reasonable estimate of : surgical teamshoulder stabilization, particularly when done through the arthroscope is a technically demanding procedure that must be performed by an experienced, specially trained shoulder surgeon in a medical center accustomed to performing complex arthroscopic shoulder procedures on a weekly basis. patients should inquire as to the specific training the surgeon has undergone to perform such procedures ( i. e. a fellowship - trained, sports medicine specialist familiar with arthroscopic techniques and equipment ) and also as to how many of these procedures the surgeon and the medical center perform on a yearly basis. finding an experienced surgeonwhile surgeons who are capable of performing simple arthroscopic procedures are relatively easy to find, complex reconstructive surgeries in the shoulder ( like arthroscopic stabilization procedures and arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs ) demand a degree of highly - specialized training. many capable surgeons will have completed a fellowship ( additional year or two of training ) specifically in arthroscopic techniques", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4184180877880072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.618392"} {"text": "( like arthroscopic stabilization procedures and arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs ) demand a degree of highly - specialized training. many capable surgeons will have completed a fellowship ( additional year or two of training ) specifically in arthroscopic techniques, shoulder surgery and sports medicine. a qualified sports medicine surgeon should be comfortable with both open ( traditional ) and arthroscopic techniques, and tailor the appropriate treatment to the problem to be addressed. fellowship - trained surgeons may be located through university schools of medicine, county medical societies, or state orthopedic societies. other resources include professional societies such as the american orthopedic society for sports medicine ( aossm ) or the american shoulder and elbow surgeon \u2019 s society ( ases ). facilitiesarthroscopic shoulder stabilization is usually performed in a qualified ambulatory surgical center or major medical center that performs such procedures on a regular basis. these centers have surgical teams, facilities, and equipment specially designed for this type of surgery. for those patients who require an overnight stay, the centers have nurses and therapists who are accustomed to assisting patients in their recovery from shoulder stabilization. shoulder stabilization, either arthroscopic or through an open incision is a highly technical procedure ; each step plays a critical role in the outcome. after the patient is comfortably positioned in a seated position and anesthetic has been administered, the shoulder is given a sterile washed and draped for surgery. the surgeon begins by examining the shoulder while the patient is asleep or the shoulder relaxed so he or she can assess the relative stability of the joint, the range of motion, and feel for any abnormal grinding or catching of the joint. next, one or two very small ( 1cm ) incisions, or \u201c portals \u201d are made, usually one in the front and one behind the shoulder joint. through these small portals, hollow instruments called \u201c canulas \u201d are placed that irrigate the inside of the shoulder joint with sterile saline and \u201c inflate \u201d the joint with clear fluid. the canulas allow the placement of an arthroscopic camera and specially designed instruments within the shoulder joint. figure 6 shows the 2 healed incisions several weeks following an instability repair. the surgeon maneuvers the camera around the joint while he or she watches a video monitor of what the camera \u201c sees \u201d. a highly - skilled surgeon can evaluate all of the important structures within the joint, test their stability and integrity, and look for signs of ligament injuries, cartilage wear ( or arthritis ), and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43473727644595295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.619475"} {"text": "video monitor of what the camera \u201c sees \u201d. a highly - skilled surgeon can evaluate all of the important structures within the joint, test their stability and integrity, and look for signs of ligament injuries, cartilage wear ( or arthritis ), and bony injuries that can be caused by or lead to shoulder instability or dislocation. ( see video 2 ) most often, the surgeon will take photographs of the interior of the joint to help to explain to the patient what was found, and how it was corrected. this portion of the surgery is called a \u201c diagnostic arthroscopy \u201d and is absolutely necessary to assure the success of any surgical procedure for shoulder instability ( even if an mri had been obtained prior to the procedure ). this is because the arthroscopic examination of the joint is still the \u201c gold standard \u201d, or best way to understand all of the factors that could be present and may need to be addressed to treat the problem. once the surgeon understands what structures within the joint are injured or torn, he or she will choose the best possible surgical approach to treat the problem. a highly - skilled surgeon who is comfortable with the anatomy of the joint and who has exceptional skills with specially - designed arthroscopic instruments and implants can usually address the problem without the need for large incisions. for the most common types of shoulder instability or dislocation, the ligaments at the front of the shoulder that hold the head in the glenoid socket are torn or loose from the lip of the glenoid ( or labrum ). using special implants called \u201c suture anchors \u201d the surgeon can repair the ligaments and labrum in place and tighten them as necessary. these anchors are buried into the bone, and most are made of absorbable materials that will disintegrate over time after the shoulder has healed. figure 7a shows the labrum ( l ) torn away from the glenoid surface. figure 7b shows the labrum ( l ) repaired to the glenoid using three suture anchors. other injuries, such as tears of the origin of the biceps muscle tendon ( called a slap lesion ) can also be seen and addressed during the procedure. figure 8a shows the biceps ( bi ) and labrum torn away from the top of the glenoid. figure 8b shows the biceps ( bi ) and labrum repaired to the labrum using a suture anchor. very rarely, a patient will have severe dislocation is multiple directions ( multidirectional instability or mdi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46220157604346146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.620751"} {"text": "glenoid. figure 8b shows the biceps ( bi ) and labrum repaired to the labrum using a suture anchor. very rarely, a patient will have severe dislocation is multiple directions ( multidirectional instability or mdi ) and will require an \u201c open \u201d approach to the shoulder joint through and incision in the front ( or in very rare cases, in the back ) of the joint. this incision is made in such a way to access the joint without damaging the important deltoid or pectoralis muscles that are important for the shoulder \u2019 s power. the open surgical approach requires that one of the rotator cuff muscles be moved or split to access the joint and repaired after the procedure is completed. during this open approach, the capsule of the joint is tightened by repositioning the excess or loose ligament tissue into a more suitable position, akin to making a pleat in a pant. the indications for open shoulder stabilization procedures differ according to the degree of instability, and the comfort level and skill of the surgeon with arthroscopic approaches. at the conclusion of the procedure, any incisions are closed using absorbable or removable sutures. frequently, a surgeon will insert a temporary, easily - removable catheter ( a tiny, flexible plastic tube ) into the shoulder joint that is connected to an automatic pump filled with anesthetic solution. this \u201c pain pump \u201d can help considerably with postoperative discomfort, and is removed by the patient or their family 2 or 3 days after surgery. the patient \u2019 s shoulder is placed into a postoperative sling to protect the shoulder during the early postoperative period. the absorbable \u201c suture anchors \u201d or implants are gradually absorbed and the sutures attached are incorporated into the healing tissues. when metallic anchors are used ( a matter of surgeon preference ), these are buried in the bone, and do not affect the integrity of the bone or the shoulder joint. further surgery is not normally required to remove the suture anchors after healing. arthroscopic and traditional open shoulder stabilization procedures may be performed under a general anesthetic or under a brachial plexus regional block that makes the shoulder and arm numb during and for several hours after the procedure. the patient may wish to discuss their preferences with the anesthesiologist prior to surgery. length of arthroscopic shoulder surgerythe procedure takes approximately 2 to 2 1 / 2 hours, however, the preoperative preparation and postoperative recovery can easily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4532247134357422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.623581"} {"text": "wish to discuss their preferences with the anesthesiologist prior to surgery. length of arthroscopic shoulder surgerythe procedure takes approximately 2 to 2 1 / 2 hours, however, the preoperative preparation and postoperative recovery can easily double this time. patients usually spend 1 or 2 hours in the recovery room. patients who undergo arthroscopic procedures almost always are comfortable enough to be discharged home. those undergoing more traditional open procedures may require one night \u2019 s hospitalization. pain and pain management recovery of comfort and function following shoulder stabilization procedures continues over a few months. initially, the shoulder must be protected from overuse or stressing the repair while the shoulder heals using a sling and a very strict rehabilitation program. ironically, many patients who undergo arthroscopic procedures feel very comfortable long before the healing has taken place, probably because the approach spares the patient from large incisions and dissection through the muscle tissues. immediately postoperatively, the patient is given strong medications ( such as morphine or demerol ) to help with the discomfort of swelling and the work of the surgery. frequently, at the end of the operation a surgeon can insert a temporary, easily - removable catheter ( a tiny, flexible plastic tube ) into the shoulder joint that is connected to an automatic pump filled with anesthetic solution. this \u201c pain pump \u201d can help considerably with postoperative discomfort, and is removed by the patient or their family 2 or 3 days after surgery. most patients are discharged to home with a prescription for oral pain medications ( such as hydrocodone or tylenol with codeine ) and an anti - inflammatory medication. after the \u201c pain pump \u201d is removed 2 or 3 days after the operation, the oral medications alone are sufficient for occasional discomfort. use of medicationsimmediately postoperatively, pain medications are given through an intravenous ( iv ) line. patients who require a hospital stay are placed on patient controlled anesthesia ( pca ) to allow them to administer their own medication as it is needed. most patients will go home with a \u201c pain pump \u201d catheter in place connected to an automatic pump that will administer pain medication directly into the shoulder at a constant rate for 2 or 3 days. oral pain medications are rarely required after the first week or two following the procedure. effectiveness of medicationspain medications are very powerful and effective. their proper use lies in the balancing of their pain - relieving effect and their other, less desirable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.430945107957378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.624728"} {"text": ". oral pain medications are rarely required after the first week or two following the procedure. effectiveness of medicationspain medications are very powerful and effective. their proper use lies in the balancing of their pain - relieving effect and their other, less desirable effects. good pain control is an important part of appropriate postoperative management. important side effects the medication in the \u201c pain pump \u201d has a similar effect to the medications used by the dentist during dental procedures \u2014 it \u201c numbs \u201d the shoulder joint slightly so that the pain is minimal. these medications have few side effects, and do not cause drowsiness or gastrointestinal side effects. other pain medications ( taken through the iv or orally ) can cause drowsiness, slowness of breathing, difficulties in emptying the bladder or bowel, nausea, vomiting, itching, or allergic reactions. patients who have been on pain medications for a long time prior to surgery may find that the usual doses of pain medication are less effective. for some patients, balancing the benefits and side effects of medications is challenging. patients should notify their surgeon if they have had previous difficulties with pain medications or pain control. most patients will not require a hospital stay after a shoulder stabilization procedure, particularly if done through the arthroscope. generally, a person must spend an hour or two in the recovery room until the anesthetic medication has worn off. the instructions for the care of their shoulder, bathing, use of medications, and potential problems are explained to the patient and their family prior to discharge. recovery and rehabilitation in the hospital when the patient is ready for discharge they should have been explained : because fluid is used to expand the shoulder joint during arthroscopic procedures, the shoulder is frequently swollen for a few days following surgery. also, the incisions will \u201c weep \u201d fluid for a couple of days postoperatively, and the dressing can become damp. the patient is asked to refrain from using the shoulder and arm even if it feels good for 3 to 4 weeks after the procedure and remove the sling only to perform a strict set of limited exercises of the wrist, elbow and shoulder. these exercises will be explained prior to discharge. some patients find that finding a comfortable position to sleep can be difficult for the first few days. some tricks to help sleeping are to : for the first 3 or 4 weeks, a home program of rest and limited self - therapy is usually recommended. then, as healing has progressed, the arm is removed from the sling and a formal rehabilitation program is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4506507375784799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.625804"} {"text": "some tricks to help sleeping are to : for the first 3 or 4 weeks, a home program of rest and limited self - therapy is usually recommended. then, as healing has progressed, the arm is removed from the sling and a formal rehabilitation program is started with the physical therapist, on an outpatient basis. some early motion is important after shoulder stabilization, but unrestricted motion can endanger the success of the procedure. for the first 3 or 4 weeks, the patient is scheduled to see a physical therapist once or twice per week to monitor the progress of healing and to reiterate the proper exercises. after a few weeks, the sling is removed, and a more comprehensive rehabilitation program is started. during this period, the therapist works closely with the patient to re - establish a normal range of motion. the therapist and patient work together, but the patient is expected to do \u201c homework \u201d on a daily basis so that constant improvement is achieved. once a normal range of motion is re - established, shoulder strengthening is started. it takes about 12 weeks before the shoulder is completely rehabilitated for the normal activities of daily living, and about 16 weeks before contact athletics, throwing, and overhead sports can be re - started. a good therapist can work with the patient on \u201c sports - specific \u201d training to re - train the muscles and shoulder for golf, tennis, throwing, and swimming. rehabilitation optionsthe results of physical therapy are optimized by a competent therapist, familiar with the procedure and the usual expectations, and a compliant patient, who is responsible to do home exercises and is motivated to improve. most surgeons have a standard \u201c protocol \u201d that they can give to a physical therapist to let them know how to rehabilitate the shoulder. it is important for a patient to find a therapist with flexible hours and in a convenient location because the therapy will become part of a routine for 3 to 4 months. the surgeon can recommend a therapist or therapy group with whom he or she is used to working and who is familiar with the procedure. therapy is generally done on an outpatient basis, with 2 or 3 visits per week so that the therapist can check the progress and review or modify the program as needed to suit the individual. patients are almost always satisfied with the range of motion, comfort and function that they achieve as the rehabilitation program progresses. the sense of \u201c apprehension \u201d or pain with overhead motions is usually eliminated. occasionally, persons will have slight decreases in their overall overhead mobility, as the shoulder has been tightened. these minimal decreases usually do not affect the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4479820683942769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.626955"} {"text": "achieve as the rehabilitation program progresses. the sense of \u201c apprehension \u201d or pain with overhead motions is usually eliminated. occasionally, persons will have slight decreases in their overall overhead mobility, as the shoulder has been tightened. these minimal decreases usually do not affect the ability to perform overhead activities or prohibit a return to athletics at the same or a higher level. figure 9 shows a patient who presented with recurrent dislocations and subluxations after an initial traumatic shoulder dislocation. the figures show her range of motion following the repair of the stabilizing ligaments and rehabilitation of her right shoulder. despite her active lifestyle and rigorous occupation, she has not suffered any further events of shoulder instability. if the exercises remain or become painful, difficult, or uncomfortable, the patient should contact the therapist and surgeon promptly. risksthere are very few risks to appropriate postoperative therapy. if the therapist and surgeon are not in communication about what exactly what was done and what the short and long term expectations are following this procedure, the therapist can be too aggressive or alternatively too timid about the rehabilitation. this can result in failure of the procedure ( re - dislocation or subluxation ) or excessive shoulder stiffness. it is exceedingly uncommon for these problems to occur. duration of rehabilitationevery patient is slightly different. once the range of motion is acceptable and the strength has returned, the exercise program can be cut back to a minimal level. patients who have special needs, such as overhead athletes, swimmers, overhead laborers, and throwers may require sports - specific training with a therapist or athletic trainer. returning to ordinary daily activities in general, patients are able to perform gentle activities of daily living with the operated arm at the side starting 2 or 3 weeks after surgery. most persons who work at a desk job can return to work during this time. the patient is strongly encouraged to continue wearing the sling at all times for the first 3 to 4 weeks to remind themselves ( and others ) that the shoulder is injured and healing, and to limit overhead activities. driving should wait until the patient can perform the necessary functions comfortably and confidently, and the pain in the shoulder is at a minimum and pain medications are not required. a good question to ask a patient is \u201c would you want you driving if your 4 - year old child was in the car or playing in the street? \u201d in general it may take longer for a person to drive after the right side has had the procedure because of the increased demands on the right arm for shifting gears, etc. with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4350896412020696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.627942"} {"text": "year old child was in the car or playing in the street? \u201d in general it may take longer for a person to drive after the right side has had the procedure because of the increased demands on the right arm for shifting gears, etc. with the consent of their surgeon, a patient may return to activities such as swimming, golf and tennis between 4 and 6 months following the procedure. more extreme sports ( wrestling, pitching, rock climbing, etc ) should only be undertaken when the shoulder is extremely comfortable, and the strength is within 90 % of the opposite side. long - term patient limitationspatients must avoid impact activities ( chopping wood, contact sports, sports with risk of falls ) and heavy lifting ( overhead labor, lifting heavy weights ) until after the strength has returned to normal. occasionally, the extremes of motion overhead and behind the back or head may be limited because the shoulder joint has been tightened. these limitations almost never affect daily activities and usually do not impact a return to sports at or above the level achieved before the shoulder became unstable. the surgeon and therapist should provide the information of the usual cost of the rehabilitation program. most insurances will cover the costs of some or most of the rehabilitation, except perhaps a \u201c copay \u201d that the patient must pay at each visit. careful adherence to the home exercises between visits will usually decrease the overall number and frequency of visits required. summary of arthroscopic shoulder surgery for shoulder dislocation, subluxation, and instability the five things one needs to know about arthroscopic or open shoulder stabilization / capsulorraphy or surgery for the dislocating / subluxing shoulder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4261534671058913, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.630029"} {"text": "science still catching up on ddt harms two recent studies report new evidence of the harms of a very old pesticide. it ' s that pesky, persistent and infamous chemical, ddt. nearly 40 years after its use in agriculture was banned in many countries around the world, it ' s still present in our environment, food and bodies at levels that harm human health. and children, once again, are especially vulnerable. according to researchers in spain, when mothers are exposed to higher levels of ddt breakdown products during pregnancy, their babies are more likely to develop lung infections in their first year. and scientists in korea report that exposure to ddt remnants may cause vitamin d deficiency, which is in turn linked to chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. ddt has been largely phased out around the world. small amounts are still used in some countries as a tool for malaria control, but because of ddt ' s persistence and toxicity \u2014 and the availability of safer ways to control malaria \u2014 efforts are underway through a global treaty called the stockholm convention to help all countries shift away from reliance on ddt. since ddt can last for decades in the environment and remnants from its use 40 years ago are still affecting infant health, this seems like a very good idea. science plays catch - up in an interview with reuters health about the spanish study, dr. barbara cohn, director of child health and development studies at the public health institute in california, noted the enthusiastic optimism about ddt when it was in widespread use in the ' 50s and ' 60s : people thought it was a miracle compound. nobody really knew what might be happening. eventually, the science catches up. now history seems to be repeating itself \u2014 on a slightly tighter timeline \u2014 as new evidence emerges about the health harms of the latest batch of \" safe \" pesticides, pyrethroids. shouldn ' t we know better by now? in the words of another spaniard, philospher and poet george santayana, \" those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. \" in this case, our failure to pay attention to history is putting our children ' s health at risk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45880987800268386, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.633078"} {"text": "5 - year olds get their own standardized tests october 16, 2012 five - year olds are getting their own standardized tests, mandated in over 25 states, in a new race to the top requirement. ( and a way to get federal dollars. ) what is a standardized test anyway? the basic definition for a standardized test is a test that administered and scored in a standardized way, commercially prepared to measure a student \u2019 s performance level as compared to others. according to reuters, in some cases, kindergarteners are given an hour - long multiple choice test while other tests are one - on - one with a teacher. education experts, parents, and teachers feel concerned about these tests for a number of reasons : - stressful for kids - too narrow of a view of a child \u2019 s ability - lack of a post - test to measure growth in some cases ( fl & tx ) those parents and testing proponents ( politicians and test makers? ) that are in favor of the test are so because : - they want their children in an academic kindergarten - it gives a way to evaluate the preschool programs unbelievably ( or maybe not, ) parents can buy a kindergarten test study system! seven sessions of 30 minutes each for $ 50. if you thought the government heard your complaints about over - testing, you would be wrong. apparently, there can always be more tests. are you concerned? comment here. melissa taylor is a freelance writer, an award - winning educational blogger at imaginationsoup, an award - winning teacher with a m. a. in education, and a mom of two children, ages 6 and 9. follow taylor on twitter or find her on facebook. subscribe to class notes blog posts in rss. you might also like : join mom congress on facebook for updates on the 2012 mom congress conference, breaking education news, advocacy resources, and exclusive offers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49935633400972085, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.635194"} {"text": "\u201c i \u2019 ve always tried to be aware of what i say in my films, because all of us who make motion pictures are teachers \u2014 teachers with very loud voices. \u201d based on the classic story of a young man \u2019 s battle with the forces of evil, george lucas \u2019 s 1977 film star wars introduced a modern myth to a new generation. a primal tale set in a distant galaxy, star wars revolutionized special effects, forged new frontiers in sound design, and brought audiences to movie theaters in record numbers. the two sequels to star wars, the empire strikes back and the return of the jedi, along with lucas \u2019 s adventure trilogy of indiana jones movies, are among the most popular films ever made. coming of age in modesto, california in the early 1960s, george lucas loved to write and considered becoming an english major until a childhood friend suggested he apply to the cinema school at the university of southern california. even in his student days, his experimental films walked away with top honors at student film festivals. in 1973 lucas had his first feature - length hit with american graffiti. american graffiti was produced by francis ford coppola, a friend and mentor of lucas since his days in film school. sweeping up america in a wave of nostalgia for the summer nights of teenage innocence, american graffiti was one of the most profitable movies ever made. its success gave lucas both the following and economic resources to begin an even bigger project. lucas spent the next four years hard at work on the first in a series of science fiction movies. star wars ( 1977 ) was one of the first movies to take advantage of the advances in special - effects technologies. the movie created an entertaining fantasy world where important moral and ethical decisions were constantly intertwined with everyday life. speaking of star wars, lucas said, \u201c there was no modern mythology to give kids a sense of values, to give them a strong mythological fantasy life. westerns were the last of that genre for americans. nothing was being done for young people with real psychological underpinnings. \u201d in the writing of anthropologist joseph campbell, lucas had learned about the myths that pervade many disparate cultures, and it is this mythology that gives lucas \u2019 s space age epic its timeless resonance. both of the sequels and the one prequel continued in the same vein and with equally successful. in 1981, lucas \u2019 s work took a step in another direction, with the production of raiders of the lost ark. raiders of the lost ark was a 20th - century adventure story about a swashbuckling archeologist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42050690655937256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.639279"} {"text": "and with equally successful. in 1981, lucas \u2019 s work took a step in another direction, with the production of raiders of the lost ark. raiders of the lost ark was a 20th - century adventure story about a swashbuckling archeologist, indiana jones. played by harrison ford, a long - time lucas associate, jones became one of the best loved heroes of the 1980s. for raiders of the lost ark, lucas teamed up with another major figure, steven spielberg. spielberg had had great success with jaws ( 1977 ) and close encounters of the third kind ( 1977 ), and brought his sense of suspense to the collaboration. it proved one of the most successful pairings of in hollywood history. raiders of the lost ark was followed by two more exceptional pictures in the series and a popular television show featuring the indiana jones character. in the late 1970s lucas formed the production company, lucas films ltd. in northern california, lucas \u2019 s 2, 700 - acre state - of - the art production center and \u201c think tank, \u201d skywalker ranch, is home to the empire. there, lucas presides over his vast entertainment company, which now includes thx, skywalker sound, and industrial light and magic. in many ways, skywalker ranch is the beating heart of the entertainment industry. constantly at work developing new and higher - quality production methods, lucas films ltd. has a significant influence on many of the most successful contemporary films. today, with the second star wars trilogy setting box office records, george lucas remains one of the most popular filmmakers of all time. for the past few decades, he has been at the forefront of american culture and creative technology both predicting and creating our popular aesthetics. he has collaborated with some of the greats of the industry and has been nominated for 44 academy awards ( winning 16 oscars ). more than anyone working today, george lucas has expanded the visual and technological possibilities of the popular cinema, and he continues to delight audiences around the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3947360385781169, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.640730"} {"text": "overview - spellread build it! software spellread for smart table software extends the proven success of the spellread program into collaborative technology with three games for the smart tablet interactive learning center. each of the games draws on content derived from spellread and presents it in an interactive, engaging format for additional practice, effective with or without the implementation of the spellread program. the games leverage spellread ' s phonics activities to help students practice building, pronouncing, and identifying words, and are easily integrated into any reading curriculum. when combined with the spellread program, spellread for smart table extends the program into a blended learning solution. the games offer additional practice with words and word parts presented in the spellread program and can supplement the learning that is already taking place in this established, proven - effective program. spellread for smart table software is also appropriate for use alongside any classroom reading curriculum or intervention program, as it reinforces phonemic awareness, phonics, word - building, pronunciation, and word identification skills. the use of the smart table encourages engaged, collaborative, small - group learning. the smart table is optimized for multitouch functionality and can interpret up to 120 distinct touches, whether from fingers, elbows, styluses, or other implements, enabling its use as assistive technology for students with physical limitations. once the software is loaded onto the smart table, the applications allow two to four students to compete or collaborate in interactive, touch - controlled games. each game includes three levels of difficulty, and features appealing visual design and movement as well as audio cues. a classroom integration guide pdf includes game play instructions, word lists, and tips for integrating the games into spellread or any reading intervention program. a progress monitoring module within the teacher area enables teachers to create student users and groups. progress monitoring data includes time which words built, pronounced, and identified were correct, and which were incorrect. teachers determine the level of difficulty yfor each session. the levels reflect the phases in spellread. level a focuses on one - syllable words, level b focuses on two - syllable ywords, and level c focuses on three - syllable words. smart table activities in spellread build it! students compose words using cards with vowel and consonant sounds or syllables. the game can be played competitively, with individual scores and stars awarded to individual players for speed, or cooperatively, with a cumulative team score and bonus points awarded when all players submit correct answers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.511549906095299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.644061"} {"text": "overview - adptd classics tm - quiet on the wstrn frnt rl 5 - 6 accessible classic literature and literary masterpieces. appeal to students of all abilities with the high - interest titles in these series. the books are adaptations at various reading levels of classic literature, plays, novels, and stories. each title is a concise book that retains the integrity and tone of the original work. features easy - to - understand text and engaging illustrations. pacemaker classics reading level 3 \u2013 4. each 48 - page study guide offers 35 reproducible project sheets, background information about the author and time period, plot summaries, character descriptions, teaching suggestions, and answer keys. adapted classics reading level 4 +. the teacher \u2019 s resource manual includes cooperative learning activities and reproducible writing worksheets. | \u2022 20, 000 leagues under the sea \u2022 a christmas carol \u2022 a tale of two cities \u2022 adventures of huckleberry finn \u2022 adventures of sherlock holmes \u2022 adventures of tom sawyer \u2022 all quiet on the western front \u2022 anne frank \u2022 call of the wild \u2022 frederick douglass \u2022 grapes of wrath \u2022 great expectations \u2022 gulliver \u2019 s travels \u2022 helen keller \u2022 julus caesar \u2022 o. henry \u2022 phantom of the opera \u2022 red badge of courage \u2022 romeo and juliet \u2022 tales of edgar allan poe \u2022 the canterbury tales \u2022 the scarlet letter \u2022 treasure island", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43631607813754353, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.646589"} {"text": "do you want to know more about parkinson ' s? pdf ' s materials provide information about symptoms, medications, resources & more. news in brief people who are carriers of the genetic mutation in a gene known as gba have at least five times the normal risk of developing parkinson \u2019 s disease ( pd ), according to a report in the october 22, 2009, issue of the new england journal of medicine. mutations in the same gene, which provides instructions for producing the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, have been shown to cause the rare disorder known as gaucher \u2019 s disease. clinicians had long noticed an association between gaucher \u2019 s disease and pd. in rare cases, people with gaucher \u2019 s disease developed pd - like symptoms ; more recently, scientists noted that relatives of people with gaucher \u2019 s disease had an increased incidence of pd. gaucher \u2019 s disease develops when both copies of the gba gene are mutated. normally a person has two working copies of the gene. a mutation in one copy of the gene causes no symptoms and was long thought to be harmless. these and other observed links between the diseases prompted lead investigator ellen sidransky, m. d., of the national human genome research institute to study how frequently people with pd carry the genetic mutations known to cause gaucher \u2019 s disease. dr. sidransky organized a consortium of 64 researchers at 16 institutions around the world, who were already analyzing the genetics of people with pd. in total, the study involved about 10, 000 people. the researchers focused on studying two common variants of the gba gene, from among the nearly 300 mutations identified by scientists ( and carried by about one in 100 americans ). in an ethnically diverse group of 5, 691 people with pd, they found that 3. 2 percent of the group had at least one of these variants, compared to 0. 6 percent in a similar group of healthy people. since mutations in the gba gene are more common among ashkenazi jews ( one in 15 people is a carrier ), researchers studied this sub - group and found the incidence of one or more of these variants was 15. 3 percent in people with pd and 3. 4 percent in healthy people. since these tests only focused on two common gba mutations, the scientists also examined the full gene in 2, 000 non - ashkenazi individuals living with parkinson \u2019 s. they found that nearly seven percent of people with pd had a gba gene mutation. still, this limited test missed nearly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5024855199622386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.653550"} {"text": "of uric acid had a slightly reduced risk of needing to take levodopa for their pd than those individuals with lower uric acid levels. this indicated a statistical trend in people in the high end of the normal range for uric acid, towards slower pd progression. the relationship between uric acid and pd progression is not yet fully understood. many researchers believe that oxidation plays a role in pd, and uric acid participates in oxidation reactions. researchers suspect that uric acid could be a specific marker of pd, but this hypothesis needs further exploration. a clinical trial is now under way to test the safety of the dietary supplement inosine, which the body converts into urate. to learn more about this trial, visit www. pdtrials. org. it is emphasized the uric acid levels in this study were all within the normal range. researchers caution that raising the uric levels in the body by supplements or diet could result in gout, kidney stones, as well as hypertension and heart disease. this study was conducted with funding from pdf, as part of the advancing parkinson \u2019 s treatments ( apt ) innovations grant, which funds innovative programs that facilitate the movement of treatments from \u201c bench to bedside. \u201d * * * azilect\u00ae, a medication already approved and on the market for symptomatic relief of parkinson \u2019 s disease ( pd ), showed mixed results in a study investigating its potential for protecting the brain cells that die in parkinson \u2019 s. the report appeared in the new england journal of medicine on september 24, 2009. lead investigator c. warren olanow, m. d., and his colleagues conducted a multi - center study known as adagio ( attenuation of disease progression with azilect given once daily ) to examine the effects of rasagiline ( azilect ) on the progression of clinical signs of parkinson \u2019 s. the study was sponsored by teva pharmaceuticals, the manufacturer of azilect. since the beginning of large - scale clinical trials for parkinson \u2019 s, researchers have attempted to distinguish between these two aims : ( i ) does the drug reduce the symptoms of pd? ; and ( ii ) does the drug slow the progression of pd? to date, no study design has successfully proven that a drug that reduces the symptoms also provides a neuroprotective effect. this study attempted to investigate whether rasagiline is neuroprotective for people with pd by using a \u201c delayed - start \u201d treatment design. the researchers looked at over 950 people living with parkinson \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4703562394685177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.655695"} {"text": "provides a neuroprotective effect. this study attempted to investigate whether rasagiline is neuroprotective for people with pd by using a \u201c delayed - start \u201d treatment design. the researchers looked at over 950 people living with parkinson \u2019 s, and studied the effects of two doses of rasagiline, one - milligram ( mg. ) and two - mg. daily. within each dosage group, one group of people with parkinson \u2019 s got a nine - month head start in treatment, while the other group received treatment that was delayed by nine months. researchers followed up with all participants throughout the study to track the progression of their pd symptoms, using the unified parkinson \u2019 s disease rating scale. assuming that the drug reduced the symptoms of pd ( e. g., tremor, rigidity, slowness ) by an equal amount in each group, any differences in outcome would be assumed to come from the delayed start, and suggest the possibility of neuroprotection. unfortunately, the study gave a conflicting result : those participants who received a daily one - mg. dose of rasagiline had a superior outcome when the drug was started nine months earlier. this supports the idea that the drug may have an effect on disease progression. by contrast, those receiving a daily dose twice as large, two - mg., did not show this benefit, which does not support the claim of neuroprotection. in the end, the researchers of this study concluded that the effect of neuroprotection remains unproven, and that more study is needed. \u201c the results have been fairly reported with appropriate caution on interpretation, \u201d says christopher goetz, m. d., director of the pdf parkinson \u2019 s disease research center at rush university medical center in chicago. \u201c clearly, if one focuses on the results with the one - mg. dose, we would want to recommend early intervention as opposed to holding off on treatment to reserve it for later. if one focuses on the results with the two - mg. results, we would not have any reason to promote early treatment, since the outcomes achieved with the extra duration of treatment did not meet the outcome measures predicted. more research is needed and a longer follow - up on these patients since pd lasts far longer than 18 months. \u201d * * * for the latest in parkison ' s science news, visit pdf ' s science news page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4603505788794776, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.656998"} {"text": "our directory is intended as a resource for people with peanut and nut allergies. it contains foods, helpful products, and much more. - what is a peanut allergy - foods to avoid - the allergic reaction - recognizing and treating anaphylaxis - epinephrine auto - injectors - medical id bracelets - support groups peanut free and nut free other food allergies soap and toothpaste could be causing rise in childhood food allergies researchers at johns hopkins children ' s center believe they have uncovered a factor contributing to the dramatic rise of childhood food allergies over the past two decades. they believe that antibacterial chemicals in soap, toothpaste, and other products may be leading to an increase in allergies and asthma. this finding supports the \u201c hygiene hypothesis \u201d which suggests that children in developed nations grow up in environments that are too clean, and don ' t enable their immune systems to get used to the presence of bacteria and germs. as a result, the immune system overreacts when faced with a potential allergen. results of new research the study involved 860 children. researchers measured the presence of antibacterial chemicals in their urine, and found that children with higher levels of the chemicals were more likely to have ige antibodies in their blood. these antibodies are related to the immune systems, and levels are higher in people with allergies. lead study author jessica savage announced in a press release, \u201c the link between allergy risk and antimicrobial exposure suggests that these agents may disrupt the delicate balance between beneficial and bad bacteria in the body. \u201d the researchers concluded that there may be a link between allergies and children being exposed to antibacterial chemicals in toothpastes, soaps, mouthwash, and other personal care products. source : global post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45954697724169746, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.658896"} {"text": "health issues in dogs dogs can suffer from a whole host of diseases and other serious health problems. some of these conditions are inherited, while others are caused by viruses ; still others are related to lifestyle and environmental influences. because veterinary costs can run into the hundreds or even thousands of dollars, current and prospective dog owners alike need to be well - informed about the various medical maladies that can strike a seemingly healthy dog at any moment. beyond these financial factors, a beloved family companion could end up suffering terribly from these serious illnesses and disorders, and anyone who cares about the health and welfare of their four - legged friend needs to know about all the dangers that may be lurking. genetic conditionsin purebred dogs in particular, there are a number of genetic time bombs that may be lying in the weeds waiting to manifest in any dog unfortunate enough to have lost the genetic lottery. when acquiring a dog from a breeder, it is important to try and find a responsible seller who can provide genetic information about the parents, and even the grandparents of every dog they are offering for purchase. if a breeder is not able to provide such information, then he or she should not be considered a trustworthy merchant and anyone buying a dog from such a person is likely to find themselves with an animal that will suddenly begin to develop significant health problems later on. no matter what precautions dog owners try to take, however, it is inevitable that genetic disorders of many types will continue to express themselves, causing pain and suffering to dogs and many worrisome moments for their caring human companions. one of the most well - known and notorious genetic disorders is hip dysplasia, which is found in many larger breeds of dogs in particular. hip dysplasia is a misalignment of the hip socket that causes degeneration of the joints, eventually leading to painful arthritis that makes it difficult for dogs suffering from this condition to move about. this disorder is extremely painful, and it is one of the primary genetic conditions that breeders try to screen out before they breed dogs and put their offspring up for sale. dogs suffering from hip dysplasia may be treated with canine arthritis drugs ( usually by way of injection ), and in some extreme cases they may need hip replacement surgery to restore their mobility. von willebrand \u2019 s disease is a condition that can strike many breeds. dogs with this condition lack a protein factor that interferes with the body \u2019 s ability to form blood clots. it is not unlike hemophilia in humans. dogs with von will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4338329416223677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.666464"} {"text": "\u2019 s disease is a condition that can strike many breeds. dogs with this condition lack a protein factor that interferes with the body \u2019 s ability to form blood clots. it is not unlike hemophilia in humans. dogs with von willebrand \u2019 s disease can suffer significant blood loss or even bleed to death if they are cut or suffer some kind of internal injury. canine atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin disorder that causes extreme itchiness for dogs so inflicted. labrador and golden retrievers are especially vulnerable to atopic dermatitis, as nearly 50 % of these dogs will suffer from this inherited disorder. there are a number of medications available from veterinarians that can be used to help dogs deal with the severe itching associated with atopic dermatitis. viral diseasesdistemper is probably the greatest disease threat that dogs face. up to 80 % of all puppies who are infected with this disease perish, which is why all dogs should be vaccinated against distemper as soon as possible after being brought home. distemper shows up as symptoms that imitate a cold or the flu, but eventually this virus will attack the nervous system leading to seizures that resemble an epileptic fit or a stroke. this is a highly contagious disease that can be passed from dog to dog by saliva, or through contact with fecal matter and urine. heartworm has an interesting pattern of development. it starts out as micro larvae in the body of dogs, which can be passed to mosquitoes and then back to dogs again when the mosquitoes feed. these larvae will hatch in the body of the mosquito, and when they are passed back to the dog they gravitate toward the heart as they grow into worms that can reach lengths of 14 inches. untreated heartworms can damage the heart and other organs and ultimately bring death to an infected dog. tests exist for heartworm, so it can be caught and treated during periodic check - ups. canine parvovirus dates to only to the late 1970s. this relatively new virus can be easily passed from dog to dog through contact with fecal waste, and it is a fast - acting virus that can cause death in two or three days. a vaccine has been developed that has reduced the ravages of this terrible affliction, but there are still areas of the country where canine parvovirus represents a significant threat. diseases related to lifestyle and environmentas a result of poor diet, obesity, inactivity, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4839155773082062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.667373"} {"text": "reduced the ravages of this terrible affliction, but there are still areas of the country where canine parvovirus represents a significant threat. diseases related to lifestyle and environmentas a result of poor diet, obesity, inactivity, and old age, dogs can develop the same kinds of conditions that human beings experience \u2013 cancer, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis and so on. healthy diet, exercise, and vitamin supplements can help reduce the incidence of these diseases, and help those afflicted with them recover to live a healthy and active life. dogs have a lot of skin problems as a result of exposure to and infestation by parasites like fleas, ticks and mites. there are a number of products available in pet stores or from veterinarians that can help treat these disorders ; but there is a good chance that most dogs will face attack by parasite on multiple occasions throughout their lives. constipation and diarrhea are common in dogs, just as they are in humans. processed foods lacking moisture can lead to problems with the former, while a dog eating something he shouldn \u2019 t \u2013 which is unfortunately a frequent occurrence \u2013 can lead to the latter. prevention is the best defensethis is just a sampling of the kind of health problems that plague dogs and bedevil dog owners. regular medical check - ups, vaccinations and genetic records acquired from breeders are the primary weapons that dog owners have at their disposal to try and combat these health problems. however, almost every dog will suffer from some health problems during his or her lifetime, and anyone planning to get a dog should be prepared emotionally and financially to deal with this reality.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45017396496650863, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.668066"} {"text": "who are the chechens? the chechens are a muslim people who have lived in the caucasus mountains for more than a millennium. it took czarist russia 30 years to overcome fierce resistance and conquer them in 1864. after the 1917 revolution, the soviets needed seven years to regain control of the area. the chechens revolted against stalin twice. they have been fighting the expansion of russia for nearly 200 years. so when the soviet union fell apart three years ago, it was not a surprise that the chechens, led by their president, dzhokhar m. dudayev, declared independence. what was the russian response? for two years the russians left the chechens alone. still, many in moscow felt an independent chechnya represented a threat to their control of the oil pipelines that flow through chechnya and neighboring republics. there was also a feeling that moscow needed to reestablish its authority in the russian federation \u2014 they had been collecting only 20 percent of the taxes owed, and few regions had been complying with the draft \u2014 by making an example of chechnya. last summer the secret police set things in motion by trying to overthrow dudayev by arming his opponents, but they failed. then the secret police convinced yeltsin that the army should be brought in. why did yeltsin go along? yeltsin has been losing political support and has become increasingly disillusioned with democracy as a solution to his problems. the economy has not turned around. the americans have not come to his aid. by invading chechnya, he thought he would get a quick victory and regain some of his earlier popularity. now he has lost control of the situation. he twice issued orders to stop the bombing of grozny, the chechen capital, but the army and secret police ignored him. they were intent on continuing the bombing because they did not want to launch a mass frontal assault and risk thousands of casualties and the public wrath that would ensue. if the army is not listening to yeltsin, then who is in charge? yeltsin still has overall authority, but he is not prepared to enforce it. he might be able to end the war tomorrow by firing some of his generals, but that doesn ' t mean they would go. and if they stay, their solution may be to remove him. will chechnya be the russians ' vietnam? i would say it ' s their afghanistan in the media age. when the soviets invaded afghanistan in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4558445055267829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.672741"} {"text": "doesn ' t mean they would go. and if they stay, their solution may be to remove him. will chechnya be the russians ' vietnam? i would say it ' s their afghanistan in the media age. when the soviets invaded afghanistan in 1979, there was strict government control of all news outlets. but now the russians see television reports every night about chechnya, and they are horrified by what their government is doing. polls suggest that 75 percent of the russian people are opposed to the invasion. has yeltsin taken this opposition to heart? if he were a true supporter of democracy, he would fire his immediate entourage, call for parliamentary elections and offer to negotiate with the chechens. but that is not likely to happen. i expect he will stick with the secret police and stand by as grozny is destroyed. but the russians will then discover you can ' t decapitate the chechens. their country is mountainous, and they can resist for a very long time. lots of russian boys will be coming home in body bags or, as they call them, overcoats of lead. how has the invasion of chechnya affected relations between the u. s. and russia? so far the clinton administration has done nothing except express concern about whether yeltsin will survive or not. that ' s the wrong tack. it is a mistake to focus on yeltsin as if he were an unchanging beacon of light. the question is, how do we react as russian policy changes? yeltsin today is not the one of a year ago. he has moved to the right. our failure to criticize him removes one of the most important constraints on his behavior and undermines any belief in our moral authority around the world. what constructive action should the u. s. be taking? we need to make very clear that we want to cooperate with russia but only if it lives up to international law and agreements. how can we cooperate with a government that has leveled an all - out assault on its own people? how do you think the war in chechnya will play out? the real problem is going to begin after grozny falls. terrorism will follow, and it may expand into a guerrilla war, spreading across neighboring republics. this will send fault lines across russia and could tear russian society apart. do you think there will be a return to communism? no. what we are seeing now is a move toward authoritarianism, toward a much tougher, less democratic regime in moscow. war has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46511738602720587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.673857"} {"text": "the type of treatment is dependent on the underlying cause for the symptoms. oxygen is sometimes necessary if the rabbit has trouble breathing ; using a humidifier can also help open airways. other ways to improve respiratory function include washing the affecting area and removing any environmental irritants, especially known allergic items. antibiotics may help with cases of rhinitis or sinusitis due to bacterial infections. often, secondary bacterial infections cause many of the clinical signs associated with these two conditions. and because certain topical nasal decongestants cause some symptoms to worsen, they are not commonly recommended. in these cases, your veterinarian may prescribe antihistamines. living and management animals should be provided with a proper, well - balanced diet including a wide selection of fresh greens such as cilantro, romaine lettuce, parsley, dandelion greens and spinach. recovering rabbits need plenty of fluids at this time, in addition to regular follow - up appointments. this will ensure that the long - term treatment is successful. rabbits with the chronic bacterial form of sinusitis are less likely to completely eliminate all symptoms. however, it is possible to control the disease ' s clinical symptoms with proper care and education. a medical condition ; occurs when the sinus becomes inflamed a cavity within a bone ; may also indicate a flow or channel a special type of tissue that exudes mucus term used to imply that a situation or condition is more severe than usual ; also used to refer to a disease having run a short course or come on suddenly. the ability to create a disease where a disease might not normally be found, usually due to an ill timed or unlikely weakness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4746984296994614, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.675530"} {"text": "corn snakes make fascinating pets for adults and children of all ages. they are easy to keep and care for once set up in a correct environment. they are easy to handle and following regular handling will become fairly tame. corn snakes can grow to 1. 5m long and will often live for around 20 years so will be a long term commitment for anyone thinking of keeping one. these snakes are crepuscular, most active at dawn and dusk, so they will hide and sleep during the daytime when the light is switched on and will then come out when the lights are turned off, also they tend to be terrestrial meaning they spend most of their time on the ground, however they will enjoy climbing around the vivarium given the chance. corn snakes do not have the same needs for companionship as most mammals do, so are happily kept on their own. at times it is advised to keep singularly as aggression can be shown between individuals ; it would never be advised to try keeping different species together at any time. corn snakes come from the americas and are typically found in the south - eastern united states. in the wild they tend to live in over - grown fields, pine forests and areas of agriculture. like most reptiles, they are normally housed in an enclosed cage with glass doors, known as a vivarium. they have specific requirements, therefore it ' s essential that the environment within the vivarium is controlled precisely and monitored at all times. young corn snakes should not be housed in large vivariums as this can be stressful for them and they can be less inclined to eat. corn snakes are not highly active and do not need huge enclosures. a medium sized vivarium will house your snake comfortably. as a rough guide, the vivarium can be half to thwo - thirds the length of the snakes total body length. snakes are excellent escape artists, so care must be taken when planning their enclosure. make sure your vivarium has a tight fitting lid and tightly fitting doors. snakes are very strong and can push a loose fitting lid from a vivarium. there are many options in regards to substrate that you can keep your snakes on. we would advise cage carpet, aspen bedding or dried bark chips. the substrates are very easy to keep clean, which is paramount in order to stop possible health issues. corn snakes do not tend to be aggressive and are not venomous. once used to regular handling they will very rarely bite due to their relaxed and passive nature. they are rather inquisitive and they will move all around their viva", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40222564551187323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.678158"} {"text": "posted by bruce kahl on december 10, 1999 in reply to : re : \" push the envelope \" posted by arthur smith on december 10, 1999 : : i will accept the premise that \" push the envelope \" : : originated with airline pilots, but i would like to : : know in exactly what context : the actual practical : : mechanics of flying as in the use of the controls : : relative to a certain aspect of aircraft performance, : : the theory of flight as in aerodynamics or the : : efficiency with which the aircraft performs relative : : to outside forces, or some other practical : : explanation? this expression comes out of the us air force test pilot program of the late 1940 ' s. the envelope refers to a plane ' s performance capabilities. the limits of the planes ability to fly at speeds and altitudes and under certain stresses define what is known as its performance envelope. it ' s an \" envelope \" in the sense that it contains the ranges of the plane ' s abilities. \" pushing the envelope \" is a good example of how jargon - - the specialized or technical vocabulary of a group or profession - - gradually enters general usage. \" pushing the envelope \" comes from the jargon of test pilots, and has actually been around since the end of the second world war. the \" envelope \" involved is a sort of visual metaphor for the technical limits of a high - performance aircraft. a graph of such an aircraft ' s performance would appear as a rising slope as the craft approaches its limits of speed and stress, then fall off rapidly ( putting it mildly ) when the plane exceeds its capacity and the pilot loses control. safety, relatively speaking, lies within these limits, or \" inside the envelope. \" a pilot who \" pushes the envelope \" and tries to exceed the known capabilities of the aircraft risks what engineers delicately term \" catastrophic system failure, \" otherwise known as a crash. because \" pushing the envelope \" had such a esoteric origin, it took a best - selling book - - tom wolfe ' s \" the right stuff \" in 1979 - - and later the popular movie \" top gun \" to introduce it to the general public. since then it has begun to crop up in increasingly non - technical contexts, to the point where it is now a currently trendy metaphor for simply \" pushing it, \" or testing the limits of what is permissible in a given situation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5511782850220428, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.682636"} {"text": "each year, nearly 7 million children die before reaching their fifth birthdays, according to the world health organization. more than half of these deaths are caused by conditions that are preventable or treatable, including pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles, and malnutrition. to put it bluntly, every day 20, 000 children are killed by conditions that could be prevented or cured with simple, affordable remedies \u2014 vaccinations, bed nets, food, clean drinking water, and antibiotics. pih strives to eliminate this unnecessary suffering and death by providing free comprehensive health care for children and their families and by working to ensure that children have access to the basic rights \u2014 vaccinations, health care, education \u2014 that are key to a healthy, productive life. preventing the transmission of hiv to infants each day, about 1, 000 infants are born with hiv, the vast majority of whom reside in poor countries. most of these infants could be protected from hiv infection through effective hiv testing and treatment for prevention of mother - to - child transmission of hiv ( pmtct ). these interventions have nearly eliminated mother - to - child transmission in wealthy countries, unaids reports. in haiti, pih began offering pmtct and hiv counseling to pregnant mothers in 1995, just one year after it became available in the united states. pih \u2019 s hiv equity initiative has provided antiretroviral therapy ( art ) free of charge for thousands of haitian children living with hiv since 2000. hiv care for children is fully integrated into other basic health services, also provided at no cost. in 2005, pih began implementing this model first in rwanda and later malawi and lesotho. creating access to health and education in peru, pih \u2019 s socios en salud sucursal program serves children in the deeply impoverished communities of carabayllo in northern lima. the program targets both health and education for children living in the carabayllo slums. to improve health, pih manages community health posts where staff promote health, prevent the spread of disease, and provide primary health care. these activities address issues of gender, equity, community participation, and social empowerment that have a significant effect on health. pih \u2019 s education activities aim to organize the community to promote the rights of children and adolescents. pih identifies community leaders who follow children in their education, providing support to families that helps address social barriers that prevent many children from completing their education. in haiti, pih supports 39 community primary schools and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4810131605793711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.685732"} {"text": "plants of the pine barrens of the several thousand species of plants native to new jersey, only about 550 species were known to occur in the pine barrens in the early 1900 \u2019 s. witmer stone, the foremost authority on the vegetation of the pine barrens at that time, indicated that a good many of these were present only because people had amended the soil in the villages and industrial sites. he put the number of \u201c true \u201d pine barrens species at 386. the flora of the pinelands national reserve is a more complicated matter. it contains most of the historical pine barrens ecosystem, but also considerable coastal areas and some delaware bay shore area. also, the influence of people on the vegetation communities of the pinelands region has increased exponentially. here we offer brief sketches of a few true pine barrens plants. pine barrens gentian, bog asphodel, and swamp pink are wetland flowers that are threatened or endangered globally and nationally, yet are locally abundant in the pinelands. unknown to many, the pinelands is home to a delightful array of wild orchids. several, such as rose pogonia and grass - pink, are very abundant and easily found along the pinelands streams and in wet meadows and open swamps. other orchids range from the rare to the imperiled, the most critically endangered being spreading pogonia, yellow fringeless orchid, and lace - lip ladies \u2019 - tresses. the pinelands also hosts several species of carnivorous plants, including pitcher plants, sundews, and bladderworts, that have evolved their own unique ways to capture and consume insects and other tiny animals. since the soil contains so few nutrients, the plants use the nitrogen obtained from their prey to supplement their diet. pine barrens trees woody plants can be divided into groups such as trees, shrubs, subshrubs, and vines, but some woody plants blur these distinctions. for general purposes we can think of trees as typically tall perennial woody plants with a single stem ( trunk ). there are only about twenty tree species native to the pine barrens. learn more there are about 68 species of shrubs native to the pinelands. learn more ferns & fern allies the pine barrens is not particularly rich in ferns, but it does have several prominent and beautiful species. learn more there are over 250 native pinelands plants in this informal category ( excluding the grasses, sedges, and rushes, q. v. also, see the separate category for the orchids. ) learn more aquatic herb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.384757825315993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.689341"} {"text": "and beautiful species. learn more there are over 250 native pinelands plants in this informal category ( excluding the grasses, sedges, and rushes, q. v. also, see the separate category for the orchids. ) learn more aquatic herbaceouslearn more though all of our orchids are terrestrial herbaceous plants, they are so distinctive and so well - loved, we have given them a special place here. learn more rushes are often confused with grasses and sedges because of superficial similarities, but they are quite distinct. learn more routinely overlooked by some, the sedges ( cyperaceae family ) are a ubiquitous and, ecologically, highly important component of the pinelands flora. learn more wildflower enthusiasts who disregard the grasses are certainly missing a big part of the show. the flowers produced by grasses are indeed small, but they are quite spectacular when viewed with a 10x hand lens. learn more any plants with long, trailing or climbing stems are commonly considered vines. some are woody and others are herbaceous. we have about 16 such plants native to the pinelands. learn more pinelands native plant resources brochures, fact sheets, links and a list of retail and mail order native plant nurseries. learn more special plants of new jersey fact sheets these fact sheets give identification details, conservation status, habitat descriptions, and additional information for each of the rare plant species listed below. the fact sheets were created by the partnerships for new jersey plant conservation, a group of scientists and citizens committed to saving new jersey ' s incredible botanical heritage, and the new jersey natural heritage program. please use and distribute these fact sheets! learn more plants of the pine barrens ( georgian court university ) descriptions in this section are from new jersey wild plants by mary hough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4435855792589878, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.690070"} {"text": "the silk museum in soufli presents all the phases and the stages of the pre - industrial process of rearing silkworms ( sericulture ) and of silk processing ( silk manufacturing ) within the socio - economic context that made the region a major silk - producing centre in greece ( late 19th \u2013 mid - 20th century ). the silk museum ' s ground floor, where the old exhibition used to be housed, is now dedicated to the section on the history of silk. at the same time, the projected documentaries produced by piop help the visitor to put sericulture and silk manufacturing into a specific space - and time - frame. on the first floor the exhibition ' s scenario on sericulture is developed. the visitor ' s itinerary follows the cycle of sericulture. it begins with the production and hatching of the silkworm seed ( eggs ), the mulberry and the silkworm. it continues with the silkworm ' s different stages of development ( instars ) and the weaving of the valuable cocoon ( mounting of the branches and harvesting ). this is followed by the cocoons ' cleaning and sorting. the silkworm ' s life cycle ends with the process called stifling. the next section is dedicated to silk manufacturing ( reeling, i. e. unwinding the cocoon ' s silk filament, dyeing and weaving of silk yarn, with particular mention to the givre silk mills ). the authentic exhibits are accompanied by audiovisual material. lastly, the section \u00ab traditional costumes in soufli \u00bb presents unique accessories and items of traditional attire in this region.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4926620634920887, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.691966"} {"text": "history of mathematics from : ( michael a. stueben ) in the interest of historical accuracy let it be known fibonacci ' s daughter was not named \" bunny. \" michael rolle was not danish, and did not call his william horner was not called \" little - jack \" by his the \" g \" in g. peano does not stand for \" grand. \" rene descartes ' middle name is not \" push. \" isaac barrow ' s middle name is not \" wheel. \" there is no such place as the university of wis - cosine, and if there was, the motto of their mathematics department would not be \" secant ye shall find. \" although euler is pronounced oil - er, it does not follow that euclid is pronounced oi - clid. franklin d. roosevelt never said \" the only thing we have to sphere is sphere itself. \" fibonacci is not a shortened form of the italian name that is actually spelled : f i bb ooo nnnnn aaaaaaaa it is true that august mobius was a difficult and opinionated man. but he was not so rigid that he could only see one side to every question. it is true that johannes kepler had an uphill struggle in explaining his theory of elliptical orbits to the other astronomers of his time. and it is also true that his first attempt was a failure. but it is not true that after his lecture the first three questions he was asked were \" what is elliptical? \" what is an orbit? \" and \" what is a planet? it is true that primitive societies use only rough approximations for the known constants of mathematics. for example, the northern tribes of alaska consider the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle to be 3. but it is not true that the value of 3 is called eskimo pi. incidentally, the survival of these tribes is dependent upon government assistance, which is not always forthcoming. for example, the canadian firm of tait and sons sold a stock of defective compasses to the government at half - price, and the government passed them onto the northern natives. hence the saying among these peoples : \" he who has a tait ' s is lost. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5523134817678015, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.694832"} {"text": "language issues : proposed recognition of south african sign language as official language, sepedi / sesotho sa leboa issues : briefings by deaf sa, crl commission, pan south african language board the deaf federation of south africa ( deafsa ), addressed the committee on the need to recognise south african sign language ( sasl ) as an officially recognised language under the constitution. it was a real language, and recognition would mean that institutions would be required to accord it full weight, and allow for it to be taught to children in schools, promoted as part of the language policy of the sabc, and require that interpreters be made available for deaf people, for instance. deafsa stressed that at present the department of education did not recognise it as a medium of instruction, which was akin to forcing children to be taught via a medium that was completely foreign to them, similar to the situation with schools in 1976. this request had been made prior to 1994 and again in 2007, when a task team should have been set up. the third parliament had approved the report of the previous committee that sasl be recognised as an official language, and deafsa therefore appealed to this parliament to take the matter further. the commission for the promotion and protection of the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic communities ( crlc ), addressed the committee on whether sepedi or sesotho sa leboa ( northern sotho ) should be listed as an official language in the constitution. the interim constitution had designated sesotho sa leboa as an official language, but this was replaced in the final constitution with sepedi. some communities complained to the commission that sepedi was in fact a dialect of sesotho sa leboa, not a language on its own, and would prefer their children to be taught in sesotho sa leboa. the pan south african language board ( pansalb ) indicated that it had done research also into this issue, and had reached the conclusion that sepedi was indeed a dialect of sesotho sa leboa. pansalb recommended that the committee should do some more research and consult with a broader community before any final decision was taken on the issue. it also recommended that there must be more consultation on whether to recognise sasl as an official language. members asked why deafsa wanted the language to be recognised officially, asked if other countries had accorded their sign language official or protection status, asked how south african sign language was aligned to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.450387934161408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.708342"} {"text": "more consultation on whether to recognise sasl as an official language. members asked why deafsa wanted the language to be recognised officially, asked if other countries had accorded their sign language official or protection status, asked how south african sign language was aligned to other international sign languages, and whether it was able to be used only by those who were educated. members indicated that although they were sympathetic to the request, there were some practical considerations, and that in fact many of the official languages were already not being accorded equal treatment, airing or resources. members indicated that they wished to hear ( perhaps not at this meeting ) the differences between the work of the pansalb and the commission, and why sepedi had been inserted as an official language in the final constitution. they were aware how difficult the issues were, being closely linked to identity. the committee asked whether pansalb could give recommendations, and the commission and pansalb indicated that there were a number of differing views that would require some sensitivity to reconcile. because there was no quorum, further deliberations would stand over to the next meeting. the chairperson recorded apologies submitted from members mr s holomisa ( anc ), mr a watson ( da - mpumalanga ) and ms b mncube ( anc - gauteng ). he noted that the committee did not have a quorum present, and thus no decisions would be made today, although it wished the institutions to make their presentations. deaf federation of south africa ( deafsa ) submission mr bruno druchen, national director, deaf federation of south africa ( deafsa ), addressed the committee on the need to recognise south african sign language ( sasl ) as an officially recognised language under the constitution. he noted that south african sign language was a real language. in february 2007, deafsa had also made a presentation to the committee in which it made out a case for sasl to be recognised as an official language. he explained that prior to 1994, deafsa was run by those without hearing difficulties, but since then it had been run by deaf people, and it was affiliated to the world federation of the deaf ( wfd ). at present south africa had 44 schools for the deaf, yet only ten had classes up to matric level. this was a major concern for deafsa. it had lobbied the department of education to use sasl as a medium of instruction in these schools, so that more learners could obtain their matric on a proper standard. it was therefore important that all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4424291776182523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.709356"} {"text": ". this was a major concern for deafsa. it had lobbied the department of education to use sasl as a medium of instruction in these schools, so that more learners could obtain their matric on a proper standard. it was therefore important that all teachers also learn sasl. he went on to explain that sasl was a language on its own, and did not differ from one language group to another, although, just as there were different dialects within other languages, sasl also had different dialects. he added that it was a wrong perception that total communication ( spoken language with signs ) was the same as sasl. he explained further that uganda was the first country in africa that had approved sign language as an official language. after the last presentation had been made to parliament, a task team was supposed to be set up with deafsa and the department of arts and culture. this, however, had never taken place. after the presentation in 2007, deaf sa wrote to the speaker, who had promised to follow up on this issue. the third parliament had approved the report, which suggested that sasl be recognised as an official language. action, however, was now required. the deaf community was looking to this parliament to take the matter further. he concluded by emphasising that the deaf community did not want the spoken language enforced on them. commission for the promotion and protection of the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic communities ( crlc ) mr wesley mabuza, chairperson, commission for the promotion and protection of the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic communities ( crlc ), addressed the committee, following the powerpoint presentation attached to this report. he explained that the crlc was presently addressing the issue as to whether sepedi or sesotho sa leboa ( northern sotho ) should be an official language that would be listed in the constitution. he explained further that the crlc was a constitutional body, established in terms of chapter 9 of the constitution, and that it had received complaints from some communities about the fact that sepedi was accepted as an official language in south africa. these communities felt that sepedi was a dialect of sesotho sa leboa, and not a language on its own. it should therefore be replaced by sesotho sa leboa as one of the official languages. these communities were also unhappy that their children were being forced to learn sepedi and not sesotho sa leboa. he pointed out that in the interim constitution, seso", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44473171617295915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.710436"} {"text": "sympathetic to deafsa ' s plea for sasl to be made an official language, but wanted to know what this would mean in practical terms. she was not sure whether it would give any additional impetus or muscle to the language. the present eleven languages did not receive equal funding or usage. the constitution stated that provinces and municipalities had to use at least two languages, but it was necessary to consider and be sensitive to the practical issues. mr swepu indicated that if sasl were made into an official language, the different government departments would be compelled to use it. provinces and municipalities would also include it in their language policy. ms smuts noted that the presentation had given a figure of one million deaf people in south africa, but enquired whether perhaps this number was not higher. she had been informed that four million south africans were hard of hearing. mr druchen said that prior to 1994, deafsa had also lobbied for sasl to be declared an official language. the sabc had not put this into its language policy, because sasl was not listed as an official language. the department of education had also not accepted it for schools, because it was not listed as an official language. the department of transport had also not employed any interpreters, again because sasl was not an official language. he hoped that this illustrated that declaring sasl as an official language would compel departments to make these service available to people. he pointed out that new zealand, uganda, finland and spain had made sign language an official language. the other countries mentioned in the presentation had either protected sign language or had given it some form of recognition. he pointed out that sign language was possibly the oldest language, as cavemen had probably used it to communicate. the first documented signs occurred in the seventeenth century. he added that some people who were born or became hard of hearing and accepted sign language could communicate well with others. some people who became deaf later in life, however, did not want to accept sign language. he explained that the department of education still told deafsa that sasl was not a real language, and insisted that in the schools, total communication be used. the spoken language was therefore being enforced on deaf children. for the deaf community this was akin to people being forced to be educated in afrikaans in 1976. mr druchen explained to the committee that each country had its own sign language. there were different signs for the same words, but the grammar was the same. the wfd was aiming to have everyone adopt the same system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.458182526999069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.713429"} {"text": "afrikaans in 1976. mr druchen explained to the committee that each country had its own sign language. there were different signs for the same words, but the grammar was the same. the wfd was aiming to have everyone adopt the same system. adjustments, however, could be made so that people could communicate. people who were illiterate still were able to use basic signs to communicate with others. ms digkale supported sasl being declared as an official language. this would enable more children to obtain their matric and find work, rather than becoming dependent on grants. mr a ainslie ( anc ) wanted to know what the difference was between the crl and the pansalb. mr ainslie asked why sepedi was made an official language in the final constitution. ms c digkale ( anc ) commented that sepedi was not a language on its own but rather a dialect. ms smuts suggested that the committee should not spend time discussing the difference between the crl and the pansalb, or how sepedi was made an official language, as this information could be obtained by members outside this meeting. ms smuts asked about the impartiality of pansalb, and said that it should give recommendations to the committee, since the committee was not able to consult with all communities. she added that pansalb had consulted with people within the da, and it had agreed with the recommendation originally made by pansalb regarding sepedi. she pointed out that it was only the zulu and english versions of the constitution that needed sepedi replaced by sesotho sa leboa. mr swepu responded that he did not think that it was necessary for pansalb to make recommendations as to what the committee should do, and it was up to members to say whether sepedi should be recognised as an official language or not. the mandate of the pansalb was to work with languages. parliament, however, had to decide what the status of those languages should be. he added that pansalb had consulted and had submitted a report to the department of arts and culture. it had also met with the chairperson of the previous committee. mr mabuza said that the crlc was under no illusion as to the seriousness of the issues around the use of sepedi. the commission had met with pansalb as well to discuss the matter. it was important that all sides be satisfied with the outcome. mr aubrey sedupane, acting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46873625001180863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.714535"} {"text": "as to the seriousness of the issues around the use of sepedi. the commission had met with pansalb as well to discuss the matter. it was important that all sides be satisfied with the outcome. mr aubrey sedupane, acting manager, crlc, added that the commission had received submissions from all the dialects that fell under sesotho sa leboa. there had to be some sort of test that needed to be done so that the status of the languages could be determined. mr schmidt said that the issue around sepedi was very confusing and intricate. he referred to some of the dialects that ms digkale had mentioned, and asked where those fitted in. the chairperson said that these dialects were part of sesotho sa leboa. ms digkale said that the batswana and basotho fell into the same group, and this was the reason why sepedi should also fall into this grouping. the chairperson asked the organisations to give closing statements. mr swepu said that pansalb had found the discussion to be very valuable. he encouraged the committee to approach the sepedi language question with an open mind, in order to resolve the issues. he emphasised that there were other perspectives that needed to be taken into account. ms smuts ( da ) said that of all the issues in south africa, language was one of the most difficult to deal with, as it was linked to identity. she was not sure about the way forward. mr mabuza said that despite the difficulty involved in the sepedi language question, south africa had great people who could do great things. he warned that the committee should not spend too much time on this issue, as there were other important matters to attend to as well. it was important to use the important research that pansalb had done already, and to be fully informed on, and keep an open mind on the issues. mr druchen said that deafsa had faith that the committee would take the proper steps. the chair repeated that there was no quorum and therefore no decisions could be taken at his meeting, and would stand over to the next meeting. the meeting was adjourned.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42451740919048253, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.715378"} {"text": "antarah ( antar ) ibn shaddad ( 525 - 615 / najd ) ' antarah ibn shaddad al - ' absi was a pre - islamic arabian hero and poet ( 525 - 608 ) famous both for his poetry and his adventurous life. what many consider his best or chief poem is contained in the mu ' allaqat. the account of his life forms the basis of a long and extravagant romance. antarah was born in najd ( northern saudi arabia ). he was the son of shaddad, a well - respected member of the arabian tribe of banu abs, his mother was named zabibah, an ethiopian woman, whom shaddad had enslaved after a tribal war. the tribe neglected antara at first, and he grew up in servitude. although it was fairly obvious that shaddad was his father. he was considered one... more \u00bb click here to add this poet to your my favorite poets. popular poemsmore poems of antarah ( antar ) ibn shaddad \u00bb hiv vaccine awareness day observed annually on may 18 international museum day memory + creativity = social change happy birthday omar khayyam! ( 1048 - 1131 ) persian mathematician, poet, and philosopher happy birthday friedrich ruckert! ( 1788 - 1866 ) german poet, translator, and professor of oriental languages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38477316254195265, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.716693"} {"text": "april 15, 2012 jumbo piston core speed 0. 8 knots location bransfield strait ( - 62. 56427333, - 55. 98799167 ) depth 253 meters yesterday we finished all scientific operations and we began our journey north back towards chile. we are slowly maneuvering through lots and lots of ice and hopefully we ' ll make it back home on time. from the picture below you can see where we ' ve been so far on this cruise. we are currently at the end of the red line headed back towards chile. it ' ll take us a few days to get there, maybe more if the ice continues to be heavy. jumbo piston core as i looked back over my blogs, i realized i hadn ' t shared one of the most interesting operations that the scientists have done. it ' s called a jumbo piston core ( jpc for short ) and it is made of 24 meters of solid steel. the jpc is lowered over the side of the boat and dropped to the seafloor to collect sediment. it can only be used in areas that have a lot of sediment and not a lot of rocks otherwise it will bend. because of the potential danger that can be caused by the wiring of the jpc, all of the outside decks have to be cleared. there are signs up on all the doors warning people not to pass through them. the jumbo piston core is slowly placed into the water on the side of the boat. a winch lowers the core until is about 50 meters off the bottom of the seafloor and then it is allowed to freefall into the sediment. at the bottom of the core is a small device that stops the sediments from leaking out as the core comes up. once it reaches the surface, it is raised back onto the deck using a crane. this jpc is full of mud and is so heavy the steel pipe is bending. once on deck, the inner core liner ( pvc pipe ) full of marine sediment is removed in pieces. it is pushed down from one end of the jpc and extruded on the opposite end. in order to get the tubes inside, at least two strong people must carry them. inside, they are labeled and stored in a cold room kept at 4\u00b0c. the tubes will be sent to a laboratory in florida where the team will be able to look at them more closely. the geology team was able to complete a jpc yesterday that contained almost 80 feet of mud! the depth of these cores gives the scientists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48365612614500497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.721233"} {"text": "initdb creates a new postgresql database cluster ( or database system ). a database cluster is a collection of databases that are managed by a single server instance. creating a database system consists of creating the directories in which the database data will live, generating the shared catalog tables ( tables that belong to the whole cluster rather than to any particular database ), and creating the template1 database. when you create a new database, everything in the template1 database is copied. it contains catalog tables filled in for things like the built - in types. initdb initializes the database cluster ' s default locale and character set encoding. some locale categories are fixed for the lifetime of the cluster, so it is important to make the right choice when running initdb. other locale categories can be changed later when the server is started. initdb will write those locale settings into the postgresql. conf configuration file so they are the default, but they can be changed by editing that file. to set the locale that initdb uses, see the description of the the character set encoding can be set separately for each database as it is created. initdb determines the encoding for the template1 database, which will serve as the default for all other databases. to alter the default encoding initdb must be run as the user that will own the server process, because the server needs to have access to the files and directories that initdb creates. since the server may not be run as root, you must not run initdb as root either. ( it will in fact refuse to do so. ) although initdb will attempt to create the specified data directory, often it won ' t have permission to do so, since the parent of the desired data directory is often a root - owned directory. to set up an arrangement like this, create an empty data directory as root, then use chown to hand over ownership of that directory to the database user account, then su to become the database user, and finally run initdb as the database user. this option specifies the directory where the database system should be stored. this is the only information required by initdb, but you can avoid writing it by setting the pgdata environment variable, which can be convenient since the database server ( postmaster ) can find the database directory later by the same variable. selects the encoding of the template database. this will also be the default encoding of any database you create later,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49375434345766556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.727343"} {"text": "pgdata environment variable, which can be convenient since the database server ( postmaster ) can find the database directory later by the same variable. selects the encoding of the template database. this will also be the default encoding of any database you create later, unless you override it there. to use the encoding feature, you must have enabled it at build time, at which time you also select the default for this option. sets the default locale for the database cluster. if this option is not specified, the locale is inherited from the environment that initdb runs in. - - locale, but only sets the locale in the specified category. selects the user name of the database superuser. this defaults to the name of the effective user running initdb. it is really not important what the superuser ' s name is, but one might choose to keep the customary name postgres, even if the operating system user ' s name is different. makes initdb prompt for a password to give the database superuser. if you don ' t plan on using password authentication, this is not important. otherwise you won ' t be able to use password authentication until you have a password set up. other, less commonly used, parameters are also available : print debugging output from the bootstrap backend and a few other messages of lesser interest for the general public. the bootstrap backend is the program initdb uses to create the catalog tables. this option generates a tremendous amount of extremely boring output. specifies where initdb should find its input files to initialize the database system. this is normally not necessary. you will be told if you need to specify their location explicitly. by default, when initdb determines that an error prevented it from completely creating the database system, it removes any files it may have created before discovering that it can ' t finish the job. this option inhibits tidying - up and is thus useful for debugging. specifies the directory where the database system is to be stored ; may be overridden using the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46236077391853314, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.728120"} {"text": "dna typing is an invaluable forensic tool for associating biological evidence with its true source. generally dna technology affords the forensic scientist the ability to effectively eliminate individuals who have been falsely associated with a biological sample and to substantially reduce the number of potential contributors to a few ( if not one ) individuals. when it was initially developed, dna typing was used predominately to compare an evidence profile directly with the profile from a reference sample ( s ). many of these one - to - one comparisons have been extremely useful in assisting to solve crimes. more than a decade ago the capability of dna typing was substantially expanded by the creation of dna databases that contain profiles from convicted felons ( and now arrestees as well ) and profiles from evidence from unsolved cases ( 1 ). the dna profiles contained within the forensic indices can be compared, and candidate matches can be investigated further. indeed, dna database searching has become another routine way to develop new and often strong investigative leads. the success stories of dna database search leads are well known for identifying suspects ( ultimately perpetrators ) and are being used increasingly in post - conviction exoneration cases. initially, database searching was applied to direct profile comparisons to generate investigative leads. however, in 2003 \u2013 2004 the forensic science service demonstrated that the database searching capabilities could be expanded by employing indirect comparisons via an approach known as familial searching ( 3 ). this type of search led to the identification of craig harman through an association with a first - order relative \u2019 s dna profile housed in the united kingdom dna database. the crime involved the heart attack death of a motorist due to a brick thrown through the windshield of the victim \u2019 s truck from a bridge above the roadway. a direct comparison of the dna profile from the brick and profiles in the national database did not result in any candidate matches. however, 25 similar dna profiles were identified, and at the top position on the list of candidates was a relative of craig harman. harman voluntarily submitted a reference sample, and his dna profile was a direct match with that of the evidence. he subsequently pleaded guilty to manslaughter. \" there is good a priori reason to believe that familial searching would have some success. according to the bureau of justice statistics correctional populations in united states, 1996 report, at least 42. 8 % of inmates had close relatives who also have been incarcerated. \" anecdotally, familial searching had been carried out previously to the harman case for years in one -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5081671642010177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.738490"} {"text": "in united states, 1996 report, at least 42. 8 % of inmates had close relatives who also have been incarcerated. \" anecdotally, familial searching had been carried out previously to the harman case for years in one - to - one comparison cases in which an evidence profile was sufficiently similar to the evidence. such similarities often prompted the forensic scientist to suggest to investigators to look for a relative of the suspect. however, the harman case was the first one in which a dna database was used to develop the investigative lead. today there are a number of documented cases where familial searching was successful in identifying the perpetrator ( 3 ) familial searching is based on the principle that first - order relatives, i. e., siblings, parents, and to a lesser degree even more distantly related relatives ( e. g., uncles, aunts and cousins ), will share features of their dna profiles ( i. e., alleles ) on average more so than do unrelated individuals. while there may be no direct matches when comparing an evidence dna profile with reference profiles in a dna database, there can be \" near genetic matches \" ( or better stated \" associations \" ) with convicted felon profiles, and one of these candidates may be a close relative of the true source of the crime scene evidence. familial searching is another tool in the arsenal for developing investigative leads from dna databases. there is good a priori reason to believe that familial searching would have some success. according to the bureau of justice statistics correctional populations in united states, 1996 report ( 5 ), at least 42. 8 % of inmates had close relatives ( i. e., father, mother, brother, sister, child ) who also have been incarcerated. since dna profiles of most inmates are entered in the codis system ( and, for example, the uk database ), familial searching has a great potential to assist law enforcement by identifying an individual in codis who may be a close relative of the true source of a forensic sample. typically, familial dna database searches are best suited for identification of an individual who could be a sibling of the true source of the evidence sample and identification of an individual who could be the parent or offspring of the true source of the evidence. use of familial searching can constitute a powerful law enforcement tool that should increase the number of suspects ( and thus perpetrators ) identified through forensic dna technology, and advocates say it already is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4937123401041479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.739738"} {"text": "parent or offspring of the true source of the evidence. use of familial searching can constitute a powerful law enforcement tool that should increase the number of suspects ( and thus perpetrators ) identified through forensic dna technology, and advocates say it already is a legitimate way to develop investigative leads ( 3 ). anecdotally, it appears that the use of familial dna searching in the uk that results in a conviction may be on a performance par with the use of codis to produce offender hits that result in conviction ( 3 ). bieber et al. ( 4 ) suggested that familial search analysis could increase the cold hit rate up to 40 %. even with its success in identifying true perpetrators via indirect associations in a dna database search, familial searching is not without its critics, who contend that familial searching simply is an invasion of privacy and merely a genetic fishing expedition by law enforcement. while those against familial searching acknowledge that convicted criminals should lose some privacy rights, they assert that relatives of convicted felons do not have an expectation of a reduced right to privacy. critics claim that these searches are even more troubling since they constitute an increased discriminatory scrutiny of the low - income and ethnic groups that are overrepresented in the database ( 6 ) the recent identification in california via familial searching of a serial killer suspect shows that this investigative tool could be beneficial to underprivileged groups ( 7 ). for more than 30 years, a serial murderer \u2014 the grim sleeper \u2014 in los angeles remained unidentified. the majority of victims were young african american females ( that clearly represented a low - income, minority population group ). yet familial searching linked franklin via his son who was entered into the california database for a felony weapons charge in recent years. to ensure that the association was a viable lead, the dna laboratory also typed the evidence and the son for y strs. barring mutation, a father passes his y str chromosome intact to his son. given the discrimination power afforded by current y str profiling kits is around 0. 999, most false indirect associations can be eliminated ( 9 ). thus, when using a y str match threshold, rarely would an investigator be incorrect in following up the lead provided by the dna association. the two y str profiles were the same, which strongly supports a paternal relationship between the source of the dna evidence and franklin ' s son. franklin ' s dna profile was a direct match to evidence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5036068867995889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.740847"} {"text": "following up the lead provided by the dna association. the two y str profiles were the same, which strongly supports a paternal relationship between the source of the dna evidence and franklin ' s son. franklin ' s dna profile was a direct match to evidence in the murders over the past three decades. this is strong support of the power of y strs in this context. even with this success story the debate on the use of familial searching will likely continue. currently some countries and only two us states ( california and colorado ) are openly conducting familial searching ; few jurisdictions are moving towards conducting familial searching, and one state ( maryland ) has prohibited familial searching of criminal databases. as the debate continues additional questions will likely arise, including : - could one make a proportionality argument and that the seriousness of the crime warrants its use ( for example in the grim sleeper case )? - alternatively to the proportionality position, if it is acceptable under serial murder cases, should familial searching be appropriate in other \u201c lesser \u201d crimes? after all there is evidence that a large portion of violent criminals start out by committing lesser crimes. - should familial dna searching be made available to a convicted person who has been afforded post - conviction dna testing that has not yet \u201c exonerated \u201d him / her because the identity of the source of the forensic unknown dna profile has not been established, even after a codis search? - is familial searching any different than using partial information as is done in other settings? - does the aura of dna impede its use \u2014 i. e., should dna be treated differently than other forensic evidence? - is a one - to - one comparison case in which a familial association is indicated any different than a familial association obtained by a database search? - is legislation required prior to proceeding with a familial search? - is there accountability if a codis manager or a laboratory analyst discovers a potential suspect who partially matches the evidence and does not report the finding? - could the nonreported association constitute brady material? - what about the next victim who would not have become a victim if the analyst provided the information? - should database managers seek legal advice on what is proper action regarding partial matches or potential associations? - if a state or jurisdiction desires to implement familial searching, what are the best practices to apply? with regard to the last question, software is needed that effectively searches databases based on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49593693641259934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.742101"} {"text": "what is proper action regarding partial matches or potential associations? - if a state or jurisdiction desires to implement familial searching, what are the best practices to apply? with regard to the last question, software is needed that effectively searches databases based on the best - performing parameters. the proposed practices for identifying associations with their false - positive and false - negative rates should be understood ( 12 ). when possible, y str typing should be performed ( for male relatives ) ( 11 ) in conclusion, there is unequivocal evidence that familial searching will increase the cold hit rate and help solve more cases. most states legislatively authorized codis to be utilized for \" criminal identification \" purposes. the means used to achieve that purpose are seldom specifically described in the empowering statutes. california and colorado each implemented familial dna searching without legislative assistance ( 3 ). the \" grim sleeper \" case shows that familial dna searching can be used solely for \" criminal identification \" purposes ( see reference 20 for an extended discussion of this topic ( 14 ) ). the prediction is that as more successes such as the grim sleeper case are reported, more laboratories will seek to use familial searching. if familial searching is to be implemented it should be performed in a well - thought - out, robust manner. there are some models to follow, and the laboratory should work closely with its legal counterparts to develop an effective plan. editor ' s note : learn more about familial searches to solve crimes at the 21st international symposium on human identification, which is being held october 11 \u2013 14, 2010, in san antonio, texas. a panel discussion on october 14 will explore the details of familial searching and focus on the controversy behind the policy. panelists will include bruce budowle, institute of investigative genetics ; rockne harmon, alameda county district attorney \u2019 s office ( retired ) ; jennifer luttman, federal bureau of investigation ; chris maguire, forensic science service ; and sonia suter, george washington law school.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5203605382789614, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.742956"} {"text": "for some women, genes may influence pressure to be thin genetics may make some women more vulnerable to the pressure of being thin, a study led by michigan state university researchers has found. from size - zero models to airbrushed film stars, thinness is portrayed as equaling beauty across western culture, and it \u2019 s an ideal often cited as a cause of eating disorder symptoms in young women. the researchers focused on the potential psychological impact of women buying into this perceived ideal of thinness, which they call thin - ideal internalization. changes in self - perception and behavior, caused by this idealization, can lead to body dissatisfaction, a preoccupation with weight and other symptoms of eating disorders. \u201c we \u2019 re all bombarded daily with messages extoling the virtues of being thin, yet intriguingly only some women develop what we term thin - ideal internalization, \u201d said jessica suisman, lead author on the study and a researcher in msu \u2019 s department of psychology. \u201c this suggests that genetic factors may make some women more susceptible to this pressure than others. \u201d to explore the role of genetic factors in whether women \u201c buy in \u201d to the pressure to be thin, the idealization of thinness was studied in sets of twins. more than 300 female twins from the msu twin registry, ages 12 - 22, took part in the study. suisman and colleagues measured how much participants wanted to look like people from movies, tv and magazines. once the levels of thin idealization were assessed, identical twins who share 100 percent of their genes were compared with fraternal twins who share 50 percent. the results show that identical twins have closer levels of thin idealization than fraternal twins, which suggests a significant role for genetics. further analysis shows that the heritability of thin idealization is 43 percent, meaning that almost half of the reason women differ in their idealization of thinness can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup. in addition to the role of genes, findings showed that influences of the environment are also important. the results showed that differences between twins \u2019 environments have a greater role in the development of thin ideal internalization than wider cultural attitudes, which women throughout western societies are exposed to. \u201c we were surprised to find that shared environmental factors, such as exposure to the same media, did not have as big an impact as expected, \u201d suisman said. \u201c instead, non - shared factors that make co - twins different from each other had the greatest impact. \u201d although the study did not look at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.514296771481242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.746855"} {"text": "exposure to the same media, did not have as big an impact as expected, \u201d suisman said. \u201c instead, non - shared factors that make co - twins different from each other had the greatest impact. \u201d although the study did not look at specific environmental triggers, non - shared environmental influences typically include experiences that twins do not share with one another. this could include involvement by one twin in a weight - focused sport like dance, one twin being exposed to more media that promotes thinness than the other, or one of the twins having a friendship group that places importance on weight. \u201c the take - home message, \u201d suisman said, \u201c is that the broad cultural risk factors that we thought were most influential in the development of thin - ideal internalization are not as important as genetic risk and environmental risk factors that are specific and unique to each twin. \u201d kelly klump, msu professor of psychology and co - author on the study, said it is well established that a broad range of factors can contribute to the development of eating disorders. \u201c this study reveals the need to take a similar approach to the ways in which women buy in to pressure to be thin, by considering how both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of thin - ideal internalization, \u201d klump said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4841822788995931, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.748310"} {"text": "published december 9th 2004 by routledge \u2013 96 pages series : routledge a level english guides routledge a level english guides equip as and a2 level students with the skills they need to explore, evaluate, and enjoy english. books in the series are built around the various skills specified in the assessment objectives ( aos ) for all as and a2 level english courses. focusing on the aos most relevant to their topic, the books help students to develop their knowledge and abilities through analysis of lively texts and contemporary data. each book in the series covers a different area of language and literary study, and offers accessible explanations, examples, exercises, summaries, suggested answers and a glossary of key terms. preface 1. genre text conventions case study : the recipe genre. conclusion. summary. 2. theme bridging the gap between texts. case study : single parents and their children. bleak house in context. choosing your own theme. conclusion summary. 3. linked and labelled texts labelling texts. the ' great tradition ' and cultural capital. problems with the labelling process. case study : the romantic movement. the romantic background and the age of revolution. the byronic hero. romantic texts in context. key contextual questions. extension exercise : the rime of the ancient mariner conclusion. summary. 4. sources and adaptations parody case study : pride and prejudice and bridget jones ' s diary. comparing form, structure and language. interpretations of texts. the writer ' s context. the text ' s context. the reader ' s context. the readings context. conclusion. summary. 5. comparing texts in examinations case study 1 : comparing literary texts. case study 2 : comparing non - literary texts. conclusion : comparing texts in examinations - methods and approaches. summary. suggestions for answers. glossary nicola onyett is an experienced a level examiner, moderator and coursework advisor. previously head of english at queen margaret ' s school in york she now teaches in the department of educational studies at the university of york.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4703335774682672, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.750506"} {"text": "excerpted from an eighth of august by dawn turner trice. copyright \u00a9 2002 by dawn turner trice. excerpted by permission of anchor, a division of random house, inc. all rights reserved. no part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher. 1 ) for discussion of an eighth of august : an eight of august presents the same events from several different points of view. which narrator most closely represents, if any, the voice of the author? did your opinions of the characters change as you saw them through different eyes? did you trust their own words and perceptions more than the portraits others painted of them? 2 ) sweet alma is a central character in the book, despite the fact that she isn ' t present in 1986. drawing on the impressions the other characters offer, how would you describe her? do you feel sympathy for her or do you think she is acting selfishly by not returning to halley ' s landing? 3 ) what motivated flossie ' s decision to send simon and sweet alma to st. louis? was she merely protecting the family from scandal? in what ways did it reflect her dissatisfaction with her own life? what would have happened to sweet alma had she remained in halley ' s landing? 4 ) why did flossie decide to raise el herself? to what extent was she influenced by the close - knit community of halley ' s landing and the attitudes of her friends and family? would she have made the same decisions about both her daughter and her grandson in chicago, where she, simon, and sweet alma lived before coming to halley ' s landing? 5 ) the people of halley ' s landing are very involved with each other ' s lives. do you think this is an accurate portrait of small - town life? are the characters more tolerant of each other because of their shared histories? are they more accepting of eccentricities and idiosyncrasies than members of your own community? 6 ) trice portrays the relationships between several couples : flossie and simon, herbert and thelma, pepper and june, and may ruth and john. discuss how each of these relationships represents a different concept of love and marriage. what makes herbert and thelma ' s marriage so successful? why do flossie and simon continue to meet years after their divorce, and why do they keep it a secret from the others? do your sympathies for june and pepper change when you learn more about june ' s background? do you think they will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47644168866215375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.755094"} {"text": "perversion. what keeps the negative events at the heart of the novels from overshadowing the stories trice tells? 3 ) why does trice use more than one narrator? how do the changes in voice shape the stories she tells? did you identify more closely with specific narrators, and if so, why? 4 ) tempestt tells her story from the vantage point of twenty years, and the recollections in an eighth of august switch back and forth from 1973 to 1986. how do the changing time frames and perspectives strengthen the power of the novels? 5 ) in only twice, all the characters are african - american. in her second novel, trice included a white woman, may ruth, as part of the community she creates. what do you think she was trying to accomplish by doing this? does may ruth ' s background and race influence the way the other characters relate to her? 6 ) both tempestt and pepper witness the death of their best friends, and both feel a sense of responsibility for the tragedy. how do their reactions differ? how do the reactions of the adults around them affect their abilities to cope with their guilt? we know that tempestt ended up living a rich, fulfilling life. what do you think will happen to pepper in the future?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45265863391966826, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.756969"} {"text": "the cooking hacks team is happy to announce at last the new development board we have been doing to use with raspberry! the idea behind the raspberry pi to arduino shields connection bridge is to allow to use any of the shields, boards and modules designed for arduino in raspberry pi. it includes also the possibility of connecting digital and analog sensors, using the same pinout of arduino but with the power and capabilities of raspberry. in order to make complete the compatibility we have created the ardupi library which allows to use raspberry with the same code used in arduino. to do so, we have implemented conversion functions so that you can control in the same way as in arduino all the i / o interfaces : i2c, spi, uart, analog, digital, in raspberry pi. let ' s summarize what we can do using this shield along with the ardupi library : - - connect any arduino wireless module in raspberry. some examples : xbee 802. 15. 4 / xbee zigbee, rfid, nfc, bluetooth, bluetooth pro, wifi, gprs, 3g - - connect any sensor ( analog 0 - 5v, digital ) to raspberry pi with a precession of 16b using the adc integrated. connect also complex sensors through i2c and uart buses - - connect any arduino specific shield such as : radiation sensor shield, canbus, relay shield,... - - connect any electronic module or actuator which works over i2c, spi, uart all the information can be found in this tutorial : raspberry pi to arduino shields connection bridge for further information or any question which may arise we will be pleased to help you. cooking hacks team", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47394369990272783, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.758816"} {"text": "by michael mann and gavin schmidt on this site we emphasize conclusions that are supported by \u201c peer - reviewed \u201d climate research. that is, research that has been published by one or more scientists in a scholarly scientific journal after review by one or more experts in the scientists \u2019 same field ( \u2018 peers \u2019 ) for accuracy and validity. what is so important about \u201c peer review \u201d? as chris mooney has lucidly put it : [ peer review ] is an undisputed cornerstone of modern science. central to the competitive clash of ideas that moves knowledge forward, peer review enjoys so much renown in the scientific community that studies lacking its imprimatur meet with automatic skepticism. academic reputations hinge on an ability to get work through peer review and into leading journals ; university presses employ peer review to decide which books they \u2019 re willing to publish ; and federal agencies like the national institutes of health use peer review to weigh the merits of applications for federal research grants. put simply, peer review is supposed to weed out poor science. however, it is not foolproof \u2014 a deeply flawed paper can end up being published under a number of different potential circumstances : ( i ) the work is submitted to a journal outside the relevant field ( e. g. a paper on paleoclimate submitted to a social science journal ) where the reviewers are likely to be chosen from a pool of individuals lacking the expertise to properly review the paper, ( ii ) too few or too unqualified a set of reviewers are chosen by the editor, ( iii ) the reviewers or editor ( or both ) have agendas, and overlook flaws that invalidate the paper \u2019 s conclusions, and ( iv ) the journal may process and publish so many papers that individual manuscripts occasionally do not get the editorial attention they deserve. thus, while un - peer - reviewed claims should not be given much credence, just because a particular paper has passed through peer review does not absolutely insure that the conclusions are correct or scientifically valid. the \u201c leaks \u201d in the system outlined above unfortunately allow some less - than - ideal work to be published in peer - reviewed journals. this should therefore be a concern when the results of any one particular study are promoted over the conclusions of a larger body of past published work ( especially if it is a new study that has not been fully absorbed or assessed by the community ). indeed, this is why scientific assessments such as the arctic climate impact assessment ( acia ), or the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) reports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5041238768512322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.776343"} {"text": "a new study that has not been fully absorbed or assessed by the community ). indeed, this is why scientific assessments such as the arctic climate impact assessment ( acia ), or the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) reports, and the independent reports by the national academy of sciences, are so important in giving a balanced overview of the state of knowledge in the scientific research community. there have been several recent cases of putatively peer - reviewed studies in the scientific literature that produced unjustified or invalid conclusions. curiously, many of these publications have been accompanied by heavy publicity campaigns, often declaring that this one paper completely refutes the scientific consensus. an excellent account of some of these examples is provided here by dr. stephen schneider ( stanford university ). perhaps the most publicized recent example was the publication of a study by astronomer willie soon of the harvard university - affiliated harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics and co - authors, claiming to demonstrate that 20th century global warmth was not unusual in comparison with conditions during medieval times. indeed, this study serves as a prime example of one of the \u201c myths \u201d that we have debunked elsewhere on this site. the study was summarily discredited in articles by teams of climate scientists ( including several of the scientists here at realclimate ), in the american geophysical union ( agu ) journal eos and in science. however, it took some time the rebuttals to work their way through the slow process of the scientific peer review. in the meantime the study was quickly seized upon by those seeking to sow doubt in the validity behind the scientific consensus concerning the evidence for human - induced climate change ( see news articles in the new york times, and wall street journal ). the publication of the study had wider reverberations throughout the academic and scientific institutions connected with it. the association of the study with the \u201c harvard \u201d name caused some notable unease among members of the harvard university community ( see here and here ) and the reputation of the journal publishing the study was seriously tarnished in the process. the editor at climate research that handled the soon et al paper, dr. chris de frietas, has a controversial record of past editorial practices ( see this \u2018 sidebar \u2019 to an article in scientific american by science journalist david appell ). in an unprecedented ( to our knowledge ) act of protest, chief editor hans von storch and 3 additional editors subsequently resigned from climate research in response to the fundamental documented failures of the editorial process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5529981655896579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.777646"} {"text": "in scientific american by science journalist david appell ). in an unprecedented ( to our knowledge ) act of protest, chief editor hans von storch and 3 additional editors subsequently resigned from climate research in response to the fundamental documented failures of the editorial process at the journal. a detailed account of these events are provided by chris mooney in the skeptical inquirer and the american prospect, by david appell in scientific american, and in a news brief in nature. the journal \u2019 s publisher himself ( otto kline ) eventually stated that \u201c [ the conclusions drawn ] cannot be concluded convincingly from the evidence provided in the paper \u201d. another journal which ( quite oddly ) also published the soon et al study, \u201c energy and environment \u201d, is not actually a scientific journal at all but a social science journal. the editor, sonja boehmer - christensen, in defending the publication of the soon et al study, was quoted by science journalist richard monastersky in the chronicle of higher education somewhat remarkably confessing \u201c i \u2019 m following my political agenda \u2014 a bit, anyway. but isn \u2019 t that the right of the editor? \u201d. shaviv and veizer ( 2003 ) published a paper in the journal gsa today, where the authors claimed to establish a correlation between cosmic ray flux ( crf ) and temperature evolution over hundreds of millions of years, concluding that climate sensitivity to carbon dioxide was much smaller than currently accepted. the paper was accompanied by a press release entitled \u201c global warming not a man - made phenomenon \u201d, in which shaviv was quoted as stating, \u201c the operative significance of our research is that a significant reduction of the release of greenhouse gases will not significantly lower the global temperature, since only about a third of the warming over the past century should be attributed to man \u201d. however, in the paper the authors actually stated that \u201c our conclusion about the dominance of the crf over climate variability is valid only on multimillion - year time scales \u201d. unsurprisingly, there was a public relations offensive using the seriously flawed conclusions expressed in the press release to once again try to cast doubt on the scientific consensus that humans are influencing climate. these claims were subsequently disputed in an article in eos ( rahmstorf et al, 2004 ) by an international team of scientists and geologists ( including some of us here at realclimate ), who suggested that shaviv and veizer \u2019 s analyses were based on unreliable and poorly replicated estimates, selective adjustments of the data ( shifting the data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4796939762378067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.778858"} {"text": "international team of scientists and geologists ( including some of us here at realclimate ), who suggested that shaviv and veizer \u2019 s analyses were based on unreliable and poorly replicated estimates, selective adjustments of the data ( shifting the data, in one case by 40 million years ) and drew untenable conclusions, particularly with regard to the influence of anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations on recent warming ( see for example the exchange between the two sets of authors ). however, by the time this came out the misleading conclusions had already been publicized widely. next, we discuss the first of three so - called \u201c bombshell \u201d papers that supposedly \u201c knock the stuffing out of \u201d the findings of the ipcc. patrick michaels and associates billed his own paper ( mckitrick and michaels, 2004 ) ( co - authored by ross mckitrick ), this way : after four years of one of the most rigorous peer reviews ever, canadian ross mckitrick and another of us ( michaels ) published a paper searching for \u201c economic \u201d signals in the temperature record. \u2026 the research showed that somewhere around one - half of the warming in the u. n. surface record was explained by economic factors, which can be changes in land use, quality of instrumentation, or upkeep of records. it strikes us as odd, to say the least, that, after one of the \u201c most rigorous peer reviews ever \u201d, nobody involved ( neither editor, nor reviewers, nor authors ) seems to have caught the egregious basic error that the authors mistakenly used degrees rather than the required radians in calculating the cosine functions used to spatially weight their estimates * *. this mistake rendered every calculation in the paper incorrect, and the conclusions invalid \u2014 to our knowledge, however, the paper has not yet been retracted. remarkably, there were still other independent and equally fundamental errors in the paper that would have rendered it entirely invalid anyway. to the journals credit, they published a criticism of the paper by benestad ( 2004 ) to this effect. it may come as no surprise that mckitrick and michaels ( 2004 ) was published in climate research and was handled by none other than chris de frietas. the other two \u201c bombshell \u201d papers were published in the agu journal geophysical research letters ( grl ) which publishes over 1500 papers per year. it can be conservatively estimated that they publish no more than 70 % of the papers received, and thus probably process over 2000 papers per year. that gives each of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48891819130834124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.784699"} {"text": "journal geophysical research letters ( grl ) which publishes over 1500 papers per year. it can be conservatively estimated that they publish no more than 70 % of the papers received, and thus probably process over 2000 papers per year. that gives each of the typically 8 or so editors of the journal almost a paper per day to evaluate. while grl publishes many excellent papers and provides an important forum to the research community for rapid publication of important results, occasionally, poor papers slip through the net. these two papers were authored by douglass and collaborators ( douglass et al, 2004a ; 2004b ) the first with fred singer as a co - author and the second with both singer and michaels. both papers * * * argue that recent atmospheric temperatures have been cooling, rather than warming, based on the analysis of data over a selective ( 1979 - 1996 ) time interval that eliminates periods of significant warming both before and after, and using a controversial satellite - derived temperature record whose robustness has been called into question by other teams analysing the data. an excellent discussion of both papers is provided by tim lambert. another relevant grl paper was the article by legates and davis ( 1997 ) which criticized the use of \u201c centered correlations \u201d common to numerous \u201c detection and attribution \u201d studies supporting the detection of human influence on recent climate change. they argued that correlations could increase while observed and simulated global means diverge. however, as pointed out in the chapter on detection and attribution in ipcc ( 2001 ) *, centered correlations were introduced for precisely this reason : to provide an indicator that was statistically independent of global mean temperature changes. as noted by the ipcc, \u201c if both global mean changes and centered pattern correlations point towards the same explanation of observed temperature changes, it provides more compelling evidence than either of these indicators in isolation \u201d. again, a basic logical flaw in the authors \u2019 criticism of past work was not caught in peer review. next, we consider the paper by soon et al ( 2004 ) published in grl which criticized the way temperature data series had been smoothed in the ipcc report and elsewhere. true to form, contrarians immediately sold the results as \u2018 invalidating \u2019 the conclusions of the ipcc, with the lead author willie soon himself writing an opinion piece to this effect. once again, a few short months later, a followup article was published by one of us ( mann, 2004 ) that invalidated the soon et al ( 2004 ) conclusions, demonstrating ( with links to supporting matlab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5367488612585796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.786075"} {"text": "opinion piece to this effect. once again, a few short months later, a followup article was published by one of us ( mann, 2004 ) that invalidated the soon et al ( 2004 ) conclusions, demonstrating ( with links to supporting matlab source codes and data ) how ( a ) the authors had, in an undisclosed manner, inappropriately compared trends calculated over differing time intervals and ( b ) had not used standard, objective statistical criteria to determine how data series should be treated near the beginning and end of the data. it is unfortunate that a followup paper even had to be published, as the flaws in the original study were so severe as to have rendered the study of essentially no scientific value. there are other examples of studies that have even been published in high quality venues that were heavily publicized at the time, but in retrospect were flawed ( though not as egregiously as the examples above ). for instance, fan et al ( 1998 ), on the size of the carbon sink in the continental us, rebutted by schimel et al. ( 2000 ). or the solar - cycle length / climate correlation described by friis - christensen and lassen ( 1991 ) whose seeemingly impressive correlation for the latter half of the 20th century disappears if you don \u2019 t change the averaging scheme half way along ( laut, 2003 ; damon and laut, 2004 ). the current thinking of scientists on climate change is based on thousands of studies ( google scholar gives 19, 000 scientific articles for the full search phrase \u201c global climate change \u201d ). any new study will be one small grain of evidence that adds to this big pile, and it will shift the thinking of scientists slightly. science proceeds like this in a slow, incremental way. it is extremely unlikely that any new study will immediately overthrow all the past knowledge. so even if the conclusions of the shaviv and veizer ( 2003 ) study discussed earlier, for instance, had been correct, this would be one small piece of evidence pitted against hundreds of others which contradict it. scientists would find the apparent contradiction interesting and worthy of further investigation, and would devote further study to isolating the source of the contradiction. they would not suddenly throw out all previous results. yet, one often gets the impression that scientific progress consists of a series of revolutions where scientists discard all their past thinking each time a new result gets published. this is often because only a small handful of high - profile studies in a given field are known by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5200049906236943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.787273"} {"text": "often gets the impression that scientific progress consists of a series of revolutions where scientists discard all their past thinking each time a new result gets published. this is often because only a small handful of high - profile studies in a given field are known by the wider public and media, and thus unrealistic weight is attached to those studies. new results are often over - emphasised ( sometimes by the authors, sometimes by lobby groups ) to make them sound important enough to have news value. thus \u201c bombshells \u201d usually end up being duds. however, as demonstrated above, even when it initially breaks down, the process of peer - review does usually work in the end. but sometimes it can take a while. observers would thus be well advised to be extremely skeptical of any claims in the media or elsewhere of some new \u201c bombshell \u201d or \u201c revolution \u201d that has not yet been fully vetted by the scientific community. * note added 1 / 21 / 05 : it has come to our attention that legates and davis ( 1997 ) were similarly rebutted in a separate publication by wigley et al ( 2000 ). * * note added 1 / 21 / 05 : mckitrick and michaels have published an errata correcting the degrees / radians error in cr 27, 265 - 268 which now shows that latitude correlates much better with temperature trends than any economic statisitic. * * * note added 1. 25. 05 : chip knappenberger correctly points out that the the second douglass et al paper doesn \u2019 t actually make the claim that the atmosphere is cooling. we therefore withdraw that specific comment, but note that the comment concerning the selective use of data series and time periods stands. benestad, r. e., are temperature trends affected by economic activity? comment on mckitrick & michaels., climate research, 27, 171 - 173, 2004. damon, p. e. and p. laut, pattern of strange errors plagues solar activity and terrestrial climate data, eos, 85, p. 370. 2004 douglass, d. h., pearson, b. d., and s. f. singer, altitude dependence of atmospheric temperature trends : climate models versus observation, geophys. res. lett., 31, l13208, doi : 10. 1029 / 2004gl020103, 2004. douglass, d. h., pearson, b. d., and s. f. singer, knappenberg, p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5431623685974492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.788205"} {"text": "31, l13208, doi : 10. 1029 / 2004gl020103, 2004. douglass, d. h., pearson, b. d., and s. f. singer, knappenberg, p. c., and p. j. michaels, disparity of tropospheric and surface temperature trends : new evidence, geophys. res. lett., 31, l13207, doi : 10. 1029 / 2004gl020212, 2004, 2004. fan, s., gloor, m., mahlman, j., pacala, s., sarmiento, j., takahashi, t., tans, p. a large terrestrial carbon sink in north america implied by atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide data and models, science 282 : 442 - 446, 1998. friis - christensen, e., and k. lassen, length of the solar cycle : an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate, science 254, 698 - 700, ( 1991 ). legates, d. r. and r. e. davis, the continuing search for an anthropogenic climate change signal : limitations of correlation based approaches, geophys. res. lett., 24, 2319 - 2322, 1997. laut, p., solar activity and terrestrial climate : an analysis of some purported correlations, j. atmos. solar - terr. phys., 65, 801 - 812. 2003 mann, m. e., on smoothing potentially non - stationary climate time series, geophys. res. lett., 31, 2319 - 2322, l07214, doi : 10. 1029 / 2004gl019569, 2004. mckitrick, r., and michaels, p. j., a test of corrections for extraneous signals in gridded surface temperature data., climate research, 26, 159 - 173, 2004. rahmstorf, s., d. archer, d. s. ebel, o. eugster, j. jouzel, d. maraun, g. a. schmidt, j. severinghaus, a. j. weaver, and j. zachos, cosmic rays, carbon dioxide, and climate, eos, 85,, 38, 41, 2004. schimel, d., mel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49170374351942875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.788895"} {"text": "schmidt, j. severinghaus, a. j. weaver, and j. zachos, cosmic rays, carbon dioxide, and climate, eos, 85,, 38, 41, 2004. schimel, d., melillo, j., tian, h., mcguire, a. d., kicklighter, d., kittel, t., rosenbloom, n., running, s., thornton, p., ojima, d., parton, w., kelly, r., sykes, m., neilson, r. and rizzo, b., contribution of increasing co2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the united states, science 287 : 2004 - 2006, 2000 shaviv, n, and j. veizer, celestial driver of phanerozoic climate?, gsa today, 13,, 4 - 10, 2004. soon, w., d. r. legates, and s. l. baliunas, estimation and representation of long - term ( > 40 year ) trends of northern - hemisphere gridded surface temperature : a note of caution, geophys. res. lett., 31,, l03209, doi : 10. 1029 / 2003gl019141, 2004. soon, w., and s. baliunas, proxy climatic and environmental changes over the past 1000 years, climate research, 23, 89 - 110, 2003. soon, w., s. baliunas, c, idso, s. idso and d. r. legates, reconstructing climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years, energy and environment, 14, 233 - 296, 2003. wigley, t. m. l, santer, b. d and k. e. taylor, k. e., correlation approaches to detection, geophys. res. lett.,, 27, 2973 - 2976, 2000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5418411398387717, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.789795"} {"text": "keba keba is japanese for gaudy tawdry and it is the title of artist takashi murakami ' s first picture book for children, with a story written by pop musician yujin kitagawa. this bright, colorful book, appropriate for readers of all ages, features both japanese and english texts and emerges at a pivotal time for america ' s scrutiny of japan ' s self - expression. murakami is both an artist and an intellectual ; he has written on and created works employing the concept he calls \" superflat, \" which is to say, \" completely westernized. \" murakami has speculated that \" the world of the future might be like japan is today - - super flat. \" murakami ' s art is inspired both by animation and children ' s culture. but while he has created stuffed animals and monstrously sized inflatable characters, keba keba is his first work intended for children. as the book begins, we meet keba keba - - a round, colorful, exeedingly generous, though friendless creature. keba keba gives his yellow to a baby chicken who has been bullied, his favorite color red to the sad sun, his blue to the crying sky, and the rest of his colors to some frail, unhappy flowers. while keba keba is giving his colors away to the colorless strangers, he becomes thinner and more faint - - but at the same time incredibly happy. in fact, kitagawa ' s story continuously emphasizes keba keba ' s wonderful feelings. yet murakami uses a climactic, wordless illustration encompassing two full pages to show keba keba in shades of grey. his eyes are closed, he is thin, exhausted - - super - flat. fashion designer marc jacobs, whose comments are featured on keba keba ' s book jacket, says that this story is a lesson about the need to give generously and selflessly in order to receive true joy. certainly this is one message children can absorb. but it ' s also possible to see the book as offering a more cautionary tale for contemporary youth. the story ends with a colorful world, but kebakeba is not in this world anymore. and he never does make any friends. sources : brehm, margrit. \" takashi murakami : a lesson in strategy ( morphed double - loop. \" the japanese experience inevitable. ed. margrit brehm. germany, hatje cantz verlag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5134627222351529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.792546"} {"text": "rajeev srinivasan looks at the reasons behind the debacle. the currency exchange rate is a representation of the market sentiment about the strength of a nation ' s economy. as such, it is often ruthless in indicating what the rest of the world thinks about a country ' s economic stewardship. thus, when the rupee plummets, it is a clear indication that the world thinks india ' s [ images ] economy is in bad shape, and that its prospects for the future is cloudy. the proximate cause is the budget, with its black - swan event of a 50 - year rollback and retroactive taxation of deals. this strengthens the notion that india is still a banana republic. there is also the spectre of a balance - of - payments crisis as in 1991, which also followed a spending binge. india has a healthy foreign exchange reserve of some $ 330 billion, but this is not as much of a cushion as one might think : it may only pay for some months worth of imports. what is also striking are the following numbers from shankar acharya in business standard ( ' the exchange rate : economics bites back ) : after being at around 1 per cent since 1991, the current account deficit is ballooning to about 4 per cent of gdp now ; the fiscal deficit is stubbornly high at over 8 per cent. according to the economist, inflation was at 9. 5 per cent in march, exceeded only by turkey, pakistan and venezuela! and yet, here is the government of india acting as though its finances were in the pink of health, proposing more entitlement programmes! tellingly, the interest rates on 10 - year government bonds, at 8. 51 per cent, are also among the highest in the world, exceeded only by turkey, pakistan, and everybody ' s favorite, greece. nice company. from a personal point of view, a collapse in the rupee ' s purchasing power is a rude shock when an indian travels outside the country. for instance, i remember traveling once to thailand about twenty years ago. the thai baht and the indian rupee were roughly equivalent, and if i remember right, at about 20 to 25 to the dollar. so it was easy to compare prices - - including those of bangkok ' s infamous and dodgy delights - - because you could just use relevant indian prices. unfortunately, things have diverged a long way : the thai baht ( despite the punishment of the asian financial crisis a while ago ) is still around 31. 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4476759053751488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.799013"} {"text": "infamous and dodgy delights - - because you could just use relevant indian prices. unfortunately, things have diverged a long way : the thai baht ( despite the punishment of the asian financial crisis a while ago ) is still around 31. 1 to the us dollar, whereas the rupee has plunged to ( as of this writing ) 56 to the us dollar ( 56. 38 this morning ). that is, it has depreciated by about 80 per cent compared to the thai baht. what that suggests is that thailand ' s economic fundamentals are considerably worse than those of thailand. thailand is a small country, with not much by way of natural resources or human resources, yet they are so much more economically worthy than india! the saga of the rupee is starkly visible in this chart from the economist ( the tale that wags the elephant, may 12, 2012 ) - - the rupee has continuously depreciated against the dollar. the sharp fall happened in 1991 as part of liberalisation, but the general trend has been downwards, except for two brief periods : one in the 2000 - 2007 era when the fruits of liberalisation were beginning to appear ; and two in the 2008 - 2011 era when the financial meltdown hit the west. in fact, that latter point is one of the two reasons why india is at risk now. there is an empirical observation that those countries that escape a particular financial crisis ( and pat themselves on the back ) are quite likely to fall prey to the next financial crisis. there was an orgy of self - congratulation and complacency about the wisdom of the indian ' third way ' when the west self - destructed and india did not. that chicken may now be coming home to roost. the second reason is structural : the congress is happy with a certain economic climate ; and if presented with any other, they will quickly convert it into what they like. some commentators have anointed the congress ' the natural party of governance ', and their ' natural form of governance ' is : the nehruvian growth rate of 2 to 3 per cent, high inflation, industrial stagnation, the license - permit raj, hyper - keynesian tax - and - spend, crony capitalism, deficit financing, mushrooming public spending on entitlements. i proposed a ' goat theory of everything ' to explain this phenomenon ( see my earlier rediff column ). much as goats will convert any lush grassland into their natural habitat of semi - arid, hardsc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45574483856402415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.800184"} {"text": "cr - 39 is transparent in visible spectrum and is almost completely opaque in the ultraviolet range. it has high abrasion resistance, in fact the highest abrasion / scratch resistance of any uncoated optical plastic. cr - 39 is about half the weight of glass and index of refraction only slightly lower than that of crown glass, making it an advantageous material for eyeglasses and sunglasses lenses. a wide range of colors can be achieved by dyeing of the surface or the bulk of the material. cr - 39 is also resistant to most of solvents and other chemicals, to gamma radiation, to aging, and to material fatigue. it can withstand the small hot sparks from welding. it can be used continuously in temperatures up to 100 \u00b0c and up to one hour in 130 \u00b0c. in the radiation detection application, raw cr - 39 material is exposed to proton recoils caused by incident neutrons. the proton recoils cause tracks, which are enlarged by an etching process in a caustic solution of sodium hydroxide. the enlarged tracks are counted under a microscope ( commonly 200x ), and the number of tracks is proportional to the amount of incident neutron radiation. effect of alpha - particle energies on cr - 39 line - shape parameters using positron annihilation technique. ( polyally diglycol carbonate ) jul 01, 2006 ; polyally diglycol carbonate \" cr - 39 \" is widely used as etched track type particle detector. doppler broadening positron...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5465050600321236, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.801686"} {"text": "if and only if - \" material equivalence \" redirects here, in logic and fields that rely on it such as mathematics, is a logical connective between statements which means that the truth of either one of the statements requires the truth of the other. thus, either both statements are true, or both are false. to put it another way, the first statement will always be true when the second statement is, and will only be true under those conditions. in writing, common alternative phrases to \" if and only if \" include iff, q is necessary and sufficient for p, p is equivalent to q, p precisely if q, p precisely ( or exactly ) when q, p exactly in case q, and p just in case q. many authors regard \" iff \" as unsuitable in formal writing ; others use it freely. the statement \" ( p iff q ) \" is equivalent to the statement \" not ( p xor q ) \" or \" p = = q \" in computer science. in logic formulas, logical symbols are used instead of these phrases ; see the discussion of notation. the truth table of p iff q ( also written as p \u2194 q ) is as follows : p \u2194 q | | t | | | f | | | f | | | t | the corresponding logical symbols are \" \u2194 \", \" \" and \" \u2261 \", and sometimes \" iff \". these are usually treated as equivalent. however, some texts of mathematical logic ( particularly those on first - order logic, rather than propositional logic ) make a distinction between these, in which the first, \u2194, is used as a symbol in logic formulas, while is used in reasoning about those logic formulas ( e. g., in metalogic another term for this logical connective is exclusive nor. in most logical systems, one proves a statement of the form \" p iff q \" by proving \" if p, then q \" and \" if q, then p \" ( or the inverse of \" if p, then q \", i. e. \" if not p, then not q \" ). proving this pair of statements sometimes leads to a more natural proof, since there are not obvious conditions in which one would infer a biconditional directly. an alternative is to prove the disjunction \" ( p and q ) or ( not - p and not - q ) \", which itself can be inferred directly from either of its disjuncts \u2014 that is, because \" if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6011913223963705, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.808609"} {"text": "alternative is to prove the disjunction \" ( p and q ) or ( not - p and not - q ) \", which itself can be inferred directly from either of its disjuncts \u2014 that is, because \" iff \" is truth - functional, \" p iff q \" follows if p and q have both been shown true, or both false. origin of the abbreviation usage of the abbreviation \" iff \" first appeared in print in john l. kelley book general topology its invention is often credited to the mathematician paul halmos the difference between if, only if, and iff - madison will eat pudding if the pudding is a custard. ( equivalently : if the pudding is a custard, then madison will eat it ) - madison will eat pudding only if the pudding is a custard. ( equivalently : if madison is eating pudding, then it must be a custard ) - madison will eat pudding if and only if ( iff ) the pudding is a custard. ( equivalently : if the pudding is a custard, then madison will eat it. and if madison is eating pudding, then it must be a custard. ) sentence ( 1 ) states only that madison will eat custard pudding. it does not, however, preclude the possibility that madison might also have occasion to eat bread pudding. maybe she will, maybe she will not - the sentence does not tell us. all we know for certain is that she will eat custard pudding. sentence ( 2 ) states that the only pudding madison will eat is a custard. it does not, however, preclude the possibility that madison will refuse a custard if it is made available, in contrast with sentence ( 1 ), which requires madison to eat any available custard. sentence ( 3 ), however, makes it quite clear that madison will eat custard pudding and custard pudding only. she will eat all such puddings, and she will not eat any other type of pudding. a further difference is that \" if \" is used in definitions ( except in formal logic ) ; see more below. a sentence that is composed of two other sentences joined by \" iff \" is called a biconditional. \" iff \" joins two sentences to form a new sentence. it should not be confused with logical equivalence which is a description of a relation between two sentences. the biconditional \" a iff the sentences a,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5829656777161626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.809519"} {"text": "called a biconditional. \" iff \" joins two sentences to form a new sentence. it should not be confused with logical equivalence which is a description of a relation between two sentences. the biconditional \" a iff the sentences a, describing a relation between the states of affairs a describe. by contrast \" a is logically equivalent to b \" mentions both sentences : it describes a relation between those two sentences, and not between whatever matters they describe. the distinction is a very confusing one, and has led many a philosopher astray. certainly it is the case that when a is logically equivalent to b, \" a iff b \" is true. but the converse does not hold. reconsidering the sentence : - madison will eat pudding if and only if it is custard. there is clearly no logical equivalence between the two halves of this particular biconditional. for more on the distinction, see w. v. quine ' s mathematical logic, section 5. one way of looking at \" a if and only if b \" is that it means \" a if b \" ( b implies a ) and \" a only when b \" ( not b implies not a ). \" not b implies not a \" means a implies b, so then we get two way implication. in philosophy and logic, \" iff \" is used to indicate definitions, since definitions are supposed to be universally quantified biconditionals. in mathematics and elsewhere, however, the word \" if \" is normally used in definitions, rather than \" iff \". this is due to the observation that \" if \" in the english language has a definitional meaning, separate from its meaning as a propositional conjunction. this separate meaning can be explained by noting that a definition ( for instance : a group is \" abelian \" if it satisfies the commutative law ; or : a grape is a \" raisin \" if it is well dried ) is not an equivalence to be proved, but a rule for interpreting the term defined. ( some authors, nevertheless, explicitly indicate that the \" if \" of a definition means \" iff \"! ) here are some examples of true statements that use \" iff \" - true biconditionals ( the first is an example of a definition, so it should normally have been written with \" if \" ) : - a person is a bachelor iff that person is a marriageable man who has never married. - \" snow is white \" ( in english ) is true if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6141890846506689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.810429"} {"text": "of a definition, so it should normally have been written with \" if \" ) : - a person is a bachelor iff that person is a marriageable man who has never married. - \" snow is white \" ( in english ) is true iff \" schnee ist wei\u00df \" ( in german ) is true. - for any p, q, and r : ( p & q ) & r iff p & ( q & r ). ( since this is written using variables and \" & \", the statement would usually be written using \" \u2194 \", or one of the other symbols used to write biconditionals, in place of \" iff \" ). - for any real numbers x and y, x = y + 1 iff y = x\u22121. other words are also sometimes emphasized in the same way by repeating the last letter ; for example orr for \" or and only or \" ( the exclusive disjunction the statement \" ( a iff b ) \" is equivalent to the statement \" ( not a or b ) and ( not b or a ), \" and is also equivalent to the statement \" ( not a and not b ) or ( a and b ) \". it is also equivalent to : not [ ( a or b ) and ( not a or not b ) ], or more simply : which converts into : which were given in verbal interpretations above. more general usage is used outside the field of logic, wherever logic is applied, especially in mathematical discussions. it has the same meaning as above : it is an abbreviation for if and only if, indicating that one statement is both necessary and sufficient for the other. this is an example of mathematical jargon. ( however, as noted above, if, rather than iff, is more often used in statements of definition. ) the elements of x are all and only the elements of y is used to mean : \" for any z in the domain of discourse, z is in x if and only if z is in y. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5975846566130012, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.811114"} {"text": "artificial \" skin \" materials can sense pressure chicago ( reuters ) - new artificial \" skin \" fashioned out of flexible semiconductor materials can sense touch, making it possible to create robots with a grip delicate enough to hold an egg, yet strong enough to grasp the frying pan, u. s. researchers said on sunday. scientists have long struggled with a way to make robotic devices capable of adjusting the amount of force needed to hold and use different objects. the pressure - sensitive materials are designed to overcome that challenge. \" humans generally know how to hold a fragile egg without breaking it, \" said ali javey, an electrical engineer at the university of california berkeley, who led one of two teams reporting on artificial skin discoveries in the journal nature materials. \" if we ever wanted a robot that could unload the dishes, for instance, we ' d want to make sure it doesn ' t break the wine glasses in the process. but we ' d also want the robot to be able to grip a stock pot without dropping it, \" javey said in a statement. javey ' s team found a way to make ultra tiny \" nanowires \" from an alloy of silicon and germanium. wires of this material were formed on the outside of a cylindrical drum, which was then rolled onto a sticky film, depositing the wires in a uniform pattern. sheets of this semiconductor film were then coated with a layer of pressure - sensitive rubber. tests of the material showed it was able to detect a range of force, from typing on a keyboard to holding an object. a second team led by zhenan bao, a chemical engineer at stanford university in california, used a different approach, making a material so sensitive it can detect the weight of a butterfly resting on it. bao ' s sensors were made by sandwiching a precisely molded, highly elastic rubber layer between two electrodes in a regular grid of tiny pyramids. \" we molded it into some kind of microstructure to incorporate some air pockets, \" bao said in a telephone interview. \" if we introduce air pockets, then these rubber pieces can bounce back. \" when this material is stretched, the artificial skin measures the change in electrical activity. \" the change in the thickness of the material is converted into an electrical signal, \" she said. eventually, the teams hope artificial skin could be used to restore the sense of touch in people with prosthetic limbs, but scientists will first need a better understanding of how to integrate the system ' s sensors with the human nervous system. javey ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5205638475833194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.816565"} {"text": "\u201c act as if what you do makes a difference. it does. \u201d \u2013 william james there are fewer than 50 javan rhinos left in the world and you can help protect them by supporting operation javan rhino, a global partnership led by international rhino foundation and save the rhino international. javan rhinos at risk with the recent extinction of the javan rhino in vietnam, there is only one population of javan rhinos left on earth. all of them live in ujung kulon national park on the island of java, indonesia. the javan rhino is at significant risk of extinction \u2013 one natural disaster or an introduced disease could be the end of this species forever. but you can help prevent the extinction of javan rhinos! operation javan rhino operation javan rhino is creating 4, 000 hectares of expanded habitat for javan rhinos in ujung kulon, to encourage population growth and establish a second \u201c insurance \u201d population of javan rhinos at a separate site. here \u2019 s what operation javan rhino is doing to make the new habitat suitable and safe for javan rhinos : - clearing the site for an electric fence and adjacent patrol road - constructing a fence and small bridges - planting rhino food plants and removing invasive species - creating a water supply and salt - lick - constructing new guard posts - hiring and training more guards and other staff from local villages - launching an education program for nearby communities this immense project costs $ 650, 000 \u2013 and $ 350, 000 has already been raised. international rhino foundation and save the rhino international are asking for your help in raising the additional funds needed to prevent the extinction of the javan rhino. please visit the international rhino foundation \u2019 s operation javan rhino page to make your donation and learn more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.38925411546425404, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.819881"} {"text": "termites ' enzyme anomaly 26 march 2007 japanese researchers have discovered a previously unknown method used by termites to digest cellulose. the discovery offers a novel source of enzymes to assist in the production of biofuels, they suggest. primitive groups of termites break down the normally indigestible cellulose with the aid of cellulase enzymes secreted by single - celled protozoans in the termite gut. higher termites secrete their own cellulases directly from cells in their midgut. but gaku tokuda and hirofumi watanabe from the university of the ryukyus, okinawa predicted that these endogenous cellulases produced by higher termites are not sufficient to meet the insect ' s energy needs. termites digest the cellulose in wood, causing extensive damage. \u00a9 william rafti of the william rafti institute. tokuda believes these findings will be of interest to the us department of energy, which is funding genomic analysis of different termite species in its search for more efficient methods of converting agricultural and forestry waste into usable energy. he points out that the termites could be a valuable source of industrial enzymes because they have adapted to live on diets involving a wide range of plant material as well as wood. ' the termite gut is the smallest bioreactor in the world, ' said tokuda. ' we have a lot of fundamental knowledge to learn from these micro bioreactors to establish efficient biomass conversion systems. ' but termite expert david bignell from queen mary college, university of london, uk, is sceptical about claims of industrial applications of termite - based products. ' this argument has been used for the last 30 years to justify all kinds of termite research but i don ' t know of any commercial applications, ' said bignell. ' we have an extensive knowledge of microbial cellulases, and most interest from biotechnologists is focused there. ' where the japanese study is interesting, he said, is in highlighting an evolutionary paradox : why should the termites go to the trouble of developing their own cellulases when they can be supplied more efficiently by symbiotic bacteria? bignell suspects that cellulases in the hindgut are there to supply the energy needs of symbiotic bacteria, not the host. ' in wood feeders the limiting factor for growth is nitrogen, not carbon, because wood contains very little nitrogen. so the bacterial community of the termite hindgut contains bacteria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46236428914687755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.824254"} {"text": "save 10 % on your orders of $ 100 or more ask the naturalist do you have a natural history question? ask us! | world of roger tory peterson | born in jamestown, new york, to working - class immigrant parents, roger was a self - made man who made a successful livelihood by single - mindedly following his guiding passion for birds. in books, articles, lectures, films, and, above all, in his revolutionary field guides, he showed countless readers and listeners how to see and observe nature. his impact lives on in the modern - day proliferation of field guides, nature books, and nature education programs. it lives on in the popularity of bird watching as a recreational pastime. it lives on, too, in the environmental protection laws that stem in part from his advocacy and education work. for roger, passion, joy, and commitment all flowed from the same source, from the world of wings he first discovered in the woods and fields of jamestown. roger well knew the value of education \u2014 he always remembered how his seventh - grade teacher, blanche hornbeck, helped introduce him to the wider world of nature through the junior audubon club she founded. as an adult, roger lectured ceaselessly for the national audubon society and other organizations, produced educational pamphlets that reached millions of schoolchildren, and wrote articles and books that inspired countless readers. but his greatest contribution to a more widespread public understanding of the natural world lies in his development of practical, user - friendly guidebooks. his a field guide to the birds, published in 1934, introduced simple, reliable identification techniques that can be used by anyone. that first, wildly successful guide led to others. roger wrote and illustrated some, and edited many more. the peterson field guide series now numbers over fifty titles that describe practically all readily observable facets of nature, from fishes to mushrooms to clouds and the stars above. \u201c in this century, \u201d wrote the ecologist paul ehrlich, \u201c no one has done more to promote an interest in living creatures than roger tory peterson, the inventor of the modern field guide. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43998204985131917, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.827065"} {"text": "as an environmental health professional, i have enjoyed a successful career in hands - on food protection from farm to table. my success in this wide array of conditions has come through the effective application of environmental health principles. nowhere in food safety today is environmental health needed more than down on the farm, where the environmental health risks factors are becoming better understood. as a sanitarian and independent food safety auditor, there are some key areas of environmental health in my work on the farm ; water quality, animal control, and worker hygienic standards. private food safety auditors have started calling these the \" three w \u2019 s \" for workers - water - and wildlife. typical tomato wash water used to rinse picking buckets downstream effects of the environmental health problems originating on produce farms are huge. the problems reverberate through the the rest of the controls we have in place. because the risks are not well controlled, we need more and more robust surveillance, traceability and product recall ability, testing ; and of course, redress for victims in court. these unfortunate individuals and their families hold the bag at the end of the system without much control. the cost burden on the food industry due to outbreaks is remarkable. the listeria problem in cantaloupe may cost industry $ 150 million in legal fees, alone. all of this has happened because we have not effectively established in the produce industry a relatively few environmental health protections that should have been there years ago. thinking optimistically, we can fix most of the produce contamination problem during growing and harvesting of produce by effective controls over workers ; water supplies and usage in all its forms ; and wildlife. we can ease the pressure on the supply chain, and minimize the downstream effects on consumers and society at large. agriculture has been side by side with animal husbandry and wild animal populations forever, so we cannot expect to remove the zoonotic reservoirs for pathogens completely in farm environments. therefore, there will always be some risk in fresh produce ; but the residual risks passed on in the supply chain will be better managed during packing, processing and handling downstream, if the microbial burden is low. vaccination maybe an option to protect against e coli infection in cattle, since we have one with efficacy ; but granted, this protection has had poor discussion and vaccines have not been applied. if we had an effective vaccine and farmers would use it, one would start there. ideally, we would reduce the incidence of pathogenic e coli in cattle ( the reservoir ) through vaccination, and then move on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4645658044438957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.834700"} {"text": "vaccines have not been applied. if we had an effective vaccine and farmers would use it, one would start there. ideally, we would reduce the incidence of pathogenic e coli in cattle ( the reservoir ) through vaccination, and then move on to exclude the wild animal populations and clean up water sources. it is likely that adequate fences and other animal barriers, adequate setbacks ( still don \u2019 t know what this means in every case ), water treatment ( when needed ), strict adherence to personal hygiene, self - inspection and maintenance will solve most of the e. coli and salmonella problem in growing areas. we can do this, but a coordinated national efforts is not so simple, and everything has a cost. somebody must pay, then somebody must make sure it gets done, and financial resources are not necessarily there. the farms i see would need about $ 10, 000 to $ 50, 000 ( could be higher for some ) of initial investment, and probably at least 10 % of that for yearly maintenance, to implement effective wild animal exclusion measures. the cost would be borne by the farmer in addition to the many other costs of good agricultural practices ( gap ), like personal hygiene, training, use of antimicrobials and water treatment, liquid and solid waste controls, that he currently pays for. not all farms need the same intensity of controls ; i see irrigation water coming out of deep wells as clean as tap water ( total coliform < 1 cfu ), and often the crops see no foliar applications. i see other situations where the foliar application of water is sourced from the surface, and must be treated. animal intrusion risks vary widely also ; there are some farms in the southeast where i see only isolated dogs, cats, or bird exposures with an occasional rodent or ground animal. on some other occasions, i see systematic deer, pig and other wildlife intrusion and extensive droppings. sometimes we find feces to the extent where harvesting must be halted, and / or production stopped. in the western us, i see the cattle operations butted right up to produce production ; the salinas valley in california has much different space requirements, resource needs, and land use issues then immokalee in the florida everglades. as an aside, during our private investigation of the 2006 spinach e coli matter, i sampled one cow patty from a salinas area hillside pasture and recovered an e. coli : o157 : h7 isolate ( but not the outbreak strain ). one lucky random", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49480706877959824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.835787"} {"text": "last update : thursday, may 16, 2013 | lifelong health - coffee research continues to stir debate | | written by dr. david lipschitz creative syndicate | | thursday, 09 august 2012 01 : 45 | many of us can ' t wait for that first cup of coffee in morning. many need the caffeine to wake up and get going. as a nation, the daily average for all americans is 1. 9 cups for men and 1. 4 cups for women. an average 8 - ounce cup of coffee contains anywhere from 90 to 200 milligrams of caffeine. but these days, who even knows what an 8 - ounce cup looks like. order a 24 - ounce cup of your favorite blend, drink three or more of these daily and you will have enough caffeine to keep you wide awake and wired for most of the day and much of the night. caffeine stimulates and acts as a diuretic. drinking coffee in the late afternoon can interfere with sleep, lead to nighttime urination, cause fatigue the following day and the need, therefore, for that extra boost of caffeine to stay awake and concentrate. there are other adverse effects of coffee. caffeine can stimulate the heart rate and lead to an irregular heartbeat. while caffeine may not lead to heart disease, medications to treat irregular heartbeat are frequently prescribed. the most common are a class of drugs called beta blockers that can cause fatigue, insomnia, decreased libido and an inability to concentrate : all symptoms that may increase the need for another coffee jolt. there is evidence that coffee can impair the absorption of some vitamins and minerals and can cause panic attacks. some research suggests that it can cause an interference with sperm motility that can contribute to infertility. but like wine and alcohol, there is accumulating evidence that coffee can be beneficial to your health. epidemiologic studies largely conducted at the harvard school of public health have shown that compared to nondrinkers, those consuming coffee are less likely to have diabetes, strokes, certain forms of cancer and even alzheimer ' s disease. and the evidence indicates that the more you drink, the better. for example, a study conducted in 2005 showed that those who drank more than six cups of coffee daily had a 35 percent reduction in the risk of diabetes. published recently in the prestigious new england journal of medicine, a joint study by the national institutes of health and aarp reported on the effects of coffee on the risk of disease and mortality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44337874734273686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.843121"} {"text": "of coffee daily had a 35 percent reduction in the risk of diabetes. published recently in the prestigious new england journal of medicine, a joint study by the national institutes of health and aarp reported on the effects of coffee on the risk of disease and mortality in 400, 000 people ranging from 51 to 70. they examined risk and causes of death in those consuming one, two to three, four to five, or more than six cups of coffee daily. using sophisticated statistical analysis that excluded the risks of cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle and dietary indiscretion, the study found that the more coffee consumed, the lower the overall risk of death. in addition, the more coffee, the lower the incidence of heart disease, strokes, peripheral vascular disease, cancer, diabetes, depression and alzheimer ' s. is it the caffeine in coffee that is causing the health benefits? the answer is almost certainly no, as most evidence suggests that decaffeinated coffee has similar health benefits. coffee has been shown to have the highest concentration of antioxidants of any beverage. these antioxidants neutralize highly toxic substances in cells that contribute to cell damage. over time the continued negative effects of oxidants can cause the cell to undergo malignant transformation. and in the case of cells coating the wall of blood vessels, damage by oxidants promotes the deposition of cholesterol and heart disease. coffee also contains high concentrations of magnesium and chromium that may reduce the risk of diabetes. because coffee is derived from a nutritious bean, it is not surprising that it contains compounds that promote health. but always consider the downside when considering the benefits of any beverage. just like alcohol, too much caffeinated coffe e, particularly late in the day, is bad for you. in moderation and particularly without caffeine, coffee can promote health and be an ideal way to quench thirst without consuming empty calories. dr. david lipschitz is the author of the book \" breaking the rules of aging. \" to find out more about dr. david lipschitz visit www. drdavidhealth. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44832289190101554, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.844127"} {"text": "nile crocodile, mamba, garwe, ngwenya > crocodylus is derived from the greek krokodeilos which means literally \" pebble worm \" ( kroko = pebble ; deilos = worm, or man ) referring to the appearance of a crocodile. > niloticus means \" of the nile \" ( nile river, africa ) given the wide distribution range, a number of population differences have been observed, and several subspecies proposed. these are rarely differentiated in the literature, however, and they are not officially recognised. suggested subspecies : c. n. africanus ( east african nile crocodile ), c. n. chamses ( west african nile crocodile ), c. n. corviei ( south african nile crocodile ), c. n. madagascariensis ( malagasy nile crocodile, malagasy alligator, croco mada ), c. n. niloticus ( ethiopian nile crocodile ), c. n. pauciscutatus ( kenyan nile crocodile, kenya alligator, kenya caiman ), c. n. suchus ( central african nile crocodile ) the nile crocodile is a member of the reptile class and is a survivor of the archosaria, a group that included dinosaurs. they have not changed much over millions of years. they are more advanced than other modern day reptiles in that they have a four - chambered heart like mammals and can adapt their behavior to survive. they have a lifespan of 70 to 100 years. wide habitat preferences, reflecting their success and distribution - e. g. lakes, rivers, freshwater swamps, brackish water. sub - adults disperse into different habitats, away from breeding areas, when they reach a length of approximately 1. 2 m. nile crocodiles modify their habitat by digging dens ( usually with their snouts and feet ) into which they retreat from adverse conditions such as temperature extremes. considerable variation exists throughout the range of the nile crocodile. generally, it is a large crocodilian, averaging 5 m in length but reportedly reaching 6 m in rare instances. there are dubious reports of 7 m animals having existed, but these are hard to verify. there is some evidence that nile crocodiles in cooler countries ( eg. south africa ) reach slightly smaller adult sizes ( 4 m ). there are two known population of dwarf nile crocodiles living on the extreme limits of the species ' range, in mali and even the sahara desert! due to suboptimal conditions, adults average between 2 and 3 metres. juveniles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45500414913967124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.853980"} {"text": "4 m ). there are two known population of dwarf nile crocodiles living on the extreme limits of the species ' range, in mali and even the sahara desert! due to suboptimal conditions, adults average between 2 and 3 metres. juveniles are dark olive brown with black cross - banding on the tail and body. this banding becomes fainter in adults. the snout is long and broad and ends in nostrils which can close underwater. the eyes have a third eyelid which protect them while underwater. the eyes, ears, and nostrils are found on the same plane on the top of the head, allowing the crocodile to be completely submerged underwater while still being able to see, smell, and hear. the teeth are long and conical. the teeth on the top jaw are in line with the bottom jaw, a feature which distinguishes all crocodiles from alligators. the fourth lower tooth is larger than the others and can be seen when the mouth is closed. nile crocodiles have 66 teeth. although the juveniles are generally restricted to eating small aquatic invertebrates and insects, they soon move onto larger vertebrates ( fish, amphibians and reptiles ). adults, however, can potentially take a wide range of large vertebrates, including antelope, buffalo, young hippos, and large cats. fish and smaller vertebrates often form the greatest part of their diet, however. as with c. porosus, they have a reputation as being man - eaters, although probably kill more people than all other crocodilian species combined. along with hippos and lions, crocodiles account for perhaps a few hundred deaths and disappearances each year, although exact figures are very hard to verify. nile crocodiles will also often scavenge from carcasses, together with a number of other animals, all of which seem to tolerate each others ' presence. they have a rather well - known relationship with several species of birds ( e. g. spur - wing plover, called \" trochilus \" by herodotus ) which are reputed to pick pieces of meat from between the teeth of the crocodiles as they gape - the birds gain a meal, the crocodiles have their teeth cleaned of scraps they could not eat themselves. whether such a mutual relationship actually exists is hard to determine from the literature and anecdotal reports, but seems more likely to be opportunistic rather than symbiotic. several prey animals have been found wedged under submerged branches and stones,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39355373284056294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.855284"} {"text": "a mutual relationship actually exists is hard to determine from the literature and anecdotal reports, but seems more likely to be opportunistic rather than symbiotic. several prey animals have been found wedged under submerged branches and stones, leading to reports that the crocodiles store unwanted prey here until a later date. some claim that it is necessary for the prey to decompose before the crocodiles are able to tear portions of flesh off, but this is unlikely to be true. the flesh may become softer if the prey remains in water after death, but crocodiles will certainly avoid rotting meat. when feeding, a number of individuals will hold onto a carcass with their powerful jaws whilst twisting their bodies. the anchorage provided by the other individuals allows large chunks to be torn off for easier swallowing. a few lone individuals have been reported to wedge prey between branches in order to provide the anchorage necessary for such actions to be effective, which could even be claimed to be a form of primitive tool use. other cooperative feeding behaviour has been reported, such as the action of many animals to cordon off an area of water to concentrate fish within. a hierarchy of feeding order is often observed in such situations, with more dominant animals feeding first. groups of crocodiles will often move onto land to scavenge from kills made up to several hundred metres from the water. adults have also been observed fishing using their bodies and tails to corral the fish towards the bank where they are concentrated and picked up with a sideways snatch of the jaws. social behaviour in nile crocodiles is often underestimated, although there are many aspects still poorly understood. it has been observed that social status may influence an individual ' s feeding success, with less dominant animals tending to eat less in situations where they come into frequent social contact with other, more dominant individuals. males become sexually mature at 10 ft ( 3 m - 10 years of age ) and females at 6. 5 ft ( 2 m - 10 years of age ). the breeding season is july, where they mate in shallow water. the female lays 30 - 80 eggs in a nest of rotting vegetation near the water ' s edge. the eggs hatch after an incubation of 2 - 3 months. if the nest was below 85a \u201a a\u00b0 f during this period, then all the hatchlings are female. above 95a \u201a a\u00b0 f - male. between 85a \u201a a\u00b0 f and 95a \u201a a\u00b0 f - both male and female. when it is time to hatch, either", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4232862717400213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.856428"} {"text": "during this period, then all the hatchlings are female. above 95a \u201a a\u00b0 f - male. between 85a \u201a a\u00b0 f and 95a \u201a a\u00b0 f - both male and female. when it is time to hatch, either parent helps to open the eggs by cracking them in its mouth. they are then carried to the water. they remain in the water for several weeks. hatchlings are 12 in ( 30 cm ) long and are dark olive green with darker crossbandings on the body and tail. this species digs hole nests up to 50 cm deep in sandy banks, several metres from the water. these may be in close proximity to other nests. timing of nesting behaviour varies with geographic location - it takes place during the dry season in the north, but at the start of the rainy season further south, usually from november through to the end of december. females reach sexual maturity around 2. 6 m, males at around 3. 1 m. females lay around 40 to 60 eggs in the nest, although this number is quite variable between different populations. females remain near the nest at all times. incubation time averages 80 to 90 days ( ranges from 70 to 100 days ), after which females open the nest and carry the juveniles to the water. both males and females have been reported to assist hatching by gently cracking open eggs between their tongue and upper palate. hatchlings remain close to the juveniles for up to two years after hatching, often forming a creche with other females. as with many crocodilians, older juveniles tend to stay away from older, more territorial animals. despite the vigilance of the female during the incubation period, a high percentage of nests are raided by a variety of animals, from hyaenas and monitor lizards to humans. this predation usually occurs when the female is forced to leave the nest temporarily in order to thermoregulate by cooling off in the water. crocodiles are not solitary predators as often imagined, but social creatures. cows of some species protect not only their hatchling young but offspring from the previous year. nile crocodile bulls also respond to distress calls of their young., crocodiles convey social messages with motions, odors, postures, by touch and with sounds. nile crocodiles produce at least six different vocal signals. both cow and bull nile crocodiles maintain territories, especially during breeding season. few animals are willing to prey on the nile crocodile except for other nile crocodiles and humans. they have been overhun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40213996838571153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.857508"} {"text": "nile crocodiles produce at least six different vocal signals. both cow and bull nile crocodiles maintain territories, especially during breeding season. few animals are willing to prey on the nile crocodile except for other nile crocodiles and humans. they have been overhunted by humans for their skin, which is good for tanning, and their meat. habitat destruction also dwindles their numbers. the young are preyed upon by nile monitor lizards, marabou storks, herons, ibises, turtles, and catfish. nile crocodiles are not endangered. the trade of the nile crocodile has become an environmental concern especially in the republic of tanzania. crocodile skins are being exported from tanzania in large quantities due to the high demand for leather goods. the nile crocodile skins are being exported for the luxury leather goods market including shoes, handbags and belts, especially to japan, italy and france. however, this trade has caused the nile crocodile to be classified as an endangered species. as a result, the united states along with 120 other countries throughout the world have joined in signing the convention on international trade and endangered species of world fauna and flora ( cites ) treaty in 1973 to ban skins from endangered or potentially endangered species, such as the nile crocodile, from being traded. in april 1994, the classification of the nile crocodile was changed from endangered to threatened as a result of various acts and treaties protecting this species.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.36493217809730444, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.858188"} {"text": "a condition that temporarily causes heart failure in people who experience severe stress might actually protect the heart from very high levels of adrenaline, according to a new study published in the journal circulation. the research provides the first physiological explanation for takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also called \" broken heart syndrome \" because it affects people who suffer severe emotional stress after bereavement, and suggests guidance for treatment. around 1 - 2 % of people who are initially suspected of having a heart attack are finally discovered to have this increasingly recognised syndrome. the imperial college london study, which simulated the condition in an animal model, suggests that the body changes its response to adrenaline by switching from its usual role in stimulating the heart to reducing its pumping power. although this results in acute heart failure, most patients make a full recovery within days or weeks. the researchers propose that the switch in the heart ' s response to adrenaline might have evolved to protect the heart from being overstimulated by the particularly high doses of adrenaline that the body releases during stress. patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy, most often older women, experience symptoms that resemble a heart attack, but heart tests reveal no blockage in the coronary arteries ; instead the heart has a balloon - like appearance caused by the bottom of the heart not contracting properly. the same condition is sometimes seen in people who are injected with adrenaline to treat severe allergic reactions. in this new research, the authors simulated the condition by injecting high doses of adrenaline in anaesthetised rats. in these rats, as in takotsubo patients, heart muscle contraction was suppressed towards the bottom of the heart. the researchers found that these rats were protected from an otherwise fatal overstimulation of the heart, indicating that adrenaline acts through a different pathway from usual, and that this switch protects the heart from toxic levels of adrenaline. the study also examined drugs that might be useful for treating takotsubo cardiomyopathy. some beta blockers, used to treat high blood pressure, angina and heart failure, reproduced or enhanced the features of takotsubo, giving new insights into the protective effects of these drugs. levosimendan, a different type of drug given in heart failure to stimulate the heart without going through the adrenaline receptor pathways, had a beneficial effect. \" adrenaline ' s stimulatory effect on the heart is important for helping us get more oxygen around the body in stressful situations, but it can be damaging if it goes on for too long, \" said professor si", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4951653781170844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.865320"} {"text": "had a beneficial effect. \" adrenaline ' s stimulatory effect on the heart is important for helping us get more oxygen around the body in stressful situations, but it can be damaging if it goes on for too long, \" said professor sian harding, from the national heart and lung institute ( nhli ) at imperial college london, who led the study. \" in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy, adrenaline works in a different way and shuts down the heart instead. this seems to protect the heart from being overstimulated. \" study co - author dr alexander lyon, also from the nhli at imperial, and consultant cardiologist at royal brompton hospital, set up one of the first specialist services in the uk to look after people who have experienced takotsubo cardiomyopathy. \" currently it is not fully known how to treat these patients, \" he said. \" insights from this work show that the illness may be protecting them from more serious harm. we ' ve identified a drug treatment that might be helpful, but the most important thing is to recognise the condition, and not to make it worse by giving patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy more adrenaline or adrenaline - like medications. \" \" at the royal brompton hospital and imperial college london we are leading a european initiative to bring together experts to understand this recently recognised cardiac syndrome, and we hope the findings from this work will lead to new treatment strategies for these patients during the acute phase of their illness, and to prevent recurrence \". the study was funded by the british heart foundation ( bhf ), the wellcome trust, the biotechnology and biological sciences research council ( bbsrc ) and the academy of medical sciences. dr shannon amoils, research advisor at the bhf, said : \" this is a fascinating study which presents a possible explanation for the signs of takotsubo cardiomyopathy, a rare condition that ' s usually preceded by intense emotional or physical stress. patients usually have symptoms that resemble those of a heart attack but nearly all fully recover after a short time. \" the study also provides new insights into how the heart may protect itself from stress, which opens up exciting avenues of exploration for research. we must remember though that this is a study in rats, and the findings need to be confirmed in people before we can be sure of their relevance to patients. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48112527570753366, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.867243"} {"text": "may 19, 2008 a vaccine created by university of rochester medical center scientists prevents the development of alzheimer ' s disease - like pathology in mice without causing inflammation or significant side effects. vaccinated mice generated an immune response to the protein known as amyloid - beta peptide, which accumulates in what are called \" amyloid plaques \" in brains of people with alzheimer ' s. the vaccinated mice demonstrated normal learning skills and functioning memory in spite of being genetically designed to develop an aggressive form of the disease. the rochester scientists reported the findings in an article in the may issue of molecular therapy, the journal of the american society of gene therapy. \" our study demonstrates that we can create a potent but safe version of a vaccine that utilizes the strategy of immune response shaping to prevent alzheimer ' s - related pathologies and memory deficits, \" said william bowers, associate professor of neurology and of microbiology and immunology at the medical center and lead author of the article. \" the vaccinated mice not only performed better, we found no evidence of signature amyloid plaque in their brains. \" alzheimer ' s is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia and a decline in performance of normal activities. hallmarks of the disease include the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brains of patients and the loss of normal functioning tau, a protein that stabilizes the transport networks in neurons. abnormal tau function eventually leads to another classic hallmark of alzheimer ' s, neurofibrillary tangle in nerve cells. after several decades of exposure to these insults, neurons ultimately succumb and die, leading to progressively damaged learning and memory centers in the brain. the mice that received the vaccines were genetically engineered to express large amounts of amyloid beta protein. they also harbored a mutation that causes the tau - related tangle pathology. prior to the start of the vaccine study, the mice were trained to navigate a maze using spatial clues. they were then tested periodically during the 10 - month study on the amount of time and distance traveled to an escape pod and the number of errors made along the way. \" what we found exciting was that by targeting one pathology of alzheimer ' s - - amyloid beta - - we were able to also prevent the transition of tau from its normal form to a form found in the disease state, \" bowers said. the goal of the vaccine is to prompt the immune system to recognize amyloid beta protein and remove it. to create the vaccine, bowers and the research group use a herpes virus that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5206978287820256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.871391"} {"text": "form found in the disease state, \" bowers said. the goal of the vaccine is to prompt the immune system to recognize amyloid beta protein and remove it. to create the vaccine, bowers and the research group use a herpes virus that is stripped of the viral genes that can cause disease or harm. they then load the virus container with the genetic code for amyloid beta and interleukin - 4, a protein that stimulates immune responses involving type 2 t helper cells, which are lymphocytes that play an important role in the immune system. the research group tested several versions of a vaccine. mice were given three injections of empty virus alone, a vaccine carrying only the amyloid beta genetic code, or a vaccine encoding both amyloid beta and interlueikin - 4, which was found to be the most effective. \" we have learned a great deal from this ongoing project, \" bowers said. \" importantly, it has demonstrated the combined strengths of the gene delivery platform and the immune shaping concept for the creation of customized vaccines for alzheimer ' s disease, as well as a number of other diseases. we are currently working on strategies we believe can make the vaccine even safer. \" bowers expects the vaccine eventually to be tested in people, but due to the number of studies required to satisfy regulatory requirements, it could be three or more years before human trials testing this type of alzheimer ' s vaccine occur. grants from the national institutes of health supported the study. in addition to bowers, authors of the molecular therapy article include maria e. frazer, jennifer e. hughes, michael a. mastrangelo and jennifer tibbens of the medical center and howard j. federoff of georgetown university medical center. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5283860159798764, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.872130"} {"text": "apr. 14, 2011 scientists at queen \u2019 s university belfast have pioneered a new needle - free test to take the sting out of medicine testing in premature babies. the research will not only lead to greater accuracy in prescribing, but will also significantly reduce the trauma of such tests for newborn infants and their families. in the first published research project worldwide on this new approach to testing medicines in children, the findings were announced in the us medical journal pediatrics. the study, which involves the use of blood spots obtained from a simple heel - prick, took place in the belfast hospital for sick children and the school of pharmacy at queen \u2019 s. the research was carried out by a team from the university \u2019 s school of pharmacy in partnership with the regional neonatal unit in the royal maternity hospital. it was funded by the health and social care research and development office ( hsc r & d ) and action medical research. principal investigator, queen \u2019 s professor of pharmacy practice james mcelnay said : \u201c this type of testing will obviously reduce the discomfort of medicine testing in these vulnerable patients. what is even more important, however, is that it will ensure maximum accuracy in calculating the most appropriate dose of a medicine for a sick child. \u201c some 80 per cent of infants in intensive care in hospitals receive medicines which have not been appropriately tested or licensed for use in such young patients, and the dosage is usually calculated based on licensed doses for adults or older children. sizable blood samples are then required to measure the concentrations of the drug in the infant \u2019 s bloodstream. \u201c our work opens up opportunities for using the same approach to study other medicines which are used in this manner in children, and we are currently studying a number of these. \u201d the queen \u2019 s study involved the antibiotic metronidazole. the research team used single drops of blood collected on blotting paper from premature infants who were receiving the medicine as part of their routine care. the \u2018 spots \u2019 were dried, analysed in the university \u2019 s school of pharmacy, and the results used to develop dosage guidance for doctors. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - m. suyagh, p. s. collier, j. s. millership, g. iheagwaram, m. millar, h. l. halliday, j. c. mcelnay. metronidazole population ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5075203154976319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.875203"} {"text": "aug. 9, 2012 the sought - after equanimity of \" living in the moment \" may be impossible, according to neuroscientists who ' ve pinpointed a brain area responsible for using past decisions and outcomes to guide future behavior. the study, based on research conducted at the university of pittsburgh and published august 9 in the professional journal neuron, is the first of its kind to analyze signals associated with metacognition - - a person ' s ability to monitor and control cognition ( a term cleverly described by researchers as \" thinking about thinking. \" ) \" the brain has to keep track of decisions and the outcomes they produce, \" said marc sommer, who did his research for the study as a university of pittsburgh neuroscience faculty member and is now on the faculty at duke university. \" you need that continuity of thought, \" sommer continued. \" we are constantly keeping decisions in mind as we move through life, thinking about other things. we guessed it was analogous to working memory, which would point toward the prefrontal cortex. \" sommer predicted that neuronal correlates of metacognition resided in the same brain areas responsible for cognition, including the frontal cortex - - a part of the brain linked with personality expression, decision making, and social behavior. sommer worked with paul g. middlebrooks, who did his research for the study at pitt before he received his pitt phd in neuroscience in 2011 ; middlebrooks is now a postdoctoral fellow at vanderbilt university. the research team studied single neurons in vivo in three frontal cortical regions of the brain : the frontal eye field ( associated with visual attention and eye movements ), the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( responsible for motor planning, organization, and regulation ), and the supplementary eye field ( sef ) involved in the planning and control of saccadic eye movements, which are the extremely fast movements of the eye that allow it to continually refocus on an object. to learn where metacognition occurs in the brain, subjects performed a visual decision - making task that involved random flashing lights and a dominant light on a cardboard square. participants were asked to remember and pinpoint where the dominant light appeared, guessing whether they were correct. the researchers found that while neural activity correlated with decisions and guesses in all three brain areas, the putative metacognitive activity that linked decisions to bets resided exclusively in the sef. \" the sef is a complex area [ of the brain ] linked with motivation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5386179663442439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.880680"} {"text": "neural activity correlated with decisions and guesses in all three brain areas, the putative metacognitive activity that linked decisions to bets resided exclusively in the sef. \" the sef is a complex area [ of the brain ] linked with motivational aspects of behavior, \" said sommer. \" if we think we ' re going to receive something good, neuronal activity tends to be high in sef. people want good things in life, and to keep getting those good things, they have to compare what ' s going on now versus the decisions made in the past. \" sommer noted that defining such concepts related to metacognition, like consciousness, has been difficult for decades. he sees his research and future work related to studying metacognition as one step in a systematic process of working toward a better understanding of consciousness. by studying metacognition, he says, he reduces the big problem of studying a \" train of thought \" into a simpler component : examining how one cognitive process influences another. \" why aren ' t our thoughts independent of each other? why don ' t we just live in the moment? for a healthy person, it ' s impossible to live in the moment. it ' s a nice thing to say in terms of seizing the day and enjoying life, but our inner lives and experiences are much richer than that. \" so far, patients with mental disorders have not been tested on these tasks, but sommer is interested to see how sef and other brain areas might be disrupted in these disorders. \" with schizophrenia and alzheimer ' s disease, there is a fracturing of the thought process. it is constantly disrupted, and despite trying to keep a thought going, one is distracted very easily, \" sommers said. \" patients with these disorders have trouble sustaining a memory of past decisions to guide later behavior, suggesting a problem with metacognition. \" funding for this research was provided by the university of pittsburgh, the joint university of pittsburgh - carnegie mellon university center for the neural basis of cognition, the national institute of mental health, and the alfred p. sloan foundation. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - paul g. middlebrooks, marc a. sommer. neuronal correlates of metacognition in primate frontal cortex. neuron, 2012 ; 75 ( 3 ) : 517 doi : 10. 1016 / j. neuron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5479290168358499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.882847"} {"text": "things. emotional response, and trauma, must be seen in relative not absolute terms. themodel helps remind us that the other person ' s perspective is different to our own, whether weare the one in shock, or the one helping another to deal with their upset. the study of death and dying is actually known as thanatology ( from the greek word ' thanatos ' meaning death ). elisabeth kubler - ross is accordingly sometimes referred to as athanatologist, and she is considered to have contributed significantly to the creation of thegenre of thanatology itself. elisabeth kubler - ross ' s seminal book was on death & dying, published in 1969, in whichshe explained her now classically regarded ' five stages of grief '. the book and its ideas werequite revolutionary at the time, reflecting kubler - ross ' s outspoken and bold approach, whichis paradoxical given the sensitivity and compassion of her concepts. was a catalyst. she opened up and challenged previously conservative ( sweep itunder the carpet, don ' t discuss it, etc ) theories and practices relating to death and bereavement, and received an enormously favourable response among carers, the dying andthe bereaved, which perhaps indicates the level of denial and suppression that had earlier characterised conventional views about the subject - particularly in the western world, wheredeath is more of a taboo than in certain other cultures. as stated, and important to emphasise, kubler - ross ' s five stages of grief model wasdeveloped initially as a model for helping dying patients to cope with death and bereavement, however the concept also provides insight and guidance for coming to terms with personaltrauma and change, and for helping others with emotional adjustment and coping, whatever the cause. this has probably helped her ideas to spread and to enter ' mainstream ' thinking. and her ideas have now become synonymous with emotionalresponse to trauma, and to grief support and counselling, much likemaslowis fundamentallyassociated with motivational theory ; kolb with learning styles, and gardner with multiple intelligence. as with much other brilliant pioneering work, the kubler - ross model is elegantly simple. thefive stages of grief modelis summarised and interpreted below. this kubler - ross five stages and terminology are featured here with permission from theelisabeth kubler ross foundation, which is gratefully acknowledged. please look at the twowebsiteswww. ekrfoundation. org,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.578634186090617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.894301"} {"text": "tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is a form of vitamin c that \u2019 s been modified to be more lipid soluble. this modification allows it to better penetrate the skin. the problem with most topical forms of vitamin c is they \u2019 re water soluble and can \u2019 t make it through the lipid - rich skin barrier to reach the dermis of skin where they could have maximal benefits. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is able to successfully penetrate the epidermis and move to the layer underneath called the dermis. it \u2019 s in the dermis that collagen, a protein that gives skin its youthful firmness and ability to resist wrinkles, is made. vitamin c has a variety of benefits for health and for maintaining healthy, youthful skin. it functions as an antioxidant, helping to offset oxidative damage that degrades collagen and leads to wrinkles and saggy skin. when skin is exposed to ultraviolet light from the sun, a sequence of events occurs that leads to free radical production. these free radicals damage skin cell membranes and activate enzymes that break down collagen and elastin, two most important proteins that keep skin firm and youthful. vitamin c has the ability to donate electrons to free radicals so they aren \u2019 t as damaging to cellular structures. vitamin c isn \u2019 t a substitute for sunscreen, but it does provide extra protection against oxidative damage that can lead to premature aging and skin cancer. another benefit of vitamin c is it stimulates collagen production. since collagen provides skin with the support it needs to stay firm and youthful, this helps to reduce wrinkles and skin sagging. a study published in the archives of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery found that participants who used topical vitamin c for three months experienced a decrease in fine lines and wrinkles and an improvement in skin texture. this was confirmed by a similar study published in the journal dermatologic surgery. topical vitamin c also appears to be effective for lightening excessive skin pigmentation and improving the appearance of stretch marks. it also reduces redness and inflammation after laser surgery. despite the benefits of vitamin c, it has drawbacks. some forms can \u2019 t penetrate the epidermis and reach the dermis where it can stimulate collagen production. plus, vitamin c is unstable and loses its effectiveness quickly, especially if exposed to air or light. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is more stable than other vitamin c preparations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5201455286710572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.910552"} {"text": "the dermis where it can stimulate collagen production. plus, vitamin c is unstable and loses its effectiveness quickly, especially if exposed to air or light. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is more stable than other vitamin c preparations, and is lipid - soluble, which allows it to reach the dermis of the skin where it can stimulate collagen production. most vitamin c preparations remain on the surface of the skin where they guard against oxidative damage but have little effect on collagen production. tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is able to move into the dermis where it can offer additional anti - aging benefits by stimulating collagen production. it also stimulates the production of glycosaminoglycans, compounds present naturally in skin that bind and hold on to water. levels of glycosaminoglycans decline with age and may account for some of the skin changes that occur as skin matures. is tetrahexydecyl sulfate safe? like most forms of vitamin c, tetrahexyldecyl sulfate is safe. the environmental working group classifies it as a low hazard cosmetic ingredient. most forms of topical vitamin c cause skin irritation and redness, but tetrahexyldecyl sulfate is less irritating than other forms, although people with sensitive skin may experience mild burning and irritation. some manufacturers of cosmetic and skin care products add tetrahexyldecyl sulfate to their products due to its antioxidant and anti - aging benefits. some types of products that contain this ingredient include facial moisturizers, eye creams, sunscreens, lip gloss, foundation and anti - aging products of all types. it \u2019 s often combined with other antioxidants like vitamin e, retinols or peptides for additional anti - aging benefits. all in all, tetrahexyldecyl sulfate is a form of vitamin c that \u2019 s more stable and better able to penetrate skin to reach the dermis. by reaching the dermis, it can stimulate collagen production to help give skin greater firmness and resiliency. in addition, it helps to protect against damage due to sun exposure, lighten pigmented areas, treat stretch marks and improve skin texture. it does this safely and with minimal skin irritation. cosmetic \u2019 s cop. \u201c tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate \u201d environmental working group. \u201c tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate \u201d arch. otolar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5059923124619538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.916760"} {"text": "the voyager 1 has found its way into the far reaches of space, specifically to the edge beyond which scientists believe lies interstellar space. this area is within our solar bubble, and is referred to as a \u201c magnetic highway for charged particles. \u201d the findings were detailed earlier today at the american geophysical union, which took place in san francisco. the magnetic highway detailed in the announcement is explained thusly : the connection betwixt the sun \u2019 s magnetic field lines and interstellar magnetic field lines lets high energy particles from beyond our heliopsphere \u201c zoom in, \u201d while letting low - energy particles \u201c zoom out. \u201d when voyager goes beyond these fields into interstellar space, it is believed the occasion will be marked by a change in the direction of the lines. one of the project \u2019 s scientist edward stone offered this statement. \u201c although voyager 1 still is inside the sun \u2019 s environment, we now can taste what it \u2019 s like on the outside because the particles are zipping in and out on this magnetic highway. we believe this is the last leg of our journey to interstellar space. our best guess is it \u2019 s likely just a few months to a couple years away. the new region isn \u2019 t what we expected, but we \u2019 ve come to expect the unexpected from voyager. \u201d voyager has been traipsing around the outer layer of the heliosphere for years, 5. 5 of which were spent with stable solar wind. over time \u2013 and rather suddenly \u2013 the solar wind decreased, eventually to zero. says scientists, if one were to look at the charged particle ( solar wind ) information, it would seem that the voyager is already beyond the heliosphere. other data doesn \u2019 t indicate this, however, and so for the time being, it \u2019 s still a matter of patience.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5116303073521206, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.921908"} {"text": "related topics : opengl transformation updates : the mathml version is available here. a computer monitor is a 2d surface. a 3d scene rendered by opengl must be projected onto the computer screen as a 2d image. gl _ projection matrix is used for this projection transformation. first, it transforms all vertex data from the eye coordinates to the clip coordinates. then, these clip coordinates are also transformed to the normalized device coordinates ( ndc ) by dividing with w component of the clip coordinates. therefore, we have to keep in mind that both clipping ( frustum culling ) and ndc transformations are integrated into gl _ projection matrix. the following sections describe how to build the projection matrix from 6 parameters ; left, right, bottom, top, near and far boundary values. note that the frustum culling ( clipping ) is performed in the clip coordinates, just before dividing by wc. the clip coordinates, xc, yc and zc are tested by comparing with wc. if each clip coordinate is less than - wc, or greater than wc, then the vertex will be discarded. then, opengl will reconstruct the edges of the polygon where clipping occurs. in perspective projection, a 3d point in a truncated pyramid frustum ( eye coordinates ) is mapped to a cube ( ndc ) ; the range of x - coordinate from [ l, r ] to [ - 1, 1 ], the y - coordinate from [ b, t ] to [ - 1, 1 ] and the z - coordinate from [ n, f ] to [ - 1, 1 ]. note that the eye coordinates are defined in the right - handed coordinate system, but ndc uses the left - handed coordinate system. that is, the camera at the origin is looking along - z axis in eye space, but it is looking along + z axis in ndc. since glfrustum ( ) accepts only positive values of near and far distances, we need to negate them during the construction of gl _ projection matrix. in opengl, a 3d point in eye space is projected onto the near plane ( projection plane ). the following diagrams show how a point ( xe, ye, ze ) in eye space is projected to ( xp, yp, zp ) on the near plane. from the top view of the frustum, the x - coordinate of eye space, xe is mapped to xp, which is calculated by using the ratio of similar triangles ; from the side", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5101412552617732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.934570"} {"text": "yp, zp ) on the near plane. from the top view of the frustum, the x - coordinate of eye space, xe is mapped to xp, which is calculated by using the ratio of similar triangles ; from the side view of the frustum, yp is also calculated in a similar way ; note that both xp and yp depend on ze ; they are inversely propotional to - ze. in other words, they are both divided by - ze. it is a very first clue to construct gl _ projection matrix. after the eye coordinates are transformed by multiplying gl _ projection matrix, the clip coordinates are still a homogeneous coordinates. it finally becomes the normalized device coordinates ( ndc ) by divided by the w - component of the clip coordinates. ( see more details on opengl transformation. ) therefore, we can set the w - component of the clip coordinates as - ze. and, the 4th of gl _ projection matrix becomes ( 0, 0, - 1, 0 ). next, we map xp and yp to xn and yn of ndc with linear relationship ; [ l, r ] \u21d2 [ - 1, 1 ] and [ b, t ] \u21d2 [ - 1, 1 ]. then, we substitute xp and yp into the above equations. note that we make both terms of each equation divisible by - ze for perspective division ( xc / wc, yc / wc ). and we set wc to - ze earlier, and the terms inside parentheses become xc and yc of the clip coordiantes. from these equations, we can find the 1st and 2nd rows of gl _ projection matrix. now, we only have the 3rd row of gl _ projection matrix to solve. finding zn is a little different from others because ze in eye space is always projected to - n on the near plane. but we need unique z value for the clipping and depth test. plus, we should be able to unproject ( inverse transform ) it. since we know z does not depend on x or y value, we borrow w - component to find the relationship between zn and ze. therefore, we can specify the 3rd row of gl _ projection matrix like this. in eye space, we equals to 1. therefore, the equation becomes ; to find the coefficients, a and b, we use the ( ze, zn ) relation ; ( - n, - 1 ) and ( -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5360410117615014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.935661"} {"text": "projection matrix like this. in eye space, we equals to 1. therefore, the equation becomes ; to find the coefficients, a and b, we use the ( ze, zn ) relation ; ( - n, - 1 ) and ( - f, 1 ), and put them into the above equation. to solve the equations for a and b, rewrite eq. ( 1 ) for b ; substitute eq. ( 1 ' ) to b in eq. ( 2 ), then solve for a ; put a into eq. ( 1 ) to find b ; we found a and b. therefore, the relation between ze and zn becomes ; finally, we found all entries of gl _ projection matrix. the complete projection matrix is ; this projection matrix is for a general frustum. if the viewing volume is symmetric, which is and, then it can be simplified as ; before we move on, please take a look at the relation between ze and zn, eq. ( 3 ) once again. you notice it is a rational function and is non - linear relationship between ze and zn. it means there is very high precision at the near plane, but very little precision at the far plane. if the range [ - n, - f ] is getting larger, it causes a depth precision problem ( z - fighting ) ; a small change of ze around the far plane does not affect on zn value. the distance between n and f should be short as possible to minimize the depth buffer precision problem. constructing gl _ projection matrix for orthographic projection is much simpler than perspective mode. all xe, ye and ze components in eye space are linearly mapped to ndc. we just need to scale a rectangular volume to a cube, then move it to the origin. let ' s find out the elements of gl _ projection using linear relationship. since w - component is not necessary for orthographic projection, the 4th row of gl _ projection matrix remains as ( 0, 0, 0, 1 ). therefore, the complete gl _ projection matrix for orthographic projection is ; it can be further simplified if the viewing volume is symmetrical, and.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5496399149639123, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.937107"} {"text": "the last administration of the sat ii writing was on 1 / 22 / 05. beginning 3 / 12 / 05, parts of the sat ii writing test will be included in the new sat. you should be studying the new sat book. go there! how to approach improving sentences questions when answering questions in this section, use these eight rules to help you. we briefly list the rules below and then explain them in more detail, using them to answer the sample question. now to apply these steps to the sample question, which is reprinted below : 1. read the sentence and try to hear the problem. a good ear will take you far on improving sentences questions. if you can read a sentence and figure out what about the underlined part sounds strange or wrong, you \u2019 re on your way to a right answer. you might read the sample sentence and immediately recognize that wordiness is the problem \u2014 the phrase but for her being a participant should be rewritten in a more compact form. if you don \u2019 t come up with the specific term \u201c wordiness, \u201d you might sense that something about the underlined part is vague and a bit convoluted. it \u2019 s fine if you can \u2019 t think of the term that would best describe the problem. just getting a general sense of the problem will be very helpful. 2. if there is an error, immediately eliminate ( a ). you already know that there \u2019 s a problem with this sentence. that means you can eliminate ( a ), since answer choice ( a ) always repeats the underlined part word for word. even if you know only that there \u2019 s an error of some sort, and haven \u2019 t yet figured out what the error is, you can eliminate ( a ). the elimination of ( a ) means something besides \u201c one down, four to go. \u201d it means that even if the other four answers look like gibberish, you must guess. remember, if you can eliminate even one answer choice, the guessing odds are in your favor. 3. before you look at the answer choices, figure out how to fix the error. once you \u2019 ve decided what the problem is with the underlined part of the sentence, say to yourself ( silently, not aloud \u2014 you don \u2019 t want to reveal your genius to other test takers in the room ) : \u201c this would be a better sentence if it read something like jenna was awarded the medal not for her academic prowess or her skill on the soccer field, but for participating in gym class. \u201d that convey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4889183601803782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.944949"} {"text": "to other test takers in the room ) : \u201c this would be a better sentence if it read something like jenna was awarded the medal not for her academic prowess or her skill on the soccer field, but for participating in gym class. \u201d that conveys the right information, but doesn \u2019 t take up unnecessary space. it is of the utmost importance to correct the sentence in your head before you look at the answer choices. why? because if you go right to the answer choices, and dutifully read through them one by one, by the time you get to ( c ), they will all sound equally confusing and wrong. the answer choices are designed to make you feel this way. if you have a solution in mind before you dive in, you can look at the answer choices calmly, and with focus. 4. look at the remaining answer choices and try to find the correction that most closely matches your own correction. your correction was, jenna was awarded the medal not for her academic prowess or her skill on the soccer field, but for participating in gym class. you look at the remaining answer choices and see which one of them most nearly matches your correction : ( e ) looks most like the answer you came up with before looking at the answer choices. it \u2019 s not exactly like your prepared answer \u2014 it uses her participation instead of for participating \u2014 but it \u2019 s very close. rarely will an answer choice exactly match the one you generated on your own, which is fine. the purpose of preparing your own answer first is not to find an exact match in the answer choices, but to have an idea of what you \u2019 re looking for before you start reading the choices. of course, sometimes you won \u2019 t be sure whether your own answer matches any of the answer choices closely enough. in that case, move to step # 5. 5. if none of the corrections matches your own, go through the answer choices and eliminate those that repeat the mistake or contain a new mistake. you \u2019 ll usually see a few answer choices that actually repeat the mistake. some might fix the original mistake, but in the process add a new error to the mix. suppose you weren \u2019 t certain that ( e ) matched your prepared answer closely enough. in that case, you would read through the answer choices and try to determine if they repeated the first mistake or contained a new one. answer choice ( b ) has a problem similar to that of the original sentence. it says, the reason being, which is a wordy phrase. ( c ) contains a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4952715526829509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.947642"} {"text": "try to determine if they repeated the first mistake or contained a new one. answer choice ( b ) has a problem similar to that of the original sentence. it says, the reason being, which is a wordy phrase. ( c ) contains a new problem : the word participating is a gerund, but should be a noun. ( d ) repeats the original mistake, repeating the phrase but for her being ; it also introduces a new problem by using the strange phrase participation - willing. only ( e ) neither repeats the original problem nor contains a new one. step # 5 covers cheap tricks that can help you eliminate answers when all else fails. since we aren \u2019 t stumped on this question, we \u2019 ll skip the cheap tricks for now, and discuss them at the end of the chapter. 6. plug your answer back into the sentence to make sure it works. sounds good. this step shouldn \u2019 t normally cause you to reevaluate your work ; it \u2019 s just a quick check to make sure the answer choice actually sounds okay in the context of the sentence. sat ii is a registered trademark of the college entrance examination board which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. \u00a92006 sparknotes llc, all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5318031603031478, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.948542"} {"text": "jeremy bentham, the son of a lawyer, was born in london in 1748. a brilliant scholar, bentham entered queen ' s college, oxford at twelve and was admitted to lincoln ' s inn at the age of fifteen. bentham was a shy man who did not enjoy making public speeches. he therefore decided to leave lincoln inn and concentrate on writing. provided with \u00a390 a year by his father, bentham produced a series of books on philosophy, economics and politics. bentham ' s family had been tories and for the first period of his life he shared their conservative political views. this changed after bentham read the work of joseph priestley. one statement in particular from the first principles of government and the nature of political, civil and religious liberty ( 1768 ) had a major impact on bentham : \" the good and happiness of the members, that is the majority of the members of the state, is the great standard by which every thing relating to that state must finally be determined. \" another important influence on bentham was the philosopher david hume. in books such as a fragment on government ( 1776 ) and introduction to the principles of morals and legislation ( 1789 ), bentham argued that the proper objective of all conduct and legislation is \" the greatest happiness of the greatest number \". according to bentham, \" pain and pleasure are the sovereign masters governing man ' s conduct \". as the motive of an act is always based on self - interest, it is the business of law and education to make the sanctions sufficiently painful in order to persuade the individual to subordinate his own happiness to that of the community. in 1798 bentham wrote principles of international law where he argued that universal peace could only be obtained by first achieving european unity. he hoped that some form of european parliament would be able to enforce the liberty of the press, free trade, the abandonment of all colonies and a reduction in the money being spent on armaments. in catechism of reformers ( 1809 ) bentham criticised the law of libel as he believed it was so ambiguous that judges were able to use it in the interests of the government. bentham pointed out that the authorities could use the law to punish any radical for \" hurting the feelings \" of the ruling class. bentham also attacked other aspects of the legal system such as \" jury packing \". radical reformers such as sir francis burdett, leigh hunt, william cobbett, and henry brougham praised bentham ' s work. although written in a complex style, radical publishers attempted to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44161231449815486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.954184"} {"text": "legal system such as \" jury packing \". radical reformers such as sir francis burdett, leigh hunt, william cobbett, and henry brougham praised bentham ' s work. although written in a complex style, radical publishers attempted to communicate his ideas to the working class. jonathan wooler published extracts in his journal black dwarf and eventually published a cheap edition of catechism of reformers. when burdett introduced a series of resolutions in the house of commons in july 1818, demanding universal suffrage, annual parliaments and vote by ballot, he quoted the writings of jeremy bentham to support his case. in 1824 bentham joined with james mill ( 1773 - 1836 ) to found the westminster review, the journal of the philosophical radicals. contributors to the journal included lord byron, samuel taylor coleridge and thomas carlyle. bentham ' s most detailed account of his ideas on political democracy appeared in his book constitutional code ( 1830 ). in the book bentham argued that political reform should be dictated by the principal that the new system will promote the happiness of the majority of the people affected by it. bentham argued in favour of universal suffrage, annual parliaments and vote by ballot. according to bentham there should be no king, no house of lords, no established church. the book also included bentham ' s view that women, as well as men, should be given the vote. in constitutional code bentham also addressed the problem of how government should be organised. for example, he suggested the introduction of rules that would ensure the regular attendance of members of the house of commons. government officials should be selected by competitive examination. the book also suggested the continual inspection of the work of politicians and government officials. bentham pointed out they should be continually reminded that they are the \" servants, not the masters, of the public \". jeremy bentham died in 1832. ( 1 ) jeremy bentham, the constitutional code ( 1830 ) the all - comprehensive object, or end in view, is, from first to last, the greatest happiness of the greatest number ; namely, of the individuals, of whom the political community, or state, of which it is the constitution. the greatest happiness of the greatest number of the members of the community : of all without exception, in so far as possible : of the greatest number, on every occasion on which the nature of the case renders it impossible by rendering it matter of necessity, to make sacrifice of a portion of the happiness of a few, to the greater happiness of the rest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49533909646757324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.955669"} {"text": "oftentimes we find it acceptable to tell what we call \u201c white lies \u201d to the people around us, for a multitude of reasons. maybe you don \u2019 t want to hurt someone \u2019 s feelings, or maybe you just don \u2019 t feel like dealing with a situation and tell a little lie to avoid it altogether. besides, these lies are harmless \u2026 or so we used to think. a new study from the american psychological association has found evidence that lying may actually have negative health consequences. think back to grade school, when we all learned that president george washington could never tell a lie, and he lived to the ripe old age of 67 \u2014 a lot based on 1700 \u2019 s standards. consider that the average person in his time only lived to age 36! for those who prefer more scientific evidence, consider this : the group of people within the study who told the most lies suffered from higher levels of anxiety, depression and exhaustion, among other ailments. on the other hand, the study participants who made it a point not to lie overall had better mental and physical health. more benefits of being honest : stronger, more solid relationships, as well as fewer feelings of tension overall health problems. seems like a no - brainer to us \u2013 if being honest is an easy ( and cheap! ) way to boost our health and wellness, we should all be taking advantage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48265208925979924, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.958497"} {"text": "new crosswalk technology improves pedestrian safety congress \u2019 s ongoing debate over whether to include funding for pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure in the next transportation bill does not change the fact that pedestrian traffic deaths are unacceptably high. sixty - seven percent of the more than 47, 000 pedestrian fatalities from 2000 to 2009 occurred on federal - aid roadways. these numbers clearly indicate there should be a federal interest in funding pedestrian safety measures. many state and local governments are not waiting for the federal funding bill, but are moving forward to improve pedestrian safety, particularly at intersections and mid - block crossings. fortunately, recently approved technological advances in intersection design and signalization are improving pedestrian safety and motorist behavior. the traveling public, both motorized and nonmotorized, are encountering these new technologies with increasing frequency. improvements may not even be visible such as passive pedestrian detectors that are able to recognize pedestrian presence and adjust the time of the walk signals accordingly. these passive detectors work regardless of whether a pedestrian pushes a button requesting a crossing phase. other measures, such as high - visibility crosswalk markings and installation of raised crossings, also improve pedestrian safety. new types of pedestrian crossing signals increase pedestrian safety while also encouraging the compliance of drivers in yielding to pedestrians. for example, installation of hawk ( high intensity activated crosswalk ) signals in tucson, arizona, improved the rate of drivers \u2019 yielding to pedestrians from 30 to 90 percent. use of the rapid rectangular flashing beacon ( rrfb ), a high intensity led light array that is normally dark, but is activated by pedestrians waiting to cross a street at an uncontrolled crosswalk, is raising awareness in florida, home to the top four most dangerous metro areas for pedestrians. studies of motorist behavior before and after installation of rrfbs showed an increase in drivers \u2019 yielding from 15 to 20 percent compliance to between 80 and nearly 100 percent. this data comes from st. petersburg and miami / dade county, florida. the benefits of installing these new traffic controls should get the attention of traffic engineers and lawmakers, resulting in continued safety improvements.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4513022404246283, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.967913"} {"text": "skip maine state header navigation skip first level navigation | skip all navigation | home | contact us | calendar | news | maine weather | | site map | maine emergency management agency winter weather : the basics november 1, 2010 winter weather awareness week the national weather service offices that serve new england have declared the week of november 1st through 5th, 2010 winter weather awareness week. this winter weather message is courtesy of the national weather service forecast offices in gray and caribou, maine. for those who live in new england, winter weather is a part of life from november through march. snow, sleet, freezing rain, cold temperatures, and cold wind chill temperatures will be common occurrences soon. while most of the time these weather elements are only a nuisance to our daily routines, at times they can produce hazardous or life - threatening situations for those who are not prepared, or for those who do not take the proper precautions. in maine, normal snowfall averages from 50 to 70 inches along the coast, but gradually increases as you move inland to more than 140 inches in the mountains. in northern maine, 100 to 120 inches of snow falls annually. the lesser amounts in coastal areas are partly a result of a frequent change - over to sleet, freezing rain or rain during many well - developed winter storms. to those driving or walking, this mixture of precipitation can be even more dangerous than snow. as residents of maine and new hampshire are all aware from january 1998 and december 2008, large accumulations of freezing rain can cause disastrous conditions. high winds, cold temperatures, cold wind chill temperatures, and coastal flooding can also accompany or follow winter storms. to alert the public to potentially dangerous winter weather events or situations, the national weather service issues outlooks, watches, warnings, and advisories. keep the following general definitions in mind ( the exact criteria used to trigger watches, warnings, and advisories in maine and new hampshire will be discussed in an article later this week, ). hazardous weather outlook a hazardous weather outlook is issued daily by national weather service offices across the country to alert the public to the potential for any hazardous weather during the next 7 days ( including significant winter storms, high wind, coastal flooding, and extreme temperatures ). due to the uncertainty in predicting the strength and path of a winter storm more than several days in advance, the exact impact on the area ( if any ) will not be known. in addition, national weather service offices may issue special weather statements highlighting the potential impact of a major winter storm. watches are issued to alert the public that dangerous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45236625890765003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.982331"} {"text": "what ' s behind student plagiarism? plagiarism is generally discussed in the context of students \u2019 ethical behavior and respect for their teachers, fellow students, and the academy. often discussions turn to remembrances of faculty \u2019 s youth at college and actions we dared not do. recently, however, teachers and scholars have viewed plagiarism as resulting from a more complex interaction of changes to a specific socio - historical context, students \u2019 understanding and use of sources, the younger generation \u2019 s sense of self, and technology and scholarly communication. in january 2011, i led a discussion about student behavior and perceptions with several professors from several different departments, from science to fine arts and humanities. professors in the group made the oft - heard comment, \u201c everyone cuts and pastes from post to post on the internet now. they think it \u2019 s okay. \u201d according to mallon ( 2001 ), commercial consequences for the writer and a requirement for innovation and originality must exist for the concept of plagiarism to develop as misconduct. in the academy, this is clearly the case, though few students, especially undergraduates, recognize these obligations. susan blum ( 2010 ) states that students see borrowing from others as a creative reuse of others \u2019 work. in ordinary life, when students quote movies and songs to each other, they assume that the listener knows where the quote originates. if the listener requires a citation, it only demonstrates that he is outside the group. since being part of the group is essential to young adults, asking for a citation is social ruin. plagiarism may also be an issue of poor writing and little contextual knowledge. researchers studying students \u2019 use of sources find that students tend to read and cite at the sentence level, rather than attempting to understand the entire source to support their argument. in attempting to paraphrase sentences, students were unable to divorce themselves from the original source text. ( howard, serviss, & rodrigue, 2010 ). the citation project, a national, multi - institution research project devoted to responding to educators \u2019 concerns about plagiarism, found in a recent workshop that students appeared to choose one paper that was easy to read, from a popular magazine or website, to use as the basis for their paper. they then found several peer - reviewed articles which they used to pepper their papers with statistics. rather than the essence of the study, students chose the one statistic that they understood or would support their own point. faculty members compare students to students across years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4952394640475648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.988123"} {"text": "they then found several peer - reviewed articles which they used to pepper their papers with statistics. rather than the essence of the study, students chose the one statistic that they understood or would support their own point. faculty members compare students to students across years. why do they feel that students today plagiarize more than earlier students? in the discussion with faculty, the conversation centered around the tendency for writers on the internet to borrow from each other ( without attribution ), one professor said, \u201c and then when you see your own work! it \u2019 s like a stab to the heart. \u201d the pain that the faculty member felt when she read her words on another person \u2019 s blog, according to blum ( 2009 ), reflects her core of an authentic self : an authentic self that she represents on the page by her own words. the current generation of students gathers words from others to represent themselves. blum states that they are more concerned with a performance self, a self that reverberates with the group they wish to engage at any particular moment. their selves are more fluid and flexible ; their words more ephemeral, even if located on a page ( 2009 ). is this difference in generations just a difference in developmental stage? psychoanalyst erik erikson suggests that adolescents \u2019 major task is to try on different selves in an effort to find their authentic self. arnett ( 2006 ) believes that currently, identity work occurs during emerging adulthood, the time when students are in college and graduate school. thus, they have not yet developed an authentic self. whatever it is, plagiarism in the academy is different than quoting music lyrics on facebook. understanding why students plagiarize can help us help students to understand the difference between life on social media sites and life in the university. arnett, j. j. ( 2006 ). emerging adulthood : understanding the new way of coming of age. in j. j. arnett & j. l. tanner ( eds. ), emerging adults in america : coming of age in the 21st century ( pp. 3 - 19 ). washington, dc : american psychological association. blum, s. d. ( 2009 ). my word! plagiarism and college culture. ithaca, ny : cornell university press. mallon, t. ( 2001 ). stolen words : the classic book on plagiarism. san diego, ca : harcourt. editor ' s note : watch for ideas on how to manage plagiarism in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49136691030634755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.989552"} {"text": "\u201c come on mate just one, we all are. you scared or something? what is one going to do anyway? \u201d the problem is if this teenage boy accepts that cigarette he would be a part of the 6, 000 people below the age of 18 in america to start smoking in that day. 2, 000 of those teens will keep smoking. that \u2019 s 800, 000 new teen smokers every year that are inhaling 4, 000 chemical compounds into their body, 40 of them are cancer causing agents and it \u2019 s all passed through just one cigarette. that teen could potentially join the 396, 000 smokers who started as teens that die each year from smoking, and that \u2019 s only in america. so that \u2019 s what one cigarette could do. so why do teenagers smoke? teenagers can start smoking as a result of peer pressure. feeling weak if they don \u2019 t accept a cigarette or fear of rejection can be felt by the teen. quit victoria executive director ; fiona sharkie says that \u201c smoking is part of socialization. \u201d social groups are where peer pressure occurs and therefore sometimes smoking. peer pressure is one of the main creators of teenage smokers today. teens may also smoke as a result of imitation. product placement in movies and media causes teens to copy their role models. this same cause relates to parents or family members as well. many teens may grow up in a smoking environment resulting in addiction themselves. how bad is smoking for you really? there are many health issues that are consequences of smoking. some a major some are minor but all damaging. there are many dangerous chemicals in one cigarette. chemicals such as benzene - a petrol additive, ammonia - found in toilet cleaner, acetone - present in nail polish remover, tar, nicotine - addictive drug, arsenic - rat poison, etc. many chemicals in cigarettes are actually poison that can kill someone in high enough doses. so the deadly health issues that result from this gradual poisoning are heart disease, strokes, emphysema. other smoking related health issues... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2013, 02 ). it ' s not a joke to choke on smoke. studymode. com. retrieved 02, 2013, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / it - s - not - a - joke - to - choke - 1430865. html \" it ' s not a joke to choke on smoke \" studymode. com. 02 2013. 02 2013 < http : / / www", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4362794863721969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:00.993998"} {"text": "cognitive learning i : understanding effective thinking this chapter will help you answer the following questions about your learners : \u2022 how can i teach my learners to become good thinkers? \u2022 what cognitive learning strategies can help my learners remember what i teach? \u2022 what cognitive learning strategies can help my learners improve their comprehension of what they read? \u2022 which is more important to how much my learners are able to learn : prior knowledge or intelligence? \u2022 how can i use the information processing model of thinking to better understand how learning occurs? \u2022 what are some ways of getting and holding my learners \u2019 attention? \u2022 what teaching strategies can i use to enhance my learners \u2019 reception, availability, and activation of the information i present? \u2022 do my learners have to learn in orderly, sequential ways or can they use different sources of information simultaneously to construct their own meanings? boricp05. doc - 2 \u2022 is my learners \u2019 intelligence fixed, or is it made up of many specific abilities that i can improve through instruction? in this chapter you will also learn the meanings of these terms : automaticity cognitive strategies comprehension monitoring decay theory declarative knowledge displacement theory domain - specific knowledge dual - coding theory elaboration general knowledge immediate memory information processing model interference theory keyword method long - term memory metacognition organization parallel distributed processing model procedural knowledge propositional networks rehearsal schema theory working memory boricp05. doc - 3 many years ago in the village of gidole in southern ethiopia, there lived an old man and his three sons. the old man knew that he had only a few more years to live and he wanted to make sure that his property and possessions were left in good hands. he decided that he would leave all his worldly goods to the most intelligent of his three sons. the problem... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2010, 10 ). learning. studymode. com. retrieved 10, 2010, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / learning - 457243. html \" learning \" studymode. com. 10 2010. 10 2010 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / learning - 457243. html >. \" learning. \" studymode. com. 10, 2010. accessed 10, 2010. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / learning - 457243. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5084562625652548, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.000199"} {"text": "after reading oedipus, one may think that in this story, there was no justice, and nobody could avoid their fate. king laius and queen jocasta, fearing the prophecy of the delphic oracle, had the young oedipus left on mount cithaeron to die, but the father dies and the son marries the mother anyway. oedipus, seemingly a good person, also tries to avoid the second prophecy, only to fulfill the first. but even through all this, i have done some research and feel that there was justice in oedipus, the king, and their fate wasn ' t first, the murder of king laius. laius seemed to die a unwarranted death, but he was not necessarily in complete innocence, for he had done some malicious things earlier in his life, such as the attempted murder of his son, oedipus, and the kidnapping and rape of chrysippus, a young man laius fell in love with before jocasta. and oedipus wasn ' t as guilty under ancient greek law as he is under our modern laws. it was every greek ' s duty to harm his / her enemies, and as far as oedipus knew, king laius was an enemy. queen jocasta wasn ' t exactly guiltless, either. the great queen had also tried with king laius to kill their son, and had no respect for the prophecies of apollo : \" a prophet? listen to me and learn some peace of mind : no skill in the world, nothing human can penetrate the future. \" she was also the other half of a mother - son marriage. greek law considered the act, not the motive - meaning that even though she nor oedipus knew they were related, they committed finally, oedipus ' s guilt. in some ways, oedipus was the most guilty of them all. consider his ' hubris '. he regarded himself as almost a god, assuming that since he alone had solved the sphinx ' s riddle, he was the one of the gods ' favorites. he was very quick to judge, and judged on the most flimsy of evidence. he calls on tiresias to tell him what he should do, and when he... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 1999, 10 ). the story of oedipus. studymode. com. retrieved 10, 1999, from http : / / www. studymo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43435387839528294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.003587"} {"text": "gone are the days when fred haise, of the apollo 13 crew, could remark on how his urine looked as if a golden string of glittering stars as they passed out of the evacuation chamber of the space capsule in which he \u2019 d just relieved himself. or at least gone are the days when bill paxton in the character of haise could say something like that in a movie and be accurate. these days our astronauts drink the water recycled from their pee \u2014 and find clever new uses for their poop too. on the international space station, they use an automated system to remove extract water from waste for use once more. on the private mars shot that will launch in 2018, inspiration mars, they will use a simpler, but perhaps more elegant, method : a technique called forward osmosis. water likes to move to diffuse concentrations whenever possible from high to low, in an effort to even things out. so when it \u2019 s confronted with a solution that contains a solution with a high concentration of salt, which has a high osmotic potential, this ticks water off and it will move toward that higher concentration to balance things out. so when urine, which contains lots of water, of course, is put into in a chamber it will pass through the membrane, leaving behind all of the other stuff that makes up urine, leaving the water purified and the salty solution diluted and ready to, yick, drink. i \u2019 m sure that any remnant salty taste from the diluted solution will provide the astronauts plenty of reminder of where their water came from ( their pee ). the forward osmosis method was tested on the last space shuttle flight, atlantis in 2011. the problem is, the results showed that in microgravity osmosis worked at only about half the efficiency it does here on earth, something the mission \u2019 s engineers will have to work out. the inspiration mars people recently announced that these bags of water and waste will be used in an entirely novel way, to line the space capsule to protect it from cosmic rays. a quote from a mission member in a new scientist article on the subject points out that nuclei block cosmic radiation and that water has about three times the amount of nuclei that are found in metals. and since the nuclei block rather than absorb radiated particles, the water won \u2019 t become irradiated, keeping it safe to drink. so lining the capsule with bags of water that the crew can also drink should be an efficient and elegant solution to both staving off cosmic radiation and dehydration among the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5279071367832557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.007172"} {"text": "more riverside county residents \u2013 adults and young people \u2013 smoke than in previous years, and residents eat fast food more often than the rest of california. those factors might help explain why riverside county ranks near the bottom in overall health among california counties and why more than 60 percent of early deaths here are caused by heart disease, cancer, lung disease and stroke. these nuggets and more detailed information can be found in the 2013 community health profile, an 83 - page snapshot of the health of county residents. the report, released by the county of riverside department of public health, describes the health issues facing riverside county residents. it illustrates the scope of the chronic disease problem, the behaviors that lead to disease, and suggests opportunities to change behaviors to improve health. recent studies ranked riverside county 32nd among california \u2019 s 58 counties in overall health. \u201c we \u2019 re using data to tell a story ; create a roadmap, \u201d said wendy hetherington, chief epidemiologist for the county. \u201c the report will help guide our public health programs and policies. \u201d the report is also the foundation for the healthy riverside county initiative, an effort being launched in conjunction with the release of the health profile. using the findings of the report the initiative has four priority areas : improving eating habits, increase daily physical activity, reduce tobacco rates and building healthier environments that support walking, biking and exercise. \u201c it \u2019 s a new era of community involvement and population health improvement. the profile serves as starting point for community driven change. by making better food and drink choices, building exercise into our day and not smoking, we can make a difference not only for ourselves but for our friends and family, \u201d said dr. cameron kaiser, riverside county interim health officer. the report, which includes data collected from local, state and federal sources, provides a resource for educational institutions, cities and other municipalities looking for ways to improve the health of their employees and residents. the 2013 community health profile is available for download at : www. rivcoph. org < http : / / www. rivcoph. org and www. rivcohealthdata. org < http : / / www. rivcohealthdata. org. * contributed by riverside county department of public health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4075064528945199, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.009686"} {"text": "iowa has been under a heat stress alert for two days, and although the weather situation might break for a couple of days, the forecast for late this week and early next week indicates the state could be facing an alert situation again. managing heat stress in cattle as temperatures heat up during the summer, cattle producers need to assess the heat stress that their cattle are under. compared to other animals, cattle rely on respiration more than sweating to dissipate their heat load. since cattle do not dissipate heat effectively they accumulate a heat load during the day and dissipate heat at night when it is cooler. during extreme weather conditions with insufficient environmental cooling at night, cattle will accumulate heat that they cannot disperse. typically physiological factors such as hide color, weight and animal health predispose cattle to heat stress during the summer months. to minimize heat stress, cattle producers can start now initiating measures in their operation to assist cattle in managing periods of hot, humid weather. 1. make sure cattle have access to excess water capacity. this means getting extra water tanks into pens filled with fresh water. during the heat of the day ( noon through sundown ) cattle may increase their water demand to 2 gallons per 100 lbs of body weight. 2. do not handle or process cattle past 9 : 00 am. 1. shift feeding to provide 70 % of the day \u2019 s feed delivered after sundown. 2. provide shade. a minimum of 20 square feet per head of shade is recommended. 3. remove restrictions to air flow, such as wind breaks. 4. provide mounds for cattle to make use of what little breeze may be available. 5. grind light - colored bedding, such as straw or grass hay, into the pens. this will provide a cooler surface to rest on than the dark - colored pen surface. 1. when heavy, black - hided cattle show signs of severe heat stress such as continuous, open - mouthed panting, get these cattle to a shaded area, and cool these cattle with a hose, including their head and body. either a stream of water or of large droplets which will penetrate through the hair coat to the skin is critical to provide evaporative cooling. in addition to management practices, cattle producers can monitor forecasted heat stress events at www. ars. usda. gov / main / docs. htm? docid = 20426. for more information on preventing heat stress in cattle go to vetmed. iastate. edu / and type \u201c heat stress cattle \u201d in the search box.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4507222901102688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.014530"} {"text": "one of our most valuable resources is the water beneath our feet. - something you canit see and may not even know is there! ground water is the part of precipitation that seeps down through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated with water. ground water slowly moves underground, generally at a downward angle ( because of gravity ), and may eventually seep into streams, lakes, and oceans. most of the void spaces in the rocks below the water table are filled with water. but rocks have different porosity and permeability characteristics, which means that water does not move around the same way in all rocks. when water - bearing rocks readily transmit water to wells and springs, they are called aquifers. wells can be drilled into the aquifers and water can be pumped out. precipitation eventually adds water ( recharge ) into the porous rock of the aquifer. the rate of recharge is not the same for all aquifers, though, and that must be considered when pumping water from a well. pumping too much water too fast draws down the water in the aquifer and eventually causes a well to yield less and less water and even run dry. ground water is an important natural resource, especially in those parts of the country that donit have ample surface - water sources, such as the arid west. it provides about 38 percent of the water delivered by water departments for use in our homes, businesses, and industries and provides drinking water for the 99 percent of the rural population who supply their own water from their own wells.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5054663612488299, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.016269"} {"text": "5 steps to help students connect with real audiences 1 comment ( s ) so far... march 27, 2012 by : lisa nielsen in my work to support innovative learning in schools, i often find young people, given the opportunity to use technology and the web, are doing great work and are excited about publishing their work for the world to see. unfortunately, that \u2019 s where it falls short. somehow, the important lesson of audience is absent from most classrooms. if we \u2019 re not supporting students in reaching real audiences, we as educators are missing an important piece of the puzzle when it comes to supporting learners. in fact, the reality is audience should be a forethought... not an afterthought. sometimes when i bring this up in school an educator will proudly explain how student work is published on youtube or schooltube and posted on the classroom or school website. while that is indeed one audience, it is not the authentic audience i \u2019 m referring to or angela maiers means when we talk about doing work that is worthy of the world ( see section b ). for example, at a recent school visit students were excited about creating psas about issues they were passionate about. they were especially excited because what they created could impact others to learn more about the issue. when i asked how \u201c others \u201d will find the video, they, and their teachers, are usually at a loss. while we \u2019 re doing innovative work, the traditional method of doing work for the teacher or class still prevails. there is little thought to reaching the those who share an interest in these topics. to change that simply follow these five steps. 5 steps to connecting with real audiences - start with a basic google search to see who is writing about your topic. do any organizations support the cause? - do a search on wikipedia and see who supports the cause in the footnotes. - search the topic on technorati to see who is blogging about your topic. - write to each organization. let them know what you are doing. ask them for their feedback as far as what type of product might benefit their work. include things such as content, length, suggested research, credits, etc. - reach out to those who are blogging about your topic. let them know what you are up to and ask them if they may want to feature it. - once you create the outline or storyboard for your work, share it with the interested organizations. get feedback for your final piece. - as you move to the review,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44346267867254147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.020790"} {"text": "you are up to and ask them if they may want to feature it. - once you create the outline or storyboard for your work, share it with the interested organizations. get feedback for your final piece. - as you move to the review, revise, and edit stage, send your work to the organization for feedback. - invite the organization to publish your work. - share the work on your local sites as well i. e. class, school, project website, with a link to the organization \u2019 s page. - share the message far and wide using social media like twitter, facebook, and google +. when using twitter do a search for the cause so you can include relevant hashtags. this missing piece to learning can be addressed by taking these five steps. when educators do not support youth in finding their audience, they are robbing them of doing the meaningful work that is essential for success. lisa nielsen writes for and speaks to audiences across the globe about learning innovatively and is frequently covered by local and national media for her views on \u201c passion ( not data ) driven learning, \u201d \" thinking outside the ban \" to harness the power of technology for learning, and using the power of social media to provide a voice to educators and students. ms. nielsen has worked for more than a decade in various capacities to support learning in real and innovative ways that will prepare students for success. in addition to her award - winning blog, the innovative educator, ms. nielsen \u2019 s writing is featured in places such as huffington post, tech & learning, iste connects, ascd wholechild, mindshift, leading & learning, the unplugged mom, and is the author the book teaching generation text. disclaimer : the information shared here is strictly that of the author and does not reflect the opinions or endorsement of her employer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4702132423780375, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.021593"} {"text": "u. s. security interests also dictate that the united states consider chinese reactions to its missile defense plans. although not a party to the abm treaty, china bases its nuclear planning in part on the treaty and has historically been concerned about u. s. and soviet missile defense programs. china is believed to have several hundred nuclear weapons but perhaps only about two dozen are able to reach the united states. even a limited national missile defense system, therefore, could undermine or negate the chinese deterrent. china has expressed concern about high - altitude theater defenses too. sha zukang, china \u2019 s ambassador to the conference on disarmament, noted in a statement to the u. n. general assembly last october that such systems will \u201c possess the capability to intercept strategic missiles \u201d and that their development thus would dampen china \u2019 s \u201c enthusiasm to participate in the global process of arms control and disarmament. \u201d moreover, u. s. deployment of high - altitude theater defenses would open the door for russia to do the same. such a move could threaten the bulk of china \u2019 s missile force, which have ranges of less than 3, 500 kilometers and constitute the backbone of its deterrent against russia. china also worries about possible transfers of u. s. theater defenses to neighboring countries and u. s. deployment of sea - based systems in the region. the united states has tried to enlist japan as a partner to help fund development of thaad. china views japan as a latent nuclear power, and given the historical enmity between the two countries, is uncomfortable with the prospect of a potential combination of japanese nuclear weapons and missile defenses. japan has recently all but opted out of the thaad project, however, partly because the cost is too high and partly to minimize tensions with china. china is also upset by u. s. plans to sell patriot defenses to taiwan in response to the intimidating missile tests china conducted off taiwan \u2019 s coast prior to taiwan \u2019 s elections last year. because these are only low - altitude defenses, however, such a sale is unlikely to affect china \u2019 s nuclear or arms - control policies. given its concerns, china could react to u. s. missile defenses in a number of ways that could reduce u. s. security and hinder further efforts to control and eliminate the world \u2019 s nuclear arsenals. to preserve its nuclear deterrent, china, like russia, could build up its nuclear forces or adopt a launch - on - warning posture. china could also decide to keep open the option of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47047957958035286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.027618"} {"text": "to control and eliminate the world \u2019 s nuclear arsenals. to preserve its nuclear deterrent, china, like russia, could build up its nuclear forces or adopt a launch - on - warning posture. china could also decide to keep open the option of building up by refusing constraints on fissile material production. the united states is seeking an international treaty prohibiting further production of fissile material for nuclear weapons, partly as a way to place some controls on the nuclear - weapon programs of the undeclared nuclear states - india, israel, and pakistan. china \u2019 s agreement to this treaty is essential, both because of its own nuclear arsenal and because its participation will be needed to gain that of india and, in turn, pakistan. if and when the united states and russia continue to cut their deployed nuclear weapons to roughly the numbers held by the smaller nuclear powers - china, britain, and france - it will become necessary to include these countries in negotiating deeper cuts. but in response to u. s. defenses, china could hamstring this process by refusing to accept limits on its deployed arsenal. finally, because both russia and china are potential suppliers of nuclear and missile technologies to other countries, their participation in international nonproliferation efforts is crucial. but the ill will that missile defense deployments could cause may make both russia and china less willing to cooperate with the west on restricting transfers of sensitive technology to other countries, or to participate in other nonproliferation initiatives. thus the overall result of u. s. deployment of national missile defenses and high - altitude theater defenses could well be that nuclear reductions and other irreversibility measures grind to a halt and that the united states and russia become locked in at high levels of deployed weapons, while retaining their ability to rapidly build more. the other nuclear weapon states would then refuse to become involved in nuclear arms reductions. creating such barriers to deep nuclear reductions and disarmament, which the nuclear weapon states are obligated to pursue under the nuclear non - proliferation treaty ( npt ), would become increasingly unacceptable to the 180 non - nuclear - weapon state members of the npt. over time, this discontent could weaken the international nonproliferation regime. these potential costs to u. s. security might be worth risking if the missile threat were greater and defenses were a more effective means of countering this threat. but this is not the case. there is no missile threat from developing countries that justifies national missile defenses, and there may never be. there are more effective means of addressing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5256662261360013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.028784"} {"text": "basically, you can take the same approach as for teaching groups. you decide your objective for the lesson and plan how you will achieve it. remember to have a variety of exercises. the same procedures apply of presenting language and practising it as well as error correction. the only difference will be the lack of group work ; for any pairwok, you will need to participate. you \u2019 ll find yourself doing more of the work in a one - to - one lesson but as you get to know your student and build up rapport, this will balance out. for the first lesson, you can get to know your student. find out about his / her job and the reasons for learning english. find out in what situations ( s ) he will use english ( speaking, writing, reading ). this will help you plan subsequent lessons. if the student has done a placement test to define his / her level, you can go over the test in the first lesson. if no test has been done, i suggest you do one to determine the level. your school should have one available. however, do the test orally ; it \u2019 s not a good idea to have the student writing away silently in the first lesson. finally, consider the seating from the beginning. sit around a table with your student ; sit close to him / her ( not too close obviously!! ). i say this because i once saw a one - to - one lesson with the teacher at the board and the student sitting at the back of the classroom. once you have met your student, you \u2019 ll have a better idea of needs and level. feel free to write in at that point for more ideas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4368907350139744, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.033141"} {"text": "elduce wrote : 1. i don ' t understand ' futurum '. ' to be ' can work actively but passively it doesn ' t make sense. what of the future active participle? is futururum correct? is the future participle actually. in this textbook, if a verb is intransitive but still has a future participle, then the future participle is given instead of the perfect passive participle as with other verbs. there are a couple other verbs in wheelock ' s that have the future participle listed as the 4th principal part, such as fugio, fugere, fugi, fugiturum ; you will know it is the future participle by the - ur - before the ending. the supine stem ( 4th principal part minus the - um / - us ending ) always ends in t or s, so if it ends in r you should already know something is up. multus, - a, - um 2. how does the comparative for more, many, most work? always use the genitive in these instances? thanks. plus, gen. pluris plurimus, - a, - um with the comparative, plus, you use the partitive genitive to say \" more ( of ) _ _ _ _ \", or \" very many ( of ) _ _ _ _ \" if you prefer. this is because the form plus is really more a neuter noun or substantive adjective, like satis, etc. you will rarely see plus in the singular in any cases other than the nominative and accusative ( which are indentical ), and the dative singular does not exist in classical latin. the genitive and rarely ablative are mostly restricted to expressions of value ( unfortunately not covered in wheelock ' s ), e. g. ager multo pluris est \" the farm is of much more ( worth ) \". in the plural, plures, plura, you just use it like a regular adjective without the partitive genitive. flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, flebile lingua murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4949260176139062, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.035365"} {"text": "exploring the field of cancer genomics can give a researcher without a sturdy footing in bioinformatics a bad case of information overload. but the potential payoff is high. cancer researchers have been amassing data on small mutations, copy number variations, epigenetic changes, expression level differences, and clinical features for a number of cancer types since long before the first whole cancer genome sequence ( of an acute myeloid leukemia ) was completed in 2008. that means researchers diving into the fray today will have more \u2014 and higher quality \u2014 information at their fingertips than ever before. yet navigating it won \u2019 t be easy, says william hahn, an associate professor of medicine who studies a number of cancers at the dana - farber cancer institute in boston. \u201c it \u2019 s a huge challenge to know what \u2019 s out there and how to use it. \u201d much of the available genomic data comes from a handful of large international collaborations. the cancer genome atlas ( tcga ), a project of the national cancer institute and the national human genome research institute, oversees the generation of genomic data from quality - controlled samples, most of which have been analyzed using multiple platforms. the uk cancer genome project houses a data collection called cosmic, the single most comprehensive catalog of somatic mutations in the world. casting an even wider net, the international cancer genome consortium ( icgc ) is a one - stop - shopping portal through which you can access data from its 12 member countries, as well as from the tcga and cosmic databases. once you \u2019 ve got the data, the trick is to know what they can and cannot tell you, says hahn. but whatever type of data you search for, he cautions, your in silico analyses should be considered hypothesis - generating. at the end of the day, you have to go back to the lab or into the clinic to validate them. the scientist surveyed freely available data, visualization, and analysis portals for cancer genome information to bring you a start - up guide for integrating the approach into your work. is my favorite gene mutated in cancer? a good starting point is to check for known mutations and other aberrations in your gene of interest. the icgc data portal offers several search routes. enter a gene name, ncbi accession number, or ensembl gene id in the gene search field, click through to the gene report, and under mutation summary you \u2019 ll find the mutations and copy number changes detected and their frequency in the tumors analyzed to date. the cosmic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5284142633382637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.043925"} {"text": "accession number, or ensembl gene id in the gene search field, click through to the gene report, and under mutation summary you \u2019 ll find the mutations and copy number changes detected and their frequency in the tumors analyzed to date. the cosmicsection just below lists somatic mutations, including point mutations, small deletions, and insertions, from the cosmic database. another tack is to look for all the affected genes in a tumor type. in the icgc data portal, you can accomplish this by clicking genes under database search, and from there, selecting the type of cancer you \u2019 re interested in as well as optional sub - parameters such as the pathway you \u2019 d like to explore. alternatively, in the tcga \u2019 s data portal, you can select bulk download from the download data menu and retrieve information on somatic mutations, or other data types such as copy number, dna methylation, and gene expression, for a number of tumor types. both icgc and tcga data are publicly available, but note that they have already been processed : sequences have been confirmed by various techniques, and patient - identifying information, such as the presence of germline snps, has been removed. \u201c by and large, the processed data is our best attempt to provide information that is accurate and has few false positives, \u201d says lincoln stein, director of informatics and biocomputing at the ontario institute for cancer research in toronto. researchers can request access to raw data through icgc \u2019 s data access compliance office if they would like to know the germline snps, which could be relevant in studies of cancer risk and cancer drug response. also, consider supplementing your icgc search with an exploration of data sets from other centers, including tcga \u2019 s data portal. icgc only updates the database every few months, whereas tcga updates as new data become available. what \u2019 s more, icgc does not store tcga \u2019 s raw data \u2014 to access it, submit a data access request form to tcga. are the mutations in my favorite gene \u201c drivers \u201d in this tumor type? finding a gene mutation in tumor samples is just the beginning. the next step is differentiating the drivers that actually contribute to the cancer phenotype from the passenger mutations that many cancers pick up pell - mell because of their genomic instability. the frequency of the mutation can provide some clues. \u201c if it \u2019 s mutated in 5 or 8 or 10 percent [ or more ] of cancers, then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49817177448509314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.045270"} {"text": "mutations that many cancers pick up pell - mell because of their genomic instability. the frequency of the mutation can provide some clues. \u201c if it \u2019 s mutated in 5 or 8 or 10 percent [ or more ] of cancers, then you say it \u2019 s probably important, \u201d hahn says. it \u2019 s harder to judge for less frequently mutated genes, which can still be important to the biology and progression of tumors, he explains, adding that data from rare mutations may not be reliable if your gene has only been sequenced in a few samples. icgc \u2019 s mutation summary is one source of mutation frequency data. another option is the memorial sloan - kettering cancer center \u2019 s ( mskcc ) cbio cancer genomics portal, a user - friendly site for working with data from tcga and other data sets. you can query this portal by entering the name of one or more genes. the output is a list of cancer studies of different tumor types ; click on a study, and then on view cancer study details, to call up a graphic \u2014 referred to as an \u201c oncoprint \u201d \u2014 that represents the frequency of genomic alterations. you can also predict the functional impact ( high, medium, low, or neutral ) of missense mutations using a tool within mskcc \u2019 s portal called mutationassessor. like other methods, mutationassessor looks at conservation across all the homologs of a protein, but, unlike others, it also takes into account the conservation within just the closest homologs, which is called \u201c specificity. \u201d this gives the tool an advantage in predicting mutations that have a functional impact, particularly those that lead to a change in function rather than a loss or gain of function, says boris reva, who developed the tool with colleagues at mskcc. if you are in view cancer study details in the mskcc portal, clicking the mutations tab takes you to a table with a column labeled predicted impact. clicking on items in this column opens an output table summarizing information about the gene mutation you \u2019 re looking at. to see how well conserved the mutated amino acid residue is, click on msa ( multiple sequence alignment ) for a sequence alignment with the conservation and specificity score above each amino acid. alternatively, because mutationasssessor is also a stand - alone tool, you can enter your mutation of interest in the text box on its site to obtain a similar output table. what are the genes and pathways that are associated with a tumor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4843384709148149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.047767"} {"text": "acid. alternatively, because mutationasssessor is also a stand - alone tool, you can enter your mutation of interest in the text box on its site to obtain a similar output table. what are the genes and pathways that are associated with a tumor type? many cancer researchers are looking beyond individual genes to map gene networks. one way to do this is with regulome explorer, a set of tools developed by the institute for systems biology in seattle, washington, and md anderson cancer center at the university of texas in houston that provides a wide - ranging view of connections between mutations, expression level changes, and clinical outcomes. the tool is currently loaded with three tcga data sets, with plans to add more in the next 6 months. to explore networks in which a gene might be involved, select the first tool on the portal page, all pairs significance tests, which looks for pairwise associations. the new window that opens shows a graphical representation of a breast cancer data set, but you can load one of the others by going to the data menu and clicking select. in the dialog box on the right, enter your gene of interest in the label field under feature 1. under feature 2, choose the type of genomic change and the gene for which you want to find associations, then click filter. or, you can leave both boxes in feature 2blank, and view all the genomic associations ; mousing over a line tells you the change associated with your gene of interest. you can do the same analysis of data with a different list of cancer types in mskcc \u2019 s cbio portal. just enter your gene \u2014 say, trim2 \u2014 in the gray field, as before, and click submit. after you select the tumor type and click view cancer study details, you can review the network of known gene interactions and pathways involving the gene under the network tab. you can mouse over a gene, represented as a node, to see a color - coded wheel summarizing its mutation, expression, and copy number status. ( the color for each alteration is under the legend tab. ) of course, many gene networks are unknown. a tool called dendrix predicts whether genes share a pathway by using an algorithm that searches for genes mutated in a mutually exclusive pattern. to run dendrix, upload two text files to a server at ccmbweb. ccv. brown. edu / dendrix \u2014 one listing all the genes mutated in samples of a particular tumor type ( for example, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5144018311634224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.048785"} {"text": "run dendrix, upload two text files to a server at ccmbweb. ccv. brown. edu / dendrix \u2014 one listing all the genes mutated in samples of a particular tumor type ( for example, a tcga data set ), and the other listing just the genes you want to analyze. leave out genes mutated at very high frequency, which skew the results, says fabio vandin, a bioinformatician who developed dendrix with colleagues at brown university. the completed analysis will be e - mailed to you, usually within a day, as a text file readable via a platform called cytoscape. what are the clinical associations with genomic changes? \u201c when you submit to journals these days, there \u2019 s quite a good chance the referees will say, \u2018 what does this gene mutation do in the clinic to patients? \u2019 \u201d says markus bredel of the university of alabama at birmingham, who studies gene mutations that correlate with short survival times for patients with glioblastoma. several university - operated visualization tools can address this question. oncoprints at mskcc cbio portal show survival curves associated with genomic alterations in the survival tab. alternatively, the university of california santa cruz cancer genomics browser lets you probe associations between an array of clinical parameters and genomic data for many data sets. click on cancer genomics browser at the top of the menu on the left to be directed to the list of data sets. after choosing a data set, click on the heatmap box in the tab that appears on the right to view genomic and clinical heat maps. you can explore associations between a clinical feature and genomic changes by clicking the features button above the clinical heat map. this opens a window in which you can create two patient groups based on various differences, say, in age at diagnosis. select student \u2019 s t - test from the statistic drop - down menu and hit generate statistics to view all the statistically significant genomic differences between the groups : red bars and green bars indicate that genomic variation is more likely in group 1 or group 2, respectively. you can zoom in to get genomic data from individual samples, which are arranged vertically above the corresponding chromosomal position, says jing zhu, who manages the ucsc cancer genomics browser. she encourages researchers who want more information about these clinical parameters to contact her team at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5087777818233439, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.049734"} {"text": "scotland and wales are countries, and their parliament and assembly are acknowledgement of that fact. northern ireland is also recognised as a political and constitutional entity within the united kingdom ( uk ) with its own assembly. for reasons not adequately explained, england is denied recognition as a country or as a political and constitutional entity and the people of england are denied the right to express their will through their own parliament. the people of england have the same right to a parliament as do the people of scotland, and they should be equally free to determine their own system of local and regional government. devolution for england should start with an english parliament. the aim of the campaign for an english parliament ( cep ) is to put the issue of a separately elected english parliament, with its own executive, on the political agenda. the cep \u2019 s strategy is to assemble the most powerful coalition of expert and public opinion possible with a view to securing an english referendum on the question of establishing a parliament and executive. an english parliament will represent all those for whom england is their chosen or inherited home and who are legally entitled to vote. read the full policy statement ultimately, an english parliament cannot come about without the co - operation and agreement of the house of commons. the cep \u2019 s role is working with academics, business groups, trades unions, think tanks and the media to create the conditions where mps see that there is no alternative to holding a referendum. we need an english parliament - so that england can be recognised politically and constitutionally - to rebalance the union! - to ensure the future existence of england - to ensure an equal voice in westminster - to ensure an equal voice internationally - to ensure all citizens of the uk have equal representation and enfranchisement - to represent us when laws are imposed upon us - to ensure the accountability of mps - to assure equality of funding - to assure equitable taxation - to allow us to control our own assets - to deliver government for england that is appropriate for england and of equal value to that of the rest of the uk - to support and protect english culture - to prevent the submersion of england into britain and to separate an english identity from a british identity - to prevent conflict and to discourage discrimination on the grounds of nationhood. - because the people of england want it - because other proposals for england \u2019 s future do not answer all the questions arising from the current imbalance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45243407375563666, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.052715"} {"text": "joplin, mo., was prepared. the tornado warning system gave residents 24 minutes \u2019 notice that a twister was bearing down on them. doctors and nurses at st. john \u2019 s regional medical center, who had practiced tornado drills for years, moved fast, getting patients away from windows, closing blinds, and activating emergency generators. and yet more than 130 people died in joplin, including four people at st. john \u2019 s, where the tornado sucked up the roof and left the building in ruins, like much of the shattered city. even those who deny the existence of global climate change are having trouble dismissing the evidence of the last year. in the u. s. alone, nearly 1, 000 tornadoes have ripped across the heartland, killing more than 500 people and inflicting $ 9 billion in damage. the midwest suffered the wettest april in 116 years, forcing the mississippi to flood thousands of square miles, even as drought - plagued texas suffered the driest month in a century. worldwide, the litany of weather \u2019 s extremes has reached biblical proportions. the 2010 heat wave in russia killed an estimated 15, 000 people. floods in australia and pakistan killed 2, 000 and left large swaths of each country under water. a months - long drought in china has devastated millions of acres of farmland. and the temperature keeps rising : 2010 was the hottest year on earth since weather records began. from these and other extreme - weather events, one lesson is sinking in with terrifying certainty. the stable climate of the last 12, 000 years is gone. which means you haven \u2019 t seen anything yet. and we are not prepared. picture california a few decades from now, a place so hot and arid the state \u2019 s trademark orange and lemon trees have been replaced with olive trees that can handle the new climate. alternating floods and droughts have made it impossible for the reservoirs to capture enough drinking water. the picturesque highway 1, sections of which are already periodically being washed out by storm surges and mudslides, will have to be rerouted inland, possibly through a mountain. these aren \u2019 t scenes from another deadly - weather thriller like the day after tomorrow. they \u2019 re all changes that california officials believe they need to brace for within the next decade or two. and they aren \u2019 t alone. across the u. s., it \u2019 s just beginning to dawn on civic leaders that they \u2019 ll need to help their communities brave coming dangers brought by climate change, from disappearing islands in chesapeake bay to dust bowls in the plains and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3974999130144984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.065416"} {"text": "t alone. across the u. s., it \u2019 s just beginning to dawn on civic leaders that they \u2019 ll need to help their communities brave coming dangers brought by climate change, from disappearing islands in chesapeake bay to dust bowls in the plains and horrific hurricanes in the gulf of mexico. yet only 14 states are even planning, let alone implementing, climate - change adaptation plans, says terri cruce, a climate consultant in california. the other 36 apparently are hoping for a miracle. the game of catch - up will have to happen quickly because so much time was lost to inaction. \u201c the bush administration was a disaster, but the obama administration has accomplished next to nothing either, in part because a significant part of the democratic party is inclined to balk on this issue as well, \u201d says economist jeffrey sachs, head of the earth institute at columbia university. \u201c we [ are ] past the tipping point. \u201d the idea of adapting to climate change was once a taboo subject. scientists and activists feared that focusing on coping would diminish efforts to reduce carbon emissions. on the opposite side of the divide, climate - change deniers argued that since global warming is a \u201c hoax, \u201d there was no need to figure out how to adapt. \u201c climate - change adaptation was a nonstarter, \u201d says vicki arroyo, executive director of the georgetown climate center. \u201c if you wanted to talk about that, you would have had to talk about climate change itself, which the bush administration didn \u2019 t want to do. \u201d in fact, president bush killed what author mark hertsgaard in his 2011 book, hot, calls \u201c a key adaptation tool, \u201d the national climate assessment, an analysis of the vulnerabilities in regions of the u. s. and ideas for coping with them. the legacy of that : state efforts are spotty and local action is practically nonexistent. \u201c there are no true adaptation experts in the federal government, let alone states or cities, \u201d says arroyo. \u201c they \u2019 ve just been commandeered from other departments. \u201d the rookies will struggle to comprehend the complex impacts of climate change. the burning of fossil fuels has raised atmospheric levels of heat - trapping carbon dioxide by 40 percent above what they were before the industrial revolution. the added heat in the atmosphere retains more moisture, ratchets up the energy in the system, and incites more violent and extreme weather. scientists disagree about whether climate change will bring more intense or frequent tornadoes, but there is wide consensus that the 2 degrees fahre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4357418324942107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.066646"} {"text": "the atmosphere retains more moisture, ratchets up the energy in the system, and incites more violent and extreme weather. scientists disagree about whether climate change will bring more intense or frequent tornadoes, but there is wide consensus that the 2 degrees fahrenheit of global warming of the last century is behind the rise in sea levels, more intense hurricanes, more heat waves, and more droughts and deluges. even if the world went carbon - neutral tomorrow, we \u2019 d be in for more : because of the co2 that has already been emitted, we \u2019 re on track for another 5 degrees of warming. batten down the hatches. \u201c you can no longer say that the climate of the future is going to be like the climate of today, let alone yesterday, \u201d says judi greenwald, vice president of innovative solutions at the pew center on global climate change. \u201c in all of the plausible climate scenarios, we are going to have to change the way we do things in ways we can \u2019 t even predict. \u201d changing temperatures will have a profound effect on the plants and animals among us. crops that flourished in the old climate regime will have to adapt to the new one, as some pests are already doing. tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever are reaching temperate regions, and ragweed and poison ivy thrive in the hothouse world. yet most of us are naive about what climate - change adaptation will entail. at the benign extreme, \u201c adapting \u201d sounds as easy as home gardeners adjusting to their new climate zones \u2014 those colorful bands on the back of the package of zinnia seeds. it sounds as pleasant as cities planting more trees, as chicago, new york, boston, and scores of others are doing ( with species native to the warmer climes : chicago is subbing heat - loving sweet gum and swamp oak for the traditional white oak ). and it sounds as architecturally interesting as changing roofs : new york, which is looking at an average temperature increase of up to 3 degrees fahrenheit by 2020, is planning to paint 3 million square feet of roofs white, to reflect sunlight and thus reduce urban heat - island effects. but those steps don \u2019 t even hint at how disruptive and expensive climate - change adaptation will be. \u201c ten years ago, when we thought climate change would be slow and linear, you could get away with thinking that \u2018 adaptation \u2019 meant putting in permeable pavement \u201d so that storm water would be absorbed rather than cause floods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4618610009267551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.067918"} {"text": "change adaptation will be. \u201c ten years ago, when we thought climate change would be slow and linear, you could get away with thinking that \u2018 adaptation \u2019 meant putting in permeable pavement \u201d so that storm water would be absorbed rather than cause floods, says bill mckibben, author of the 2010 book eaarth. \u201c now it \u2019 s clear that \u2019 s not going to be at all sufficient, as we see already with disruptions in our ability to grow food, an increase in storms, and the accelerated melting of greenland that could raise sea levels six feet. adaptation is going to have to be a lot more than changing which trees cities plant. \u201d as tomorrow \u2019 s climate wreaks havoc on agriculture \u2014 this spring \u2019 s deluges have already kept farmers from getting tractors into fields to plant corn \u2014 mckibben foresees tens of thousands more americans having to work on farms, since human hands can do what machines cannot, like planting seeds in flooded fields. until now, maximizing yield has been the agricultural imperative, but in the future, stability and resilience will be more important. in much of the northeast, farmers will be unable to grow popular varieties of apples, blueberries, and cranberries, for instance ; in vermont, maple sugaring will likely go the way of ox - drawn plows. states and cities will have to make huge investments in infrastructure to handle the encroaching sea and raging rivers. keene, n. h., for instance, has been a pioneer in climate - change adaptation, says missy stults, climate director of iclei - local governments for sustainability usa. the city recently enlarged culverts along its highways so storm runoff would be less likely to wash out roads. in the san francisco bay area, planners are considering increasing the height of the seawall on the city \u2019 s waterfront and the levees at the san francisco and oakland airports. in ventura, calif., construction crews moved surfer \u2019 s point 65 feet inland, the state \u2019 s first experiment in \u201c managed retreat. \u201d because warmer air provides less lift, airport runways the world over will have to be lengthened in order for planes to take off. in norfolk, va., where the combination of global sea - level rise and local - land subsidence has brought water levels 13. 5 inches higher since 1930, the city has fought a battle to stay ahead of the tide by elevating one often - flooded roadway by 18 inches. but the neighborhood may have to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4345015690026685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.069514"} {"text": "and local - land subsidence has brought water levels 13. 5 inches higher since 1930, the city has fought a battle to stay ahead of the tide by elevating one often - flooded roadway by 18 inches. but the neighborhood may have to be abandoned \u2014 and residents may not be much happier in neighboring parts of maryland. an expected sea - level rise there of twice the global average means that 371 miles of highway are at risk of looking more like canals, while 2, 500 historic and archeological sites could become real - life versions of atlantis. thousands of septic systems \u2014 5, 200 in a single county near chesapeake bay \u2014 are in flood zones, says zoe johnson, who directs the climate - change adaptation program at the department of natural resources. already, 13 islands in the bay are submerged, 400, 000 acres on the eastern shore are on the way to joining them, and 580 acres of shoreline are lost every year as intense storms erode beaches and wetlands. homeowners can no longer automatically get a permit to \u201c harden \u201d their beaches by erecting bulkheads and sea walls ; they must instead plant vegetation, which may not do the trick. \u201c it \u2019 s inevitable that some of our low - lying communities will need to be relocated or abandoned, \u201d says johnson. maryland is not the only place that will have to decide which communities it can afford to protect and which will have to be sacrificed. environmental scientist thomas wilbanks of oak ridge national laboratory, who chaired a 2011 panel of the national research council on adapting to climate change, says : \u201c we \u2019 ll identify places with iconic value and protect them whatever the cost, even if that means miami and new orleans become islands \u201d as surrounding communities are sacrificed. given that manhattan is already an island, architects asked to imagine its future have gone a step further : designing venice - like canals for the southern tip. in alaska, six indigenous villages on the coast, including newtok and shishmaref, are likely to get swamped as seas rise and storm surges intensify, says gary kofinas of the university of alaska fairbanks. they also sit on permafrost, which isn \u2019 t \u201c perma \u201d anymore. as the ground melts beneath the villages, the state is figuring out how and where to relocate them. around the world, nearly 1 billion people live in low - lying river deltas, from guangzhou to new orleans, that will be reclaimed by the sea, forcing tens of millions of people to migrate. it threatens to be a trail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38400365168391465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.070763"} {"text": "to relocate them. around the world, nearly 1 billion people live in low - lying river deltas, from guangzhou to new orleans, that will be reclaimed by the sea, forcing tens of millions of people to migrate. it threatens to be a trail of human misery that will make the exodus after hurricane katrina look like a weekend getaway. the u. s. could take some advice from other countries like the netherlands, which has more than a little experience keeping the ocean at bay. the dutch seem to understand just how radically different life will be. as part of a 200 - year plan, the country has launched a \u20ac1. 5 billion project to broaden river channels so they aren \u2019 t overwhelmed as a result of the higher flows, says pier vellinga, professor of climate change at wageningen university. rotterdam raised by two feet a storm gate at the port that holds back the ( rising ) north sea, and elevated the ground the new 1, 700 - acre port sits on by a foot and a half to keep it from being submerged, all at a cost of some \u20ac50 million. the country is also adding millions of cubic yards of sand to dunes that hold back the north sea. all told, it will soon be spending some \u20ac4 billion a year to cope with what \u2019 s coming down the pike. britain, too, is taking adaptation seriously, planning to raise the height of the floodgates protecting central london from the thames by 12 inches. so what lies behind america \u2019 s resistance to action? economist sachs points to the lobbying power of industries that resist acknowledgment of climate change \u2019 s impact. \u201c the country is two decades behind in taking action because both parties are in thrall to big oil and big coal, \u201d says sachs. \u201c the airwaves are filled with corporate - financed climate misinformation. \u201d but the vanguard of action isn \u2019 t waiting any longer. this week, representatives from an estimated 100 cities are meeting in bonn, germany, for the 2nd world congress on cities and adaptation to climate change. the theme is \u201c resilient cities. \u201d as joplin, mo., learned in the most tragic way possible, against some impacts of climate change, man \u2019 s puny efforts are futile. but time is getting short, and the stakes are high. says daniel sarewitz, a professor of science and society at arizona state university : \u201c not to adapt is to consign millions of people to death and disruption. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4272856000653655, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.072106"} {"text": "what is dengue fever? - dengue fever is a flu - like illness spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. it can present as a mild simple flu like illness or as a severe dengue shock syndrome which could lead to death. who gets dengue fever? - dengue fever may occur in people of all ages. signs and symptoms of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever - dengue fever usually starts suddenly with a high fever, rash, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pains. - nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite are common. - a rash usually appears 3 to 4 days after the start of the fever. - the illness can last from 7 to 10 days, but complete recovery can take as long as a month. older children and adults are usually sicker than young children. most dengue infections result in relatively mild illness, but some can progress to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever, where the blood vessels start to leak and cause bleeding and shock. bruising can be a sign of bleeding inside the body. without prompt treatment, the blood vessels can collapse, causing shock ( dengue shock syndrome ). dengue hemorrhagic fever is fatal in about 5 percent of cases, mostly among children and young adults. how soon after exposure do symptoms appear? the time between the bite of a mosquito carrying dengue virus and the start of symptoms averages 4 to 6 days, with a range of 3 to 14 days. an infected person cannot spread the infection to other persons but can be a source of dengue virus for mosquitoes for about 6 days. who is at risk for dengue? anyone who is bitten by an infected mosquito can get dengue fever. risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever include a person \u2019 s age and immune status, as well as the strain of the virus. persons who were previously infected with one or more types of dengue virus are at greater risk for developing severe dengue hemorrhagic fever if infected again. what is the treatment for dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever? there is no specific treatment for dengue fever. people with dengue fever should rest and drink plenty of fluids. they should be kept away from mosquitoes for the protection of others. dengue fever is treated by replacing lost fluids, but some patients will need to be hospitalized for fluid replacement and monitoring. how can dengue be prevented? there is no vaccine to prevent damage. eliminating mosquito", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46205595062451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.076947"} {"text": "from mosquitoes for the protection of others. dengue fever is treated by replacing lost fluids, but some patients will need to be hospitalized for fluid replacement and monitoring. how can dengue be prevented? there is no vaccine to prevent damage. eliminating mosquito breeding sites is a key prevention measure. it can be done by discarding items that can collect rain or run - off water, especially old tires. regularly change water in outdoor bird baths and pet and animal water containers. avoid mosquito bites by use of mosquito repellants on skin and clothing. when outdoors, during times that mosquitoes are biting, wear long - sleeved shirts and long pants tucked into socks. avoid heavily populated residential areas. when indoors, stay in air - conditioned or screened areas. use bed nets if sleeping areas are not screened or air - conditioned. if you have symptoms of dengue, report your travel history to your doctor. if i had previous dengue infection can i get it again? infection with one virus does not protect a person against infection with another type of virus but it protects a person against infection with the same virus type. how is dengue spread? dengue is spread by the bite of an aedes mosquito ( mosquito with white dots on the legs ). the mosquito transmits the disease by biting an infected person and then biting someone else. where is dengue found? dengue is common in asia especially in the philippines. dengue is most common in cities but can be found in rural areas. the mosquitoes that transmit dengue live among humans and breed in discarded tires, flower pots, old oil drums and water storage containers lose to human dwellings. unlike mosquitoes that cause malaria, dengue mosquitoes bite during the day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4324643959339551, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.077731"} {"text": "hydroinformatics is the rapidly developing field in which information technology is applied to address water - related issues such as flood estimation and rainfall - runoff modeling. this book is a thorough overview of all the latest developments in this increasingly vital discipline. hydroinformatics is an emerging subject that is expected to gather speed, momentum and critical mass throughout the forthcoming decades of the 21st century. this book provides a broad account of numerous advances in that field - a rapidly developing discipline covering the application of information and communication technologies, modelling and computational intelligence in aquatic environments. a systematic survey, classified according to the methods used ( neural networks, fuzzy logic and evolutionary optimization, in particular ) is offered, together with illustrated practical applications for solving various water - related issues. these include, but are not limited to, flood estimation, rainfall - runoff modelling, rehabilitation of urban water networks, estimation of ocean temperature profiles, etc. particular attention is also given to certain aspects of the most recent technological progress in hydroinformatics including the development of protocols for model integration and of computer architectures for modern modelling systems. invited contributions were obtained from leading international experts - including academics, hydrological practitioners and industrial professionals - such that this edited volume constitutes an authoritative source of reference material and is essential reading for active workers in this field.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5213422040930584, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.080933"} {"text": "one of the most common side effects of many medications is cotton mouth, an uncomfortable condition that occurs when the saliva levels in your mouth drop to near zero. dozens of drug categories lead to dry mouth, from antihistamines to antihypertensives, but one of the most notorious causes of a cottony palate - and so, of bad breath - is antidepressants. why do these prescriptions dry out your mouth and encourage halitosis? for the answer to that, you have to look at how the saliva glands work. salivary glands : a vital trio there are three different types of salivary glands in your mouth : the submandibular ( located under the floor of your mouth ), the sublingual ( under the tongue ) and the parotid, which is wrapped around your lower jaw, just beneath the hinge. if the latter sounds familiar, it may be because beastie boy and hip - hop legend adam yauch recently passed away from cancer of the parotid gland. your salivary glands emit a constant stream of moisture into your mouth, which keeps your palate wet and minimizes bacterial growth on your tongue. fun fact : the relatively small submandibular gland is responsible for about 70 percent of your mouth ' s moisture. that means it pumps out a quart of saliva a day! these glands get activated by acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter found in your nervous system. and, for good or ill, antidepressants inhibit the uptake of this molecule. specifically, they prevent acetylcholine from reaching m3 muscarinic receptors, which can be found in your salivary glands. the result : cotton mouth. a study published in the journal acta psychiatrica scandinavica found that the antidepressants maprotiline, nortriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine and amitriptyline cause the worst cotton mouth. what you can do for it since quitting antidepressants is not a very good idea, here are some tips for managing cotton mouth. - sip on water or suck on ice chips throughout the day. - regularly pop a specialty mouth - wetting lozenge in your mouth. - brush or rinse with specialty breath freshening, alcohol - free products, especially before bed and after waking.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42151871495362214, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.083760"} {"text": "patanjali, author of the yoga sutra, presented in the second chapter of his book five ethical precepts called yamas. the yamas were designed as a basic guideline for living a life of personal fulfillment that also benefits society. the consequence of not following these teachings, according to patanjali, is our continued suffering. the first yama is known as ahimsa, which is typically translated as \u201c nonviolence \u201d or the avoidance of violence. ahimsa refers to physical violence as well as the violence of thoughts and words. in this way, it is believed that our negative thoughts about ourselves and others can be as powerful and damaging as physical attempts to harm. ahimsa, in its entirety, refers to the total rejection of inflicting pain or harm \u2013 whether it be by thought, word or deed \u2013 to any and all living creatures. the practice of ahimsa includes constant vigilance and observation of ourselves when interacting with others, taking note of our thoughts and our intentions. ahimsa prohibits the killing or injuring of living beings as it is believed that violence brings about negative karma. to practice non - injury, one must be harmless in mind, mouth and hand ; one must replace hatred with love and cultivate forgiveness. ahimsa is sacrifice but it is also power and strength. himsa is translated as violence or injury. there are many forms of himsa including contempt toward others, prejudice, unreasonable dislike, hatred, abuse, harsh or rude speech, discourtesy, and lies. these must all be discarded in order to practice ahimsa. one must not wound others or their feelings, whether it be by action, words or even the tone of voice. all forms of harshness should be avoided. in fact, even the approval of another \u2019 s harsh actions and the failure to relieve another \u2019 s pain or to help another in distress is seen as himsa. to practice ahimsa, you must accept the insults and criticisms, rebukes and assaults of others without acting in retaliation or causing offense. even under the greatest of provocation, you still must refrain from thinking evil thoughts, harboring anger and even cursing. practicing ahimsa requires bravery and fearlessness. it is not for the weak. ahimsa is the perfection of forgiveness. understandably, beginning in the practice of ahimsa is not easy. start by controlling the physical body first. when faced with your own thoughts of hatred or revenge, do not act on them. when faced with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5165343755697767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.088537"} {"text": "ohio ' s dairy industry is about more than just cows and milk - - it is about contributions to the state ' s economy, the preservation of the environment, the well - being of animals and the health and safety of all ohioans. in ohio, dairy is big business. ohio ranks first in swiss cheese production, fifth in the number of dairy manufacturing plants and 11th in milk production. in ohio, 3, 490 farms with 274, 000 dairy cows produce almost 5 billion pounds of milk annually. dairy farms also are vital parts of the communities in which they operate. the dairy industry contributes $ 5. 2 billion annually to the state economy and provides approximately 14, 500 jobs. most milk only travels about 100 miles to get from the dairy farm to the local grocery store, which means jobs typically remain in the surrounding area, specifically benefiting the local economy. because of their connection to the local community, dairy farmers across ohio are committed to taking proactive measures to protect the environment, including the water supply and air and soil quality. not only do dairy farmers rely on our limited natural resources for the success of their farm, but they also typically live on or near the farm, and therefore drink the water and breathe the air themselves. a wide range of environmentally sound practices are used on ohio ' s dairy farms, including manure - management plans, water - recycling systems, conservation tillage, grass, waterways and routine water testing. farmers work with experts at both the state and federal levels to continually develop new ways to preserve the environment and enhance the quality of life of the farm family and surrounding neighbors. environmental stewardship is a key element of successful dairy farming, and so are healthy and happy cows. to ensure the health and welfare of their dairy cows - - and in turn, the success of their business - - ohio ' s dairy farmers make significant investments in housing, feeding and veterinary care. cows are provided with a nutritious diet, quality medical care and healthy living conditions. dairy cows receive regular medical check - ups and vaccinations, and any illness is quickly treated. cows always have access to fresh, clean water and strictly - monitored feed. dairy farmers are committed to protect the environment and provide quality care to their animals, with the final outcome being wholesome, quality milk and dairy products for ohio ' s consumers. dairy products offer a powerful package of calcium and eight other essential nutrients for just pennies per ounce, making them a nutritious and economical choice for all families. clearly, dairy farmers are doing more than ever before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4229063914423795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.098781"} {"text": "information on genital herpes general information and terminology the herpes virus which causes both genital herpes and cold sores is the herpes simplex virus, abbreviated hsv. there are two types of hsv : hsv - 1 and hsv - 2. most oral ( i. e, cold sores ) and ocular infections are caused by hsv - 1 ; most genital infections are caused by hsv - 2. however, either can cause infection anywhere on the body. the other herpes viruses are the epstein - barr virus, which causes mononucleosis, and the varicella - zoster virus which causes chicken pox and shingles. apparently shingles is an adult recurrence of chicken pox! in addition, there is something ominous ( and often fatal ) called herpes encephalitis in which the herpes simplex virus infects the brain and spinal cord. genital and presumably oral, ocular, and other variants of herpes does not lead to herpes encephalitis. the technical literature refers to infections as being primary, initial, or recurrent. a primary infection is one where blood tests don ' t show antibodies for hsv - 1 or hsv - 2 at the time that the infection is diagnosed ; i. e., one has not been previously exposed to the type of herpes for which one will now be treated. an initial infection is one where no symptoms of infection have previously been noticed, but blood tests show antibodies for hsv - 1 or hsv - 2. a recurrent infection is just that. what it ' s doing when it ' s doing it \" during a... primary infection of either type 1 or type 2, herpes simplex will multiply at the original site of skin exposure to cause the characteristic sores. also, very early in the course of the infection, some viruses will leave the sores to migrate up the sensory nerve that serves the site of the sores. these viruses become inactive, or latent, when they reach the nerve cell center, or ganglion. even after the sores have healed, the virus remains in the ganglia to form a permanent reservoir of infection. \" during a recurrence, \" the virus becomes reactivated, probably returns down the same nerve, and multiplies on the skin at or near the site of the original sore \". ( 5 ) symptoms of a primary episode usually appear ( if they appear ) 2 to 20 days after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45369351017829074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.108161"} {"text": "the virus becomes reactivated, probably returns down the same nerve, and multiplies on the skin at or near the site of the original sore \". ( 5 ) symptoms of a primary episode usually appear ( if they appear ) 2 to 20 days after exposure, and last an average of 2 to 3 weeks. however, the first noticeable symptoms of infection can also appear years after exposure. \"... early symptoms can include a burning sensation, pain in the legs, buttocks, or genital area, vaginal discharge, or a feeling of pressure in the abdominal region. within a few days, sores ( lesions ) appear on the penis, on the vulva or in the vagina, or around the anus. these small, red bumps, later develop into blisters or painful open sores. over a period of days, the sores become crusted and symptoms that often accompany a person ' s first infection with herpes can include fever, headache, muscle aches, painful or difficult urination, and swollen glands. \" generally, the first outbreak is the most severe and most prolonged. later outbreaks tend to be less severe, and the intervals between recurrences tend to lengthen over time. sometimes there is no recurrence, but usually there reading between the lines, it would seem that most hsv infections are asymptomatic. in one study of over 2, 000 individuals only one - fourth of those with antibodies to hsv - 2 had symptoms which by their own description seemed to the researchers to be symptoms of herpes. in another group, 57 % had type 2 antibodies, but only 3 % \" gave histories of any syndrome compatible with genital herpes \". ( 4 ) transmission - symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes is definitely contagious from the time that the first symptoms of an outbreak occur ( i. e., before the blisters appear ) until the sores are completely healed. once again, the first outbreak is the most virulent ; in recurrences less virus is present in the sores. \" herpes infections can be transmitted when any part of person ' s body directly touches active herpes virus or sores containing active herpes simplex virus. mucous membranes, such as those in the mouth or genital area, are very susceptible to herpes invasion. intact skin is usually resistant, but skin that is broken or damaged - for example by cuts, abrasions, burns, ecze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4538963297239972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.109347"} {"text": "mucous membranes, such as those in the mouth or genital area, are very susceptible to herpes invasion. intact skin is usually resistant, but skin that is broken or damaged - for example by cuts, abrasions, burns, eczema, or infection - may easily be infected by herpes simplex virus \" ( 5 ) asymptomatic transmission is also possible, although there doesn ' t seem to be any consensus about how common it is. various statements on the subject are : \" anywhere from 1 to 10 percent, depending on the population studied. \" ( 2 ) \" three - fourths of source contacts known to patients with documented primary infections gave no histories of genital lesions at the time of contact. \" ( 4 ) autoinoculation ( spreading the infection from one part of ones own body to another part ) is possible, though not likely. once again, it is most likely to occur during a when there is any sign of an outbreak, abstain. any signs means a suspicion of discomfort, not the appearance of sores. abstain until the sores are healed and the scabs have while the virus is too large to pass through a condom, in \" real - life \" situations their protective value is uncertain. \" possibly spermicidal jellies containing nonoxynol 9 have some deterrent effect. oral acyclovir reduces virus shedding during an outbreak, and so may reduce risk of transmission, but is not given as a prophylactic. ( it ' s expensive, it hasn ' t yet been determined that it reduces shedding during asymptomatic phases, and the risks of long term use are not known ). vaccines have been under development since the early 80 ' s ( at least ), but apparently it is extremely difficult to develop a vaccine against herpes which isn ' t excessively hard on whatever takes it. no vaccine is currently the discomfort can be relieved to some extent by keeping the infected area clean and dry, and by wearing loose fitting clothing. this may also help the sores to heal faster. obviously, avoid touching the sores, since they contain active virus. aspirin may provide symptomatic oral acyclovir reduces the severity and duration of primary outbreaks, if taken early enough in the course of the infection. maintenance dosages reduce the frequency and duration of recurrences, but once treatment is stopped the preventative effect stops also. in recurrences, oral acyclov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43916079876380143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.110252"} {"text": "##s, if taken early enough in the course of the infection. maintenance dosages reduce the frequency and duration of recurrences, but once treatment is stopped the preventative effect stops also. in recurrences, oral acyclovir reduces the duration of virus shedding, but has little effect on the symptoms. the major hazard is to infants at the time of birth. also there is a danger of spontaneous abortion associated with primary infections during pregnancy. children delivered vaginally during the course of a herpes episode are at considerable risk ( estimated 40 to 60 percent ) of being infected. of the infected infants, more than half develop fatal diseases. in the presence of active infection, the infant is generally delivered by c - section, which protects the infant from infection. the infant cannot be infected through the mothers bloodstream. for adults herpes ( after the first outbreak ) is generally more of a social catastrophe then a physical one, although infrequently adults are incapacitated by severe and / or frequent recurrences. herpes is extremely common. various statistics are : \" affects an estimated 30 million americans. each year as many as 500, 000 new cases are believed to occur. \" ( 1 ) \" the prevalence of hsv infections ( types 1 and 2 ) in the general population is high. estimates vary from 40 to 100 percent based on random sampling of sera for hsv ( 1 ) the search for health. the national institutes of health. bethesda, maryland. october, 1988 ( 2 ) herpes : facts and fallacies. american journal of nursing. june, 1982 ( 3 ) oral acyclovir for treatment and suppression of genital herpes simplex virus. journal of the american medical association. april, 1986 ( 4 ) epidemiology of genital herpes infections in the united states - the current situation. journal of reproductive medicine. may 1986. ( 5 ) genital herpes. u. s. department of health and human services. sept. 1983. herpes resource foundation. provides information, therapy, etc. contact them at help, p. o. box 100, palo alto, ca 94302 or call ( 415 ) 328 - 7710 or ( 800 ) 227 - 8922. technical information services, division of sexually transmitted diseases, center for disease control, atlanta, ga, 30333. written material available upon request.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45823541058126765, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.111213"} {"text": "taj mahal stands on the bank of river yamuna, which otherwise serves as a wide trench shielding the great red fort of agra, the centre of the mughal empire, until they moved their capital to delhi in 1637. the taj mahal is one of the most beautiful masterpieces of architecture in the world. agra, situated about 200 km south of new delhi. taj mahal was under the muslim emperors who ruled northern india between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. the mughals were the descendents of two of the most skilled warriors in history, the turks and the mongols. the mughal dynasty reached its highest strength and fame during the reign of their early emperors, akbar, jehangir, and shah jehan. taj mahal agra was built by the fifth mughal emperor, shah jahan in 1631 in the remembrance of his second wife, mumtaz mahal, a muslim persian princess. she passed while accompanying her husband in behrampur in a campaign to crush an uprising, after giving birth to their 14th child. her death firmed the emperor. when mumtaz mahal was alive, she requested the emperor, that he should build the taj, should not marry again, be kind to their children and he should visit the tomb on her death anniversary. he kept the first and second promises. construction began in 1631 and was completed in 22 years. twenty thousand people were positioned to work on it. it was designed by the iranian architect istad usa and it is best appreciated when the architecture and its adornments are linked to the passion that inspired it. having buried her down at behrampur, it was time to build a tomb there itself. it was virtually impossible to transfer all the marble there, as it would cost a fortune and a lifetime. so, astoundingly her grave was uprooted and brought to agra, be transferred to the monument, completed twenty two years later. the architectural complex is comprised of five main elements : the darwaza or main gateway, the bageecha or garden, the masjid or mosque, the naqqar khana or rest house, and the rauza or the taj mahal mausoleum. the actual tomb is situated inside the taj. the taj rises on a high red sandstone base with a huge white marble terrace on which rests the dome flanked by four narrowing towers. within the dome lies the jewel - inlaid cenotaph of the queen. most impressive are the black and white chessboard marble floor, the four tall mina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40386894049429856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.116480"} {"text": "effective therapy involves more than mere talk and venting. true healing is achieved by finding the roots of our deep - seated ailments. in psychotherapy counseling, the therapist guides their client towards uninhibited emotional disclosure. numerous studies have shown that emotional disclosure strengthens the immune system by increasing the levels of cd4 cells and natural killer cells and improves the health of individuals afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and other conditions. in psychotherapy, also referred to as counseling, psychosocial therapy, therapy or talk therapy, a mental health professional assists a client with personal growth, behavioral issues, or mental health problems. therapy involves treatment of emotional and mental disorders by talking about issues in an individual ' s life with a psychologist, psychiatrist or other trained professional. psychotherapists perform a holistic analysis of their clients ' situation and implement coping strategies. the psychotherapist observes a client ' s behavior, emotions and thoughts until a pattern is identified. upon recognition of their typical or repetitive behavioral responses, clients are then able to implement changes. psychotherapy treatment may help patients with a number of issues. common issues include : psychotherapy enables patients to : - relationship issues - addiction and noxious habits - emotional problems - sexual problems - substance abuse - family conflicts - uncover the reasons for their condition so that they can better address it - identify and modify thoughts or behaviors that negatively impact their life - sharpen communication skills - learn more effective coping and problem - resolution skills - practice setting reasonable goals - explore experiences and relationships - increase their self - love and love for others - improve their self - confidence and self - esteem - heal old wounds - remove psychological blocks psychotherapy may be short - term or consist of numerous sessions over the course of several years. prospective clients may choose between individual, group, couples or family sessions. research has shown that psychotherapy coupled with medication provides greater benefit to patients than medication alone. benefits of psychotherapy include : - a novel perspective on a complex problem - effectiveness in depression relapse prevention - greater affordability than anti - depressant medication in the short run - efficacy in treating mood disorders that is comparable to anti - depressant drug treatment - outperformance of mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar depression - longer - lasting results than medication - maintenance of a high level of psychosocial functioning - reduction of mental health symptoms, such as anger, depression, and desperation - long - range benefits for post - traumatic stress syndrome following trauma - alleviation of mental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5304368909940216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.121636"} {"text": "- lasting results than medication - maintenance of a high level of psychosocial functioning - reduction of mental health symptoms, such as anger, depression, and desperation - long - range benefits for post - traumatic stress syndrome following trauma - alleviation of mental health symptoms - combating specific conditions such as depression - increased self - awareness and a better understanding of one ' s values and goals - honing skills for improving relationships in this intensive, long - term therapy, counselors help clients examine feelings, events, and memories from the past in order to shed light on present behaviors and emotions. patients usually attend several weekly psychoanalytical sessions for extended periods of time. in this form of treatment, the psychotherapist helps clients become cognizant of any unconscious influence that past experiences may have on their present lives by way of thoughts, emotions or behaviors. some techniques employed in this typically brief treatment include analyzing actions and thoughts, confronting behavior and beliefs, resolving conflicts, and re - visiting the past. clients are asked to put the new skills to work between sessions or make entries in a diary and are assigned homework exercises. cognitive behavioral therapy ( cbt ) the emphasis cbt is on the modification of negative, unhealthy thought patterns and behaviors that affect physical and emotional well - being. this is often achieved through desensitization, also known as exposure therapy. desensitization is a process in which clients confront the situations that trigger traumatic reactions, discomfort, fear or anxiety and learn to overcome their responses. in cognitive therapy, patients are taught to identify and modify cognitive distortions. cognitive distortions are considered habitual, faulty thinking patterns which give rise to behaviors and emotions that are unhelpful, unrealistic, self - destructive or self - defeating. to reduce the likelihood that symptoms will resurface, patients practice the skills learned in their everyday lives. this type of psychoanalytical treatment tends to focus more on the present and future than on past conflicts or issues. cbt has proven a successful treatment of several mental health issues including : - post - traumatic stress disorder - obsessive - compulsive disorder - panic attacks - suicidal behavior - anger management - stress management marital and family therapy marital psychotherapists assist couples in resolving their difficulties jointly. in family therapy, the objective is family functioning, and the sessions are attended by more than one family member at the same time. family therapy is useful in several situations including : - problems with siblings or relatives - children acting out - parenting difficulties -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.50373254496795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.122920"} {"text": "may 19, 2013 a declaration of independence from israel posted on jul 2, 2007 by chris hedges israel, without the united states, would probably not exist. the country came perilously close to extinction during the october 1973 war when egypt, trained and backed by the soviet union, crossed the suez and the syrians poured in over the golan heights. huge american military transport planes came to the rescue. they began landing every half - hour to refit the battered israeli army, which had lost most of its heavy armor. by the time the war was over, the united states had given israel $ 2. 2 billion in emergency military aid. the intervention, which enraged the arab world, triggered the opec oil embargo that for a time wreaked havoc on western economies. this was perhaps the most dramatic example of the sustained life - support system the united states has provided to the jewish state. israel was born at midnight may 14, 1948. the u. s. recognized the new state 11 minutes later. the two countries have been locked in a deadly embrace ever since. washington, at the beginning of the relationship, was able to be a moderating influence. an incensed president eisenhower demanded and got israel \u2019 s withdrawal after the israelis occupied gaza in 1956. during the six - day war in 1967, israeli warplanes bombed the uss liberty. the ship, flying the u. s. flag and stationed 15 miles off the israeli coast, was intercepting tactical and strategic communications from both sides. the israeli strikes killed 34 u. s. sailors and wounded 171. the deliberate attack froze, for a while, washington \u2019 s enthusiasm for israel. but ruptures like this one proved to be only bumps, soon smoothed out by an increasingly sophisticated and well - financed israel lobby that set out to merge israeli and american foreign policy in the middle east. israel has reaped tremendous rewards from this alliance. it has been given more than $ 140 billion in u. s. direct economic and military assistance. it receives about $ 3 billion in direct assistance annually, roughly one - fifth of the u. s. foreign aid budget. although most american foreign aid packages stipulate that related military purchases have to be made in the united states, israel is allowed to use about 25 percent of the money to subsidize its own growing and profitable defense industry. it is exempt, unlike other nations, from accounting for how it spends the aid money. and funds are routinely siphoned off to build new jewish settlements, bolster the israeli", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45681838269202896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.131275"} {"text": "money to subsidize its own growing and profitable defense industry. it is exempt, unlike other nations, from accounting for how it spends the aid money. and funds are routinely siphoned off to build new jewish settlements, bolster the israeli occupation in the palestinian territories and construct the security barrier, which costs an estimated $ 1 million a mile. the u. s. has provided israel with nearly $ 3 billion to develop weapons systems and given israel access to some of the most sophisticated items in its own military arsenal, including blackhawk attack helicopters and f - 16 fighter jets. the united states also gives israel access to intelligence it denies to its nato allies. and when israel refused to sign the nuclear nonproliferation treaty, the united states stood by without a word of protest as the israelis built the region \u2019 s first nuclear weapons program. u. s. foreign policy, especially under the current bush administration, has become little more than an extension of israeli foreign policy. the united states since 1982 has vetoed 32 security council resolutions critical of israel, more than the total number of vetoes cast by all the other security council members. it refuses to enforce the security council resolutions it claims to support. these resolutions call on israel to withdraw from the occupied territories. there is now volcanic anger and revulsion by arabs at this blatant favoritism. few in the middle east see any distinction between israeli and american policies, nor should they. and when the islamic radicals speak of u. s. support of israel as a prime reason for their hatred of the united states, we should listen. the consequences of this one - sided relationship are being played out in the disastrous war in iraq, growing tension with iran, and the humanitarian and political crisis in gaza. it is being played out in lebanon, where hezbollah is gearing up for another war with israel, one most middle east analysts say is inevitable. the u. s. foreign policy in the middle east is unraveling. and it is doing so because of this special relationship. the eruption of a regional conflict would usher in a nightmare of catastrophic proportions. there were many in the american foreign policy establishment and state department who saw this situation coming. the decision to throw our lot in with israel in the middle east was not initially a popular one with an array of foreign policy experts, including president harry truman \u2019 s secretary of state, gen. george marshall. they warned there would be a backlash. they knew the cost the united states would pay in the oil - rich region for this decision,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41398590510514094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.132576"} {"text": "with an array of foreign policy experts, including president harry truman \u2019 s secretary of state, gen. george marshall. they warned there would be a backlash. they knew the cost the united states would pay in the oil - rich region for this decision, which they feared would be one of the greatest strategic blunders of the postwar era. and they were right. the decision has jeopardized american and israeli security and created the kindling for a regional conflagration. the alliance, which makes no sense in geopolitical terms, does makes sense when seen through the lens of domestic politics. the israel lobby has become a potent force in the american political system. no major candidate, democrat or republican, dares to challenge it. the lobby successfully purged the state department of arab experts who challenged the notion that israeli and american interests were identical. backers of israel have doled out hundreds of millions of dollars to support u. s. political candidates deemed favorable to israel. they have brutally punished those who strayed, including the first president bush, who they said was not vigorous enough in his defense of israeli interests. this was a lesson the next bush white house did not forget. george w. bush did not want to be a one - term president like his father. israel advocated removing saddam hussein from power and currently advocates striking iran to prevent it from acquiring nuclear weapons. direct israeli involvement in american military operations in the middle east is impossible. it would reignite a war between arab states and israel. the united states, which during the cold war avoided direct military involvement in the region, now does the direct bidding of israel while israel watches from the sidelines. during the 1991 gulf war, israel was a spectator, just as it is in the war with iraq. president bush, facing dwindling support for the war in iraq, publicly holds israel up as a model for what he would like iraq to become. imagine how this idea plays out on the arab street, which views israel as the algerians viewed the french colonizers during the war of liberation. \u201c in israel, \u201d bush said recently, \u201c terrorists have taken innocent human life for years in suicide attacks. the difference is that israel is a functioning democracy and it \u2019 s not prevented from carrying out its responsibilities. and that \u2019 s a good indicator of success that we \u2019 re looking for in iraq. \u201d americans are increasingly isolated and reviled in the world. they remain blissfully ignorant of their own culpability for this isolation. u. s. \u201c spin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.437043625318824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.133682"} {"text": "when it comes to tobacco, teens do weigh pros and cons uc merced psychologist finds teen smokers view smoking as less dangerous and more beneficial than non - smokers merced, ca \u2014 tobacco is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the u. s., causing close to a half - million deaths every year. it ' s common knowledge that the best way to stop smoking is to never start, yet 1 million people pick up the habit each year - and many of them are under 18. given the facts, preventing tobacco use among adolescents is a major focus in our country, but the statistics regarding teen smoking remain staggering. uc merced psychologist anna v. songspends her days figuring out why, if teens know smoking is unhealthy, they do it anyway. song found that when it comes to deciding whether to smoke that first cigarette, teens actually do weigh the pros and cons. teens who believe smoking is very risky and holds little value are less likely to smoke, compared to teens who believe smoking is safer and socially valuable. song and her collaborator, dr. bonnie halpern - felsher at uc san francisco, presented their findings in the march 2009 edition of the american journal of public health, published today, feb. 10. \" contrary to the stereotype of the brash, non - thinking teen, young people do care about the risks and benefits associated to smoking, \" song said. \" the difference between those who light up and those who don ' t is how they weigh the risks versus benefits. \" though public health officials accept that perception is reality for teens, song ' s study was the first of its kind. using longitudinal data collected over two years, the study compared how adolescents view the short - term and long - term risks of smoking, along with perceived benefits. song believes that her findings can help improve the effectiveness of anti - smoking campaigns by focusing on both perceived risks and benefits that resonate most deeply with teens. \" in our study, no one really believed they were immune to the long - term risks of smoking, \" song said. \" but our findings do demonstrate that interventions focused only on long - term dangers such as cancer and heart disease are not addressing the whole picture. to be effective, they must also address other issues that are important to teens like feeling grown - up, smelling like an ashtray, or getting into trouble. \" song, who conducted this research project while at the center for tobacco control research and education at uc san francisco, joined the psychological sciences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4423416499926035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.138223"} {"text": "one of the big questions \u2014 and there are many \u2014 that occupy killam scholar and kinesiology researcher walter herzog is why a muscle generates more force after it is stretched than a muscle that has not changed length. at the heart of this question is the understanding of how our muscles work. if herzog and his lab are correct, a new model may be needed. researcher tim leonard is looking for answers. he \u2019 s been part of herzog \u2019 s lab for most of his adult life. he started his undergraduate degree at the university of calgary when he was 17. since then, he \u2019 s enjoyed a successful, productive and well - decorated academic career. leonard is the only individual to win the canadian society of biomechanics award for his master \u2019 s degree and for his phd. he also won the western area association of grad studies award ( an association of american and canadian universities from the prairies ) and the university of calgary \u2019 s j. b. hyne research innovation award. these awards recognize innovative research as well as the innovative use of technology. to study the question of stretched muscle force, leonard had to devise a way to measure the contractile force of a single myofibril, the microscopic building blocks of our muscles. but how do you grab, stretch and measure the spring of something that is only a few microns long? the challenge led leonard to upstate new york and cornell university, where he found the facilities necessary to construct his nanotechnology micro levers. \u201c it \u2019 s kind of one of these things you \u2019 d see in a science fiction movie, \u201d says leonard. \u201c you ' ve got people working in these super - clean rooms, dressed up in these puffy suits with slippers on their feet, and masks so they don \u2019 t contaminate the air with their hair or skin cells. \u201d leonard points out that he didn \u2019 t invent the process he used to create his silicon - nitride cantilevers. the real genius was adapting the existing technology to fit his needs. \u201c i really just said, \u2018 these should be what i need them to be \u2019 and for me it was really just a stepping stone to get to the actual science and so maybe that \u2019 s what the awards were for. \u201d the cantilevers are incredibly tiny and need to be stored and carried in a sealed case, since the force of wind created just by walking across the room would be enough to snap them instantly. on the microscope slide, the levers become a powerful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253626313232423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.151877"} {"text": "the cantilevers are incredibly tiny and need to be stored and carried in a sealed case, since the force of wind created just by walking across the room would be enough to snap them instantly. on the microscope slide, the levers become a powerful tool and helped to suggest that there is another actor at work in the stretched muscle contraction problem \u2014 titin, the largest known natural protein. despite its size, and the fact that we have a lot of it in our muscles, bio - mechanists aren ' t exactly sure what titin does. \u201c people have looked at it as a spring, or like a big slinky, that helps keep the proteins lined up, \u201d say leonard. \u201c but over the last few years there \u2019 s been evidence that titin is not just a passive molecular spring, but that it may actually contribute to active sources. \u201d leonard thinks that titin could partially contribute to the increase in force in a stretched muscle. \u201c if titin is actually producing a little bit of what we could call active force, that \u2019 s quite novel. \u201d \u201c quite novel \u201d is a polite way of saying that leonard \u2019 s award - winning research \u2014 as part of herzog \u2019 s team \u2014 will likely change or at least amend our understanding of how our muscles contract. \u201c i think we could argue that instead of muscle being a two - filament structure, that maybe there \u2019 s a third filament, which is titin, and that titin plays a role that \u2019 s not purely passive. \u201d understanding the role that titin plays in active force production may one day further our understanding of how diseases like cerebral palsy can be more effectively treated, or how we can more effectively train our athletes to go faster, higher and stronger.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253709790944718, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.152617"} {"text": "director - general highlights the role of education, culture and science in reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development in her meeting with the president of the world bank on 20 december, the director - general of unesco, irina bokova, met with the president of the world bank, jim yong kim, to discuss unesco ' s cooperation with the world bank. at the meeting, the director - general highlighted unesco \u2019 s unique expertise in the field of education, recalling that un secretary general, ban ki - moon, appointed her as executive secretary for the steering committee of education first, his new global initiative. his initiative aims to spur a global movement to put quality, relevant and transformative education at the top of the social, political and development agenda. it is designed to accelerate the achievement of the education for all and millennium development goals, and to inform the post - 2015 un development agenda. quoting unesco \u2019 s 2012 efa global monitoring report, the director - general underlined that 200 million young people still lack basic numeracy and literacy skills. mr kim noted that sustainable economic growth is embedded in the quality of our education systems. he informed the director - general that he would like to engage in discussions with unesco and other stakeholders on learning strategies in higher education and that more innovative approaches were needed in this area. he also highlighted the importance of organizing higher education systems for economic growth. they both agreed on the importance of higher education and the necessity for more investment in this area. the director - general also discussed the important role of culture and development in creating jobs and promoting social inclusion, peace and reconciliation. in 2011, unesco and the world bank signed a memorandum of understanding to develop joint activities in this area. she further emphasized the importance of promoting culture as an enabler for development in the post 2015 un development agenda, noting, for instance, that cultural industries make up 8 % of brazil \u2019 s gdp. to showcase the real, socio - economic impact of culture, unesco will be organizing a conference in hangzhou in may 2013 on culture and development. the director - general went on to highlight the importance of science for sustainability and underlined the need to strengthen the science - policy interface. the un secretary - general has entrusted unesco with the establishment of a scientific advisory council, in consultation with the wider un system. the objective of this board will be to advise the un secretary general on science - related issues, and enable him to provide advice to un member states in these areas. it was agreed that unesco and the world bank would work together on the education first initiative, on strengthening", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44803012761207023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.157169"} {"text": "ilo 2012 global estimate of forced labour - fact sheet jun 04 2012 download right click \" save as \" forced labour is the term used by the international community to denote situations in whichthe persons involved \u2013 women and men, girls and boys \u2013 are made to work against theirfree will, coerced by their recruiter or employer, for example through violence or threats ofviolence, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papersor threats of denunciation to immigration authorities. - caring for trafficked persons : guidance for health providers facilitator \u2019 s guide - caring for trafficked persons / cuidados para la salud y la trata de personas - iom 2011 case data on human trafficking - iom understanding and counteracting trafficking - iom the causes and consequences of evidence from the iom human trafficking database re - trafficking - iom manual human trafficking and legalization of criminal profits. russian. - iom manual on thb crimes typologies. russian. - iom moscow cis executive committee ct seminar 2010 russian - iom international conference. \u201c improvement of international cooperation in counteracting human trafficking \u201d russian - iom trafficking of men belarus and ukraine - iom ungift caring for trafficked persons - iom sactap 10 questions about human trafficking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5609905009735073, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.158700"} {"text": "bielefeld university is one of germany ' s strongest research universities within a focussed spectrum of transdisciplinary fields encompassing not only the humanities and social sciences but also the natural and technological sciences. one confirmation of this is given by the excellence initiative with which the german federal and state governments are promoting top - level research in germany. bielefeld university has been hosting a centre of excellence on cognitive interaction technology ( citec ) and a graduate school in history and sociology ( bghs ) since 2007. citec is receiving 6. 5 million euros a year ; bghs more than one million. following the first two phases ( 2006 and 2007 ) of this the most renowned and strongly funded research programme, these two institutions contribute to making bielefeld one of the successful universities. it ranks third place in north rhine - westphalia. citec - cognitive interaction technology technology that understands the vision guiding scientists working at citec is to build technology that understands. future machines should adapt to human beings rather than - as before - human beings having to adapt to machines. and these range from everyday tools to robots. machines have to meet the basic preconditions of interacting naturally with human beings and adapting their abilities flexibly to changing surroundings. these are the basic principles, and pioneering research on cognitive interaction technology is the necessary way to achieve this. one aspect is the search for the fundamental architectural principles of cognitive interaction between human beings and machines. this challenge can only by met through interdisciplinary cooperation between the greatest range of different disciplines. citec brings together scientists working in the faculties of biology, linguistics and literary studies, physics, psychology and sports science, and technology. individuality, creativity and personal initiative - at the bielefeld graduate school in history and sociology these attributes are strongly emphasized. 160 doctoral candidates of history and sociology study and research here together under one roof. they profit from the broad thematic variety bghs has to offer. the staging of media potrayals, social changes, and historical and political processes of change are some of their main research fields. however, uncommon dissertation intentions are also welcome here at bghs. for example, the relationship between the church and dancing or the functions and symbolism of tattoos. the graduate school considers itself as a researching community of doctoral candidates and professors. that is also what the bottom - up principle stands for, which emphasizes personal initiative and codetermination of the doctoral candidates. they organize workshops and conferences of their own and have an influence on the content of teaching. this is how a culture of creativity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5373443276380163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.161886"} {"text": "basically, the cookie helps a website ' s server recognize a user. the cookie acts as a computerized ticket stub or hand stamp. it ' s assigned to the user by a server on the first visit to a site, and then later recalled by that same server. this allows the server to better identify the user when they visit, aid their progress through a site, and provide customized information to that user. a cookie can acquire only the information a user makes available to a website. a cookie cannot \" read \" a hard drive, or figure out a name or address. when a user visits a site that asks for a name and address, if that site has configured a cookie to store that information, then that site ' s cookie will retain it. we want you to know why we ' re sending a cookie, and why we hope you ' ll accept it. your browser can be configured to accept all cookies, or to alert you every time a cookie is offered - allowing you to decide whether to accept it or not. if the cookie has an expiration date, the alert message will indicate that, so you can see the lifespan of the cookie ( many cookies are set to expire as soon as you quit the browser ). note : refusing cookies can be cumbersome, as some servers are set to keep offering the cookie as the user moves through new parts of the site, until it is accepted. you can always view the cookies you ' ve accepted, and delete them if you wish. for windows systems : if you are using internet explorer, from the tool bar : for mozilla firefox :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4822195484475863, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.164611"} {"text": "lymphedema is the build - up of fluids in your body. it can cause an arm or leg to swell up and become painful. the disorder is lifelong. what to expect lymphedema may start 6 - 8 weeks after surgery or after radiation treatment for cancer. it can also start very slowly after your cancer treatment is over. you may not notice symptoms until 18 - 24 months after treatment. sometimes it can take years to develop. even a small infection or injury can cause lymphedema to start. ways to help relieve the swelling use your arm with lymphedema for everyday activities, such as combing your hair, bathing, dressing, and eating. but, be careful not to overwork your arm or leg. rest this arm above the level of your heart 2 or 3 times a day while you are lying down. - stay lying down for 45 minutes. - rest your arm on pillows to keep it raised. - open and close your hand 15 - 25 times while you are lying down. take good care of your skin clean the skin of your arm or leg every day. use lotion to keep your skin moist. check your skin every day for any changes. protect your skin from injuries, even small ones : - use only an electric razor for shaving underarms or legs. - wear gardening gloves and cooking gloves. - wear gloves when doing work around the house. - use a thimble when you sew. - be careful in the sun. use sunscreen with an spf of 30 or higher. - use insect repellent. - avoid very hot or cold things, such as ice packs or heating pads. - stay out of hot tubs or saunas. - have blood draws, intravenous therapy ( ivs ), and shots in the other arm or in another part of your body. - do not wear tight clothing or wrap anything tight on your arms or legs that have lymphedema. take care of your feet : - cut your toenails straight across. if needed, see a podiatrist to prevent ingrown nails and infections. - keep your feet covered when you are outdoors. do not walk barefoot. - keep your feet clean and dry. wear cotton socks. do not put too much pressure on your arm or leg. - do not cross your legs while you are sitting. - wear loose jewelry. wear clothes that do not have tight waistbands or cuffs. - where a loose - fitting bra. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3970937294397725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.169580"} {"text": ". do not put too much pressure on your arm or leg. - do not cross your legs while you are sitting. - wear loose jewelry. wear clothes that do not have tight waistbands or cuffs. - where a loose - fitting bra. - if you carry a handbag, carry it with the unaffected arm. - do not use elastic support bandages or stockings with tight bands. - do not sit in the same position for more than 30 minutes. taking care of cuts and scratches : - wash the wound gently with soap and water. - apply an antibiotic cream or ointment to the area. - cover the wound with dry gauze or a bandage, but do not wrap tightly. - call your doctor right away if you have an infection. signs of infection are a rash, red blotches, swelling, heat, pain, or fever. taking care of burns : - use a cold pack or cold water on a burn for 15 minutes, then wash gently with soap and water. - put a clean, dry bandage over the burn. - call your doctor right away if you have an infection. living with lymphedema can be very hard. ask your doctor about a special physical therapist who can tell you about : - ways to prevent lymphedema - how diet and exercise affect lymphedema - how to use to massage to decrease lymphedema wear your compression sleeve during the day, but you may remove it at night. always make sure you get the right size. wear a compression sleeve when traveling by air if you fly a lot, or for long flights. if possible, keep your arm above the level of your heart during long flights. when to call the doctor call your health care provider if you have any of these symptoms : - new rashes or skin breaks that do not heal - feelings of tightness in your arm or leg - rings or shoes that become tighter - weakness in your arm or leg. - pain, aching, or heaviness in the arm or leg - swelling that lasts longer than 1 - 2 weeks - redness, swelling, or other signs of infection - fever over 100. 5 \u00b0f towers a. lymphedema. in : walsh d, caraceni at, fainsinger r, et al, eds. palliative medicine. 1st ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2008 : chap 87. gamble gl. lymphedema : nonoperative treatment. in : cronenwett", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4118997804945721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.171447"} {"text": "acute fatty liver of pregnancy what is acute fatty liver of pregnancy ( aflp )? acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a rare, but serious, condition of pregnancy in which there is an excessive accumulation of fat in the liver or liver cells. fat normally accumulates in the liver in the form of triglycerides and fatty acids, but excessive fat can cause liver damage. aflp is quite rare, however, it is a serious condition that cannot be predicted or prevented. what causes acute fatty liver of pregnancy? the cause of aflp is unknown. it is thought that hormones of pregnancy play a role in this condition, but there does not seem to be an increased risk for future pregnancies. why is acute fatty liver of pregnancy a concern? both mother and fetus are at extremely high risk if aflp is not treated. liver failure, hemorrhage, kidney failure, and severe infection can be life threatening for the mother and fetus. fortunately, early diagnosis and treatment helps to improve outcomes. what are the symptoms of acute fatty liver of pregnancy? aflp usually begins late in the third trimester of pregnancy. the following are the most common symptoms of aflp. however, each woman may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : nausea and vomiting abdominal pain, especially in the right upper side malaise ( general discomfort ) jaundice ( yellow coloring of skin, eyes, and mucous membranes ) the symptoms of acute fatty liver of pregnancy may resemble other medical conditions. always consult your doctor for a diagnosis. how is acute fatty liver of pregnancy diagnosed? in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnosis of aflp is most accurate by liver biopsy ( taking a sample of liver tissue for examination under a microscope ), but this is not always possible in pregnancy. usually, the symptoms of aflp are often clear enough to diagnose the condition. blood tests can rule out other conditions or diseases that have similar symptoms. ultrasound ( a diagnostic imaging technique which uses high - frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs ) or computed tomography ( ct ) scan ( a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x - rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images, often called slices, of the body ) may also be used for diagnosis. treatment for acute fatty liver of pregnancy once the condition is diagnosed, the baby is delivered as quickly as possible to minimize the risks to mother and baby. the mother may require intensive care for several days after delivery until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4103596540296407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.175410"} {"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb by jem sullivan, ph. d. what is your family \u2019 s favorite meal? is it a holiday recipe, a simple weeknight dinner, or a gourmet dessert treat? the second vatican council teaches that \u201c the treasures of the bible are to be opened more lavishly, so that richer fare may be provided for the faithful at the table of god \u2019 s word \u201c ( constitution on the sacred liturgy, 51 ). is the bible a special table around which your family gathers, as if for a favorite meal? as we consider ways to share the old testament in the family we discover that the bible, whether prominently displayed or gathering dust on a shelf, offers rich spiritual nourishment for children, teenagers and adults in your home. it is said that we live in the age of information. the information superhighway moves us through the high speed traffic of news conveyed through television, the internet, blogs, and instant messaging. we may have instant and high speed access to information at our fingertips. but the search for human happiness and daily wisdom remains. what is the place of the bible in this information age? the catechism tells us that, the books of the old testament \u201c are a storehouse of sublime teaching on god and of sound wisdom on human life, as well as a wonderful treasury of prayers ; in them, too, the mystery of our salvation is present in a hidden way. \u201d ( ccc 122, quoting dei verbum 15 ) much of the old testament takes the form of stories. the way god teaches resounds with human imagination. through the rich tapestry of biblical narratives we learn about god \u2019 s love and fidelity in the face of human doubt, apathy and infidelity. in the drama of the biblical stories is reflected our own journeys of faith with our daily joys, struggles, and hopes. old testament stories are especially compelling for young children who, with their natural capacity for awe and wonder, marvel at the unfolding of god \u2019 s saving action and living presence in the world. biblical stories that reveal weakness and sin are opportunities to discuss, at age appropriate levels, our humanness in light of god \u2019 s love and mercy. through the biblical range of human experiences we learn god \u2019 s ways and our response of faith. to bring the old testament to life, assign family members to gather artistic images that depict biblical stories and themes. let the painting, sculpture, stained glass, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47772655125992675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.182691"} {"text": "the biblical range of human experiences we learn god \u2019 s ways and our response of faith. to bring the old testament to life, assign family members to gather artistic images that depict biblical stories and themes. let the painting, sculpture, stained glass, or piece of sacred music serve as a discussion starter for family reflection on god \u2019 s word expressed in artistic forms. the psalms are a rich storehouse of prayers. in spite of overloaded family schedules taking brief moments to pray together the liturgy of the hours, whether morning or evening prayer, connects your home to the church \u2019 s rhythm of praise, thanksgiving and intercession. handy catholic resources now available make daily praying of morning and evening prayer simple and sustainable. finally, lectio divina is another practical way to feast on the old testament in your home. this ancient christian practice is being recovered in our time and strongly encouraged during the 2008 bishops synod on the word of god and in pope benedict \u2019 s exhortation following the synod. through the steps of lectio divina - reading, meditation, prayer and contemplation - the wisdom of the old testament can bear rich fruit in your home and may even become your family \u2019 s favorite spiritual food. - - - jem sullivan, ph. d., serves as staff to the usccb secretariat of evangelization and catechesis. she is the author of a study guide to the united states adult catholic catechism and the beauty of faith : christian art and the gospel published by our sunday visitor, and writes on a variety of catechetical themes. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4863681568623759, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.183558"} {"text": "with a ribbon - cutting ceremony wednesday near the liberty bell center on independence mall, philadelphia debuts an extraordinary exhibit that should surprise and challenge the many visitors who come to the city to experience the story of our nation ' s founding. at the \" president ' s house : freedom and slavery in making a new nation, \" visitors will see the partial walls, window frame, fireplace, and other outlines of a colonial house that stood at sixth and market streets. but it ' s the retelling of what happened within those walls that will make for an extraordinary visit. the former robert morris mansion is where the slaveholding george washington and the antislavery john adams lived and conducted their presidencies in the 1790s. washington quartered nine enslaved africans who served his household \u2014 a small contingent from among 300 slaves owned by the man revered as the father of his country. so, the story told by the president ' s house exhibit will be unlike any operated by the national park service \u2014 a narrative that delves into the bitter irony of slaveholding founding fathers, who crafted a constitution that denied the promise of freedom to blacks. but it ' s also a story of hope. martha washington ' s personal servant, oney judge, escaped to freedom from this same mansion. how fitting, then, that the first federal commemoration of slavery be set in philadelphia, where the nation ' s fundamental freedoms were enshrined. moreover, the president ' s house project offers a dramatic contemporary story line that hints at racial divisions yet to be healed. the exhibit ' s original plans didn ' t include as much of an emphasis on slavery. it became a memorial to washington ' s slaves only at the insistence of groups such as the avenging the ancestors coalition, led by local attorney michael coard, which deserve much of the credit for prompting a redesign of the president ' s house to assure that the slaves ' story is told. playing an equally pivotal role, then - mayor john f. street prompted the first major public exposure of the interplay of slavery and the nation ' s founding with his order for a 2007 archaeological excavation, a dig that was viewed by an estimated 300, 000 people. it ' s inevitable there will be disputes as to whether the exhibit achieves the right balance. but there can be no doubt that the president ' s house opens a unique window on the quest for freedom.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4034653253152005, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.189961"} {"text": "there ' s a new \" crisis \" brewing. students are in debt up to their eyeballs. if they default en masse, the republic will quake. ( again. ) or something like that. it ' s no secret that the recent recession and the current shortage of jobs has sent many people back to school, with a lot of them taking out loans to pay for it. a recent report by the pew research center found that 19 percent of all u. s. households owe money for student debt, up from 15 percent in 2007. the average owed is $ 26, 682, up from $ 23, 349. that ' s a lot of money, especially for students graduating into a job market where the only jobs are brewing coffee or explaining twitter to your 50 - year - old boss. but the hand - wringing over excessive student debt might be, well, excessive. it ' s worth recalling that student loans are generally considered \" good \" debt because they buy something that ' s a lot more valuable than a bmw mini or a pair of pumps : education. the pew report goes into considerable detail documenting what we already more or less know : households headed by people under the age of 35 have the heaviest debt load. student debt is a much heavier burden on poor households than on rich ones. and the amount of student debt has risen by more than the rate of inflation over the last few years. but there could be good news in all of that, as well, because more people are getting a college degree and fewer are relying on a high school education alone. between 2008 and 2010 ( the latest data available ), the number of students enrolling in college rose by 5 percent per year, according to data from the education department. during the 10 years prior to that, college enrollment increased by only about 3 percent per year. there ' s been a similar rise in the proportion of master ' s and doctoral students. not all of those new college students will earn a degree, but many of them will, and the nation ' s experience with the g. i. bill proves that a better - educated workforce is a more prosperous one. a college degree doesn ' t automatically assure a middle - class lifestyle these days, but it sure helps. college - educated workers vastly outearn those without a degree, and the unemployment rate for college grads is a mere 4. 1 percent, compared with 8. 1 percent overall. the rising amount of student debt masks another positive trend : overall, debt levels have been falling. the pew report", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42152109693430045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.208561"} {"text": "without a degree, and the unemployment rate for college grads is a mere 4. 1 percent, compared with 8. 1 percent overall. the rising amount of student debt masks another positive trend : overall, debt levels have been falling. the pew report itself notes that the total amount of household debt, on average, has fallen by nearly $ 5, 000 since 2007. other data from the federal reserve shows that while americans have taken out more student loans, they ' ve cut back on auto, credit - card and mortgage debt. some of that is due to defaults, but even after defaults, americans have been paying down debt, on the whole, not racking up more. [ see also : what keeps people out of the middle class? ] most economists think that such \" deleveraging \" is necessary for american consumers to get financially healthy and start spending again in a way that ' s sustainable. meanwhile, it ' s hard to argue that the shift in debt away from consumption, toward education, is a bad thing. it matters what kind of education college students get, and there, too, there are hopeful signs. many of the best jobs these days require a science or engineering background, in which college students had shown declining interest - - until recently. between 1996 and 2005, the percentage of freshmen starting out with a major in science or engineering dropped from 34. 2 percent to 30. 9 percent. but that has now spiked to 38. 4 percent. thank you, mark zuckerberg. consulting firm mckinsey predicts that by 2020, there will be a shortage of 1. 5 million college grads in the u. s. economy. anybody struggling with student loans today may wonder if they did the right thing by taking on debt to pay for education. but a few years from now, it might seem like a no - brainer. of all the types of debt you could take on, student loans are the most likely to pay for themselves. many times over, in fact. rick newman is the author of rebounders : how winners pivot from setback to success. follow him on twitter : @ rickjnewman. - how to prepare for the fiscal cliff - who ' s better off under president obama? - how mitt romney insulted his own supporters - romney is half right about people who don ' t pay taxes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4385836507560006, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.211212"} {"text": "eng8101 technological impact and its management | semester 1, 2012 external toowoomba | | faculty or section : | | faculty of engineering & surveying | | school or department : | | faculty of engineering & surveying | | version produced : | | 19 may 2013 | examiner : bob fulcher moderator : ron ayers the world of today is one in which there is dynamic change in the creation and development of technology. it is necessary for managers of technology to understand the impact of technological development and the ways in which it can affect the society in which we live and the controls necessary to achieve a positive impact on mankind. this course seeks to review current technological development and to evaluate its impact on the world on we live in. the relationship between modern society and technological development is examined and the role of technological development on wealth creation and business is presented. the overall social need to manage such development is assessed as well as technology creation, transfer and exploitation. the course objectives define the student learning outcomes for a course. on completion of this course, students should be able to : - understand the role of technology in modern society ; - understand the process of innovation and its social context ; - assess the impact of technological development on society and the physical environment ; - assess the relationship between wealth creation and technological development ; - explain the process by which society manages technological development and the role managers of technology play in this process. | 1. | | science, technology and progress | | 10. 00 | | 2. | | technology and society | | 20. 00 | | 3. | | economic development and technology | | 10. 00 | | 4. | | technology and the environment | | 15. 00 | | 5. | | management of technology | | 10. 00 | | 7. | | technology and business | | 20. 00 | text and materials required to be purchased or accessed all textbooks and materials available to be purchased can be sourced from usq ' s online bookshop ( unless otherwise stated ). ( https : / / bookshop. usq. edu. au / bookweb / subject. cgi? year = 2012 & sem = 01 & subject1 = eng8101 ) please contact us for alternative purchase options from usq bookshop. ( https : / / bookshop. usq. edu. au / contact / ) khalil, t 2000, management of technology : the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, mcgraw - hill, boston, ma. students must have internet access.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47433080824912227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.232430"} {"text": "/ / bookshop. usq. edu. au / contact / ) khalil, t 2000, management of technology : the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, mcgraw - hill, boston, ma. students must have internet access. beder, s 1996, the nature of sustainable development, 2nd edn, scribe publications, newham, victoria. beder, s 1998, the new engineer, macmillan education, australia. dorf, rc 2001, technology, humans and society : towards a sustainable world, academic press, san diego. johnston, s, gostelow, p & jones, e 1999, engineering and society : an australian perspective, 2nd edn, harper educational, pymble. various web sites will be cited in the more dynamic components of this course. student workload requirements | description | | marks out of | | wtg ( % ) | | due date | | notes | | assignment 1 | | 500 | | 50 | | 23 apr 2012 | | 2 hour closed examination | | 500 | | 50 | | end s1 | | ( see note 1 ) | - student administration will advise students of the dates of their examinations during the semester. important assessment information there are no attendance requirements for this course. however, it is the students ' responsibility to study all material provided to them or required to be accessed by them to maximise their chance of meeting the objectives of the course and to be informed of course - related activities and administration. requirements for students to complete each assessment item satisfactorily : to satisfactorily complete an assessment item a student must achieve at least 50 % of the marks or a grade of at least c -. students do not have to satisfactorily complete each assessment item to be awarded a passing grade in this course. refer to statement 4 below for the requirements to receive a passing grade in this course. penalties for late submission of required work : if students submit assignments after the due date without ( prior ) approval of the examiner then a penalty of 5 % of the total marks gained by the student for the assignment may apply for each working day late up to ten working days at which time a mark of zero may be recorded. no assignments will be accepted after model answers have been posted. requirements for student to be awarded a passing grade in the course : to be assured of receiving a passing grade in a course a student must obtain at least 50 % of the total weighted marks for the course. method used to combine assessment results to attain final", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5017785858638956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.234006"} {"text": "requirements for student to be awarded a passing grade in the course : to be assured of receiving a passing grade in a course a student must obtain at least 50 % of the total weighted marks for the course. method used to combine assessment results to attain final grade : the final grades for students will be assigned on the basis of the weighted aggregate of the marks ( or grades ) obtained for each of the summative assessment items in the course. in a closed examination, candidates are allowed to bring only writing and drawing instruments into the examination. examination period when deferred / supplementary examinations will be held : any deferred or supplementary examinations for this course will be held during the examination period at the end of the semester of the next offering of this course. university student policies : students should read the usq policies : definitions, assessment and student academic misconduct to avoid actions which might contravene university policies and practices. these policies can be found at http : / / policy. usq. edu. au / portal / custom / search / category / usq _ document _ policy _ type / student. 1. html. the due date for an assignment is the date by which a student must despatch the assignment to the usq. the onus is on the student to provide proof of the despatch date, if requested by the examiner. students must retain a copy of each item submitted for assessment. this must be despatched to usq within 24 hours if required by the examiner. in accordance with university policy, the examiner may grant an extension of the due date of an assignment in extenuating circumstances. if electronic submission of assessments is specified for the course, students will be notified of this in the course introductory book and on the usq study desk. all required electronic submission must be made through the assignment drop box located on the usq study desk for the course, unless directed otherwise by the examiner of the course. the due date for an electronically submitted assessment is the date by which a student must electronically submit the assignment. the assignment files must be submitted by 11. 55pm on the due date using usq time ( as displayed on the clock on the course home page ; that is, australian eastern standard time ). if the method of assessment submission is by written, typed or printed paper - based media students should ( i ) submit to the faculty office for students enrolled in the course in the on - campus mode, or ( ii ) mail to the usq for students enrolled in the course in the external mode.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49103768558770466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.235007"} {"text": "typed or printed paper - based media students should ( i ) submit to the faculty office for students enrolled in the course in the on - campus mode, or ( ii ) mail to the usq for students enrolled in the course in the external mode. the due date for the assessment is the date by which a student must ( i ) submit the assessment for students enrolled in the on - campus mode, or ( ii ) mail the assessment for students enrolled in the external mode. the faculty will not normally accept submission of assessments by facsimile or email. students who do not have regular access to postal services for the submission of paper - based assessments, or regular access to internet services for electronic submission, or are otherwise disadvantaged by these regulations may be given special consideration. they should contact the examiner of the course to negotiate such special arrangements prior to the submission date. harvard ( agps ) is the referencing system required in this course. students should use harvard ( agps ) style in their assignments to format details of the information sources they have cited in their work. the harvard ( agps ) style to be used is defined by the usq library ' s referencing guide. http : / / www. usq. edu. au / library / help / referencing / default. htm students will require access to e - mail and internet access to uconnect for this course.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4738700370059208, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.235661"} {"text": "thatis what researcher mary pat moyer, phd, professor of surgery, envisions based on her studies of neural and other stem cells with colleagues at the university of texas medical branch at galveston and the university of texas at austin. cellular spare parts may lead to help for spinal cord injury, brain damage stem cells are the immature, or precursor, form of cells that will go on to differentiate into brain cells, nervous system cells, liver, bone marrow and other types of cells. \" stem cells are fascinating, \" dr. moyer said. \" if you put them into one kind of cellular dsoili they grow into one kind of cell, and if you put them into another soil, they grow into another kind. they can be bred for specific purposes. \" dr. moyer and colleagues hope their studies of the cells will one day enable surgeons to \" fill in the neural blanks, \" for example, of patients who have suffered spinal cord injury or brain damage, or who live with parkinsonis disease or a host of other diseases and disorders. \" we want to categorize bunches of cells, test them for safety and preserve them, \" dr. moyer said. \" it is a similar concept to blood banking. when a certain type of cell is needed, it will be available for use. \" current work on the project is funded by incell corp. of san antonio and the center for human cell biotechnology at the health science center. return to index", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5326962033985323, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.237663"} {"text": "national organization for rare disorders, inc. it is possible that the main title of the report sly syndrome is not the name you expected. please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name ( s ) and disorder subdivision ( s ) covered by this report. synonyms back to top - beta - glucuronidase deficiency - mps disorder, type vii - mps vii - mucopolysaccharidosis type vii - gusb deficiency disorder subdivisions back to top general discussion back to top mucopolysaccharidoses, which are also known as mucopolysaccharide storage ( mps ) diseases, are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes. the lysosomes are particles bound in membranes within cells that break down certain fats and carbohydrates ( mucopolysaccharides ) into simpler molecules. the accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of physical symptoms and abnormalities. sly syndrome ( mps - vii ) is an mps storage disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme beta - glucuronidase that leads to an accumulation of dermatan sulfate ( ds ), heparan sulfate ( hs ) and chondroitin sulfate ( cs ) in many tissues and organs of the body including the central nervous system. the clinical features of sly syndrome vary from patient to patient, but all have short stature due to growth retardation, changes in bones visible on x - rays and some degree of mental retardation. survival into adulthood is common with milder cases and osteoarthritis is a common complication. the symptoms of sly syndrome are similar to those of hurler syndrome ( mps i ) and the other mucopolysaccharidoses. symptoms may include mental retardation, short stature with an unusually short trunk, and / or abnormalities of the intestines, corneas of the eyes, and / or the skeletal system. sly syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. resources back to top children living with inherited metabolic diseases ( climb ) 176 nantwich road crewe, intl cw2 6bg tel : 0845 241 2174 tel : 800 652 3181 vaincre les maladies lysosomales 2 ter avenue tel : 01 69 75 40 30 fax : 01 60 11 15 83 1660 l street, nw,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49123328772910124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.244207"} {"text": "6bg tel : 0845 241 2174 tel : 800 652 3181 vaincre les maladies lysosomales 2 ter avenue tel : 01 69 75 40 30 fax : 01 60 11 15 83 1660 l street, nw, suite 301 washington, dc 20036 national mps society, inc. po box 14686 durham, nc 27709 nih / national institute of diabetes, digestive & kidney diseases office of communications & public liaison bldg 31, rm 9a06 31 center drive, msc 2560 bethesda, md 20892 - 2560 society for mucopolysaccharide diseases white lion road buckinghamshire, hp7 9lp. tel : 004401494 434156 fax : 004401494 434252 canadian society for mucopolysaccharide and related diseases, inc. po box 30034 british columbia, intl v7h 2y8 tel : ( 604 ) 924 - 5130 fax : ( 604 ) 924 - 5131 genetic and rare diseases ( gard ) information center po box 8126 gaithersburg, md 20898 - 8126 hide & seek foundation for lysosomal disease research 6475 east pacific coast highway suite 466 long beach, ca 90803 for a complete report back to top this is an abstract of a report from the national organization for rare disorders ( nord ). a copy of the complete report can be downloaded free from the nord website for registered users. the complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational therapies ( if available ), and references from medical literature. for a full - text version of this topic, go to www. rarediseases. org and click on rare disease database under \" rare disease information \". the information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. it is provided for informational purposes only. nord recommends that affected individuals seek the advice or counsel of their own personal physicians. it is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name ( s ) and disorder subdivision ( s ) covered by this report this disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. since nord ' s resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the rare disease database completely current and accurate. please check with the agencies listed in the resources section for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48728283897895547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.246061"} {"text": "mange - sarcoptic in dogs what causes sarcoptic mange? sarcoptic mange is caused by a parasitic mite that burrows just beneath the surface of the skin, sarcoptes scabiei. \"... is a zoonotic disease or a disease transmissible from pets to people. \" the mite feeds on material in and on the skin. it is also known as scabies and is a zoonotic disease or a disease transmissible from pets to people. what does it do to the dog? the presence of the sarcoptic mite causes intense itching. the dog will chew and scratch its skin constantly. this leads to the loss of large amounts of hair, especially on the legs and belly. eventually, the skin will become thickened and will darken. is it contagious? sarcoptic mange is highly contagious to other dogs and humans. the dog ' s bedding should be discarded or regularly washed in hot water diluted with bleach ( one ounce per gallon ). although sarcoptic mites are not able to complete their life cycle on humans, they will cause severe itching until they die in two to five days. how is sarcoptic mange diagnosed? diagnosis is made by a skin scraping examined under the microscope. it is common not to see sarcoptic mange mites when performing a skin scraping. this is due to the fact that the mites burrow deep into the skin and that it takes only a few mites to cause significant itching. a presumptive diagnosis may therefore be made, based on clinical signs. sarcoptic mange may occur in any dog at any time. how is it treated? there are several medications that are effective against sarcoptes. your veterinarian will discuss the best treatment for your pet ' s condition. treatment varies from medicated baths and dips to injections to oral medications. many pets will require a combination of treatments to resolve this infection. once treatment has started, if your dog is still scratching in four to five days, please contact your veterinarian. to prevent re - infection, discard any bedding or wash it frequently in diluted bleach solution ( one ounce bleach in one gallon of water ). \" in people, the mite cannot complete its life cycle so it will die in a few days. \" if any member of the family develops itching or a skin rash, contact your family doctor immediately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4533374783182398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.250158"} {"text": "- published on friday, 22 june 2012 08 : 18 maputo, 18 june 2012 ( via campesina africa news ) \u2013 food production and people ' s sovereignty in africa could be seriously compromised by carbon capture projects and the so - called reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus ( redd + ) mechanism. they can exacerbate food insecurity on the continent and could result in the loss of control over land and forest resources for african farmers. farmers \" taking care \" of the forest in nhambita this scenario could become a reality in the near future in mozambique, as the country has offered its land to serve as a \u201c model \u201d for carbon capture projects and redd +. as evening falls, albertina francisco *, a farmer from the nhambita community in sofala province, mozambique, returns home. she is tired after another day of work at her machamba ( a term used in mozambique to refer to a patch of farmland ). in addition to looking after the maize, mapira ( a type of sorghum ) and cassava which she grows, another task has been added to albertina \u2019 s workload : looking after the trees she planted a few years ago to ensure she is not penalized by envirotrade at the end of the year, the company with which she has a carbon supply contract. albertina is required to ensure the survival and good growth of the plants and to ensure that at least 85 % of the plants received survive. \u201c in addition to the maize and mapira i also have to look after the trees now, to make sure they don \u2019 t die. i planted a lot of trees and it \u2019 s not easy checking on them all \u201d, said albertina, who visits her land twice a day. just like albertina, another 1400 farmers in nhambita and other villages in the pungue administrative region in sofala have been contracted to plant and care for trees on their land. \u201c when they came they said that the project is good because by planting trees we \u2019 d receive money to fight poverty and we \u2019 d be in charge ( of the trees ) even after the conclusion of the project \u201d, one nhambita farmer tells us. the project is called the \u201c nhambita community carbon project \u201d 1. the aim of the company that runs it, envirotrade, is to capture carbon through agro - forestry, and sell carbon credits on the voluntary markets, which at this stage comprise europe and the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4644817243252508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.267583"} {"text": "envirotrade clarifies. it should be noted that the contracts regulating these activities do not include a section on farmers \u2019 rights. nhambita is a community in gorongosa district, in the administrative region of pungue at the centre of mozambique. it is extremely biologically diverse and boasts a wealth of vegetation and forests to be envied. the european commission contributed about 1. 5 million euros of financing to envirotrade between the start of the project in 2003 and 2008, for research and testing in nhambita. however the european commission cut its funding, one of the reasons being irregularities observed in the proposed method for measuring carbon. what \u2019 s in it for the farmers \u2026 according to envirotrade their projects aim to alleviate poverty ( in communities ), and contribute to sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. \u201c it is a new way of doing business \u201d, the company, which believes it is offering a new way of life for individuals and communities, states on its website ( 2 ) the services set out in a farmer \u2019 s contract which we gained access to were to be provided through planting trees in an area totalling 0. 22 hectares ( 22 by 22 metres ) in the farmer \u2019 s yard ; and the farmer will receive a total of 3, 215 meticais ( 128 usd ) over the seven years of the contract period. in order to earn enough money to actually alleviate poverty, this farmer would need access to a much greater land area, diversified systems, and would have to plant many more trees \u2013 which proves virtually impossible. the most highly paid system run by envirotrade is termed \u201c forest plantation \u201d and can earn the producer about 17. 500 meticais ( 670 usd ) over seven years. these amounts refer to one hectare, which means the amount may be lower or higher depending on the area of land in question. nhambita \u2019 s farmers have an average of one hectare of land per family. antonio serra, national director for envirotrade in mozambique, explains : \u201c a farmer who has one hectare can sign a seven year contract one year using the bordadura system ( border strips ), the following year sign a seven year contract for consociacao ( mixed crops ) covering the same area, and the third year sign a seven year contract under the quintal ( yard ) system. in this way the producer is involved in the project over a long period of time. \u201d however, do not let anyone be under any illusion that they will become rich", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46516354274262856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.269836"} {"text": "the third year sign a seven year contract under the quintal ( yard ) system. in this way the producer is involved in the project over a long period of time. \u201d however, do not let anyone be under any illusion that they will become rich through redd + and planting trees : \u201c carbon trading is not there to make anyone rich ( farmers ). the market itself shows that there are many costs involved. this is not going to make communities wealthy. individuals need to have other sources of income \u201d, envirotrade \u2019 s carbon manager said in an interview. envirotrade stopped issuing new contracts three years ago, because of financial difficulties. food sovereignty in danger it is important to stress that commitment to this type of service could aggravate food insecurity for the community or for families, if the timescales and size of land areas needed to plant enough trees to ensure higher earnings are taken into account. this will lead to farmers \u201c growing carbon \u201d instead of growing food crops. on the other hand \u201c the current focus on the economic value of the forest [ as promoted by envirotrade ] should not make the biological, spiritual and cultural values less important, as they [ the communities ] have been providing effective conservation for generations \u201d, a study ( 3 ) by jovanka spiric, who has researched the socioeconomic impact of the redd programme in nhambita, states. a considerable number of farmers have abandoned farming and dedicate all their time to maintaining firebreaks and patrolling forests in the redd + area. gabriel langa *, a father of four with two wives, is the head of the group which manages firebreaks and patrols bloc 2, one of the \u201c protected \u201d redd + areas in the bue maria area of pungue. before, he used to farm to feed his family. \u201c now our main activity is firebreaks. i don \u2019 t have time to go to the machamba \u201d, langa says. langa will earn 8845 meticais ( 340 usd ) during the firebreak phase for the \u201c conservation \u201d area, which he will divide between the group of four that he manages. forests were never at risk of disappearing \u2026 according to envirotrade, the buffer zone of the gorongosa national park ( 4 ), where nhambita community is situated, was at risk of disappearing due to intensive logging ( for coal ) and unchecked land clearing by fire. community leaders together with the committee for natural resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44167085922516125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.270904"} {"text": "the gorongosa national park ( 4 ), where nhambita community is situated, was at risk of disappearing due to intensive logging ( for coal ) and unchecked land clearing by fire. community leaders together with the committee for natural resources management for pungue, operating out of nhambita in gorongosa and set up before the arrival of envirotrade on the scene, dismiss this hypothesis and claim that the committee has always known how to care for and preserve the forests and land in the area. \u201c the community had no problem with this and always knew how to manage resources. with the creation of the management committee in 2011 this capacity was strengthened because we were trained to do it \u201d, said francisco samajo, president of the committee. \u201c this is probably what brought envirotrade here \u201d, he added. reacting to this, aristides muhate, carbon manager for envirotrade says : \u201c sometimes people want first and foremost to assert their merit. everyone knows that this area would be a hotbed of illegal logging today. he ( the head of the resource management committee ) wouldn \u2019 t even have the resources ( money ) to carry out the patrolling that he does \u201d. envirotrade finances the natural resources management committee, which in turn pays inspectors to patrol the forests and \u201c protect them \u201d from members of the same community. although the farmers admit to having benefited in some ways from the envirotrade project ( in terms of fruit trees, some annual income, health centres, transport in case of illness ) consensus does not seem to prevail regarding the assertion that the communities were very poor and that their forests and lands were poorly managed. another nhambita farmer, raimundo eduardo, stated that he had never considered himself to be poor, as in his own words \u201c i have a machamba and i always worked \u201d. giving up tree planting : not everyone is finding the activity fun juvenal francisco, 31, a farmer from nhambita, gave up tree planting in 2010 as he felt the services did not bring him income. \u201c it seemed as if i was only working for them and i wasn \u2019 t seeing any benefits for me \u201d, franciso tells us. he took the initiative of contacting envirotrade himself to make clear his desire to give up the activities. what motivated francisco to terminate the contract was the fact that as of year four he had not been paid the annual amount set out in his contract, allegedly because he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42470462620775284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.271897"} {"text": "contacting envirotrade himself to make clear his desire to give up the activities. what motivated francisco to terminate the contract was the fact that as of year four he had not been paid the annual amount set out in his contract, allegedly because he had been unable to care for the plants in the way required by envirotrade. juvenal francisco is of the opinion that envirotrade failed to comply with one of the conditions it committed itself to, namely that of paying him for a seven - year period. \u201c as of year four they stopped paying me and they never explained why \u201d, he said. juvenal says he planted over 900 timber - and fruit - yielding plants starting in 2007. now, he dedicates his time to growing maize, sweet potato, mapira and cassava. this has been a great source of conflict between envirotrade and many farmers. a high number of \u201c contracted \u201d farmers find their earnings reduced for not achieving the 85 % survival rates set out in the contract. our reporting team also learnt that over the past three years, there have been delays to payments for environmental services, due to financial difficulties. \u201c a familly that abandoned the tree plantation activity in nhambita \u201d farmers don \u2019 t know what they are involved with the nhambita communities are not familiar with the redd + concept ; and despite the fact that some farmers know that they are planting trees and preserving forests \u201c to sell carbon \u201d, they show a lack of deeper understanding of the concept and its mechanisms. envirotrade ' s national carbon manager, forest engineer aristides muhate, justifies this fact. \u201c information exists on different levels. there \u2019 s no reason why we should waste time explaining complicated concepts to the farmers, \u201d he says, pointing to the low levels of schooling among most of the population of nhambita and the surrounding areas. this could be considered in breach of the right to advance information and free consent before operations started on their lands. \u201c we know that our income from planting trees comes from carbon. i don \u2019 t know anything more about it \u201d, elias manesa from the mutabamba community confessed, showing that he didn \u2019 t understand what carbon is. the lack of comprehensive information surrounding envirotrade \u2019 s carbon business involving community resources calls into question the transparency of the process. the poor or complete lack of understanding among farmers of the concepts linked to redd + and the carbon markets means that they are managing their resources and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4478127663697914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.273003"} {"text": "surrounding envirotrade \u2019 s carbon business involving community resources calls into question the transparency of the process. the poor or complete lack of understanding among farmers of the concepts linked to redd + and the carbon markets means that they are managing their resources and getting involved in the business without awareness of its full implications : allowing northern polluters to continue to release carbon into the atmosphere. this poses risks to these very farmers \u2019 well - being if we take into account the fact that these emissions will have a negative impact on mozambique, for instance through droughts and flooding. another woman, who does not have a personal contract with envirotrade but who has planted and cares for trees because her partner decided for both of them to get involved, was also unaware of the ultimate objectives of this activity. \u201c all i know is that my husband receives money ( annually ) because of the trees we \u2019 ve planted. i don \u2019 t know any more details \u201d, she said. in fact, over half of the farmers who have signed contracts with envirotrade are male. few women own land in mozambique, even though they constitute the group which devotes the greatest effort to food production and other land - linked labour. emerging social conflict signs of social conflict linked to payments for environmental services ( pes ) between nhambita community members are beginning to show. this situation could become more serious in the future. farmers who do not benefit from pes are displaying resentment for not receiving any money from envirotrade. in other redd projects in countries like indonesia, payments for environmental services are creating inequalities due to income disparities, and this tends to create divisions in the community and jeopardize organisational, social and cultural cohesion. as an example, the french newspaper le monde diplomatique ( 5 ) recently published a story on the case of farmers being displaced because of implementing the redd programme in mexico. jossias jairosse * arrived in nhambita recently and works in the community carpentry workshop in his village. envirotrade had stopped issuing contracts when he settled in the community. he feels resentful and inferior to his neighbours, as they have annual income levels which he has no hope of reaching. mozambican land in demand with others for redd + projects a company backed by british capital is eyeing up about 15 million hectares ( 19 % of mozambican territory ) for redd + ( 6 ) activities. cases of land grabbing linked to reducing emissions from def", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4454951068815191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.274156"} {"text": "demand with others for redd + projects a company backed by british capital is eyeing up about 15 million hectares ( 19 % of mozambican territory ) for redd + ( 6 ) activities. cases of land grabbing linked to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation could make this figure even higher, if agrofuel production and the growing of different monocultures are included here. these practices can also be included under redd + as the system includes carbon credits from cultivation and land use and not just from forestry. according to the 2008 national forest inventory, about 70 % of the country ( 54. 8 million hectares ) is currently covered by forest and other wooded areas. these areas are at risk of being exploited for carbon capturing. areas targeted for \u201c investment \u201d in redd + projects in mozambique by a british - backed company mozambique finds itself in a privileged position, among the most \u201c coveted \u201d countries in africa when it comes to the implementation of so - called development projects benefitting from foreign investment. the world bank for instance considers mozambique an appropriate location for redd projects, the clean development mechanism ( 7 ) and industrial agriculture. companies in the north have been acquiring land in mozambique for export - oriented production, agrofuels and now for redd +. currently even the so - called emerging economies, namely india and brazil, are acquiring land for use in agro - business and for mining. in most of these cases local communities, and particularly farmers and indigenous populations, are heavily affected and often their rights are violated. in the case of the redd + programmes there is a significant risk that farmers will find themselves serving as employees of companies who use forest resources and local land to take advantage of the carbon credits system internationally, thus maximising their profits but not necessarily contributing to eliminating poverty in the communities. in uganda 22 000 farmers were displaced from their lands by a forestry carbon offsetting project in 2011. the nhambita project as a model for rio + 20 and the green economy the nhambita carbon project will serve as a model at rio + 20, the united nations conference on sustainable development and the green economy, and appears on the website of the rio + 20 commission for sustainable development. civil society organisations criticise the rio + 20 summit harshly for trying to bring approval and legitimacy to the commercialisation of nature. \u201c we are awaiting the redd national strategy and outcomes of rio + 20 in order to broaden implementation of the redd + programme in other locations \u201d, aristides muhate of en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38872470269045445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.276357"} {"text": "approval and legitimacy to the commercialisation of nature. \u201c we are awaiting the redd national strategy and outcomes of rio + 20 in order to broaden implementation of the redd + programme in other locations \u201d, aristides muhate of envirotrade confirmed when interviewed by us at one of the company \u2019 s camps on may 23rd, 2012. in fact, envirotrade has a further two projects in addition to the nhambita one, which operate with the same objective of selling carbon : one in the zambezi delta region and one in the maconia district of the quirimbas archipelago in cabo delgado province in northern mozambique. envirotrade is actively developing plans for a further two large - scale redd + projects. the nhambita redd + project might be copied in other areas of mozambique. members of the mozambican government as well as international representatives, including zambian ex - president kenneth kaunda, have visited the project, which could also serve as a model to be copied outside mozambique in other african countries. what is redd... the idea behind reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is that developed countries wishing to reduce their emissions should receive financial compensation for doing so. thanks to photosynthesis, trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, which means they serve as a sort of \u201c sponge \u201d absorbing pollution. the redd concept is marketed as a way of preserving forests, stopping climate change, protecting biodiversity, eradicating poverty and financing communities. however, according to the united nations, redd could lead to \u201c locking up forests \u201d, \u201c loss of land \u201d, \u201c conflict over resources \u201d, \u201c the concentration of power in the hands of elites \u201d, \u201c new risks for the poor \u201d and could \u201c marginalise the landless \u201d. ( 8 ) many sectors in civil society warn of the risk that redd projects could result in massive takeovers of land and constitute a way of colonising forests. the redd + legal framework in mozambique work on developing the redd national strategy started in 2009. with the technical support of the amazonas sustainable foundation and indufor ( brazil ), the ministry for coordination of environmental action ( micoa ) and the ministry for agriculture ( minag ) held provincial meetings in maputo to present the redd + programme. however, during these meetings the information given basically centred on the benefits and opportunities for mozambique in implementing redd +, thus creating expectations concerning income among participants. the negative aspects of redd +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5155659808046751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.277326"} {"text": "meetings in maputo to present the redd + programme. however, during these meetings the information given basically centred on the benefits and opportunities for mozambique in implementing redd +, thus creating expectations concerning income among participants. the negative aspects of redd + were not mentioned. \u201c the process was not very transparent, there was no access to the process for representatives of civil society who wished to follow it. access to information was also lacking \u201d, said anabela lemos of justica ambiental ( \u201c environmental justice \u201d ). the redd national strategy is still being debated in mozambique. its drafting has been the target of criticism from civil society organisations, including the national farmers \u2019 union ( uniao nacional de camponeses, unac ) and justica ambiental ( friends of the earth mozambique ), because of its focus on clean development mechanisms and carbon markets, because it has named agrofuel and monoculture projects as eligible for redd + and because it did not involve civil society from the outset. for example, community consultations that have been carried out reveal themselves to be unrepresentative \u2013 community and farmers \u2019 consultations involved only 889 people in a country with a population of over 20 million. \u201c the redd national strategy is still being discussed, but the ( sofala ) provincial government authorised it because the idea was to see how it would turn out. all the experiences will be compiled here ( in nhambita ), that \u2019 s why we are a sort of laboratory, a model project \u201d, said aristides muhate, carbon \u201c head \u201d at envirotrade. recently, charles hall of envirotrade told british newspaper the observer ( 9 ) that \u201c the business model for envirotrade frankly remains to be proven \u201d. according to him, \u201c the fact that this can be made into a sustainable business on the basis of selling carbon offsets remains to be seen \u201d. international peasant movement la via campesina ( which includes unac in mozambique ), recently released a position paper ahead of the rio + 20 conference, condemning among others the redd mechanisms, carbon markets and the green economy. \u201c we repudiate and denounce the green economy as a new mask to hide increasing levels of corporate greed and food imperialism in the world, and as a brutal \u201c green washing \u201d of capitalism that only implements false solutions, like carbon trading, redd, [ \u2026 ] and all of the market - based solutions to the environmental crisis \u201d, part of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4567825562679331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.278255"} {"text": "and food imperialism in the world, and as a brutal \u201c green washing \u201d of capitalism that only implements false solutions, like carbon trading, redd, [ \u2026 ] and all of the market - based solutions to the environmental crisis \u201d, part of the position paper reads. augusto mafigo, president of the mozambican national farmers \u2019 union, is concerned by the involvement of nhambita farmers in carbon and redd + projects. mafigo is convinced that redd + can be detrimental to farmers. \u201c as farmers we reject redd, as it is clear that this is not a sustainable programme, and we run the risk of losing our resources and aggravating the poverty which already plagues us \u201d, he said. via campesina africa news * real names withheld to protect the sources. translator \u2019 s note : translation of the contract terms originally in portuguese. 8 un - redd framework document, http : / / www. undp. org / mdtf / un - redd / docs / annex - a - framework - docoment. pdf, p. 4 - 5 a poverty environment partnership ( pep ) policy brief, based on the report \u201c making redd work for the poor \u201d, ( peskett et al, 2008 ) http : / / www. povertyenvironment. net / pep / pep includes undp, unep, iucn, oci, sida, adb, dfid, wcmc for footnotes and complete textual citations of un documents : see earth peoples http : / / www. earthpeoples. org / blog redd brochure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4425977119121105, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.278922"} {"text": "ward ' s book of days. pages of interesting anniversaries. what happened on this day in history. on this day in history in 1689, died george jeffreys. jeffreys, known as the \u2018 hanging judge \u2019, was a lawyer notorious for his sycophancy, brutality and corruption. jeffreys was born in wrexham, clwyd, into the welsh gentry. he was educated at westminster school, and at trinity college, cambridge and was called to the bar in 1668. during the panic that ensued after the \u2018 popish plot \u2019, an alleged conspiracy against the king, jeffreys was leading prosecuting council in many of the trials of suspects. despite flimsy evidence, jeffreys often obtained convictions by ridiculing defendants and introducing suspect evidence. he drew the attention of james duke of york, later james ii, brother of charles ii, and declared to him that he would take any measures necessary to assist the king and his brother. jeffreys quickly rose through the ranks of the judiciary. he became first a knight and a judge of the king \u2019 s bench, then a baron and later lord chief justice and finally lord chancellor. he presided over the trial of algernon sydney in the case of the rye house plot, an alleged conspiracy to kidnap the king, and convicted him on insubstantial evidence. jeffreys became known for taking bribes and would release any defendant who paid him enough. those who had no money, he hanged. jeffreys successfully opposed the exclusion bill, which would have barred james, a catholic, from the throne. when james ii became king and the duke of monmouth led a rebellion against him, jeffreys presided over the trial of those who fought in the insurrection. the \u2018 bloody assizes, as the court was known, tried 1300 men, all of whom were convicted by jeffreys, whatever the evidence. he hanged 320 and sent the remainder for transportation to the colonies as slave labour. on this occasion, he did not allow himself to be seduced by bribery, but sentenced all the defendants after finding them guilty. he sentenced the leader, monmouth, to death by beheading and ordered the executioner to blunt the axe so that his head would not be severed in one stroke. when james was deposed in 1688, jeffreys tried to escape the country, disguised as a sailor, but was captured and held in the tower of london. he died before he could be indicted for his actions. the original room where the \u2018 bloody assizes \u2019 were held still remains unchanged.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3982156620132966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.282216"} {"text": "this summer at our annual biome camp for elementary students, i had a chance to get back into the classroom for a couple of weeks. i chose to focus on what happens when land and water meet. our studies culminated with the island in a kiddie pool above. but first... i wanted each child to experience subtracting the piece of clay from the middle of the land and placing it on a blank dish to make their own lake and island when they added the water. potter ' s clay was inexpensive and easy to manipulate. however, the clay dried and shrunk on the paper plates we put it on. i am sure that even the most nostalgic parent tossed the product that came home. next time, i will use ceramic plates and let the children wash them as part of the process. it is all about the experience not the product. then, we took it to a more abstract representation by drawing our land and waterforms on watercolor paper and painting the water with blue watercolor. the land was made by painting with watered down glue and sprinkling sand on it. the result was lovely and worthy of a frame. we repeated the two steps with the gulf / peninsula, cape / bay, and isthum / strait. as a final event, we created the island above. i did it with a small group of seven students. it would be difficult with a larger group unless you had a bigger pool and more clay. the first task was to flatten the big block of clay i put in the center. as i turned around looking for the right tool for the job, the children solved our problem with their feet. it was quite effective. then, we molded it and created the land and water forms we had learned about. i love it when the nomenclature is used in context of a project. \" i ' ll make a peninsula over here. \" they wanted a volcano since we had read about how volcanoes can create islands in the ocean. we sprinkled sand on the beach and brought in moss for the vegetation. the final step was to add blue food coloring to the water and stand back to admire it! we followed up the lessons with the landform mat and the imaginary island puzzle from mandala. we also collaborated to make a big island with brown paper on a large blue sheet of paper. it became 3d with paper boats, bridges and docks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5216130264915276, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.284975"} {"text": "- americans ( 1 ) - devices ( heraldry ) ( 1 ) - discovery and exploration ( 1 ) - ethnic groups ( 1 ) - perry, matthew calbraith, 1794 - 1858 ( 1 ) - priests ( 1 ) - saigyo ( 1 ) - ships ( 1 ) - ukiyo - e ( 1 ) - united states naval expedition to japan ( 1852 - 1854 ) ( 1 ) - voyages and travels ( 1 ) type of item an actor in the role of sato norikiyo who becomes saigyo : an actor in the role of yoshinaka the japanese art of ukiyo - e ( \u201c pictures of the floating [ or sorrowful ] world \u201d ) developed in the city of edo ( now tokyo ) during the tokugawa or edo period ( 1600 - 1868 ), a relatively peaceful era during which the tokugawa shoguns ruled japan and made edo the seat of power. the ukiyo - e tradition of woodblock printing and painting continued into the 20th century. this diptych print of between 1849 and 1852 shows saigyo surrounded by men trying to prevent him from leaving his house to become a priest. the poet saigyo ( 1118 - 90 ) was born into... people of many nations during the nearly two centuries of restricted foreign contact during the edo period ( 1600 \u2013 1868 ), the japanese people still maintained a curiosity about foreign cultures. this map, published in the early 19th century, depicts an enormous archipelago representing japan at the center of the world. inset images and descriptions of foreign people, the distance from japan to their lands, and differences in climate are noted. the locations listed include the \u201c pygmy country, 14, 000 ri \u201d ( 1 ri = 2. 4 miles ), \u201c woman country, 14, 000 ri, \u201d and \u201c black people country, 75... united states of north america : perry arrives in uraga, soshu province commodore matthew c. perry ( 1794 \u2013 1858 ) of the united states navy entered the port of yokohama in 1853 with an intimidating fleet of steam warships, in order to force japan to open up after nearly two centuries of restricted foreign contact. the \u201c black ships \u201d that he came with became a common subject for popular prints. the japanese people were increasingly exposed to western culture as new trade agreements prompted cross - cultural interaction, and a mixture of curiosity, awe, and anxiety at the influx of unfamiliar technology and customs can be seen...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44615667745800586, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.287492"} {"text": "- africa, west ( 1 ) - america ( 1 ) - brazil, french colony, 1555 - 1567 ( 1 ) - discovery and exploration ( 1 ) - thevet, andre, 1502 - 1590 ( 1 ) type of item guinea itself, as well as the greatest portion of nigritia or the land of the blacks, the one called ethiopia inferior by modern geographers, the other southern ethiopia this 1743 map shows western africa from the territory of present - day gabon in the south to niger, mali, and mauritania in the north. the map was published in nuremberg, germany, by the firm of homannische erben, meaning the successors of the nuremberg engraver and publisher johann baptist homann ( 1663 - 1724 ) and his son, johann christoph homann ( 1703 - 30 ). it is based on an earlier work by the great french mapmaker jean baptiste d \u2019 anville ( 1697 - 1782 ). the illustration at the lower left depicts an african village. items such as dress, houses and other... the special features of french antarctica, otherwise called america, and of several lands and islands discovered in our time andre thevet ( 1516 / 17 - 92 ) was a franciscan friar who traveled widely and, through his writings, helped to establish cosmographie - - as geography was called at the time - - as a science in 16th - century france. after making trips to africa and the middle east in the 1540s, he was appointed chaplain to the expedition of nicolas durand de villegagnon, which set out from le havre in may 1555 to establish a colony in brazil. the expedition landed near present - day rio de janeiro in november of the same year. in january 1556, thevet fell ill...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41922837382903516, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.289193"} {"text": "| home | cars | inventions | what & where | tourist info | business info | classifieds | about | archive | the unhappiest country in the world moldovans are the unhappiest people in the world. that ' s according to data from the world values survey, whose researchers interviewed tens of thousands of people in over 60 countries during the last decade. only 44 % of people in moldova said they were happy, the lowest proportion of all the countries surveyed. is moldova really such an unhappy place, and why? these statistics from the world values survey are often quoted in a growing body of academic research into what causes happiness, and what implications there are for public policy. often the answers to the \u201c are you happy? \u201d question are averaged with those to another, slightly different question \u2013 \u201c are you satisfied with your life? \u201d \u2013 to produce a broader measure called subjective well - being. moldova comes out bottom on this count, too. source : world values surveys, so what does cause happiness? your instinctive response might be \u201c money, of course \u201d \u2013 and you ' d be right, but only up to a point. a glance at the table shows that the unhappy countries are much poorer than the happy ones. but when you plot subjective well - being against a country ' s average income on a graph, you find there ' s a strong relationship up to a certain point \u2013 around $ 10, 000 per year \u2013 but after that the relationship breaks down. even more income doesn ' t make you even happier. of course, moldova isn ' t anywhere near that point yet. but poverty can ' t be the whole story. there are countries even poorer than moldova which are nonetheless much happier : nigeria and bangladesh, for example, have a lower average income than moldova but their happiness rates are 81 % and 85 % respectively. brazilians are only slightly better off than moldovans, but 83 % of them are happy. a whopping 93 % of people in the philippines consider themselves happy, despite income levels on a par with moldova. nigeria, brazil, bangladesh and the philippines are warm and sunny places, so might harsh moldovan winters be at fault? that hardly seems plausible when you consider that the happiest place in the world is iceland. could it be that language problems are to blame? perhaps the word \u201c happiness \u201d translates differently in bangladesh and the philippines than it does in moldova, leading people to apply different standards. this is a possibility, but the evidence is against it : french - speaking swiss people are happier than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41136411422580094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.299126"} {"text": "are to blame? perhaps the word \u201c happiness \u201d translates differently in bangladesh and the philippines than it does in moldova, leading people to apply different standards. this is a possibility, but the evidence is against it : french - speaking swiss people are happier than french people, italian speakers in switzerland are happier than italians, and swiss who speak german are happier than germans. this suggests that it ' s not something about what language they speak that makes swiss people happy, but something about living in switzerland. perhaps moldovans were asked at a bad time. the data collected from different countries was not all gathered simultaneously, and that for moldova came from a survey in 1995, arguably at the height of the difficulties caused by the transition from the soviet era. but another, more comprehensive survey carried out in 2001 by a different organization suggests little has changed : moldovans were slightly happier, 51 % compared to 44 %, but still came out bottom of the eight former soviet states surveyed ( ukraine and belarus were next most unhappy, at 53 % and 60 % respectively ; moldova seems to be the worst - hit victim of some kind of regional malaise ). it must be in political history where much of the answer lies, as all the other countries towards the bottom of the happiness list had also lived under communism. while it ' s easy to find examples of happy and poor countries, it ' s hard to find former communist states among them, azerbaijan ( 78 % ) being the best candidate. the happiest states with a communist history, such as poland ( 86 % ), the former east germany ( 79 % ) and hungary ( 78 % ), tend also to be the ones which have made the most economic progress. even then, they are less happy than other countries with similar income levels but without a communist past. as ronald inglehart and hans - dieter klingemann, two of the leading academic researchers into the data on happiness, note : \u201c virtually all societies that experienced communist rule show relatively low levels of subjective well - being, even when compared with societies at a much lower economic level. \u201d were people happier under communism? that ' s a difficult question to answer because only one survey of happiness was conducted in the soviet union. but the data from this survey suggests so. the tambov region of russia, the only part surveyed in the soviet era, recorded 64 % happiness in 1981 and only 47 % in 1995. ( the answers to the \u201c satisfaction \u201d question are even starker, down from 76 % to 25 % in the same period. ) the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45411248948044564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.300108"} {"text": "the only part surveyed in the soviet era, recorded 64 % happiness in 1981 and only 47 % in 1995. ( the answers to the \u201c satisfaction \u201d question are even starker, down from 76 % to 25 % in the same period. ) the only other country surveyed while under a communist regime was hungary, 78 % happy in 1981, dipping to 68 % as communism ended in 1990 and back up to 78 % by 1998. ( \u201c satisfaction \u201d, though, continued to decline : from 71 % to 56 % to 52 % ). while inhabitants of both hungary and tambov were significantly unhappier in 1981 than those of other states with similar income levels, the ending of communism made them even less happy. it seems reasonable to think the same historical pattern of happiness will be true for moldova. so what is it about life after communism that causes such misery? the increase in poverty is an obvious reason : according to the united nations development program, the incidence of poverty in moldova increased from 2. 1 % to 40. 6 % between 1991 and 1993. but there are other reasons. unemployment and lack of job security are strongly correlated with unhappiness, and both increased markedly with the end of communism. health is another strong contributor to happiness. ( although, interestingly, \u201c self - reported \u201d health \u2013 how healthy you think you are \u2013 is much more closely related to happiness than \u201c objective \u201d health, or how healthy a doctor thinks you are. having a positive outlook on your health seems to be the biggest factor ). the ending of communism took a toll on moldovans ' health. again according to the undp, the general mortality rate increased from 9. 7 persons per 1000 in 1990 to 12. 2 in 1995, and the infant mortality rate from 19. 0 in 1990 to 22. 6 four years later. in 1994, 26, 300 people were treated at moldovan medical institutions, down from 69, 500 in 1980, presumably because the escalating costs of medical treatment led to more illnesses going untreated rather than because there were fewer illnesses needing treatment. as noted in a strategy paper issued by the british government, inequality also makes people unhappy \u2013 in europe, at least ; americans say they don ' t mind it so much. assuming moldovans share the european cultural preference for more equal societies, the rapid increases in inequality that accompanied the transition from communism must have increased levels of unhappiness. the same paper notes that the quality of a country ' s governance also affects happiness ; in particular, there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4476807056857839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.301075"} {"text": "cultural preference for more equal societies, the rapid increases in inequality that accompanied the transition from communism must have increased levels of unhappiness. the same paper notes that the quality of a country ' s governance also affects happiness ; in particular, there is evidence that the more democracy and political freedoms people enjoy, the happier they are. in theory, the increase in political freedom and democracy after communism should have made moldovans happier, but in practice it is arguable that the overall quality of governance may not have improved or may even have deteriorated. corruption of public officials is also strongly correlated with unhappiness. and there are exceptions to the freedom rule : china, although a highly authoritarian society, has relatively high levels of subjective well - being. finally, there is a strong relationship between how happy people are and how much control they feel they have over their lives. as inglehart, klingemann and chris welzel point out : \u201c in each of 148 national representative surveys, conducted in diverse societies ranging from uganda to china, iran, brazil, sweden and poland, there is a strong correlation between people ' s perception of how much choice they have in shaping their lives, and their level of life satisfaction. \u201d the lack of choice under communism may well explain why communist societies were more unhappy than others with similar incomes, but the uncertainties that accompanied the transition from communism may actually have led people to feel even less in control of their destinies. at an individual level, there are other factors to be considered. marriage has a big effect on an individual ' s happiness \u2013 equivalent to an increase of over $ 100, 000 in annual income, according to one estimate. religious people are slightly happier, as are those who exercise or play sport. but differences in marital status, income, job satisfaction, health and so on explain surprisingly little of the variations in people ' s levels of subjective well - being. a large amount of our propensity to be happy seems to be beyond our personal control, coded in our genetic inheritance. a study of over 3, 000 twins ( lykken and tellegen, 1996 ) showed that identical twins report similar levels of happiness regardless of their life experiences, whereas non - identical twins \u2013 who shared a womb, but have different genes \u2013 do not. these studies suggest that around 45 - 50 % of happiness is genetic. how happy your identical twin is, or even how happy your identical twin was ten years ago, is a much better predictor of your happiness than your income, education or social", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49557025862934156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.302738"} {"text": "picture of red tide taken from the noaa research vessel ron brown click on image for full size courtesy of noaa robots watch out for poisonous plankton! news story originally written on january 30, 2003 tiny plankton that live in the sea may look harmless but certain types are able to kill fish, poison seafood and even choke swimmers. now robots have been developed to search the seas for the dangerous plankton! plankton spend most of their life floating in ocean water. they cannot swim like fish, but instead float wherever the currents take them. the harmful types of plankton are single - celled, microscopic creatures called algae that photosynthesize like plants. most types of algae are very important for life in the sea because they are food for animals like clams, fish and whales. however, a few types of algae have poisons within them that are harmful to other creatures. when the dangerous types of algae grow so fast that they darken the ocean water with a reddish cloud called a red tide, they are dangerous to animals that eat them. when people eat seafood that ate the poisonous algae, they get sick too. special underwater robots have been released into the gulf of mexico to look for dangerous algae. the robots are called autonomous underwater vehicles, or auvs. they look like small airplanes that glide underwater. they carry sensors to detect algae and record salinity and temperature of the water so that scientists can study when the red tides form. researchers hope that with the information from their robots and satellite images, they will be able to warn people living near the coast if a giant cloud of algae is in the ocean near them. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, classroom activities in the earth scientist specimens, and educational games you might also be interested in : about 70 % of the earth is covered with water. over 97 % of that water is found in the oceans. everyone who has taken in a mouthful of ocean water while swimming knows that the ocean is really salty! dissolved... more it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately,... more the space shuttle discovery lifted off from kennedy space center on october 29th at 2 : 19 p. m. est. the weather was great as discovery took 8 1 / 2 minutes to reach orbit. this was the united states ' 123rd... more a moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5097844729717524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.307511"} {"text": "the image above reproduces \" the coyolxauhqui stone, \" a giant monolith found at the great temple of tenochtitlan. click on image for full size image courtesy of the museo del templo mayor, mexico. coyolxauhqui was the moon goddess according the aztec mythology. her name means \" golden bells. \" she was the daughter of the earth goddess, coatlicue and the sister of the sun god, huitzilopochtli. coyolxauhqui encouraged her four hundred sisters and brothers to kill their dishonored mother. coatlicue gave birth to huitzilopochtli after a ball of feathers fell into the temple where she was sweeping and touched her. huitzilopochtli sprang out of his mother as an adult fully armed and saver her. coatlicue regretted such violence. thus, huitzilopochtli cut off coyolxauhqui ' s head and threw it into the sky to form the moon. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist, full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science, ranging from seismology, rocks and minerals, and earth system science you might also be interested in : ahsonnutli was the sky father and chief god for the navajo. he created heaven, earth, and the sky. each of the four directions, or cardinal points, are supported by a giant. each direction is symbolized... more amphitrite was one of the sea - nymphs called the nereids. one day the sea god poseidon saw her dancing and fell desperately in love with her. he promptly asked her to marry him but unfortunately she refused.... more aphrodite was the greek goddess of love and beauty. she was known to the romans as venus. to the perfection of her figure and the purity of her features she added an innocent grace. on her sweet face she... more in greek mythology, apollo was the son of jupiter ( in greek zeus ) and leto ( letona ). he was the god of the sun, logic, and reason, and was also a fine musician and healer. leto travelled all over greece... more according to an ancient greek legend, the figure of a gigantic crab was placed in the nighttime sky by the goddess hera to form the constellation cancer. hera swore to kill heracles, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47196354242972943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.311210"} {"text": "the basic forces in nature contemporary physics education project the interactions in the universe are governed by four forces ( strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational ). physicists are trying to find one theory that would describe all the forces in nature as a single law. so far they have succeeded in producing a single theory that describes the weak and electromagnetic forces ( called electroweak force ). the strong and gravitational forces are not yet described by this theory. table courtesy of university of guelph, guelph, ontario ( cananda ) shop windows to the universe science store! cool it! is the new card game from the union of concerned scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change \u2014 and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : the neutrino is an extremely light particle. it has no electric charge. the neutrino interacts through the weak force. for this reason and because it is electrically neutral, neutrino interactions with... more some ideas are used throughout the sciences. they are \" tools \" that can help us solve puzzles in different fields of science. these \" tools \" include units of measurement, mathematical formulas, and graphs.... more mechanics is the term used to refer to one of the main branches of the science of physics. mechanics deals with the motion of and the forces that act upon physical objects. we need precise terminology... more the interactions in the universe are governed by four forces ( strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational ). physicists are trying to find one theory that would describe all the forces in nature as... more when the temperature in the core of a star reaches 100 million degrees kelvin fusion of helium into carbon occurs. oxygen is also formed from fusion of carbon and helium together when the temperature is... more a plot of the binding energy per nucleon vs. atomic mass shows a peak atomic number 56 ( iron ). elements with atomic mass less then 56 release energy if formed as a result of a fusion reaction. above this... more there are several experiments where nuclear fusion reactions have been achieved in a controlled manner ( that means no bombs are involved!! ). the two main approaches that are being explored are magnetic... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6864915697987488, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.315148"} {"text": "bad news, guys. the chances of making it to 100 are much greater if you ' re a woman. the 2010 census found 80 % of the 53, 364 people age 100 and older are women, according to a report out today. for every 100 centenarians, only 20. 7 % were men. the overall number of centenarians has increased 5. 8 % since 2000. what helps the women? the largest study of centenarians in this country, the new england centenarian study, suggests that women handle age - related diseases better than men. but among men who do survive to 100, they seem better able to function than the women. the census report finds the men were more likely to be living with others in a household ( 43. 5 % ) while women are more likely to be living in a nursing home ( 35. 2 % ). the census report also finds : the report also shows that centenarians were less diverse than the rest of the population. nearly 83 % of centenarians are white, compared to about 72 % in the total population. nearly 6 % ( 5. 8 % ) are hispanic compared to the 16. 3 % of hispanics who make up the total population. most centenarians lived in the south ( 17, 444 ), followed by the midwest ( 13, 112 ), northeast ( 12, 244 ) and west ( 10, 564 ). california has the highest number ( 5, 921 ), followed by florida, new york and texas. copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : living to 100 : 80 % are women, report shows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40818270830523673, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.318226"} {"text": "first we have the monarch butterflies. these incredible creatures spend their summer days in the northern parts and then migrate ( leaving for another place ) to the south for the winter. they travel thousands of miles - some almost 2900 km from canada to mexico. just looking at a map, you can see how far canada is from mexico, but these little butterflies fly all the way to protect themselves from the cold winters. traveling so much certainly does tire them out, which is why some of them cannot make a return trip. these butterflies have never been to these foreign places, but they still make the trip successfully. how do they do it? a map showing the monarch butterfly migration. they travel from canada to mexico. then there are the green sea turtles ( or the scientific term is chelonia mydas ) who swim for months and months in the east direction to migrate from a sea in brazil in south america to an island called ascension island, which is about 3200 km away. apparently these turtles were hatched on this island, and after they grow up in south america, they return to their birthplace, the ascension island, to hatch their own eggs. another example is that of some crabs that are willing to walk about 240 km from deep water to shallow water, just to lay their eggs. these creatures have some kind of inborn compass or instinct that tells them where to go and at what is the right time for migration. no one has taught them this, most of them have never been to the new place, but they still manage to migrate safely. scientists till today, cannot give good, complete explanations for these migrations. it probably is just one of nature ' s powers and mysteries.....", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47308071839286864, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.320128"} {"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email during the early part of the 20th century, instrument makers created the electric double bass, a stringed instrument that has a built - in sound amplifier with electronic controls. musicians also call this instrument the electric upright bass to avoid confusing it with the bass guitar. double bass is the musical octave played by this instrument, which is one octave below the cello, or single bass. resembling a giant violin, the original double bass is an acoustic stringed instrument. as early as the 1950s, different designs for the electric double bass appeared on the market. two main styles have survived in to the 21st century. one design is a smaller version of the classic acoustic double bass. it keeps the basic shape of the original acoustic double bass, but it usually is no larger than 75 percent of the normal size of the acoustic instrument. the second design, known as a stick bass, retains only the post that hold the instrument \u2019 s strings and electronics. in addition to the increased sound volume the amplifier provides, both of these designs offer musicians advantages over the traditional instrument. the electric versions have less weight and bulk, making them easier to transport. they also give musicians the option of positioning the instrument on a stand during practice and performances, which can reduce the physical stress experienced by bass players, who normally keep the instrument upright by leaning their bodies forward. an electric double bass has four or five strings. they commonly are made of lightweight steel. before play, each of these strings must be tightened properly using screws at the top of the handle to reduce any slack that would distort the instrument \u2019 s sound. one plays this instrument with a bow or a pick. the tonal range, or voice, for the double bass and the electric double bass is the lowest of all stringed instruments. musicians who play the electric double bass find all of their music on the bass clef of a music score. the actual notes bassists play are one octave below the lowest note on the bass clef. in classical compositions, the musical part for an electric double bass is similar to that of the percussion instruments, such as drums. accomplished bassists who play the amplified instrument are able to take advantage of its enhanced capabilities and contribute lower - range notes to a composition ' s harmony. in jazz performances, an electric double bass often plays solos that accentuate the composition \u2019 s melody.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5237309561136674, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.323809"} {"text": "definition of wrath. meaning of wrath. synonyms of wrath here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word wrath. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word wrath and, of course, wrath synonyms and on the right images related to the word wrath. definition of wrath wrathwrath wrath (? ; 277 ), n. [ oe. wrathe, wra [ thorn ] [ thorn ] e, wrethe, wr [ ae ] [ eth ] [ eth ] e, as. wr [ = ae ] [ eth ] [ eth ] o, fr. wr [ = a ] [ eth ] wroth ; akin to icel. rei [ eth ] i wrath. see 1. violent anger ; vehement exasperation ; indignation ; rage ; wrath is a fire, and jealousy a weed. - - spenser. when the wrath of king ahasuerus was appeased. now smoking and frothing its tumult and wrath in. 2. the effects of anger or indignation ; the just punishment of an offense or a crime. ` ` a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. ' - - rom. xiii. 4. syn : anger ; fury ; rage ; ire ; vengeance ; indignation ; resentment ; passion. see anger. wrathwrath wrath, a. see wroth. [ obs. ] wrath wrath, v. t. to anger ; to enrage ; - - also used impersonally. [ obs. ] ` ` i will not wrathen him. ' - - chaucer. if him wratheth, be ywar and his way shun. - - piers meaning of wrath from wikipedia - in islam, god ' s mercy outweighs or takes precedence of it the characteristics upon whom god ' s wrath will fall is as is the sixth studio album by american groove metal band lamb of god. it was released 23, 2009. it achieved number - the wrath is the name of two fictional comic by dc comics. the original wrath debuted in batman special - the currently recognized version of the sins are usually given, lust, envy, and gluttony - he exclusively attacks wrath during the movie, the battle leading to alphonse elric sacrificing the two upon wrath ' s demand, in order - in 1997, clark rejoined wcw as wrath, a helmeted martial artist,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4744347075576112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.326260"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - cardozo, benjamin nathan 1870 - 1938. american jurist and writer who served as an associate justice of the u. s. supreme court ( 1932 - 1938 ). \u201c in late 2008, peter markowitz, professor of law at the benjamin cardozo school of law at yeshiva university in new york, explained : \u201d \u201c benjamin cardozo, appointed by president herbert hoover in 1932, was the first. \u201d \u201c that honor goes to benjamin cardozo, a descendant of portuguese jews who immigrated to america. \u201d \u201c justice benjamin cardozo was on the sc for 6 years. \u201d \u201c i suggest you look up the word \" hispanic \" before you blast democrats and jews - jusice benjamin cardozo was sephardi jew and portugese - he was not hispanic in contemp. terms - as portugese is not considered hispanic... \u201d \u201c karl rove said that judge sotomayor would not be the first hispanic justice on the court ; he says that honor fell to benjamin cardozo, whom mr. rove claims to have been \" sephardic. \u201d \u201c claudia francis, benjamin cardozo ( oakland gardens, n. y. ), 2 : 05. 47 ; \u201d \u201c benjamin cardozo ( oakland gardens, n. y. ), 3 : 39. 96 ; \u201d \u201c benjamin cardozo, appointed by herbert hoover in 1938, was the first hispanic supreme court justice. \u201d \u201c one legal scholar has lamented that the correspondence of benjamin cardozo, a profoundly private man, was handled by the judge ' s executor \" the way warwick handled jeanne d ' arc. \u201d looking for tweets for cardozo.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42625870249908926, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.327793"} {"text": "- latin defensare, defensatum, to defend diligently, intensive of defendere. see defend. ( wiktionary ) \u201c i would rather forgive pride in a poor body, than in a rich : for in the rich it is insult and arrogance, proceeding from their high condition ; but in the poor it may be a defensative against dishonesty, and may shew a natural bravery of mind, perhaps, if properly directed, and manifested on right occasions, that the frowns of fortune cannot depress. \u201d \u201c a short defensative about church government, toleration, and petitions about these things. \u201d \u201c christian magistrates, - - is so suited to our present frame and temper, but so unworthy of them, that i should wrong them by a defensative. \u201d \u201c charged they were that they worshipped an ass ' s head ; which impious folly - - first fastened on the jews by tacitus, hist., lib. v. cap. 1, in these words, \" effigiem animalis, quo monstrante errorem sitimque depulerant, penetrali sacravere \" ( having before set out a feigned direction received by a company of asses ), which he had borrowed from apion, a railing egyptian of alexandria - - was so ingrafted in their minds that no defensative could be allowed. \u201d \u201c so whereas one of them says, \" fundus animae meae tangit fundum essentiae dei, \" it had certainly been better for him to have kept his apprehensions or fancy to himself, than to express himself in words which in their own proper sense are blasphemous, and whose best defensative is that they are unintelligible. \u201d \u201c it is not, then, a sure and infallible defensative. \u201d \u201c i say, i would suppose that this might divert our doctor from casting his eye upon vedelius, whose defensative would have informed him that these epistles had been opposed as false and counterfeit before ever salmasius or \u201d \u201c the dedication of books to the names of men worthy and of esteem in their generation takes sanctuary in so catholic and ancient prescription, that to use any defensative about my walking in the same path cannot but forfeit the loss of somewhat more than the pains that would he spent therein. \u201d \u201c and, indeed, the foisted passages in many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46457176270637474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.331829"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. the act or state of expecting ; expectation : tense with expectancy, i waited for my name to be called. - n. the state of being expected. - n. something expected. - n. an expected amount calculated on the basis of actuarial data : a life expectancy of 70 years. - n. expectation or anticipation ; the state of expecting something - n. the state of being expected - n. something expected or awaited - n. an expectation - n. something expected ( as on the basis of a norm ) \u201c university of michigan at ann arbor, who has studied health inequalities and reproductive patterns, points out that healthy life expectancy is short for african americans and women depend on extended family networks for support. \u201d \u201c there ' s too much of \u2026 what i call an expectancy culture of things being provided. \u201d \u201c because of that, there ' s what we call the expectancy effect. \u201d \u201c life expectancy is only longer because fewer babies die ; people who reach 65 live about the same number of years as they used to. \u201d \u201c the increase in life expectancy is very small by comparison. \u201d \u201c if he ' s extremely obese and a smoker, his life expectancy is 60, a difference of 21 years. \u201d \u201c at the extremes, the gap in life expectancy is wide : there is a nearly 18 - year difference in life expectancy between black men and asian / pacific islander women ( 69. 4 vs. 86. 9 years ). \u201d \u201c doing screening tests on patients whose life expectancy is extremely limited because of cancer is just not a cost - effective thing to do, \" said dr. allen lichter, ceo of the american society of clinical oncology, who wasn ' t involved in the research. \u201d \u201c calculating life expectancy is a tough task that requires analyzing extensive information about how people died and how old they were, as well as statistical modeling to predict how long people born today will live if current trends continue. \u201d \u201c hispanics, life expectancy is nearly two years lower in puerto rico, more than two years lower in cuba, and more than four years lower in mexico, according to world health organization figures. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 expectancy \u2019. all words that could come in handy in stories. favorites from crim, civpro, and contracts - a little entertainment to make finals a little more bearable looking for twee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5691220279752408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.334604"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. the fruit of any of various related plants, such as the cantaloupe, watermelon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin, and melon, having a hard or leathery rind, fleshy pulp, and numerous flattened seeds. - from latin pepo, from ancient greek \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd ( pepon, \" large melon \" ), from \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd ( pepon, \" ripe \" ), from \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9 ( pepto, \" ripen \" ). compare pumpkin. ( wiktionary ) - latin pepo, a kind of melon, from greek pepon, ripe ; see pekw - in indo - european roots. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c all members of the family bear a fruit called a pepo, which is the edible portion that we call the squash, melon, pumpkin or cucumber. \u201d \u201c most cucur - bits produce a particular form of berry called a pepo, with a protective rind and a mass of storage tissue containing many seeds. \u201d \u201c they \u201c believe in a benevolent deity or supernatural power which they identify with the forest \u201d ; it is \u201c regarded as the source of pepo life force and of their whole existence. \u201d \u201d \u201c while most are either maxima, moschata or pepo, the cushaw is a strain of mixta. \u201d \u201c = cucurbita pepo = pumpkin ( used for halloween pumpkins ) \u201d \u201c swahili - punga pepo, - toa pepo, - lema pepo ; zaramo kuhunga madogoli. back \u201d \u201c = cucurbita pepo = pumpkin used for halloween pumpkins \u201d \u201c the curcurbitaceae are divided into four subspecies, one of which, the mexican native curcurbita pepo, includes pumpkins, ornamental squash, acorn squash and summer squash, also known as vegetable marrow. \u201d \u201c pumpkin seeds pumpkin seeds come from the fruits of the new world native cucurbita pepo, are notable for being deep green with chlorophyll, and for containing no starch, as much as 50 % oil, and 35 % protein. \u201d \u201c one of the simplest treatments to help maintain prostate health is to eat a few tablespoons of pumpkin seeds cucurbita pepo each day. \u201d these user -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47751857356936733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.337472"} {"text": "anaphylaxis is an acute, life - threatening hypersensitivity reaction, involving the whole body, which is usually brought on by something eaten or injected. the term anaphylaxis is often used only for a severe allergic reaction affecting the whole body. a second term, non - allergic anaphylaxis, may be used to describe identical reactions that are not caused by allergy, but involve other mechanisms in the body. the clinical diagnosis and management are identical, whatever the cause of the anaphylaxis. anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that develops rapidly and can be fatal. a few or all of the following symptoms, often developing in this order, may be experienced : - itching of the lips, tongue and palate, swelling of the lips, tongue and throat - swelling of the eyelids, itchy, watery eyes - generalized itching, flushing, swelling of the skin, and hives ( urticaria ) - increased heart rate - abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea - difficulty in breathing due to throat swelling, wheezing and asthma - a sense of impending doom - collapse, loss of consciousness, weakness and faintness caused by a drop in blood pressure. severe initial symptoms can develop within minutes following an encounter with an allergen, and usually reach peak severity within 3 - 30 minutes. sometimes there can be a second phase reaction, 1 \u2013 8 hours after the initial anaphylaxis. 1. anaphylaxis caused by an allergen after a first encounter with an allergen, for example a bee sting, the allergic person can develop a particular type of antibody known as immunoglobulin e ( ige ). this antibody is unique in that it attaches to cells in the body called mast cells and cells in the bloodstream known as basophils. the next time the individual is stung by a bee, the allergy antibodies attached to the cells react to the bee venom. this binding of the antibodies to cells and basophils with the bee venom allergen causes the release of chemicals, including histamine, into the bloodstream. the systemic allergic reaction that follows is called anaphylaxis. the whole body is involved. the reactions can be mild, and only involve the skin ( hives or welts, redness of the skin and generalized itching ), to severe ( severe shortness of breath and / or unconsciousness with loss of blood pressure )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5188919192342495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.350093"} {"text": "involved. the reactions can be mild, and only involve the skin ( hives or welts, redness of the skin and generalized itching ), to severe ( severe shortness of breath and / or unconsciousness with loss of blood pressure ). in theory, any food protein is capable of causing anaphylaxis. foods most frequently responsible for anaphylaxis are : - peanut ( a legume ) - tree nuts ( walnut, hazel nut / filbert, cashew, pistachio nut, brazil nut, pine nut, almond ) - shellfish ( shrimp, crab, lobster, oyster, scallops ) - milk ( cow, goat ) - hen \u2019 s eggs - seeds ( cotton seed, sesame, psyllium, mustard ) - fruits, vegetables. rarely, food sensitivity can be so severe that anaphylaxis can occur after allergen inhalation, such as the odor of cooked fish or the opening of a package of peanuts. a severe allergy to pollen, for example, ragweed, grass or tree pollen, can indicate that an individual may be susceptible to anaphylaxis or to the oral allergy syndrome ( severe itching in the mouth and throat, with or without facial swelling ) caused by eating certain plant - derived foods. this is due to the close relationship between proteins found in both the pollens and the foods. specific examples of these types of associations are : - birch pollen : apples, raw potatoes, carrots, celery and hazelnuts - mugwort pollen : celery, apple, peanut and kiwifruit - ragweed pollen : melons ( watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew, etc ) and bananas - latex : bananas, avocado, kiwifruit, chestnut and papaya food - associated, exercise - induced anaphylaxis may occur when individuals exercise within 2 - 4 hours after ingesting a food they are allergic to. the combination of the exercise and the food can cause anaphylaxis, but the individual is able to exercise without symptoms or ingest the food without symptoms. antibiotics and other drugs penicillin, cephalosporin and muscle relaxants used in anesthesia penicillin is the most common cause of anaphylaxis, for whatever reason, not just drug - induced cases. serious reactions to penicillin occur more frequently if the drug is injected or given intravenously, rather than taken by mouth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4686559842192249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.351081"} {"text": "drinks to prevent deterioration and are also used as preservatives in a variety of medications. sulfites are converted to gas in the stomach and are then inhaled. rarely, they can cause asthma and anaphylaxis in susceptible people. whole blood, serum, plasma, serum products, immunoglobulins anaphylactic reactions can occur after the administration of whole blood or its products. a mismatched blood transfusion can cause anaphylaxis. individuals who have a serum protein deficiency may become sensitized to the missing proteins when they are provided in blood products. radiocontrast media, low - molecular weight chemicals used in < edical procedures and narcotic drugs when injected into the body, these chemicals can cause the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals from cells in the body and blood stream, resulting in anaphylaxis. women may rarely suffer anaphylaxis attacks as a result of hypersensitivity caused by the progesterone secreted during the menstrual cycle. where recurrent symptoms of flushing, increased heart - rate, skin rashes, skin swelling, and difficulty breathing occur, but no recognized cause can be found, these cases are sometimes referred to as idiopathic ( unknown cause ) anaphylaxis. emergency medical assistance should be sought at the first sign of anaphylaxis. the sooner the attack is treated, the less severe it will be. if the patient carries an epinephrine injection kit, this should be administered into a muscle immediately while the ambulance is awaited. if there is no improvement after several minutes, a second injection should be given. even if the attack responds to the epinephrine injection, the patient should be transferred to the hospital for further observation, because of the risk that a second phase anaphylaxis attack may develop. treatment in the hospital may involve the use of glucocorticosteroid and antihistamine drugs in addition to adrenalin. prevention of anaphylaxis an individual who has suffered anaphylaxis should seek immediate medical help in identifying the cause of the reaction. the patient \u2019 s family doctor should be informed as soon as possible about the attack. the doctor should be asked to provide a prescription for at least two epinephrine ( adrenalin ) auto - injector syringes and to train the patient and his / her family how to use them. patients should carry a sy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47178845248452694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.354289"} {"text": "doctor should be asked to provide a prescription for at least two epinephrine ( adrenalin ) auto - injector syringes and to train the patient and his / her family how to use them. patients should carry a syringe at all times and have a spare at home. as soon as a syringe is used it must be replaced immediately. it is important to ensure that each epinephrine syringe is within its \" use - by \" date ; the effectiveness of the injection rapidly decreases after this date. a referral to an allergy specialist for appropriate blood tests should be arranged, to help identify the allergy antibodies present in the blood, and to determine the allergen likely to have caused anaphylaxis. an allergist will be able to explain how to recognize the symptoms that occur at the onset of anaphylaxis. patients judged by a doctor to be at risk, and those who have experienced an anaphylaxis episode, should consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklet detailing known allergies. at home, work and school, others should be alerted to the patient \u2019 s problem, and what to do in an emergency. advice for avoiding food allergens - ask your doctor for a referral to a dietician who can advise you about food labeling ; there are many hidden ingredients in processed food. for example, peanuts in ice cream and cow \u2019 s milk protein in fast food \u2013 \" emulgator \" is often the cow \u2019 s milk protein casein - read food labels carefully - when eating at a restaurant or hotel, advise the chef and waiter of your allergy - if you are traveling abroad, obtain a translation card in the language of the country you are visiting, explaining what you are allergic to, and what should be done in the event of an emergency ( translation cards can be obtained from the british allergy foundation ) - contact your local allergy organization for support and advice about coping with anaphylaxis - make sure that school teachers and school meal supervisors are informed about a child \u2019 s food allergies. advice for preventing insect stings - avoid potential contact with stinging insects : stay clear of areas where stinging insects build or have nests, and be careful when picking ripe fruit or when such fruit is on the ground under a fruit tree - keep food covered at all times, particularly outdoors. keep barbecues and waste disposal areas clean - don \u2019 t wear perfume, bright colors, and bold or flower", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4316994942323966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.356085"} {"text": "careful when picking ripe fruit or when such fruit is on the ground under a fruit tree - keep food covered at all times, particularly outdoors. keep barbecues and waste disposal areas clean - don \u2019 t wear perfume, bright colors, and bold or flower - print clothing - keep an insecticide spray in the car - wear closed - toe shoes outdoors and don \u2019 t go barefoot - don \u2019 t wear loose - fitting garments that can trap insects. allergen immunotherapy ( hyposensitization / desensitization injections ) are very effective in preventing further reactions to insect stings. as the allergist administers doses of venom in increasingly higher concentrations over time, the patient \u2019 s immune system becomes resistant to the effects of the venom. advice for preventing drug reactions - ensure that your doctor and dentist are informed immediately if a reaction occurs to a drug which has been prescribed - any new physician who is consulted should be notified of drug reactions - check the content of cold and flu treatments to make sure they do not contain a drug to which you react. advice for avoiding latex reactions - avoid contact with natural latex products - inform physicians and other health care professionals, family, employers and school personnel about the allergy - use synthetic products instead of natural latex products - health care professionals should avoid the use of powdered latex gloves to prevent inhalation of latex proteins attached to the powder - some foods contain the same allergenic proteins as latex and may need to be avoided. these are avocados, bananas, kiwi fruit and european chestnuts, as well as others other conditions which have similar symptoms to anaphylaxis - anxiety attacks - severe asthma - swallowing or inhaling a foreign body - blood clots in the lungs ( pulmonary embolism ) - inflammation of the tissues at the top of the throat - heart attack - hormone - producing tumor in the small intestine ( carcinoid syndrome ) - hereditary angioedema - increased output of hormones from the adrenal gland ( pheochromocytoma ) - low blood sugar - overdoses of medications - hives brought on by exposure to cold temperature ( cold urticaria ) - hives brought on by emotion, temperature, etc ( cholinergic urticaria ) - sulfite or monosodium glutamate ingestion if anaphylaxis occurs during a medical procedure it is important to consider a possible reaction to latex or anesthetic drugs. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4234181132393272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.358744"} {"text": "suggest incidences of anaphylaxis caused by hymenoptera venom ranging from 0. 4 % to 4 % of the population. food - associated, exercise - induced anaphylaxis this is more common in females, and over 60 % of cases occur in individuals less than 30 years of age. anaphylaxis is a severe hypersensitivity reaction that can be fatal. it is essential to identify the cause of anaphylaxis in order to prevent further occurrence. individuals with a history of anaphylaxis should carry an epinephrine injector kit with them at all times. if, while eating a particular food or after being stung by an insect, you start to notice symptoms that you suspect could develop into anaphylaxis, do not delay in seeking treatment ; tell someone what is happening immediately, and get to the hospital as soon as possible. if an epinephrine injection is available, use it immediately. allergy awareness association new zealand allergy society of south africa ( allsa ) www. allergysa. org. go to online literature, then to anaphylaxis. american academy of allergy, asthma and immunology ( aaaai ) www. aaaai. org / public / publicedmat / tips / spanishtips / que _ es _ la _ anafilaxis. stm ( in spanish ) anaphylaxis campaign ( uk ) : www. anaphylaxis. org. uk australasian society of clinical immunology and allergy ( ascia ) british allergy foundation www. allergyfoundation. com. click on translation cards. food allergy network ( usa ) food anaphylactic children training support ( australia ) mayo clinic ( usa )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43068516066761875, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.361316"} {"text": "importing files in other formats benefits of importing files in other formats into microsoft word 2010 : - if the object is too complicated to be created directly in word, such as an equation for example, it can still be included in the document, even though it was created in a different program. - rather than referring a reader to an external source, file, or object, you can embed all or parts of that file directly into your document. embedding images in your document - put your cursor at the desired location in your document where you would like to insert an image. - from the insert tab, select picture. - an insert picture window opens. browse for the image on your pc. - when you have finished browsing, select ok. the image should now appear at the desired location in your document. embedding other files formats into your document the instructions below are for non - media content - type files only. if you have media that you would like to embed into your document, such as a sound or video clip, contact firstname. lastname @ example. org for assistance in streaming these files via the atcis media server. - put your cursor at the desired location in your document where you would like to insert an object. - from the insert tab, select object. - select the create from file tab and browse for your file on your local pc. - select the link to file checkbox so that the file contents appear directly in your file. - when you have finished, select ok. the file contents appears at the desired location in your document. examples of supported file formats - picture files including jpeg, gif & bmp - microsoft excel spreadsheets - microsoft powerpoint slides - adobe pdf documents why canit i insert a sound or video clip into my document? typically, sound and video file sizes are too large for microsoft word to embed directly in the file. instead, shortcuts are embedded, linking to the original file on the authoris pc. if you attempt to upload your document to mywpi, it will upload without the linked files and readers will not be able to play the sound or video clip. the atc can assist you with embedding multimedia that is stored on a streaming media server. instead of shortcuts to a directory, the shortcut will be to a web link, which any user can play with an internet connection. maintained by email @ example. com last modified : jun 24, 2011, 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4536685457723033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.376218"} {"text": "this week on kentucky \u2019 s backroads we travel to a place where an autumn tradition intersects with the civil war. a 135 acre farm in northern garrard county has an eleven acre corn maze featuring three and a half miles of paths. what makes matt howland \u2019 s maze unique is its focus on the civil war. the maze is laid out in the shape of 13 southeastern u - s states with paths to key battles in the war between the states. \u201c we ' re trying to match the fun with getting a little bit of education out of it, \u201d said howland. \" as you ' re going through you \u2019 re actually going to travel from state to state along the same pathways the troops would have traveled. \" the maze matches a fifth grade curriculum which focuses on kentucky \u2019 s role in the war and the underground railroad. but, the day we visited the maze, it was little kids who were romping in the maze. \" those kids just want to see how fast they can run from one side to the other and they ' re having a good time and you know when they ' re ready to learn they ' ll come back. \" to find out more about howland \u2019 s farm, which also includes a bed and breakfast and an equestrian center, you can click on this link.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4429092342986065, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.391032"} {"text": "the \" skinny kid with a funny name \" - - as president barack obama referred to himself in his 2004 democratic national convention keynote address - - made history in 2008 by becoming the first black man to be elected president of the united states. breaking racial barriers is nothing new for him, however. obama has been trying to find his place in society as an african - american starting in elementary school and continuing through his college years. obama ' s diverse background and strong foundation of american principles matches the melting pot appearance of the country he hopes to lead. barack obama - - barack means \" blessed \" in the central african language of luo - - was born aug. 4, 1961, in honolulu, hawaii, to ann dunham and barack obama sr. obama ' s father was born in the nyanza province, kenya, and grew up herding goats with his own father. in 1959, at the age of 23, barack obama sr. won a scholarship that allowed him to leave kenya and study economics at the university of hawaii. it was there that he met ann dunham. dunham grew up in wichita, kan., where her father worked on oil rigs during the depression and marched across europe in patton ' s army. her mother worked on a bomber assembly line during world war ii. after the war, the family moved to hawaii. obama ' s parents met at the university of hawaii. they were both students when they married and obama was born in 1961. in 1963, when obama was 2, the couple separated when his father moved from hawaii to boston with a scholarship to finish his ph. d at harvard. barack sr. returned to kenya after his schooling with the goal of bettering his poverty - stricken country. besides visiting his son once, barack sr. remained in kenya until his death in a car accident in 1982. later, dunham was remarried to lolo soetoro, a university of hawaii student from indonesia. in 1967, the whole family moved to jakarta, indonesia. here, obama ' s half - sister maya soetoro - ng was born in 1970. while living in indonesia, obama found an american magazine article that showed blacks using skin - bleaching agents to make themselves lighter. obama told a & e, \" i first realized that i was an african - american ( at that moment ), but also there were all sorts of implications to race and there were power relationships in race.... i remember feeling shocked by that. \" this event would trigger obama ' s journey to find his identity in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4306617782156526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.403121"} {"text": "with the world undergoing a rapid technological revolution, cultures, political systems and ethical standards are changing just as quickly. with such an upheaval in how we live and relate to each other, there has never been a greater need for solid leaders in our society. institutions of higher learning have responded by offering training and degree programs in leadership. leadership school is designed to help you lead a team in transforming an organization, taking it to a higher level. in short, leadership school trains you to craft a vision, communicate your vision to others, and execute your vision in a way that makes your organization better positioned to thrive economically be seen as industry leaders. leadership school success factors successful professionals in leadership typically display superior communication skills, are excellent working with a variety of personality types, are able to inspire people to perform at their highest level, can craft a clear vision for accomplishment, have the patience and persistence to see projects through to completion, and are always eager to learn new information and be adaptable to changing circumstances. leadership school specializations leadership schools offer specializations in many areas of leadership to match your career aspirations. leadership school specializations include organizational leadership, organizational management, human resources, and project management, among many others. leadership school curriculum a leadership school curriculum is designed to prepare you for the many challenges of a career in leadership. a curriculum in leadership includes complex issues in leadership and the social dynamics of organizations. courses focus on problem - solving, strategic planning, critical thinking, research methodology, policy formulation, ethics, motivation, creativity, vision, customer service, organizational development, psychology, sociology, theology, organization theory, cultural understanding, and business practices. leadership school degrees possible leadership degrees include bachelor ' s degrees, master ' s degrees, and doctoral or ph. d. programs. leadership certificates are designed to help you enhance your leadership practices within your organization. a bachelor of arts or sciences specializing in leadership helps to cultivate your skills and learn more about the theory of effective leadership in a variety of contexts. a master ' s degree in leadership may qualify you for a leadership role at the management level. an mba in leadership will help you develop skills in critical analysis, research methods, communication, and application of the theories covered. a doctoral degree in leadership will prepare you to lead, consult, or teach in the field of leadership. leadership graduates usually work in a corporation in a role where they can apply their entrepreneurial thinking, strong decision - making skills, and visionary approach to business solutions. leadership graduates also work as an organization development consultant, or od consultant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4830515917019772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.418642"} {"text": "the sacred name : whether to pronounce yahweh \u2019 s name with a \u201c v \u201d or \u201c w \u201d hinges on which letter accurately transliterates the sound of the hebrew letter w or \u201c waw \u201d in the tetragrammaton, yhwh. we must take into consideration the ancient pronunciation of the waw and whether \u201c v \u201d, \u201c w \u201d or \u201c u \u201d as we know them accurately reflect that ancient pronunciation. the following information is derived from a number of sources, including g. b. palatino \u2019 s lettere romane ( 1545 ). \u2018 u \u2019 and \u2018 w \u2019 are variants of \u2018 v \u2019 which was being used for two different sounds in medieval england. \u2018 u \u2019 was introduced to give a soft vowel sound as opposed to the harder consonant sound of \u2018 v \u2019. \u2018 w \u2019 began as a ligature. two \u2018 v \u2019 letterforms were joined into \u2018 vv \u2019 to represent \u2018 double u \u2019 in 12th - century england. those who use the \u201c v \u201d form of yahweh \u2019 s name ( yahveh ) should note that the name is spelled \u201c yahweh \u201d in almost all academic publications, many by people well - studied in the hebrew language, including hebrew speakers. hebrew linguists believe the third letter waw was in ancient times pronounced as \u201c w \u201d ( hence it is named \u201c waw \u201d ). in later hebrew its pronunciation, influenced by european languages, was changed to \u201c v \u201d and the letter was later called \u201c vav, \u201d according to the encyclop\u00e6dia judaica. the judaica shows that the semitic languages nearest israel use the \u201c w \u201d pronunciation as opposed to the \u201c v \u201d pronunciation found in those speakers of hebrew living in or closer to europe. those using the \u201c w \u201d sound include jews of babylonia, yemeni, morocco, samaria, the sephardi ( temple hebrew ) and portuguese. those using the \u201c v \u201d sound of \u201c waw \u201d include hebrew - speaking communities in italy, poland, germany, and lithuania. these europeans picked up the germanic \u201c v \u201d and transferred it to the waw. the change from w to v is very well known, for example, in most of the continental languages like german ( also the descendants of latin ). we know from historical comparisons that direction of change in latin was from w to v. english has remained faithful to an old w sound for over six thousand years, while it changed to v", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4337232110934895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.452552"} {"text": "the continental languages like german ( also the descendants of latin ). we know from historical comparisons that direction of change in latin was from w to v. english has remained faithful to an old w sound for over six thousand years, while it changed to v in late latin almost two thousand years ago ( but had not yet changed in classical latin ). the \u201c w \u201d is formed by putting two \u201c v \u201d letters together, but it is called a double - u because it is made up of two letters originally pronounced as we do the \u201c u. \u201d one needs only to look at old government building architecture with inscriptions bearing a \u201c v \u201d but pronounced like a \u201c u \u201d to see that the \u201c v \u201d was originally a vowel sound like \u201c u \u201d ( e. g. bvilding, jvly ). it was not until the dictionary was published that a decided difference was made between the \u201c v \u201d and the \u201c u. \u201d it is more than coincidence that the u, v, and w occur together in our alphabet ; it shows a common relationship that these letters had in derivation and similar pronunciation. the v is a consonant that some have used for the sound of the hebrew waw in yahweh \u2019 s name ( yahveh ). the problem is, the waw in his name was considered a vowel anciently. in fact, all the letters of the tetragrammaton are called vowels by josephus ( wars of the jews, 5. 5. 556 ) as well as by hebrew grammars. bagster \u2019 s helps to bible study also says these are vowel - letters in the sacred name, \u201c as having been originally used to represent vowels, and they still frequently serve as vowels in combination with the points. \u201d bagsters says the waw represents the letters o or u. another authority says, \u201c the sound of waw a long time ago wasn \u2019 t \u2018 vav \u2019 at all but \u2018 w \u2019 and \u2018 w \u2019 is weak. the yemenite jews of arabia who retain an ancient, correct, and pure pronunciation of hebrew still pronounce the waw as \u2018 w, \u2019 as does arabic, the close sister language of hebrew, \u201d how the hebrew language grew, edward horowitz, pp. 29 - 30. as the online wikipedia notes : \u201c there was no \u2018 u \u2019 ; instead, there was the semi - vowel \u2018 v \u2019. there was no \u2018 w \u2019, although \u2018 v \u2019 was pronounced as the modern english \u2018 w \u2019. \u201d as for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4848941198219232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.454761"} {"text": "as the online wikipedia notes : \u201c there was no \u2018 u \u2019 ; instead, there was the semi - vowel \u2018 v \u2019. there was no \u2018 w \u2019, although \u2018 v \u2019 was pronounced as the modern english \u2018 w \u2019. \u201d as for the \u201c j \u201d in \u201c jehovah, \u201d the letter j is the last letter to be added to our alphabet. \u2018 j \u2019 was an \u2018 outgrowth \u2019 of \u2018 i \u2019 and was used to give a sound of greater consonant force, particularly as the first letter of some words. it was used interchangeably with the letter \u201c i \u201d at first, showing that its original pronunciation stemmed from the vowel sound of \u201c i \u201d and only later got its \u201c juh \u201d sound through french influence. the english name \u201c jehovah \u201d was invented by roman catholics sometime in the middle ages, based on a misunderstanding of masoretic hebrew texts. it is a hybrid word consisting of the tetragrammaton yhwh ( \u201c j \u201d used to be pronounced as \u201c y \u201d ) and the vowels for the word \u201c adonai. \u201d though \u201c jehovah \u201d is used a few times in the 1611 king james version ( e. g., gen 22 : 14 ; exod 6 : 3 ; isa 12 : 2 ; ps 83 : 18 ) and is found in many older christian hymns, it is not the authentic biblical pronunciation of the sacred name ( for a discussion of the \u201c jehovah or yahweh \u201d question see \u201c god, names of \u201d in encyclop\u00e6dia judaica, vol. 7, col. 680, or george f. moore, judaism in the first centuries of the christian era : the age of the tannaim ( 3 vols., cambridge, mass. : harvard univ. press, 1927 - 30 ), vol. 1, p. 219 and note 1, p. 427. most modern bible translations have notes on this issue in their introductions, agreeing that the true name of the heavenly father is yahweh.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46910899658011906, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.510411"} {"text": "service learning, a form of civic engagement, is defined as a credit - bearing educational experience that involves students participating in organized service activities that meet identified community needs, then reflecting on the service to gain further understanding of course content, a broader appreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced sense of civic responsibility. y. it is experiential education. learning occurs through a cycle of action and reflection. service learning improves students ' depth in a field of knowledge, and improves self - directed lifelong learning. it is faith and mission in action. participants in service learning make connections to the mission of the university as it seeks to promote justice in the world. they care for the common good, promote spiritual growth, find common humanity in diversity through personal connections, promote the preferential option for the poor, live catholic social teaching, and develop values. it is citizenship development. \u25cf requires reflection on issues that concern the community \u25cf promotes a commitment to improve conditions in the world \u25cf seeks to increase community / political engagement \u25cf desires reciprocity \u25cf develops leadership it promotes ethical and moral development. \u201c judging the quality of a college education by asking if students see the connection between what they learn and how they live, looking for the deeper significance, for the moral dilemmas of and the ethical responses. the college succeeds if it \u2019 s graduates are inspired by a larger vision, using the knowledge that have acquired to form values and advance the common good. \u201d ( boyer, page 296 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5102490246402671, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.522540"} {"text": "emphasize that we are talking about the \" acquired immune response \" antigen - - any agent ( molecule ) that binds to components of the immune response - - lymphocytes and their receptors - - antibodies and the immunogen - - any agent capable of inducing an immune response. this distinction is probably most clear when discussing the situation of a hapten and its carrier. hapten - - is antigenic but not immunogenic unless it is attached to a carrier molecule of some sort which supplies the immunogenicity. requirements for immunogenicity : foreignness - - note the example of the rabbit immunized with its own serum albumin vs. the rabbit immunized with guinea pig serum albumin. how do you prove that the rabbit unable to respond to its own albumin is still immunocompetent? note also that it is possible for self \" antigens \" to be immunogenic. thus the foreignness requirement can be overcome. when this happens it results in autoimmunity. high molecular weight - - note that these are general categories and that there are some exceptions. how could you make a small \" non - immunogenic \" molecule \" immunogenic \"? chemical complexity - - what is meant by the term \" homopolymer \"? how can you make a non - complex molecule more complex? note the discussion about the immunogenicity of the different levels of protein complexity and its discussion in fig. 3. 1. degradability - - most protein antigens need to be processed and presented by antigen presenting cells. the digested fragments become bonded to \" mhc \" proteins ( or mhc antigens ) on the surface of the apc and this whole complex then binds to t - cells. carbohydrate antigens are not processed or presented. they can bind to b - cells directly and activate them to produce antibody. other requirements for immunogenicity : - - the number and quality of the genes for the mhc proteins vary in a population of animals and this will affect the ability of the individual animal to develop an immune response. individual animals can also vary with regard to their repertoire of t and b cell antigen receptors. dose and route of the antigen - - too low or too high a dose of antigen can actually induce a state of tolerance or non - responsiveness in the animal. the route of immunization can cause very different responses - - for instance antigens that come in contact with mucous membranes generally induce iga antibodies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.553719230975563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.534167"} {"text": "a dose of antigen can actually induce a state of tolerance or non - responsiveness in the animal. the route of immunization can cause very different responses - - for instance antigens that come in contact with mucous membranes generally induce iga antibodies, whereas intramuscular and intravenous immunization often induces igg and igm responses. please study fig. 4. 12 on page 51 which describes the kinetics of an antibody response to an one antigen. pay particular attention to the terms which are either in the figure, in the text or which are described in lecture : this figure is intimately related to the clonal selection theory described in figure 1. 1 on page 4. review the structure of the antibody molecule ( fig. 4. 3, pg. 42 ). particularly note where variable regions of both the light chain and the heavy chains come together. the antigen binding site is formed by the association of the vheavy and the vlight domains. since these are protein domains it would follow that the conformation of these domains determines this antigen binding function. thus we should expect that particular amino acids in certain areas of the domain would play a large role in binding to antigen. ( see if you can figure out what they are trying to show you in figures 4. 4, 4. 5 and 4. 6. in these figures they are trying to diagram which amino positions actually bind to the antigen epitope in the binding site ). the section of the antigen which actually binds to the the antibody binding site is called the epitope of the antigen. this is also called the antigenic determinant of the antigen. the antibody binding site is sometimes called the paratope or the idiotope or the idiotype. t - cells and b - cells can recognize and react to different epitopes even if they are on the same study table 3. 1 on page 31. much of this table can be summarize by these simple statements : b - cells recognize and bind to free antigen in solution. b - cell epitopes are exposed and easily accessible. t - cells recognize and bind to antigen that has been processed and presented in the context of mhc on antigen presenting cells. please read this over. note that an immune response can be mounted to just about any kind of molecule. this has important implications for autoimmunity and tolerance. note also that the binding of epitopes to their paratopes is non - covalent. this section starts off with a discussion about toxin and tox", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5754132831549789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.569791"} {"text": "about any kind of molecule. this has important implications for autoimmunity and tolerance. note also that the binding of epitopes to their paratopes is non - covalent. this section starts off with a discussion about toxin and toxoid. what is the difference? then they go on to describe what is meant by cross - reacting antigens. essentially what they are saying here is that there are many examples of totally unrelated antigens that have small parts or epitopes ( or antigenic determinants ) in common. thus an immune response to one such antigen can cause the production of antibodies that react with the second antigen. such antigens can be call heterophile antigens. likewise, the antibodies made to such antigens are often called heterophile antibodies. please note the examples given with regard to : human blood group a antigen and pneumococcal capsule polysaccharide human blood group b antigen and e. coli polysaccharide antigens i ' d also like to mention the relationship between streptococcus pygenes m - protein and human heart muscle antigenic similarity between horse - red - blood cell antigens and epstein - barr virus we ' ll have a short discussion about adjuvants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5391277685078113, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.595316"} {"text": "march 1, 2010 the celebration of the year of international human rights 2009 - 10 : the right to food & water continues human rights : using new tools to grow food and protect resources panel discussion featuring regional experts webster university will host a panel discussion titled \u201c human rights : using new tools to grow food and protect resources, \u201d tuesday, march 16, at 7 p. m. in the university center sunnen lounge, 175 edgar road, webster groves, missouri. the panel features regional experts who will discuss their work, research, and experience in areas that address the use of technology for food and water issues. the event is free and open to the public. participants and their topics include : dr. peter raven, president, missouri botanical garden and a member of the college of arts & sciences advisory board, who will speak on \u201c biodiversity : how india and underdeveloped countries need technology to protect natural resources. \u201d raven also will be the panel \u2019 s moderator. maureen mazurek, monsanto human rights lead, \u201c monsanto \u2019 s human rights program \u201d dr. mark manary, helene b. roberson professor of pediatrics, washington university school of medicine, \u201c importance of childhood nutrition. \u201d manary \u2019 s research interests focus on different aspects of nutrition in populations of developing countries, especially malawi, africa. dr. paul anderson, executive director of international programs, danforth plant science center, \u201c biofortified cassava for africa. \u201d dr. anderson served for four years as principal investigator of a program funded by the bill & melinda gates foundation to develop biofortified sorghum for arid and semi - arid areas of africa. for more information on webster university ' s year of international human rights, go to : http : / / www. webster. edu / depts / artsci / ihr / yofw. htm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4792484391683656, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.607387"} {"text": "lent 3 : 11 march john 2 : 13 - 22 according to the first three gospels this incident played a major role in the events leading up to jesusi execution. in the fourth gospel it is portrayed as taking place three years earlier. yet it is also seen as being a cause for jesusi death. we see this in the citation of psalm 69 : 10, dzeal for your house will consume me. i the choice of the future tense rather than the past of the original underlines this. elsewhere john seems to have transferred traditions which pertained to jesusi last days back into his ministry. the jewish trial, for instance, takes place throughout the ministry! so the place of the temple clearing near the beginning of jesusi ministry is probably a deliberate rearrangement. whichever gospel we follow, we find that this action is highly controversial. in the case of the fourth gospel we now have two parts to the account : the event itself ( 2 : 14 - 17 ) and the controversy about it ( 2 : 18 - 22 ). the latter section includes jesusi prediction that the temple will be destroyed and be rebuilt in three days. it also begins with the jews questioning jesusi right to act the way he did. both elements echo markis story. in mark the chief priests question jesusi right to do such things and jesus replies by linking his authority to john the baptistis ( 11 : 27 - 33 ) and by telling the parable of the wicked tenants ( 12 : 1 - 12 ). in mark words about destroying the temple and rebuilding it in three days appear in the trial before the high priest ( 14 : 58 ). there they are on the lips of false witnesses, although the main thing that is false is the claim that jesus, himself, will destroy the temple. everything else is true. only john links the saying with the temple episode. both the event and the saying have obviously been a rich source for reflection. to imagine anything like the original event, we need to appreciate the scene. it takes place in the outer court of the temple, a huge area, big enough to house a few football fields. it does not take place in the sanctuary, itself. at passover time there would have been crowds of people. people needed to change their money into the currency acceptable in the temple and needed to be able to buy birds or animals for sacrifices. the area was usually closely guarded by soldiers. a major commotion would immediately attract attention and arrests. assuming the story has historical roots, jesusi action must have been swift and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4197982338999813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.618386"} {"text": "in the temple and needed to be able to buy birds or animals for sacrifices. the area was usually closely guarded by soldiers. a major commotion would immediately attract attention and arrests. assuming the story has historical roots, jesusi action must have been swift and limited, sufficient not to lead to his immediate arrest. it must have been a symbolic action. but what did it mean? the account in mark draws on isaiah and jeremiah to portray what jesus might have said. dden of thievesi has led people to believe that jesus was objecting to unfair commercial practices, whereas it may well have intended something more like : den of brigands. here in john the trading is objected to in itself. yet everyone knew that the money exchange and the sale of sacrificial animals was essential. is the problem the activity or the location? did jesus have such high respect for sacred space? john certainly has him speak of his fatheris house and uses the passage from the psalm to speak of jesusi zeal for it. is jesus stepping up as a temple reformer, demanding greater respect for the sanctity of its precincts? then he would be outdoing the pharisees and many others in zeal for what for practical reasons had to be able to encompass the comings and goings of thousands of people at a time. we may never know what the action was meant to signify. to state only the likely conclusions from the kind of complex detailed analysis which i cannot undertake here, it is likely that jesus objected to what the temple had come to represent : power and exploitation. the otherwise innocent structures of exchange and sale were part of a system which he and many others of the day ( such as those who wrote many of the dead sea scrolls ) saw as corrupt and fit only for destruction. he is no more to be seen as opposing the temple in itself than is jeremiah. it is likely then that his action expressed both disapproval of what the temple had become and signified also what godis response would be : judgement. i think it quite possible that in this context he spoke words about a new temple to replace the old, an act of god ( in three days, a favourite dshort timei in scripture ), but they may have been spoken at another time. the bible based religious system of the day had lost its way. the parable of the good samaritan is a not so subtle commentary on why and how. such traditions about jesus and the temple have a boomerang quality : they have a habit of coming back and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46913425908163353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.619477"} {"text": "of the day had lost its way. the parable of the good samaritan is a not so subtle commentary on why and how. such traditions about jesus and the temple have a boomerang quality : they have a habit of coming back and landing e on us! in a way mark sets this up well. he has a new community become the new temple built on the new foundation stone which the builders rejected, a temple not built with hands. in john we find something which only indirectly leads in this direction. john is quite dup fronti about acknowledging that it was only well after the event that people began to interpret what was going on. twice ( 2 : 17 and 2 : 22 ) he mentions the delay. in between he employs typically johannine playfulness in which jesusi opponents remain dense and preoccupied with surface features ( 46 years of building ). instead, we are told, jesus was speaking about his own body ( 2 : 21 ). this should not be confused with paulis image of the church as the body of christ. it means jesus, himself, his embodied person which after three days will be raised from the dead after his zeal for godis house destroys him. john is really saying : godis temple will be no more. instead we will have jesus as the one in whom we find god. 4 : 19 - 26 effectively says the same thing : only one sacred site : jesus. the rest of john, and especially the farewell discourses, will explain that this jesus is known through faith and especially through the community of faith and love. john never says, as does mark, that the community is the temple. nevertheless the boomerang still lands. for john the community is so centred on jesus that it cannot help but invite comparison with the temple community. is the community good news for the poor or is it chaplain to the rich who oppress? mark with telling irony contrasts the widow and her poverty with the oppression of the temple authorities who exploit widows ( 12 : 38 - 44 ). lent is also a time for the church to take a good look at itself. epistle : lent 3 : 11 march 1 corinthians 1 : 18 - 25 return to home page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47051767061596794, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.620425"} {"text": "examining the relationship between cholesterol and cancer does hdl - c have a protective role? by genna rollins an inverse relationship between cholesterol levels and cancer mortality and incidence has been noted in many studies. however, there has been conflicting evidence and few large, long - term prospective trials to clarify whether the association is causal or due to reverse causality. now, new research that addresses this question has been published and is described in this issue of strategies. a series of studies dating back to the 1980s found an association between low circulating levels of total cholesterol and increased cancer incidence and mortality. this inverse relationship largely had been attributed to reverse causality, meaning that undiagnosed cancer triggered lower serum cholesterol levels. however, there was conflicting evidence, so researchers had not been able to entirely exclude the possibility that low total cholesterol levels in some way led to cancer. for instance, one study found an association between low cholesterol levels and elevated cancer incidence even after excluding the first 6 years of follow - up, while another found a small but persistent association between low cholesterol levels and modestly increased cancer mortality after excluding the first 5 years of follow - up. in addition to the questions about total cholesterol, little was known about any association between high - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( hdl - c ) and cancer risk. however understanding these relationships is important in the context of current cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) prevention strategies, according to demetrius albanes, md, senior investigator at the national cancer institute. \u201c these findings about total cholesterol from well - conducted studies were troubling in that public health recommendations related to cardiovascular disease have lowering serum cholesterol as a key component, \u201d he explained. albanes was the senior investigator of a recent study that prospectively examined the cholesterol - cancer association ( cancer epidemiol biomarkers prev 2009 ; 18 : 2814 - 21 ). albanes and his colleagues evaluated the relationship between serum total cholesterol and hdl - c and risk of overall and site - specific cancer among more than 29, 000 participants in the alpha - tocopherol, beta - carotene cancer prevention ( atbc ) study. atbc tested whether \u03b1 - tocopherol or \u03b2 - carotene supplementation would reduce the incidence of lung or other cancers in a population of middle - aged male smokers in finland. baseline fasting serum cholesterol levels were available from virtually all participants ( 99.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5054241305117643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.631428"} {"text": "according to eric jacobs, phd, strategic director of pharmacoepidemiology at the american cancer society, who was not involved in the study. \u201c the results should help dispel any lingering concerns anyone might have had that having lower cholesterol levels could cause cancer, \u201d he observed. albanes explained that there are numerous mechanisms by which cancer could impact total cholesterol levels. \u201c cholesterol is a key biochemical component essential to cell membrane structure, and it \u2019 s a very important precursor to steroid metabolism. so there are a large number of ways that a growing tumor could have metabolic effects that could alter cholesterol profile, \u201d he said. while the atbc analysis appears to close the door on the issue of low total cholesterol levels playing a pathogenic role in cancer, the results suggest that there may be a protective role for hdl - c. the investigators found that higher serum hdl - c levels were modestly but significantly associated with decreased cancer incidence overall, and that this inverse association remained significant after they excluded cancer cases diagnosed during the first 12 years of follow - up. most of this association was attributable to lung and liver cancer, with relative risk after 12 years of exclusion of 0. 84 and 0. 49, respectively. the results remained \u201c essentially unchanged \u201d when the researchers analyzed hdl - c levels measured at the time of third year follow - up visits, or when they used an average of baseline and third - year hdl - c levels. additionally, \u201c in contrast to the time trend for total cholesterol, in this case excluding the early years of follow - up made the hdl association stronger rather than weaker, \u201d noted albanes. as with total cholesterol, there are several plausible mechanisms for an hdl - c - cancer association, including hdl - c regulation of cell cycle entry and apoptosis, modulation of cytokine production, and anti - oxidative effects, according to the researchers. albanes emphasized that the results need further validation in other populations, especially women and non - smokers. he also cautioned against any implication that lipid - lowering medications might decrease cancer risk. \u201c it may be premature to read from our findings in atbc about efforts to actively lower cholesterol levels to achieve cancer benefits. our data don \u2019 t speak to that and we would need more research looking at lipid lowering drugs and cancer outcomes, \u201d he said. even with these caveats, the atbc study \u201c raises an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4560375217251086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.634578"} {"text": "out of all the e - mails i get in regard to high fructose corn syrup, the second most popular question asked is \u201c why do these companies use hfcs? \u201d the most popular question, for the record, is \u201c wouldn \u2019 t it be easier to create a list of products that don \u2019 t have hfcs? \u201d, to which the answer would be no, but only because i am lazy. but back to the question of why is hfcs used : as many have guessed, cost is the only reason that hfcs is used in place of cane sugar. as i clumsily pointed out in another post, a 1 / 10th of a cent increase in sweetener, per serving, would cost coca - cola roughly $ 122, 423, 790. and here you were thinking your car insurance costs were high. the answer to the question of why hfcs is used is fairly clear and easy to figure out. the more interesting question is one that \u2019 s almost never asked - why is hfcs so much cheaper than cane sugar? the answer to that question may surprise you. because the government wants it that way. the federal government accomplishes this in two major ways : - sugar tariffs - corn and sugar subsidies add these two variables together, and the result is sweetener made from corn. the difficulty in explaining how the above work is in understanding that none of the above would exist without at least tacit complicity between the sugar industry, the corn industry and the united states department of agriculture. remove any one of those three players from the equation, and the tariffs and subsidies most likely go away. let \u2019 s start with subsidies. a subsidy was developed to help a farmer make up money lost between the cost to produce a product, and the higher market cost. for example, if it cost me 1 dollar to grow a bushel of corn, and the market demanded only 80 cents, the government would make up the difference and pay me 20 cents, plus a little more so that i can make a profit and give me a reason to keep growing corn. a nice idea in theory, but in practice it essentially ends up paying a farmer both when they produce too much and when their crop prices are too low. as anyone with a passing grade in econ 101 can tell you, making too much of a product is one cause of lower prices, the government ends up giving out a lot of money. to the cost of $ 22. 7 billion in 2005. a free market economy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41720060118122737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.642953"} {"text": "passing grade in econ 101 can tell you, making too much of a product is one cause of lower prices, the government ends up giving out a lot of money. to the cost of $ 22. 7 billion in 2005. a free market economy is exactly what we don \u2019 t have in our agricultural industries. now let me introduce you to the big player in the corn industry \u2013 archer daniels midland ( adm ). the libertarian cato institute writes of adm : the archer daniels midland corporation ( adm ) has been the most prominent recipient of corporate welfare in recent u. s. history. adm and its chairman dwayne andreas have lavishly fertilized both political parties with millions of dollars in handouts and in return have reaped billion - dollar windfalls from taxpayers and consumers. thanks to federal protection of the domestic sugar industry, ethanol subsidies, subsidized grain exports, and various other programs, adm has cost the american economy billions of dollars since 1980 and has indirectly cost americans tens of billions of dollars in higher prices and higher taxes over that same period. at least 43 percent of adm \u2019 s annual profits are from products heavily subsidized or protected by the american government. moreover, every $ 1 of profits earned by adm \u2019 s corn sweetener operation costs consumers $ 10, and every $ 1 of profits earned by its ethanol operation costs taxpayers $ 30 do you want to know who makes hfcs? it \u2019 s archer daniels midland. do you want to know who pays for hfcs? that \u2019 d be you and i, in the form of the taxes we pay to the u. s. government. the government spent $ 41. 9 billion on corn subsidies from 1995 to 2004, a trough of money at which adm gladly ate. adm buys 12 percent of the nation \u2019 s corn at a heavily subsidized price from farmers, and turns it into high - fructose corn syrup and ethanol. but there \u2019 s another side to this coin \u2014 the sugar tariffs. the sugar tariffs, put in place by law and enforced by the usda, are so complicated that many people give up worrying about it. after all, paying $ 2. 25 for a five pound bag of sugar is no big deal. unless you consider that we could be paying as low as a dollar for that five pound bag, and wholesale purchases of sugar by companies like coca - cola, heinz, and kraft would pay even less. so here \u2019 s the sugar tariff in action", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43073410778894505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.644146"} {"text": ". unless you consider that we could be paying as low as a dollar for that five pound bag, and wholesale purchases of sugar by companies like coca - cola, heinz, and kraft would pay even less. so here \u2019 s the sugar tariff in action : - first, usda \u2019 s commodity credit corporation lends money each year to sugar cane processors at a specific rate per pound of sugar. the loans must be repaid, with interest, after nine months. - the processors use the money to operate their factories and to pay sugar growers for the cane or beets that they deliver to the mills. should the price of raw sugar fall below the amount set by the government at the time of the loan, the sugar processing companies are allowed to forfeit their sugar in lieu of repaying the loan. - the law requires that this program operate at no net cost to the federal government. the government must then manipulate the market to keep sugar prices higher than the price at which the sugar companies would forfeit their product. otherwise the government would be out of the money lent and still have the sugar to distribute, further adding to the governments net cost. - to manipulate the market, each year the usda estimates how much sugar americans will consume in the following year and how much sugar u. s. growers will send to market to meet consumers demand. - the usda then establishes a quota for imports of sugar from foreign producers, such as the dominican republic, brazil, the philippines, and australia. this quota allows just enough sugar in to meet demand, but not so much as to affect the already high prices. and that, in the nutshell, is why we use hfcs in place of cane sugar. we inflate the cost of sugar, lower the cost of corn, and archer daniels midlands buys an excessive amount of corn at excessively low costs in order to make hfcs. if you want to get hfcs out of our foods, have the government take care of the tariffs, the subsidies, or both.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40164037603384073, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.645177"} {"text": "for many people, the mere mention of the name \u201c tasmanian devil \u201d conjures up the image of a certain growling, drooling, gurgling, warner brothers cartoon character. real tasmanian devils ( sarcophilus harrisii ), however, do not whirl about carving their way through tree trunks ; they are stocky carnivorous marsupials named for the australian island - state of tasmania \u2014 the animal \u2019 s only native habitat \u2014 and for the devilish screeches, howls, and expressions they make. these ill - tempered animals weigh up to 12 kg ( 26 pounds ), and they are between 50 and 80 cm ( 20 and 31 inches ) long. they resemble small black bears ( ursus americanus ) and possess a bushy tail about half the length of the body. ecologically, tasmanian devils are top predators that have so far been successful in keeping the populations of many invasive predators ( such as the european red fox [ vulpes vulpes ] ) low. unfortunately, the species \u2019 genetic diversity is also very low as a result of culling efforts by early european settlers. this low genetic diversity is thought by many scientists to be one reason why a growing number of tasmanian devils have become infected with a contagious cancer called devil facial tumor disease ( dftd ). according to harper \u2019 s magazine contributor david quammen, the condition was first discovered by a nature photographer named christo baars in the spring of 1996. dftd spurs the development of large tumors on the head and on or within the mouth ; these tumors hinder the animal \u2019 s ability to eat, and because of this and the other effects of cancer, the infected devil slowly starves to death over several months. the disease is spread through the biting that accompanies the competition for mates, food, or other resources. it is thought the animal \u2019 s immune system fails to recognize cancer cells as foreign invaders, so these cells can easily gain footholds in individual animals through cuts and punctures. nine strains of dftd are currently known to exist. the spread of dftd has been rapid and worrisome. by 2007, many infected populations had declined by up to 90 percent, according to a bbc \u201c the world today \u201d radio interview with hamish mccallum, the senior scientist in charge of the dftd program at the university of tasmania. furthermore, sightings of the animal have declined significantly, and the disease has been reported in an area covering 60 percent of the island", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4328212951968899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.651760"} {"text": "radio interview with hamish mccallum, the senior scientist in charge of the dftd program at the university of tasmania. furthermore, sightings of the animal have declined significantly, and the disease has been reported in an area covering 60 percent of the island, according to a recent tasmanian department of primary industries and water ( dpiw ) report. only the western third of the island has been spared. many authorities fear that the disease will spread to the remaining healthy populations in the coming decades and the species will go extinct. it is estimated that overall numbers have declined by 50 percent since the discovery of the disease. in 2008, the species was placed on the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list of endangered species. to keep this animal from extinction, scientists continue to work to find a cure for dftd while also separating healthy populations from those that are infected. to monitor the spread of the disease and coordinate the efforts of wildlife staff, veterinarians, and other researchers, an effort called the save the tasmanian devil program was created. this program is funded by the private donations and the australian government and overseen by the tasmanian dpiw, in concert with several australian universities and the australasian regional association of zoological parks and aquaria ( arazpa ). one ray of hope for the species came in 2007, when many news outlets reported that a cancer - resistant devil had been captured. scientists exposed this animal, called cedric, and his brother clinky, to dead tumor cells and monitored their immune system responses. cedric produced antibodies in response ; clinky, however, did not, and he contracted the disease. it was hoped that cedric \u2019 s antibodies could be used to help immunize some of the animals. unfortunately, unlike his invincible cartoon counterpart, cedric developed dftd many months after the trials began. his tumors were operable, however, and he appears to be recovering. the best hope for the species appears to be in keeping them from contracting dftd in the first place. as part of the save the tasmanian devil program, a number of so - called \u201c insurance populations \u201d of isolated and captive - bred animals have been established. measures in place since 2005 have called for the transplanting of healthy animals to zoos and wildlife parks throughout australia. so far, the tasmanian dpiw reports that 142 animals are part of this effort, but the anticipated expansion of this program to nearly 1, 500 animals ( enough to ensure a breeding population of 500 individuals ) may strain the resources of arazpa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45108818667454614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.653005"} {"text": "so far, the tasmanian dpiw reports that 142 animals are part of this effort, but the anticipated expansion of this program to nearly 1, 500 animals ( enough to ensure a breeding population of 500 individuals ) may strain the resources of arazpa. other solutions are being considered, such as turning large areas of the tasman peninsula into a breeding sanctuary, placing smaller populations on small offshore islands, and creating large fenced - in areas to keep healthy animals from mingling with infected ones. despite recent setbacks, a truly impressive effort has been mounted to save the species. in addition to the efforts of the australian government, universities, and thousands of private individuals, cold spring harbor laboratories in the united states is in the process of sequencing parts of the tasmanian devil \u2019 s genome, and warner home video is contributing a portion of its sales of new looney tunes dvds to the devil conservation effort. it is clear that many actors are committed to helping this animal through the next few decades. perhaps, as a result of their continued efforts and a little luck, this magnificent animal and tasmanian icon can endure. images : tasmanian devil ( sarcophilus harrisii ) : gerry pearce, www. australian - wildlife. com ; devil with facial tumor disease : hannah bender \u2014 university of sydney / landov ; devil resting : gerry pearce photography / www. australian - wildlife. com. to learn more - san diego zoo - tasmanian parks and wildlife service - \u201c what \u2019 s killing the tasmanian devil?, \u201d by david quammen - harper \u2019 s magazine article \u201c contagious cancer : the evolution of a killer, \u201d by david quammen - tasmanian department of primary industries and water - bbc news - cold spring harbor laboratory - article in the first post on how warner bros. is pitching in to help the tasmanian devils how can i help? - save the tasmanian devil - donate through the university of tasmania foundation - become a \u201c friend of the devil \u201d through the tasmanian devil conservation park", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3940144520557262, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.653970"} {"text": "digitalization of creative content and pervasiveness of internet as a medium for content distribution has an unwelcome spinoff in the form of online piracy where copyrighted content is indiscriminately distributed over the internet leading to immense loses to stakeholders ( movies, brands, musics, publishing, etc. ) online piracy in a nutshell means illegal uploading and / or downloading and misrepresentation of copyrighted material ; movies, brands, music, etc. any form of piracy ( online or street piracy ) of copyrighted material cheats the copyright holders of their rightful and fair compensation for their efforts. films are illegally recorded by camcorder in theaters. the recorded content is replicated and burned into cds and distributed worldwide in a matter of days. alternatively the illegally recorded movies are distributed via internet as downloadable files using streaming sites, p2p services, and cyberlockers or third party file - sharing services. these are offered to be downloaded free and result in immense losses to movie production fraternity. the exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, sell, or distribute the matter and form of something ( as a literary, musical, or artistic work ) is called copyright. copyright, a form of intellectual property law, protects original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture. the effects of counterfeiting and piracy on india \u2019 s entertainment industry published in march 2009 by united states - india business council ( usibc ) and prepared by ernst and young india, claims that as much as rs. 16, 000 crores are lost due to piracy. alongside, as many as 80, 000 jobs are lost directly as a result of theft and piracy, afflicting india \u2019 s entertainment industry. the president of usibc, ron summers used the opportunity to suggest stronger legal means to tackle piracy. he said, \u201c we strongly support passage by india of optical disc legislation that will thwart piracy in this important industry. we are pleased to stand shoulder to shoulder with counterparts in india to help protect jobs and revenues that are now being needlessly lost to piracy. \u201d an effective strategy to combat online piracy should identify and target the following components of online piracy : enforcement efforts together with speedy resolution of copyright infringement cases in the court system to penalise and curtail online piracy. customer awareness programs - it requires a very delicate balance of education, coercion and awareness to bring down piracy. the more popular faci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5147037503655505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.657890"} {"text": "efforts together with speedy resolution of copyright infringement cases in the court system to penalise and curtail online piracy. customer awareness programs - it requires a very delicate balance of education, coercion and awareness to bring down piracy. the more popular facilitators such as youtube do cooperate with anti - piracy efforts by removing links to offending media upon request by the copyright owners. stronger law enforcement for copyright violators and widespread understanding of the concept of law - abiding digital citizenship will definitely go a long way in curbing this menace. technical measures such as forensic watermarking that facilitate investigators and law enforcement agencies. the indian copyright act, 1957 the information technology act, 2000 section 64 of the indian copyright act 1957 provides that \" any police officer, not below the rank of a sub - inspector, may, if he is satisfied that an offence under section 63 in respect of the infringement of copyright in any work has been, is being, or is likely to be, committed, size without warrant, all copies of the work, wherever found, and all copies and plates used for the purpose of making infringing copies of the work, wherever found, and all copies and plates so seized shall, as soon as practicable, be produced before a magistrate. \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4995800694839322, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.658504"} {"text": "from ajax patterns | revision as of 14 : 54, 17 september 2009 wikimartha ( talk | contribs ) foundational technology patterns \u2190 previous diff | revision as of 14 : 02, 25 october 2009 220. 127. 116. 11 ( talk | contribs ) next diff \u2192 | line 6 : | | line 6 : | | * [ [ ajax app ] ] create a rich application in a modern web browser. | | * [ [ ajax app ] ] create a rich application in a modern web browser. | | = = display manipulation = = | | = = display manipulation = = | revision as of 14 : 02, 25 october 2009 foundational technology patterns these patterns are the building blocks of ajax applications. they are more \" reference patterns \" than true \" design patterns \", at least from the perspective of a modern ajax developer, who will take these technologies as a given. the bestessays patterns are included to introduce the types of technologies that are used, provide a common vocabulary used throughout the language, and facilitate a discussion of pros and cons. - ajax app create a rich application in a modern web browser. - display morphing alter styles and values in the dom to change display information such as replacing text and altering background colour. - page rearrangement restructure the dom to change the page ' s structure - moving, adding, and removing elements. - web service expose server - side functionality with an http api. - xmlhttprequest call use xmlhttprequest objects for browser - server communication. - iframe call use iframes for browser - server communication. - http streaming stream server data in the response of a long - lived http connection. - lazy inheritance an approach intended to simplify writing oop and provides support of prototype - based classes hierarchies, automatic resolving and optimizing classes dependencies. - richer plugin make your application \" more ajax than ajax \" with a richer plugin. programming patterns ( 25 ) - restful service expose web services according to restful principles. - rpc service deepak expose web services as remote procedural calls ( rpcs ). - ajax stub use an \" ajax stub \" framework which allows browser scripts to directly invoke server - side operations, without having to worry about the details of xmlhttprequest and http transfer. - html message have the server generate html snippets to be displayed in the browser. - plain - text message pass simple messages between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4801112340650069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.674931"} {"text": "server - side operations, without having to worry about the details of xmlhttprequest and http transfer. - html message have the server generate html snippets to be displayed in the browser. - plain - text message pass simple messages between server and browser in plain - text format. - xml message pass messages between server and browser in xml format. - ued format send message from the browser to the server using the ued data exchange format. - call tracking accommodate busy user behaviour by allocating a new xmlhttprequest object for each request. see richard schwartz ' s blog entry. note : pending some rewrite to take into account request - locking etc. - periodic refresh the browser refreshes volatile information by periodically polling the server. - distributed events keep objects synchronised with an event mechanism. - cross - domain proxy allow the browser to communicate with other domains by server - based mediation. - flash - enabled xhr a client - side proxy pattern for cross - domain ajax, using invisible flash to bridge the domain communication gap. - xml data island retain xml responses as \" xml data islands \", nodes within the html dom. - browser - side xslt apply xslt to convert xml messages into xhtml. - browser - side templating produce browser - side templates and call on a suitable browser - side framework to render them as html. - fat client create a rich, browser - based, client by performing remote calls only when there is no way to achieve the same effect in the browser. - browser - side cache maintain a local cache of information. - guesstimate instead of grabbing real data from the server, make a guesstimate that ' s good enough for most user ' s needs. itunes download counter, gmail storage counter. - multi - stage download quickly download the page structure with a standard request, then populate it with further requests. - predictive fetch anticipate likely user actions and pre - load the required data. - pseudo - threading use a timer and a worker queue to process jobs without the blocking application flow. - code compression compress code on the server, preferably not on the fly. code generation and reuse - cross - browser component create cross - browser components, allowing programmers to reuse them without regard for browser compatibility. functionality and usability patterns ( 28 ) all of these widget patterns will be familiar to end - users, having been available in desktop guis and some in non - ajax dhtml too.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49301320614447525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.677034"} {"text": "to reuse them without regard for browser compatibility. functionality and usability patterns ( 28 ) all of these widget patterns will be familiar to end - users, having been available in desktop guis and some in non - ajax dhtml too. they are included here to catalogue the interaction styles that are becoming common in ajax applications and can benefit from xmlhttprequest - driven interaction. - drilldown to let the user locate an item within a hierarchy, provide a dynamic drilldown. - microcontent compose the page of \" microcontent \" blocks - small chunks of content that can be edited in - page. - microlink provide microlinks that open up new content on the existing page rather than loading a new page. - popup support quick tasks and lookups with transient popups, blocks of content that appear \" in front of \" the standard content. - portlet introduce \" portlets \" - isolated blocks of content with independent conversational state. - live command - line in command - line interfaces, monitor the command being composed and dynamically modifying the interface to support the interaction. - live form validate and modify a form throughout the entire interaction, instead of waiting for an explicit submission. - live search as the user refines their search query, continuously show all valid results. - data grid report on some data in a rich table, and support common querying functions. - progress indicator hint that processing is occurring. - rich text editor e. g. http : / / dojotoolkit. org / docs / rich _ text. html - slider provide a slider to let the user choose a value within a range. - suggestion suggest words or phrases which are likely to complete what the user ' s typing. - drag - and - drop provide a drag - and - drop mechanism to let users directly rearrange elements around the page. - sprite augment the display with \" sprites \" : small, flexible, blocks of content. - status area include a read - only status area to report on current and past activity. - virtual workspace provide a browser - side view into a server - side workspace, allowing users to navigate the entire workspace as if it were held locally. - one - second spotlight when a page element undergoes a value change or some other significant event, dynamically manipulate its brightness for a second or so. responded - one - second mutation when a page element undergoes a value change or some other significant event, dynamically mutate its shape for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4976593488512114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.680998"} {"text": "page element undergoes a value change or some other significant event, dynamically manipulate its brightness for a second or so. responded - one - second mutation when a page element undergoes a value change or some other significant event, dynamically mutate its shape for a second or so. - one - second motion incrementally move an element from point - to - point, or temporarily displace it, to communicate an event has occurred. - blinkieblinkpattern when an element is blinking - highlight highlight elements by rendering them in a consistent, attention - grabbing, format. - lazy registration accumulate bits of information about the user as they interact, with formal registration occurring later on. - direct login authenticate the user with an xmlhttprequest call instead of form - based submission, hashing in the browser for improved security. - host - proof hosting server - side data is stored in encrypted form for increased security, with the browser decrypting it on the fly. - timeout implement a timeout mechanism to track which clients are currently active. - heartbeat have the browser periodically upload heartbeat messages to indicate the application is still loaded in the browser and the user is still active. - autosave autosave un - validated forms to a staging table on the server to avoid users losing their work when their session expires if they get called away from their desk while filling out a long form. - unique urls use a url - based scheme or write distinct urls whenever the input will cause a fresh new browser state, one that does not depend on previous interaction. development practices ( 8 ) - dom inspection use a dom inspection tool to explore the dynamic dom state. - traffic sniffing diagnose problems by sniffing web remoting traffic. - data dictionary visualize dom tags in a table format, with a row for each attribute. ( contributed pattern ) - simulation service develop the browser application against \" fake \" web services that simulate the actual services used in production. - service test build up automated tests of web services, using http clients to interact with the server as the browser normally would. - system test build automated tests to simulate user behaviour and verify the results.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5567842022126468, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.682555"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia flag of the united states the flag of the united states of america consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white ; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist - side corner bearing 50 small, white, five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars ( top and bottom ) alternating with rows of five stars. the 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states and the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies. the united states flag is commonly called the stars and stripes and less commonly old glory. the name old glory was coined in the 1830s, and was of particularly common use during the era of 48 - star version ( 1912 to 1959 ). 4. 1 standards of respect while institutions often display the flag year - round, most homeowners reserve flag display for civic holidays like memorial day, veteran ' s day, presidents ' day, flag day and the fourth of july. on memorial day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of u. s. war dead. to some u. s. citizens, their flag symbolizes many things. they have seen it as representing all of the freedoms and rights guaranteed in the u. s. constitution and its bill of rights. perhaps most of all they see it as a symbol of individual and personal liberty like those put forth in the u. s. declaration of independence. the approved method of destroying old and tattered flags consists of burning them in a simple ceremony. the flag is cut into three pieces : first a horizontal cut is made between the seventh and eighth stripes, then a vertical cut separating the star field from the seven shorter stripes. then the three pieces are typically placed on a pyre as ' taps ' is played. burning the flag has also been used as a deliberate act of disrespect, at times to protest actions by the united states government, or sometimes in displays of anti - americanism. some groups concerned by these actions have proposed a flag burning amendment that would outlaw burning the flag in disrespect or protest. flags with similar design flags from other countries share, at varying degrees, the design and / or color scheme of the united states flag. several of the flags of the confederate states of america also reflect the colors and design of the stars and stripes. some examples of national flags sharing elements of the u. s. flag include : there are certain guidelines for the use and display of the united states flag as outlined in the united states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48184278170787603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.720482"} {"text": "of america also reflect the colors and design of the stars and stripes. some examples of national flags sharing elements of the u. s. flag include : there are certain guidelines for the use and display of the united states flag as outlined in the united states flag code of the federal government. it should be stressed that these are guidelines, not laws, which lack a penalty for those who fail to comply with them. standards of respect - the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing. - the flag is flown upside down only as a distress signal. - the flag should not be used as a drapery, or for covering a speakers desk, draping a platform, or for any decoration in general. bunting of blue, white and red stripes is available for these purposes. the blue stripe of the bunting should be on the top. - the flag should never be drawn back or bunched up in any way. - the flag should never be used as a covering for a ceiling. - the flag should never be used for any advertising purpose. it should not be embroidered, printed or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions, handkerchiefs, napkins, boxes or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use. advertising signs should not be attached to the staff or halyard. - the flag should not be used as part of a costume or athletic uniform, except that a flag patch may be used on the uniform of military personnel, fireman, policeman and members of patriotic organizations. - the flag should never have placed on it, or attached to it, any mark, insignia, letter, word, number, figure, or drawing of any kind. - the flag should never be used as a receptacle for receiving, holding, carrying, or delivering anything. - the flag should not be draped over the hood, top, sides, or back of a vehicle, railroad train or boat. - when the flag is lowered, no part of it should touch the ground or any other object ; it should be received by waiting hands and arms. to store the flag it should be folded neatly and ceremoniously. - the flag should be cleaned and mended when necessary. - when a flag is so worn it is no longer fit to serve as a symbol of the united states, it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. ( note : most american legion posts regularly conduct a dignified flag burning ceremony, often on flag day, june 14. ) contrary to a commonly believed urban legend, the flag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4708029971657052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.721563"} {"text": "it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. ( note : most american legion posts regularly conduct a dignified flag burning ceremony, often on flag day, june 14. ) contrary to a commonly believed urban legend, the flag code does not state that a flag which touches the ground should be burned. instead, the flag should be moved so it is not touching the ground. displaying the flag outdoors - when the flag is displayed from a staff projecting from a window, balcony, or a building, the union should be at the peak of the staff unless the flag is at half staff. when it is displayed from the same flagpole with another flag, the flag of the united states must always be at the top except that the church pennant may be flown above the flag during church services for navy personnel when conducted by a naval chaplain on a ship at sea. - when the flag is displayed over a street, it should be hung vertically, with the union to the north or east. if the flag is suspended over a sidewalk, the flag ' s union should be farthest from the building. - when flown with flags of states, communities or societies on separate flag poles which are of the same height and in a straight line, the flag of the united states is always placed in the position of honor \u2014 to its own right. the other flags may be smaller but none may be larger. - no other flag ever should be placed above it. the flag of the united states is always the first flag raised and the last to be lowered. - when flown with the national banner of other countries, each flag must be displayed from a separate pole of the same height. each flag should be the same size. they should be raised and lowered simultaneously. the flag of one nation may not be displayed above that of another nation. - the flag should be raised briskly and lowered slowly and ceremoniously. - ordinarily it should be displayed only between sunrise and sunset. ( by presidential proclamation and law, the flag is displayed continuously at certain honored locations like the united states marine corps memorial in arlington and lexington green. ) - it should be illuminated if displayed at night. - the flag of the united states of america is saluted as it is hoisted and lowered. the salute is held until the flag is unsnapped from the halyard or through the last note of music, whichever is the longest. displaying the flag indoors - when on display, the flag is accorded the place of honor, always positioned to its own right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4301826065597196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.722869"} {"text": "until the flag is unsnapped from the halyard or through the last note of music, whichever is the longest. displaying the flag indoors - when on display, the flag is accorded the place of honor, always positioned to its own right. place it to the right of the speaker or staging area or sanctuary. other flags should be to the left. - the flag of the united states of america should be at the center and at the highest point of the group when a number of flags of states, localities, or societies are grouped for display. - when one flag is used with the flag of the united states of america and the staffs are crossed, the flag of the united states is placed on its own right with its staff in front of the other flag. - when displaying the flag against a wall, vertically or horizontally, the flag ' s union ( stars ) should be at the top, to the flag ' s own right, and to the observer ' s left. parading and saluting the flag - when carried in a procession, the flag should be to the right of the marchers. - when other flags are carried, the flag of the united states may be centered in front of the others or carried to their right. when the flag passes in a procession, or when it is hoisted or lowered, all should face the flag and salute. - to salute, all persons come to attention. - those in uniform give the appropriate formal salute. - citizens not in uniform salute by placing their right hand over the heart and men with head cover should remove it and hold it to left shoulder, hand over the heart. - members of organizations in formation salute upon command of the person in charge. pledge of allegiance and national anthem - the pledge of allegiance should be rendered by standing at attention, facing the flag, and saluting. - when the national anthem is played or sung, citizens should stand at attention and salute at the first note and hold the salute through the last note. the salute is directed to the flag, if displayed, otherwise to the music. the flag, in mourning - to place the flag at half - staff ( or half - mast, on ships ), hoist it to the peak for an instant and lower it to a position half way between the top and bottom of the staff. - the flag is to be raised again to the peak for a moment before it is lowered. - on memorial day, the flag is displayed at half - staff until noon and at full staff from noon to sunset. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4523784975761088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.726620"} {"text": "and bottom of the staff. - the flag is to be raised again to the peak for a moment before it is lowered. - on memorial day, the flag is displayed at half - staff until noon and at full staff from noon to sunset. - the flag is to be flown at half - staff in mourning for designated, principal government leaders and upon presidential or gubernatorial order. - the u. s. flag is otherwise flown at half - staff ( or half - mast, on ships ) when directed by the president of the united states or a state governor. - when used to cover a casket, the flag should be placed with the union at the head and over the left shoulder. it should not be lowered into the grave. folding the flag flags, when not in use, should be folded into a triangle shape. the final triangle shape result is said to invoke the image of the three - point hats popular during the american revolutionary war. former american territories, e. g. the philippines, also use this method to fold their flags. - to properly fold the flag, begin by holding it waist - high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground. - fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars, holding the bottom and top edges securely. - fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside. - make a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag. - turn the outer end point inward, parallel to the open edge, to form a second triangle. - the triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner. - when the flag is completely folded, only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible. places where the american flag is displayed continuously according to presidential proclamation and in some cases, u. s. law, the american flag is displayed continuously at the following locations : - mount slover limestone quarry, in colton, california ( act of congress ). first raised july 4, 1917. - fort mchenry national monument and historic shrine, baltimore, maryland ( presidential proclamation no. 2795, july 2, 1948 ). - flag house square, albemarle and pratt streets, baltimore, maryland ( public law 83 - 319, approved march 26, 1954 ). - united states marine corps memorial ( iwo jima ), arlington, virginia ( presidential proclamation no. 3418, june 12, 1961 ). - lexington, massachusetts town green (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4208385177550834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.730333"} {"text": "public law 83 - 319, approved march 26, 1954 ). - united states marine corps memorial ( iwo jima ), arlington, virginia ( presidential proclamation no. 3418, june 12, 1961 ). - lexington, massachusetts town green ( public law 89 - 335, approved november 8, 1965 ). - the white house, washington, dc ( presidential proclamation no. 4000, september 4, 1970 ). - fifty u. s. flags are displayed continuously at the washington monument, washington, dc. ( presidential proclamation no. 4064, july 6, 1971, effective july 4, 1971 ). - united states customs service ports of entry that are continuously open ( presidential proclamation no. 4131, may 5, 1972 ). - grounds of the national memorial arch in valley forge state park, valley forge, pennsylvania ( public law 94 - 53, approved july 4, 1975 ). - in addition, the american flag is presumed to be in continual display on the surface of the earth ' s moon, having been placed there by the astronauts of apollo 11. it is assumed however that the flag was knocked down by the force of apollo 11 ' s return to lunar orbit. the flag has gone through 26 changes since the new union of 13 states first adopted it. the 48 - star version holds the record, 47 years, for the longest time the flag has gone unchanged. the current 50 - star version will tie the record if it is still in use on july 4, 2007. at the time of the signing of the declaration of independence, july 4th, 1776, the most commonly flown flag was the grand union flag. this flag was initially flown by george washington and is recorded as being first raised by washington ' s troops at prospect hill on new year ' s day in 1776. this flag formed the basis of the stars and stripes, consisting of 13 red and white stripes with the british union jack in the canton. on june 14, 1777, the second continental congress passed the flag resolution which stated : \" resolved, that the flag of the united states be made of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. \" describing the new flag, the congress wrote, \" white signifies purity and innocence ; red, hardiness and valor ; blue signifies vigilance, perseverance and justice. \" flag day is now observed on june 14 of each year. the flag resolution did not specify any particular arrangement for the stars. initially, a variety of designs were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4563117455211999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.731981"} {"text": "hardiness and valor ; blue signifies vigilance, perseverance and justice. \" flag day is now observed on june 14 of each year. the flag resolution did not specify any particular arrangement for the stars. initially, a variety of designs were used, including a circular arrangement ( above left ), but gradually a design featuring horizontal rows of stars emerged as the standard. as further states entered the union, extra stars and stripes were added until this proved to cause too much clutter. it was ultimately decided that there would be a star for each state, but the number of stripes would remain at thirteen to honor the original colonies. it was the 15 - star, 15 - stripe flag that inspired francis scott key to write \" the star - spangled banner \", now the national anthem. when the flag design changes, the change always takes place on july 4 in philadelphia, pennsylvania, as a consequence of the flag act of april 4, 1818. july 4, independence day in the united states, commemorates the founding of the nation. the most recent change, from forty - nine stars to fifty, occurred in 1960, after hawaii gained statehood in august 1959. before that, the admission of alaska in january 1959 prompted the debut of a short - lived 49 - star flag. the origin of the u. s. flag design is uncertain. a popular story credits betsy ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch of george washington who personally commissioned her for the job. however, no evidence for this theory exists beyond ross ' s own records. the british historian sir charles fawcett has suggested that the design of the flag may have been derived from the flag and jack of the british east india company. comparisons between the 2 flags support fawcett ' s suggestion. another popular theory is that the flag was designed by francis hopkinson. he reportedly originally wanted the stars arranged in four bands, one vertical, one horizontal, and two diagonal. by the same reports, this arrangement was rejected due to similarity to the british flag. historical star patterns on the current 50 - star flag, the width ( fly ) of the blue rectangle is 76 % of the height ( hoist ) of the whole flag, and its height is 7 of the 13 stripes. note that the following star patterns are merely the usual patterns, with the exception of the 48 -, 49 -, and 50 - star flags, as there was no official arrangement of the stars until the proclamation of the 48 - star flag by president william howard taft in 1912. for alternate versions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4439569478704905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.733356"} {"text": "usual patterns, with the exception of the 48 -, 49 -, and 50 - star flags, as there was no official arrangement of the stars until the proclamation of the 48 - star flag by president william howard taft in 1912. for alternate versions, see this page at flags of the world 13 ( 1776 ) betsy ross flag 50 ( 1960 - present ) modern flag proposed 51 - star flag in case of a future state patterns and symmetry - symmetry with respect to horizontal axis : 50, 49, 48, 46, 44, 38, 37, 36, 34, 33, 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 20, 15, 13 ( standard ) - symmetry with respect to vertical axis : 51, 50, 48, 46, 45, 44, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 21, 20, 15, 13 ( standard and betsy ross ) - both, hence also point symmetry : 50, 48, 46, 44, 37, 36, 34, 33, 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 20, 15, 13 ( standard and betsy ross ) - no symmetry : 43 - chessboard pattern : 51, 50, 49, 45, 15, 13 ( standard ) - rectangle of stars : 48, 35, 30, 28, 24, 20 there are ongoing statehood movements in puerto rico, the district of columbia, and new york city. other insular areas such as the u. s. virgin islands and american samoa may eventually become states as well. - flags of the u. s. states - flags of the united states armed forces - flags of the confederate states of america - flag desecration in the united states - united states army colors - u. s. flag etiquette - the united states flag page - encyclopedia smithsonian : facts about the united states flag - the flag code - - u. s. code home : title 4, flag and seal, seat of government, and the states - - chapter 1, the flag - executive order no. 10798, with specifications and regulations for the current flag the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4437993617660705, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.734459"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia a just war describes a war that satisfies a set of moral or legal rules. though in origin a catholic doctrine, francisco de vitoria based his arguments on reason and so put the tradition on a more universal basis. the rules applied may be ethical, religious, or formal ( such as international law ). the rules classically cover the justification for the war ( jus ad bellum ) and the conduct of the participants in the war ( jus in bello ). just war theory has ancient roots. cicero discussed this idea and its applications. augustine of hippo and thomas aquinas later codified a set of rules for a just war, which today still encompass the points commonly debated, with some modifications. in modern language, these rules hold that to be just, a war must meet the following criteria before the use of force : ( jus ad bellum ) - war can only be waged for a just cause, such as self - defense against an armed attack. - war can only be waged under legitimate authority. usually the constitution and the laws of a nation state specify the institutions and personnel authorized to make war decisions. the u. n charter authorizes the security council to make the international community ' s war decisions. citizens at their own will cannot attack another country without the permission of the legitimate authority. conversely, in a democratic nation state, statesmen with legitimate authority will need to convince citizens that their course of action is legal and proper. - war can only be waged with the right intention. correcting a suffered wrong is considered a right intention, while material gain is not. thus a war that would normally be just for all other reasons would be made unjust by a bad intention. right intention requires that democratic statesmen accept the decision of their nations ' courts and electorates on the legitimacy and the justice of their action. - war can only be waged with a reasonable chance of success. it is considered unjust to meaninglessly waste human life and economic resources if defeat is unavoidable. - war must be waged with proportionality in mind. the suffering which existed pre - war should not be overshadowed by the suffering the war may cause. - war can only be waged as a last resort. war is not just until all realistic options which were likely to right the wrong have been pursued. - just war conduct should be governed by the principle of discrimination. the acts of war should be directed towards the inflictors of the wrong, and not towards civilians caught", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.538716946246039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.740424"} {"text": "just until all realistic options which were likely to right the wrong have been pursued. - just war conduct should be governed by the principle of discrimination. the acts of war should be directed towards the inflictors of the wrong, and not towards civilians caught in circumstances they did not create. the prohibited acts include bombing civilian residential areas that include no military target and committing acts of terrorism or reprisal against ordinary civilians. some theologians believe that this rule forbids weapons of mass destruction of any kind, for any reason ( such as the use of an atomic bomb ). - just war conduct should be governed by the principle of proportionality. the force used must be proportional to the wrong endured, and to the possible good that may come. the more disproportional the number of collateral civilian deaths, the more suspect will be the sincerity of a belligerent nation ' s claim to justness of a war it initiated. - torture, of combatants or of non - combatants, is forbidden. - prisoners of war must be treated respectfully. - many throughout history have considered conscription an unjust means, e. g. the condition of proportionality is often misunderstood. a quote from ambrosius may well clarify it. taking an example of a traveler coming to the aid of a fellow traveler who has been attacked by a robber he says \" at the same time, the christian should use no more force than necessary to subdue the attacker, for that person too is someone for whom christ died. charity thus justifies the resort to force in defense, not in self but of the other ; yet at the same time it limits the force that can be used against the evildoer to what is necessary to end the evil. \" hence minimum force is used here in the ethical sense of minimum harm. it is not in conflict with the powell doctrine of overwhelming force. if overwhelming force in the military sense produces less harm then it can be seen as minimum force in the ethical sense used by just war theorists. just war theorists - cicero ( 106 bc \u2013 43 bc ) - augustine of hippo ( 354 - 430 ) - st. thomas aquinas ( 1225 - 1274 ) - stanislaw of skarbimierz ( 1360 - 1431 ) - francisco de vitoria ( 1492 - 1546 ) - francisco suarez ( 1548 - 1617 ) - hugo grotius ( 1583 - 1645 ) - baron von pufendorf ( 1632 \u2013 1694 ) - emerich de vattel ( 1714 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5260037665367849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.741592"} {"text": "1492 - 1546 ) - francisco suarez ( 1548 - 1617 ) - hugo grotius ( 1583 - 1645 ) - baron von pufendorf ( 1632 \u2013 1694 ) - emerich de vattel ( 1714 - 1767 ) - paul ramsey ( 1913 - 1988 ) - michael walzer ( 1935 - ) - reinhold niebuhr ( 1892 - 1971 ) - h. richard niebuhr ( 1894 - 1962 ) - paul tillich ( 1886 - 1965 ) - geneva conventions - jihad ( the \" armed struggle \" variant of it, as compared to just war ) - passages on war - school of salamanca - scorched earth - summa theologica - total war - war crime - theories of a just war - resources on just war theory - \" whether it is always sinful to wage war? \", from the summa theologica - \" justwartheory. com \", a free and non - profit internet teaching and research guide to just war theory. - the just war doctine and its application in current international law - humanitarian intervention and just war the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49315659812980583, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.742096"} {"text": "many people believe the medical doctors and the drug industry that high blood pressure is a death sentence. fortunately, this is not the case. an ideal blood pressure reading of 140 / 80 or recently 115 / 75 is nothing more than the hype of drug companies and is not based on science. these numbers do nothing but turn healthy people into patients. according to many natural health advocates, a little rise in blood pressure due to aging is normal and does not require drug medication even though it reaches 140 / 80. however, increased blood pressure due to kidney disease is the exception. a miner increase in blood pressure is an absolute normal part of the aging process. in fact, according to medical literature, blood pressure rises slightly as we get older to ensure that there is abundant oxygen as well as nutrients. for example, people that smoke are most likely to walk around with a higher pressure reading. this is because they \u2019 re getting a lot less oxygen than a nonsmoker. one of the ways that the body deals with diminished oxygen intake is to increase blood pressure, which would ensure that oxygen gets delivered a lot faster. therefore, the aging process can also trigger this response. because of many hormonal factors, we do not mete out oxygen as well as nutrients as effectively as when we are younger. therefore, increasing blood pressure is the best way for the body to deal with this problem. our cardiovascular needs are met by an intricate hormonal system that \u2019 s regulated by the kidneys. this system works just fine. in fact, a little increase in blood pressure that \u2019 s related to aging does not put you in any immediate danger ; it can actually be beneficial to survival. think about it! if high blood pressure was so deadly, wouldn \u2019 t lowering it with drug medication increase lifespan? you will find it hard to locate proof of someone taking blood pressure lowering medication living longer than people that do not take any hypertension medication. unfortunately, there is research that shows these drugs actually decrease lifespan. according to many natural health advocates, it is actually quite normal for the systolic, which is the first number to be one hundred plus our age. before taking risky blood pressure lowering medications that can come with some awful side effects, you should learn more about the many natural medicines that can control blood pressure, increase heart health and at the same time destroy blood clots.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43705309513861024, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.745016"} {"text": "overview of the international cancer screening network the international cancer screening network ( icsn ) is a voluntary consortium of countries that have active population - based cancer screening programs and active efforts to evaluate and improve the processes and outcomes from cancer screening in practice. the icsn includes efforts to evaluate cancer screening for a number of cancers where screening has been demonstrated to be effective, including breast, colorectal, cervical, and lung. these programs can be national or subnational in scope, and established or pilot - based. administered by the applied research program of the us national cancer institute, the consortium was established in december 1988 as the international breast cancer screening database project during an international workshop involving representatives from 11 countries. the consortium has since grown to encompass 33 countries, and holds biennial meetings. in the interim, the specific activities are moved forward through working groups. the initial purpose of the icsn was to generate a database for the evaluation of screening mammography programs. in 1997, the group decided to shift its focus from creating a common database to collaborative efforts aimed at understanding how to : in keeping with this realignment of purpose, in 1997 the group changed its name to the international breast cancer screening network. as work of the group grew to encompass colorectal and cervical cancer screening, it was renamed the international cancer screening network. the icsn is dedicated to collaborative research aimed at identifying and fostering efficient and effective approaches to cancer control world - wide through population - based screening. it does not address efficacy or use clinical trial data. participation in the icsn is open to any country that has initiated a population - based cancer screening program. the current co - chairs of the icsn include dr. rachel ballard - barbash, national cancer institute, bethesda, md, usa, elsebeth lynge, m. sc., institute of public health, university of copenhagen, denmark, and prof. john boyages, macquarie university cancer institute. last modified : 11 dec 2012 maintained by the applied research program, division of cancer control and population sciences.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49521040779881825, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.750452"} {"text": "plenty of safe, eco - friendly fish in the sea other options besides mercury - tainted tuna sushi posted : 28 - jan - 2008 ; updated : 08 - aug - 2011 as a marine scientist who has been researching seafood sustainability and health issues for a long time, i ' ve known for a while that bluefin tuna not only has high mercury levels but is severely depleted, too. these magnificent fish are highly prized for their rich, buttery flesh. the global sushi market can ' t get enough bluefin, and as a result, exorbitant prices and severe overfishing are driving bluefin tuna to the brink of extinction. i love sushi as much as the next person, but given its dire population numbers and high mercury levels, maybe its time that we all lay off for a while. now making big headlines is a new york times report that found that much of the bluefin sushi served in upscale new york city restaurants actually exceeds the food and drug administration ' s \" action level \" for mercury. ( the threshold is 1 part per million. ) to reiterate : it ' s no surprise that bluefin tuna has high levels of mercury \u2014 it ' s one of the largest and most predatory fish species in the ocean. what is surprising is just how many new york city restaurants are serving the really high - mercury tuna. ( learn about other kinds of tuna. ) and it ' s not just big apple sushi that may pose a danger to your health. mercury levels in bluefin are likely to be very high regardless of location, as i explained to times reporter marian burros in the article. the big picture? there ' s good news and bad news. first, the fda is failing the american people when it comes to seafood safety. the fda inspects less than one percent of imported seafood annually, a fact made clear by recent news stories about illegal drug residues in seafood imported from china. far less seafood is ever tested for environmental toxins such as mercury. the concentrations of mercury found in new york city tuna sushi were above the \" action level \" \u2014 meaning fda can actually take the fish off the market. but the fda does so little mercury testing it can ' t even come close to enforcing its own safety standards. for u. s. consumers, the situation is ' buyer beware '. the good news is that it ' s easier to make eco - friendly and healthy seafood choices than you think. environmental defense ' s seafood selector maintains a list of contaminated fish based on data from over 200", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4182216859400815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.753041"} {"text": "dr. judy theriot and the others at university of louisville pediatrics are busy. \" a lot of kids with the flu, \" she said. \" a lot of kids with other respiratory viruses. \" so with up and down, roller coaster weather - record warm weather early in the week and then a 40 - degree drop in 24 hours - you ' d think they ' d be expecting business to pick up as more people come down with illness. dr. theriot said you ' d think wrong. \" it has nothing to do with how cold or hot it is or the changes or fluctuation in temperature, \" she said. dr. theriot said you get colds and the flu because of viruses and viruses have nothing to do with the weather. they ' re spread through people. \" they cough in your face, \" she said. \" you ' re around them in closed spaces or you touch infected objects. \" so why does the myth of winter colds persist? dr. theriot said it ' s all because of our environment. we ' re not outside as much, so we have more chances to spread our illnesses. \" they kind of cycle around the world and people catch rhinovirus more in the wintertime but again, it might be from our habits too, \" she said. mom and dad were right about a couple of things : wash your hands and get your flu shot. dr. theriot said that really will keep you from getting sick no matter the weather!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4405491649589384, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.757401"} {"text": "welcome to http : / www. handsonuniverse. org / activities / explorations / tactile - moonphases / try this instead : link to alternate page with thumbnails linked to larger images. see project. http : / / analyzer. depaul. edu / see _ project / these images are set for high contrast that suits the needs of individuals who are blind and visually impaired. print then copy the images onto swellform paper, then process through a swellform graphics machine ( http : / / analyzer. depaul. edu / see _ project / bm030507. htm ). the result will be tactile images to sense by touch rather than through sight. see project is funded by nasa ideas. you may notice that some images appear larger or smaller than others. the moon ' s orbit brings it sometimes as close as 55 earth radii, and other times as far as 65 earth radii. what difference does distance make in the apparent size of our moon? take a look at two full moon pictures taken on different dates. these pictures are mosaics constructed from images taken with univ. of chicago yerkes observatory rooftop telescope - south ( meade 8 inch, f / 6. 3, sbig st8 ccd ). number of moon refers to day in cycle. moon images were taken during a variety of cycles. questions or comments? mailto : email @ example. com? subject = project see : moon phases links to jpg files, png files, link to fts files for display / manipulation with hands - on universe image processing software. explorations * hands - on universe * see project", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5522939855404507, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.759007"} {"text": "there are three main components which produce noise in your pc. so you need to understand which of these 3 responsible components to have a quiet pc. lets check the three components responsible for a noisy pc and how to quieten them. the three main components are fans, power supply and hard disk or optical drives. the fans are used by microprocessors and graphics card which is used to cool the chip - set, which gets heated up quickly because of the high amount of processes happening inside. the strategy is to find the component which is making noise, find out the reason, fix it if it can be done then and there or else replace it with a quieter version of the same component. the more powerful a computer is, the more work a fan need to do in order to disperse all the heat generated inside the pc. one major reason for making so much noise is the presence of dust which may clog inside, thus interfering with the smooth rotation of fan leaves. another reason is when the fans are mounted loose on its platform. if it is not mounted properly, this might cause the fan to vibrate which in turn can make the other connected parts to vibrate, creating unwanted noise. these issues can be fixed by cleaning the fan from dust, tighten the screw or pins that is used for mounting, use vibration reducing silicone mounts and dust filters. in some pc \u2019 s there is more number of fans in order to keep it cooler. the combined effort can make the functioning noisier. you can replace these fans with a quieter version. you can also use fan speed controllers which allows to adjust the fan speed based on the temperature generated inside. when the fans perform vigorously to dissipate the heat, it is natural to create noise. the best way to prevent this is to provide proper ventilation to pc. the computer should not be clogged with presence of stuffs piled around pc, which interfere with the free flow of air. also it will be good, if you have a cool room preferably an air - conditioned room which helps in keeping the temperature low. hard drives / optical drives hard drives over the years have gone through lot of changes and one of the main features is reduced noise generation. to make it quieter, you can mount it inside an anti - vibration drive enclosure. also you can use an ssd instead of hard disk. ssd drives don \u2019 t have any moving parts as it use flash memory to store information. though costlier than hard disks, they are very fast compared to hard disks. also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49234188025959735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.763890"} {"text": "enclosure. also you can use an ssd instead of hard disk. ssd drives don \u2019 t have any moving parts as it use flash memory to store information. though costlier than hard disks, they are very fast compared to hard disks. also if your hard disk is creating lot of noise, especially sort of click sound of metallic nature, then it might be an indication that it is going to fail very soon. regular scan of hard disk using the inbuilt operating system tools can be helpful to fix these issues permanently, but mostly it is just temporary solution till the hard disk fails again. be careful. understand the symptoms, take backup and be ready to replace the hard disk. power supply unit ( smps ) smps or the power supply unit is responsible for converting the ac to dc. this process generates heat. the fan attached to smps constantly works in order to dissipate heat, thus preventing the over heating of hardware involved in it. the main villain in make noise is the dust clogged in it. this can be prevented by cleaning the fan from dust. also you can use noiseless sleeve bearing, rather than the traditional ball bearings. also you can choose temperature regulated smps, which only kick start the fan when the heat is above limit. the noise made by the pc sometimes gets amplified by the case. you can prevent it by providing sound proofed enclosures which are usually costlier than the normal ones. sound dampening materials can also be applied to the inside of the case which also helps in a quiet pc. these materials are usually non flammable, so don \u2019 t worry about getting it burned. printers are also another component which is responsible for creating noise while functioning. like hard disks, with improved technological advancements printers now a day \u2019 s don \u2019 t make that much noise as they used to before. some of the latest printers have a quiet mode which reduced the fan speed and reduce the rate at which printouts are taken. you can find it under printer properties. put a piece of carpet or towel under your printer to reduce the sound caused by the vibration on the desk. if you are using a wireless printer, keep it away from the desk within the wireless range to reduce noise. hope these instruction will help you in having a quiet pc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4736914057399855, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.764804"} {"text": "museum in a box - minibeast boxes are currently available each school term for set loan periods of three weeks. museum in a box can be sent to and collected from any educational institution within new south wales. the minibeasts box is a resource designed specifically for early childhood. the topic was chosen to complement children ' s fascination with creatures that they find in their environment. it includes a great variety of ' treasures ' - real insects and spiders embedded in resin, a large model ant, insect finger puppets, handmade silk butterfly wings, a specially created wooden ladybug puzzle, posters and books. - 8 real insects and spiders embedded in clear plastic - a large ant model, great for investigating body parts and as a drawing stimulus ' magnetic minibeasts ', 3 sets of magnetic minibeasts with a magnet board - the ' food game ' ; designed as a simple introduction to food webs - the ' what am i? ' game ; a simple classification activity - 2 silk butterfly wing dress - ups, made especially for the box - a handmade original wooden ladybird puzzle, a sensory delight! - a shiny green dung beetle hand puppet - 12 finger puppets just for fun! - minibeast posters and reference books - teachers notes and a box journal karen player, manager museum outreach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.505189623713659, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.766211"} {"text": "this advice changed my view of the world. not only did i realize that being a teenager with a y - chromosome can ' t be easy either, it also explained why my male classmates were suddenly developing interests in things like special relativity or scanning tunnel microscopes ( nobel prize ' 86 ). it made also sense they were usually very irritated if a girl attempted to join them : all that was just suppressed hormones, the poor guys *. it further revealed a deep connection between general relativity and potatoes that hadn ' t previously occurred to me. most disturbingly however, it labeled general relativity as unsexy, a fact that has bothered me ever since. over the course of years i moreover had to notice that general relativity is a subject of great mystery to many, it ' s a word that has entered the colloquial language as the incomprehensible and ununderstandably complicated result of a genius ' brain. my physics teacher notably told me when getting tired of my questions that there are maybe three people in the world who understand general relativity, thereby repeating ( as i found out later ) a rumor that was more than half a century old ( see wikipedia on the history of general relativity ). special and general relativity is also the topic i receive the most questions about. the twin paradox for example still seems to confuse many people, and only a couple of days ago i was again confronted with a misunderstanding that i ' ve encountered repeatedly, though its origin is unclear to me. the twin paradox is not a paradox, so the explanation seems to go, because it doesn ' t take into account general relativity. that ' s plain wrong. the twin paradox is not a paradox because it doesn ' t take into account acceleration ( unless your spacetime allows closed timelike loops you will have to accelerate one of the twins to get them to meet again which breaks the symmetry ). the problem is that for reasons i don ' t know many people seem to believe special relativity is about constant velocities only, possibly a consequence of bad introductionary textbook. that is not the case. heck, you can describe acceleration even in newtonian mechanics! to make that very clear : - the difference between special and general relativity is that the former is in flat space, whereas the latter is in a ' general ', curved space. - flat space does not mean the metric tensor is diagonal with the entries ( - 1, 1, 1, 1 ), this is just the case in a very specific coordinate system. flat space means the curvature tensor identically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6147238273204919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.771075"} {"text": "', curved space. - flat space does not mean the metric tensor is diagonal with the entries ( - 1, 1, 1, 1 ), this is just the case in a very specific coordinate system. flat space means the curvature tensor identically vanishes ( which is independent of the coordinate system ). - of course one can describe accelerated observers in special relativity. that leads me now directly to the equivalence principle, the cornerstone of general relativity. googling ' equivalence principle ' it is somehow depressing. wikipedia isn ' t wrong, but too specific ( the equivalence principle doesn ' t have anything to do with standing on the surface of the earth ). the second hit is a nasa website which i find mostly confusing ( saying all objects react equally to gravity doesn ' t tell you anything about the relation of gravitational to inertial mass ). the third and fourth hits get it right, the fifth is wrong ( the locality is a crucial ingredient ). so here it is : - the equivalence principle : locally, the effects of gravitation ( motion in a curved space ) are the same as that of an accelerated observer in flat space. that is what einstein explains in his thought experiment with the elevator. if you are standing in the elevator ( that is just a local patch, theoretically infinitesimally small ) you can ' t tell whether you are pulled down because there is a planet underneath your feet, or because there is a flying pig pulling up the elevator. this website has two very nice mini - movies depicting the situation. if you could make your elevator larger you could however eventually distinguish between flat and curved space because you could measure geodesic deviation, i. e. the curvature. if you think of particles, the equivalence principle means that the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass, which has been measured with impressive precision. but the above formulation makes the mathematical consequences much clearer. to formulate your theory, you will have to introduce a tangential bundle on your curved manifold where you can deal with the ' local ' quantities, and you will have to figure out how the cuts in this bundle ( tensors ) will transform under change of coordinates. if you want your theory to be independent of that choice of coordinates it will have to be formulated in tensor equations. next thing to ask is then how to transport tensors from one point to the other, which leads you to a ' covariant ' derivative. the equivalence principle is thus a very central ingredient of general relativity and despite its simplicity the base of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6456424507451883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.772149"} {"text": "thing to ask is then how to transport tensors from one point to the other, which leads you to a ' covariant ' derivative. the equivalence principle is thus a very central ingredient of general relativity and despite its simplicity the base of a large mathematical apparatus, it ' s the kind of insight every theoretical physicist dreams of. it gives you a notion of a ' straightest line ' in curved space ( a geodesic ) on which a testparticle moves. this curve most notably is independent of the mass of that particle : heavy and light things fall alike even in general relativity ( well, we already knew this to be the case in the newtonian limit ). for a very nice demonstration see the video on the nasa website. please note that this holds for pointlike testparticles only, it is no loger true for extended or spinning objects, or for objects that significantly disturb the background. the equivalence principle however is not sufficient to give you einstein ' s field equations that describe how space is curved by its matter content. but that ' s a different story. it remains to be said all this is standard textbook knowledge and general relativity is today not usually considered a large mystery. there are definitely more than 3 people who understand it. we have moved on quite a bit since 1905. general relativity is sexy. though i doubt there ' s more than three people in the world who really understand potatoes. * in the more advanced stages of confusion they start referring to physical theories as women. josh, this one ' s for you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6331732673259411, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.772743"} {"text": "savingseveryone ' s better off when savings are made simple search alphabetically for the term you are looking for. - account balance - this is the amount of money in an account. this could be a credit balance ( money you own ) in a savings account or a debit balance ( money you owe ) in a current account. - aer stands for the annual equivalent rate and shows what the interest rate would be if interest was paid and added to the capital balance each year. the higher the aer, the better the return you will receive. - assets are things that a person or company owns, such as a house or money. - atm stands for automated teller machine. they are known as cash machines and can be found in many public places. they allow you to check your balance and take out money from your current account by using your cash or debit card and entering your pin ( personal identification number ). - this means bankers \u2019 automated clearing services and it \u2019 s simply a way to electronically process financial transactions. it is a uk scheme and there are also bacs direct debits and bacs direct credits. - this is the amount of money in an account. a positive balance refers to the amount you have in your savings account. a negative balance refers to the amount you owe, for example an overdraft on a current account. - bank of england base rate - by bank of england base rate we mean the bank of england \u2019 s official dealing rate ( the official bank rate ) as set by the monetary policy committee. - a beneficiary is an individual that has the right of enjoyment from the funds in the account and this remains with them throughout the period the money is deposited. - a bond is a savings account which will earn interest over a specified period of time. bonds have a defined term ( usually between one to five years ), after which the bond will mature and you can access your money. learn about fixed term bonds - a budget is a financial plan drawn up for an individual or family to work out how much money is coming in and going out each month. a budget would usually cover a period of one month, although it can be longer. you can use our budget planner to work out what you can afford. - this is the amount of money saved or invested in your savings account. - capital balance - this is the amount of money saved or invested in your savings account. - cash isa - an individual savings account ( isa ) is a savings account where you don \u2019 t pay tax on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.505125274011316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.784257"} {"text": "money saved or invested in your savings account. - capital balance - this is the amount of money saved or invested in your savings account. - cash isa - an individual savings account ( isa ) is a savings account where you don \u2019 t pay tax on the interest you earn. as your earnings are tax - free, this means you get to keep everything that you invest and earn. there are two different types of isas - cash isas which are available to any one aged 16 or over and stocks and shares isas \u2013 which are available to anyone aged 18 and over. virgin money have a great range of cash isas for you to choose from. learn about cash isas - cash isa allowance - cash isa top up - cash isa transfer authority form - you need to complete this form alongside your application if you wish to transfer your existing cash isa to a new one. transfer authority form - certificate of deposit - a certificate of deposit is something offered by banks and building societies where you agree to keep money in your account for a certain period of time in return for a specified interest rate. - this stands for clearing house automated payment system. is an electronic payment system which provides for same - day transfers of funds between accounts. - when we talk about charges, it means expenses which will be incurred if a transaction takes place. for example, if you withdraw money instantly from an account which requires you to give notice, then charges may apply. - citizens advice bureau - a voluntary organisation offering help to resolve legal, money and other problems by providing free information and advice. - compound interest - interest that is calculated on the original amount saved, as well as any interest already earned. - cooling - off period - this is the time you have to change your mind on any savings accounts you have opened excluding fixed rate bonds. - credit check - this is where a bank or other organisation carries out a credit check on a person before deciding whether to lend them money or to open a bank account. - customer identification - we are required to confirm the identity of all customers who open an account. to prove your identity documents such as a passport or driving licence may be required. suitable forms of identification - debit card - a debit card is issued by a bank, at virgin money this may be with your current account. a debit card is used in a similar way to a credit card, but when an individual makes a purchase, the money is taken from the associated account straight away. - this is money you owe to another individual or a business. - this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47363043620518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.785400"} {"text": "a debit card is used in a similar way to a credit card, but when an individual makes a purchase, the money is taken from the associated account straight away. - this is money you owe to another individual or a business. - this is someone who relies on another person for financial support. so if you have young children, they are your dependants. - this is someone who puts money into a savings or bank account. - direct debit - this is an instruction that someone gives to their bank, allowing another company or organisation to take a specific amount from their account on a regular basis. direct debits are usually taken from an account on a monthly basis but can be annual or twice yearly. - a dormant account is one which has had no money withdrawn from it, nor money added to it for a long period of time. lost accounts - easy access - an easy access account is a savings account which offers you the flexibility of adding to your savings as often as you like with the benefit of being able to take money out as you need to. some of these accounts are operated online for 24 / 7 access to your funds. learn about easy access accounts - easy access accounts - operated either online or via one of our stores, these accounts are great if you want the flexibility of being able to save as and when you want to. - your estate is everything you own when you die, less what you owe. - this is the amount of money spent on goods or services, usually calculated over a month. you can use our budget planner to help you work out how much you can afford to save by adding up your monthly bills and looking at other financial commitments over the year. - financial advice - financial advice can help you decide what \u2019 s financially important to you right now, so you can make the best decisions. this is provided by an adviser who is regulated by the fsa. we offer our customers a thorough review with a fully qualified financial consultant who knows exactly what \u2019 s what. view our financial planning website - financial gifts - this is money given to someone as a gift, for example, money added to a child \u2019 s account from a parent or relative. - financial ombudsman service ( fos ) - this is the official independent complaints service which works to resolve complaints between consumers and businesses that provide financial services. if we cannot resolve the complaint to your satisfaction you have the right to refer your complaint to the financial ombudsman service. - financial planning - this is a free service which helps customers to work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.447621034310624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.786411"} {"text": "complaints between consumers and businesses that provide financial services. if we cannot resolve the complaint to your satisfaction you have the right to refer your complaint to the financial ombudsman service. - financial planning - this is a free service which helps customers to work out the best accounts and financial arrangements to suit their specific needs. we offer our customers a thorough review with a fully qualified financial consultant who knows exactly what \u2019 s what. financial planning - financial services authority ( fsa ) - this is the uk financial services regulator. - financial services compensation scheme ( fscs ) - the fscs can pay compensation to depositors if a bank is unable to meet its financial obligations. most depositors \u2013 including most individuals and small businesses \u2013 are covered by the scheme. we are covered by the financial services compensation scheme ( fscs ). - fixed rate - an interest rate that stays the same i. e. doesn ' t move up or down for a set period of time. - fixed rate bond - the type of fixed term accounts which virgin money currently offer. they offer a fixed rate of interest for a specified period of time. they can be fixed for a number of years, typically ranging from one to five, and will mature at the end of the fixed term. - fixed term bond - a fixed term bond is a savings account which will earn interest over a specified period of time. bonds have a defined term ( usually between one to five years ), after which the bond will mature and you can access your money. learn about fixed term bonds - this is usually an estimate of future financial outcomes. - this stands for faster payments service and it enables customers to make electronic payments. faster payments are typically made via the internet or telephone and processed in hours rather than days. - ftse 100 - this stands for the financial times stock exchange 100 index, which is made up of the 100 largest firms quoted on the london stock exchange. - the full amount of money earned or paid before any deductions such as tax. - hm revenue & customs ( hmrc ) - hm revenue & customs ( hmrc ) is a government organisation that ensures the correct tax is paid at the right time, whether this relates to payment of taxes received by the department or entitlement to benefits paid. - income tax - this is tax which is payable on any income you earn. - independent financial advisor ( ifa ) - a professional who is authorised and regulated by the fsa to advise on suitable financial products after researching the whole market and a customer \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47014810935695783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.787452"} {"text": "- this is tax which is payable on any income you earn. - independent financial advisor ( ifa ) - a professional who is authorised and regulated by the fsa to advise on suitable financial products after researching the whole market and a customer \u2019 s needs and circumstances. - inheritance tax - inheritance tax may be payable in the event of death if the estate is over the threshold specified for that tax year - this is the money that you earn in a savings account. - interest rate - the percentage figure that shows how much interest you will earn with that savings account. - introductory bonus - on certain accounts, an introductory bonus will be included within the interest rate. this is available for a fixed term, usually twelve months from you opening the savings account. - an individual savings account ( isa ) is a savings account where you don \u2019 t pay tax on the interest you earn. as your earnings are tax - free, this means you get to keep everything that you invest and earn. there are two different types of isas - cash isas which are available to anyone aged 16 or over and stocks and shares isas \u2013 which are available to anyone aged 18 and over. virgin money have a great range of cash isas for you to choose from. learn about cash isas - limited access - a limited access account is a savings account which could earn you a higher rate of interest by giving us notice when you wish to withdraw. usually with a variable interest rate, a limited access account gives you the flexibility of adding to your savings when you like. learn about limited access accounts - limited issue - some products such as bonds are limited issues and therefore, may only be available for a short period of time and may be withdrawn without notice. - once reaching the end of a fixed term, your money will mature and will be available to access. alternatively it may become a matured account and receive a different rate of interest. - maximum additional deposits - this is the most amount of money you can add to a savings account. - maximum investment - this is the most amount of money you can invest into a savings account. - minimum additional deposits - this is the least amount of money you can add into a savings account. - minimum investment - this is the least amount of money you can invest to open a savings account. - this is a free, impartial guide on bank accounts provided by the fsa ( the uk financial services regulator ) which you may find useful if you are opening an account or thinking about getting a new savings account. - net is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44868932853639043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.788443"} {"text": "account. - this is a free, impartial guide on bank accounts provided by the fsa ( the uk financial services regulator ) which you may find useful if you are opening an account or thinking about getting a new savings account. - net is the annual rate of interest payable after the deduction of basic rate tax ( currently 20 % ). - no - notice accounts - with a no - notice account you have easy access to your money. - notice period - this is the time you have to give to notify the bank or building society that you want to withdraw your money without paying a penalty. 60, 90, 120, 180 days are common notice periods. - online account - an account you can access and manage online. - overdraft / overdrawn - a facility allowing you to spend more money from your bank account than you have in it. the bank will usually charge you interest and sometimes other fees as well if you do this. - an annual summary of all your payslips. your employer gives you one at the end of every tax year, if you still work for the employer. keep it safe. - a payslip shows how much you \u2019 ve been paid by your employer and also how much tax you \u2019 ve paid. your employer should give you one every time you get paid. - this is an arrangement that provides people with an income when they are no longer earning money from employment. - power of attorney - a written legal document that gives an individual the authority to act for another. - this is the company or organisation that provides the account. - r85 form - the hm revenue & customs r85 form is completed when you are entitled to receive interest without tax being taken off. by completing the r85 form you are telling your bank or building society that you do not have to pay tax on the interest that is paid to you. - the figure that shows how much interest you earn. - sole account holder - if the account is in one name, this is the person who holds the account. - standing order - a standing order is an instruction someone gives to their bank to pay a set amount at regular intervals to another account. this is also known as a banker ' s order. - this includes details of all transactions carried out within your account. - summary box - a summary box is the key product information about a savings account - a charge you pay to the government \u2013 there are different types of tax but income and inheritance tax are the ones most people may be aware of. - tax free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4383690098480417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.789426"} {"text": ". - summary box - a summary box is the key product information about a savings account - a charge you pay to the government \u2013 there are different types of tax but income and inheritance tax are the ones most people may be aware of. - tax free - this simply means that you don \u2019 t pay tax. for example, with a tax - free cash isa, you don \u2019 t pay tax on any interest you earn. - tax year - a tax year runs from 6th april one year until 5th april the following year. - tax year for cash isas - a tax year runs from 6th april one year until 5th april the following year. the current isa subscription limit is \u00a35, 760 for the 2013 / 2014 tax year. - the term is the period of time your investment runs for, for example, three years. - quite simply, a trustee is someone who is appointed to hold the funds in the account for the benefit of the beneficiary. - interest rates offered by banks and financial institutions on loans or deposits which are liable to change according to circumstances. for example, a movement in the bank of england base rate which is set by the monetary policy committee. - welcome pack - you will receive a welcome pack within five business days of opening your account. this will include everything you need to know about saving with virgin money and how to use your account. - a withdrawal simply means to take money out of an account.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4782988982565617, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.789993"} {"text": "h. l. mencken ( 18801956 ). the american language. 1921. 2. differences in usage the differences here listed, most of them between words in everyday employment, are but examples of a divergence in usage which extends to every department of daily life. in his business, in his journeys from his home to his office, in his dealings with his family and servants, in his sports and amusements, in his politics and even in his religion the american uses, not only words and phrases, but whole syntactical constructions, that are unintelligible to the englishman, or intelligible only after laborious consideration. a familiar anecdote offers an example in miniature. it concerns a young american woman living in a region of prolific orchards who is asked by a visiting englishman what the residents do with so much frut. her reply is a pun : we eat all we can, and what we cant we can. this answer would mystify most englishmen, for in the first place it involves the use of the flat american a in cant and in the second place it applies an unfamiliar name to the vessel that the englishman knows as a tin, and then adds to the confusion by deriving a verb from the substantive. there are no such tings as canned - goods in england ; over there they are tinned. the can that holds them is a tin ; to can them is to tin them. and they are counted, not as groceries, but as stores, and advertised, not on bill - boards but on hoardings. and the cook who prepares them for the table is not nora or maggie, but cook, and if she does other work in addition she is not a girl for general housework, but a cook - general, and not help, but a servant. and the boarder who eats them is often not a boarder at all, but a paying - guest. and the grave of the tin, once it is emptied, is not the ash - can, but the dust - bin, and the man who carries it away is not the garbage - man or the ash - man or the white - wings, but the dustman. an englishman, entering his home, does not walk in upon the first floor, but upon the ground floor. what he calls the first floor ( or, more commonly, first storey, not forgetting the penultimate e! ) is what we call the second floor, and so on up to the roofwhich is covered not with tin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4791238245256508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.827606"} {"text": "upon the ground floor. what he calls the first floor ( or, more commonly, first storey, not forgetting the penultimate e! ) is what we call the second floor, and so on up to the roofwhich is covered not with tin, but with slate, tiles or leads. he does not take a paper ; he takes in a paper. he does not ask his servant, is there any mail for me? but are there any letters for me? for mail, in the american sense, is a word that he seldom uses, save in such compounds as mail - van, mail - train and mail - order. he alwaus speaks of it as the post. the man who brings it is not a letter - carrier but a postman. it is posted, not mailed, at a pillar - box, not at a mail - box. it never includes postal - orders but only post - cards, never money - orders, but only postal - orders or postoffice - orders. 2 the englishman dictates his answers, not to a typewriter, but to a typist ; a typewriter is merely the machine. if he desires the recipient to call him by telephone he doesnt say, phone me at a quarter of eight, but ring me up at a quarter to eight. and when the call comes he says are you there? when he gets home, he doesnt find his wife waiting for him in the parlor or living - room, 3 but in the drawing - room or in her sitting - room, and the tale of domestic disaster that she has to tell does not concern the hired - girl but the scullery - maid. he doesnt bring her a box of candy, but a box of sweets. he doesnt leave a derby hat in the hall, but a bowler. his wife doesnt wear shirtwaists, but blouses. when she buys one she doesnt say charge it, but put it down. when she orders a tailor - made suit, she calls it a costume or a coat - and - skirt. when she wants a spool of thread she asks for a reel of cotton. 4 such things are bought, not in the department - stores, but at the stores, which are substantially the same thing. in these stores calico means a plain cotton cloth ; in the united states it means a printed cotton cloth. things bought on the instalment plan in england are said to be bought on the hire - purchase plan or system ; the instal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5351319138912967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.829159"} {"text": ". in these stores calico means a plain cotton cloth ; in the united states it means a printed cotton cloth. things bought on the instalment plan in england are said to be bought on the hire - purchase plan or system ; the instalment business itself is the credit - trade. goods ordered by post ( not mail ) on which the dealer pays the cost of transportation are said to be sent, not postpaid or prepaid, but postfree or carriage - paid. an englishman does not wear suspenders, but braces. suspenders are his wifes garters ; his own are sock - suspenders. the family does not seek sustenance in a rare tenderloin but in an underdone undercut or fillet. it does not eat beets, but beet - roots. the wine on the table, if white and german, is not rhine wine, but hock. yellow turnips, in england, are called swedes, and are regarded as fit food for cattle only ; when rations were short there, in 1916, the saturday review made a solemn effort to convince its readers that they were good enough to go upon the table. the english, of late, have learned to eat another vegetable formerly resigned to the lower fauna, to wit, american sweet corn. but they are still having some difficulty about its name, for plain corn in england, as we have seen, means all the grains used by man. some time ago, in the sketch, one c. j. clive, a gentleman farmer of worcestershire, was advertising sweet corn - cobs as the most delicious of all vegetables, and offering to sell them at 6s. 6d. a dozen, carriage - paid. chicory is something else that the english are unfamiliar with ; they always call it endive. by chicken they mean any fowl, however ancient. broilers and friers are never heard of over there. neither are crawfish, which are always crayfish. 5 the classes which, in america, eat breakfast, dinner and supper, have breakfast, dinner and tea in england ; supper always means a meal eaten late in the evening. no englishman ever wears a frock - coat or prince - albert, or lives in a bungalow ; he wears a morning - coat and lives in a villa or cottage. his wifes maid, if she has one, is not ethel, or maggie but robinson, and the nurse - maid who looks after his children is not lizzie but nurse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.511852267802112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.830324"} {"text": "bungalow ; he wears a morning - coat and lives in a villa or cottage. his wifes maid, if she has one, is not ethel, or maggie but robinson, and the nurse - maid who looks after his children is not lizzie but nurse. 6 so, by the way, is a trained nurse in a hospital, whose full style is not miss jones, but nurse jones or sister. and the hospital itself, if private, is not a hospital at all, but a nursing - home, and its trained nurses are plain nurses, or hospital nurses, or maybe nursing sisters. and the white - clad young gentlemen who make love to them are not studying medicine but walking the hospitals. similarly, an english law student does not study law, but reads the law. if an english boy goes to a public school, it is not a sign that he is getting his education free, but that his father is paying a good round sum for it and is accepted as a gentleman. a public school over there corresponds to our prep school ; it is a place maintained chiefly by endowments, wherein boys of the upper classes are prepared for the universities. what we know as a public school is called a board school or council school in england, not because the pupils are boarded but because it is managed by a school board or county council. the boys in a public ( i. e., private ) school are divided, not into classes, or grades, but into forms, which are numbered, the lowest being the first form. the benches they sit on are also called forms. an english boy whose father is unable to pay for his education goes first into a babies class ( a kindergarten is always a private school ) in a primary or infants school. he moves thence to class one, class two, class three and class four, and then into the junior school or public elementary school, where he enters the first standard. until now boys and girls have sat together in class, but hereafter they are separated, the boy going to a boys school and the girl to a girls. he goes up a standard a year. at the third or fourth standard, for the first time, he is put under a male teacher. he reaches the seventh standard, if he is bright, at the age of 12, and then goes into what is known as the ex - seventh. if he stays at school after this he goes into the ex - ex - seventh. but many leave the public elementary school at the ex - seventh and go into the secondary school, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5108482522733542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.831385"} {"text": "and then goes into what is known as the ex - seventh. if he stays at school after this he goes into the ex - ex - seventh. but many leave the public elementary school at the ex - seventh and go into the secondary school, which is what americans call a high - school. the lowest class in a secondary school, says an english correspondent, is known as the third form. in this class the boy from the public elementary school meets boys from private preparatory schools, who usually have an advantage over him, being armed with the greek alphabet, the first twenty pages of french without tears, the fact that balbus built a wall, and the fact that lines equal to the same line are equal to one another. but usually the public elementary school boy conquers these disabilities by the end of his first high - school year, and so wins a place in the upper fourth form, while his wealthier competitors grovel in the lower fourth. in schools where the fagging system prevails the fourth is the lowest form that is fagged. the lower fifth is the retreat of the unscholarly. the sixth form is the highest. those who fail in their matriculation for universities or who wish to study for the civil service or pupil teachers examinations go into a thing called the remove, which is less a class than a state of mind. here are the brahmins, the contemplative olympians, the prefects, the lab. monitors. the term public elementary school is recent. it was invented when the old board school system was abolished about 1906. but the term standard is ancient. the principal of an english public ( i. e., private ) school is a head - master or head - mistress, but in a council school he or she may be a principal. the lower pedagogues used to be ushers, but are now assistant masters ( or mistresses ). the titular head of a university is a chancellor or rector. 7 he is always some eminent public man, and a vice - chancellor or vice - rector performs his duties. the head of a mere college may be a president, principal, master, warden, rector, dean or provost. at the universities the students are not divided into freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors, as with us, but are simply first - year - men, second - year - men, and so on, though a first - year - man is sometimes a fresher. such distinctions, however, are not as important in england as in america", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4842726304985524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.832354"} {"text": "as with us, but are simply first - year - men, second - year - men, and so on, though a first - year - man is sometimes a fresher. such distinctions, however, are not as important in england as in america ; members of the university ( they are called members, not students ) do not flock together according to seniority, and there is no regulation forbidding an upper classman, or even a graduate, to be polite to a student just entered. an english university man does not study ; he reads. he knows nothing of frats, class - days, senior - proms and such things ; save at cambridge and dublin he does not even speak of a commencement. on the other hand his daily speech is full of terms unintelligible to an american student, for example, wrangler, tripos, head, pass - degree and don. the upkeep of council - schools in england comes out of the rates, which are local taxes levied upon householders. for that reason an english municipal taxpayer is called a ratepayer. the functionaries who collect and spend money are not office - holders, but public - servants. the head of the local police is not a chief of police, but a chief constable. the fire department is the fire brigade. the street - cleaner is a crossing - sweeper. 8 the parish poorhouse is a workhouse. if it is maintained by two or more parishes jointly it becomes a union. a pauper who accepts its hospitality is said to be on the rates. a policeman is a bobby familiarly and a constable officially. he is commonly mentioned in the newspapers, not by his name, but as p. c. 643 ai. e., police constable no. 643 of the a division. the fire - laddie, the ward executive, the wardman, the roundsman, the strong - arm squad, the third - degree, and other such objects of american devotion are unknown in england. an english saloon - keeper is officially a licensed victualler. his saloon is a public house, or, colloquially, a pub. he does not sell beer by the bucket or can or growler or schooner, but by the pint. he and his brethren, taken together, are the licensed trade. his back - room is a parlor. if he has a few upholstered benches in his place he usually calls it a lounge. he employs no bartenders. barmaids do the work, with maybe a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46870179365897036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.833275"} {"text": "together, are the licensed trade. his back - room is a parlor. if he has a few upholstered benches in his place he usually calls it a lounge. he employs no bartenders. barmaids do the work, with maybe a barman to help. the american language, as we have seen, has begun to take in the english boot and shop, and it is showing hospitality to head - master, haberdasher and week - end, but subaltern, civil servant, porridge, moor, draper, treacle, tram and mufti are still rather strangers in the united states, as bleachers, picayune, air - line, campus, chore, stogic and hoodoo are in england. a subaltern is a commissioned officer in the army, under the rank of captain. a civil servant is a public servant in the national civil service ; if he is of high rank, he is usually called a permanent official. porridge, moor, scullery, draper, treacle and tram, though unfamiliar, still need no explanation. mufti means ordinary male clothing ; an army officer out of uniform ( american : in cits, or in citizens clothes ) is said to be in mufti. to this officer a sack - suit or business - suit is a lounge - suit. he carries his clothes in a box. he does not miss a train ; he loses it. he does not ask for a round - trip ticket, but for a return ticket. if he proposes to go to the theatre he does not reserve or engage seats ; he books them. if he sits down - stairs, it is not in the orchestra, but in the stalls. if he likes vaudeville, he goes to a music - hall, where the head - liners are top - liners. if he has to stand in line, he does it, not in a line, but in a queue. if he goes to see a new play, he says that it has just been put up, not put on. in england a corporation is a public company or limited liability company. the term corporation, over there, is commonly applied only to the mayor, aldermen and sheriffs of a city, as in the london corporation. an englishman writes ltd. after the name of a limited liability ( what we would call incorporated ) bank or trading company, as we write inc. he calls its president its chairman or managing director. its stockholders are its shareholders, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4700150827138453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.834258"} {"text": "london corporation. an englishman writes ltd. after the name of a limited liability ( what we would call incorporated ) bank or trading company, as we write inc. he calls its president its chairman or managing director. its stockholders are its shareholders, and hold shares instead of stock in it. the place wherein such companies are floated and lootedthe wall street of londonis called the city, with a capital c. bankers, stock - jobbers, promoters, directors and other such leaders of its business are called city men. the financial editor of a newspaper is its city editor. government bonds are consols, or stocks, or the funds. 9 to have money in the stocks is to own such bonds. as englishman hasnt a bank - account, but a banking - account. he draws cheques ( not checks ), not on his bank but on the bankers. 10 in england there is a rigid distinction between a broker and a stock - broker. a broker means, not a dealer in securities, as in our wall street broker, but a dealer in second - hand furniture. to have the brokers11 in the house means to be bankrupt, with ones very household goods in the hands of ones creditors. for a city man to swindle a competitor in england is not to do him up or to do him, but to do him in. when any english business man retires he does not actually retire ; he declines business. 12 tariff reform, in england, does not mean a movement toward free trade, but one toward protection. the word government, meaning what we call the administration, is always capitalized and plural, e. g., the government are considering the advisability, etc. vestry, committee, council, ministry and even company are also plural, though sometimes not capitalized. a member of parliament does not run for re - election ; he stands. he does not make a campaign, but a canvass. 13 he does not represent a district, but a division or constituency. he never makes a stumping trip, but always a speaking tour. when he looks after his fences he calls it nursing the constituency. at a political meeting ( they are often rough in england ) the bouncers are called stewards ; the suffragettes used to delight in stabbing them with hatpins. a member of parliament is not afflicted by the numerous bugaboos that menace an american congressman. he knows nothing of lame ducks, pork barrels, gag - rule, junkets, pulls, gerrymanders,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5354626899431647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.835411"} {"text": "them with hatpins. a member of parliament is not afflicted by the numerous bugaboos that menace an american congressman. he knows nothing of lame ducks, pork barrels, gag - rule, junkets, pulls, gerrymanders, omnibus - bills, snakes, niggers in the woodpile, salt river, crow, bosses, ward heelers, men higher up, silk - stockings, repeaters, steam - rollers, ballot - box stuffers and straight and split tickets ( he always calls them ballots or voting papers ). he has never heard, save as a report of far - off heresies, of direct primaries, the recall, or the initiative and referendum. a roll - call in parliament is a division. a member speaking is said to be up or on his legs. when the house adjourns it is said to rise. a member referring to another in the course of a debate does not say the gentleman from manchester, but the honorable gentleman ( written hon. gentleman ) or, if he happens to be a privy councillor, the right honorable gentleman, or, if he is a member of one of the universities, or a member of one of the learned professions, the honorable and learned gentleman. if the speaker refers to a member of his own party he may say my honorable friend. in the united states a pressman is a man who runs a printing press ; in england he is a newspaper reporter, or, as the english usually say, a journalist. 14 this journalist works, not at space rates, but at lineage rates. a printing press is a machine. an editorial in a newspaper is a leading article or leader. an editorial paragraph is a leaderette, or par. a newspaper clipping is a cutting. a pass to the theatre is an order. the room - clerk of a hotel is the secretary. a real - estate agent or dealer is an estate - agent. the english keep up most of the old distinctions between physicians and surgeons, barristers and solicitors. a barrister is greatly superior to a solicitor. he alone can address the higher courts and the parliamentary committees ; a solicitor must keep to office work and the inferior courts. a man with a grievance goes first to his solicitor, who then instructs or briefs a barrister for him. if that barrister, in the course of the trial, wants certain evidence removed from the record, he moves that it be struck out, not stricken out, as an american lawyer would say. only barristers may become judges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5204971847578546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.836703"} {"text": "briefs a barrister for him. if that barrister, in the course of the trial, wants certain evidence removed from the record, he moves that it be struck out, not stricken out, as an american lawyer would say. only barristers may become judges. an english barrister, like his american brother, takes a retainer when he is engaged. but the rest of his fee does not wait upon the termination of the case : he expects and receives a refresher from time to time. a barrister is never admitted to the bar, but is always called. if he becomes a kings counsel, or k. c. ( a purely honorary appointment ), he is said to have taken silk. in the united states a lawyer tries a case and the judge hears it ; in england the judge tries it. in the united states the court hands down a decision ; in england the court hands it out. in the united states a lawyer probates a will ; in england he proves it, or has it admitted to probate. the common objects and phenomena of nature are often differently named in england and america. as we saw in a previous chapter, such americanisms as creek and run, for small streams, are practically unknown in england, and the english moor and downs early disappeared from american. the englishman knows the meaning of sound ( e. g., long island sound ), but he nearly always uses channel in place of it. in the same way the american knows the meaning of the english bog, but rejects the english distinction between it and swamp, and almost always uses swamp or marsh ( often elided to mash ). the englishman seldom, if ever, describes a severe storm as a hurricane, a cyclone, a tornado, or a blizzard. he never uses cold - snap, cloudburst or under the weather. he does not say that the temperature is 29 degrees ( fahrenheit ) or that the thermometer or the mercury is at 29 degrees, but that there are three degrees of frost. he calls ice water iced - water. he knows nothing of blue - grass country or of the pennyryal. 15 what we call the mining regions he knows as the black country. he never, of course, uses down - east or up - state. many of our names for common fauna and flora are unknown to him save as strange americanisms, e. g., terrapin, moose, june - bug, persimmon, gumbo, egg - plant, alfalfa, catnip, sweet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4819889376752602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.837718"} {"text": "names for common fauna and flora are unknown to him save as strange americanisms, e. g., terrapin, moose, june - bug, persimmon, gumbo, egg - plant, alfalfa, catnip, sweet - potato and yam. until lately he called the grapefruit a shaddock. he still calls the rutabaga a mangelwurzel. he is familiar with many fish that we seldom see, e. g., the turbot. he also knows the hare, which is seldom heard of in america. but he knows nothing of devilled - crabs, crab - cocktails, seafood - dinners, clam - chowder or oyster - stews, and he never goes to oyster - suppers, clam - bakes or burgoo - picnics. he doesnt buy peanuts when he goes to the circus. he calls them monkeynuts, and to eat them publicly is infra dig. the common american use of peanut as an adjective of disparagement, as in peanut politics, is incomprehensible to him. in england a hack is not a public coach, but a horse let out at hire, or one of similar quality. a life insurance policy is usually not an insurance policy at all, but an assurance policy. what we call the normal income tax is the ordinary tax ; what we call the surtax is the supertax. 16 an englishman never lives on a street, but always in it. 17 he never lives in a block of houses, but in a row ; it is never in a section of the city, but always in a district. the business - blocks that are so proudly exhibited in all small american towns are quite unknown to him. he often calls an office - building ( his are always small ) simply a house, e. g., carmelite house. going home by train he always takes the down - train, no matter whether he be proceeding southward to wimbleton, westward to shepherds bush, northward to tottenham or eastward to noaks hill. a train headed toward london is always an up - train, and the track it runs on is the up - line. eastbound and westbound tracks and trains are unknown in england, and in general the englishman has a much less keen sense of the points of the compass than the american. he knows the east end and the west end, but he never speaks of the north - east corner of two streets. when an englishman boards a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4859729968324242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.838699"} {"text": "and in general the englishman has a much less keen sense of the points of the compass than the american. he knows the east end and the west end, but he never speaks of the north - east corner of two streets. when an englishman boards a bus, in fact, it is not at a corner at all, but at a crossing, though he is familiar with such forms as hyde park corner. the place he is bound for is not three squares or blocks away, but three turnings. square, in england, always means a small park. a backyard is a garden. a subway is always a tube, or the underground. but an underground passage for pedestrians is a subway. english streets have no sidewalks ; they always call them pavements or foot - paths or simply paths. an automobile is always a motor - car or motor. auto is almost unknown, and with it to auto. so is machine. an englishman always calls russet, yellow or tan shoes brown shoes ( or, if they cover the ankle, boots ). he calls a pocketbook a purse, and gives the name of pocketbook to what we call a memorandum - book. his walking stick is always a stick, never a cane. by cord he means something strong, almost what we call twine ; a thin cord he always calls a string ; his twine is the lightest sort of string. when he applies the adjective homely to a woman he means that she is simple and home - loving, not necessarily that she is plain. he uses dessert, not to indicate the whole last course at dinner, but to designate the fruit only ; the rest is ices or sweets. he uses vest, not in place of waistcoat, but in place of undershirt. similarly, he applies pants, not to his trousers, but to his drawers. an englishman who inhabits bachelor quarters is said to live in chambers ; if he has a flat he calls it a flat, and not an apartment, which term he reserves for a single room. 18flat - houses are often mansions. the janitor or superintendent thereof is a care - taker or porter. the scoundrels who snoop around in search of divorce evidence are not private detectives, but private enquiry agents. the englishman is naturally unfamiliar with baseball, and in consequence his language is bare of the countless phrases and metaphors that it has supplied to american. many of these phrases and metaphors are in daily use among us, for example, fan, rooter, blea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5169974627661726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.839685"} {"text": "naturally unfamiliar with baseball, and in consequence his language is bare of the countless phrases and metaphors that it has supplied to american. many of these phrases and metaphors are in daily use among us, for example, fan, rooter, bleachers, batting - average, double - header, grand - stand - play, charley - horse, pennant - winner, gate - money, busher, minor - leaguer, glass - arm, to strike out, to foul, to be shut out, to play ball, on the bench, on to his curves and three strikes and out. the national game of draw - poker has also greatly enriched american with terms that are either quite unknown to the englishman, or known to him only as somewhat dubious americanisms, among them, cold - deck, kitty, full - house, jack - pot, four - flusher, ace - high, pot, penny - ante, divvy, a card up his sleeve, three - of - a - kind, to ante up, to stand pat, to call ( a bluff ), to pony up, to hold out, to cash in, to go it one better, to chip in and for keeps. but the englishman uses many more racing terms and metaphors than we do and he has got a good many phrases from other games, particularly cricket. the word cricket itself has a definite figurative meaning. it indicates, in general, good sports - manship. to take unfair advantage of an opponent is not cricket. the sport of boating, so popular on the thames, has also given colloquial english some familiar terms, almost unknown in the united states, e. g., punt and weir. contrariwise, pungy, batteau and scow are unheard of in england, and canoe is not long emerged from the estate of an americanism. 19 the game known as ten - pins in america is called nine - pins in england, and once had that name over here. the puritans forbade it, and its devotees changed its name in order to evade the prohibition. 20 finally, there is soccer, a form of football that is still relatively little known in the united states. what we call simply football is rugby or rugger to the englishman. the word soccer is derived from association ; the rules of the game were established by the london football association. soccer is one of the relatively few english experiments in portmanteau words. another is to be found in bakerloo, the name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5164454139080675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.840725"} {"text": ". the word soccer is derived from association ; the rules of the game were established by the london football association. soccer is one of the relatively few english experiments in portmanteau words. another is to be found in bakerloo, the name of one of the london underground lines, from baker - street and waterloo, its termini. but though the english talk of racing, football, cricket and golf a great deal, they have developed nothing comparable to the sporting argot used by all american sporting reporters. when, during the war, various american soldier nines played baseball in england, some of the english newspapers employed visiting american reporters to report the games, and the resultant emission of wild and woolly technicalities interested english readers much more than the games themselves. an english correspondent, greatly excited, sent me the following report from the times of may 26, 1919 : the pastime was featured by the heavy stick work of wallace, former harvard university man, who slammed out a three - bagger and a clean home - run in three trys with the willow. the brand of twirling for both teams was exceptionally good, and the fielding not at all bad considering the chances the a. e. f. boys have had to practise since crossing the deep to join the bigger game over here. for the first three frames both teams hung tough and allowed no scoring, and both shawenecy and thomas appeared to have everything necessary, with shawenecy holding the edge. fourth innings netted a brace for the home lads. ives clouted one to centre and richards let the sphere slip ; eagle watched four bad ones go by, and, after ives was tagged trying to steal home, was pushed over for the first tally when williams leaned against one for two sacks. shawenecy went bad here and gave storey a free ticket, and wallace came through with a three station bingle that shoved williams and storey across. brown ended the agony by missing three. in the sixth, cambridge made an effort to close the gap when shawenecy kissed the leather for a bingle. richards picked a double, and myers followed up with a safe swat which brought the count within one. looked good for another after myers swiped the second stop, but thorngate and hart both carved the breeze. oxford wasnt going to let them feel too good about it though, so they slipped up a few more to convince the crowd it wasnt visitors day. eagle went to first on myers error. gammell took a stroll, and both were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.50268130655741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.841719"} {"text": ". oxford wasnt going to let them feel too good about it though, so they slipped up a few more to convince the crowd it wasnt visitors day. eagle went to first on myers error. gammell took a stroll, and both were forced at the third corner by williams and storey. cobb wallace stepped into a nice one for the washout drive and was well over the platter before the pill was relayed in. shawenecy was here yanked to give clarke a chance to use his slants, and after singling through second, brown was nabbed off the first pillow. cambridge came back strong in the eighth when shawenecy singled. richards was given a lift by a muff on third, and both scored with the help of a two - timer from myers and a nifty sacrifice by thorngate, but the combined efforts of hart and beal could not push the anxious myers over and scoring for the day was no more. this jargon, as i say, flabbergasted england, but it would be hard to find an american who could not understand it. as a set - off to itand to nineteenth hole, the one american contribution to the argot of golf, if african golf for craps be omittedthe english have an ecclesiastical vocabulary with which we are almost unacquainted, and it is in daily use, for the church bulks large in public affairs over there. such terms as vicar, canon, verger, prebendary, primate, curate, nonconformist, dissenter, convocation, minster, chapter, crypt, living, presentation, glebe, benefice, locum tenens, suffragan, almoner, dean and pluralist are to be met with in the english newspapers constantly, but on this side of the water they are seldom encountered. nor do we hear much of matins, lauds, lay - readers, ritualism and the liturgy. the english use of holy orders is also strange to us. they do not say that a young man is studying for the ministry, but that he is reading for holy orders. they do not say that he is ordained, but that he takes orders. save he be in the united free church of scotland, he is never a minister, though the term appears in the book of common prayer ; save he be a nonconformist, he is never a pastor ; a clergyman of the establishment is always either a rector, a vicar or a curate,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45612871888675094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.842610"} {"text": ", he is never a minister, though the term appears in the book of common prayer ; save he be a nonconformist, he is never a pastor ; a clergyman of the establishment is always either a rector, a vicar or a curate, and colloquially a parson. 21 in american chapel simply means a small church, usually the branch of some larger one ; in english it has acquired the special sense of a place of worship unconnected with the establishment. though three - fourths of the people of ireland are catholics ( in munster and connaught, more than nine - tenths ), and the protestant church of ireland has been disestablished since 1871, a catholic place of worship in that country is still a chapel and not a church. 22 so is a methodist wailing - place in england, however large it may be, though now and then tabernacle is substituted. chapel, of course, is also used to designate a small church of the establishment, as st. georges chapel, windsor. a methodist, in great britain, is not ordinarily a methodist, but a wesleyan. contrariwise, what the english call simply a churchman is an episcopalian in the united states, what they call the church ( always capitalized! ) is the protestant episcopal church, 23 what they call a roman catholic is simply a catholic, and what they call a jew is usually softened ( if he happens to be an advertiser ) to a hebrew. the english jews have no such idiotic fear of the plain name as that which afflicts the more pushing and obnoxious of the race in america. 24 news of jewry is a common headline in the london daily telegraph, which is owned by lord burnham, a jew, and has had many jews on its staff, including judah p. benjamin, the american. the american language, of course, knowns nothing of dissenters. nor of such gladiators of dissent as the plymouth brethren, nor of the nonconformist conscience, though the united states suffers from it even more damnably than england. the english, to make it even, get on without circuit - riders, holy - rollers, dunkards, hard - shell baptists, united brethren, seventh day adventists and other such american fer natur and are born, live, die and go to heaven without the aid of either the uplift or the chautauqua. in music the english cling to an archaic and unintelligible nomenclature, long since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49325068486835216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.843542"} {"text": "such american fer natur and are born, live, die and go to heaven without the aid of either the uplift or the chautauqua. in music the english cling to an archaic and unintelligible nomenclature, long since abandoned in america. thus they call a double whole note a breve, a whole note a semibreve, a half note a minim, a quarter note a crotchet, an eighth note a quaver, a sixteenth note a semi - quaver, a thirty - second note a demisemiquaver, and a sixty - fourth note a hemidemisemiquaver, or semidemisemiquaver. if, by any chance, an english musician should write a one - hundred - and - twenty - eighth note he probably wouldnt know what to call it. this clumsy terminology goes back to the days of plain chant, with its longa, brevis, semi - brevis, minima and semiminima. the french and italians cling to a system almost as confusing, but the germans use ganze, halbe, viertel, achtel, etc. i have been unable to discover the beginning of the american system, but it would seem to be borrowed from the german. since the earliest times a great many of the music teachers in the united states have been germans, and some of the rest have had german training. in the same way the english hold fast ( though with a gradual slacking of the grip of late ) to a clumsy and inaccurate method of designating the sizes of printers types. in america the simple point system makes the business easy ; a line of 14 - point type occupies exactly the vertical space of two lines of 7 - point. but the english still indicate differences in size by such arbitrary and confusing names as brilliant, diamond, small pearl, pearl, ruby, ruby - nonpareil, nonpareil, minion - nonpareil, emerald, minion, brevier, bourgeois, long primer, small pica, pica, english, great primer and double pica. they also cling to a fossil system of numerals in stating ages. thus, an englishman will say that he is seven - and - forty, not that he is forty - seven. this is probably a direct survival, preserved by more than a thousand years of english conservatism, of the anglo - saxon seofan - and - feowertig. he will also say that he weighs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5421229217401673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.844460"} {"text": "that he is forty - seven. this is probably a direct survival, preserved by more than a thousand years of english conservatism, of the anglo - saxon seofan - and - feowertig. he will also say that he weighs eleven stone instead of 154 pounds. a stone is 14 pounds, and it is always used in stating the heft of a man. he employs such designations of time as fortnight and twelve - month a great deal more than we do, and has certain special terms of which we know nothing, for example, quarter - day, bank - holiday, long - vacation, lady day and michaelmas. per contra, he knows nothing whatever of our thanksgiving, arbor, labor and decoration days or of legal holidays, or of yom kippur. finally, he always says a quarter to nine, not a quarter of nine. if it is 8. 35 he usually says that it is five - and - twenty minutes to nine. but he never inverts any other number ; it is twenty - three minutes to and twenty - seven minutes past. he rarely says fifteen minutes to ; nearly always he uses quarter to. he never says a quarter hour or a half hour ; he says a quarter of an hour and half an hour. in english usage, to proceed, the word directly is always used to signify immediately ; in american a contingency gets into it, and it may mean no more than soon. in england quite means completely, wholly, entirely, altogether, to the utmost extent, nothing short of, in the fullest sense, positively, absolutely ; in america it is conditional, and means only nearly, approximately, substantially, as in he sings quite well. an englishman does not say i will pay you up for an injury, but i will pay you back. he doesnt look up a definition in a dictionary ; he looks it out. he doesnt say, being ill, i am getting on well, but i am going on well. he doesnt use the american different from or different than ; he uses different to. he never adds the pronoun in such locutions as it hurts me, but says simply, it hurts. he never catches up with you on the street ; he catches you up. he never says are you through? but have you finished? he never uses to notify as a transitive verb ; an official act may be notified, but not a person. he never uses gotten as the perfect participle of get ; he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5347117382938461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.846325"} {"text": "he never says are you through? but have you finished? he never uses to notify as a transitive verb ; an official act may be notified, but not a person. he never uses gotten as the perfect participle of get ; he always uses plain got. 25 an english servant never washes the dishes ; she always washes the dinner or tea things. she doesnt live out, but goes into service. her beau is not her fellow, but her young man. she does not keep company with him but walks out with him. she is never hired, but always engaged ; only inanimate things, such as a hall or cab, are hired. when her wages are increased she does not get a raise, but a rise. when her young man goes into the army he does not join it ; he joins up. that an englishman always calls out i say! and not simply say! when he desires to attract a friends attention or register a protestation of incredulitythis perhaps is too familiar to need notice. his hear, hear! and oh, oh! are also well known. he is much less prodigal with good - bye than the american ; he uses good - day and good - afternoon far more often. a shop - assistant would never say good - bye to a customer. to an englishman it would have a subtly offensive smack ; good - afternoon would be more respectful. various very common american phrases are quite unknown to him, for example, over his signature, on time and planted to corn. the first - named he never uses, and he has no equivalent for it ; an englishman who issues a signed statement simply makes it in writing. he knows nothing of our common terms of disparagement, such as kike, wop, yap and rube. his pet - name for a tiller of the soil is not rube or cy, but hodge. when he goes gunning he does not call it hunting, but shooting ; hunting is reserved for the chase of the fox. when he goes to a dentist he does not have his teeth filled, but stopped. he knows nothing of european plan hotels, or of day - coaches, or of baggage - checks. an intelligent englishwoman, coming to america to live, told me that the two things which most impeded her first communications with untraveled americans, even above the gross differences between english and american pronunciation and intonation, were the complete absence of the general utility adjective jolly from the american vocabulary,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4839378990624088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.847339"} {"text": ", told me that the two things which most impeded her first communications with untraveled americans, even above the gross differences between english and american pronunciation and intonation, were the complete absence of the general utility adjective jolly from the american vocabulary, and the puzzling omnipresence and versatility of the verb to fix. in english colloquial usage jolly means almost anything ; it intensifies all other adjectives, even including miserable and homesick. an englishman is jolly bored, jolly hungry or jolly well tired ; his wife is jolly sensible ; his dog is jolly keen ; the prices he pays for things are jolly dear ( never steep or stiff or high : all americanisms ). but he has no noun to match the american proposition, meaning proposal, business, affair, case, consideration, plan, theory, solution and what not : only the german zug can be ranged beside it. 26 and he has no verb in such wide practise as to fix. in his speech it means only to make fast or to determine. in american it may mean to repair, as in the plumber fixed the pipe ; to dress, as in mary fixed her hair ; to prepare, as in the cook is fixing the gravy ; to bribe, as in the judge was fixed ; to settle, as in the quarrel was fixed up ; to heal, as in the doctor fixed his boil ; to finish, as in murphy fixed sweeney in the third round ; to be well - to - do, as in john is well - fixed ; to arrange, as in i fixed up the quarrel ; to be drunk, as in the whiskey fixed him ; to punish, as in ill fix him ; and to correct, as in he fixed my bad latin. moreover, it is used in all its english senses. an englishman never goes to a dentist to have his teeth fixed. he does not fix the fire ; he makes it up, or mends it. he is never well - fixed, either in money or by liquor. 27 the american use of to run is also unfamiliar to englishmen. they never run can hotel, or a railroad ; they always keep it or manage it. the english use quite a great deal more than we do, and, as we have seen, in a different sense. quite rich, in american, means tolerably rich, richer than most ; quite so, in english, is identical in meaning with exactly so. in american just is almost equivalent to the english quite, as in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5172321359424507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.848392"} {"text": "seen, in a different sense. quite rich, in american, means tolerably rich, richer than most ; quite so, in english, is identical in meaning with exactly so. in american just is almost equivalent to the english quite, as in just lovely. thornton shows that this use of just goes back to 1794. the word is also used in place of exactly in other ways, as in just in time, just how many and just what do you mean? two other adverbs, right and good, are used in american in senses strange to an englishman. thornton shows that the excessive use of right, as in right away, right good and right now, was already widespread in the united states early in the last century ; his first example is dated 1818. he believes that the locution was possibly imported from the southwest of ireland. whatever its origin, it quickly attracted the attention of english visitors. dickens noted right away as an almost universal americanism during his first american tour, in 1842, and poked fun at it in the second chapter of american notes. right is used as a synonym for directly, as in right away, right off, right now and right on time ; for moderately, as in right well, right smart, right good and right often, and in place of precisely, as in right there. some time ago, in an article on americanisms, an english critic called it that most distinctively american word, and concocted the following dialogue to instruct the english in its use : how do i get to? go right along, and take the first turning ( sic ) on the right, and you are right there. but this englishman failed in his attempt to write correct american, despite his fine pedagogical passion. no american would ever say take the first turning ; he would say turn at the first corner. as for right away, r. o. williams argues that so far as analogy can make good english, it is as good as one could choose. nevertheless, the concise oxford dictionary admits it only as an americanism, and avoids all mention of the other american uses of right. good is almost as protean. it is not only used as a general synonym for all adjectives and adverbs connoting satisfaction, as in to feel good, to be treated good, to sleep good, but also as a reinforcement to other adjectives and adverbs as in i hit him good and hard and i am good and tired. of late some has come into wide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49788460546218816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.849300"} {"text": "as in to feel good, to be treated good, to sleep good, but also as a reinforcement to other adjectives and adverbs as in i hit him good and hard and i am good and tired. of late some has come into wide use as an adjective - adverb of all work, indicating special excellence or high degree, as in some girl, some sick, going some, etc. it is still below the salt, but threatens to reach a more respectable position. one encounters it in the newspapers constantly and in the congressional record, and not long ago a writer in the atlantic monthly29 hymned it ecstatically as some worda true super - word, in fact and argued that it could be used in a sense for which there is absolutely no synonym in the dictionary. it was used by the prim emily dickinson forty or more years ago. 30 it will concern us again in chapter ix. it would be easy to pile up words and phrases that are used in both america and england, but with different meanings. i have already alluded to tariff - reform. open - shop is another. it means, in england, what an american union man ( english : trades - unionist ) calls a closed - shop. and closed - shop, in england, means what an american calls an open - shop! finally, there is the verb - phrase, to carry on. in the united states it means to make a great pother ; in england it means to persevere. but the record must have an end. note 5. the verb to crawfish, of course, is also unknown in england. [ back ] note 6. the differences between the nursery vocabulary in english and american deserve investigation, but are beyond the jurisdiction of a celibate inquirer. i have been told by an englishman that english babies do not say choo - choo to designate a railroad train, but puff - puff. [ back ] note 7. this title has been borrowed by some of the american universities, e. g., chancellor day of syracuse. but the usual title remains president. on the continent it is rector. [ back ] note 8. however, the street - cleaner is beginning to appear in some of the english cities. he is commonly employed by the urban sanitary authority, and so the letters u. s. a. appear upon his carta shock to visiting americans. the old - time crossing - sweeper was a free lance. he had his pitch at a crossing, and kept it clean ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5417106646589857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.850313"} {"text": "urban sanitary authority, and so the letters u. s. a. appear upon his carta shock to visiting americans. the old - time crossing - sweeper was a free lance. he had his pitch at a crossing, and kept it clean ; his income came from the free - will offerings of passers - by. as the english cities grow cleaner and official street - cleaning departments are set up he tends to disappear. [ back ] note 9. this form survives in the american term city - stock, meaning the bonds of a municipality. but state and federal securities are always called bonds. [ back ] note 10. cf. a glossary of colloquial slang and technical terms in use in the stock exchange and in the money market, by a. j. wilson ; london, 1895. [ back ] note 12. this was formerly good american. vide rufus king : life and correspondence ; new york, 1894 - 1900, vol. i, p. 132. [ back ] note 13. but he is run by his party organization. cf. the government of england, by a. lawrence lowell ; new york, 1910, vol. ii, p. 29. canvass was formerly good american. cf. autobiography of martin van buren ; washington, 1920, p. 8. [ back ] note 14. until a few years ago no self - respecting american newspaper reporter would call himself a journalist. he always used newspaper man, and referred to his vocation, not as a profession, but as the newspaper business. this old prejudice, however, now seems to be breaking down. cf. dont shy at journalist, the editor and publisher and journalist, june 27, 1914. [ back ] note 15. the herb, of course, is used in england. it is popularly regarded as an effective abortifacient. [ back ] note 16. cf. a speech of senator la follette, congressional record, aug. 27, 1917, p. 6992. [ back ] note 17. of late in has come into use in america, but only in relation to minor streets. thus a man may be said to live in sixty - first street, but his office is on broadway. [ back ] note 18. according to the new international encyclopedia, 2nd ed. ( art. apartment house ), the term flat is usually in the united states restricted to apartments in houses having no elevator or hall service. in new york such apartments are commonly called walk - up - apartments or walk - ups.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45560646321141285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.851328"} {"text": ", 2nd ed. ( art. apartment house ), the term flat is usually in the united states restricted to apartments in houses having no elevator or hall service. in new york such apartments are commonly called walk - up - apartments or walk - ups. even with the qualification, apartment is felt to be better than flat. [ back ] note 19. canoeing was introduced into england by john macgregor in 1866, and there is now a royal canoe club. in america the canoe has been familiar from the earliest times, and in mme. sarah kemble knights diary ( 1704 ) there is much mention of cannoos. the word itself is from an indian dialect, probably the haitian, and came into american through the spanish, in which it survives as canoa. [ back ] note 20. an act was passed to prohibit playing nine - pins ; as soon as the law was put in force, it was notified everywhere, ten - pins played here. capt. marryat : diary in america, vol. iii, p. 195. [ back ] note 21. i am informed by the rev. w. g. polack, of evansville, ind., that certain lutherans in the united states, following german usage, employ vicar to designate a theological student, not yet ordained, who is doing temporary supply - work in a mission congregation. the verb, to vicar, means to occupy such a pulpit. mr. polack is occupied with an interesting inquiry into the american ecclesiastical vocabulary. he believes that mission - festival, common in the middle west, comes from the german missionsfest. so with agenda, used by some of the lutheran churches to designate their book of common prayer. he says that it is not the english term, but the german agende. he notes the use of services to indicate a single service ( this is common throughout the united states ) ; the decay of reverend to revernor, reverner, revenor or revener ; the use of confirmand to designate a candidate for confirmation ; the use of to announce to indicate notifying a pastor of an intention to partake of communion ( ger. sich anmelden ) ; and the use of confessional - address ( beichtrede. ) all these terms are used by english - speaking lutherans. [ back ] note 22. the term chapel, says joyce, in english as we speak it in ireland, has so ingrained itself in my mind that to this hour the word instinctively springs to my lips when i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5059530598537956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.852319"} {"text": "by english - speaking lutherans. [ back ] note 22. the term chapel, says joyce, in english as we speak it in ireland, has so ingrained itself in my mind that to this hour the word instinctively springs to my lips when i am about to mention a catholic place of worship ; and i always feel some sort of hesitation or reluctance in substituting the word church. i positively could not bring myself to say, come, it is time now to set out for church. it must be either mass or chapel. [ back ] note 23. certain dissenters, of late, show a disposition to borrow the american usage. thus the christian world, organ of the english congregationalists, uses episcopal to designate the church of england. [ back ] note 24. so long ago as the 70s certain jews petitioned the publishers of websters and worcesters dictionaries to omit their definitions of the verb to jew, and according to richard grant white, the publisher of worcesters complied. such a request, in england, would be greeted with derision. [ back ] note 25. but nevertheless he uses begotten, not begot. [ back ] note 26. this specimen is from the congressional record of dec. 11, 1917 : i do not like to be butting into this proposition, but i looked upon this post - office business as a purely business proposition. the speaker was hon. homer p. snyder, of new york. in the record of jan. 12, 1918, p. 8294, proposition is used as a synonym for state of affairs. see also a speech by senator norris on feb. 21, 1921, congressional record, p. 3741 et seq. he uses proposition in five or six different senses. see also a speech by senator borah, congressional record, may 13, 1921, p. 1395, col. 1. [ back ] note 27. already in 1855 bristed was protesting that to fix was having more than its legitimate share of work all over the union. in english conversation, he said, the panegyrical adjective of all work is nice ; in america it is fine. this was before the adoption of jolly and its analogues, ripping, stunning, rattling, etc. perhaps to fix was helped into american by the german word. [ back ] note 28. i speak united states, saturday review, sept. 22, 1894. [ back ] note 29. should language be abolished? by harold goddard, july, 1918, p. 63.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48506266758454475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.853255"} {"text": "what is linux anyway? everybody knows windows, and not always for the right reasons. linux on the other hand can seem like dark magic only known to geeks and computer nerds to those of us on the outside. while it is harder to master than windows, it is much more rewarding in that you finally gain control of your own pc. no more nagging from the operating system telling you it didn \u2019 t like what you just did, or not allowing you to delete that file you wanted to get rid of. if linux tells you not to do something you can be sure it \u2019 s for a good reason! linux is an operating system that has its roots in unix. it can do ( almost ) everything windows can, and most of the time it can do it better. the fundamental difference between windows and linux is the approach. windows is a commercial product designed to appeal to the widest possible audience and their various computers. it makes things as easy as possible to use, and hides all the workings from the user. this entails compromise. any system that tries to covers as wide a field as windows isn \u2019 t going to be able to do everything well. to make it appeal and work for the widest audience the users have to be \u2018 protected \u2019 from damaging the system and cede most of the control to it. linux on the other hand has a more sensible approach. it has a core system which you can then bolt extras onto if you need them. you can tailor it to an amazing degree to your specific needs. it ( mostly ) isn \u2019 t a commercial product, and is maintained and developed by enthusiasts throughout the world. the differenced i think can be summed up in one sentence. windows was designed to sell, linux was created to work. most distributions or \u2018 distros \u2019 are free. you can download them, use them, abuse them, and pretty much do what you like with them. most of the utilities and applications are also free. this is the other main attraction to new linux users. freedom. not only do you not have to pay for any of the software, although i would encourage donations where appropriate, you have the freedom to do what you like. there are no lengthy terms and conditions to read, or copy protection because the software is free to use and distribute. linux main downside is that it is harder to manage to begin with. it can seem daunting at first, but well worth it once you get the hang of things. a lot of work has been done", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4609803236199324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.857964"} {"text": "is free to use and distribute. linux main downside is that it is harder to manage to begin with. it can seem daunting at first, but well worth it once you get the hang of things. a lot of work has been done, and is being done to make the system easier for the newbie. the documentation is pretty good, and because the following of linux is pretty fanatical there are hundreds of online forums and resources to help you along the way. linux, like your pc itself is made up of several components which i shall briefly describe below. even though you can see it, your operating system is doing several things at once. most of them will have to go through your processor. linux has a scheduler which prioritizes all the different demands and gives them to the processor in order. it decides what is important and what isn \u2019 t and ensures the processor deals with the important ones first. linux tries to use your available memory as much as possible as it works much faster than your hard drive. the processes mentioned above are stored here while they are being worked on. if you memory gets full then it has an overflow called swap space which pretends to be memory so your processor can use it. your pc is made up of any number of combinations of hardware. sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives, the list is endless. somehow linux manages to support the majority of them while remaining a decent size. it does this by using modules. these are like \u2018 bolt - ons \u2019 that can be added if they are needed by the system. this allows the flexibility to add and remove hardware as you need to. the kernel is the heart of linux. it is the sun around which everything orbits and receives life. this is what makes linux what it is. it is a core program that controls everything around it. it coordinates everything that goes on within the system. where you had fat and ntfs in windows, here we have ext2, ext3 and others. think of them as a library. your hard drive is the book shelf, and the file system is how the books are arranged. there has to be a system for you to quickly find your book and the same for computer files. the graphical user interface ( gui ) is the pretty desktop you see. windows is purely gui driven, in that everything you do is dragging and dropping from one window to another, which is where it got its name. although linux can do the same, it works differently. at its core", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47035682262678336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.859136"} {"text": "is the pretty desktop you see. windows is purely gui driven, in that everything you do is dragging and dropping from one window to another, which is where it got its name. although linux can do the same, it works differently. at its core linux is controlled from the command line. you type in commands and the machine does its thing. these are software addons you can install to achieve a certain goal. things like music players, office tools, web browsers etc. exactly the same as buying a firewall or office suite for windows, except for the most part, applications for linux are free. there are commercial applications out there which you have to pay for, but they are in the minority, and unless your needs are extremely specific, not really necessary. these are similar to applications in that you can install them on your system for a specific purpose. however that purpose is very different. applications are like productivity tools, they help you produce something. utilities help you manage your system like managing hard drives, monitoring networks, firewalls and that kind of thing. that is your linux system in a nutshell. as with everything, there is as much technical detail as you could wish for if that \u2019 s your thing, but this was just an overview to familiarize you with linux. pretty straightforward once explained isn \u2019 t it?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4790900817271128, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.859699"} {"text": "join us at warborne farm in lymington as we find out what exactly the organic food label really means. you \u2019 ll discover what it means for the farm workers, how the farmers keep pests at bay, manage without chemicals and produce quirky but delicious lemon cucumbers although farmers markets are not uncommon in rural areas and have emerged in suburban areas, it is still rare for farmers to come and sell their products regularly in crowded tokyo districts. while it can appear like a new trend, organic food has actually been around for a lot longer than the foods that we \u2019 re accustomed to eating. this is food that are grown as well as nurtured in a natural manner, so as not to disturb the growing development or the individual who \u2019 s eating it. however with more and more labels claiming to be \u2018 natural \u2019 and \u2018 organic, \u2019 it may become perplexing when you \u2019 re in a grocery store aisle. and when you perceive that the charges are somewhat higher than \u2018 normal \u2019 food, you may doubt if it \u2019 s even worth a second look. what defines organic foods? natural food are defined as foods that do not endure any chemical processing, either in the growing process or in the harvesting procedure. these are foods that should not contain pesticides or insecticides, fertilizers as well as other toxins. if you see organic foods that are pre - packaged, this means that each of the components is also processed using organic techniques. however, you need to look for packages that comprise the term \u2019 100 % \u2019 or \u2018 certified \u2019 organic in order to know that all of the ingredients are organic. when a package just contains the now generic phrase of organic, it can mean that only a percentage of the ingredients are processed in this method. why decide on organic foods? many people are turned off by the higher costs that natural food seems to have. and with the lessened processing, these prices don \u2019 t seem acceptable. however, the reason behind the somewhat higher costs is that these are farms that can not manufacture as much yield as those that make use of chemicals. a lot of fertilizers will allow farms to produce many more stalks of corn, for example. however when you take away this fertilizer to cultivate organic corn, you may only get half as much \u2013 and thus in doing so, the farmer requires to charge more. there are also some restrictions as to how much money these smaller and sometimes family run farms get from government sources. without the extra monetary help, these farms might not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48954621310464796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.865076"} {"text": "get half as much \u2013 and thus in doing so, the farmer requires to charge more. there are also some restrictions as to how much money these smaller and sometimes family run farms get from government sources. without the extra monetary help, these farms might not make any profits without increasing their overall prices. in selecting organic foods, you are also sustaining local farmers ( in the majority of cases ) that are growing healthier foods. the food that you eat may not contain added toxins and chemicals. some studies have exposed that consuming large quantities of these types of ingredients can lead to a large number of problems \u2013 some cancers, disorders, and other illnesses. the toxins can build up within your system and start to damage healthy cells. and this is no wonder, considering nature in no way intended for us to eat chemical substances that have been added to our foods. in addition, a lot of people are sensitive to these kinds of chemical substances, so consuming organic foods enables them to keep away from any harmful reactions they may have otherwise. what are the health advantages of eating organic foods? but the truth is that organic food has many of the similar benefits of eating \u2018 normal \u2019 food. when you choose an apple ( organic or not ) over a candy bar, you \u2019 re making a healthier choice for your body. however, organic and natural foods can have additional benefits : 1 ) enhanced tasting foods 2 ) no preservatives 3 ) more seasonal choices 4 ) more vitamins and minerals 5 ) more water content 6 ) brighter colors and appearance 7 ) reduced allergic reactions possible 8 ) cleaner, fresher foods organic and natural foods tastes better than the mass produced food too because it \u2019 s not forced to ripen in order to arrive at a store ready to sell. organic foods are usually harvested when they are ripe, and then shipped to local stores for customers to purchase right away \u2013 preserving the freshness, taste, and maximum vitamin content. there are many more items that are organic these days besides organic foods, you might also find a number of organic items that contain organic ingredients. you can find everything from shampoo to face cream, cleaning soap to laundry detergent in lots of local stores. this might allow you to decrease the overall toxins that you come into contact with, further increasing your health as well as your vitality. and organic and natural food isn \u2019 t limited to the small little heath food stores anymore ; many larger grocer chains are now carrying organic and natural foods \u2013 occasionally at better prices than at the smaller stores. many retailers are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44042848645075394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.866157"} {"text": "| matthew henry ' s concise commentary | 19 : 3. men run into troubles by their own folly, and then fret at the appointments of god. 4. here we may see how strong is men ' s love of money. 5. those that tell lies in discourse, are in a fair way to be guilty of bearing false - witness. 6. we are without excuse if we do not love god with all our hearts. his gifts to us are past number, and all the gifts of men to us are fruits of his bounty. 7. christ was left by all his disciples ; but the father was with him. it encourages our faith that he had so large an experience of the sorrows of poverty. 8. those only love their souls aright that get true wisdom. 9. lying is a damning, destroying sin. 10. a man that has not wisdom and grace, has no right or title to true joy. it is very unseemly for one who is a servant to sin, to oppress god ' s free - men. verse 4. - wealth maketh many friends ( vers. 6, 7 ; proverbs 14 : 20 ). a greek gnome expresses the same truth - \u03b5\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4 \u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. the poor is separated from his neighbour. but it is better to make the act of separation emanate from the friend ( as the hebrew allows ), and to render, with the revised version, the friend of the poor separateth himself from him. the word for \" poor \" is here dal, which means \" feeble, \" \" languid ; \" so ver. 17 ; and the came word ( rea ), \" friend \" or \" neighbor, \" is used in both clauses. the idea of man ' s selfishness is carried on in vers. 6 and 7. the law of moses had tried to counteract it ( deuteronomy 15 : 7, etc. ), but it was christianity that introduced the practical realization of the law of love, and the honouring of the poor as members of christ. septuagint, \" but the poor is deserted even by his whilom friend. \" gill ' s exposition of the entire bible wealth maketh many friends,.... or \" adds \" ( f ) ; it increases the number of them : so the poet ( g ), \" donec er", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44418795707844166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.869379"} {"text": "whilom friend. \" gill ' s exposition of the entire bible wealth maketh many friends,.... or \" adds \" ( f ) ; it increases the number of them : so the poet ( g ), \" donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos \" ; and to this agrees what the wise man says, proverbs 14 : 20 ; but the poor is separated from his neighbour ; or \" friend \" ( h ) ; he will not visit him as he did in his prosperity, nor suffer him to come into his house or company, or come near him ; he is separated from his affection, friendship, and presence : so another poet ( i ), \" if thou art rich, thou wilt have many friends ; but, if poor, few. ' ' ( f ) \" addit \", junius & tremellius, piscator. ( g ) ovid. ( h ) \" ab amico sua \", pagninus, montanus, baynus, junius & tremeliius, piscator, michaelis ; \" a sodali sua \", schultens. ( i ) theognis. jamieson - fausset - brown bible commentary 4. ( compare pr 14 : 20 ). such facts are often adduced with implied disapprobation. proverbs 19 : 4 parallel commentaries proverbs 19 : 4 niv proverbs 19 : 4 nlt proverbs 19 : 4 esv proverbs 19 : 4 nasb proverbs 19 : 4 kjv bible hub : online parallel bible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45683040911538975, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.869912"} {"text": "solar delivers when grid needs it most with more and more solar being built in california, new records of peak solar generation are being set and re - set. on september 5, the california independent system operator issued a press release ( pdf ) to celebrate how solar is helping meet the state \u2019 s energy needs : \u201c california surpassed a major milestone during a recent heat wave that hit the sun - soaked state. more than 1, 000 megawatts of solar power generation \u2014 equal to the size of two large gas - fired power plants \u2014 set new u. s. records twice in recent weeks. \u201d ( note that this data reflects only wholesale generation \u2014 when you add the 1. 2 gw and counting of customer - owned solar generation that serves onsite load, the total more than doubles ). a key takeaway here is that solar generates when the grid needs it the most. august 14 was a flex - alert day, when a heatwave drove the grid to near breaking point. as the caiso chart shows, solar was there when the grid needed it the most. solar offsets the most expensive electricity, and reduces costs for all. vote solar is a non - profit grassroots organization working to fight climate change and foster economic opportunity by bringing solar energy into the mainstream. | tags : caiso california energy needs grid solar solar generation | | [ permalink ] |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43223214789256514, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.871320"} {"text": "michael cruz is a great example of someone that has fully embraced the benefits of putting technology to use in a classroom setting. for five years, he taught courses at san jose state university \u2019 s college of business ranging from web marketing to entrepreneurship. he now focuses on technology and productivity. | name : michael cruz evernote is a great application for educators. it \u2019 s usefulness can range from planning a course to delivering a lesson plan to capturing feedback after class. i experimented with using evernote while i was teaching courses at san jose state university. it proved to be an excellent classroom companion. here are some ways to use evernote to achieve your teaching goals. as a teacher, my evernote use falls into three categories : - prior to class - during class - after class prior to class - plan and organize your classes with tags : using tags is a great way to organize your classes on a week - to - week basis or on a class - by - class basis. for example, if you know that there is certain content that has to be taught during the second week of the school year, then for all related content you can use the tag \u201c week 2 \u2033. once you \u2019 ve created this system you can keep adding additional items throughout the year. - standards database : compile standards of achievements for your particular grade or subject. you can even share them with teachers, parents, administrators and students using evernote \u2019 s sharing features. - professional development : if you use the summer break or vacations to improve your skills or continue your education, keep all your notes, resources, lessons and new ideas learned in evernote. this also works well for teacher in - services, conferences, workshops and seminars that you attend. - classroom templates : templates are a great way to save time when grading and assessing your students. if you use templates such as grade sheets or student assessment forms, keep them in evernote so you have them at your fingertips throughout the year. - prepare for your absence : use evernote \u2019 s shared notebooks as a way to keep your class up and running even if you aren \u2019 t there. evernote makes it easy to share a notebook with the substitute teacher. consider sharing lesson plans, worksheets, answer keys and examples of completed work. this can ensure your class keeps moving even if you aren \u2019 t there. - share a notebook with your class : after you create a public notebook, share the url with your class. this way anything you add can be viewed by your students ( or their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4620212217734852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.875245"} {"text": "ensure your class keeps moving even if you aren \u2019 t there. - share a notebook with your class : after you create a public notebook, share the url with your class. this way anything you add can be viewed by your students ( or their parents ). here \u2019 s an example of a public notebook that i created for an entrepreneurship class. - whiteboard photos : taking snapshots of the whiteboard is a favorite use of mine. take photographs of the whiteboard before the start of the class, and again at the end. this gives you an accurate time stamped snapshot of what you were working on, on any given date. you can title or tag each photo based on the lecture number to make searching for specific photos easier. also, you can share the photos with students that miss a class, so that they have the day \u2019 s notes. - keep handouts handy : keep all of the handouts, worksheets, templates, study guides and assignments that you frequently use in evernote, where they are easily searchable and accessible. - simplify grading : scan graded tests, including scantrons and add them to evernote. you can then enter them into your preferred grade - book or spreadsheet when you have time. this is also great if you have a teacher \u2019 s assistant. you can share the notebook with them and have them help with the grading process. - keep your extracurriculars in order : if you participate in any committees or coach a team, you can use evernote to keep track of all the different research, notes and information associated with it. again, shared notebooks are a great way to keep your committee on the same page and makes for an easy way to share collective knowledge about a project. to get more productivity tips for teachers you can visit my website http : / / www. michaelcruz. com and sign up for my e - mail list. evernote education series - evernote at school : the montclair kimberley academy \u2019 s 1 : 1 program, plus q & a webinar - how evernote helped me through college - 10 evernote tips for school - how my students started using evernote join the discussion about evernote for schools on our forum. learn from educators and share your own experiences, best practices and tips.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4663178495495053, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.876126"} {"text": "dr. craig idso, is the founder and chairman of the center for study of carbon dioxide and global change. he addresses concerns about global warming and marine life, including the death of the coral reefs and other underwater ecosystems. neither increases in temperature nor increases in carbon or both of them together, have had any lasting ill effects on the calcifications and growth in marine organisms. the center \u2019 s work on ocean acidification can be found here. his general advice for politicians : pay attention more to real world observations than theoretical hypotheses. cato scholar pat michaels gives the audience a great preview of his relatively new book, climate of extremes : global warming science they don \u2019 t want you to know. michaels refutes the misstatements of al gore, the ipcc scientists, and other global warming alarmism through simple fact - checking. the book, a bit technical at times ( as it should be ) is one of the best pieces of literature out there refuting climate change extremism. you can get it here. bob carter is next. professor carter is a geologist at james cook university and is widely known for his global warming skepticism. in his 2006 article, \u201c there is a problem with global warming \u2026 it stopped in 1998, \u201d he goes on to say, the essence of the issue is this. climate changes naturally all the time, partly in predictable cycles, and partly in unpredictable shorter rhythms and rapid episodic shifts, some of the causes of which remain unknown. we are fortunate that our modern societies have developed during the last 10, 000 years of benignly warm, interglacial climate. but for more than 90 per cent of the last two million years, the climate has been colder, and generally much colder, than today. the reality of the climate record is that a sudden natural cooling is far more to be feared, and will do infinitely more social and economic damage, than the late 20th century phase of gentle warming. \u201d an australian professor, carter discusses the wildfires that took place in his homeland which resulted in over 200 deaths, displaced 10, 000 people and devastated a great deal of land and wildlife in australia. he then points to massive floods, hurricanes, tornadoes that have done the same around the world. needless to say, the alleged culprit of these events is often global warming. any plan stemming from natural disasters should be a plan not to change temperature but to accommodate those affected and adapt when and where we can. countries have spent trillions of dollars on kyoto protocol treaty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4659751076555369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.880457"} {"text": "alleged culprit of these events is often global warming. any plan stemming from natural disasters should be a plan not to change temperature but to accommodate those affected and adapt when and where we can. countries have spent trillions of dollars on kyoto protocol treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions since 1997. notice any change in the temperature? dr. john s. theon follows carter. theon, a retired senior nasa atmospheric scientist was once james hansen \u2019 s supervisor. hansen, remember, is the climate scientists known for global warming fear mongering and is probably the most prominent name in the global warming movement other than al gore. hansen believes ceos of oil companies should be put on trial for committing high crimes on humanity and nature. theon is one of the 650 dissenting scientists named in a u. s. senate minority report released in december 2008. he tells the story of hansen \u2019 s close relationship with gore and how gore and hansen worked together to politicize what should have been a scientific debate. accused of muzzling hansen, dr. theon confidently says he did so for a good reason. the climate change models used by nasa simply did not know enough to forecast credible predictions of climate change and anthropogenic effects on it. at the time in 1988 to the early 1990s, the variation in modeling results, from a few degrees of warming to a few degrees of cooling, indicated to dr. theon that these models could not be trusted. though the models have improved, the climate remains extremely complex, and that has led dr. theon to the same conclusion that many other climatologists and scientists have arrived at over the past few days : there is no scientific consensus on climate change and implementing an extremely costly policy that may have little or no effect on temperature would be ill - advised and dangerous.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4956955657303014, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.881154"} {"text": "i think a good way to start this blog post series will be to explain some appliance terminology and what it all means. a short encyclopedia, if you will. this is not necessarily all in alphabetical order. i might get a little technical, but i \u2019 ll try to apply the k. i. s. s. rule ( keep it simple, stupid ) wherever i can. compressor - based system : an appliance that uses a compressor, or pump, with a closed refrigeration system, and uses a refrigerant to cool a particular space. this could be a refrigerator, wine cooler ( some ), kegerator or deep freezer. common refrigerants include r134a and r410a, among others. thermoelectric / te : an appliance that uses electronics / electricity to cool a small space without the use of refrigerants. these typically consist of a cooling node ( peltier effect ) and fans to distribute the air inside the cabinet and dissipate the heat to the outside. they are, for the most part, efficient, although there are a few drawbacks, especially if you are trying to build it into a cabinet. i \u2019 ll delve into that in a later post, along with what exactly a peltier unit is in simple terms. led : refers to a light emitting diode, which is a commonly used electronic component. all diodes allow electricity to flow in one direction only. think of it as a one way street, except this one glows when the electric flows. they are used for operation and mode indicators, and also for general lighting purposes. sometimes they use different colors and are commonly used to highlight and display wines in wine coolers. cooling fans : this will mostly apply to thermoelectric, or te, wine coolers. they do different jobs : some distribute the cooled air inside the cabinet or at the evaporator coil on compressor - based units, and others get rid of the hot air at the back of the cabinet or from the condenser coils on compressor - based units. most of them consist of the same small dc - powered fans you find in your desktop computer. portable dishwasher : this isn \u2019 t the one your mom used to roll around the kitchen and store in a corner. these actually are small enough to sit on a countertop. these are really simple to install. most come with two hoses, a drain and supply, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.603976909265458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.885727"} {"text": "\u2019 t the one your mom used to roll around the kitchen and store in a corner. these actually are small enough to sit on a countertop. these are really simple to install. most come with two hoses, a drain and supply, and a quick connector to attach to a standard kitchen faucet, in place of the aerator. they are typically not meant for a permanent installation. they come in different sizes and capacities, also. portable air conditioner : an alternative to the typical, window - mounted a / c unit. these usually have one hose used to exhaust out the hot air produced during the cooling process, though some will also have an intake hose. they are mounted on casters, so they can be moved room to room. most will evaporate the majority, if not all, of the water produced in the exhaust air, but if they don \u2019 t get rid of all of it, they will usually have a drain at the bottom of the unit to get rid of the collected water. portable air conditioners usually will require a 15 amp circuit to run properly, although there are some that require 20 amps or more. most will come with a window fitting kit that is easily assembled, as they have to be vented to the outside of the room being cooled in most cases. portable ice maker : an ice maker that is small enough to sit on a counter, produces 6 - 12 cubes at a time, uses a self - contained water supply and storage for the ice after the cycle is complete. these are not high volume units. typically, they will not refrigerate the ice and it will melt back into the water tank to start the process over yet again. i recommend moving each batch of ice out of the ice maker and into your regular freezer. kegerator : a refrigerated appliance used to keep beer cold and dispense beer. usually has a connected tower and faucet, with dispenser head to pour the beer and on board co2 storage to pressurize the beer. they also usually have casters for portability and can be used with multiple beers of your choice, sometimes more than one keg can be used ( called a dual tap kegerator ). some kegerators are much smaller and utilize a 5 liter mini keg. these are fairly new on the market. the larger kegerators fit a half shell sankey keg, or cornelius keg. some of the mini keg 5 liter units will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49157101441158524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.886641"} {"text": "##ators are much smaller and utilize a 5 liter mini keg. these are fairly new on the market. the larger kegerators fit a half shell sankey keg, or cornelius keg. some of the mini keg 5 liter units will run on 12v dc and are popular with tailgaters. portable freezer / refrigerator : these are unique, as they can be used in a vehicle, or boat, or while camping and for emergency uses. some use compressor - based refrigeration, while others use te technology. a te unit typically will not be able to refrigerate to freezing or below, and they will usually be good for 40 degrees f below the ambient temperature around the unit. think short term storage, like trips to the grocery store. the compressor - based units are infinitely more flexible, allowing for - 0 degrees f operation, up through 50 + degrees f, in most cases. both can be operated from 12v dc and 120v ac, depending on the model. each type has their pluses and minuses and i will cover those later. personally, i like them both! wine cooler : these come in a wide variety of sizes and capacities. the same can be said for the refrigeration system used. while they have a large temperature range to work with, the te models generally will hold wines from 45 degrees f - 65 degrees f, depending on the ambient temperature of the room they are located in. a compressor - based unit will usually hold wines at 40 degrees f or less, and can be built into a cabinet, as the condenser coil and fan is at the bottom front of the unit. one thing to remember with wine coolers in general : they are designed for long term storage, not drinkability, and that applies to te units in particular. again, that is a general guideline, so ymmv, or your mileage may vary. ( i love acronyms, don \u2019 t you? ) til next time! previous post : what is a small appliance, anyway?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49151189699631165, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.887434"} {"text": "scratching is a normal, healthy behavior for cats ; even declawed cats go through the motions of scratching. why? \u2022 to remove the dead outer layer of their claws. \u2022 to mark their territory by leaving both a visual mark and a scent \u2013 cats have scent glands on their paws. \u2022 to stretch their bodies and flex their feet and claws. \u2022 to work off excess energy. attempting to train a cat never to scratch is fighting a losing battle. it is much easier for you and much better for your feline companion if you concentrate on training your cat to scratch where you find it acceptable. give your cat a special place to use her claws. surfaces for scratching should be appealing and attractive to your cat, and above all, convenient. the answers to the following questions will help you understand your cat \u2019 s scratching preferences : \u2022 where is his or her prime scratching area now? prominent objects, objects close to sleeping areas and areas near the entrance to a room are often chosen. \u2022 what texture does the chosen surface have \u2013 is it soft or coarse? \u2022 what shape does it have \u2013 horizontal or vertical? \u2022 how tall is the current scratching area? at what height does your cat scratch? now that you know where and what your cat prefers to scratch, you can substitute similar, acceptable objects for her to scratch, for instance, rope - wrapped posts, corrugated cardboard or even a log. place the new scratching station near the inappropriate item ( s ) that she \u2019 s already using. make sure the scratching objects are stable and won \u2019 t fall over or move around when she uses them. cover the old inappropriate surfaces with something your cat will find unappealing, such as double - sided sticky tape, aluminum foil, sheets of sandpaper or a plastic carpet runner with the pointy side up. or you may give the former scratching area an aversive odor by attaching cotton balls containing perfume, a muscle rub or some other unappealing odor. be careful with scents - you don \u2019 t want the new scratching station to smell unpleasant. when your cat is consistently using your chosen scratching object, it can be moved very gradually ( no more than three inches each day ) to a location that suits you. it \u2019 s best to keep the appropriate scratching objects as close to your cat \u2019 s preferred scratching locations as possible. don \u2019 t remove the unappealing coverings or odors from the formerly scratched objects until your cat is consistently using the new scratching surfaces in their permanent locations for several weeks, or even a month. after that,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4097322385346853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.890367"} {"text": "maybe you \u2019 ve noticed that seattle \u2019 s sunrises and sunsets are particularly colorful lately. if you haven \u2019 t seen them in the sky, you \u2019 ve probably seen them on your facebook feed. ( at least, my own feed seems full of \u201c beautiful sunset \u201d pictures every evening. ) there \u2019 s a reason for our pretty orange skies. heard of the the wildfires burning in siberia? smoke from those fires is drifting over the ocean and lending hazy color to our horizon at dusk and dawn. \u201c i believe many of you \u2026 particularly those near the coast and northwest washington will be able to see the smoke, particularly at sunset, where the sun should look redder than normal, \u201d uw meteorologist cliff mass recently noted on his blog. here \u2019 s what that smoke looked like from space recently, courtesy of nasa. as nasa recently noted : russian firefighters have battled uncontrolled fires for months. according to the environmental group greenpeace, more land in russia had burned in 2012 than in 2010, a year that intense wildfires affected western russia. itar - tass reported that more than 1, 826 forest fires had burned a total of 195, 800 hectares in the far east of russia. it isn \u2019 t uncommon for smoke from large wildfires in siberia to be lofted high enough into the atmosphere that winds push plumes of it across the pacific ocean to north america. significant amounts of smoke arrived in british columbia this week, according to cbc news. speaking of beautiful sunsets, check out this recent video from seattleite adam foster. visit seattlepi. com \u2019 s home page for more seattle news. contact amy rolph at email @ example. com. find more of her stories on twitter via @ amyrolph and @ bigblog or subscribe to her updates on facebook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46624954143711306, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.892092"} {"text": "during the last decade the tile industry has reinvented the way ceramic tiles are decorated. with the advent of inkjet technology being incorporated into this process there is no longer a need for screen or roller printing methods, freeing the industry up to many different opportunities. as with screen and roller printing, the image of the design is first scanned, then modified on a computer. however, by utilizing the key advantages of digital imaging the design can be almost instantly transferred to the inkjet printing machine, which is fully equipped with the essential inks to print any design with any desired color. the non - impact technology that the inkjet printer utilizes enables manufactures to decorate any type of tile, including relief tile, just as easy as traditional flat tile. this is done by using a print style called drop on demand ( dod ) and by utilizing a special type of printing device called a piezoelectric printhead. these let the printer create an identical picture of the digital image by propelling tiny drops of ink ( measured in picoliters ) onto the tile. because the inkjet machines fit perfectly into the manufacturing process, it is no wonder how they improve efficiency, yet allow for a higher degree of customization by allowing virtually an infinite possibility of design. what we used before in the not too distant past the entire ceramic tile industry were slaves to screen and roller printing. while not bad, technology has since proven these methods to be rather inefficient. not only are they more time consuming, but they can produce large amounts of waste. a key benefit of the inkjet printer is not just the fact that you can load an image of almost unlimited length, but at any time during the printing process you can change that image instantaneously. with the older methods your design capability is more limited, and changing designs can prove to be time consuming and expensive. the biggest hindrance of the older methods is that the production line needs to briefly stop while the design is applied to the tile. because inkjet printing allows a seamless application of the image, it can speed up the production rate up to five times! you must also consider the green benefit for embracing this new technology. besides the screen and roller printers taking longer, they must also be replaced from time to time. you must also replace the film, adhesives, chemicals, and emulsion from the process as well, creating an unnecessary amount of waste. simply put, an inkjet printer reproduces a digital image by propelling a continuous stream of ink droplets onto the tile. with virtually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46979179451155917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.895745"} {"text": ", adhesives, chemicals, and emulsion from the process as well, creating an unnecessary amount of waste. simply put, an inkjet printer reproduces a digital image by propelling a continuous stream of ink droplets onto the tile. with virtually no setup time, this shortens the period from idea to product immensely. as mentioned earlier, this allows relief tile, as well as fragile tile, to be decorated without any additional effort other than programming in the design. although standard inkjet printers are only equipped with enough memory to decorate about 30 12\u00d712 ceramic tiles, like most computers additional memory can be added to create a virtually limitless possibility of unique designs. factor in the ability to easily adjust to any size and texture and it \u2019 s easy to see how inkjet technology is revolutionizing the ceramic tile industry. another key factor is that all of your design information can be stored digitally. this allows the manufacturer to reproduce any image with a push of a button, with alterations to the design or size easily changeable. in today \u2019 s market the demand for stone tile is declining as it is now so simple to replicate these images, despite the fact they inherently fluctuate in their design. not only do you get the same aesthetic cosmetic design, but because the engineered stone is actually technical porcelain it is not only stronger and more durable, but it is much easier on the environment. products such as stonepeak \u2019 s limestone ebony combine the subtle beauty of a soft hue with the uniqueness of the limestone \u2019 s design. by using engineered stones you not only receive the green benefits of manufacturing the tile instead of cutting it from a quarry, but limestone ebony contains 84 % recycled material. combine this with superior strength of porcelain and a through - body color you have an eco - friendly tile that will look spectacular for a lifetime.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4748535110345466, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.896483"} {"text": "- freezing a small piece of leaf tissue in liquid nitrogen ( - 196 degrees c! ) and grinding it as finely as possible. - adding a detergent to release the dna from the cells of the leaf tissue. - adding chloroform. the detergent and chloroform do not mix ( like oil and water ), but proteins and other things we do not want are drawn into the chloroform while the dna is left in the detergent. - the detergent layer is removed, and alcohol is added to it. this precipitates the dna ( i. e., makes it turn into a solid ), and we can actually see it. i don \u2019 t have any pictures of pseudopanax dna, but precipitated dna all looks much the same \u2013 see this link. it is possible to extract dna using household items ( see this link ). in order to analyse the dna further we have to make it go back into solution. the alcohol is tipped off, and a small amount of salt solution is added ; the dna \u2018 dissolves \u2019 in this. to test the quality and quantity of the extracted dna, we run a small amount of the dna solution on an agarose gel in a process called electrophoresis ( see link ). in the gel above, each lane corresponds to a separate sample, except the right - most lane which is a \u2018 ladder \u2019 for sizing the dna samples. a negative charge was applied at the top and a positive charge at the bottom. dna is negatively charged, so its moves towards a positive charge. the bright blobs indicated by the green arrow indicate that we got high quality ( the dna is in big pieces, as it hasn \u2019 t moved very far ) and quantity ( a brighter stain indicates more dna ) for most of these samples, which is great! the sample labelled 5957 ( my collection number ) is a bit weak, while we didn \u2019 t get anything for sample 5964. these dna extractions are all from samples of fierce lancewood ( pseudopanax ferox ), except 5966 which is p. macintyrei. the next step in assessing the relationships of these plants is to genetically \u2018 fingerprint \u2019 them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4785019947070224, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.899860"} {"text": "- mount rushmore national memorial \u2013 photo by sd tourism usually mount rushmore is attributed to the genius of gutzon borglum, but without the influence of a humble state historian named duane robinson, the idea might never have gotten its start. in 1923, while secretary and superintendent of the state historical society of south dakota, doane had the idea to carve western figures on the \u201c needles \u201d ( granite spires ) in custer state park to draw tourism dollars to the state. he envisioned grand people like buffalo bill cody, lewis & clark and sacagawea in stone. encouraged by other politicians, doane shared his dream with sculptor gutzon borglum who molded the historian \u2019 s vision into what we see today. ( source : gutzon borglum : his life and work ) sculptor gutzon borglum the month of october is a significant one in telling the story of sculptor gutzon borglum. the carving of mount rushmore began on october 4, 1927 and ended on october 31, 1941 not long after his death. born in 1867 to danish immigrants, he ventured to california at the age of 16 and began pursuing art in the form of painting. although he is mainly known for carving mount rushmore, his art legacy also included oil painting, line drawings, gargoyles and other national monuments. after studying in europe, borglum fell in love with mary montgomery borglum who went with him on his quest in planning a momentous sculpture at stone mountain, georgia which was to be a tribute to the confederate army. after an argument with the association that contracted him for the project and promptly throwing the models off the mountain, gutzon borglum fled georgia and turned his eyes to where his dream of carving a mountain was sure to be realized \u2013 mount rushmore. the mount rushmore national memorial society allowed us to share these great pieces of history about mount rushmore national memorial, visit their website for more information. they can also be found on facebook by searching for \u201c mount rushmore national memorial society. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39673469733659394, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.902012"} {"text": "after more than four years in space, restlessly searching for planets orbiting other stars, nasa \u2019 s kepler space telescope may have met its demise. the kepler project is typically described in terms of raw numbers. as of the last official announcement, it had found 2, 740 likely new planets \u2013 including 1, 200 neptune - size planets, 350 earth - size planets, and at least 4 planets that orbit within the \u201c habitable zone \u201d where liquid water can exist. all of those numbers are sure to increase, as more observations are confirmed and as mission scientists continue to dig through a trove of archived data. but spirit, not statistics, is what really defines kepler. it is a modern version of the expedition of lewis and clark, or the great voyages of vasco da gama and ferdinand magellan. it is a headlong plunge into the unknown cosmic territory around us. extrapolating from kepler \u2019 s results, astronomers now estimate there are at least 17 billion earth - size planets in our galaxy. that is another number, yes, but one with a powerful message : another age of exploration awaits, one that may very well lead to the discovery that humanity is not alone in the universe. read more dark energy is the single most important element in the universe. it influenced how the cosmos was born, how it is evolving today, and how it all will end trillions of years in the future. right now, this energy is causing the universe to expand faster and faster ; in the far future, the expansion may become so rapid that space itself will be torn apart. and yet we know next to nothing about what dark energy is. we don \u2019 t even have a proper name for it \u2014 the very term \u201c dark energy \u201d is little more than a scientific shrug. small wonder, then, that our recent discover magazine cover story about the mystery of dark energy ( confronting the dark by zeeya merali ) produced such an outpouring of curious reader mail. in a previous post, i addressed some of the key cosmological questions submitted by our readers. but really, that first set of responses only scratched the surface. for every letter writer who asked broadly about the nature of the big bang, someone else who wanted to know more about dark energy itself. so as promised, here is a second installment addressing how scientists came to realize that energy, not matter, rules the universe. read more fifteen years ago, a small cabal of researchers took some of the most firmly held notions about how the universe works and turned them on their head", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5720782683175434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.909990"} {"text": "a second installment addressing how scientists came to realize that energy, not matter, rules the universe. read more fifteen years ago, a small cabal of researchers took some of the most firmly held notions about how the universe works and turned them on their head. until then, everyone was sure that the expanding universe was born in an explosive big bang and had been slowing down ever since, dragged by the gravitational pull of untold billions of galaxies. but in fact the expansion is speeding up. everyone was sure that matter was what dominated the overall behavior of the universe. but in fact it seems that \u201c dark energy, \u201d not matter, is running the show. whoops. the may cover story in discover magazine ( confronting the dark by zeeya merali ) chronicles that game - changing discovery, and lays out the latest thinking about what dark energy is and how it affects the fate of the universe. as soon as the article was published, discover \u2019 s inbox began to fill with letters from curious readers wanting to know more. here i will address sweeping, big - picture questions about cosmology. i \u2019 ll consider more specific queries about dark energy and dark matter in a following post. read more last thursday, a team of scientists working with nasa \u2019 s kepler space telescope described three intriguing new planets circling distant stars. they are just slightly larger than earth and orbit in the \u201c habitable zone \u201d where temperatures could be right for liquid water and for life. the names of these amazing worlds? kepler 62f, kepler 62e, and kepler 69c. not to be confused with other much - celebrated recent discoveries like kepler 64b, kepler 22b, or gliese 581g. alan stern, a former nasa associate administrator and founder of a startup called uwingu, thinks these newfound worlds should have real names, and that the general public should be able to have a say. the international astronomical union \u2013 the organization the organization that officially validates astronomical nomenclature \u2013 strongly objects to uwingu \u2019 s approach, and has effectively thwarted it. after the iau \u2019 s blistering april 12 press release attacking uwingu, submissions to uwingu \u2019 s fee - based online planetary naming database plummeted. stern calls it a \u201c torpedo attack. \u201d read more or perhaps you would like to name it \u201c tatooine \u201d or \u201c wrigley \u2019 s pleasure planet \u201d? if so, you are in luck \u2013 all you need to pay a small fee and keep voting. a startup company called uwingu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5699836865290486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.911015"} {"text": "you would like to name it \u201c tatooine \u201d or \u201c wrigley \u2019 s pleasure planet \u201d? if so, you are in luck \u2013 all you need to pay a small fee and keep voting. a startup company called uwingu is holding a \u201c people \u2019 s choice contest \u201d to pick a name for the nearest planet outside our solar system. it orbits alpha centauri b, an orange star located just 4. 3 light years from earth, and currently has the ungainly name alpha centauri bb. for $ 4. 99 you can propose a name of your own, and for $ 0. 99 you can vote on the winner. the contest runs until april 22 ; there is also a broader, ongoing campaign for other alien worlds. uwingu \u2019 s name - that - planet project has a noble aim. alan stern \u2013 the founder of the company, lead scientist for the new horizons mission to pluto, and a former associate administrator at nasa \u2013 is using the money raised by the contest to restore funding to nasa \u2019 s education and outreach efforts, which have been hit hard by sequester - related budget cuts. [ full disclosure : discover magazine and its sister publication, astronomy, have partnered with uwingu on its efforts to raise private funds for astronomical research. ] but as one side effect, stern has found himself embroiled in a battle with the international astronomical union ( iau ), the self - described arbiter of \u201c unambiguous astronomical nomenclature. \u201d in a testy statement released on april 12, the iau declared that private competitions ( the union never cites uwingu by name ) will \u201c have no bearing on the official naming process. \u201d all of which raises a big question for the rest of us : who gets to name new astronomical objects, and how exactly do they get that right? although it \u2019 s been fading steadily in the tv ratings ( despite the best efforts of nicki minaj ), american idol remains a cultural touchstone, and for good reason. it casts a wide net in the search for quality ; it creates intense performance pressure that weeds out weak performers ; and it rewards contestants who are able to connect with a broad audience. for those reasons, i thought that american idol would be the perfect template for a symposium on how to help scientists do a better job communicating with the public. or maybe i just thought it would be a lot of fun. read more five - sixths of the universe is missing. that statement feels strange to write,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45261015188548703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.913235"} {"text": "template for a symposium on how to help scientists do a better job communicating with the public. or maybe i just thought it would be a lot of fun. read more five - sixths of the universe is missing. that statement feels strange to write, and i \u2019 m sure it feels pretty strange to read as well. given the vastness of the cosmos \u2013 and given how little of it humans have explored \u2013 how can we know for sure that anything is out of place? the claim sounds positively arrogant, if not delusional. and yet scientists have assembled a nearly airtight case that the majority of the matter in the universe consists dark matter, a substance which is both intrinsically invisible and fundamentally different in composition than the familiar atoms that make up stars and planets. in the face of staggering difficulties, researchers like samuel ting of mit are even making progress in figuring out what dark matter is, as evidence by teasing headlines from last week. time to come to terms, then, with the new reality about our place in the universe. here are seven key things every informed citizen of the cosmos should know. read more what are those strange particles raining down on our planet from the depths of outer space? physicists have been wrestling with that question for a century now, but the past couple months have seen remarkable progress toward a meaningful answer. it \u2019 s taken so long because researchers have had to overcome a lot of obstacles along the way. even the name of the thing they are studying is confusing. the particles are formally known as cosmic rays even though they are not rays at all, but fragments of atoms that are moving at extremely high velocities. and those fragments are extremely difficult to study, because cosmic rays do not move in straight lines. they are electrically charged, so they bend to the will of the magnetic fields that snake almost everywhere through deep space. by the time a particular cosmic ray reaches earth, its path may have nothing to do with the place where it started out. looking at cosmic rays is like pointing a telescope into a set of funhouse mirrors. read more by now you \u2019 ve probably heard about the amazing new cosmic snapshot from the european space agency \u2019 s planck spacecraft. it is one of those scientific achievements so mind - boggling that you have to spend a bit of time with it to truly appreciate what you are seeing. this is relic radiation from when the universe was 370, 000 years old, still all aglow from the big bang. the radiation has been traveling 13. 8 billion years since then, across ever -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5734880154341395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.914664"} {"text": "with it to truly appreciate what you are seeing. this is relic radiation from when the universe was 370, 000 years old, still all aglow from the big bang. the radiation has been traveling 13. 8 billion years since then, across ever - expanding stretches of space, before landing in planck \u2019 s detectors. then it took a tremendous feat of imagination and insight to translate that noisy signal into a comprehensible map of what the universe looked like in its infancy. so let \u2019 s step back for a moment, look at how this image came to be, and consider some of the more surprising details hidden within it. read more sounds like a trick question, doesn \u2019 t it? sort of like \u201c who is buried in grant \u2019 s tomb? \u201d and yet the answer keeps confounding a lot of smart people. ( discover even published a whole feature on the question. ) now the issue keeps coming up again in the latest images from the curiosity rover. blue skies on mars? can that be right? which of these images shows what mars really looks like? the very first viking images from the surface of mars in july, 1976 showed blue skies, largely because that \u2019 s what people were expecting and so that is how the imaging experts initially set the color balance. they quickly realized their error and reissued the image with tangerine skies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5439903606472474, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.915286"} {"text": "on new year \u2019 s day, comet tuttle will be closest to the earth, a mere 25 million miles away, and also at its brightest. the comet will just be visible to the unaided eye, so you will need to be observing from a very dark site. a gallery of images, and sky maps of when and where to look, can be found at spaceweather. com. [ image of comet tuttle taken by pete lawrence ] happy solstice to all our readers! the winter solstice this year occurs at 6am, on 22 december, 2007. that is the time when the earth \u2019 s north pole is pointing directly away from the sun ( which is why it is so much colder in the northern hemisphere ). for people living in the southern hemisphere, the south pole is pointing towards the sun, making it summertime \u2018 down - under \u2019! on the night of the 13 december, and the morning of the 14 december, the geminid shooting star shower reaches its peak. the earth will be ploughing through a stream of debris left behind by asteroid phaethon, and we see these fragments burn up as they hit the earth \u2019 s atmosphere, causing the shooting stars. and they are often big fragments! i myself saw a huge fireball in the uk during the geminid shower of 1994. more details can be found at the nasa science website. details of all the major annual meteor showers visible from the uk are available on the nmm website. comet holmes now appears almost twice the diameter of the full moon in the night sky. to see the latest images, see the gallery at spaceweather. com. because the comet is so large in the sky, it is spread out, making it appear much fainter in the night sky. but it is still visible to the unaided eye when well away from light pollution. the best way to observe the comet now is with a pair of binoculars that are large ( to collect a lot of light ) but with low magnification ( because the comet is so large in the sky ). the apparent size and brightness of comet holmes is regularly estimated by amateur astronomers world wide. a list of estimates is available at the iac / icq / mpc website. using averages of these estimates, i have plotted the apparent size of comet holmes against time ( below ). in this graph, you can see the number of days along the bottom since 24 october, 2007 \u2013 the date when comet holmes suddenly increased in brightness. up the left hand side of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4276520932753647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.918879"} {"text": "plotted the apparent size of comet holmes against time ( below ). in this graph, you can see the number of days along the bottom since 24 october, 2007 \u2013 the date when comet holmes suddenly increased in brightness. up the left hand side of the graph, i show the angular size of the comet \u2013 that is how big the comet appears to us in the night - time sky. the apparent size of the full moon, which is half a degree across ( or 32 arc - minutes ) is labelled for comparison. up the right hand side of the graph, i show the actual size of comet holmes in millions of km ( assuming that the comet is at a fixed distance of 1. 7 au away \u2013 although the comet is moving away from us, it has not moved too much over the last 2 months ). note how within days of the outburst in october, the comet was bigger than the separation of the earth and the moon, and within weeks it was physically bigger than the sun! currently, it appears about 1 degree ( 60 arc - mins ) across in the night sky \u2013 that \u2019 s twice the diameter of the full moon. in physical size, the nucleus of the comet is now surrounded by a cloud of gaseous water that is over 2. 5 times larger than the sun. what an amazing comet!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48661618293614917, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.919422"} {"text": "cost vs price the price of electricity from wind and solar is currently higher in most places in the world than electricity generated by fossil fuels. but the true cost of fossil fuels is unsustainable \u2014 and hidden. according to the world health organization, up to 13, 000 deaths per year among children across europe are directly attributable to outdoor pollution. in the us, approximately 64, 000 premature deaths from cardiopulmonary causes may be attributable to particulate air pollution each year. we all pay for these costs in ways large and small. ecosystem services, or the benefits of nature to people, are also impacted by fossil fuels. the pollution from burning fossil fuels adds carbon to our atmosphere, causing planetary warming. such warming causes many problems. it is a boost to some insects, which damage valuable forests, and warming negatively impacts coastal wetlands, which support ocean life and protect towns and cities. burning coal, which is the largest source of electricity production in the us, also sends mercury into the air. methyl mercury in the ocean accumulates in many types of fish. not all seafood is contaminated, but many large fish have high enough levels of mercury to warrant limited consumption. when all of these additional costs \u2013 known as externalities \u2014 are considered, the true costs of fossil fuels are not reflected in the price at the pump or meter, but we all pay these costs just the same. 3 things you can do to support clean energy : 1. get involved with local / regional / national efforts to establish renewable sources of energy. 2. support clean energy businesses. 3. change your driving habits to conserve fuel \u2013 walk, ride a bike or carpool. other great ways you can make a difference. links & videos whole coal story \u2013 huffington post value of ecosystem services \u2013 world research institute direct subsidies are the tip of the ( melting ) iceberg \u2013 grist the hidden costs of fossil fuels \u2013 union of concerned scientists green vehicles \u2013 wikipedia cost of coal $ 500 billion, harvard study \u2013 clean technica the roads aren \u2019 t free, redefining progress further reading on ecosystem services hidden costs of fossil fuels, democracy now a new report by the national academy of sciences estimates that burning fossil fuels costs the united states about $ 120 billion a year in hidden costs. the study estimated that nearly 20, 000 people die prematurely each year from air pollutants emitted by power plants and vehicles. ocean of truth, conservation international the overview of the monetary value \u2014 the ecosystem services \u2014 of the ocean with great imagery. what \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4535905943948171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.922327"} {"text": "by creating a mathematical model of the way overconfident individuals compete against ordinary individuals, they show that there is a clear advantage in overconfidence. in fact, if the potential reward is at least twice as great as the cost of competing, then overconfidence is the best strategy. in fact, overconfidence is actually advantageous on average, because it boosts ambition, resolve, morale, and persistence. in other words, overconfidence is the best way to maximize benefits over costs when risks are uncertain. but it is johnson and fowler ' s predictions that are most worrying. their model implies that optimal overconfidence increases with the magnitude of uncertainty. so the greater the risk, the more overconfident individuals should become. wednesday, september 30, 2009 tuesday, september 29, 2009 monday, september 28, 2009 elsewhere, jonah lehrer profiles clay in outside magazine, discussing the advantages asperger ' s gives clay, including the ability to focus on surfing for 8 - 9 hours at a time. saturday, september 26, 2009 friday, september 25, 2009 the assumptions that underpin these theories are largely inscrutable to those without a ph. d. in economics. indeed, the debate is full of terms that mean one thing to the uninitiated and quite another to economists. consider \u201c rationality. \u201d webster \u2019 s dictionary defines it as \u201c reasonableness. \u201d by contrast, for economists, a \u201c rational individual \u201d is not merely reasonable ; he or she is someone who behaves in accordance with a mathematical model of individual decision - making that economists have agreed to call \u201c rational. \u201d the centrepiece of this standard of rationality, the so - called \u201c rational expectations hypothesis \u201d, presumes that economists can model exactly how rational individuals comprehend the future. in a bit of magical thinking, it supposes that each of the many models devised by economists provides the \u201c true \u201d account of how market outcomes, such as asset prices, will unfold over time. the economics literature is full of different models, each one assuming that it adequately captures how all rational market participants make decisions. although the free - market chicago school, neo - keynesianism, and behavioural finance are quite different in other respects, each assumes the same reh - based standard of rationality. in other words, reh - based models ignore markets \u2019 very raison d \u2019 etre : no one, as friedrich hayek pointed out, can have access to the \u201c totality \u201d of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5372951592799907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.940746"} {"text": "same reh - based standard of rationality. in other words, reh - based models ignore markets \u2019 very raison d \u2019 etre : no one, as friedrich hayek pointed out, can have access to the \u201c totality \u201d of knowledge and information dispersed throughout the economy. similarly, as john maynard keynes and karl popper showed, we cannot rationally predict the future course of our knowledge. today \u2019 s models of rational decision - making ignore these well - known arguments. thursday, september 24, 2009 wednesday, september 23, 2009 people who succumb to short - term impulses often do awful things, such as driving drunk or beating up their children. they would better off if their long - term selves had control, and could block and distract these short - term choices. but often the situation is flipped, and it \u2019 s the long - term self that \u2019 s misguided. it can become committed to belief systems that have immoral consequences. terrorism and genocide, for instance, are typically deliberate choices, not acts of passion ; it \u2019 s the long - term self that \u2019 s the guilty one. indeed, people often have to force themselves to commit terrible acts ; they have to work to defy the natural and legitimate moral impulses of their short - term selves. tuesday, september 22, 2009 monday, september 21, 2009 sunday, september 20, 2009 friday, september 18, 2009 animals share functional parallels with human conscious metacognition - - that is, they may share humans ' ability to reflect upon, monitor or regulate their states of mind. smith explains that metacognition is a sophisticated human capacity linked to hierarchical structure in the mind ( because the metacognitive executive control processes oversee lower - level cognition ), to self - awareness ( because uncertainty and doubt feel so personal and subjective ) and to declarative consciousness ( because humans are conscious of their states of knowing and can declare them to others ). therefore, smith says, \" it is a crucial goal of comparative psychology to establish firmly whether animals share humans ' metacognitive capacity. if they do, it could bear on their consciousness and self - awareness, too. \" in fact, he concludes, \" metacognition rivals language and tool use in its potential to establish important continuities or discontinuities between human and animal minds. \" related : temple grandin on similarities between animals and austistic savants with regard to \" priviledged \" access to low level sensory information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5449724654407799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.941849"} {"text": "to establish important continuities or discontinuities between human and animal minds. \" related : temple grandin on similarities between animals and austistic savants with regard to \" priviledged \" access to low level sensory information. thursday, september 17, 2009 \" the politically charged texas board of education has kicked off hearings today on whether school textbooks should have a more conservative slant. things began auspiciously when one member of the public got up to announce that she is a - - david kurtz, talking points memo wednesday, september 16, 2009 from the nyt : \u201c it is the nuclear reactor for all his works, \u201d shamdasani said, noting that jung \u2019 s more well - known concepts \u2014 including his belief that humanity shares a pool of ancient wisdom that he called the collective unconscious and the thought that personalities have both male and female components ( animus and anima ) \u2014 have their roots in the red book. creating the book also led jung to reformulate how he worked with clients, as evidenced by an entry shamdasani found in a self - published book written by a former client, in which she recalls jung \u2019 s advice for processing what went on in the deeper and sometimes frightening parts of her mind. read the rest of the article. it is fascinating reading all the way through. \u201c i should advise you to put it all down as beautifully as you can \u2014 in some beautifully bound book, \u201d jung instructed. \u201c it will seem as if you were making the visions banal \u2014 but then you need to do that \u2014 then you are freed from the power of them.... then when these things are in some precious book you can go to the book & turn over the pages & for you it will be your church \u2014 your cathedral \u2014 the silent places of your spirit where you will find renewal. if anyone tells you that it is morbid or neurotic and you listen to them \u2014 then you will lose your soul \u2014 for in that book is your soul. \u201d the book itself looks absolutely gorgeous. tuesday, september 15, 2009 in the case of time - space synaesthesia, a very visual experience can be triggered by thinking about time. \" i thought everyone thought like i did, says holly branigan, also a scientist at edinburgh university, and someone with time - space synaesthesia. \" i found out when i attended a talk in the department that julia was giving. she said that some synaesthetes can see time. and i thought,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5686759282964144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.942924"} {"text": "at edinburgh university, and someone with time - space synaesthesia. \" i found out when i attended a talk in the department that julia was giving. she said that some synaesthetes can see time. and i thought, ' oh my god, that means i ' ve got synaesthesia '. \" so what exactly does she see? \" for me it ' s a bit like a running track, \" she says. \" the track is organised around the academic year. the short ends are the summer and christmas holidays - the summer holiday is slightly longer. \" it ' s as if i ' m in the centre and i ' m turning around slowly as the year goes by. if i think ahead to the future, my perspective will shift. \" monday, september 14, 2009 friday, september 11, 2009 i ' m reading several books simultaneously these days, including prep work for the cfa exam this december, rereading neal stephenson ' s baroque cycle for fun, working my way through everything don norman has published on design theory, and now, tyler cowen ' s book, create your own economy, which contains more about autism and web 2. 0 material than one might expect from the title. nonetheless, it ' s packed with engaging tidbits : i ' d love to have a collapsible caravaggio to carry around to parties, for instance. he also points the reader toward a really good 2007 blog post by media lab professor and technology review blogger ed boyden, who heavily annotates and organizes his life. boyden ' s post details 10 + 2 recommendations for effectively organizing your life : - synthesize new ideas constantly - learn how to learn ( rapidly ) - work backward from your goal. or else you may never get there - always have a long - term plan. even if you change it every day - make contingency maps - make your mistakes quickly - as you develop skills, write up best - practices protocols - document everything obsessively - keep it simple - use logarithmic time planning. use greater detail for the near future - compose conversation summaries. photograph and store for easy retrieval wednesday, september 09, 2009 listen carefully, my son : bombs were falling over mexico city but no one even noticed. the air carried poison through the streets and open windows. you ' d just finished eating and were watching cartoons on tv. i was reading in the bedroom next door when i realized we were going to die. despite the dizziness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.552616650366218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.943961"} {"text": "no one even noticed. the air carried poison through the streets and open windows. you ' d just finished eating and were watching cartoons on tv. i was reading in the bedroom next door when i realized we were going to die. despite the dizziness and nausea i dragged myself to the kitchen and found you on the floor. we hugged. you asked what was happening and i didn \u2019 t tell you we were on death \u2019 s program but instead that we were going on a journey, one more, together, and that you shouldn \u2019 t be afraid. when it left, death didn \u2019 t even close our eyes. what are we? you asked a week or year later, ants, bees, wrong numbers in the big rotten soup of chance? we \u2019 re human beings, my son, almost birds, public heroes and secrets. tuesday, september 08, 2009 eric heller at harvard university and various pals have studied rogue waves for some time. today they show how microwaves propagating through a forest of scatterers which the team call a \" quasi - two - dimensional resonator with randomly distributed scatterers, each mimicking an r ^ \u22122 repulsive potential \". the results are fascinating because they clearly show the rogue waves ( or hot spots in microwave terms ) appearing more often than conventional thinking ( rayleigh ' s law for the wave height distribution ) allows. in fact the team says the probability in their set up of a rogue wave appearing is 15 orders of magnitude greater than rayleigh statistics predict. they attribute the difference to ray refraction rather than to resonance effects as conventional thinking might suppose. mouse retinas contain cells that detect approaching objects, possibly providing an advance warning system. while investigating mouse eye cells, botond roska at the friedrich miescher institute for biomedical research in basel, switzerland, and colleagues noticed that one type behaved unusually in response to movement. further analysis of this one kind of retinal cell revealed that it fired only when an object approached. the researchers suspect that people have similar cells, which alert us to approaching objects faster than our brain cells can. \" it ' s an alarm system that ' s as close to the front end of the organism as possible, \" says roska. \" if you left it to the brain to respond, it might be too late. \" it could also be that these cells form part of the signal processing apparatus that enhances visual acuity. monday, september 07, 2009 sharing the top floor with oliver and his sister were two different lunatics :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5918026721434172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.945040"} {"text": ", it might be too late. \" it could also be that these cells form part of the signal processing apparatus that enhances visual acuity. monday, september 07, 2009 sharing the top floor with oliver and his sister were two different lunatics : a rotund, elderly german, edward lindner \u2013 \" helen and i were convinced he was a nazi in hiding, \" reveals oliver who never went to the bathroom \u2013 and in the back room was freddie feldman, midget cabalist. \" freddie tried to kill us on a daily basis, he would steal our empty wine bottles from the trash \u2013 of which there were many as we liked to entertain \u2013 and he would plant them one by one, lying on their sides on various steps, hoping that helen and i on our many trips to the bathroom would step on an empty bottle and it would roll out from under our feet, causing us to plunge down the stairs and break our necks, \" oliver explains. \" it was quite amazing that freddie was able to plant his booby traps without making a sound, because the stairs creaked horribly. \" so how did he do it? \" first, he would remove his clothes. then he would walk up the stairs very carefully on tiptoe, balancing on the very outer edge of each step with his whole body pressed against the wall, then he ' d walk up the wall like a fly would. to see freddie \u2013 naked, walking up the wall \u2013 was truly to witness the most dread and awe - inspiring of acts, \" replies oliver. i wonder what it would take to bring this show to chicago. i ' d buy box seats. saturday, september 05, 2009 friday, september 04, 2009 thursday, september 03, 2009 this is the second time america has been up against the zero lower bound, the previous occasion being the great depression. and it was precisely the observation that there \u2019 s a lower bound to interest rates that led keynes to advocate higher government spending : when monetary policy is ineffective and the private sector can \u2019 t be persuaded to spend more, the public sector must take its place in supporting the economy. fiscal stimulus is the keynesian answer to the kind of depression - type economic situation we \u2019 re currently in. brad delong comments : such keynesian thinking underlies the obama administration \u2019 s economic policies \u2014 and the freshwater economists are furious. for 25 or so years they tolerated the fed \u2019 s efforts to manage the economy, but a full - blown keynesian resurgence was something entirely different. back in 1980, lucas, of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5357815327371778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.947818"} {"text": "\u2019 s economic policies \u2014 and the freshwater economists are furious. for 25 or so years they tolerated the fed \u2019 s efforts to manage the economy, but a full - blown keynesian resurgence was something entirely different. back in 1980, lucas, of the university of chicago, wrote that keynesian economics was so ludicrous that \u201c at research seminars, people don \u2019 t take keynesian theorizing seriously anymore ; the audience starts to whisper and giggle to one another. \u201d admitting that keynes was largely right, after all, would be too humiliating a comedown. and so chicago \u2019 s cochrane, outraged at the idea that government spending could mitigate the latest recession, declared : \u201c it \u2019 s not part of what anybody has taught graduate students since the 1960s. they [ keynesian ideas ] are fairy tales that have been proved false. it is very comforting in times of stress to go back to the fairy tales we heard as children, but it doesn \u2019 t make them less false. \u201d ( it \u2019 s a mark of how deep the division between saltwater and freshwater runs that cochrane doesn \u2019 t believe that \u201c anybody \u201d teaches ideas that are, in fact, taught in places like princeton, m. i. t. and harvard. ) meanwhile, saltwater economists... were shocked to realize that freshwater economists hadn \u2019 t been listening.... freshwater economists [ like lucas, prescott, fama, cochrane, mulligan, zingales, boldrin, etc. ] who inveighed against the stimulus didn \u2019 t sound like scholars who had weighed keynesian arguments and found them wanting. rather, they sounded like people who... were resurrecting pre - 1930 fallacies in the belief that they were saying something new and profound. and it wasn \u2019 t just keynes whose ideas seemed to have been forgotten. as brad delong of the university of california, berkeley, has pointed out in his laments about the chicago school \u2019 s \u201c intellectual collapse, \u201d the school \u2019 s current stance amounts to a wholesale rejection of milton friedman \u2019 s ideas as well. friedman believed that fed policy rather than changes in government spending should be used to stabilize the economy, but he never asserted that an increase in government spending cannot, under any circumstances, increase employment. in fact, rereading friedman \u2019 s 1970 summary of his ideas, \u201c a theoretical framework for monetary analysis, \u201d what \u2019 s striking is how keynesian it seems. i remember october of 1987. we - - that is me, andrei shlei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5082325888834573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.948881"} {"text": "fact, rereading friedman \u2019 s 1970 summary of his ideas, \u201c a theoretical framework for monetary analysis, \u201d what \u2019 s striking is how keynesian it seems. i remember october of 1987. we - - that is me, andrei shleifer, larry summers, and robert waldmann - - had what we regarded as a very nice paper about the instability of irrational agents ' beliefs as itself a powerful barrier to arbitrage. we then watched the stock market crash by 25 % in one day. and we thought that we had won the argument : that the efficient market hypothesis couldn ' t come back from a 25 % market collapse on a day when absolutely nothing fundamental happened. but then we were told that something fundamental had happened : there had been a sudden shock to the required expected rate of return on equities and the market had reacted efficiently to that shock. however, when i tried to process this, i could not understand it other than as an assertion that the market had gone down for no reason and would eventually recover - - but that this was not a problem because it was consistent with the efficient market hypothesis... when we could endure no more upon the water ; we to a little ale - house on the bankside, over against the \u2018 three cranes, and there staid till it was dark almost, and saw the fire grow ; and, as it grew darker, appeared more and more, and in corners and upon steeples, and between churches and houses, as far as we could see up the hill of the city, in a most horrid malicious bloody flame, not like the fine flame of an ordinary fire. barbary and her husband away before us. we staid till, it being darkish, we saw the fire as only one entire arch of fire from this to the other side the bridge, and in a bow up the hill for an arch of above a mile long : it made me weep to see it. the churches, houses, and all on fire and flaming at once ; and a horrid noise the flames made, and the cracking of houses at their ruins. here ' s what the area looks like now, as viewed from the fire monument, which was built by christopher wren and robert hooke, as part of their reconstruction of london after the fire. tuesday, september 01, 2009 to bed at 2 or 3 in the morning and up again at 6 to go by appointment to my lord bellasses, but he out of town, which vexed me. so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5769384690375968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.949955"} {"text": "reconstruction of london after the fire. tuesday, september 01, 2009 to bed at 2 or 3 in the morning and up again at 6 to go by appointment to my lord bellasses, but he out of town, which vexed me. so back and got mr. poynter to enter into, my book while i read from my last night \u2019 s notes the letter, and that being done to writing it fair. at noon home to dinner, and then the boy and i to the office, and there he read while i writ it fair, which done i sent it to sir w. coventry to peruse and send to the fleete by the first opportunity ; and so pretty betimes to bed. much pleased to - day with thoughts of gilding the backs of all my books alike in my new presses. by mary - louise parker to you, whom it may concern : manly creature, who smells good even when you don ' t, you wake up too slowly, with fuzzy, vertical hair and a slightly lost look on your face as though you are seven or seventy - five ; you can fix my front door, my sink, and open most jars ; you, who lose a cuff link and have to settle for a safety pin, you have promised to slay unfortunate interlopers and dragons with your phillips head or montblanc ; to you, because you will notice a woman with a healthy chunk of years or pounds on her and let out a wolf whistle under your breath and mean it ; because you think either rug will be fine, really it will ; you seem to walk down the street a little taller than me, a little more aware but with a purpose still ; to you who codifies, conjugates, slams a puck, baits a hook, builds a decent cabinet or the perfect sandwich ; you who gives a twenty to the kids selling hershey bars and waits at baggage claim for three hours in your flannel shirt ; you, sir, you take my order, my pulse, my bullshit ; you who soaps me in the shower, soaks with me in the tub ; to you, boy grown - up, the gentleman, soldier, professor, or caveman, the fancy man with initials on your towels and salt on your chocolates, to you and to that guy at the concession stand ; thank you for the tour of the vineyard, the fire station, the sound booth, thank you for the kaleidoscope, the horsehead nebula, the painting, the truth ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4343697289436551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.950880"} {"text": "british go journal no. 41. may 1978. page 21. continuing our series on the most significant japanese go terms. kake, pronounces approximately, kah - keh, is one of the few important japanese terms which is always used in its english form, the english being so perfectly descriptive. diagram 1 | bgj had this diagram and that for page 20 swapped. black 1 in dia 1 is the pressing move, hitting the white stone on the shoulder. whites first option is to resist being pushed down by pushing between the two black stones to separate them. this leads to tactical fighting which we will not study here. however, it is important to remember that pressing moves can often be resisted in this way. the second option is to crawl along the third line as in the diagram. black keeps pressing with 3 and this time white jumps with 4. this jump ahead is very important. with every move that black presses white down, white gets territory against the edge and black gets influence facing the centre. if white is pressed further than necessary along the third line, his territory will be worth less than blacks influence. diagram 2 | dia 2 shows what we mean. the moves to 11 are a well - known joseki. black has territory against the edge and 11 is the essential jump which takes him ahead of white. 12 - 22 shows just one possibility if white decides to press black further. black cannot play 13 on the fourth line because white will push between 1 and 11, but 15 is a safe move and after white protects his cutting point with 22, both whites central influence and blacks territory have increased dramatically. diagram 3 | in dia 3 white jumps ahead of black immediately. this immediate jump allows black to push through and sacrifice one stone, but whether the sacrifice is effective or not depends of course on the overall position. here black sacrifices with 5, white correctly captures the cutting stone, rather than protecting on the outside, and though black can capture 2 in a ladder, white is more than happy. not only can he live in the corner with one more move, but he can push at a and break through into the centre. black cannot stop him without spoiling his ladder. diagram 4 | finally, pressing does not have to be against the edge. in dia 4 white 1 hits black on the shoulder and this time white wants to get out into the centre as quickly as he can. ( though if black does not resist white would be delighted to continue at 2 and press black in that direction. ) as soon as black leaps ahead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5287055180598401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.953706"} {"text": "when we talk about weight and health - whether we are discussing pounds, kilos, or body mass index, we are trying to assess the body ' s composition of fat and muscle deposits. the degree to which muscle and fat are present or absent in the body can have implications for overall physiological functioning and the risk of developing certain medical conditions. and that ' s the problem with the indices above : at best, they are an estimation of body composition, yet they are treated as gospel. we need to have additional ways to talk about body composition and health beyond \" the numbers. \" so what else can we look at to determine whether someone ' s body composition is healthy and normal for them? here are some questions ; the more often you answer \" yes, \" the more likely it is that your body is reflecting what is right for you : - do you get feedback from your doctor that suggests that your pulse, blood pressure, and labwork results are healthy for someone of your age and gender? - if you have finished growing ( and remember, many people will not finish growing until their early 20s ), does your weight tend to stay in the same range, without a lot of significant ups and downs, and without any strenuous efforts on your part? - do you find that you have plenty of energy throughout the day, and that you are not more likely to catch colds, flus, etc. than your peers? - are you getting 30 - 60 minutes of enjoyable physical activity on most days of the week? - do you generally eat only when you are hungry and stop when you are comfortably full? - do you eat a wide variety of foods ( covering all the food groups or food group substitutes )? would you say that most ( not all! ) of your choices are high in nutrients and moderate in calories? do you include lots of high - fiber choices? - do you have a minimum of five servings a day of fruits / vegetables? if you drink alcohol, do you use it in moderation? - does your body resemble the size and shape of other healthy members of your family? - if you are a woman, do you get your periods regularly, and is the flow pretty normal? - if you are an athlete, do you make it through training, games, or events with only a normal amount of fatigue? are you able to recover fairly quickly? we hesitate to provide calculations, numbers, or ranges because each body is different, and even these clinically - focused assessment tools need to be interpreted in the context", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4938864455583083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.975107"} {"text": "or events with only a normal amount of fatigue? are you able to recover fairly quickly? we hesitate to provide calculations, numbers, or ranges because each body is different, and even these clinically - focused assessment tools need to be interpreted in the context of an individual ' s other health factors. athletes, for instance, are likely to carry more muscle mass than a typical student ; standard calculations don ' t take this into consideration, and might suggest that an athlete is \" overweight. \" likewise, some people have large, dense bone structures, and their healthy weight will be different from someone of equal height with a smaller frame. and lastly, some folks are meant to carry a higher percentage of body fat than others. there are large - framed students with a higher percentage of body fat who play a sport or exercise several times a week, and eat a healthy balanced diet. other students may be very thin, have a low percentage of body fat but don ' t consume adequate nutrients or have a consistent relationship with physical activity. if you are really concerned about your weight or body composition, check with a medical provider at health services ( 401. 863 - 3953 ) or in the community. choose someone who is not affiliated with a commercial weight loss program ; consulting with an unbiased health professional will help you get a more realistic idea of whether it would be healthy for you to gain or lose weight, and how to go about it wisely. as we said a moment ago, if you are answering \" yes \" to most of the questions above, your body is likely to be in the place that is normal and healthy for you. every day, however, we get bombarded with images of \" desirable \" bodies that look radically different from what is normal and healthy. it can lead to a lot of body dissatisfaction, and the urge to significantly change the way we look. if that ' s the case, and you are trying to lose or gain weight even though you probably don ' t need to, you might want to think about some things first. researchers estimate that 40 - 70 % of your weight is determined by genetics ; we are programmed for certain bone structures, levels of adipose ( body fat ), and muscle development capacity. you would have to spend a lot of time and energy to significantly change your adipose and muscle endowments ; you would probably need to pathologically distort your relationship with food and exercise in order to do it ; you ' d have to be willing to divert resources from a lot of other important past", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.466245667899822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.976272"} {"text": "significantly change your adipose and muscle endowments ; you would probably need to pathologically distort your relationship with food and exercise in order to do it ; you ' d have to be willing to divert resources from a lot of other important pastimes ( school, work, relationships, hobbies ), and you ' d have to be able to keep that up for - well, the rest of your life. this is impossible to maintain and would seriously undermine your emotional and physical health. the body strives for balance and stability, and as we stated above, it pays a price when it has to function too far from its comfort zone. this price tag includes decreased functioning mentally, emotionally, and physically. researcher ancel keys conducted what is now considered the classic study on semi - starvation during world war ii, and he noted the following outcomes among the conscientious objectors who volunteered : - decrease in metabolic rate by 40 % as caloric intake and weight dropped - feelings of anxiety, depression and irritability - dizziness, weakness, and fatigue - withdrawal from important social relationships and disinterest in sex - decreased interest in intellectual pursuits - food preoccupation ( e. g. collecting recipes, hoarding kitchen implements, constantly thinking and dreaming about food ) - development of distorted eating rituals : extremely slow consumption, cutting of food into small pieces, creation of weird and distasteful food concoctions - feelings of embarrassment and guilt about perceived \" overeating \" episodes - binges of thousands of calories per episode while on leave from the study - self - induced vomiting ( in some ) to get rid of the post - binge discomfort these men were chosen as highly intelligent, highly motivated, and psychologically stable volunteers, but it wasn ' t until 8 months later, when they returned to normal eating and were fully weight restored, that the changes in cognitions, behaviors, and mood completely subsided. and what if you answered \" no \" to a lot of the healthy body weight questions above? lifestyle trends ( rather than isolated actions ) can affect the body ' s ability to maintain a healthy weight, so if you habitually underuse or overuse food and physical activity, you are more likely to be at a weight that isn ' t right for you and to have negative changes in heart rate, blood pressure, labwork, energy levels, reproductive functioning, and athletic performance. if underuse or overuse of food is an issue for you, check out our section on eating concerns. brown students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46851047336391205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.977324"} {"text": "you and to have negative changes in heart rate, blood pressure, labwork, energy levels, reproductive functioning, and athletic performance. if underuse or overuse of food is an issue for you, check out our section on eating concerns. brown students can consider calling 401. 863 - 2794 to make an appointment with the health education nutritionist, who can help you develop a more balanced lifestyle pattern. there ' s no question about it : when you significantly change energy balance in the body, by repeatedly affecting either intake or expenditure, you ' re likely to see at least short - term changes in weight as muscle, adipose, and fluid status are impacted. but wait : the body is built to react strongly to systemic changes like this - - particularly if the changes are drastic. the rate at which the body burns calories ( metabolism ) slows down every time you diet, in part because of the inevitable loss of muscle mass, our most \" metabolically - active \" tissue. less muscle means the body doesn ' t need to spend as many calories in order to maintain itself. when you begin to eat normally again, your body is still functioning at the lower rate. so every time you diet, weight comes off more slowly and goes back on more quickly because your metabolism gets lower. and it isn ' t just muscle that determines how your body will respond to changes in energy balance. we are also programmed for a certain level of adiposity ( body fat ) - - a level that is monitored very closely by the survival mechanisms of the body. researchers are finding that adipose can be just as metabolically - active when the body perceives that survival and reproduction are being endangered, and that there are many chemical messengers whose function is to influence appetite, metabolism, and mobilization of fat stores in order to preserve or restore the status - quo. so under - nutrition and rapid weight loss can eventually result in preferential fat storage. once normal eating is resumed and maintained, the metabolism generally returns to normal. but the early stage of this metabolic adjustment can be scary for some people because they may put on a few pounds as the body attempts to reestablish equilibrium. fearing that the weight gain will be too significant, or that it will last forever, they may go back on a diet - causing their body to downshift metabolically again, and promote fat storage. studies show that people who repeatedly go on and off crash diets actually gain weight over time. the sad fact is that the only thing crash dieters ever learn is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5101566259411838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.978430"} {"text": "- causing their body to downshift metabolically again, and promote fat storage. studies show that people who repeatedly go on and off crash diets actually gain weight over time. the sad fact is that the only thing crash dieters ever learn is how to starve. and suppressing your appetite with most diet pills risks a number of nasty side effects, such as irritability, insomnia, high blood pressure, and dependency. plus, once you stop taking them, any weight you ' ve lost will probably sneak right back on. achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight means practicing a variety of good self - care behaviors - - day in, and day out. although some people will engage in dieting behavior with little or no significant change in the way they think and feel, many people find that the legacy of dieting goes far beyond a transitory effect on their weight. the following are some side - effects of dieting that should be considered carefully : - diets tend to polarize our attitudes towards foods, creating categories of \" good \" and \" bad, \" that then go on to affect how we feel about ourselves when certain foods are eaten - - whether or not we are currently dieting. - diets tend to perpetuate the belief that control with food and eating exists only as a function of an external system of regulations ; we forget that our bodies have an innate ability to self - regulate, and we mistrust the demands of our physiology. - because of the externalized focus, and because the cookie - cutter approach of many diets will not be a match for our individual needs, diets can foster a disconnect between hunger and fullness. as a result, we lose touch with the primary mechanism by which the body self - regulates energy balance. - because dieting may involve ignoring hunger and promoting inadequate fullness, and because much - loved foods are often re - categorized as \" bad, \" we can experience enough perceived or real deprivation to make us feel tremendously preoccupied with food - - particularly with the \" bad \" foods. as a result, we can wind up spending a lot of time and energy thinking about how we will consume or avoid certain foods. even more painfully, we may wind up feeling vulnerable, out of control, and lacking in character as a result. - although dieting and exercise are two different behaviors, viewing physical activity primarily as a means of losing weight or re - shaping the body is a shift in attitude that can often accompany dieting. people can respond to this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46624982283438876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.980336"} {"text": "in character as a result. - although dieting and exercise are two different behaviors, viewing physical activity primarily as a means of losing weight or re - shaping the body is a shift in attitude that can often accompany dieting. people can respond to this by developing a driven, compulsive relationship with physical activity that pushes them to exercise when fatigued, ill, and injured, and that cuts into their ability to enjoy other things. people can also respond by developing an aversion or resistance to physical activity, because it has become associated with guilt, obligation, and anxiety for them. have breakfast within an hour of waking up. your body is craving fuel after a night ' s sleep. not only does having breakfast support an optimal metabolism, but studies have shown that having breakfast helps our bodies with appetite control. study participants were found to experience less hunger all day long when they had breakfast - - there ' s something about that meal that is uniquely satisfying to the body. ( and for those of you who are saying that you experience more hunger during the day when you eat breakfast, here ' s a news flash : the hunger you are experiencing is actually your real level of hunger. when you skip breakfast, your body sometimes begins to produce a chemical called a ketone that \" covers up \" your natural hunger signal. as a result, you may not notice significant hunger - - until you eat or drink something with nutrients in it that \" breaks \" the ketosis, causing you to feel suddenly and ravenously hungry - - a real set - up for overeating and feeling uncomfortable ). be regular with meals and snacks ; try to eat something every 3 to 4 hours. again, your metabolism is better supported when the body is fed in a regular, consistent way. erratic eating patterns with more than 4 hours between meals and snacks may cause the body to fight back against what it perceives as deprivation and uncertainty. it may cause the metabolic rate to drop, and it may signal the body to preferentially store calories as fat instead of spending them freely. think of the peace symbol when you ' re planning your plate at lunch and dinner. aim to fill 2 / 3 of your plate with carbohydrates : a fruit serving, a cooked or raw vegetable serving, and a grain. the last third of your plate is for a serving of protein ( animal or vegetable ). add a serving or 2 of fat to round things off, if your other food choices don ' t contain much fat. this meal mix : carbohy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5045138990063158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.981394"} {"text": ". the last third of your plate is for a serving of protein ( animal or vegetable ). add a serving or 2 of fat to round things off, if your other food choices don ' t contain much fat. this meal mix : carbohydrate + protein + fat provides the fast acting and long acting sources of energy that keep people well - fueled and satisfied for a longer period of time. when you are well satisfied, you ' re less likely to feel compelled to \" nibble \" during the day, and you aren ' t likely to arrive at the next meal or snack over - hungry and prone to over - eat. you can improve your meal mix ( and bone health! ) even further by having an 8 oz. serving of low - fat milk, yogurt, or their fortified soy - substitutes with each meal. these dairy servings contribute additional protein, which may boost appetite control for some people by creating and prolonging a sense of comfortable fullness. add high fiber choices to meals and snacks. high - fiber foods like wholegrains, fruits, vegetables, beans, and legumes help us with energy balance by promoting a feeling of comfortable fullness. both the bulk of these foods, and the more gradual way in which they are digested for energy, can help us to experience fullness at a meal and maintain a feeling of comfortable fullness for several hours. start eating when you are comfortably hungry, and stop eating when you are comfortably full. eating when you are at a comfortable level of physical hunger ( instead of starving ), and finishing when you are comfortably full ( instead of stuffed ) is one of the most powerful ways to make sure that your caloric intake stays appropriate. and the two are definitely related : by the time you are over - hungry, not only will you have a hard time slowing down your eating long enough to listen for a subtle fullness signal, you may also develop a preference for over - fullness in reaction to or as a defense against this uncomfortable level of hunger. moreover, you may find yourself developing a preference for higher - fat, higher - sugar foods under these circumstances because of the brain chemicals ( galanin - fat cravings, neuropeptide y - sweet cravings ) that are released when someone has gone for too long without eating. hunger is the physiological expression of the body ' s need for energy. there are some common symptoms of hunger that people may manifest in descending order as their blood sugar levels continue to drop. it ' s useful for you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.465793498808388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.982353"} {"text": "gone for too long without eating. hunger is the physiological expression of the body ' s need for energy. there are some common symptoms of hunger that people may manifest in descending order as their blood sugar levels continue to drop. it ' s useful for you to identify your personal progression from slight hunger to over - hunger. you are more likely to begin a meal or a snack at a comfortable level of hunger if you eat within 5 - 10 minutes of your early hunger signals. - rumbling, or empty stomach - early hunger - decreased energy, particularly during physical activity - decreased ability to focus - feeling weak or shaky - nausea, cold sweats - late hunger appetite is our interest in food. it usually accompanies hunger, but it can also be stimulated by sensory triggers ( walking past a bakery ), habit ( \" i always have a snack at this time \" ), or emotions ( wanting food when sad or anxious ). most of us are familiar with the experience of a food \" calling to us \" when we are clear that we are not hungry, and eating under these circumstances once in a while is totally normal. a frequent tendency to eat from appetite rather than hunger, however, is likely to create inappropriate weight gain because it promotes consumption of calories that the body has no use for. appetite is linked to our innate need for pleasure, and can be aggravated by food deprivation, but it can also be exacerbated by a lack of fun, not enough relaxation, and insufficient outlets for soothing and comfort. our appetite for food stays more manageable when we eat enough, when we eat things we really enjoy, and when we have many other ways of relaxing and having fun. to learn more about the link between emotions, self - care needs, and eating, look at our section on emotional eating below. fullness is the physiological expression of the body having received enough energy at a meal or snack. the experience of fullness can be affected by a variety of food - related factors : - high - fiber wholegrains help to fill us up at meals and snacks, and keep us feeling full for longer. - protein is best at promoting comfortable fullness at a meal or snack, and it will continue to promote comfortable fullness for several hours afterwards. - although the presence of fat in a meal may not boost fullness in the moment because it is digested more slowly, it contributes significantly to long - lasting fullness. - fruits, vegetables, and beans provide bulk and fiber that boosts fullness. - hot foods and beverages tend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5373139480073349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.983399"} {"text": "meal may not boost fullness in the moment because it is digested more slowly, it contributes significantly to long - lasting fullness. - fruits, vegetables, and beans provide bulk and fiber that boosts fullness. - hot foods and beverages tend to make us feel more full than cold ones. - eaten alone, processed grains ( e. g. low - fiber breakfast cereals ) and sugary foods don ' t contribute to a significant feeling of fullness, and get used up too quickly to support long - lasting fullness. fullness is a more subtle physiological signal than hunger, and can more easily be overridden or missed - - particularly if you are eating quickly or in a very distracting environment. the old guideline about taking a minimum of 20 minutes to eat still makes a lot of sense. like appetite and hunger, satisfaction can travel along with fullness, but there are other aspects that go beyond whether the body feels it has received enough energy. satisfaction usually requires : - reaching a preferred level of fullness, and - achieving a reasonable \" match \" between the sensory characteristics you were craving ( hot / cold, spicy / bland, crunchy, creamy, smooth, chewy, salty, bitter, sweet ) and the foods you actually chose. most of us can identify with eating situations in which we ' ve been physically full but not yet satisfied, and we usually found ourselves \" grazing \" afterwards, still searching for that satisfaction. this situation is even more likely to occur with dieting when people disallow themselves the types and amounts of foods they really want. unfortunately, the result of under - cutting satisfaction is a tendency to eat when not hungry and eat beyond fullness - - both of which contribute to inappropriate weight gain. so make sure that you choose foods you really like at meals and snacks - - even if some of them are high in calories, you can have them in moderate portions and you ' ll be doing yourself a favor in the end! as a species, we have several strong biological imperatives : survival, pleasure - seeking, and pain - avoidance, to name just a few. food and eating are connected to all three of these major themes, so is it any wonder that they get over - used sometimes? and possibly because our experience with food is so strongly reinforced on a physiological level, we have also developed a powerful emotional relationship with food. food and eating seem to be \" about \" a lot of things : family, cultural values, security, fun, intimacy, personal identity, spirituality, sensual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46941101452537787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.984493"} {"text": "so strongly reinforced on a physiological level, we have also developed a powerful emotional relationship with food. food and eating seem to be \" about \" a lot of things : family, cultural values, security, fun, intimacy, personal identity, spirituality, sensuality, control, power, love \u2026 the list goes on, and on. as a result, our relationship with food can get a little distorted when we are having a hard time coping in other areas of our lives. food can be used as a way to meet other needs when we are depleted ( e. g. eating a snack, when we really need to take a nap or have a study break ). food can also be used to manage emotions ( e. g. eating to \" numb - out, \" or relax ). everyone eats emotionally once in a while - that ' s normal. when emotional eating becomes frequent, however, it can be really disruptive and distressing. first of all, it confuses the body, which prefers to regulate its intake according to hunger and fullness. secondly, it interferes with our ability to deal with our feelings and meet our real needs directly. it turns the language of feelings into the language of food, creating a situation in which you can begin to think that you have a \" problem \" with food. food isn ' t the problem - - it ' s a symptom of coping difficulties. here are some ways to manage emotional over - eating : take care of your basic needs for sleep, relaxation, social connection, and pleasure on a daily basis. there is a tendency, particularly during college, to treat these needs as optional : they are not. and ignoring the deficit doesn ' t make it go away ; it simply goes underground and pops up someplace unexpected - - like your relationship with food. create academic, athletic, social, and work schedules that don ' t require you to sacrifice the foundation of well - being. find more supportive ways to comfort or distract yourself when things are difficult. phoning a friend, taking a hot shower, going for a short walk while listening to your favorite music ; these are some ways to take a break and boost your mood without using food. get help understanding and managing feelings. the transition to college life is exciting - - and incredibly stressful. everybody struggles with this in their own way, and a little coaching can help you to understand your situation better and feel more effective. for more information about all of the above suggestions, psychological services is a fantastic resource. you can reach them at 401.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5189097474281339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.985446"} {"text": "everybody struggles with this in their own way, and a little coaching can help you to understand your situation better and feel more effective. for more information about all of the above suggestions, psychological services is a fantastic resource. you can reach them at 401. 863 - 3476. if you are going to eat emotionally, do it really, really, well. like we said, everyone eats emotionally once in a while. so if you ' ve considered other self - care options, and eating something feels like the most satisfying choice, make it count. - pick out a food that gets as close as possible to your craving, so that you get the sensory satisfaction you are looking for. - if you can, aim for a single - serving portion of whatever you are craving ; remember - - you can always have more afterwards if you truly want it. - sit down and concentrate on what you are eating ; take your time and stay in touch with how good it tastes. - give yourself permission to enjoy whatever you are eating - - without guilt. feeling guilty increases the likelihood that you will \" numb - out \" and rush through your eating, making you prone to eat more because either you missed out on the pleasure, or you are having to comfort yourself for feeling so guilty. sometimes dealing with emotions results in the opposite problem - - under - eating and weight loss. here are some emotional under - eating issues, and some ideas that may be useful : - feeling stressed - out about making time for meals and snacks because your schedule is so tight. healthy eating gives you the energy to do what you want to do, so make it a priority. avoid painting yourself into a corner by creating a schedule that allows you to put self - care first. - feeling overwhelmed by the crowds and atmosphere of the dining halls. try coming at a time when the crowds are smaller ( noon to 1 pm is usually the busiest time of day. ). since the ratty is the largest of the dining facilities, try the v - dub or another location if you need a smaller and less hectic eating environment - - even if it means a few extra steps in your usual routine. plan to go with a friend if you are uncertain about trying a new place alone. - arriving at meals too stressed to eat, having no appetite, or getting an upset stomach after eating. some of the same brain and endocrine chemicals that start to cascade during our experience of stress also have receptors in the gut - no wonder people lose their interest in food or get an upset stomach.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4597402776266278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.986434"} {"text": "appetite, or getting an upset stomach after eating. some of the same brain and endocrine chemicals that start to cascade during our experience of stress also have receptors in the gut - no wonder people lose their interest in food or get an upset stomach. do what you can to arrive at meals in a relaxed frame of mind. leaving plenty of time so that you can arrive, eat, and hang out for a little while afterwards can really improve interest in eating, and definitely cuts down on stomach discomfort afterwards. practicing deep, abdominal breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or doing some mini - visualizations can also help people manage their stress before heading into a meal. to learn more about these and other techniques for stress management on - the - go, visit our page on stress. - feeling anxious about the types of foods available and how they are prepared. getting used to new foods or foods that are prepared differently is sometimes difficult. you can ' t ask for \" made to order \" dishes, but you can experiment with creating some of your own dishes with items already available in the dining facilities. think about trying one new food each week, so that you can begin to broaden your tastes and bring down your anxiety level. if you suspect that your anxiety about food and eating is related to disordered eating or weight concerns, visit our page on eating concerns. health education 401. 863 - 2794 located on the third floor of health services. confidential information or care is available through individual appointments with a nutritionist to discuss the many types of eating concerns you may have regarding yourself, a friend, roommate or teammate. health education also offers workshops, pamphlets, and reading materials covering these and related issues. health education services are free as part of your health services fee. university health services 401. 863 - 3953 located at 13 brown street across from keeney quad. confidential information and care is available for initial, current or past disordered eating patients. psychological services 401. 863 - 3476 located on the fifth floor of j. walter wilson. confidential appointments are available at psychological services for students concerned about their eating issues. guidance is also available for those who are concerned about a friend, roommate, or teammate ' s eating. services include crisis intervention, short - term psychotherapy and referrals. appointments at psychological services are free as part of your health services fee. after the diet : helping humans overcome eating problems another fantastic diet - free web site, with particularly good information about the connections between nutrition, hormones, and brain chemistry. run by diet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4944196796145331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.987554"} {"text": "appointments at psychological services are free as part of your health services fee. after the diet : helping humans overcome eating problems another fantastic diet - free web site, with particularly good information about the connections between nutrition, hormones, and brain chemistry. run by dietitian monika woolsey, the site includes \" eating resource centers \" covering everything from irritable bowel syndrome to sleep disorders, q & a sessions on hot topics, and links to providers specializing in a given topic. established by dietitian karin kratina, one of the foremost leaders in the health at every size approach, this web site is a great place to go for a balanced clinical counterpoint to the \" war on obesity. \" having recently completed her phd in cultural anthropology, karin ' s work is particularly useful for anyone interested in exploring the symbolic and socio - cultural aspects of food, eating, exercise, and body image. the american dietetic association daily tips and feature topics often have articles of interest. by sending an email to email @ example. com, you can ask questions directly of registered dietitians in your area. nutrition network is a national referral service for registered dietitians. award winning web site. this site looks at ways we can feel good in the bodies we have. one of their slogans : \" remember, your body hears everything you think. \" other topics on the web site : size acceptance ; what do you say when everyone around you is dieting? 200 ways to love the body you have ; dieting detox ; evaluating weight loss programs : what are the red flags? free subscription to email newsletter \" body positive pages. \" disclaimer : health education is part of health services at brown university. health education maintains this site as a resource for brown students. this site is not intended to replace consultation with your medical providers. no site can replace real conversation. health education offers no endorsement of and assumes no liability for the currency, accuracy, or availability of the information on the sites we link to or the care provided by the resources listed. health services staff are available to treat and give medical advice to brown university students only. if you are not a brown student, but are in need of medical assistance please call your own health care provider or in case of an emergency, dial 911. please contact us if you have comments, questions or suggestions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49182859387406475, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:01.988536"} {"text": "note - to date. the dome is still unfinished. as is this article. neither dome nor article will be. resumed until this autumn. so patience please... meanwhile. the information below is a step by step explanation of how to build your own geodesic dome. above, dome nearly completed, without glass and perspex windows ( its summer! ) above photo, interior of dome, nearly completed above photo, interior of dome, nearly completed. however, most governments and legislators would prefer people of low income to live here... in ' charming ' town planning projects that give the local medeival architecture a real boost to their image, eh hem... spot ales ' medieval fort and, significantly, old prison, it ' s a job to find it, but if you squint hard enough... step by step photo instructions... the first step in building a geodesic dome home is to fully understand and visualise the geometry of the structure beforehand. to do this it is essential to build a small model version that you can refer back to whenever you get confused or stuck. it ' s possible to build a dome without first doing a model, but you ' re more likely to get in a fix, which wastes time and money. to make a 50cm diameter cardboard model you ' ll need a pencil, a compass, a ruler, 15 sheets of a4 lightweight photocopy card in one colour, and 5 sheets of the same card in another colour, one large piece of thick cardboard for the base ( from a big cardboard box will do ), glue, at least twenty very small boston clips, thumbtacks and probably some other stuff too, we ' ll see as we go along. the two fluffy assistants are optional. i found a useful video on youtube showing how to ' construct a geodesic dome ' out of cardboard. the instructions are for children so even a maths moron such as myself could follow them! the dome is composed of 10 equilateral triangles that join together 6 pentagons, each pentagon being composed of 5 isosceles triangles. in all, the dome requires a total of 40 triangles, 30 of them isosceles and 10 of them equilateral. in order to attain the dome diameter of 50cm the 3 sides of the equilateral triangles must be 15cm45 long precisely ( to be called length a ). the isosceles triangles must have one side measuring, again, 15cm45 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5073748790404555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.003048"} {"text": "to attain the dome diameter of 50cm the 3 sides of the equilateral triangles must be 15cm45 long precisely ( to be called length a ). the isosceles triangles must have one side measuring, again, 15cm45 and the two other sides measuring 13cm66 ( to be called length b ). being the congenital maths moron i am, it was impossible for me to calculate how to draw two triangles together ( to save paper ), centering them correctly on a sheet of photocopy paper. so i drew one, photocopied it, cut them both out, then stuck them together on a sheet of paper. in this way i had the template for two triangles neatly fitted together and centered on the a4 paper. i then made 5 photocopies of the template below so as to get 10 equilateral triangles in lightweight yellow card. to make an equilateral triangle, use your ruler to draw a 15. 45cm line at the bottom of your page. set your compass to exactly 15. 45cm. putting the point at one end of the line, draw an arc approximately where the top point of the triangle should go. switch the point of the compass to the other end of the line and draw another arc. where the two arcs cross is the third point of the triangle. use your ruler to draw the two other sides. to draw the glue tabs, draw a line 1cm parallel to all three sides around the entire outer edge of the triangle. cut off its points, as in the triangles above, by drawing a straight line to slice off the points of the outer triangles so that the glue tabs can be stuck together without the ends overlapping. to draw the isosceles triangle draw the base line of the triangle again at a length of 15. 45cm, but set the compass at 13. 66cm instead so as to achieve the two shorter edges. i then made 15 photocopies of the template, this time in blue card, so as to get a total of 30 isosceles triangles. carefully cut out all your triangles and, using a book and a ruler, fold the glue tabs carefully along each of their lines. apply glue to the tabs and stick the five isosceles triangles together ( sticking together the b sides ) so as to form a pentagon, leaving the last two tabs unglued. when applying glue be sure to use a scrap piece of paper underneath so as to not get anything grubby.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45088342590710373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.003997"} {"text": "triangles together ( sticking together the b sides ) so as to form a pentagon, leaving the last two tabs unglued. when applying glue be sure to use a scrap piece of paper underneath so as to not get anything grubby. stick the b sides together two by two. if you try to apply glue to all of the sides at the same time and then try to stick them all together simultaneously, the tabs where you applied the glue first will have dried. so just go edge by edge. glue needs to be applied to both glue tabs being stuck together and not just one, to ensure a strong fix. assemble all six pentagons in the same way, leaving the last two edges open on each one. to be sure that the glue dries completely you may want to leave the next stage for the following day ; otherwise, leaving it for a couple of hours should do it. once dry, the final edges of the isosceles triangles can be glued together. as you pull the two sides against one another you ' ll see why it was necessary to allow the other sides to dry first, as now the pentagons will be raised into their three - dimensional volume, putting strong pressure on all sides. this is where you now need to attach the small boston clips to clamp the freshly glued sides together. i left them all overnight again, but if you ' re feeling brave, another couple of hours should do. here we have the six pentagons fully assembled on my scruffy old floor. as you can see, my fluffy assistant to the left seems satisfied with the work so far. i have placed the ten equilateral triangles next to the pentagons, ready for the next stage. now we need to make the base. thinking i was very clever, i bought some fancy hard card instead of using the simple cardboard box card suggested in the video. the result was a fiendishly difficult challenge with a stanley knife when it came to the cutting stage. it was all very scary and not at all appropriate for children... or for fluffy assistants for that matter. so use normal cardboard from a box as it ' s far easier to cut with no more than a pair of scissors. and it ' s free. cut out your piece of cardboard for the base, making it no smaller than 56cm squared. find its center by drawing diagonal lines from each of its corners, creating a cross in the center. here, one of my fluffy assistants is demonstrating how this can be done very easily with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48392495781535866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.005068"} {"text": "for the base, making it no smaller than 56cm squared. find its center by drawing diagonal lines from each of its corners, creating a cross in the center. here, one of my fluffy assistants is demonstrating how this can be done very easily with a builder ' s rule, useful as it ' s so big. a straight plank would also do the trick. here is the base with the cross revealing the center of the square. at this point you may wish to take a small break and give yourself a vigorous scratch for good measure. now we need to make a big compass out of a 35cm x 4cm strip of card. this card is thicker than the triangles but lighter than the base board. it needs to be quite thick and strong so as not to tear, but not too thick to put the nib of a pencil through it. place the cardboard strip on another piece of cardboard as we are now going to push thumbtacks into it to create pencil holes. my assistant is helpfully indicating the spacing of these four holes. the one on the far left, let ' s call it the ' 0cm hole ', will be the point where we pin this card compass into the center of the base. now place a tack at precisely 16cm to the right of the first hole, then 25cm and finally at 27cm distant from the first hole. we have now created four holes at 0cm, 16cm, 25cm and 27cm. tacking the 0cm hole to the center of your cardboard base, use the holes at 16cm, 25cm and 27cm to draw three concentric circles. the fluffy tail is optional in this simple manoeuvre, but adds interest. here is the base with the three concentric circles drawn. cut out along the center circle to create an inner hole. cut out along the outer circle to finish the now circular base. sitting on the circle will prevent it from unexpectedly flying away... set the compass to 15. 45cm precisely. to make it easier to set it perfectly i drew a line of the right length on a piece of paper, dug the point into one end of the line and carefully pulled the compass to the right length. place the point of the compass on the circle inside the outer edge of your base and draw an arc further along the line of your circle. then place the point where your arc crosses the line and draw another arc further along. continue all around the circle till all the points of your decagon ( ten - sided poly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4568686712866309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.006264"} {"text": "your base and draw an arc further along the line of your circle. then place the point where your arc crosses the line and draw another arc further along. continue all around the circle till all the points of your decagon ( ten - sided polygon ) are drawn. at this point you will discover if your compass is set precisely or not. if it isn ' t your last arc will be too far in or out. cursing loudly at this juncture may help relieve tension. if it ' s not right, rub out the marks and start again. i actually ended up having an approximate decagon and just bodged along as i do, knowing that the length a sides of the triangles would make up for any incompetent fumbling around with the compass. now use your ruler to draw straight lines from point to point, thus completing the drawing of the decagon. my assistant pointed out that my work was rather unprofessional. she explained that putting one ' s nose up against the base and scrutinising it carefully was all it took to discover my sloppy work. she even went so far as to call my other assistant over to prove her point at this moment in the proceedings my assistants became suddenly overwhelmed by a frenzy of excitement. perhaps my lack of professionalism had compromised their respect for the project. all at once my ordered workshop had degenerated into a wrestling ring! determined to get things under control, i raised my voice and commanded, ' no no, you naughty assistants! stop this monkey business at once!!! ' fearing my authority had indeed been compromised i was forced to take radical measures. reciting the affirmation ' i am strong and in control. i am respected ' i grabbed them round their fluffy bellies and firmly transported them out of the room, shutting the door behind them! they were outraged, but i felt proud to have proved to myself and to the world at large that i was an impressive figure of authority, not to be messed with. i could now get on with laying out my card dome sections, base, boston clips, thumbtacks and glue without further ado. applying glue to both sides that needed to be stuck together, i glued the pentagons and equliateral triangles alternately round the base following the decagon i ' d drawn previously, as neatly as possible. to keep everything in place it ' s essential to use the boston clips on the dome ' s edges and the thumbtacks around the base to hold everything in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5125055625308927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.007228"} {"text": "the base following the decagon i ' d drawn previously, as neatly as possible. to keep everything in place it ' s essential to use the boston clips on the dome ' s edges and the thumbtacks around the base to hold everything in place and give the glue time to work. once the bottom layer was complete i applied liquid glue all around the join of the base to give it extra strength. i added the final layer of equilateral triangles... and using the hole in the base in order to access the final layer from underneath, i glued in the last pentagon. et voila... the dome model was complete... as was my initiation into the mysterious world of geometry and mathematics! the most difficult part of building a dome being accomplished, i could now apply myself to the simple task of building the dome home itself. all that was needed was a comfy chair, a hot drink, and a handy assistant to take care of all the boring woodwork! to make lifesize domes, you can use the model as a ratio guide. in the video for making the model, the man gives the following mathematical formula for understanding the diameter and length ratios ( not that i understand a word of it, mind ). this was the formula he gave ( and that i still haven ' t figured out in my brain ) : r = radius of dome a = r x 0. 61803 ( base side ) b = r x 0. 54653 ( sides of isosceles ) here is how we went about calculating the real dome : the model is 50cm diameter, composed of 40 triangles of which 10 are equilateral and 30 are isosceles. length a ( of the equilaterals ) is 15. 45cm and length b ( of the isosceles ) is 13. 66cm therefore, to make, for example, a 2m diameter dome, simply multiply all of the dimensions above by 4 ( 50cm x 4 = 2m ). so for a 2m diameter dome : length a = 61. 8cm ( 15. 45 x 4 ) length b = 54. 64cm ( 13. 66cm x 4 ). for the 3m dome that we built, simply multiply the model ' s dimensions by 6 ( 50cm x 6 = 3m ). here it is in its skeletal form to help you visualise the following calculations, the 3m diameter dome : length a = 92. 7cm length b = 82cm now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49269069186965075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.008110"} {"text": "' s dimensions by 6 ( 50cm x 6 = 3m ). here it is in its skeletal form to help you visualise the following calculations, the 3m diameter dome : length a = 92. 7cm length b = 82cm now it is necessary to count all of the spokes, or wooden bars, of the dome ( lengths a and b ) so as to know how many to cut to support the forty triangles. as there are 6 pentagons, each composed of 5 central ( radial ) spokes, this makes a total of 30 length b spokes of wood. the 10 equilateral triangles, joining the pentagons together, are all composed of 3 length a spokes, which makes 30. don ' t forget to add the 5 additional length as at the base of the bottom pentagons. the door is best put in one of the hexagons ( composed of an upper and lower equilateral and 2 isosceles to each side ) rather than the pentagons, because the hexagons have horizontal tops and bottoms, good for putting in a rectangular door : the pentagon is pointed at the top and a bit lower down, requiring one to stoop. therefore, from the above calculation of the number of total spokes, it is necessary to subtract the central spokes of a hexagon, that is, two length bs and 4 length as the 3m diameter dome : total number of length a ( 92. 7cm ) spokes / bars = 35 ( minus 4 for door = 31 ) total number of length b ( 82cm ) spokes / bars = 30 ( minus 2 for door = 28 ) after trying out the dome without a base, as you ' ll see in the photos below, we decided that having a bit of extra height would be far more comfortable and spacious to live in. it was worth the extra effort : our base consisted of : (......... ) the metallic bars, or braces, to join the spokes together into ' hubs ' were each 10cm long with 4 screw holes. we chose to join the wooden spokes with more or less the cheapest available, strong enough to do a nice job, but flexible enough to bend with pliers in those all - important bodge job moments. i think the price in a diy shop was about 3 euros for a pack of twenty five. we bought four packs, giving us about 100 metal brackets in all. we got in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4663188365539681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.008986"} {"text": "pliers in those all - important bodge job moments. i think the price in a diy shop was about 3 euros for a pack of twenty five. we bought four packs, giving us about 100 metal brackets in all. we got in a fix and ran out at some point, so it ' s useful to buy a few extra just in case. we bought the cheapest non - planed bars of wood, 3cm x 4cm thick in strips of 2 meters, to cut up into the lengths b and a. in all we spent approximately 70 or 80 euros on the wooden understructure frame of spokes. one day i will make these spokes out of locally harvested bamboo and join them using the ring hub method instead. meanwhile, we did actually happen to have a spare door hanging around, so that was one expense we were spared. planing the wood is boring and quite time consuming, so having a handy human assistant around to take care of this is advisable. the metal braces are put in a vice ( or some other mechanism to keep them still ) after first being stuck together in a straight line with masking tape so as to prevent them slipping out of place when whacked... then they were whacked and bent in the middle at a 36\u00b0 angle using a protractor as a guide. after much head scratching we finally figured out that the angles of the dome would correspond to the angles of the base of the structure ; that is, a ten - sided polygon which is called a decagon. a circle is 360\u00b0, and divided by 10 = 36. here below are the metal braces each screwed into the wood using the two screwholes, leaving the other half of the bar jutting into the air. all of the wooden bars must have metal braces attached to both ends. each hub is joined by a butterfly screw ( well, that ' s what i call them, anyway ) here is what the dome looked like, rapidly erected with no base...... leaving the hexagonal door gaping saggily open and in desperate need of two vertical support lengths of wood for the rectangular door shape, plus short spokes supporting the middle of each length. however, we had more ambitious projects afoot, so we didn ' t bother. nevertheless, the basic dome, covered as in the photo below, with decorative hand embroidered nomadic indian fabrics and blankets, makes a very nice mini - yurt structure for keeping warm in the winter,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45535075882189563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.009955"} {"text": "projects afoot, so we didn ' t bother. nevertheless, the basic dome, covered as in the photo below, with decorative hand embroidered nomadic indian fabrics and blankets, makes a very nice mini - yurt structure for keeping warm in the winter, or covered with a canvas for a outdoor tent. but that ' s not what we wanted... so we took it all down and started again, this time with a base... oops... forgot to add the side bars of the rectangular base sections... at this point having someone holding the model as a guide and telling the other person which order the lengths a and b go is vital if you don ' t want to spend all day and all night putting the wrong lengths in, dismantling everything, reconstructing it and so on. it can even be helpful to mark, both on the model dome and the wooden spokes, if they are as or bs. additional assistance of the fluffy ginger variety is optional. a handy broom, however, is essential... the first round is up, leaving a gap for the door, so everything ' s a bit wobbly and the broom is more appreciated than ever. this floppy hexagonal gap for the door is a tricky number. if you have a door ready made and fitted at this stage, it ' s best to put it in earlier rather than later. in our case the door was still an unexpected but rapidly approaching crisis. the last spokes go in... up and up... and now, the door... it is not going to be fixed into a solid wall so anything you can do to rigidify it could be helpful. we attached planks to the base and top of the frame to reinforce it and attached the whole lot to the dome with 45\u00b0 angled brackets as in the photo below. it ' s tricky, fiddly and at times infuriating, so experts in bodge jobbing are more likely to win the day on this one. at times the frame and even the whole dome needs yanking around till you get everything well balanced and grounded evenly on the floor : after admiring the recycle crochet jumper i made for my assistant, you may wish to turn your attention to the piece of string attached to a hub with a bracket sticking up. this is to measure and gauge the angle and lengths from the top four dome hubs to each side of the door that must be joined to it with four bars. goodness knows what angle they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46642868115993597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.010869"} {"text": "art, byzantine influences on coptic. it would be astonishing if byzantine art had not exercised an influence on coptic art, which was the art of a region included in the byzantine empire. byzantine art was at an advantage over coptic art, since it was an imperial art, as dominant as it was rich and having all the splendor of brilliant luxury, whereas the values of coptic art were modest and could only find models in byzantium. thus byzantine specialists naturally tend to see coptic art as a department of byzantine art to the extent of classifying among the techniques of byzantine art the best works of coptic art in painting, sculpture, and tapestry. this claim is made by scholars as well informed as a. grabar ( 1966, pp. 173 - 89, 245 - 46, 264 - 69, 323 - 32 ), and it is carried to extremes by k. wessel ( 1964 ). it is, however, rejected by e. coche de la ferte ( 1981, p. 29 ). the claim loses substance when the facts are considered. coptic art was already well established when byzantine art came into being at the end of the fifth century. the possibility of direct and constant links between the two is limited to two centuries because of the conquest of egypt by the arabs. these were the years when the byzantine authorities provoked coptic hostility. these circumstances, then, make an influence of byzantine art more plausible because of its dominant position, rather than that coptic art should have been part of the byzantine : not the style \u2014 which is the very life blood of art \u2014 but the iconography, a supporting feature, was affected. if byzantine influence occurred between the middle of the fifth and the middle of the seventh century, it could be revived only with some indulgence from the ninth to the twelfth century, when tulunid and fatimid egypt gradually opened its gates to the byzantine empire. the first of these periods, then, is one of coexistence of these two art traditions, while egypt was occupied by the byzantine authorities. in egypt the basilicas of the crypt of abu mina, one erected by constantine in the paleo - christian period and the other added by arcadius in the fifth century \u2014 each a part of an imperial program and constructed with rich materials \u2014 do not appear to have had a decisive influence. rather, it seems that the coptic basilica derives from the roman christian basilica, with some native modifications. this is apparent particularly in the side entrance, sometimes with a baffle, reentrant colonnades,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40078249564090984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.017485"} {"text": "appear to have had a decisive influence. rather, it seems that the coptic basilica derives from the roman christian basilica, with some native modifications. this is apparent particularly in the side entrance, sometimes with a baffle, reentrant colonnades, and a tripling of the apse, which is itself also reentrant and a product of the vertical lines of the walls. the decorative sculpture of coptic churches may have borrowed certain motifs from byzantine art, among them the foliated scrolls of the friezes. nevertheless, the scrolls, as in the south church of bawit, may equally well have derived from those evident in roman mosaics scattered around the periphery of the mediterranean from libya to syria. scrolls elsewhere developed according to a coptic style characterized by the flat disposition of the whole and an extremely elaborate stylization. this transformation is particularly true of the corbeled capitals such as those in the south church of bawit. the corbeled capital, too, was of libyan origin, from sabratha and leptis magna, and earlier than byzantine art. the imagination displayed here and the clear - cut right - angled contrast of surface and recess that throws it into relief are typically coptic. the pictorial decoration of the chapel of peace at al - bagawat was plainly byzantine and not coptic. it remained isolated at that oasis from all other coptic productions, none of which included any of its features. some liturgical attributes, such as the garments of the saints or the monks in the church of the monastery of ( dayr ) apa jeremiah at saqqara or in the devotional chapels of bawit, matched those of the sacred figures of the sanctuaries of ravenna. but there the form had lost the elegance of its drapery, and the figures were grouped side by side instead of gathered together, as if in an interpretation of movement, as is usual in the art of ravenna and in byzantine art as a whole. another liturgical symbol, the sacred book adorned with precious stones and carried by a christ shown with the abbot mena, painted on wood, clearly indicated the influence of byzantine art in the stereotyped way it portrayed the savior. otherwise byzantine influence was subsidiary ; the subject matter, the style of the characters, and the language of the inscription that names them were entirely coptic. various subjects in fabrics and tapestries are of byzantine origin. some of these are the fantastic animals that face each other in some groups of fabrics, the medallion showing alexander on horseback ( museum of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4701452248232185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.018510"} {"text": "the language of the inscription that names them were entirely coptic. various subjects in fabrics and tapestries are of byzantine origin. some of these are the fantastic animals that face each other in some groups of fabrics, the medallion showing alexander on horseback ( museum of textile, washington ), and certain pieces of silk from antinoopolis ( louvre ). but these are isolated examples and distinct from the major productions of coptic fabrics. the subject of the tapestry hangings in the cleveland museum of art, which show the virgin seated in state with the infant jesus and busts of the apostles and saints around the edges, is byzantine, but the presentation has broken with the original style to become coptic oriented. the links between constantinople and egypt, which were interrupted by the arab conquest of egypt, resumed in the ninth and accelerated in the tenth to the twelfth centuries. but they were episodic and superficial among the christians of egypt, who were from that time a minority without influence. the church of the monastery of abu fanah in western middle egypt, which is uniformly decorated with byzantine crosses, suggests that in that region byzantine iconoclasm was in the ascendant ; but this is an isolated case. the saints on horseback decorating the rear of the church of the monastery of saint antony ( dayr anba antuniyus ) in the desert near the red sea are marked by byzantine influence either by their postures or by the placing of a church under the horses ' bellies ; the faces of the horsemen, however, show coptic features. the themes of shoulder bands and the cuffs of tunics contrast with everything coptic though at the same time are part of it. these are characterized by the garments or details of garments ( e. g., the thorakion [ baldric ] of the persons there represented ) and are often accompanied on the edges by animals facing each other. but the whole is treated in crowded and angular fashion, typical of the coptic style. thus the byzantine presence was felt in egypt as it influenced coptic art. sometimes the byzantine characteristics were strong and isolated ; sometimes they were slightly modified by coptic features ; sometimes their traces appeared in art that was completely coptic in style. as with other art styles, especially greco - roman art, the byzantine may have provided subjects that were entirely reworked in coptic style in such a manner as to lose the marks of origin. this assimilation and, ipso facto, difference had two causes. one was theological, particularly the cult of images, which set the coptic expression of the common christian faith at odds with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4509017561111356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.019568"} {"text": "secondhand smoke bad for kids \u2019 hearts exposure affects flow of blood on arteries, study shows june 4, 2008 - even small amounts of exposure to secondhand smoke can negatively impact the cardiovascular health of children, new research kids exposed to tobacco smoke showed evidence of blood flow restriction in the study, with those exposed to the most smoke experiencing the greatest researcher katariina kallio, md, says it is increasingly evident that secondhand smoke exposure poses a significant health risk to children. \u201c this certainly suggests that there is no safe level of exposure, \u201d she tells webmd. \u201c we don \u2019 t know what this means for their future, but studies in adults suggest these changes may not be totally reversible. \u201d kallio and colleagues from finland \u2019 s university of turku measured levels of the nicotine marker cotinine in the blood of children between the ages of 8 and 11 to determine their exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. they assessed blood vessel health using an ultrasound testing method previously used to measure artery function in adults. of the 402 children enrolled in the study, 229 showed no evidence of exposure to secondhand smoke, while 134 showed evidence of low exposure and 39 showed evidence of high exposure. ultrasound testing revealed that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke negatively affected artery function and that the effect grew with increased the study is published in the latest issue of the american heart association ( aha ) publication circulation. \u201c there is already a lot of evidence that secondhand smoke is harmful to children, \u201d kallio says. \u201c hopefully, parents who are still smoking around their children will stop. \u201d 22 million kids exposed almost 60 % of children in the united states between the ages of 3 and 11 - - roughly 22 million kids - - are exposed to secondhand smoke, according to a 2006 report from the u. s. surgeon general. infants exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome ( sids ), and children have an increased risk for respiratory infections and ear problems. asthma symptoms in children can also be triggered by exposure to cigarette smoke. while the long - term health consequences of tobacco smoke exposure early in life are not well understood, it is clear that continued exposure poses significant risks. and children whose parents smoke are more likely to become smokers themselves, aha spokeswoman martha daviglus, md, phd, points out. \u201c duration of exposure is important, \u201d she tells webmd. \u201c just as obesity in children increases their risk for high blood pressure and diabetes earlier in life, early and prolonged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4421325511430936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.022573"} {"text": "art and life in africa online university of iowa university of minnesota at the core of this site is a searchable database of african art entitled the stanley collection. this collection of more than 500 images and objects focuses mainly on western africa, and it is possible to search by country, ethnic group, type of artifact, material, function, style, or substyle ( the final two links refer to geographic categories ). this site also includes a number of links to explanatory essays and other resources that serve as excellent general introductions to african history, culture, and art. it is part of the larger art and life in africa project, which offers links to resources for teachers, including dvds for sale, a glossary and pronunciation guide, a teacher \u2019 s forum, and lesson suggestions. the focus here is also on west africa, with additional special links to pages about mali and burkina faso. \u201c key moments in life \u201d is a good place to start. this essay is subdivided by 10 links to stages of the human lifecycle, and includes photos of people, objects and places. the site \u2019 s creator notes that using the lifecycle to talk about african art is one way to \u201c de - exoticize \u201d africa and make this continent more approachable for north american audiences. the site also has links to \u201c countries resources \u201d and \u201c peoples resources. \u201d the first link provides facts about 27 sub - saharan african countries. the second link digs deeper and gives information about 107 different ethnic groups in these african countries. in each case a map is provided as well as short synopses of the history, economy, political systems, religion, and types of art of the people group and the geographic area. the other pages of the site also link to these fact pages for easy access to the information. in exploring the stanley collection database, it is best to try one type of search at a time. for example, under \u201c function, \u201d a student might click on \u201c musical instruments \u201d to see a variety of objects, including a 16th - century horn made from a large ivory tusk, which was used by the royalty of the kingdom of congo ; or 20th - century stringed instruments that show both the innovation and craftsmanship of african musicians, often working with limited materials. students might also link to quicktime sound files found on the art and life in africa project site to get a sense of how the instruments might sound. another suggestion, given in one of the site \u2019 s own teaching modules, is to do a search for \u201c jewelry \u201d ( also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47506404191498236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.026294"} {"text": "##time sound files found on the art and life in africa project site to get a sense of how the instruments might sound. another suggestion, given in one of the site \u2019 s own teaching modules, is to do a search for \u201c jewelry \u201d ( also under \u201c function \u201d ). students should consider materials, functions, and styles ( as described in the captions ) in order to gain a better understanding of african motifs and the purpose of bodily decoration. students are better able to understand artifacts when they are placed in the context of important facets of people \u2019 s lives, such as childhood, puberty, religious belief, marriage, and death. students could look for art or objects in western culture ( in the present or historically ) that compare to african art and artifacts in similar categories. challenging examples might be the nkisi, or power figures of the kongo people from congo, or the mbari houses of the igbo people from nigeria, used to represent and to try to harness spiritual forces. these items might be compared in a variety of ways with sculptures of saints or carved altars in christian churches. the point here is not to change students \u2019 own beliefs, but to discuss uses of art, as well as a deeper point : what strategies do human beings in all cultures use to deal with the unpredictability of life? in short, this is a wonderful site that not only offers an abundance of images from africa and information about africa, but also many creative ways to understand and use the material in classroom settings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5045109372539975, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.026936"} {"text": "pry house field hospital museum come and visit the pry house field hospital museum. this museum is located in the historic pry house on the antietam battlefield, which served both as union commander general george b. mcclellan \u2019 s headquarters and as medical director dr. jonathan letterman \u2019 s headquarters during the battle. exhibits include a re - creation of an operating theater, interpretive panels, objects relating to the care of the wounded, the history of the pry house and family, and information on the revolutionary system of evacuation of wounded created by dr. letterman during the battle, which is still in use today. this is why the pry house is considered the birthplace of military and emergency medicine. the grounds around the house also offer many sights. the pry barn, which was used as a field hospital, will be open to the public with displays on field hospitals. there is also an overlook at which you can view the battlefield in almost the same spot at general mcclellan and his staff did in 1862. and right outside the house is a 19th century style medicinal and kitchen garden. every plant serves a practical, rather than aesthetic, purpose. this includes medicinal plants, herbs, and vegetables for the kitchen table, just like the pry family would have had in the 1860 \u2032 s. be sure to visit our garden blog : a garden of antietam the pry house garden is a 19th century - style medicinal and kitchen garden. every plant serves a practical, rather than an aesthetic, purpose. this blog documents learning the ins and outs of 19th century gardening. join us on facebook!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38536063254572606, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.029472"} {"text": "today, i spoke with krista wilkinson, ph. d., who is an expert in the field of augmentative communication, particularly for people with cognitive disabilities. her interests include vocabulary learning and the use of visual supports in communication and education. i approached dr. wilkinson with my struggle to create, for the future clear helper web site, a set of navigation icons that would enable people with cognitive disabilities to find the information they want quickly and easily. i said i would like to use icons shown by research to be effective communicators. she confirmed for me that little research has been performed in this area. after more discussion, we agreed that icons we have seen in use on web sites seem arbitrary, or bereft of context. she explained that even the common use of left - and right arrows on web sites to indicate previous - and next pages is not contextually accurate in practice. she said that people with cognitive disabilities can find it confusing that a click to a right arrow does not actually present the next page from the right. instead, a new page just appears. dr. wilkinson showed me an augmentative communication device, called the tango, that uses arrow buttons in a contextually appropriate manner. below is a picture of it. note the green arrow buttons on both sides of the middle set of icon buttons. when a user presses a green, up - arrow button, the middle set of icon buttons revolve upward like a slot machine acts, and presents a new set. when a user presses a green, right - or left arrow button, the middle set of icon buttons scrolls in the relevant direction, and presents a new set. dr. wilkinson suggested i might make web pages act similarly when left - and right arrow buttons are clicked. i can \u2019 t think of an accessible way to do that, but i will consider it. another suggestion she made would be much easier to implement ; left - and right arrow buttons could be paired with a contextually - appropriate sound. an example of this would be a recording of a page turning. again, little research has been performed to demonstrate that the context of icons can be understood, or that the pairing of icons with sound is more effective than not. i \u2019 ll do what i can to experiment with these ideas on the future clear helper web site. perhaps, through evaluations by users, and via automated web - site evaluation tools, the effectiveness of the navigation icons i plan to use could be measured. note : no endorsement is intended or implied for the tango.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5252145866110045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.032322"} {"text": "wild horses released in western iberia rewilding area 31 july 2012 | news story a herd of 24 retuerta horses, coming from the donana biological station in southern spain, were released in the campanarios de azaba reserve on july 27. the release was possible thanks to the rewilding europe initiative and the collaboration between the nature and man foundation ( fnyh ) and the donana biological station. the nature and man foundation released twenty - four retuerta horses in the campanarios de azaba reserve, in the province of salamanca, spain. the creation of this new population of retuertas will help to guarantee the survival of this rare breed in donana and will strengthen the process of natural grazing by large herbivores in the campanarios de azaba reserve, part of one of the current five rewilding areas of rewilding europe. natural grazing by wild herbivores ( such as wild horses, wild cattle, bison and many other species ) disappeared from large parts of europe when humans occupied these areas. wild horses and cattle were domesticated and used for agriculture. with the large scale land abandonment now happening in many parts of europe, livestock is also disappearing, leading to the simplification of ecosystems and reducing the dehesas that compose the natural mediterranean mosaic landscapes. rewilding europe contributes to the increase of biodiversity in western iberia, by reintroducing natural grazing as a key ecological process. in order to reach its goals in western iberia, the initiative has started to work in two pilot areas : campanarios de azaba biological reserve ( spain ) and faia brava reserve ( portugal ). the reintroduction of wild living herbivores will not only support the recovery of natural spaces and increase biodiversity ; it will also provide new opportunities for local communities, landowners and stakeholders in the area. after rigorous comparative genetic analysis with other ancient races like asturcon, losino or potoca, a study published in 2006 has discovered that retuertas are one of the oldest horse breeds in europe. the new retuerta population in campanarios will be treated as wild living animals, and live in social groups, grazing the reserve which is currently 500 hectares. \" the release of the 24 retuerta horses is an important step in the rewilding of western iberia \", says frans schepers, managing director of rewilding europe. \" i hope the herds will adapt soon to this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4163443151221565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.035896"} {"text": "the release of the 24 retuerta horses is an important step in the rewilding of western iberia \", says frans schepers, managing director of rewilding europe. \" i hope the herds will adapt soon to this new area and will grow in numbers. i also hope the local stakeholders and landowners in the area will see the benefits of the rewilding initiative in the area, and will support or join our work. together with the planned reintroduction of other species, western iberia will become one of the leading examples of rewilding in europe \". \" rewilding europe offers a new opportunity to manage western iberia, \" carlos sanchez martinez, director of fnyh and president of the spanish iucn national committee said at the release. \" wild herbivores help prevent forest fires and keep landscapes open, which is a key to greater biodiversity. retuerta horses are invaluable. it is both a privilege and a huge responsibility for fnyh to be custodians of the second population of this breed of horses. \" rewilding europe and campanarios de azaba rewilding europe is an initiative by wwf netherlands, ark nature, conservation capital and wild wonders of europe, with the ambition of making europe a wilder place, with much more space for wilderness, wildlife and natural processes. rewilding europe aims to rewild one million hectares of land by 2020. rewilding europe is currently working in five rewilding areas, western iberia is one of them. the key area in western iberia is the campanarios de azaba biological reserve, located in espeja ' s municipality in the region of ciudad rodrigo. pasture lands with different oak habitats ( quercus ilex, quercus pyrenaica ) characterize the area and several distinguished species can be found here, for example the black vulture ( aegypius monachus ) and the black stork ( ciconia nigra ). carlota perez, fnyh press officer telf : + 34 942 559119", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4066853941901312, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.036634"} {"text": "what is mediation? mediation is a confidential and \u201c out - of - court \u201d procedure which gives parties involved in a dispute a chance to meet and negotiate a resolution to their conflict with the assistance of a trained mediator. agreements that are reached during the course of a mediation session could include : repair, return or replacement of property, acceptance of social service referrals, payment of medical expenses, or arrangements to modify or cease specific behavior. in most cases, the mediation process can be very healing as it allows participants to address the underlying issues that gave rise to the dispute, without the formalities or restrictions of the courtroom. mediation is where two or more people, who are in conflict, get together to discuss their problems, trying to resolve them with the help of a neutral person - the mediator. the mediation session provides a structured, confidential setting designed to assist persons in working out their own problems. the purpose of mediation is not to judge guilt or innocence, but to help parties get at the root of their problems and devise their own resolution to them. the difference between mediation and court processing are significant. in a court case, guilt or innocence must be proven. in mediation, however, proof is not required ; the objective instead is to resolve a dispute by reaching a settlement that is agreeable to both parties. mediation allows participants to address the underlying issues that caused the dispute without the formality or restrictions of the courtroom. therefore, mediation can be very healing. mediation is not bound to the rules of a formal system and disputants retain the responsibility to make the final decision regarding the outcome of their mediation has proven effective when : - situations or issues are so great parties are unable to organize or focus on proper - a dispute involves such a great number of parties that a moderator is required. - parties involved in the conflict are not familiar with problem - solving procedures. - there are no laws, rules, or regulations to explain how the situation should be - false perceptions, poor communication, or intense feelings are involved. - parties do not want to use the legal system due to cost, time, publicity, or uncertain filing your complaint you may file your complaint by telephoning the restorative justice center at ( 515 ) 286 - 3057. the intake worker will record all of the information you provide such as dates, times, names and addresses.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5141381392320705, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.039035"} {"text": "an apartment must have a kitchen. it is this room that distinguishes an apartment from a flat or a boardinghouse. a kitchen also is the perfect room for installing modern conveniences. when apartment building owners realized up - to - date kitchens would attract tenants, they mentioned the amenities in their promotional materials. advertisements in local newspapers often included phrases such as \" the housewife \u2019 s dream come true \" or \" the last word in kitchen design and equipment. \" in the early years of the 20th century, some seattle working - class families and those living in rural areas usually lacked the new labor - saving appliances that apartments featured. apartments began fronting seattle streets in 1901. compared to the east coast, seattle was a relative latecomer to apartment living. this delayed entry, however, proved beneficial. because the city had already introduced home services such as clean water, gas, and electricity, apartment owners were able to offer kitchens with hot and cold running water, electric lights, and gas ranges. with the advancement of technology, architects and builders installed gleaming new electric stoves and porcelain - lined refrigerators that made ice cubes = two pinnacles of american technology. \" every practical feature of modern convenience arranged with a view to the quick dispatch of housework will be found here, \" trumpeted an advertisement of the fleur - de - lis apartment. by the end of the 1930s, when the number of appliances manufactured in america had already exceeded the total for the preceding century, builders could choose from an assortment of models. what is more, seattle apartments made their appearance just when americans had begun spending money to achieve a more leisurely lifestyle. no longer content with self - denial, consumers challenged the moralistic approach to spending and began a debate on how to \" economize in a world where yesterday \u2019 s luxuries seemed to become today \u2019 s necessities. \" by the first decades of the 20th - century americans had \" more money and more time to purchase more goods.... society \u2019 s task was, therefore, no longer how to make do with less, as it always had been, but instead how to live with much more, \" said historian thomas schlereth. tenants in many of seattle \u2019 s apartments, scattered throughout the city, were among those who desired the accoutrements of a good life. apartment owners recognized the advantages of having a building with no vacancies and filled their buildings with distinctive furnishings. in fact, a 1927 survey of seattle apartments showed higher occupancy in the \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4743780899335174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.051842"} {"text": "the accoutrements of a good life. apartment owners recognized the advantages of having a building with no vacancies and filled their buildings with distinctive furnishings. in fact, a 1927 survey of seattle apartments showed higher occupancy in the \" better class of apartments \" and lower occupancy in a lesser class of apartments that \" because of obsolescence or location are not as desirable. \" examining the advancement of technology in apartment kitchens between 1900 and 1939 is another way of observing the new consumer society. the increasing array of kitchen appliances, cabinets, and implements that became available in the early 20th century aided in designing attractive kitchens. but architects and builders needed more than a choice of goods. they had to be aware of the arrangement of cabinets and the best place to install a sink and cooler or icebox ; they needed to know that women wanted compact, efficient kitchens with little wasted space ; and they had to pay attention to the kitchen \u2019 s color. furthermore, the architect and builder had to be familiar with the advice of reformers who stressed scrupulously clean, sanitary surfaces to battle against germs and diseases. \" soap and water should be no enemy to its contents.... dirt should show, \" said housekeeping expert elizabeth gilman. seattle builders could find information and ideas in the apartment operators journal. this publication regularly printed helpful recommendations regarding the best paint to apply to kitchen walls, optimal placement of a fan so kitchen smells are eliminated, whether the sink should be near the stove or the refrigerator, and the importance of providing adequate shelf space. an advertisement for the buckley, an apartment building on seattle \u2019 s capitol hill, indicated that apartment owners paid attention to this advice : not so many years ago the kitchen was thought a place of drudgery that no beauty nor taste could be connected with, but today this room must be as presentable as any other part of the home. therefore the floor is covered with inlaid linoleum in attractive design. the walls enameled in a color scheme composed by a capable decorator. the range in white enamel is the latest electric model. cabinets, drawers and accessories, even to the china closet are in keeping. when the buena vista apartments opened in 1907, their advertisements announced that each unit had a hoosier kitchen cabinet, a freestanding storage unit. in a list of positive features for each apartment, the manhattan flats mentioned a dish cupboard and a flour bin, also freestanding. of the many freestanding kitchen cabinets on the market, the hoosier cabinet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49064352811066236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.052899"} {"text": "cabinet, a freestanding storage unit. in a list of positive features for each apartment, the manhattan flats mentioned a dish cupboard and a flour bin, also freestanding. of the many freestanding kitchen cabinets on the market, the hoosier cabinet, made by the hoosier manufacturing company of new castle, indiana, is the best - known. beginning around 1899, the first ones were assembled and \" built by skilled cabinetmakers. \" but within a few years, the company standardized parts so they could be replaced and began to manufacture the cabinets on an assembly line. some of the special features included a sifter mounted on the bottom of the flour bin, places to store potatoes and onions, metal - lined bread drawers, cutlery drawers, spice racks, some of which rotated for easier use, lidded jars for coffee and tea, coffee grinders, and a work table, designed at the optimal height for working while seated. by 1920 the company had made two million hoosiers and the name became the generic term for the kitchen cabinet. caught between a market that wanted built - ins and a depression and war that halted the manufacture of consumer goods, the company ceased its business in the early 1940s. built - in wood cabinets eventually replaced the freestanding ones. a number of apartments stressed \" ample or abundant cabinet space \" in the kitchen or mentioned special items such as a \" metal cupboard counter top at the side of each where hot dishes may be set without fear of marring the woodwork. \" built - in wooden cupboards, such as those in the sovereign and charlesgate, had cutlery drawers, bins for flour and sugar, and a pull - out dough board. apartment builders made a point of mentioning that their apartments used local lumber for cabinets, doors, and windows, and credited the company. washington \u2019 s abundant timber led to a well - developed lumber industry. in 1907 the o. b. williams company sold glass china closet doors and cupboard closet doors at prices from $ 1. 00 to $ 1. 25 each. by 1919 lumber manufacturing was seattle \u2019 s \" chief industry \" and was \" keyed to the local market, requiring construction lumber and finished products. \" for women used to hauling wood or coal to feed their wood - or coal - burning ranges, and spending hours \" blacking \" the stove to prevent rust, the gas range must have seemed like a miraculous appliance, heaven - sent to lighten housework. besides producing a quicker source of heat, it required neither bulky fuel nor excessive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4482531704024234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.053899"} {"text": "and spending hours \" blacking \" the stove to prevent rust, the gas range must have seemed like a miraculous appliance, heaven - sent to lighten housework. besides producing a quicker source of heat, it required neither bulky fuel nor excessive elbow grease to keep lit and clean. gas ranges benefited from the development of manufacturing processes that produced lightweight steel. \" easier to transport, rolled steel conformed better to turn - of - the - century systems of centralized production and national distribution, making for a general switchover from locally produced cast iron to centrally produced rolled steel in american industry, \" wrote susan strasser. in 1905 gas companies around the country joined with the national commercial gas association to introduce these ranges and campaign for the use of gas as a cooking fuel. they trained personnel to service gas systems and set up showrooms to demonstrate how best to use gas appliances. to increase its market share of the gas appliance business, the seattle lighting company ran a series of advertisements extolling the virtues of gas and promised to help install their newly gas ranges. in one ad, entitled \" a talk on gas ranges, \" the company asked women to call for a company representative \" to tell you about our many styles and their various advantages. \" other announcements told of gas \u2019 s economy and convenience. \" every up - to - date architect, builder and property owner now realizes this fact and thoroughly provides every apartment house, residence, business block and factory with thorough equipment of gas piping, \" said a 1907 advertisement. seattle furniture stores also made a pitch for gas ranges. the century furniture company trumpeted the popular \" jewel \" gas range, which had \" one giant burner, a simmer burner, and three single burners \" that \" suffice for every necessity and contingency. \" to further ensure purchases, the furniture store promised to connect the gas ranges for free and said it would accept the old range or stove as partial payment for the new jewel. just the thing for a small flat the bachelor girl \u2019 s friend and the young bride \u2019 s savior quick to start - quick to cook, quick to put out a valve, a match, dinner. the 1912 annual report for seattle city light noted that the year \" has brought forward another important field for the use of electrical energy, that of heating and cooking with electricity. \" it was a message that inspired j. d. ross, seattle city light \u2019 s superintendent of lighting, to promote the installation of electric ranges in seattle homes and apartments. to implement his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48225720699784536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.054905"} {"text": "of electrical energy, that of heating and cooking with electricity. \" it was a message that inspired j. d. ross, seattle city light \u2019 s superintendent of lighting, to promote the installation of electric ranges in seattle homes and apartments. to implement his plan, ross recalled in a 1937 seattle star article, he told his staff to \" order a carload of those ranges and advertise that we \u2019 ll wire them in free.... those early ranges had to be installed and wired correctly to give any service at all, and our boys knew how to do it. \" still, even with ross \u2019 s interest and drive, customers did not rush out to purchase electric ranges. furthermore, seattle city light had a difficult time acquiring parts and key materials during world war i. the big boom for electric cooking came after the war when an improved range came on the market and appliance companies collaborated with city light to promote electric appliances. for example, the hughes company, a division of edison electric appliance company, suggested in a letter to the seattle municipal light and power plant, city of seattle engineering department, that they join together to promote the sale of electric ranges. \" do you realize that in the very near future your greatest means of revenue is going to come from the electric range and other electrical cooking devices.... we are in a position to answer any questions pertaining to this subject [ cooking with electricity ], and to give you assistance in building up this load. \" eight years later edison electric appliance company allocated money for advertising electric ranges and provided lecturers for a cooking school. between 1924 and 1927 the number of ranges in seattle homes jumped from under 3, 000 to over 11, 000. during the 1920s various business and civic groups vigorously promoted the sale of electric appliances. in 1923 the seattle electric club, which had as its members businesses concerned with any and every aspect of electricity, celebrated an electric week. the exhibit, held in a large tent in bothell, a suburb of seattle, showcased cooking demonstrations and promoted the idea that \" the work is done by the most willing of servants, electricity harnessed to push buttons.... let electric mary do your work.... [ she ] will take a big load off the shoulders of any housewife \". two years later the seattle times backed the progressive seattle exhibition. though it did not focus exclusively on electricity, the exhibition \u2019 s spotlight shone on electric appliances, including radios. to entice customers, merchants showcased electric appliances during daily demonstrations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5048156613739666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.055950"} {"text": "\". two years later the seattle times backed the progressive seattle exhibition. though it did not focus exclusively on electricity, the exhibition \u2019 s spotlight shone on electric appliances, including radios. to entice customers, merchants showcased electric appliances during daily demonstrations. at the puget sound power and light booth, company representatives told visitors they would receive assistance in selecting the appropriate range as well as prompt service after the installation. \" our facilities and success in equipping thousands of seattle homes and apartment houses with electric ranges and service enable us to demonstrate the best in electrical cookery, \" said a spokesman for the company. between january and september of 1927, puget power announced, \" more electric ranges have been installed on our lines than there were in the entire state of washington only six years ago! \" the utility company sold westinghouse, hotpoint, and crawford electric ranges and offered very low time payments. before refrigerators became popular and necessary kitchen equipment, apartment houses installed coolers as a way to extend the life of perishables. the cooler, sometimes referred to as a cooling closet, can best be described as a cupboard, often made of wood, with one to three shelves. the back side, set against an outside kitchen or dining area wall, had a three - to five - inch opening covered with perforated tin or wire screen. this allowed air to flow in while keeping insects out. standing in mute testimony to the past, these small openings, usually located below or at the side of a window, are still visible on many early seattle apartments. coolers sufficed in seattle \u2019 s moderate climate. though not cold enough to keep perishable food such as meat from spoiling, they worked well for the short - term storage of fruits and vegetables, jars of jam and preserves, and cheeses. a cooler was comparable to having a small cellar in the kitchen. owners and tenants considered them an important apartment amenity. real estate promotional material for apartments indicates that in addition to, or in place of coolers, buildings furnished refrigerators. until the 1920s, these were actually iceboxes. the icebox usually had a finished ash, pine, or oak shell that was lined with zinc, slate, porcelain, or galvanized metal. iceboxes came in a variety of sizes and shapes and had doors that opened to reveal adjustable shelves, with a separate compartment for ice. a pan set in the bottom held melting ice water, which had to be emptied frequently. tenants eagerly awaited the weekly delivery of ice. \" the \u2018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5293438906450125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.056962"} {"text": "sizes and shapes and had doors that opened to reveal adjustable shelves, with a separate compartment for ice. a pan set in the bottom held melting ice water, which had to be emptied frequently. tenants eagerly awaited the weekly delivery of ice. \" the \u2018 ice man \u2019 would break up the large blocks into sections for ease in carrying up the stairs to the waiting iceboxes. the neighborhood kids would gather around the wagon to get an ice sliver to suck on, \" recalled al wilding who lived in several seattle apartments during the 1930s. because the ice melted and iceboxes leaked, these \" refrigerators \" could be exceedingly messy. whenever possible, they were placed on a back porch. this was a most convenient place for the apartment that had back steps - the renter did not have to be home when the ice man delivered. he could just bring the ice to the porch, open the icebox door, and insert the block of ice. as late as 1924 the roy vue apartments, in seattle \u2019 s capitol hill district, bragged that each apartment would have outside porches, \" containing a large refrigerator. \" in apartments without porches the icebox would frequently be housed on a wall with an opening onto the apartment corridor or in the entrance hall of individual apartments. bernice ovadia, who lived in the monmouth apartments, recalled that their icebox was in the front hall. \" sometimes we had to get up at night to empty the water from the melting ice. that was a very unpleasant task. \" once manufacturers figured out the mechanism for electric refrigerators to make ice cubes and freeze food, that technological wonder became one of the new appliance \u2019 s most important selling points. apartments promising true refrigerators reminded prospective tenants that each apartment had its own, enabling tenants to make \" their own ice and frozen dainties. \" the ice cube trays of the 1920s and 1930s were made of tin or nickel - plated copper with plated brass dividers, and required a dunking under warm water to remove the ice. many an anxious homemaker ruined her elegant frozen dessert by dousing the tray with very hot water in order to speed the process. in the mid 1930s, when engineers finally solved the choice of coolants and other design dilemmas, the refrigerator was well on its way to becoming an indispensable machine. along the way, companies tested many improvements. one, the electro - kold, employed a single machine, located in a basement or other out - of - the -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5018450404297606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.057922"} {"text": "the refrigerator was well on its way to becoming an indispensable machine. along the way, companies tested many improvements. one, the electro - kold, employed a single machine, located in a basement or other out - of - the - way place, to operate 20 kitchen refrigerators in individual apartments. another system converted the older iceboxes into refrigerators operated by electricity. the president of modern appliances for frigidaire distributors explained how it worked, but because the process was rather complicated, he reminded people that the company would happily sell them a new electrical refrigerator, \" complete, with the mechanism in its own cabinet. \" most apartments chose that option. although modern amenities were most evident in the kitchen, the entire apartment benefited from technological advancements. bathrooms acquired built - in tubs with showers, telephones became common, rooms were wired for radio aerials, and garages became a necessity. aware of the importance of appealing to the middle class, apartment owners hired decorators to choose specially designed wallpaper and select fabric for lobby furniture. clearly, owners paid attention to the wants and needs of prospective tenants. that so many seattle apartments, built so long ago, are still fronting seattle streets is testimony to their role in the urban landscape. jacqueline b. williams is author of wagon wheel kitchens : food on the oregon trail ( university press of kansas ) and the way we ate : pacific northwest cooking, 1843 - 1900 ( washington state university press ). diana james is at heart, and by training, a preservationist. she and williams are currently researching early ( 1900 - 1939 ) seattle apartments. research for this article was partially funded by a grant from 4culture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5336548585899817, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.058576"} {"text": "invasion of kuwait reasons for invasion despite close foreign relations during the iran - iraq war, the relationship between iraq and kuwait quickly deteriorated after the war. this happened for a number of reasons, many of which can be attributed to blunders and miscalculations by saddam hussein. kuwait loaned iraq $ 8. 2 billion during the iran - iraq war, a sum that hussein did not think he would be expected to repay. when kuwait refused to pardon the debt, the friendship between the two countries began to strain. miscommunication with the united states on july 25, 1990, the iraqi high command met with the u. s. ambassador to iraq, april glaspie, to discuss the military activity of iraq. in this meeting glaspie stated that \" we have no opinion on the arab - arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with kuwait. \" on the 2nd of august 1990, the iraqi military invaded kuwait. kuwaiti forces resisted, but were quickly over - whelmed. in the air, kuwaiti mirage f1 and a - 4 skyhawk pilots claimed to have shot down several iraqi helicopters, but none of these claims have been confirmed. following five weeks of aerial bombardment from us and allied warplanes on targets in iraq and kuwait, a 4 day ground war started on 23 february 1991, and kuwait was liberated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39611161093622005, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.059887"} {"text": "2002 : superintendent news - study tracks waterbirds in florida by scott kauffman a study of waterbirds in southwest florida golf communities has spawned optimism about the viability of course wetlands and ponds as healthy breeding grounds for such wildlife. that \u2019 s the opinion of university of florida researchers who recently wrapped up the second phase of an intensive two - year study of 12 courses. \u201c in rapidly urbanizing areas, golf courses will have enormous potential to provide wildlife habitats, \u201d said martin main, ph. d., wildlife ecologist and assistant professor at the university of florida \u2019 s institute of food and agricultural sciences. \u201c it \u2019 s not all species. you \u2019 re certainly not going to have bears and panthers running around. but for a number of species, this can be viable. and we think in the future ( golf courses ) will become increasingly important as a habitat as we lose land. \u201d according to main and university of florida graduate student leann white, who co - authored the study, \u201c habitat value of golf course wetlands to waterbirds, \u201d there were a total of 4, 864 observations of 31 species of waterbirds in the first five months of last year. in all, there were 183 lakes on the 12 courses surveyed, and each course was visited eight times. the effort was duplicated this year from feb. 1 - may 1, when the concentration of waterbirds is highest in southwest florida and before some migratory birds move north. \u201c we are measuring the same factors as last year \u2013 the number and types of waterbirds, and various characteristics of the lakes such as productivity, slope of the banks, water depth, vegetation type and density, and surrounding landscape features, \u201d said white, who wrapped up her 2002 field work earlier this month. \u201c the data will be compared between the two years to monitor variation in bird abundance, as well as changes in other factors, such as vegetation density, \u201d she said. one surprise sighting was a large population of hooded mergansers at mediterra \u2019 s south course in naples, a tom fazio - designed layout developed by the bonita bay group. \u201c i don \u2019 t recall ever having seen hooded mergansers on a golf course before, \u201d white said. \u201c they are an uncommon species, especially for south florida. \u201d main says survey results will help shape recommendations for how to make ponds and lakes even more productive, such as modifying shorelines to expand feeding areas for wading birds. \u201c our goal is to identify how different habitat characteristics of golf course ponds and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4307572893535458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.063874"} {"text": ". \u201d main says survey results will help shape recommendations for how to make ponds and lakes even more productive, such as modifying shorelines to expand feeding areas for wading birds. \u201c our goal is to identify how different habitat characteristics of golf course ponds and lakes influence use by wading and other waterbirds, \u201d said main, who works in immokalee, fla. according to main, the estimated $ 50, 000 study was funded by bonita bay group, the national fish and wildlife foundation and the u. s. golf association \u2019 s wildlife links program. of the 12 courses studied, nine were bonita bay properties, including seven audubon international signature or cooperative sanctuary program participants : mediterra ; bonita bay club west \u2019 s three courses designed by arthur hills ; bonita bay club east \u2019 s two off - site golf courses designed by fazio ; and north naples \u2019 twineagles golf & country club talon course co - designed by jack nicklaus and jack nicklaus ii in naples. the two non - audubon courses were the spring run at the brooks in bonita springs and copperleaf at the brooks in naples, both designed by gordon lewis. the study \u2019 s other participants were wci \u2019 s residential golf communities : arnold palmer - designed wildcat run golf & country club in estero, burnt store country club, a ron garl and mark mccumber collaboration in punta gorda, and fazio - designed gateway golf and country club in fort myers. burnt store superintendent luis olivarez describes the story as \u201c very important. \u201d \u201c i think a lot of things have been said about golf courses being careless on the side of pesticides and not doing anything for the environment, \u201d he said. \u201c i embrace these type of studies. it could be bad or good. \u201c but having a graduate student doing research backed up by the university of florida gives us a lot of credibility. \u201d main and his staff picked courses at various points of maturity to evaluate the habitat systems at different stages, and also chose a mix of audubon program participants and nonparticipants to \u201c evaluate how audubon - certified courses compare to courses that have not participated in the program. \u201d kim fikoski, environmental manager with the bonita bay group, says the study will provide a database that identifies the \u201c best management practices for creating, enhancing and maintaining wetland habitat for water birds on golf courses. \u201d \u201c this is the first time a broad - spectrum study has been done on golf course properties to quan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3732838925668988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.064908"} {"text": "mayfield predicts more storms for years to come 22, 2005 washington : expect many more hurricanes, large and small, in the next 10 to 20 years, the director of the us national hurricane centre warned the nation yesterday. mayfield told a congressional panel he believed the atlantic ocean was in a cycle of increased hurricane activity that paralleled the increase that started in the 1940s and ended in the 1960s. ensuing lull lasted until 1995, then \" it ' s like somebody threw a switch \", mr mayfield said - - and the number and power of hurricanes hitting the us increased dramatically. under questioning by members of a us senate subcommittee, he shrugged off suggestions that global warming played a role. mayfield said the increased activity was a natural cycle in the atlantic ocean that fluctuated every 25 to 40 years. has been an active year, and several storms have made landfall in the us due to a large high - pressure system over the central atlantic ocean. other years have been more active, but the storms blew out in the gulf of mexico without reaching the continental us. mayfield predicted several more tropical storms this year. the latest, hurricane rita, is the 17th storm of the atlantic hurricane season, which runs from june to november. since us record - keeping started in 1851, the record is 21 tropical storms in 1933. the year 1886 was recorded as the most active hurricane season for the continental us, with seven hurricanes making landfall. mayfield listed several us cities and regions in addition to new orleans that were \" especially vulnerable \" to a large hurricane - - houston and galveston in texas, tampa in florida and the florida keys, new york city and long island, and new england. will not be the last major hurricane to hit a vulnerable area, \" centre ' s predictions on katrina ' s movements were more accurate than usual, but the storm had become more intense more quickly than expected, days before katrina hit land on august 29, computer models predicted it would cross the coast near new orleans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42284850715671995, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.066866"} {"text": "problems with prepositions prepositions are words that often show direction ; for example, below, above, over, under, around, through, in, out, between, among, to, toward ( s ). other common prepositions include of, for ( also sometimes a conjunction ), from, with, like ( also sometimes a verb ). rule : you shouldn \u2019 t use or end a sentence with an unnecessary preposition, i. e., when the meaning is clear without the preposition. sentences may end with necessary prepositions. correct : that is something i cannot agree with. with is a necessary preposition. incorrect : where did he go to? correct : where did he go? to is unnecessary because the meaning is clear without it. rule : don \u2019 t follow like with a subject and verb because prepositions are followed only by nouns that act as the object of the preposition. use as or as if or as though instead of like when a subject and verb follow. correct : i wish i could be more like her. incorrect : it doesn \u2019 t look like she will show up for dinner. correct : it doesn \u2019 t look as if ( or as though ) she will show up for dinner. which sentence is correct? 1. a. where did you get this at? b. where did you get this? 2. a. i will go later on. b. i will go later. 3. a. take your shoes off the bed. b. take your shoes off of the bed. 4. a. cut it up into small pieces. b. cut it into small pieces. 5. a. i look like my sister. b. i look as my sister. pop quiz answers posted on saturday, july 19th, 2008, at 12 : 31 am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5114102745151223, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.068529"} {"text": "a simple measure for applying sunscreen while on holidays dermatology department. hospital central. universidad autonoma de san luis potosi. mexico. email @ example. com to the editor : the use of topical sunscreens is considered to be an important intervention to reduce skin damage induced by ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. the sun protection factor ( spf ) of a sunscreen is based on a uniform application thickness of 2 mg / cm2. however, there is no known linear relationship between an effective spf and the amount of sunscreen applied. the efficacy of a sunscreen therefore is highly dependent upon its correct application. the amount of sunscreen that most people apply usually never exceeds more than 60 percent of the quantity needed to achieve the spf on the label product. [ 1, 3 ] one reason that sunscreens are insufficiently applied is the absence of conventional parameters to assess the amount of sunscreen necessary to cover the exposed surfaces. although the \" teaspoon rule \" and the \" fingertip unit \" have been proposed as a dosage guide users do not find these standards easy to use in practice. [ 4, 5 ] under real - life conditions, a suitable teaspoon is not readily available, when the different sizes, shapes and uses of teaspoons world - wide is taken into account. the semiquantitative \" fingertip unit \" guide is a good approach but has its disadvantages, especially its lack of utility when lotions or gels are being applied. in addition, the explanation of how to use it is complicated and the time required to carry out the process in such large areas as the chest, back, or legs makes the process unlikely to be widely adopted. most sunburns develop while persons are outdoors during their leisure time. at these times, they are often drinking alcoholic or non - alcoholic beverages from bottles with caps. the crown tin lid is a metal bottle cap which is widely used, and which has an almost uniform size no matter where in the world it is manufactured ( fig. 1 ). taking this into account, we suggest a practical method that would make it easy to apply a standard quantity of sunscreen with disposable metal bottle caps. crown tin lids are frequently available at the time when people are about to expose themselves to sunlight. although the lids may differ slightly in their size, we think they serve as a less variable reference than a spoon. a crown tin lid filled with a regular spf - 30 sunscreen contains an average of 3. 3 grams ( 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4852996879013265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.073408"} {"text": "to sunlight. although the lids may differ slightly in their size, we think they serve as a less variable reference than a spoon. a crown tin lid filled with a regular spf - 30 sunscreen contains an average of 3. 3 grams ( 3, 300 mg ) of cream. this amount is enough to cover at least a 1, 500 cm2 area. to ensure a proper dosage, some authors have suggested the use of the well - known \" rule of nines \" in the same way that burned areas are calculated. [ 4, 5 ] the total body surface is divided into three 9 percent regions ( head and neck, left arm, and right arm ), and four 18 percent regions ( back, torso, left leg, and right leg ). the head and neck segment includes the scalp, so that the face and neck to which sunscreen is applied is over - represented by the \" rule of nines \". when morphometry was used to calculate the face and neck area in a volunteer who was not bald, we found that the surface area approachs 685 cm 2. therefore, approximately 1, 370 mg of sunscreen would be needed to cover the face and neck ( 685 cm2 x 2 mg = 1, 370 mg / cm2 ). the amount required corresponds to one half of the crown tin lid. if we use the \" rule of nines \" for the rest of the body, and assume that the average 1. 73 m2 ( 17, 300 cm2 ) adult surface area is divided into segments, we obtain the figures shown in table 1. half of a lid is required for the face and neck, one lid for each upper limb, and two lids each for the back, the torso and for the two lower limbs. in conclusion, we suggest an easy, alternative method to apply suncreens. this system would allow users to apply a reliable quantity of sunscreen in a uniform and practical manner. it would also offer protection which is closer to the protection promised by the bottle label with whatever product vehicle is used ( i. e., liquid, gel, or cream ). references1. stokes rp, diffey bl. how well are sunscreen users protected? photodermatol photoimmunol photomed 1997 ; 13 : 186 - 188. 2. brown s, diffey bl. the effect of applied thickness on sunscreen protection : in vivo and in vitro studies. photochem photobiol 1986 ; 44 : 509 - 13. 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.491978573598868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.074315"} {"text": "| a fool or simpleton ; ninny. | | an extraordinary or unusual thing, person, or event ; an exceptional example or instance. | | \u2014 the chemical symbol for | the symbol for the element rubidium. the symbol for rubidium. | rubidium ( r - bid ' e - \u0259m ) pronunciation key a soft, silvery - white metallic element of the alkali group. it ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water. rubidium is used in photoelectric cells, in making vacuum tubes, and in radiometric dating. atomic number 37 ; atomic weight 85. 47 ; melting point 38. 89\u00b0c ; boiling point 688\u00b0c ; specific gravity ( solid ) 1. 532 ; valence 1, 2, 3, 4. see periodic table. rb / r - b - l / abbreviation : \" realtime blackhole list \". a service that allows people to blacklist sites for emitting spam, and makes the blacklist available in real time to electronic - mail transport programs that know how to use rbl so they can filter out mail from those sites. drastic ( and controversial ) but effective. there is an rbl home page ( http : / / maps. vix. com / rbl / usage. html ). chemical element of group 1 ( also called group ia ) in the periodic table, the alkali metal group. rubidium is the second most reactive metal and is very soft, with a silvery - white lustre. a brief treatment of rubidium follows. for full treatment, see alkali metal. learn more about rb with a free trial on britannica. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6162822248094035, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.077462"} {"text": "develop your pln ( personal learning network ) below, you ' ll find several approaches to plns. there ' s no right or wrong way to get started, so take what you like and leave the rest. excerpt from the wiki by australian educator, sue waters the aim of sue ' s site is to help you gain the skills to build your own personal learning network ( pln )! personal learning networks ( plns ) are all about using web tools such as blogs, wiki, twitter, facebook to create connects with others which extend our learning, increases our reflection while enabling us to learn together as part of a global community. plns increase our opportunities to ask questions and receive help compared to our normal daily face - to - face interactions. best of a pln is it ' s personal! you make all the choices : - what tools you use! - who you connect with! - how you want to learn! - when you want to learn! personal learning networks : the power of the human network what is a personal learning network ( pln )? definition one : personal learning networks are : - a concept based on web 2. 0 and social software - learner - driven, problem - based, or motivated by interested - based on the idea that learning will take place in different contexts, and not come from one place or person - set their own learning goals - manage their learning ; managing both content and process - communicate with others in the process of learning - and thereby achieve learning goals this information is from a wiki by judith epcke ( @ jepcke ) and scott meech ( @ smeech ). continue reading at the wiki. judy & scott ' s work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - share alike 3. 0 united states license. - free tech for teachers a blog by richard byrne about, well, free tech for teachers. reviews, advice, descriptions of how teachers use the tech. - what should i read? - a few suggestions. - social media reading list - the idea for this page is to build a ' best of the web ' reading / watching list for school leadership regarding using social media for school advancement. rather than talk about how great social media is we ' re using social media to build this reading list. - a 21st century professional development proposal : a personal learning network + specific web tools = a true 21st century teacher.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5024138092815675, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.081038"} {"text": "\u2022 whiteboard and whiteboard marker \u2022 post it notes \u2022 cut outs, print our characters and make body parts moveable \u2022 foams letters or magnetic letters ( great for title sequence to add some interest ) \u2022 roll out modelling clay and use cookie cutters \u2022 modelling clay ( make shapes or characters ) \u2022 toys eg. legos, action figures \u2022 objects eg. stationery, cutlery, buttons, paddle pop sticks \u2022 create a set out of a box. \u2022 document change : set the camera to take photos in intervals and document change eg. the sky, a plant growing etc. students have fabulous ideas and the best intentions, unfortunately their abilities can restrict the production of these ideas. modelling clay characters can be difficult. i found these great people and bird add on pieces to push into clay. they make fabulous creatures without needing any modelling skills ( and they are fun to make ). here are some scaffolding activities i use as an introduction to build confidence : \u2022 with a whiteboard, create the illusion of writing your name with your finger. \u2022 make a piece of paper fold up and then unfold by itself. ( done by reversing slides ) \u2022 make buttons follow each other in a line here are some ideas for animations : \u2022 convert a fairytale, fable or nursery rhyme. \u2022 adapt a movie story line \u2022 create a music film clip \u2022 convey a message \u2018 save the environment ' \u2022 re - write history \u2022 create characters from a novel students are reading here are a few you tube videos i like to show students to give provide inspiration : the animals save the planet - energy efficient penguin ( there are many others in this series ) there was a time deadline - post it stop motion ping pong ball stop motion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4986944073061353, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.082891"} {"text": "even if brain size accounts for just 10 to 20 percent of an iq test score, it is possible to conjecture what kind of average scores would be made by a group of people with 30 percent larger brains. we can readily calculate that a population with a mean brain size of 1, 750 cc would be expected to have an average iq of 149. this is a score that would be labeled at the genius level. and if there was normal variability among boskops, as among the rest of us, then perhaps 15 to 20 percent of them would be expected to score over 180. in a classroom with 35 big - headed, baby - faced boskop kids, you would likely encounter five or six with iq scores at the upper range of what has ever been recorded in human history. the boskops coexisted with our homo sapiens forebears. just as we see the ancient homo erectus as a savage primitive, boskop may have viewed us in somewhat the same way. they died and we lived, and we can \u2019 t answer the question why. why didn \u2019 t they outthink the smaller - brained hominids like ourselves and spread across the planet? perhaps they didn \u2019 t want to. longer brain pathways lead to larger and deeper memory hierarchies. these confer a greater ability to examine and discard more blind alleys, to see more consequences of a plan before enacting it. in general this enables us to think things through. if boskops had longer chains of cortical networks \u2014 longer mental assembly lines \u2014 they would have created longer and more complex classification chains. when they looked down a road as far as they could, before choosing a path, they would have seen farther than we can : more potential outcomes, more possible downstream costs and benefits. as more possible outcomes of a plan become visible, the variance among judgments between individuals will likely lessen. there are far fewer correct paths \u2014 intelligent paths \u2014 than there are paths. it is sometimes argued that the illusion of free will arises from the fact that we can \u2019 t adequately judge all p ossible moves, with the result that our choices are based on imperfect, sometimes impoverished, information. perhaps the boskops were trapped by their ability to see clearly where things would head. perhaps they were prisoners of those majestic brains. there is another, again poignant, possible explanation for the disappearance of the big - brained people. maybe all that thoughtfulness was of no particular survival value in 10, 000 b. c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5566854829109878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.087117"} {"text": "head. perhaps they were prisoners of those majestic brains. there is another, again poignant, possible explanation for the disappearance of the big - brained people. maybe all that thoughtfulness was of no particular survival value in 10, 000 b. c. the great genius of civilization is that it allows individuals to store memory and operating rules outside of their brains, in the world that surrounds them. the human brain is a sort of central processing unit operating on multiple memory disks, some stored in the head, some in the culture. lacking the external hard drive of a literate society, the boskops were unable to exploit the vast potential locked up in their expanded cortex. they were born just a few millennia too soon. in any event, boskops are gone, and the more we learn about them, the more we miss them. their demise is likely to have been gradual. a big skull was not conducive to easy births, and thus a within - group pressure toward smaller heads was probably always present, as it still is in present - day humans, who have an unusually high infant mortality rate due to big - headed babies. this pressure, together with possible interbreeding with migrating groups of smaller - brained peoples, may have led to a gradual decrease in the frequency of the boskop genes in the growing population of what is now south africa. then again, as is all too evident, human history has often been a history of savagery. genocide and oppression seem primitive, whereas modern institutions from schools to hospices seem enlightened. surely, we like to think, our future portends more of the latter than the former. if learning and gentility are signs of civilization, perhaps our almost - big brains are straining against their residual atavism, struggling to expand. perhaps the preternaturally civilized boskops had no chance against our barbarous ancestors, but could be leaders of society if they were among us today. maybe traces of boskops, and their unusual nature, linger on in isolated corners of the world. physical anthropologists report that boskop features still occasionally pop up in living populations of bushmen, raising the possibility that the last of the race may have walked the dusty transvaal in the not - too - distant past. some genes stay around in a population, or mix themselves into surrounding populations via interbreeding. the genes may remain on the periphery, neither becoming widely fixed in the population at large nor being entirely eliminated from the gene pool. just about 100 miles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5311956660856755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.088112"} {"text": "recursion is a programming paradigm as well as a problem solving strategy thought to be very challenging to grasp for university students. this article outlines a pilot study, which expands the age range of students exposed to the concept of recursion in computer science through instruction in a series of interesting and engaging activities. in this study, a small number of students ( n = 9 ) aged 11 to 13 years, were presented with a new and unique recursion curriculum involving hands - on experiences over a seven - week period at the university of victoria, canada. the curriculum was comprised of a series of progressively challenging recursion activities \u2014 roughly based upon the ideas of \u2018 computer science unplugged \u2019 ( bell, witten, & fellows, 2009 ) \u2014 and included programming applications with microworlds ex, a programming language based on logo. through this engagement, an increased number of students recognized and understood the concepts covered. we hypothesize that through experiences for youth with activities such as those outlined here, the number of students who understand fundamental computer science applications and who might potentially pursue computer science in post - secondary education will increase. we hypothesis further that through an earlier encounter of \u201c challenging \u201d concepts the learning and understanding of those will become easier at the university level. in this paper, the curriculum, classroom experiences, preliminary, largely descriptive and qualitative results and next steps in the research are discussed. gunion, katherine ; milford, todd ; and stege, ulrike \" the paradigm recursion : is it more accessible when introduced in middle school?, \" the journal of problem solving : 2, article 8.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6289112845896117, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.091320"} {"text": "studying oregon ' s history iii bill long 7 / 21 / 06 the protestant ladder and further mission documents once a student sees takes time to understand fully the catholic ladder something peculiar begins to happen in the mind of that student. s / he realizes that s / he can do history, that history is, when you take your time with it, quite fun and rather accessible to you. such a project will make the student begin to long for more specific information when s / he studies other topics. it may well be that once a student has really done this topic well that s / he will never be content with anything other than primary sources. and, this lesson will have been learned within the first few weeks of the course. continuing with the protestant ladder it is interesting to me that though there are 9, 950 google \" results \" when you type in \" catholic ladder, \" there are only 155 for \" protestant ladder, \" and most of them, when you look at them closely, bear no relationship to the competing ladder used by protestant missionary henry spalding ( they refer to the general concept of the protestant work ethic... climbing the protestant ladder ). fortunately, the oregon history project page on the protestant ladder by melinda jette is done extremely well. let ' s turn to it. she skillfully and briefly explains the work of presbyterian missionaries henry and eliza spalding in lapwai on the clearwater river ( present - day western idaho, but part of the then - oregon territory ). we learn that spalding made a protestant ladder in 1845, probably in imitation of blanchet, but jette also mentions that spalding ' s ladder might have been related to a now lost earlier protestant ladder ( 1839 ) by jason lee. i suppose the protestants imitated the catholics in making ladders, but this kind of throws things up in the interpretive air for a minute. the ohp web page never answers the question of whose came first, since both blanchet and lee are credited with ladders from 1839. well, in any case, the protestant ladder, which is presented quite nicely in a photograph you can \" blow up \" on this page, differs in three ways from the catholic ladder. first, it has lots of nice drawings on the sides, representing everything from adam and eve in the garden of eden to the building of the first city to the tower of babel. humorous it is that so much space is devoted to depictions of the first chapters of genesis. it is as if the maker of the protestant ladder realized after he had drawn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4899467883684778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.100093"} {"text": "garden of eden to the building of the first city to the tower of babel. humorous it is that so much space is devoted to depictions of the first chapters of genesis. it is as if the maker of the protestant ladder realized after he had drawn about six scenes from genesis that he was running out of space, and so he quickly leaped over lots of history to get to the crucifixion of christ, the really big historical event. around the time of christ we have the interesting scene of john the baptist ' s head being presented by salome ( never know if the protestants were caravaggio - lovers, you know.. ). a second difference between the two ladders is that the protestant portrays two separate channels or tubes of history, the catholic and the protestant, rather than one. the catholics had looked at the protestants as a withered branch ; the protestants recognized the \" parallel track \" of the roman catholic church with the pope in charge. finally, however, the protestant ladder shows that the catholic \" track \" of history will end in an unceremonious way when the road turns back on itself and the pope is overturned. the last picture on the \" catholic side \" shows an upside - down pope being lowered into a fire - - perhaps he will fall victim to the same fires with which he has burned the protestant martyrs. what lies at the end of the protestant road, in contrast? a straight road to heaven. the protestant road is narrower than the catholic one ( \" narrow is the way that leads to salvation \" ) but it, after all, is the \" true \" one. by looking at the competing catholic and protestant ladders, then, the student can see how artistic representation can be used in the service of religious propaganda. spalding and whitman and the protestant ladder jette further informs us, however, that spalding seemed to make very little use of the ladder in teaching. why? because protestants, as \" people of the book \" and \" transformers of culture \" ( no, george bush isn ' t the first \" transformer \" ), were more interested in cultivating literacy and the land for the indians. by 1839 spalding had published the first printed book in the nez perce language ( jette doesn ' t tell us if this was a bible, but the eager student would, no doubt, follow up this lead ), and the protestant ladder just seemed to be a kind of afterthought so as not to let the catholics have all the good ideas. let ' s pause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.521039424019651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.101173"} {"text": "a bible, but the eager student would, no doubt, follow up this lead ), and the protestant ladder just seemed to be a kind of afterthought so as not to let the catholics have all the good ideas. let ' s pause here for a moment. if a student was going to look at early oregon missions, s / he might proceed as i have in the last few pages, or s / he might want to wander further afield. three projects that grow directly out of this would be to try to understand the mission that hasn ' t been named so far - - that of jason lee in salem. the methodist archives on state street in salem hold a treasure that hasn ' t yet been really closely examined by scholars regarding the early days of the willamette mission. or, a student might want to study the whitman ' s or spalding ' s mission more closely, to learn about their work, the indians, the language, the life. but the next really big topic is the whitman massacre of november 1847. here the ohp helps us get started nicely. let ' s close this essay with what the ohp has. the whitman massacre and its historiography by continuing to probe, or by selecting this as his / her topic, a student can learn not only about primary texts and an important shaping event in the history of the oregon territory, but also about competing versions or interpretations of the same event. and, s / he can learn about this all very naturally and easily through the exposure to primary texts. here is what we have. the ohp has the title page and a brief description of john baptiste brouillet ' s 1869 book authentic account of the murder of dr. whitman and other missionaries by the cayuse indians, in 1847, and the causes which led to that horrible catastrophe. here, however, is what the student would learn in the first instance. by looking at the title page to the 1869 edition, one notices the following latin quotation on the cover : \" magna est veritas, et praevalebit. \" of course, no student will know the latin ( what would spark high - school student interest in latin? i have some ideas... ), so it would have to be translated for him / her. but, you can teach the student some rudimentary latin along the way, before telling them that it means \" great is truth, and it will prevail. \" why, you might ask, would such a quotation be on the cover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47046906927650484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.102230"} {"text": "but, you can teach the student some rudimentary latin along the way, before telling them that it means \" great is truth, and it will prevail. \" why, you might ask, would such a quotation be on the cover of this work? well, perhaps there was a debate over what was \" truth \" in the whitman massacre. now you are ready for some real learning. and, thankfully, the ohp page, thanks to melinda jette again, lays out the issue fairly nicely. the \" whitman massacre \" ( what should we call it? ) happened in november 1847, with several members of the whitman party being killed and about 50 hostages being taken. brouillet buried the bodies on the mission several days later. at this time brouillet warned spalding that he was in danger, and spalding fled. later spalding thanked the catholics for their help in sparing his life. later still, however, according to jette, spalding changed his tune, supporting retaliation against the cayuse and implying catholic complicity in the whitman tragedy. this, then, became the occasion for the first edition of brouillet ' s book, published in 1853, six years after the fateful events. over the next 20 years charges flew back and forth between the two sides. thus, an eager student could do a study on the historiography of the whitman massacre. it would involve the reading of primary texts, the assessment of various facts, and the way that writers put facts together to make an argument. a student could do all this, and we still haven ' t exhausted all the resources of the \" mission page \" of the ohp. one final essay will discuss another text or two, which do not relate to the missions but do connect with other points made by robbins in his \" 700 words. \" but now i will stop, since is is 100 degrees in oregon... copyright \u00a9 2004 - 2008 william r. long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4715575530808202, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.102981"} {"text": "it is extremely simple to add objects to the world in ragnarok. all you have to do is create the object and call add _ obj from the ragnarok engine instance. below follows a more in - depth example : a sprite is essentially a container object for an image that allows us to manipulate properties of it extremely easily. let \u2019 s start by creating the object. sprite = r. sprite ( ) since we are adding only one object to the world, the update and draw orders don \u2019 t carry much significance as of yet. but if we were to add more than one object, these values would be responsible for controlling the order in which the object updates and draws in relation to other objects. sprite. update _ order = 0 sprite. draw _ order = 0 now we assign an image to the sprite by going to the ragnarok engine folder and pulling out its logo image. now, remember in the previous tutorial how we said that the world is the entity responsible for managing our objects for us? well, the last step to get this object onscreen is to add it to the world so it can be drawn and updated. boom! that \u2019 s all it takes to get an sprite on the screen. you can play around with the sprite \u2019 s coords, scale, and rotation properties to change the orientation of the sprite accordingly. download the source for this tutorial here. linux user? download the gzipped tar here. what is an engine without a few tutorials to get user \u2019 s jumpstarted? this tutorial will cover the basics necessary to get the ragnarok engine up and running. the first step is to import our ragnarok engine for use. the \u2018 as r \u2019 clause here acts as a alias for ragnarok, meaning we can access its members by typing r instead of ragnarok. import ragnarok as r this single line of code is all it takes to actually initalize the engine. we are telling ragnarok that we want to create a window of size 640 by 480, and that it should bear the title \u201c ragnarok tutorial 1 \u2033. notice how we are making use of the vector2 class to pass in the window size. engine = r. ragnarok ( r. vector2 ( 640, 480 ), \u201c ragnarok tutorial 1 \u2033 ) one of ragnarok \u2019 s goals is to reduce micro management in your code. it does this by automatically up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42685509654129455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.107103"} {"text": "engine = r. ragnarok ( r. vector2 ( 640, 480 ), \u201c ragnarok tutorial 1 \u2033 ) one of ragnarok \u2019 s goals is to reduce micro management in your code. it does this by automatically updating and drawing your objects for you. you can control the draw and update order by changing an object \u2019 s update _ order and draw _ order properties. a low number will draw / update first, while a higher number will draw / update overtop the lower numbers. the world is the entity within the engine that does all this work for us. we grab an instance of it here for easier access. world = engine. get _ world ( ) the world \u2019 s clear _ color property defines what color the backbuffer should be erased to after each draw operation. world. clear _ color = ( 0, 0, 0 ) that \u2019 s it! all we have to do now is tell ragnarok to begin spinning its game loop. at this point you should be presented with a blank screen. don \u2019 t worry though, ragnarok can do much more than this! check back in for tutorial 2 to see how to add sprites and other entities to the world. you can download the source for this tutorial here. linux user? download the gzipped tar here. > today i would like to announce the first release of the ragnarok engine for python / pygame. ragnarok is a 2d engine built on top of pygame to make game creation easier. while pygame is a library, ragnarok attempts to assume the role of an engine, featuring many capabilities that would take a lot of work to create from the ground up in pygame. the engine is built in such a way that it attempts to be used under any scenario and game environment ( i. e. it is generic ). it is easy to set up, maintain, and extend for your particular needs. a few of the features ragnarok has to offer : + 2d and 3d math library + sprites for easy rotation, scaling, texture loading, etc. + spritesheet and animation classes + text objects that can be rotated, scaled, and translated + a customizable 2d camera + a managed world system that updates, draws, and automatically offsets objects by the camera \u2019 s + input handling systems + pool class for efficiently reusing objects ragnarok is still a work in progress, thus there will be bugs present. feel free to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48049552526748585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.108127"} {"text": "before there \u2019 s no way out the united states economy missed two opportunities of going through a necessary recession. some argue that the government \u2019 s involvement is what the nation needed. sure, stimulating the economy to prevent massive layoffs is a good thing, in the short run. however, the country is facing a large devaluation of its currency, i. e. the u. s. dollar becoming more worthless. prices will dramatically rise, investment will disappear, and unemployment will reach record highs. it is time the american people understand their circumstances so they can put pressure on the government to act appropriately. the government \u2019 s sustainability can be credited to japanese, chinese and the federal reserve \u2019 s investment in treasury securities. otherwise, the government would have defaulted a long time ago. if the government faces a deficit, then the united states has, at most, three options : find other lenders, increase taxes and decrease spending, or just default. i propose that a mix of the second and third options occur. it will be a major blow, but would leave the nation economically healthy in the future. the federal reserve responded to the 2008 financial crisis in the same way it responded to the dot com bubble bursting. it lowered interest rates ( federal funds rate ) from 6 percent in 2001 to a low of 1 percent in 2003, to offset the oncoming recession. this led to the housing market bubble. when the housing market bubble burst, interest rates were 5. 35 percent, but the fed lowered them to a low range of 0 to 0. 25 percent. the implication of this is that another bubble is being fueled, set to be bigger than the last. when it bursts, bailouts and low interest rates will not be able to save the nation from a deep recession. there are a few measures that the government can do to limit the next recession and prevent the devaluation of the dollar. first, there must be incentives in place for firms that produce on homeland as opposed to overseas. this will bring manufacturing jobs back to the u. s., meaning there will be more goods to export. currently, the trade balance is negative at 44 billion dollars. with manufacturing back in the u. s., the trade balance will be positive and meaningful investment will flow into the country. despite the importance of foreign investment, domestic investment needs to drive economic growth. this can only be done through saving and allocating capital to efficient means of production. instead, the government keeps trying to enrich the economy through stimulus packages. spending is not economic growth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45725960607282806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.114586"} {"text": "of foreign investment, domestic investment needs to drive economic growth. this can only be done through saving and allocating capital to efficient means of production. instead, the government keeps trying to enrich the economy through stimulus packages. spending is not economic growth. it only inflates the gdp, creating the illusion that the economy is growing. however, spending is having adverse effects on the economy. concisely, we borrow and buy too much, but don \u2019 t make enough. lastly, the fed needs to adjust its monetary policy. the artificially low interest rates are facilitating unsustainable borrowing by the government. if the interest rates are allowed to rise, the government will not be able to afford to borrow money and will have to adjust its fiscal policy accordingly. looking beyond the short - term, there needs to be serious changes in fiscal and monetary policy. changing how the government spends its money will ultimately determine how much debt it accumulates. making sure the fed uses its tools to stimulate economic growth and not just economic demand, is what \u2019 s going to change the dynamics of investment in this country. if you want an idea of what the u. s. is to expect, look at greece \u2019 s situation. greece \u2019 s problems are a few hundred billion dollars bad. the u. s. is over 10 trillion in the hole. who \u2019 s going to bail us out? originally from brooklyn, new york, andre lewis opted out for the rural town of storrs - mansfield. he is in his junior year at the university of connecticut continuing his studies in economics and mathematics. he has a passion for african american history and hopes to share his wisdom through teaching and education. andre can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4647986629545714, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.116266"} {"text": "chemical principles / will it react? an introduction to chemical equilibrium and so, nothing that to our world appears, perishes completely, for nature ever upbuilds one thing from another ' s ruin ; suffering nothing yet to come to birth but by another ' s death. lucretius ( 95 - 55 b. c. ) the main question asked in chapter 2 was \" if a given set of substances will react to give a desired product, how much of each substance is needed? \" our basic assumptions were that matter cannot be arbitrarily created or destroyed, and that atoms going into a reaction must come out again as products. in this chapter we ask a second question : \" will a reaction occur, eventually? \" is there a tendency or a drive for a given reaction to take place, and if we wait long enough will we find that reactants have been converted spontaneously into products? this question leads to the ideas of spontaneity and of chemical equilibrium. a third question, \" will a reaction occur in a reasonably short time? \" involves chemical kinetics, which will be discussed in chapter 22. for the moment, we will be satisfied if we can predict which way a chemical reaction will go by itself, ignoring the time factor. spontaneous reactions a chemical reaction that will occur on its own, given enough time, is said to be spontaneous. in the open air, and under the conditions inside an automobile engine, the combustion of gasoline is spontaneous : c7h16 + 11 o2 \u2192 7co2 + 8 h2o ( the reaction is exothermic, or heat emitting. the enthalpy change, which was defined in chapter 2, is large and negative : = - 4812 kj mole - 1 of heptane at 298 k. the heat emitted causes the product gases to expand, and it is the pressure from these expanding gases that drives the car. ) in contrast, the reverse reaction under the same conditions is not spontaneous : 7co2 + 8h2o c7h16 + 11 o2 no one seriously proposes that gasoline can be obtained spontaneously from a mixture of water vapor and carbon dioxide. explosions are examples of rapid, spontaneous reactions, but a reaction need not be as rapid as an explosion to be spontaneous. it is important to understand clearly the difference between rapidity and spontaneity. if you mix oxygen and hydrogen gases at room temperature, they will remain together without appreciable reaction for years. yet the reaction to produce water is genuinely spontaneous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.551124319329817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.153704"} {"text": "it is important to understand clearly the difference between rapidity and spontaneity. if you mix oxygen and hydrogen gases at room temperature, they will remain together without appreciable reaction for years. yet the reaction to produce water is genuinely spontaneous : 2h2 + o2 \u2192 2h2o we know that this is true because we can trigger the reaction with a match, or catalyst of finely divided platinum metal. the preceding sentence suggests why a chemist is interested in whether a reaction is spontaneous, that is, whether it has a natural tendency to occur. if a desirable chemical reaction is spontaneous but slow, it may be possible to speed up the process. increasing the temperature will often do the trick, or a catalyst may work. we will discuss the functions of a catalyst in detail in chapter 22. but in brief, we can say now that a catalyst is a substance that helps a naturally spontaneous reaction to go faster by providing an easier pathway for it. gasoline will burn rapidly in air at a high enough temperature. the role of a spark plug in an automobile engine is to provide this initial temperature. the heat produced by the reaction maintains the high temperature needed to keep it going thereafter. gasoline will combine with oxygen at room temperature if the proper catalyst is used, because the reaction is naturally spontaneous but slow. but no catalyst will ever make carbon dioxide and water recombine to produce gasoline and oxygen at room temperature and moderate pressures, and it would be a foolish chemist who spent time trying to find such a catalyst. in short, an understanding of spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions helps a chemist to see the limits of what is possible. if a reaction is possible but not currently realizable, it may be worthwhile to look for ways to carry it out. if the process is inherently impossible, then it is time to study something else. equilibrium and the equilibrium constant the speed with which a reaction takes a place ordinarily depends on the most concentrations of the reacting substances. this is common sense, since most reactions take place when molecules collide, and the more molecules there are per unit of volume, the more often collisions will occur. the industrial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is very important in the manufacture of agricultural fertilizers ( and explosives ). one of the steps in nitrogen fixation, in the presence of a catalyst, is n2 + o2 \u2192 2no ( 4 - 1 ) if this reaction took place by simple collision of one molecule of n2 and one molecule of o2, then we would expect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5956537871846699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.155025"} {"text": "nitrogen fixation, in the presence of a catalyst, is n2 + o2 \u2192 2no ( 4 - 1 ) if this reaction took place by simple collision of one molecule of n2 and one molecule of o2, then we would expect the rate of collision ( and hence the rate of reaction ) to be proportional to the concentrations of n2 and o2 : rate of no production r1 = k1 [ n2 ] [ o2 ] ( 4 - 2 ) the proportionality constant k1 is called the forward - reaction rate constant, and the bracketed terms [ n2 ] [ o2 ] represent concentrations in moles per liter. this rate constant, which we will discuss in more detail in chapter 22, usually varies with temperature. most reactions go faster at higher temperatures, so k1 is larger at higher temperatures. but k1 does not depend on the concentrations of nitrogen and oxygen gases present. all of the concentration dependence of the overall forward reaction rate, r1, is contained in the terms [ n2 ] and [ o2 ]. if this reaction began rapidly in a sealed tank with high starting concentrations of both gases, then as more n2 and o2 were consumed, the forward reaction would become progressively slower. the rate of reaction would decrease because the frequency of collision of molecules would diminish as fewer n2 and o2 molecules were left in the tank. the reverse reaction can also occur. if this reaction took place by the collision of two molecules of no to make one molecule of each starting gas, 2no \u2192 n2 + o2 ( 4 - 3 ) then the rate of reaction again would be proportional to the concentration of each of the colliding molecules. since these molecules are of the same compound, no, the rate would be proportional to the square of the no concentration : rate of no removal [ no ] [ no ] r2 = k2 [ no ] 2 ( 4 - 4 ) where r2 is the overall reverse reaction rate and k2 is the rev ~ rse - reaction rate constant. if little no is present when the experiment begins, this reaction will occur at a negligible rate. but as more no accumulates by the forward reaction, the faster it will be broken down by the reverse reaction. thus as the forward rate, r1, decreases, the reverse rate, r2, increases. eventually the point will be reached at which the forward and reverse reactions exactly balance ( 4 - 5 ) : r1 = r2 [ n2 ] [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5766390990063823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.156555"} {"text": "as the forward rate, r1, decreases, the reverse rate, r2, increases. eventually the point will be reached at which the forward and reverse reactions exactly balance ( 4 - 5 ) : r1 = r2 [ n2 ] [ o2 ] k1 = k2 [ no ] 2 this is the condition of equilibrium. had you been monitoring the concentrations of the three gases, n2 o2, and no, you would have found that the composition of the reacting mixture had reached an equilibrium state and thereafter ceased to change with time. this does not mean that the individual reactions had stopped, only that they were proceeding at equal rates ; that is, they had arrived at, and thereafter maintained, a condition of balance or equilibrium. the condition of equilibrium can be illustrated by imagining two large fish tanks, connected by a channel ( figure 4 - 1 ). one tank initially contains 10 goldfish, and the other contains 10 guppies. if you watch the fish swimming aimlessly long enough, you will eventually find that approximately 5 of each type of fish are present in each tank. each fish has the same chance of blundering through the channel into the other tank. but as long as there are more goldfish in the left tank ( figure 4 - la ), there is a greater probability that a goldfish will swim from left to right than the reverse. similarly, as long as the number of guppies in the right tank exceeds that in the left, there will be a net flow of guppies to the left, even though there is nothing in the left tank to make the guppies prefer it. thus the rate of flow of guppies is proportional to the concentration of guppies present. a similar statement can be made for the goldfish. at equilibrium ( figure 4 - 1b ), on an average there will be 5 guppies and 5 goldfish in each tank. but they will not always be the same 5 of each fish. if 1 guppy wanders from the left tank into the right, then it or a different guppy may wander back a little later. thus at equilibrium we find that the fish have not stopped swimming, only that over a period of time the total number of guppies and goldfish in each tank remains constant. if we were to fill each tank with 9 goldfish and then throw in 1 guppy, we would see that, in its aimless swimming, it would spend half its time in one tank and half in the other (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.589483620848438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.157784"} {"text": "each tank remains constant. if we were to fill each tank with 9 goldfish and then throw in 1 guppy, we would see that, in its aimless swimming, it would spend half its time in one tank and half in the other ( figure 4 - 1 c ). in the no reaction we considered, there will be a constant concentration of no molecules at equilibrium, but they will not always be the same no molecules. individual no molecules will react to re - form n2 and o2, and other reactant molecules will make more no. as with the goldfish, only on a head - count or concentration basis have changes ceased at equilibrium. the equilibrium condition for the no - producing reaction, equation 4 - 1, can be rewritten in a more useful form : in which the ratio of forward and reverse rate constants is expressed as a simple constant, the equilibrium constant, keq. this equilibrium constant will vary as the temperature varies, but it is independent of the concentrations of the reactants and products. it tells us the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium, and is an extremely useful quantity for determining whether a desired reaction will take place spontaneously. general form of the equilibrium constant we derived the equilibrium - constant expression for the no reaction by assuming that we knew the way that the forward and reverse steps occurred at the molecular level. if the no reaction proceeded by simple collision of two molecules, the derivation would be perfectly correct. the actual mechanism of this reaction is more complicated. but it is important, and fortunate for chemists, that we do not have to know the reaction mechanism to write the proper equilibrium constant. the equilibrium - constant expression can always be written from the balanced chemical equation, with no other information, even when the forward and reverse rate expressions are more complicated than the balanced equation would suggest. ( we shall prove this in chapter 16. ) in our no example, the forward reaction actually takes place by a series of complicated chain steps. the reverse reaction takes place by a complementary set of reactions, so that these complications cancel one another in the final ratio of concentrations that gives us the equilibrium constant. the details of the mechanism are \" invisible \" to the equilibrium - constant expression, and irrelevant to equilibrium calculations. a general chemical reaction can be written as in this expression, a and b represent the reactants ; c and d, the products. the letters a, b, c, and d represent the number of moles of each substance involved in the balanced reaction, and the double arrows indicate a state of equilibrium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5800029450792383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.159075"} {"text": ", a and b represent the reactants ; c and d, the products. the letters a, b, c, and d represent the number of moles of each substance involved in the balanced reaction, and the double arrows indicate a state of equilibrium. although only two reactants and two products are shown in the general reaction, the principle is extendable to any number. the correct equilibrium - constant expression for this reaction is it is the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations, with each concentration term raised to a power given by the number of moles of that substance appearing in the balanced chemical equation. because it is based on the quantities of reactants and products present at equilibrium, equation 4 - 8 is called the law of mass action. | give the equilibrium - constant expression for the reaction | the equilibrium constant is given by since all four substances have a coefficient of 1 in the balanced equation, their concentrations are all raised to the first power in the equilibrium - constant expression. | what is the equilibrium - constant expression for the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen gases? the reaction is | since two moles of hydrogen and water are involved in the chemical equation, their concentrations are squared in the keq expression. | give the equilibrium - constant expression for the dissociation ( breaking up ) of water into hydrogen and oxygen. the reaction is | an important general point emerges here. this reaction is the reverse of that of example 2, and the equilibrium - constant expression is the inverse, or reciprocal, of the earlier one. if a balanced chemical reaction is reversed, then the equilibrium - constant expression must be inverted, since what once were reactants now are products, and vice versa. | the dissociation of water can just as properly be written as what then is the equilibrium - constant expression? notice that when the reaction from example 3 is divided by 2, resulting in the example 4 reaction, the equilibrium constant is the square root of the old value, or the old keq to the one - half power. similarly, if the reaction is doubled, the keq must be squared. in general, it is perfectly proper to multiply all the coefficients of a balanced chemical reaction by any positive or negative number, n, and the equation will remain balanced. ( multiplying all the coefficients of an equation by - 1 is formally the same as writing the equation in reverse. write out a simple equation and prove to yourself that this is so. ) but if all the co1ficients of an equation are multiplied by n,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5678858377633602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.160187"} {"text": "coefficients of an equation by - 1 is formally the same as writing the equation in reverse. write out a simple equation and prove to yourself that this is so. ) but if all the co1ficients of an equation are multiplied by n, then the new equilibrium - constant expression is the old one raised to the nth power. hence, when working with equilibrium constants, one must keep the corresponding chemical reactions clearly in mind. | the reaction for the formation or the breakdown of ammonia can be written in a number of ways : ( each of these expressions might be appropriate, depending on whether you were focusing on nitrogen, ammonia, hydrogen, or the dissociation of ammonia. ) what are the equilibrium - constant expressions for each formulation, and how are the equilibrium constants related? notice that there is nothing wrong with fractional powers in the equilibrium - constant expression. using equilibrium constants equilibrium constants have two main purposes : - 1. to help us tell whether a reaction will be spontaneous under specified conditions. - 2. to enable us to calculate the concentration of reactants and products that will be present once equilibrium has been reached. we can illustrate how equilibrium constants can be used to achieve these ends, and also the fact that an equilibrium constant is indeed constant, with real data from one of the most intensively studied of all reactions, that between hydrogen and iodine to yield hydrogen iodide : if we mix hydrogen and iodine in a sealed flask and observe the reaction, the gradual fading of the purple color of the iodine vapor tells us that iodine is being consumed. this reaction was studied first by the german chemist max bodenstein in 1893. table 4 - 1 contains the data from bodenstein ' s experiments. the experimental data are in the first three columns. in the fourth column, we have calculated the simple ratio of product and reactant concentrations, [ hi ] / [ h2 ] [ i2 ], to see if it is constant. it clearly is not, for as the hydrogen concentration is decreased and the iodine concentration is increased, this ratio varies from 2. 60 to less than 1. the law of mass action ( section 4 - 3 ) dictates that the equilibrium - constant expression should contain the square of the hi concentration, since the reaction involves 2 moles of hi for every mole of h2 and i2, the fifth column shows that the ratio [ hi ] 2 / [ h2 ] [ i2 ] is constant within a mean deviation of approximately 3 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5394355549668055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.161276"} {"text": ", since the reaction involves 2 moles of hi for every mole of h2 and i2, the fifth column shows that the ratio [ hi ] 2 / [ h2 ] [ i2 ] is constant within a mean deviation of approximately 3 %. * therefore, this ratio is the proper equilibrium - constant expression, and the average value of keq for these six runs is 50. 53. the equilibrium constant can be used to determine whether a reaction under specified conditions will go spontaneously in the forward or in the reverse direction. the ratio of product concentration to reactant concentration, identical to the equilibrium constant in form but not necessarily at equilibrium conditions, is called the reaction quotient, q : q = ( not necessarily at equilibrium ) ( 4 - 10 ) if there are too many reactant molecules present for equilibrium to exist, then the concentration terms in the denominator will make the reaction quotient, q, smaller than keq. the reaction will go forward spontaneously to make more product. however, if an experiment is set up so that the reaction quotient is greater than keq, then too many product molecules are present for equilibrium and the reverse reaction will proceed spontaneously. therefore, a comparison of the actual concentration ratio or reaction quotient with the equilibrium constant allows us to predict in which direction a reaction will go spontaneously under the given set of circumstances : q < keq ( forward reaction spontaneous ) q > keq ( reverse reaction spontaneous ) ( 4 - 11 ) q = keq ( reactants and products at equilibrium ) - these are bodenstein ' s original numbers. modern data can be much more accurate, with less deviation in keq. the mean deviation is the average of the deviations of individual calculated keq from the average keq. | if 1. 0 x 10 - 2 mole each of hydrogen and iodine gases are placed in a i - liter flask at 448\u00b0c with 2. 0 x 10 - 3 mole of hi, will more hi be produced? | the reaction quotient under these conditions is this is smaller than the equilibrium value of 50. 53 in table 4 - 1, which tells us that excess reactants are present. hence, equilibrium will not be reached until more hi has been formed. | if only 1. 0 x 10 - 3 mole each of h2 and i2 had been used, together with 2. 0 x 10 - 3 mole of hi, would more hi have been produced spontaneously? | you can verify that the reaction quotient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.598648979748382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.162618"} {"text": "1. 0 x 10 - 3 mole each of h2 and i2 had been used, together with 2. 0 x 10 - 3 mole of hi, would more hi have been produced spontaneously? | you can verify that the reaction quotient is q = 4. 0. because this is less than keq, the forward reaction is still spontaneous. | if the conditions of example 7 are changed so that the hi concentration is increased to 2. 0 x 10 - 2 mole liter - 1, what happens to the reaction? | the reaction quotient now is q = 400. this is greater than keq - there are now too many product molecules and too few reactant molecules for equilibrium to exist. thus the reverse reaction occurs more rapidly than the forward reaction. equilibrium is reached only by converting some of the hi to h2 and 12, so the reverse reaction is spontaneous. | if the conditions of example 7 are changed so that the hi concentration is 7. 1 x 10 - 3 mole liter - 1, in which direction is the reaction spontaneous? | under these conditions, since q equals keq within the limits of accuracy of the data, the system as described is at equilibrium, and neither the forward nor the backward reaction is spontaneous. ( both reactions are still taking place at the molecular level, of course, but they are balanced so their net effects cancel. ) the second use for equilibrium constants is to calculate the concentrations of reactants and products that will be present at equilibrium. | if a 1 - liter flask contains 1. 0 x 10 - 3 mole each of h2 and i2 at 448\u00b0c, what amount of hi is present when the gas mixture is at equilibrium? | the keq expression is treated as an ordinary algebraic equation, and solved for the hi concentration : you can verify that in example 7 the hi concentration was less than this equilibrium value ; in example 8 it was more ; and in example 9 it was just this value. | one - tenth of a mole, 0. 10 mole, of hydrogen iodide is placed in an otherwise empty 5. 0 liter flask at 448\u00b0c. when the contents have come to equilibrium, how much hydrogen and iodine will be in the flask? | from the stoichiometry of the reaction, the concentrations of h2 and i2 must be the same. for every mole of h2 and i2 formed, 2 moles of hi must decompose. let y equal the number of moles of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6067052171470118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.163755"} {"text": "0 can be solved by the quadratic formula, thus for this problem the first solution is physically impossible since it shows more h2 reacting than was originally present. the second solution is the correct answer : y = 0. 935 10 - 3 mole liter - 1. therefore, the equilibrium concentrations are units and equilibrium constants as we have seen, the square brackets around a chemical symbol, as in [ n2 ], represent concentrations, usually but not exclusively in units of moles liter - 1. concentrations expressed as moles liter - 1 are often given the special symbol c, as in cn2, the concentrations measured in these units is denoted by kc. an equilibrium constant as we have defined it thus far may itself have units. in example 1, keq is unitless since the moles2 1iter - 2 of the numerator and denominator cancel. in example 2, the units of keq are moles - 1 liter since concentration occurs to the second power in the numerator and to the third power in the denominator. in example 3 the units of keq are the inverse : moles liter - 1. the units demanded by example 4, moles1 / 2 liter - 1 / 2, may seem strange but they are perfectly respectable. | what are the units for the equilibrium constants in the four reactions of example 5? | the keq expression is treated as an ordinary algebraic equation, and solved for the hi concentration : the question of units for keq becomes important as soon as we realize that we can measure concentration in units other than moles liter - 1. the partial pressure in atmospheres is a convenient unit when dealing with gas mixtures, and the equilibrium constant then is identified by kp. since the numerical values of kp and kc in general will be different, one must be sure what the units are when using a numerical constant. | one step in the commercial synthesis of sulfuric acid is the reaction of sulfur dioxide and oxygen to make sulfur trioxide : at 1000 k, the equilibrium constant for this reaction is kp = 3. 50 atm - 1. if the total pressure in the reaction chamber is 1. 00 atm and the partial pressure of unused 02 at equilibrium is 0. 10 atm, what is the ratio of concentrations of product ( s03 ) to reactant ( s02 )? the equilibrium mixture has 0. 59 mole of s03 for every 1 mole of s02. the ideal gas law permits us to convert between atmospheres", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5670080235898614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.166202"} {"text": "of concentrations of product ( s03 ) to reactant ( s02 )? the equilibrium mixture has 0. 59 mole of s03 for every 1 mole of s02. the ideal gas law permits us to convert between atmospheres and moles liter - 1, and between kp and kc : pv = nrt ( 3 - 8 ) ( 4 - 12 ) in the general chemical reaction written earlier, \u03b4n ( read \" delta n \" ), the increase in number of moles of gas during the reaction, is n = c + d - a - b ( 4 - 13 ) the equilibrium - constant expression in terms of partial pressures is with the ideal gas law applied to each gas component, we can convert this expression to kc : ( rt ) \u03b4n = kc ( rt ) \u03b4n ( 4 - 15 ) ( do not confuse the two uses of the symbol c in equation 4 - 15 : one is for concentration in moles liter - 1 and the other for the number of moles of substance c. ) | what is the numerical value of kc for the reaction of example 14? | three moles of reactant gases are converted into only 2 moles of product, so \u03b4n = - 1. hence at 1000 k, although the numerical answers that result when different units are used may differ, the physical reality must be the same. | what is the concentration of oxygen in example 14, in moles liter - 1? solve example 14 again using kc from example 15. | three moles of reactant gases are converted into only 2 moles of product, so \u03b4n = - 1. hence at 1000 k, this is the same ration of so _ 3 to so _ 4 as was obtained when atmospheres were used. the choice is one of convenience. equilibrium involving gases with liquids or solids all the examples considered so far have involved only one physical state, a gas, and are examples of homogeneous equilibria. equilibria that involve two or more physical states ( such as a gas with a liquid or a solid ) are called hetergenous equilibria. if one or more of the reactants or products are solids or liquids, how does this affect the form of the equilibrium constant? the answer, in short, is that any pure solids or liquids that may be present at equilibrium have the same effect on the equilibrium no matter how much solid or liquid is present. the concentration of a pure solid or liquid can be considered constant, and for convenience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5485027373709637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.167300"} {"text": ", in short, is that any pure solids or liquids that may be present at equilibrium have the same effect on the equilibrium no matter how much solid or liquid is present. the concentration of a pure solid or liquid can be considered constant, and for convenience all such constant terms are brought to the left side of the equation and incorporated into the equilibrium constant itself. as an example, limestone ( calcium carbonate, caco3 ), breaks down into quicklime ( calcium oxide, cao ) and carbon dioxide, co2 : the simple equilibrium - constant expression is - k ' eq = as long as any solid limestone and quicklime are in contact with the gas, their effect on the equilibrium is unchanging. hence the terms [ caco3 ] and [ cao ] remain constant and can be merged with k ' eq : - keq = k ' eq [ co2 ( g ) ] this form of the equilibrium - constant expression tells us that, at a given temperature, the concentration of carbon - dioxide gas above limestone and calcium oxide is a fixed quantity. ( this is true only as long as both solid forms are present. ) measuring concentration in units of atmospheres, we get - kp = pco2 with the experimental value 0. 236 atm at 800\u00b0c. we can see what this means experimentally by considering a cylinder to which caco, and cao have been added. the cylinder has a movable piston, as shown in figure 4 - 2. if the piston is fixed at one position, then caco3 will decompose until the pressure of co2 above the solids is 0. 236 atm ( if the temperature is 800\u00b0c ). if you try to decrease the pressure by raising the piston, then more caco3 will decompose until the pressure again rises to 0. 236 atm. conversely, if you try to increase the pressure by lowering the piston, some of the co2 gas will react with cao and become caco3 decreasing the amount of co2 gas present until the pressure once more is 0. 236 atm. the only way to increase pco2, is to raise the temperature, which increases the value of kp itself to 1 atm at 894\u00b0c and to 1. 04 atm at 900\u00b0c. an even simpler example is the vaporization of a liquid such as water : this process can be treated as a chemical reaction in a formal sense even though bonds within molecules are not made or broken. imagine that the cylinder shown in figure 4 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5998140609395325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.168296"} {"text": "room temperature, then iodine is present as deep purple crystals rather than as vapor. what then is the form of the equilibrium - constant expression, and does the equilibrium depend on the amount of iodine crystals present? | the reaction is and the equilibrium - constant expression is : as long as some i2 ( s ) crystals are present, the quantity is immaterial as far as equilibrium is concerned. | tin ( iv ) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form metallic tin and co2 by the reaction what is the equilibrium - constant expression? | what is the equilibrium - constant expression for the following reaction leading to liquid water? what would the expression be if the product were water vapor? if the product is h2o ( l ), the equilibrium - constant expression is if the product is h2o ( g ), the equilibrium - constant expression is the preceding example shows that as long as liquid water is present the gas - phase concentration is fixed at the vapor pressure of water at that temperature. hence the water contribution, being constant, can be lumped into keq. factors affecting equilibrium : le chatelier ' s principle equilibrium represents a balance between two opposing reactions. how sensitive is this balance to changes in the conditions of a reaction? what can be done to change the equilibrium state? these are very practical questions if, for example, one is trying to increase the yield of a useful product in a reaction. under specified conditions, the equilibrium - constant expression tells us the ratio of product to reactants when the forward and backward reactions are in balance. this equilibrium constant is not affected by changes in concentration of reactants or products. however, if products can be withdrawn continuously, then the reacting system can be kept constantly off - balance, or short of equilibrium. more reactants will be used and a continuous stream of new products will be formed. this method is useful when one product of the reaction can escape as a gas, be condensed or frozen out of a gas phase as a liquid or solid, be washed out of the gas mixture by a spray of a liquid in which it is especially soluble, or be precipitated from a gas or solution. for example, when solid lime ( cao ) and coke ( c ) are heated in an electric furnace to make calcium carbide ( cac2 ), the reaction, which at 2000 - 3000\u00b0c has an equilibrium constant of close to 1. 00, is tipped toward calcium carbide formation by the continuous removal of carbon monoxide gas. in the industrial manufacture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5714951147712248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.170608"} {"text": "dissociation to hydrogen and iodine is favored much more. the hydrogen iodide - producing reaction is exothermic or heat emitting : ( if you check this figure against appendix 3, remember that this reaction involves gaseous iodine, not solid. ) if the external temperature of this reaction is lowered, the equilibrium is shifted in favor of the heat - emitting or forward reaction ; conversely, if the temperature is increased, the reverse reaction, producing h2 and i2 is favored. the equilibrium shifts so as to counteract to some extent the effect of adding heat externally ( raising the temperature ) or removing it ( lowering the temperature ). the temperature dependence of the equilibrium point is one example of a more general principle, known as le chatelier ' s principle : if an external stress is applied to a system at chemical equilibrium, then the equilibrium point will change in such a way as to counteract the effects of that stress. if the forward half of an equilibrium reaction is exothermic, then keq will decrease as the temperature increases ; if it is endothermic, keq will increase. only for a heat - absorbing reaction can the equilibrium yield of products be improved by increasing the temperature. a good way to remember this is to write the reaction explicitly with a heat term : then it is clear that adding heat, just like adding hi, shifts the reaction to the left. ( see figure 4 - 3. ) le chatelier ' s principle is true for other kinds of stress, such as pressure changes. the equilibrium constant, keq, is not altered by a pressure change at constant temperature. however, the relative amounts of reactants and products will change in a way that can be predicted from le chatelier ' s principle. the hydrogen - iodine reaction involves an equal number ( 2 ) of moles of reactants and product. therefore, if we double the pressure at constant temperature, the volume of the mixture of gases will be halved. all concentrations in moles liter - 1 will be doubled, but their ratio will be the same. in example 12, doubling the concentrations of the reactants and product does not change the equilibrium constant : - keq = - = 50. 51 thus the hydrogen - iodine equilibrium is not sensitive to pressure changes. notice that in this case keq does not have units, since the concentration units in the numerator and denominator cancel. in contrast, the dissociation of ammonia is affected by changes in pressure because the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6054084933783543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.175266"} {"text": "not sensitive to pressure changes. notice that in this case keq does not have units, since the concentration units in the numerator and denominator cancel. in contrast, the dissociation of ammonia is affected by changes in pressure because the number of moles ( 2 ) of reactant does not equal the total number of moles ( 4 ) of products : the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 25\u00b0c is - keq = 2. 5 10 - 9 mole2 liter - 2 one set of equilibrium conditions is - n2 = 3. 28 10 - 3 mole liter - 1 - h2 = 2. 05 10 - 3 mole liter - 1 - nh3 = 0. 106 mole liter - 1 ( can you verify that these concentrations satisfy the equilibrium condition? ) if we now double the pressure at constant temperature, thereby halving the volume and doubling each concentration, - n2 = 6. 56 10 - 3 mole liter - 1 - h2 = 4. 10 10 - 3 mole liter - 1 - nh3 = 0. 212 mole liter - 1 the ratio of products to reactants, the reaction quotient, is no longer equal to keq : - q = 1. 0 10 - 8 mole2 liter - 2 since q is greater than keq, too many product molecules are present for equilibrium. the reverse reaction will run spontaneously, thereby forming more nh3 and decreasing the amounts of h2 and n2. consequently, part of the increased pressure is offset when the reaction shifts in the direction that lowers the total number of moles of gas present. in general, a reaction that reduces the number of moles of gas will be favored by an increase in pressure, and one that produces more gas will be disfavored. ( see figure 4 - 4. ) | if the hydrogen iodide reaction were run at a temperature at which the iodine was a solid, would an increase in pressure shift the equilibrium reaction toward more hi, or less? what would be the effect of pressure on keq? | since the reaction of 2 moles of gaseous hi now yields 1 mole of gaseous h2 and 1 mole of solid i2 the stress of increased pressure is relieved by dissociating hi to h2 and i2. however, keq will be unchanged by the pressure increase. what effect does a catalyst have on a reaction at equilibrium? none. a catalyst cannot change the value of keq, but it can increase the speed with which equilibrium is reached. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5746469719877332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.176377"} {"text": ". however, keq will be unchanged by the pressure increase. what effect does a catalyst have on a reaction at equilibrium? none. a catalyst cannot change the value of keq, but it can increase the speed with which equilibrium is reached. this is the main function of a catalyst. it can take the reaction only to the same equilibrium state that would be reached eventually without the catalyst. catalysts are useful, nevertheless. many desirable reactions, although spontaneous, occur at extremely slow rates under ordinary conditions. in automobile engines, the main smog - producing reaction involving oxides of nitrogen is ( once no is present, it reacts readily with more oxygen to make brown n02. ) at the high temperature of an automobile engine, keq for this reaction is so large that appreciable amounts of no are formed. however, at 25\u00b0c, keq = 10 - 30. ( using only the previous two bits of information and le chatelier ' s principle, predict whether the reaction as written is endothermic or exothermic. check your answer using data from appendix 3. ) the amount of no present in the atmosphere at equilibrium at 25\u00b0c should be negligible. no should decompose spontaneously to n2 and o2 as the exhaust gases cool. but any southern californian can verify that this is not what happens. both no and n02 are indeed present, because the gases of the atmosphere are not at equilibrium. the rate of decomposition of no is extremely slow, although the reaction is spontaneous. one approach to the smog problem has been to search for a catalyst for the reaction that could be housed in an exhaust system and could break down no in the exhaust gases as they cool. finding a catalyst is possible ; a practical problem arises from the gradual poisoning of the catalyst by gasoline additives, such as lead compounds. this is the reason why new cars with catalytic converters only use lead - free gasoline. a proof of the assertion that a catalyst cannot change the equilibrium constant is illustrated in figure 4 - 5. if a catalyst could shift the equilibrium point of a reacting gas mixture and produce a volume change, then this expansion and contraction could be harnessed by mechanical means and made to do work. we would have a true perpetual - motion machine that would deliver power without an energy source. from common sense and experience we know this to be impossible. this \" common sense \" is stated scientifically as the first law of thermodynamics, which will be discussed in chapter 15", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5889989268253446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.177365"} {"text": "motion machine that would deliver power without an energy source. from common sense and experience we know this to be impossible. this \" common sense \" is stated scientifically as the first law of thermodynamics, which will be discussed in chapter 15. a mathematician would call this a proof by contradiction : if we assume that a catalyst can alter keq, then we must assume the existence of a perpetual - motion machine. however, a perpetual - motion machine cannot exist ; therefore our initial assumption was wrong, and we must conclude that a catalyst cannot alter keq. in summary, keq is a function of temperature, but it is not a function of reactant or product concentrations, total pressure, or the presence or absence of catalysts. the relative amounts of substances at equilibrium can be changed by applying an external stress to the equilibrium mixture of reactants and products, and the change is one that will relieve this stress. this last statement, le chatelier ' s principle, enables us to predict what will happen to a reaction when external factors are changed, without having to make exact calculations. a spontaneous reaction is one that will take place, given enough time, without outside assistance. some spontaneous reactions are rapid, but time is not an element in the definition of spontaneity. a reaction can be almost infinitely slow and still be spontaneous. the net reaction that we observe is the result of competition between forward and reverse steps. if the forward process is faster, then products accumulate, and we say that the reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction. if the reverse process is faster, then reactants accumulate, and we say that the reverse reaction is the spontaneous one. if both forward and reverse processes take place at the same rate, then no net change is observed in any of the reaction components. this is the condition of chemical equilibrium. the ratio of products to reactants, each concentration term being raised to a power corresponding to the coefficient of that substance in the balanced chemical equation, is called the equilibrium constant, keq. ( see equation 4 - 8. ) it can be used to predict whether a given reaction under specified conditions will be spontaneous, and to calculate the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium. the reaction quotient, q, has a form that is identical with that of the equilibrium constant, keq, but q applies under nonequilibrium conditions as well. for a given set of conditions, if q is smaller than keq, the forward reaction is spontaneous ; if q is greater than keq,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6587032142594431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.178598"} {"text": "that of the equilibrium constant, keq, but q applies under nonequilibrium conditions as well. for a given set of conditions, if q is smaller than keq, the forward reaction is spontaneous ; if q is greater than keq, the reverse reaction is spontaneous ; and if q = keq, the system is at equilibrium. the equilibrium constant can be used with any convenient set of concentration units : moles liter - 1, pressure in atmospheres, or others. its numerical value will depend on the units of concentration, so one must be careful to match the proper values of keq and units when solving problems. if gas concentrations are expressed in moles liter - 1, the equilibrium constant is designated by kc ; if in atmospheres, by kp. just as partial pressure of the jth component of a gas mixture is related to moles per liter by pj = cjrt, so kp and kc are related by kp = kc ( rt ) \u03b4n, in which \u03b4n is the net change in number of moles of gas during the reaction. when some of the reactants or products are pure solids or liquids, they act as infinite reservoirs of material as long as some solid or liquid is left. their effect on equilibrium depends only on their presence, not on how much of the solid or liquid is present. their effective concentrations are constant, and can be incorporated into keq. in practice, this simply means omitting concentration terms for pure solids and liquids from the equilibrium - constant expression. evaporation of a liquid can be treated formally as a chemical reaction with the liquid as reactant and vapor as product. these conventions for writing concentration terms for a liquid permit us to write the equilibrium constant for evaporation as kp = pj where pj is the equilibrium vapor pressure of substance j. le chatelier ' s principle states that if stress is applied to a system at equilibrium the amounts of reactants and products will shift in such a manner as to minimize the stress. this means that for a heat - absorbing, or endothermic, reaction, keq increases as the temperature is increased, since carrying out more of the reaction is a way of absorbing some of the added heat. similarly, cooling increases keq for a heat - emitting or exothermic reaction. although the equilibrium constant keq is independent of pressure, and changing the total pressure on a reacting system does not alter keq directly, an increase in pressure does cause the reaction to shift in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6078402681915707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.181892"} {"text": "wikijunior : how things work / flush toilet who invented it? flush toilets were first used in parts of india and pakistan about 2, 700 years ago. the cities of harappa and mohenjo - daro had a flush toilet in almost every house, attached to a sophisticated sewage system. remains of sewage systems have been found in the houses of the minoan cities of crete and santorini in greece. there were also toilets in ancient egypt, persia and china. in roman civilization, toilets were sometimes part of public bath houses where men and women were together in mixed company. toilets are usually connected to a septic tank, or to a sewer. in 1775 alexander cummings invented the s - trap, which is still used today, that used standing water to seal the outlet of the bowl, preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer. his design had a sliding valve in the bowl outlet above the trap. the flush toilet is sometimes called a water closet. how does it get power? a toilet works because of gravity. when a flush lever is pulled, a plug will open, allowing water to flow out to fill the basin. when the basin is full enough, gravity causes the liquid to flow out through a bend in the pipe, called an s trap. how does it work? a flush toilet disposes of our waste products by using water to send them through a drainpipe to another location. it is sometimes called a water closet, or wc. the picture below shows a typical toilet. the toilet bowl usually has a ring - shaped seat on top, which is covered by the lid when not in use. the handle, or sometimes a button, is pressed to flush the toilet. the water used for flushing is stored in the tank ( also called a cistern ) the tank contains some important parts. the next picture shows the parts of a typical tank. the inlet valve controls the water supply coming into the tank. it lets water in when the tank is empty, and stops water coming in when the tank is full. the float ball rises as the tank fills with water. as it rises, the float rod attached to it presses against the inlet valve. when the tank is full, the rod is pressing against the inlet valve hard enough to turn the water off. this stops the tank from overflowing. when you press the handle, a lever inside the tank pulls the piston up, forcing some water through the siphon. this provides suction in the siphon, and the rest of the water follows, emptying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4394705177233376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.187093"} {"text": "the tank from overflowing. when you press the handle, a lever inside the tank pulls the piston up, forcing some water through the siphon. this provides suction in the siphon, and the rest of the water follows, emptying the tank. the tank empties quite quickly, and the float ball floats to the bottom. that means the float rod is no longer pressing against the valve, so water begins to flow into the tank, filling it up again. the water which left the tank goes through a short pipe to the toilet bowl. it sloshes around the rim, down the sides of the bowl, and out through the drainpipe, cleaning the bowl and carrying the waste with it. some of the clean water coming behind remains at the bottom of the toilet bowl. that ' s because modern toilets have an ' s ' bend which remains filled with water between flushing. the water in the ' s ' bend stops bad odours escaping from the drainpipe. during flushing the ' s ' bend also provides siphon action which helps speed up the flushing process. however, since this type of toilet does not generally handle waste on site, separate waste treatment systems must be built. how dangerous is it? the danger from a toilet isn ' t immediately obvious like that from a hot stove, but people have known for a long time that flushing a toilet can produce very small droplets of water known as aerosols. these aerosols can contain bacteria and viruses that are in the toilet. because the aerosols float through the air and land on surfaces that people might later touch, there is a risk of becoming infected. this has been believed to be a major cause for outbreak of atypical pneumonia within several high - rise residential buildings in hong kong that are close to each other. what does it do? the flush cleans the bowl of the toilet, and under the rim where it is difficult to clean. it carries waste matter to a drain, which then takes it to a treatment plant or septic tank. how does it vary? toilets come in many different types. there are chemical toilets, which use chemicals to neutralize the waste instead of water. there are composting toilets, which are better for the environment because they turn the waste into natural compost. there are even incinerating toilets, which burn the waste. some toilets have extra fixtures such as grab - bars for wheelchair users. some toilets have a water jet built into them like a bidet. some have heated seats, and lids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4436732055199869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.188107"} {"text": "##post. there are even incinerating toilets, which burn the waste. some toilets have extra fixtures such as grab - bars for wheelchair users. some toilets have a water jet built into them like a bidet. some have heated seats, and lids that open and close automatically. and some will even check your blood pressure and temperature. different toilets use different amounts of water per flush. older models use 13 or even 19 liters per flush while newer models use 6 liters ( 1. 6 gallons ) per flush. today, some well - designed 6 liter toilets flush better than lesser toilets that use 2 - 3 times more water per flush. the design of the surfaces that control the flow of water make a big difference! how has it changed the world? the toilet has made homes, towns and cities cleaner places to live in. because water cleans the toilets very well, highly contagious diseases cannot spread as easily as in the past, where very often thousands of people died at the same time, and to keep epidemics under control, cities and villages weren ' t allowed to grow beyond a certain population. wc helps public health of today to keep higher standards than in the past. that allows us today to live in much bigger cities than in the past, not being afraid of getting sick. big cities were a requirement to start the industrial revolution in the 1800s. we see that although wc seems to be an invention of minor importance, its impact to our modern world was much greater. the toilet has also created a whole new profession like plumber and his associated industry. what idea ( s ) and / or inventions had to be developed before it could be created? to have a flush toilet in your house, first of all one has to have fresh and clean water supply. a better organization of the cities was needed for that. the lever and the siphon also had to be invented before the flush toilet could have come into being.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47815228751223193, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.189133"} {"text": "automatic number plate recognition automatic number plate recognition ( anpr ; see also other names below ) is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read vehicle registration plates. they can use existing closed - circuit television or road - rule enforcement cameras, or ones specifically designed for the task. they are used by various police forces and as a method of electronic toll collection on pay - per - use roads and cataloging the movements of traffic or individuals. anpr can be used to store the images captured by the cameras as well as the text from the license plate, with some configurable to store a photograph of the driver. systems commonly use infrared lighting to allow the camera to take the picture at any time of the day. anpr technology tends to be region - specific, owing to plate variation from place to place. concerns about these systems have centered on privacy fears of government tracking citizens ' movements, misidentification, high error rates, and increased government spending. other names anpr is sometimes known by various other terms : - automatic license - plate recognition ( alpr ) - automatic vehicle identification ( avi ) - car plate recognition ( cpr ) - license - plate recognition ( lpr ) - lecture automatique de plaques d ' immatriculation ( lapi ) development history anpr was invented in 1976 at the police scientific development branch in the uk. prototype systems were working by 1979, and contracts were let to produce industrial systems, first at emi electronics, and then at computer recognition systems ( crs ) in wokingham, uk. early trial systems were deployed on the a1 road and at the dartford tunnel. the first arrest through detection of a stolen car was made in 1981. the software aspect of the system runs on standard home computer hardware and can be linked to other applications or databases. it first uses a series of image manipulation techniques to detect, normalize and enhance the image of the number plate, and then optical character recognition ( ocr ) to extract the alphanumerics of the license plate. anpr systems are generally deployed in one of two basic approaches : one allows for the entire process to be performed at the lane location in real - time, and the other transmits all the images from many lanes to a remote computer location and performs the ocr process there at some later point in time. when done at the lane site, the information captured of the plate alphanumeric, date - time, lane identification, and any other information required is completed in approximately 250 milliseconds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.551407157839247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.251421"} {"text": "the ocr process there at some later point in time. when done at the lane site, the information captured of the plate alphanumeric, date - time, lane identification, and any other information required is completed in approximately 250 milliseconds. this information can easily be transmitted to a remote computer for further processing if necessary, or stored at the lane for later retrieval. in the other arrangement, there are typically large numbers of pcs used in a server farm to handle high workloads, such as those found in the london congestion charge project. often in such systems, there is a requirement to forward images to the remote server, and this can require larger bandwidth transmission media. anpr uses optical character recognition ( ocr ) on images taken by cameras. when dutch vehicle registration plates switched to a different style in 2002, one of the changes made was to the font, introducing small gaps in some letters ( such as p and r ) to make them more distinct and therefore more legible to such systems. some license plate arrangements use variations in font sizes and positioning \u2014 anpr systems must be able to cope with such differences in order to be truly effective. more complicated systems can cope with international variants, though many programs are individually tailored to each country. the cameras used can include existing road - rule enforcement or closed - circuit television cameras, as well as mobile units, which are usually attached to vehicles. some systems use infrared cameras to take a clearer image of the plates. anpr in mobile systems recent advances in technology have taken automatic number plate recognition ( anpr ) systems from fixed applications to mobile ones. scaled - down components at more cost - effective price points have led to a record number of deployments by law enforcement agencies around the world. smaller cameras with the ability to read license plates at high speeds, along with smaller, more durable processors that fit in the trunks of police vehicles, allow law enforcement officers to patrol daily with the benefit of license plate reading in real time, when they can interdict immediately. despite their effectiveness, there are noteworthy challenges related with mobile anprs. one of the biggest is that the processor and the cameras must work fast enough to accommodate relative speeds of more than 100 mph ( 160 km / h ), a likely scenario in the case of oncoming traffic. this equipment must also be very efficient since the power source is the vehicle battery, and equipment must be small to minimize the space it requires. relative speed is only one issue that affects the camera ' s ability to actually read a license plate. algorithms must", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48085051454823835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.252559"} {"text": "this equipment must also be very efficient since the power source is the vehicle battery, and equipment must be small to minimize the space it requires. relative speed is only one issue that affects the camera ' s ability to actually read a license plate. algorithms must be able to compensate for all the variables that can affect the anpr ' s ability to produce an accurate read, such as time of day, weather and angles between the cameras and the license plates. a system ' s illumination wavelengths can also have a direct impact on the resolution and accuracy of a read in these conditions. installing anpr cameras on law enforcement vehicles requires careful consideration of the juxtaposition of the cameras to the license plates they are to read. using the right number of cameras and positioning them accurately for optimal results can prove challenging, given the various missions and environments at hand. highway patrol requires forward - looking cameras that span multiple lanes and are able to read license plates at very high speeds. city patrol needs shorter range, lower focal length cameras for capturing plates on parked cars. parking lots with perpendicularly parked cars often require a specialized camera with a very short focal length. most technically advanced systems are flexible and can be configured with a number of cameras ranging from one to four which can easily be repositioned as needed. states with rear - only license plates have an additional challenge since a forward - looking camera is ineffective with incoming traffic. in this case one camera may be turned backwards. there are six primary algorithms that the software requires for identifying a license plate : - plate localization \u2013 responsible for finding and isolating the plate on the picture. - plate orientation and sizing \u2013 compensates for the skew of the plate and adjusts the dimensions to the required size. - normalization \u2013 adjusts the brightness and contrast of the image. - character segmentation \u2013 finds the individual characters on the plates. - optical character recognition. - syntactical / geometrical analysis \u2013 check characters and positions against country - specific rules. the complexity of each of these subsections of the program determines the accuracy of the system. during the third phase ( normalization ), some systems use edge detection techniques to increase the picture difference between the letters and the plate backing. a median filter may also be used to reduce the visual noise on the image. there are a number of possible difficulties that the software must be able to cope with. these include : - poor image resolution, usually because the plate is too far away but sometimes resulting from the use of a low - quality camera. - blur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49704763890421116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.253598"} {"text": "image. there are a number of possible difficulties that the software must be able to cope with. these include : - poor image resolution, usually because the plate is too far away but sometimes resulting from the use of a low - quality camera. - blurry images, particularly motion blur. - poor lighting and low contrast due to overexposure, reflection or shadows. - an object obscuring ( part of ) the plate, quite often a tow bar, or dirt on the plate. - a different font, popular for vanity plates ( some countries do not allow such plates, eliminating the problem ). - circumvention techniques. - lack of coordination between countries or states. two cars from different countries or states can have the same number but different design of the plate. while some of these problems can be corrected within the software, it is primarily left to the hardware side of the system to work out solutions to these difficulties. increasing the height of the camera may avoid problems with objects ( such as other vehicles ) obscuring the plate but introduces and increases other problems, such as the adjusting for the increased skew of the plate. on some cars, tow bars may obscure one or two characters of the license plate. bikes on bike racks can also obscure the number plate, though in some countries and jurisdictions, such as victoria, australia, \" bike plates \" are supposed to be fitted. some small - scale systems allow for some errors in the license plate. when used for giving specific vehicles access to a barricaded area, the decision may be made to have an acceptable error rate of one character. this is because the likelihood of an unauthorized car having such a similar license plate is seen as quite small. however, this level of inaccuracy would not be acceptable in most applications of an anpr system. imaging hardware at the front end of any anpr system is the imaging hardware which captures the image of the license plates. the initial image capture forms a critically important part of the anpr system which, in accordance to the garbage in, garbage out principle of computing, will often determine the overall performance. license plate capture is typically performed by specialized cameras designed specifically for the task. factors which pose difficulty for license plate imaging cameras include speed of the vehicles being recorded, varying ambient lighting conditions, headlight glare and harsh environmental conditions. most dedicated license plate capture cameras will incorporate infrared illumination in order to solve the problems of lighting and plate reflectivity. many countries now use license plates that are retroreflective. this returns the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5381465489514683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.254618"} {"text": "lighting conditions, headlight glare and harsh environmental conditions. most dedicated license plate capture cameras will incorporate infrared illumination in order to solve the problems of lighting and plate reflectivity. many countries now use license plates that are retroreflective. this returns the light back to the source and thus improves the contrast of the image. in some countries, the characters on the plate are not reflective, giving a high level of contrast with the reflective background in any lighting conditions. a camera that makes use of active infrared imaging ( with a normal colour filter over the lens and an infrared illuminator next to it ) benefits greatly from this as the infrared waves are reflected back from the plate. this is only possible on dedicated anpr cameras, however, and so cameras used for other purposes must rely more heavily on the software capabilities. further, when a full - colour image is required as well as use of the anpr - retrieved details it is necessary to have one infrared - enabled camera and one normal ( colour ) camera working together. to avoid blurring it is ideal to have the shutter speed of a dedicated camera set to 1 / 1000 of a second. because the car is moving, slower shutter speeds could result in an image which is too blurred to read using the ocr software, especially if the camera is much higher up than the vehicle. in slow - moving traffic, or when the camera is at a lower level and the vehicle is at an angle approaching the camera, the shutter speed does not need to be so fast. shutter speeds of 1 / 500 of a second can cope with traffic moving up to 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) and 1 / 250 of a second up to 5 mph ( 8 km / h ). license plate capture cameras can now produce usable images from vehicles traveling at 120 mph ( 190 km / h ). to maximize the chances of effective license plate capture, installers should carefully consider the positioning of the camera relative to the target capture area. exceeding threshold angles of incidence between camera lens and license plate will greatly reduce the probability of obtaining usable images due to distortion. manufacturers have developed tools to help eliminate errors from the physical installation of license plate capture cameras circumvention techniques vehicle owners have used a variety of techniques in an attempt to evade anpr systems and road - rule enforcement cameras in general. one method increases the reflective properties of the lettering and makes it more likely that the system will be unable to locate the plate or produce a high enough level of contrast to be able to read it. this is typically done by using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5280557792150196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.255629"} {"text": "enforcement cameras in general. one method increases the reflective properties of the lettering and makes it more likely that the system will be unable to locate the plate or produce a high enough level of contrast to be able to read it. this is typically done by using a plate cover or a spray, though claims regarding the effectiveness of the latter are disputed. in most jurisdictions, the covers are illegal and covered under existing laws, while in most countries there is no law to disallow the use of the sprays. other users have attempted to smear their license plate with dirt or utilize covers to mask the plate. novelty frames around texas license plates were made illegal in texas on 1 september 2003 by texas senate bill 439 because they caused problems with anpr devices. that law made it a class c misdemeanor ( punishable by a fine of up to us $ 200 ), or class b ( punishable by a fine of up to us $ 2, 000 and 180 days in jail ) if it can be proven that the owner did it to deliberately obscure their plates. the law was later clarified in 2007 to allow novelty frames. if an anpr system cannot read the plate it can flag the image for attention, with the human operators looking to see if they are able to identify the alphanumerics. in order to avoid surveillance or penalty charges, there has been an upsurge in car cloning. this is usually achieved by copying registration plates from another car of a similar model and age. this can be difficult to detect, especially as cloners may change the registration plates and travel behavior to hinder investigations. other possible options include ir emitting leds around the license plate which would serve to \" blind \" cameras. police enforcement several state police forces, and the department of justice ( victoria ) utilise both fixed and mobile anpr systems. the new south wales police force highway patrol were the first to trial and use a fixed anpr camera system in australia in 2005. in 2009 they began a roll - out of a mobile anpr system ( known officially as manpr ) with three infrared cameras fitted to its highway patrol fleet. the system identifies unregistered and stolen vehicles as well as disqulified or suspended drivers as well as other ' persons of interest ' such as persons having outstanding warrants. on 11 march 2008, the federal constitutional court of germany ruled that some areas of the laws permitting the use of automated number plate recognition systems in germany violated the right to privacy. more specifically, the court found that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5092500536350195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.256648"} {"text": "such as persons having outstanding warrants. on 11 march 2008, the federal constitutional court of germany ruled that some areas of the laws permitting the use of automated number plate recognition systems in germany violated the right to privacy. more specifically, the court found that the retention of any sort of information ( i. e. number plate data ) which wasn ' t for any pre - destined use ( e. g. for use tracking suspected terrorists or for enforcement of speeding laws ) was in violation of german law. these systems were provided by jenoptik robot gmbh, and called trafficapture. the project of system integration \u00ab olli technology \u00bb and the ministry of internal affairs of ukraine department of state traffic inspection ( sti ) experiments on the introduction of a modern technical complex which is capable to locate stolen cars, drivers deprived of driving licenses and other problem cars in real time. the ukrainian complex \" video control \" working by a principle of video fixing of the car with recognition of license plates with check under data base. the city of mechelen uses an anpr system since september 2011 to scan all cars crossing the city limits ( inbound and outbound ). cars listed on ' black lists ' ( no insurance, stolen, etc. ) generate an alarm in the dispatching room, so they can be intercepted by a patrol. as of early 2012, 1 million cars per week are automatically checked in this way. several hungarian auxiliary police units use a system called matrix police in cooperation with the police. it consists of a portable computer equipped with a webcam that scans the stolen car database using automatic number plate recognition. the system is installed on the dashboard of selected patrol vehicles ( pda based handheld versions also exist ) and is mainly used to control the license plate of parking cars. as the auxiliary police doesn ' t have the authority to order moving vehicles to stop, if a stolen car is found, the formal police is informed. several cities have tested and some have put into service the \" city security administration system \" i. e. capital ankara has debuted kgys - \" kent guvenlik yonetim sistemi \" which consists of a registration plate number recognition system on the main arteries and city exits. the system has been used with two cameras per lane, one for plate recognition, one for speed detection. now the system has been widened to network all the registration number cameras together, and enforcing average speed over preset distances. some arteries have 70kmh limit, and some 50 kmh, and photo evidence with date - time details are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5395678971305664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.257701"} {"text": "speed detection. now the system has been widened to network all the registration number cameras together, and enforcing average speed over preset distances. some arteries have 70kmh limit, and some 50 kmh, and photo evidence with date - time details are posted to registration address if speed violation is detected. as of 2012, the fine for exceeding the speed limit for more than 30 % is approximately usd 175. united kingdom the uk has an extensive ( anpr ) automatic number plate recognition cctv network. effectively, the police and security services track all car movements around the country and are able to track any car in close to real time. vehicle movements are stored for 2 years in the national anpr data center to be analyzed for intelligence and to be used as evidence. in 1997 a system of one hundred anpr cameras, codenamed glutton, was installed to feed into the automated british military intelligence systems in northern ireland. further cameras were also installed on the british mainland, including unspecified ports on the east and west coasts. united states in the united states, anpr systems are more commonly referred to as alpr ( automatic license plate reader / recognition ) technology, due to differences in language ( i. e. \" number plates \" are referred to as \" license plates \" in american english ) jurisdictions in the u. s. have stated a number of reasons for alpr surveillance cameras, ranging from locating drivers with suspended licenses or no insurance, to finding stolen vehicles and \" amber alerts \". with funding from the insurance lobby, oklahoma introduced alpr with the promise of eliminating uninsured motorists, by integrating it with its existing pikepass hybrid rfid / ocr toll collection system, and unmarked police vehicles used for intelligence gathering. oklahoma replaced all license tags with alpr - compatible plates in 2009. in arizona, insurance companies are helping to fund the purchase of alpr systems for their local law enforcement agencies to aid in the recovery of stolen vehicles. other alpr uses include parking enforcement, and revenue collection from individuals who are delinquent on city or state taxes or fines. the technology is often featured in the reality tv show parking wars featured on a & e network. in the show, tow truck drivers and booting teams use the alpr to find delinquent vehicles with high amounts of unpaid parking fines. a recent initiative by new york state deployed alpr systems to catch car thieves by tracing suspect plates back to forged documents. police from albany, new york also scan vehicles in their parking lots to check visitors for warrants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48566243302856305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.258761"} {"text": "amounts of unpaid parking fines. a recent initiative by new york state deployed alpr systems to catch car thieves by tracing suspect plates back to forged documents. police from albany, new york also scan vehicles in their parking lots to check visitors for warrants. in addition to the real - time processing of license plate numbers, alpr systems in the us collect ( and can indefinitely store ) data from each license plate capture. images, dates, times and gps coordinates can be stockpiled and can help place a suspect at a scene, aid in witness identification, pattern recognition or the tracking of individuals. such data can be used to create specialized databases that can be shared among departments or individuals ( such as insurers, banks or auto recovery \" repo - men \". ) specialized databases can also be used to compile personal information on individuals such as journalists suspected gang members, employees of a business, patrons of a bar, etc., and be shared by e - mail or portable flash media. from time to time, states will make significant changes in their license plate protocol that will affect ocr accuracy. they may add a character or add a new license plate design. alpr systems must adapt to these changes quickly in order to be effective. for the most part, however, the north american design will be based on a variation of the \" zurich extra condensed \" font. another challenge with alpr systems is that some states have the same license plate protocol. for example more than one state uses the standard three letters followed by four numbers. so each time the alpr systems alarms, it is the user \u2019 s responsibility to make sure that the plate which caused the alarm matches the state associated with the license plate listed on the in - car computer. average - speed cameras this works by tracking vehicles ' travel time between two fixed points, and calculating the average speed. these cameras are claimed to have an advantage over traditional speed cameras in maintaining steady legal speeds over extended distances, rather than encouraging heavy braking on approach to specific camera locations and subsequent acceleration back to illegal speeds. the netherlands average speed cameras ( trajectcontrole ) are in place in the netherlands since 2002. as of july 2009, 12 such cameras are operating, mostly in the west of the country and along the a12. some of these are divided in several \u201c sections \u201d to allow for cars leaving and entering the motorway. a first experimental system was tested on a short stretch of the a2 in 1997 and was deemed a big success by the police, reducing overspeeding to 0.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.51744791297833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.259904"} {"text": "these are divided in several \u201c sections \u201d to allow for cars leaving and entering the motorway. a first experimental system was tested on a short stretch of the a2 in 1997 and was deemed a big success by the police, reducing overspeeding to 0. 66 %, compared to 5 to 6 % when regular speed cameras were used at the same location. the first permanent average speed cameras were installed on the a13 in 2002, shortly after the speed limit was reduced to 80 km / h to limit noise and air pollution in the area. in 2007, average speed cameras resulted in 1. 7 million fines for overspeeding out of a total of 9. 7 millions. according to the dutch attorney general, the average number of violation of the speed limits on motorway sections equipped with average speed cameras is between 1 and 2 %, compared to 10 to 15 % elsewhere. one of the most notable stretches of average speed cameras in the uk is found on the a77 road in scotland, with 32 miles ( 51 km ) being monitored between glasgow and ayr. in 2006 it was confirmed that speeding tickets could potentially be avoided from the ' specs ' cameras by changing lanes and the rac foundation feared that people may play \" russian roulette \" changing from one lane to another to lessen their odds of being caught. however, in 2007 the system was upgraded for multi - lane use and in 2008 the manufacturer described the \" myth \" as \u201c categorically untrue \u201d. there exists evidence that implementation of systems such as specs has a considerable effect on the volume of drivers travelling at excessive speeds ; on the stretch of road mentioned above ( a77 between glasgow and ayr ) there has been noted a \" huge drop \" in speeding violations since the introduction of a specs system. traffic control many cities and districts have developed traffic control systems to help monitor the movement and flow of vehicles around the road network. this had typically involved looking at historical data, estimates, observations and statistics such as : - car park usage - pedestrian crossing usage - number of vehicles along a road - areas of low and high congestion - frequency, location and cause of road works cctv cameras can be used to help traffic control centres by giving them live data, allowing for traffic management decisions to be made in real - time. by using anpr on this footage it is possible to monitor the travel of individual vehicles, automatically providing information about the speed and flow of various routes. these details can highlight problem areas as and when they occur and helps the centre to make informed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45230025608205315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.261088"} {"text": "time. by using anpr on this footage it is possible to monitor the travel of individual vehicles, automatically providing information about the speed and flow of various routes. these details can highlight problem areas as and when they occur and helps the centre to make informed incident management decisions. some counties of the united kingdom have worked with siemens traffic to develop traffic monitoring systems for their own control centres and for the public. projects such as hampshire county council ' s romanse provide an interactive and real - time web site showing details about traffic in the city. the site shows information about car parks, ongoing road works, special events and footage taken from cctv cameras. anpr systems can be used to provide average driving times along particular routes, giving drivers the ability to choose which one to take. romanse also allows travellers to see the current situation using a mobile device with an internet connection ( such as wap, gprs or 3g ), thus allowing them to be alerted to any problems that are ahead. the uk company trafficmaster has used anpr since 1998 to estimate average traffic speeds on non - motorway roads without the results being skewed by local fluctuations caused by traffic lights and similar. the company now operates a network of over 4000 anpr cameras, but claims that only the four most central digits are identified, and no numberplate data is retained. - ieee transactions on intelligent transportation systems ( ieee intelligent transportation systems society ) published some papers on the plate number recognition technologies and applications. [ relevant? ] electronic toll collection toll roads ontario ' s 407 etr highway uses a combination of anpr and radio transponders to toll vehicles entering and exiting the road. radio antennas are located at each junction and detect the transponders, logging the unique identity of each vehicle in much the same way as the anpr system does. without anpr as a second system it would not be possible to monitor all the traffic. drivers who opt to rent a transponder for c $ 2. 55 per month are not charged the \" video toll charge \" of c $ 3. 60 for using the road, with heavy vehicles ( those with a gross weight of over 5, 000 kg ) being required to use one. using either system, users of the highway are notified of the usage charges by post. - the golden gate bridge in san francisco, california began using an all - electronic tolling system combining fastrak and anpr on march 27, 2013. - nc quick pass for the interstate 540 ( north carolina ) triangle expressway in wake county, north carolina - bridge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.480318203031063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.262166"} {"text": "gate bridge in san francisco, california began using an all - electronic tolling system combining fastrak and anpr on march 27, 2013. - nc quick pass for the interstate 540 ( north carolina ) triangle expressway in wake county, north carolina - bridge pass for the saint john harbour bridge in saint john, new brunswick - quickpass at the golden ears bridge, crossing the fraser river between langley and maple ridge - citylink & eastlink in melbourne, australia - gateway motorway and logan motorway, brisbane, australia - fastrak in california, united states - highway 6 in israel - tunnels in hong kong - autopista central in santiago, chile ( site in spanish ) - e - zpass in new york, new jersey, massachusetts ( as fast lane until 2012 ), virginia ( formerly smart tag ), and other states. maryland route 200 uses a combination of e - zpass and anpr. - tolltag in north texas. - i - pass in illinois - pike pass in oklahoma. - ogs ( otomatik gecis sistemi ) used at bosphorus bridge, fatih sultan mehmet bridge, and trans european motorway entry points in istanbul, turkey. - m50 westlink toll in dublin, ireland - hi - pass in south korea - northern gateway, sh 1, auckland, new zealand - governor albert d. rosellini bridge, seattle, wa | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( december 2012 ) | portuguese roads have old highways with toll station where drivers can pay with cards and also lanes where there are electronic collection systems. however most new highways only have the option of electronic toll collection system. the electronic toll collection system comprises three different structures : anpr which works with infrared cameras and reads license plates from every vehicle lasers to measure the volumetry of the vehicle to confirm whether it is a regular car or if it is a suv or truck as charges are very different rfid - like to read smart tags that cars can have installed. when the smart tag is installed, the car is quickly identified and owners bank account is automatically deducted. this process is realized at any speed up to over 250 km per hour. if the car does not have the smart tag, the driver is required to go to a pay station to pay the tolls between 3rd and 5th day after with a surplus charge. if he fails to do so, the owner is sent a letter home with a heavy fine. if this is not paid, it increases five - fold and after that, the car is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4924786361684675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.263187"} {"text": "tolls between 3rd and 5th day after with a surplus charge. if he fails to do so, the owner is sent a letter home with a heavy fine. if this is not paid, it increases five - fold and after that, the car is inserted into a police database for vehicle impounding. this system is also used in some limited access areas of main cities to allow only entry from pre - registered residents. it is planned to be implemented both in more roads and in city entrance toll collection / access restriction. the efficacy of the system is considered to be so high that it is almost impossible for the driver to complain. charge zones \u2013 the london congestion charge the london congestion charge is an example of a system that charges motorists entering a payment area. transport for london ( tfl ) uses anpr systems and charges motorists a daily fee of \u00a310 paid before 10pm if they enter, leave or move around within the congestion charge zone between 7 a. m. and 6 : 00 p. m., monday to friday. a reduced fee of \u00a39 is paid by vehicle owners who sign up for the automatic deduction scheme. fines for traveling within the zone without paying the charge are \u00a360 per infraction if paid before the deadline, doubling to \u00a3120 per infraction thereafter. there are currently 1, 500 cameras, which use automatic number plate recognition ( anpr ) technology. there are also a number of mobile camera units which may be deployed anywhere in the zone. it is estimated that around 98 % of vehicles moving within the zone are caught on camera. the video streams are transmitted to a data centre located in central london where the anpr software deduces the registration plate of the vehicle. a second data centre provides a backup location for image data. both front and back number plates are being captured, on vehicles going both in and out \u2013 this gives up to four chances to capture the number plates of a vehicle entering and exiting the zone. this list is then compared with a list of cars whose owners / operators have paid to enter the zone \u2013 those that have not paid are fined. the registered owner of such a vehicle is looked up in a database provided by the dvla. in stockholm, sweden, anpr is used for the stockholm congestion tax, owners of cars driving into or out of the inner city must pay a charge, depending on the time of the day. from 2013, also for the gothenburg congestion tax, which also includes vehicles passing the city on the main highways. the introduction of anpr systems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46853448309536483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.264291"} {"text": "cars driving into or out of the inner city must pay a charge, depending on the time of the day. from 2013, also for the gothenburg congestion tax, which also includes vehicles passing the city on the main highways. the introduction of anpr systems has led to fears of misidentification and the furthering of 1984 - style surveillance. in the united states, some such as gregg easterbrook oppose what they call \" machines that issue speeding tickets and red - light tickets \" as the beginning of a slippery slope towards an automated justice system : - \" a machine classifies a person as an offender, and you can ' t confront your accuser because there is no accuser... can it be wise to establish a principle that when a machine says you did something illegal, you are presumed guilty? \" similar criticisms have been raised in other countries. easterbrook also argues that this technology is employed to maximize revenue for the state, rather than to promote safety. the electronic surveillance system produces tickets which in the us are often in excess of $ 100, and are virtually impossible for a citizen to contest in court without the help of an attorney. the revenues generated by these machines are shared generously with the private corporation that builds and operates them, creating a strong incentive to tweak the system to generate as many tickets as possible. older systems had been notably unreliable ; in the uk this has been known to lead to charges being made incorrectly with the vehicle owner having to pay \u00a310 in order to be issued with proof ( or not ) of the offense. improvements in technology have drastically decreased error rates, but false accusations are still frequent enough to be a problem. perhaps the best known incident involving the abuse of an anpr database in north america is the case of edmonton sun reporter kerry diotte in 2004. diotte wrote an article critical of edmonton police use of traffic cameras for revenue enhancement, and in retaliation was added to an anpr database of \" high - risk drivers \" in an attempt to monitor his habits and create an opportunity to arrest him. the police chief and several officers were fired as a result, and the office of the privacy commissioner of canada expressed public concern over the \" growing police use of technology to spy on motorists. \" other concerns include the storage of information that could be used to identify people and store details about their driving habits and daily life, contravening the data protection act along with similar legislation ( see personally identifiable information ). the laws in the uk are strict for any system that uses cctv footage and can identify individuals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5205365554616842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.265285"} {"text": "identify people and store details about their driving habits and daily life, contravening the data protection act along with similar legislation ( see personally identifiable information ). the laws in the uk are strict for any system that uses cctv footage and can identify individuals. there is also a case in the uk for saying that use of anpr cameras is against the law under the regulation of investigatory powers act 2000. the breach exists, some say, in the fact that anpr is used to monitor the activities of law - abiding citizens and treats everyone like the suspected criminals intended to be surveyed under the act. the police themselves have been known to refer to the system of anpr as a \" 24 / 7 traffic movement database \" which is a diversion from its intended purpose of identifying vehicles involved in criminal activities. the associated press reported in august 2011 that new york police department cars and license plate tracking equipment purchased with federal hidta ( high intensity drug trafficking area ) funds were used to spy on muslims at mosques, and to track the license plate numbers of worshipers. police in unmarked cars outfitted with electronic license plate readers would drive down the street and automatically catalog the plates of everyone parked near the mosque, amassing a covert database that would be distributed among officers and used to profile muslims in public. other uses anpr systems may also be used for / by : - section control, to measure average vehicle speed over longer distances. - border crossings - automobile repossessions - petrol stations to log when a motorist drives away without paying for their fuel. - a marketing tool to log patterns of use - targeted advertising, a - la \" minority report \" - style billboards. - traffic management systems, which determine traffic flow using the time it takes vehicles to pass two anpr sites - analyses of travel behaviour ( route choice, origin - destination etc. ) for transport planning purposes - drive through customer recognition, to automatically recognize customers based on their license plate and offer them the items they ordered the last time they used the service, improving service to the customer. - to assist visitor management systems in recognizing guest vehicles. - police and auxiliary police - car parking companies. related research society measuring anpr system performance a 2008 article in parking trend international discussed a disparity in claimed vs. experienced license plate recognition read rates, with manufacturers claiming that their recognition engines can correctly report 98 % of the time, although customers experience only 90 % to 94 % success, even with new equipment under perfect conditions. early systems were reportedly only 60 % to 80 % reliable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5322071829400695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.266407"} {"text": "read rates, with manufacturers claiming that their recognition engines can correctly report 98 % of the time, although customers experience only 90 % to 94 % success, even with new equipment under perfect conditions. early systems were reportedly only 60 % to 80 % reliable. true system error rate is the product of its subsystem error rates ( image capture, license plate image extraction, lp image interpretation ) ; slight increases in subsystem error rates can produce dramatic reductions of read rates. the effects of real - world interfering factors on read rate are not uniformly specified or tested by manufacturers. the article states \" there is a need for the industry to adopt a standard performance measurement protocol to enable potential customers assess the best fit for their particular requirements. \" see also | wikimedia commons has media related to : automatic number plate recognition | - ai effect - applications of artificial intelligence - facial recognition system - road policing unit - specs ( speed camera ) - closed circuit television - ieee intelligent transportation systems society - \" anpr tutorial \". anpr tutorial. 15 august 2006. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" an introduction to anpr \". cctv - information. co. uk. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" plate recognition \". photocop. com. - \" algorithm for license plate recognition \". visl, technion. 2002. - \" a real - time vehicle license plate recognition ( lpr ) \". visl, technion, 2003 - \" an approach to license plate recognition \" ( pdf ). university of calgary. 1996. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - draghici, sorin ( 1997 ). \" a neural network based artificial vision system for license plate recognition \" ( pdf ). dept. of computer science, wayne state university. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" license plate recognition in turkey ( plaka okuma sistemi ) \". grimedia. com. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - kwasnicka, halina ; wawrzyniak, bartosz ( 2002 ). \" license plate localization and recognition in camera pictures \" ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - kahraman, fatih ; gokmen, muhittin ( 2003 ). \" license plate character segmentation based on the gabor transform and vector quantization \" ( pdf ). archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 24. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - ondrej martins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5568785310564943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.267291"} {"text": ". edmonton sun. 21 september 2005. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" embossed license plate fonts vs. 3m \u2019 s default font for flat digital plates \". leewardpro. com. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" section control : 24. 000 raser angezeigt \" ( in german ). austria : orf. at. 7 june 2010. - \" ecco come funziona il tutor in autostrada - notizie brevi - news - informazione - a. s. a. p. s. il portale della sicurezza stradale \". asaps. it. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03. - \" description of the system \" ( in dutch ). dutch attorney general. 31 december 2009. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" llegan los radares de velocidad media a espana \" ( in spanish ). noticias. coches. com. 23 september 2009. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" speeding tickets can potentially be avoided by changing lanes \". the daily mail ( london ). 15 october 2006. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. \" the home office admitted last night that drivers can avoid being caught the by hi - tech ' specs ' cameras which calculate a car ' s average speed over a long distance. \" - \" frequently asked question over trajectcontrole \" ( in dutch ). dutch attorney general. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" niemand rijdt meer te hard op de a2 \" ( in dutch ). trouw. 18 october 1997. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" nummerborden lezen op de a13 \" ( in dutch ). trouw. 6 may 2002. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - kreling, tom ( 28 august 2008 ). \" een duur foutje van de computer \" ( in dutch ). nrc handelsblad. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" specs - average speed cameras on specs \". a77safetygroup. com. 14 july 2005. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" jeremy clarkson tilts at windmills \u2013 speed camera avoidance is an urban myth \". the register. 21 july 2008. retrieved 23 january 2012. - \" autostrade s. p. a \" ( in ( italian ) ). autostrade. it. 2008 - 05", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43506716845544313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.269141"} {"text": ". net \". london : the register. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" anpr strategy for the police service 2005 / 2006 \". acpo ( association of chief police officers ) anpr steering group. 17 march 2005. archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 31. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" driving crime down \" ( pdf ). london : uk government home office. october 2004. retrieved 29 march 2005. - constant, mike. \" anpr \". cctv information. archived from the original on 21 march 2005. retrieved 30 march 2005. - hofman, yoram. \" license plate recognition \u2013 a tutorial \". archived from the original on 24 march 2005. retrieved 28 march 2005. - lucena, raul ( 24 august 2006 ). \" automatic number plate recognition tutorial \". anpr - tutorial. com. - lettice, john ( 24 march 2005 ). \" no hiding place? uk number plate cameras go national \". the register. archived from the original on 28 march 2005. retrieved 28 march 2005. - \" recognizing a new way to keep traffic moving \". siemens traffic. archived from the original on 17 april 2005. retrieved 3 april 2005. - clements, jon ( 11 march 2008 ). \" uk : traffic camera data dropped in gutter \". mirror. co. uk. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" clements \". the mirror ( uk ). 11 march 2008. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. unknown parameter - \" regulation of investigatory powers act 2000 \". legislation. gov. uk. the national archives. 2000. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" police number plate cameras may breach ripa - commissioner \". theregister. com. 17 july 2006. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" money for nothing : the drug war and the war on muslims \". - \" nypd defends tactics over mosque spying ; records reveal new details on muslim surveillance \". - \" section control \". verkeershandhaving dossiers. archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 12. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. - \" high - tech system helps repo man find cars \". wftv. november 11, 2009. - \" uk billboards equipped with license plate spy cameras \". thenewspaper. com. 25 september 2009. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24. unknown parameter - \" extreme cctv announces contract for stockholm traffic cameras \" ( pdf )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49398950350127113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.271054"} {"text": "| | this article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. ( december 2011 ) | a counterfactual conditional, subjunctive conditional, or remote conditional, abbreviated cf, is a conditional ( or \" if - then \" ) statement indicating what would be the case if its antecedent were true ( although it is not true ). this is to be contrasted with an indicative conditional, which indicates what is ( in fact ) the case if its antecedent is ( in fact ) true ( which it may or may not be ). the difference between indicative and counterfactual conditionals, in a context of past time reference, can be illustrated with a pair of examples in which the if clause is in the past indicative in the first example but in the pluperfect subjunctive in the second : - if oswald did not shoot kennedy, then someone else did. - if oswald had not shot kennedy, then someone else would have. the protasis ( the if clause ) of the first sentence may or may not be true according to the speaker, so the apodosis ( the then clause ) also may or may not be true ; the apodosis is said by the speaker to be true if the protasis is true. in this sentence the if clause and the then clause are both in the past tense of the indicative mood. in the second sentence, the speaker is speaking with a certainty that oswald did shoot kennedy ( according to the speaker, the protasis is false ), and therefore the main clause deals with the counterfactual result \u2014 what would have happened. in this sentence the if clause is in the pluperfect subjunctive form of the subjunctive mood, and the then clause is in the conditional perfect form of the conditional mood. a corresponding pair of examples with present time reference uses the present indicative in the if clause of the first sentence but the past subjunctive in the second sentence ' s if clause : - if it is raining, then he is inside. - if it were raining, then he would be inside. here again, in the first sentence the if clause may or may not be true ; the then clause may or may not be true but certainly ( according to the speaker ) is true conditional on the if clause being true. here both the if clause and the then clause are in the present indicative. in the second sentence, the if clause is not true, while the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5256751989861836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.285481"} {"text": "not be true but certainly ( according to the speaker ) is true conditional on the if clause being true. here both the if clause and the then clause are in the present indicative. in the second sentence, the if clause is not true, while the then clause may or may not be true but certainly would be true in the counterfactual circumstance of the if clause being true. in this sentence the if clause is in the past subjunctive form of the subjunctive mood, and the then clause is in the conditional mood. people engage in counterfactual thinking frequently. experimental evidence indicates that people ' s thoughts about counterfactual conditionals differ in important ways from their thoughts about indicative conditionals. participants in experiments were asked to read sentences, including counterfactual conditionals, e. g., ' if mark had left home early he would have caught the train '. afterwards they were asked to identify which sentences they had been shown. they often mistakenly believed they had been shown sentences corresponding to the presupposed facts, e. g., ' mark did not leave home early ' and ' mark did not catch the train ' ( fillenbaum, 1974 ). in other experiments, participants were asked to read short stories that contained counterfactual conditionals, e. g., ' if there had been roses in the flower shop then there would have been lilies '. later in the story they read sentences corresponding to the presupposed facts, e. g., ' there were no roses and there were no lilies '. the counterfactual conditional ' primed ' them to read the sentence corresponding to the presupposed facts very rapidly ; no such priming effect occurred for indicative conditionals ( santamaria, espino, and byrne, 2005 ). they spend different amounts of time ' updating ' a story that contains a counterfactual conditional compared to one that contains factual information ( de vega, urrutia, and riffo, 2007 ) and they focus on different parts of counterfactual conditionals ( ferguson and sanford, 2008 ). experiments have compared the inferences people make from counterfactual conditionals and indicative conditionals. given a counterfactual conditional, e. g., ' if there had been a circle on the blackboard then there would have been a triangle ', and the subsequent information ' in fact there was no triangle ', participants make the modus tollens inference ' there was no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5269198697701002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.286665"} {"text": "e. g., ' if there had been a circle on the blackboard then there would have been a triangle ', and the subsequent information ' in fact there was no triangle ', participants make the modus tollens inference ' there was no circle ' more often than they do from an indicative conditional ( byrne and tasso, 1999 ). given the counterfactual conditional and the subsequent information ' in fact there was a circle ', participants make the modus ponens inference as often as they do from an indicative conditional. psychological accounts ruth m. j. byrne proposed in the rational imagination : how people create alternatives to reality that people construct mental representations that encompass two possibilities when they understand, and reason from, a counterfactual conditional, e. g., ' if oswald had not shot kennedy, then someone else would have '. they envisage the conjecture ' oswald did not shoot kennedy and someone else did ' and they also think about the presupposed facts ' oswald did shoot kennedy and someone else did not ' ( byrne, 2005 ). according to the mental model theory of reasoning, they construct mental models of the alternative possibilities, as described in deduction ( johnson - laird and byrne, 1991 ). philosophical treatments in order to distinguish counterfactual conditionals from material conditionals, a new logical connective ' > ' is defined, where a > b can be interpreted as \" if it were the case that a, then it would be the case that b. \" the truth value of a material conditional, a \u2192 b, is determined by the truth values of a and b. this is not so for the counterfactual conditional a > b, for there are different situations agreeing on the truth values of a and b but which yield different evaluations of a > b. for example, if keith is in germany, the following two conditionals have both a false antecedent and a false consequent : - if keith were in mexico then he would be in africa. - if keith were in mexico then he would be in north america. indeed, if keith is in germany, then all three conditions \" keith is in mexico \", \" keith is in africa \", and \" keith is in north america \" are false. however, ( 1 ) is obviously false, while ( 2 ) is true as mexico is part of north america. possible world semantics philosophers such as david lewis and robert stalnaker modeled counterfactuals using the possible world semantics of modal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5900358591676017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.287672"} {"text": ", ( 1 ) is obviously false, while ( 2 ) is true as mexico is part of north america. possible world semantics philosophers such as david lewis and robert stalnaker modeled counterfactuals using the possible world semantics of modal logic. the semantics of a conditional a > b are given by some function on the relative closeness of worlds where a is true and b is true, on the one hand, and worlds where a is true but b is not, on the other. on lewis ' s account, a > c is ( a ) vacuously true if and only if there are no worlds where a is true ( for example, if a is logically or metaphysically impossible ) ; ( b ) non - vacuously true if and only if, among the worlds where a is true, some worlds where c is true are closer to the actual world than any world where c is not true ; or ( c ) false otherwise. although in lewis ' s counterfactuals it was unclear what he meant by ' closeness ', in later writings, lewis made it clear that he did not intend the metric of ' closeness ' to be simply our ordinary notion of overall similarity. consider an example : - if i had eaten more at breakfast, i would not have been hungry at 11am. on lewis ' s account, the truth of this statement consists in the fact that, among possible worlds where i ate more for breakfast, there is at least one world where i am not hungry at 11am and which is closer to our world than any world where i ate more for breakfast but am still hungry at 11am. stalnaker ' s account differs from lewis ' s most notably in his acceptance of the limit and uniqueness assumptions. the uniqueness assumption is the thesis that, for any antecedent a, there is a unique possible world where a is true, while the limit assumption is the thesis that, for a given antecedent a, there is a unique set of worlds where a is true that are closest. ( notice that the uniqueness assumption entails the limit assumption, but the limit assumption does not entail the uniqueness assumption. ) on stalnaker ' s account, a > c is non - vacuously true if and only if, at the closest world where a is true, c is true. so, the above example is true just in case at the single, closest world where i eat more breakfast, i don ' t feel hungry at 11am.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5815194997877421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.288666"} {"text": "if and only if, at the closest world where a is true, c is true. so, the above example is true just in case at the single, closest world where i eat more breakfast, i don ' t feel hungry at 11am. although it is controversial, lewis rejected the limit assumption ( and therefore the uniqueness assumption ) because it rules out the possibility that there might be worlds that get closer and closer to the actual world without limit. for example, there might be an infinite series of worlds, each with my coffee cup a smaller fraction of an inch to the left of its actual position, but none of which is uniquely the closest. ( see lewis 1973 : 20. ) one consequence of stalnaker ' s acceptance of the uniqueness assumption is that, if the law of excluded middle is true, then all instances of the formula ( a > c ) \u2228 ( a > \u00acc ) are true. the law of excluded middle is the thesis that for all propositions p, p \u2228 \u00acp is true. if the uniqueness assumption is true, then for every antecedent a, there is a uniquely closest world where a is true. if the law of excluded middle is true, any consequent c is either true or false at that world where a is true. so for every counterfactual a > c, either a > c or a > \u00acc is true. this is called conditional excluded middle ( cem ). consider the following example : - ( 1 ) if the coin had been flipped, it would have landed heads. - ( 2 ) if the coin had been flipped, it would have landed tails ( i. e. not heads ). on stalnaker ' s analysis, there is a closest world where the coin mentioned in ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) is flipped and at that world either it lands heads or it lands tails. so either ( 1 ) is true and ( 2 ) is false or ( 1 ) is false and ( 2 ) true. on lewis ' s analysis, however, both ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) are false, for the worlds where the coin lands heads are no more or less close than the worlds where they land tails. for lewis, ' if the coin had been flipped, it would have landed heads or tails ' is true, but this does not entail that ' if the coin had been flipped, it would have landed heads, or : if the coin had been flipped it would have landed tails. ' other accounts counter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5640500439985765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.289655"} {"text": "it would have landed heads or tails ' is true, but this does not entail that ' if the coin had been flipped, it would have landed heads, or : if the coin had been flipped it would have landed tails. ' other accounts counterfactual conditionals may also be evaluated using the so - called ramsey test : a > b holds if and only if the addition of a to the current body of knowledge has b as a consequence. this condition relates counterfactual conditionals to belief revision, as the evaluation of a > b can be done by first revising the current knowledge with a and then checking whether b is true in what results. revising is easy when a is consistent with the current beliefs, but can be hard otherwise. every semantics for belief revision can be used for evaluating conditional statements. conversely, every method for evaluating conditionals can be seen as a way for performing revision. ginsberg ( 1986 ) has proposed a semantics for conditionals which assumes that the current beliefs form a set of propositional formulae, considering the maximal sets of these formulae that are consistent with a, and adding a to each. the rationale is that each of these maximal sets represents a possible state of belief in which a is true that is as similar as possible to the original one. the conditional statement a > b therefore holds if and only if b is true in all such sets. within empirical testing the counterfactual conditional is the basis of experimental methods for establishing causality in the natural and social sciences, e. g., whether taking antibiotics helps cure bacterial infection. for every individual, u, there is a function that specifies the state of u ' s infection under two hypothetical conditions : had u taken antibiotic and had u not taken antibiotic. only one of these states can be observed in any instance, since they are mutually exclusive. the overall effect of antibiotic on infection is defined as the difference between these two states, averaged over the entire population. if the treatment and control groups are selected at random, the effect of antibiotic can be estimated by comparing the rates of recovery in the two groups. the tight connection between causal and counterfactual relations has prompted judea pearl ( 2000 ) to reject both the possible world semantics and those of ramsey and ginsberg. the latter was rejected because causal information cannot be encoded as a set of beliefs, and the former because it is difficult to fine - tune lewis ' s similarity measure to match causal intuition. pearl defines counterfactuals directly in terms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6049206006339216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.290793"} {"text": "ginsberg. the latter was rejected because causal information cannot be encoded as a set of beliefs, and the former because it is difficult to fine - tune lewis ' s similarity measure to match causal intuition. pearl defines counterfactuals directly in terms of a \" structural equation model \" - - a set of equations, in which each variable is assigned a value that is an explicit function of other variables in the system. given such a model, the sentence \" y would be y had x been x \" ( formally, x = x > y = y ) is defined as the assertion : if we replace the equation currently determining x with a constant x = x, and solve the set of equations for variable y, the solution obtained will be y = y. this definition has been shown to be compatible with the axioms of possible world semantics and forms the basis for causal inference in the natural and social sciences, since each structural equation in those domains corresponds to a familiar causal mechanism that can be meaningfully reasoned about by investigators. see also - english conditional sentences - indicative conditional - irrealis moods - logical consequence - material conditional - optative mood - principle of explosion - subjunctive mood - thought experiment - possible world semantics - bennett, jonathan. ( 2003 ). a philosophical guide to conditionals. oxford university press. - bonevac, d. ( 2003 ). deduction, introductory symbolic logic. 2nd ed. blackwell publishers. - byrne, r. m. j. ( 2005 ). the rational imagination : how people create alternatives to reality. cambridge, m. a. : mit press. - byrne, r. m. j. & tasso, a. ( 1999 ). deductive reasoning with factual, possible, and counterfactual conditionals. memory & cognition. 27, 726 - 740. - de vega, m., urrutia, m., riffo, b. ( 2007 ). canceling updating in the comprehension of counterfactuals embedded in narrative. memory & cognition, 35, 1410 - 1421. - edgington, dorothy. ( 2001 ). \" conditionals \". in goble, lou, ed., the blackwell guide to philosophical logic. blackwell. - edgington, dorothy. ( 2006 ). \" conditionals \". the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, edward zalta ( ed. ). - ferguson, h. j. and sanford, a. j. ( 2008 ) anomalies in real and counterfactual worlds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6447771699473477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.291749"} {"text": "2006 ). \" conditionals \". the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, edward zalta ( ed. ). - ferguson, h. j. and sanford, a. j. ( 2008 ) anomalies in real and counterfactual worlds : an eye - movement investigation. j. mem. lang. 58, 609 - 626. - fillenbaum, s. ( 1974 ). information amplified : memory for counterfactual conditionals. journal of experimental psychology, 102, 44 - 49. - johnson - laird, p. n. and byrne, r. m. j. ( 1991 ). deduction. hillsdale, nj : erlbaum. - morgan, stephen l. and christopher winship. ( 2007 ). \" counterfactuals and causal inference : methods and principles of social research \". cambridge eprint. - ginsberg, m. l. ( 1986 ). \" counterfactuals \". artificial intelligence, 30 : 35 - 79. - lewis, david. ( 1973 ). counterfactuals. blackwell publishers. isbn 0 - 631 - 22425 - 4 - santamaria, c., espino, o. and byrne, r. m. j. ( 2005 ). counterfactual and semifactual conditionals prime alternative possibilities. journal of experimental psychology : learning, memory and cognition. 31, 1149 \u2013 1154 - thompson, v. and byrne, r. m. j. ( 2002 ). reasoning about things that didn ' t happen. journal of experimental psychology : learning, memory, and cognition. 28, 1154 - 1170.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5703804602454421, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.292327"} {"text": "history and location the church at dode was built during the reign of william ii of england at some point between 1087 and 1100. it was built on a man - made mound. the nearby hill is known as \" holly hill \" which is a corruption of \" holy hill \", and the lane which leads to the village is \" wrangling lane \", showing that the mound could be the site of a meeting place. the church stands at the end of a 10 - mile long easterly running ley line connecting three pre - reformation churches, two roman sites, a bronze age burial ground, and two of the medway megaliths - the coffin stone and kit ' s coty house. the village of dode was virtually wiped out by the black death during the 14th century, and its church last used as a place of worship in 1367, then deconsecrated on the orders of thomas trilleck, the bishop of rochester. it was originally twinned with another early norman church in paddlesworth ( now in snodland ). according to local legend, the last survivor of the black death at dode was a seven - year - old girl known as the dodechild. it is said she took refuge in the church after all the other villagers were dead, and died within its walls. the dodechild is supposed to haunt the churchyard, having first appeared on a sunday morning each month for several years, and then every seven years. rebuilding of the church following the black death, the village was abandoned, and the church stood empty for centuries. in 1901 it was purchased by an antiquarian, george m arnold, mayor of gravesend. he restored the walls and roof of the church and in 1954 the arnold family returned the building to the catholic church. it was rededicated as the church of our lady of the meadows and mass was celebrated there at least once a year. eventually the building deteriorated again and was vandalised. in 1990 doug chapman, a chartered surveyor who had worked at canterbury cathedral, purchased the church and began restoring the building, originally with the intention of turning it into a weekend home. since 1999 it has been licensed as a civil wedding venue. the wedding venue hit the british press in december 2009 because of the snowfall which occurred across the country. a bride - to - be called bbc radio kent for assistance when she realised that the transport arranged for her wedding would not be able to travel down the narrow lane to dode. a number of volunteers stepped forward, providing enough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39072303529874136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.296642"} {"text": "occurred across the country. a bride - to - be called bbc radio kent for assistance when she realised that the transport arranged for her wedding would not be able to travel down the narrow lane to dode. a number of volunteers stepped forward, providing enough four - wheel drive cars to transport the wedding party and their guests both to the venue at dode, and then afterwards to the leather bottle pub in cobham. see also - glancey, jonathan ( 1996 - 04 - 16 ). \" one man ' s revival of ancient english rites \". independent. co. uk. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19. - chapman, doug. \" a brief history of dode \". dodevillage. com. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19. - \" the lost village of dowde \". haunted kent. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18. [ dead link ] - \" a brief explanatory note on the churches and parishes of paddlesworth and dode \". medway. gov. uk. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19. - \" tq6663 : dowde ( or dode ) church \". geograph. co. uk. 2006 - 06 - 26. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18. - \" george matthews arnold \". discover gravesham. gravesham borough council. retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14. - \" a history of english martyrs strood \". church handbook 1975 \u2013 6. english martyrs roman catholic church. 1975. retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14. - pattison, jo ( 2009 - 12 - 14 ). \" discover the lost village of dode \". bbc news. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18. - \" snow almost stops bride getting to the church on time... until some kindly villagers step in \". daily mail. 2009 - 12 - 18. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.421533228306622, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.297522"} {"text": "lord william montagu douglas scott | this article does not cite any references or sources. ( february 2008 ) | lieutenant - colonel lord william walter montagu douglas scott mc ( 17 january 1896 \u2013 30 january 1958 ) was a scottish aristocrat and politician. the 2nd son of john montagu douglas scott, 7th duke of buccleuch, he was educated at eton college and at the royal military college, sandhurst. he was commissioned into the 10th hussars. promoted lieutenant in 1915, he won the military cross in 1918 and was shortly afterwards promoted captain. from 1925 to 1926 he was adc to the governor - general of canada. he retired in 1927. he rejoined the army in the second world war, serving in italy and reaching the rank of lieutenant - colonel. in 1937 he married lady rachel douglas home ( 10 april 1910 \u2013 4 apr 1996 ), younger daughter of charles douglas - home, 13th earl of home. the couple had one son and four daughters, and lived at eildon hall, st boswells, roxburghshire. - hansard 1803 \u2013 2005 : contributions in parliament by lord william montagu douglas scott | parliament of the united kingdom | earl of dalkeith | member of parliament for roxburgh and selkirk archibald james florence macdonald | this article about a conservative member of the parliament of the united kingdom born in the 1890s is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.39580584975635486, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.298929"} {"text": "position as emperor was now secure, manuel ordered the release of isaac. then he ordered 2 golden pieces to be given to every householder in constantinople and 200 pounds of gold ( including 200 silver pieces annually ) to be given to the byzantine church. the empire that manuel inherited from his father had undergone great changes since its foundation by constantine, eight centuries before. in the time of his predecessor justinian i ( 527 \u2013 565 ), parts of the former western roman empire had been recovered including italy, africa and part of spain. however, the empire had diminished greatly following this, the most obvious change had occurred in the 7th century : the soldiers of islam had taken egypt, palestine and much of syria away from the empire irrevocably. they had then swept on westwards into what in the time of constantine had been the western provinces of the roman empire, in north africa and spain. in the centuries since, the emperors had ruled over a realm that largely consisted of asia minor in the east, and the balkans in the west. in the late 11th century the byzantine empire entered a period of marked military and political decline, which had been arrested and largely reversed by the leadership of manuel ' s grandfather and father. yet the empire that manuel inherited was a polity facing formidable challenges. at the end of the 11th century, the normans of sicily had removed italy from the control of the byzantine emperor. the seljuk turks had done the same with central anatolia. and in the levant, a new force had appeared \u2013 the crusader states \u2013 who presented the byzantine empire with new challenges. now, more than at any time during the preceding centuries, the task facing the emperor was daunting indeed. second crusade and raynald of chatillon prince of antioch the first test of manuel ' s reign came in 1144, when he was faced with a demand by raymond, prince of antioch for the cession of cilician territories. however, later that year the crusader county of edessa was engulfed by the tide of a resurgent islamic jihad under imad ad - din atabeg zengi. raymond realized that immediate help from the west was out of the question. with his eastern flank now dangerously exposed to this new threat, there seemed little option but for him to prepare for a humiliating visit to constantinople. swallowing his pride, he made the journey north to ask for the protection of the emperor. after submitting to manuel, he was promised the support that he had requested, and his allegiance to byzantium was secured", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4149886766954865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.352754"} {"text": "for a humiliating visit to constantinople. swallowing his pride, he made the journey north to ask for the protection of the emperor. after submitting to manuel, he was promised the support that he had requested, and his allegiance to byzantium was secured. expedition against konya in 1146 manuel assembled his army at the military base lopadion and set out on a punitive expedition against masud the sultan of rum, who had been repeatedly violating the frontiers of the empire in western anatolia and cilicia. there was no attempt at a systematic conquest of territory, but manuel ' s army defeated the turks at acroenus, before capturing and destroying the fortified town of philomelion, removing its remaining christian population. the byzantine forces reached masud ' s capital, konya, and ravaged the area around the city, but could not assault its walls. amongst manuel ' s motives for mounting this razzia there included a wish to be seen in the west as actively espousing the crusading ideal ; kinnamos also attributed to manuel a desire to show off his martial prowess to his new bride. whilst on this campaign manuel received a letter from louis vii of france announcing his intention of leading an army to the relief of the crusader states. arrival of the crusaders manuel was prevented from following up his early successes in the east, for events to the west meant that his presence was urgently required in the balkans. in 1147 he granted a passage through his dominions to two armies of the second crusade under conrad iii of germany and louis vii of france. at this time, there were still members of the byzantine court who remembered the passage of the first crusade, which was a defining event in the collective memory of the age and one which had fascinated manuel ' s aunt, anna komnene. many byzantines feared the crusade, a view endorsed by the numerous acts of vandalism and theft practiced by the unruly armies as they marched through byzantine territory. byzantine troops followed the crusaders, attempting to police their behaviour, and further troops were assembled in constantinople, ready to defend the capital against any acts of aggression. this cautious approach was well advised, but still the numerous incidents of covert and open hostility between the franks and the greeks on their line of march, for which it seems both sides were to blame, nearly precipitated a conflict between manuel and his guests. manuel took the precaution \u2013 which his grandfather had not taken \u2013 of making repairs to the city walls, and pressed the two kings for guarantees concerning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3706733601048081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.353891"} {"text": "seems both sides were to blame, nearly precipitated a conflict between manuel and his guests. manuel took the precaution \u2013 which his grandfather had not taken \u2013 of making repairs to the city walls, and pressed the two kings for guarantees concerning the security of his territories. conrad ' s army was the first to enter the byzantine territory in the summer of 1147, and it figures more prominently in the byzantine sources, which imply that it was the most troublesome of the two. a [ \u203a ] after 1147, however, the relations between the two leaders became friendlier. by 1148 manuel had seen the wisdom of securing an alliance with conrad, whose sister - in - law bertha of sulzbach he had earlier married ; he actually persuaded the german king to renew their alliance against roger ii of sicily. unfortunately for the byzantine emperor, conrad died in 1152, and despite repeated attempts, manuel could not reach an agreement with his successor, frederick i barbarossa. b [ \u203a ] cyprus invaded yet manuel ' s attention was to be drawn to antioch again in 1156, when raynald of chatillon, the new prince of antioch, claimed that the byzantine emperor had reneged on his promise to pay him a sum of money, and vowed to attack the byzantine province of cyprus. he arrested the governor of the island and nephew of the emperor, john komnenos, and the general michael branas. the latin historian william of tyre deplored this act of war against fellow christians, and described the atrocities committed by raynald ' s men in considerable detail. having ransacked the island and plundered all its wealth, raynald ' s army mutilated the survivors before forcing them to buy back their flocks at exorbitant prices with what little they had left. thus enriched with enough booty to make antioch wealthy for years, the invaders boarded their ships and set sail for home. raynald also sent some of the mutilated hostages to constantinople as a vivid demonstration of his disobedience and his contempt for the byzantine emperor. manuel responded to this outrage in a characteristically energetic way. in the winter of 1158 \u2013 59, he marched to cilicia at the head of a huge army ; the speed of his advance ( manuel had hurried on ahead of the main army with 500 cavalry ) was such that he managed to surprise the armenian thoros of cilicia, who had participated in the attack on cyprus. all the towns and cities of cilic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3618391230620812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.355037"} {"text": "of his advance ( manuel had hurried on ahead of the main army with 500 cavalry ) was such that he managed to surprise the armenian thoros of cilicia, who had participated in the attack on cyprus. all the towns and cities of cilicia fell to manuel immediately, and thoros himself was forced to flee into the mountains at the last moment : he is said to have survived by sheltering alone under rocks on a hillside, where an old shepherd would bring him food to keep him alive. manuel in antioch meanwhile, news of the advance of the byzantine army soon reached antioch. realising that he had no hope of defeating manuel, raynald also knew that he could not expect any help from king baldwin iii of jerusalem. baldwin did not approve of raynald ' s attack on cyprus, and in any case had already made an agreement with manuel. thus isolated and abandoned by his allies, raynald decided that abject submission was his only hope. he appeared before the emperor, dressed in a sack and with a rope tied around his neck, and begged for forgiveness. manuel at first ignored the prostrate raynald, chatting with his courtiers ; william of tyre commented that this ignominious scene continued for so long that all present were \" disgusted \" by it. eventually, manuel forgave raynald on condition that he became a vassal of the empire, effectively surrendering the independence of antioch to byzantium. peace having been restored, a grand ceremonial procession was staged on 12 april 1159 for the triumphant entry of the byzantine army into the city, with manuel riding through the streets on horseback while the prince of antioch and the king of jerusalem followed on foot. manuel dispensed justice to the citizens, and presided over games and tournaments for the crowd. in may at the head of a united christian army he started on the road to edessa, but he abandoned the campaign, when he secured the release by nur ad - din, the ruler of syria, of 6, 000 christian prisoners captured in various battles since the second crusade. despite the glorious end of the expedition, it is argued by modern scholars that manuel finally achieved much less than he hoped in terms of imperial restoration. c [ \u203a ] satisfied with his efforts thus far, manuel headed back to constantinople. on their way back, his troops were surprised in line of march by the turks. despite this, they won a complete victory, routing the enemy army from the field and inflicting heavy losses. in the following year he drove", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3796276431733834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.356017"} {"text": "back to constantinople. on their way back, his troops were surprised in line of march by the turks. despite this, they won a complete victory, routing the enemy army from the field and inflicting heavy losses. in the following year he drove the turks out of isauria. italian campaign roger ii of sicily in 1147 manuel was faced with war by roger ii of sicily, whose fleet had captured the byzantine island of corfu and plundered thebes and corinth. however, despite being distracted by a cuman attack in the balkans, in 1148 manuel enlisted the alliance of conrad iii of germany, and the help of the venetians, who quickly defeated roger with their powerful fleet. in 1149, manuel recovered corfu and prepared to take the offensive against the normans, while roger ii sent george of antioch with a fleet of 40 ships to pillage constantinople ' s suburbs. manuel had already agreed with conrad on a joint invasion and partition of southern italy and sicily. the renewal of the german alliance remained the principal orientation of manuel ' s foreign policy for the rest of his reign, despite the gradual divergence of interests between the two empires after conrad ' s death. the death of roger in february 1154, who was succeeded by william i, combined with the widespread rebellions against the rule of the new king in sicily and apulia, the presence of apulian refugees at the byzantian court, and frederick barbarossa ' s ( conrad ' s successor ) failure to deal with the normans encouraged manuel to take advantage of the multiple instabilities that existed in the italian peninsula. he sent michael palaiologos and john doukas, both of whom held the high imperial rank of sebastos, with byzantine troops, 10 byzantine ships, and large quantities of gold to invade apulia ( 1155 ). the two generals were instructed to enlist the support of frederick barbarossa, since he was hostile to the normans of sicily and was south of the alps at the time, but he declined because his demoralised army longed to get back north of the alps as soon as possible. b [ \u203a ] nevertheless, with the help of disaffected local barons including count robert of loritello, manuel ' s expedition achieved astonishingly rapid progress as the whole of southern italy rose up in rebellion against the sicilian crown, and the untried william i. there followed a string of spectacular successes as numerous strongholds yielded either to force or the lure of gold. papal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3719433172454941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.357275"} {"text": "achieved astonishingly rapid progress as the whole of southern italy rose up in rebellion against the sicilian crown, and the untried william i. there followed a string of spectacular successes as numerous strongholds yielded either to force or the lure of gold. papal - byzantine alliance the city of bari, which had been the capital of the byzantine catapanate of southern italy for centuries before the arrival of the normans, opened its gates to the emperor ' s army, and the overjoyed citizens tore down the norman citadel. after the fall of bari, the cities of trani, giovinazzo, andria, taranto, and brindisi were also captured, and william who arrived with his army ( which included 2, 000 knights ) was heavily defeated. encouraged by the success, manuel dreamed of restoration of the roman empire at cost of union between orthodox and catholic church, a prospect which would frequently be offered to the pope during negotiations and plans for alliance. if there was ever a chance of reuniting the eastern and western churches, and coming to reconciliation with the pope permanently, this was probably the most favourable moment. the papacy was never on good terms with the normans, except when under duress by the threat of direct military action. having the \" civilised \" eastern roman empire on its southern border was infinitely preferable to the papacy than having to constantly deal with the troublesome normans of sicily. it was in pope hadrian iv ' s interests to reach a deal if at all possible, since doing so would greatly increase his own influence over the entire orthodox christian population. manuel offered a large sum of money to the pope for the provision of troops, with the request that the pope grant the byzantine emperor lordship of three maritime cities in return for assistance in expelling william from sicily. manuel also promised to pay 5, 000 pounds of gold to the pope and the curia. negotiations were hurriedly carried out, and an alliance was formed between manuel and hadrian. | \" alexios komnenos and doukas... had become captive to the sicilians ' lord [ and ] again ruined matters. for as they had already pledged to the sicilians many things not then desired by the emperor, they robbed the romans of very great and noble achievements. [ they ]... very likely deprived the roman of the cities too soon. \" | it was at this point, just as the war seemed decided in manuel ' s favour, that things started to go wrong for him. the byzantine commander michael pal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40896170027079853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.359348"} {"text": "they ]... very likely deprived the roman of the cities too soon. \" | it was at this point, just as the war seemed decided in manuel ' s favour, that things started to go wrong for him. the byzantine commander michael palaiologos had alienated byzantium ' s allies by his attitude, and this had stalled the campaign as count robert iii of loritello refused to speak to him. although the two were reconciled, the campaign had lost some of its momentum : michael was soon recalled to constantinople, and his loss was a major blow to the campaign. the turning point was the battle for brindisi, where the sicilians launched a major counterattack by both land and sea. at the approach of the enemy, the mercenaries that had been hired with manuel ' s gold demanded huge rises in their pay. when this was refused, they deserted. even the local barons started to melt away, and soon john doukas was left hopelessly outnumbered. the arrival of alexios komnenos bryennios with some ships did not retrieve the byzantine situation in any respect. d [ \u203a ] the naval battle was decided in the sicilians ' favour, while john doukas and alexios bryennios ( along with 4 byzantine ships ) were captured. manuel then sent alexios axouch to ancona to raise another army, but, by this time, william had already retaken all of the byzantine conquests in apulia. the defeat at brindisi put an end to the restored byzantine reign in italy ; in 1158 the byzantine army left italy, and never saw it again. both nicetas choniates and kinnamos, the major byzantine historians of this period, agree, however, that the peace terms axouch secured from william allowed manuel to extricate himself from the war with dignity, despite a devastating raid by a sicilian fleet of 164 ships ( carrying 10, 000 men ) on euboea and almira in 1156. failure of the church union during the italian campaign, and, afterwards, during the struggle of the papal curia with frederick, manuel tried to seduce the popes by hints of a possible union between the eastern and western churches. although in 1155 pope hadrian had expressed his eagerness to prompt the reunion of the catholic and orthodox churches, e [ \u203a ] hopes for a lasting papal - byzantine alliance came up against insuperable problems. pope adrian iv and his successors demanded recognition of their religious authority over all christians everywhere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3834743488086658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.360546"} {"text": "eagerness to prompt the reunion of the catholic and orthodox churches, e [ \u203a ] hopes for a lasting papal - byzantine alliance came up against insuperable problems. pope adrian iv and his successors demanded recognition of their religious authority over all christians everywhere, and wished themselves to reach superiority over the byzantine emperor ; they were not at all willing to fall into a state of dependence from one emperor to the other. manuel, on the other side, wanted an official recognition of his secular authority on both east and west. such conditions would not be accepted by either side. even if a pro - western emperor such as manuel agreed to it, the greek citizens of the empire would have rejected outright any union of this sort, as they did almost three hundred years later when the orthodox and catholic churches were briefly united under the pope. in spite of his friendliness towards the roman church and his cordial relations with all the popes, manuel was never honoured with the title of augustus by the popes. and although he sent twice ( in 1167 and 1169 ) an embassy to pope alexander iii offering to reunite the greek and latin churches, the latter refused, under pretext of the troubles that would follow that union. ultimately, a deal proved elusive, and the two churches have remained divided. the final results of the italian campaign were limited in terms of the advantages gained by the empire. the city of ancona became a byzantine base in italy, accepting the emperor as sovereign. the normans of sicily had been damaged, and now came to terms with the empire, ensuring peace for the rest of manuel ' s reign. the empire ' s ability to get involved in italian affairs had been demonstrated. however, given the enormous quantities of gold which had been lavished on the project, it also demonstrated the limits of what money and diplomacy alone could achieve. the expense of manuel ' s involvement in italy must have cost the treasury a great deal ( probably more than 2, 160, 000 hyperpyra or 30, 000 pounds of gold ), and yet it produced only limited solid gains. byzantine policy in italy after 1158 after 1158 and under the new conditions, the aims of the byzantine policy changed. now manuel decided to oppose the tendency of the hohenstaufen dynasty to annex italy, which frederick believed should acknowledge his power. when the war between frederick and the north italian cities started, manuel actively supported the lombard league with money subsidies. the walls of milan, demolished by the germans, were restored by the aid of the byzantine emperor. frederick '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38659547343599876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.361643"} {"text": "believed should acknowledge his power. when the war between frederick and the north italian cities started, manuel actively supported the lombard league with money subsidies. the walls of milan, demolished by the germans, were restored by the aid of the byzantine emperor. frederick ' s defeat at the battle of legnano, on 29 may 1176 seemed rather to improve manuel ' s position in italy. according to kinnamos, cremona, pavia, and a number of other \" ligurian \" cities went over to manuel ; his relations were also particularly favourable in regard to genoa, pisa, but not in regard to venice. in march 1171 manuel had suddenly broken with venice, ordering all 20, 000 venetians on imperial territory to be arrested and their property confiscated. venice, incensed, sent a fleet of 120 ships against byzantium, which, owing to an epidemic and being pursued by 150 byzantine ships, was forced to return without great success. in all probability, friendly relations between byzantium and venice were not restored in manuel ' s lifetime. balkan frontier on his northern frontier manuel expended considerable effort to preserve the conquests made by basil ii over one hundred years earlier and maintained, sometimes tenuously, ever since. due to distraction from his neighbours on the balkan frontier, manuel was kept from his main objective, the subjugation of the normans of sicily. relations had been good with the serbs and hungarians since 1129, so the serb rebellion came as a shock. the serbs of rascia, being so induced by roger ii of sicily, invaded byzantine territory in 1149. manuel forced the rebellious serbs, and their leader, uros ii, to vassalage ( 1150 \u2013 1152 ). he then made repeated attacks upon the hungarians with a view to annexing their territory along the sava. in the wars of 1151 \u2013 1153 and 1163 \u2013 1168 manuel led his troops into hungary and a spectacular raid deep into enemy territory yielded substantial war booty. in 1167, manuel sent 15, 000 men under the command of andronikos kontostephanos against the hungarians. kontostephanos scored a decisive victory at the battle of sirmium which enabled the byzantine empire to conclude a very advantageous peace with the hungarian kingdom by which syrmia, bosnia, and dalmatia were ceded. by 1168 nearly the whole of the eastern adriatic coast lay in manuel ' s hands. efforts were also made towards a diplomatic annexation of hungary. the hungarian heir bela, younger brother", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40406877647165135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.362913"} {"text": "which syrmia, bosnia, and dalmatia were ceded. by 1168 nearly the whole of the eastern adriatic coast lay in manuel ' s hands. efforts were also made towards a diplomatic annexation of hungary. the hungarian heir bela, younger brother of the hungarian king stephen iii, was sent to constantinople to be educated in the court of manuel, who intended the youth to marry his daughter, maria, and to make him his heir, thus securing the union of hungary with the empire. in the court bela assumed the name alexius and received the title of despot which had previously been applied only to the emperor himself. however, two unforeseen dynastic events drastically altered the situation. in 1169, manuel ' s young wife gave birth to a son, thus depriving bela of his status as heir of the byzantine throne ( although manuel would not renounce the croatian lands he had taken from hungary ). then, in 1172, stephen died childless, and bela went home to take his throne. before leaving constantinople, he swore a solemn oath to manuel that he would always \" keep in mind the interests of the emperor and of the romans \". bela iii kept his word : as long as manuel lived, he made no attempt to retrieve his croatian inheritance, which he only afterwards reincorporated into hungary. relations with russia manuel komnenos attempted to draw the russian principalities into his net of diplomacy directed against hungary, and to a lesser extent norman sicily. this polarised the russian princes into pro - and anti - byzantine camps. in the late 1140s three princes were competing for primacy in russia : prince iziaslav ii of kiev was related to geza ii of hungary and was hostile to byzantium ; prince yuri dolgoruki of suzdal was manuel ' s ally ( symmachos ), and vladimirko of galicia is described as manuel ' s vassal ( hypospondos ). galicia was situated on the northern and northeastern borders of hungary and, therefore, was of great strategic importance in the byzantine - hungarian conflicts. following the deaths of both iziaslav and vladimirko, the situation became reversed, when yuri of suzdal, manuel ' s ally, took over kiev and yaroslav, the new ruler of galicia, adopted a pro - hungarian stance. in 1164 - 5 manuel ' s cousin andronikos, the future emperor, escaped from captivity in byzantium, and fled to the court of yaroslav in galicia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37596474229859267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.363845"} {"text": "the new ruler of galicia, adopted a pro - hungarian stance. in 1164 - 5 manuel ' s cousin andronikos, the future emperor, escaped from captivity in byzantium, and fled to the court of yaroslav in galicia. this situation, holding out the alarming prospect of andronikos making a bid for manuel ' s throne sponsored by both galicia and hungary, spurred the byzantines into an unprecedented flurry of diplomacy. manuel pardoned andronikos and persuaded him to return to constantinople ( 1165 ). a mission to kiev, then ruled by prince rostislav, resulted in a favourable treaty and a pledge to supply the empire with auxiliary troops ; yaroslav of galicia was also persuaded to renounce his hungarian connections and return fully into the imperial fold. as late as the year 1200 the princes of galicia were providing invaluable services against the empire ' s, at this time cuman, enemies. the restoration of relations with galicia had an immediate benefit for manuel when, in 1166, he dispatched two armies to attack the eastern provinces of hungary in a vast pincer movement. one army crossed the walachian plain and entered hungary through the transylvanian alps ( southern carpathians ), whilst the other army made a wide circuit to galicia and, with galician aid, crossed the carpathian mountains. since the hungarians had most of their forces concentrated on the sirmium and belgrade frontier they were caught off guard by the byzantine invasion and the hungarian province of transylvania was thoroughly ravaged by the byzantine armies. invasion of egypt alliance with the kingdom of jerusalem control of egypt was a decades - old dream of the crusader kingdom of jerusalem, and king amalric i of jerusalem needed all the military and financial support he could get for his policy of military intervention in egypt. amalric also realised that if he were to pursue his ambitions in egypt, he might have to leave antioch to the hegemony of manuel who had paid 100, 000 dinars for the release of bohemond iii. in 1165, he sent envoys to the byzantine court to negotiate a marriage alliance ( manuel had already married amalric ' s cousin maria of antioch in 1161 ). after a long interval of two years, amalric married manuel ' s grandniece maria komnene in 1167, and \" swore all that his brother baldwin had sworn before. \" f [ \u203a ] a formal alliance was negotiated in 1168, whereby the two rulers arranged for a conquest and partition of egypt, with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36265102568790264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.364966"} {"text": "for joint military ventures that would keep the king of jerusalem in his debt, and also allow the empire to share in territorial gains. failure of the expedition the joined forces of manuel and amalric laid siege to damietta on 27 october 1169, but the siege was unsuccessful due to the failure of the crusaders and the byzantines to co - operate fully. according to byzantine forces, amalric, not wanting to share the profits of victory, dragged out the operation until the emperor ' s men ran short of provisions and were particularly affected by famine ; amalric then launched an assault, which he promptly aborted by negotiating a truce with the defenders. on the other hand, william of tyre remarked that the greeks were not entirely blameless. whatever the truth of the allegations of both sides, when the rains came, both the latin army and the byzantine fleet returned home, although half of the byzantine fleet was lost in a sudden storm. despite the bad feelings generated at damietta, amalric still refused to abandon his dream of conquering egypt, and he continued to seek good relations with the byzantines in the hopes of another joined attack, which never took place. in 1171 amalric came to constantinople in person, after egypt had fallen to saladin. manuel was thus able to organise a grand ceremonial reception which both honoured amalric, and underlined his dependence : for the rest of amalric ' s reign, jerusalem was a byzantine satellite, and manuel was able to act as a protector of the holy places, exerting a growing influence in the kingdom of jerusalem. in 1177, a fleet of 150 ships was sent by manuel i to invade egypt, but returned home after appearing off acre due to the refusal of count philip of flanders and many important nobles of the kingdom of jerusalem to help. kilij arslan ii and the seljuk turks between 1158 \u2013 1161, a series of byzantine campaigns against the seljuk turks of the sultanate of rum resulted in a treaty favourable to the empire. according to the agreement certain frontier regions, including the city of sivas, should be handed over to manuel in return for some quantity of cash. however, when it became clear that the seljuks had no intention of honouring their side of the bargain, manuel decided that it was time to deal with the turks once and for all. therefore, he assembled the full imperial army, and marched against the seljuk capital, iconium ( konya ). manuel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3699710846056142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.367157"} {"text": "sublaeum to be dismantled, but not the fortifications of dorylaeum. nevertheless, defeat at myriokephalon was an embarrassment for both manuel personally and also for his empire. the komnenian emperors had worked hard since the battle of manzikert, 105 years earlier, to restore the reputation of the empire. yet because of his over - confidence, manuel had demonstrated to the whole world that byzantium still could not defeat the seljuks, despite the advances made during the past century. in western opinion, myriokephalon cut manuel down to a humbler size : not that of emperor of the romans but that of king of the greeks. the defeat at myriokephalon has often been depicted as a catastrophe in which the entire byzantine army was destroyed. manuel himself compared the defeat to manzikert ; it seemed to him that the byzantine defeat at myriokephalon complemented the destruction at manzikert. in reality, although a defeat, it was not too costly, and did not significantly ruin the byzantine army. most of the casualties were borne by the right wing, largely composed of allied troops commanded by baldwin of antioch, and also the baggage train, which was the main target of the turkish ambush. the limited losses inflicted on native byzantine troops were quickly made good and in the following year manuel ' s forces defeated a force of \" picked turks \". john komnenos vatatzes, who was sent by the emperor to repel the turkish invasion, not only brought troops from the capital but also was able to gather an army along the way which allowed him to score a victory over the turks at the battle of hyelion and leimocheir ; a sign that the byzantine army remained strong and that the defensive program of western asia minor was still successful. after the victory on the meander, manuel himself advanced with a small army to drive the turks from panasium, south of cotyaeum. however, in 1178 a byzantine army retreated after encountering a turkish force at charax, allowing the turks to capture many livestock. the city of claudiopolis in bithynia was besieged by the turks in 1179, forcing manuel to lead a small cavalry force to save the city and then, even as late as 1180, the byzantines succeeded in scoring a victory over the turks. however, the continuous warfare did have a serious effect upon manuel ' s vitality ; he declined in health and in 1180 succumbed to a slow fever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41791752522875614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.369199"} {"text": ", even as late as 1180, the byzantines succeeded in scoring a victory over the turks. however, the continuous warfare did have a serious effect upon manuel ' s vitality ; he declined in health and in 1180 succumbed to a slow fever. furthermore, like manzikert, the balance between the two powers began to gradually shift \u2013 manuel never again attacked the turks and, after his death, they began to move further and further west, deeper into byzantine territory. doctrinal controversies ( 1156 \u2013 1180 ) during manuel ' s reign three major theological controversies occurred. in 1156 \u2013 1157 the question was raised, whether christ had offered himself as a sacrifice for the sins of the world to the father and to the holy spirit only, or also to the logos ( i. e., to himself ). in the end a synod held at constantinople in 1157 adopted a compromise formula, that the word made flesh offered a double sacrifice to the holy trinity, despite the dissidence of patriarch of antioch - elect soterichus panteugenus. ten years later, a controversy arose as to whether the saying of christ, \" my father is greater than i \" referred to his divine nature, to his human, or the union of these two natures. demetrius of lampe, a byzantine diplomat recently returned from the west, ridiculed the way the verse was interpreted there, that christ was inferior to his father in his humanity, but equal in his divinity. manuel on the other hand, perhaps with an eye on the project for church union, found that the formula made sense, and prevailed over a majority in a synod convened on 2 march 1166 to decide the issue, where he had the support of the patriarch luke chrysoberges and later patriarch michael iii. those who refused to submit to the synod ' s decisions had their property confiscated or were exiled. g [ \u203a ] the political dimensions of this controversy are apparent from the fact that a leading dissenter from the emperor ' s doctrine was his nephew alexios kontostephanos. a third controversy sprung up in 1180, when manuel objected to the formula of solemn abjuration, which was exacted from muslim converts. one of the more striking anathemas of this abjuration was that directed against the deity worshipped by muhammad and his followers : and before all, i anathematize the god of muhammad about whom he [ muhammad ] says, \" he is god alone, god made of solid, hammer - beaten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4421988105583018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.370114"} {"text": "indeed received a title ( sebastokrator ). he was briefly married to eirene komnene, illegitimate daughter of andronikos i komnenos, in 1183 \u2013 1184, and was then blinded by his father - in - law. he lived until at least 1191 and was known personally to choniates. - alexios komnenos, a pinkernes ( \" cupbearer \" ), who fled constantinople in 1184 and was a figurehead of the norman invasion and the siege of thessalonica in 1185. by other lovers : - a daughter whose name is unknown. she was born around 1150 and married theodore maurozomes before 1170. her son was manuel maurozomes, and some of her descendants ruled the seljuk sultanate of rum. - a daughter whose name is unknown, born around 1155. she was the maternal grandmother of the author demetrios tornikes. foreign and military affairs as a young man, manuel had been determined to restore by force of arms the predominance of the byzantine empire in the mediterranean countries. by the time he died in 1180, 37 years had passed since that momentous day in 1143 when, amid the wilds of cilicia, his father had proclaimed him emperor. these years had seen manuel involved in conflict with his neighbours on all sides. manuel ' s father and grandfather before him had worked patiently to undo the damage done by the battle of manzikert and its aftermath. thanks to their efforts, the empire manuel inherited was stronger and better organised than at any time for a century. while it is clear that manuel used these assets to the full, it is not so clear how much he added to them, and there is room for doubt as to whether he used them to best effect. | \" the most singular feature in the character of manuel is the contrast and vicissitude of labour and sloth, of hardiness and effeminacy. in war he seemed ignorant of peace, in peace he appeared incapable of war. \" | manuel had proven himself to be an energetic emperor who saw possibilities everywhere, and whose optimistic outlook had shaped his approach to foreign policy. however, in spite of his military prowess manuel achieved but in a slight degree his object of restoring the byzantine empire. retrospectively, some commentators have criticised some of manuel ' s aims as unrealistic, in particular citing the expeditions he sent to egypt as proof of dreams of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3937026539627722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.373365"} {"text": "his military prowess manuel achieved but in a slight degree his object of restoring the byzantine empire. retrospectively, some commentators have criticised some of manuel ' s aims as unrealistic, in particular citing the expeditions he sent to egypt as proof of dreams of grandeur on an unattainable scale. his greatest military campaign, his grand expedition against the turkish sultanate of iconium, ended in humiliating defeat, and his greatest diplomatic effort apparently collapsed, when pope alexander iii became reconciled to the german emperor frederick barbarossa at the peace of venice. historian mark c. bartusis argues that manuel ( and his father as well ) tried to rebuild a national army, but his reforms were adequate for neither his ambitions nor his needs ; the defeat at myriokephalon underscored the fundamental weakness of his policies. according to edward gibbon, manuel ' s victories were not productive of any permanent or useful conquest. his advisors on western church affairs included the pisan scholar hugh eteriano. internal affairs choniates criticised manuel for raising taxes and pointed to manuel ' s reign as a period of excession ; according to choniates, the money thus raised was spent lavishly at the cost of his citizens. whether one reads the greek encomiastic sources, or the latin and oriental sources, the impression is consistent with choniates ' picture of an emperor who spent lavishly in all available ways, rarely economising in one sector in order to develop another. manuel spared no expense on the army, the navy, diplomacy, ceremonial, palace - building, the komnenian family, and other seekers of patronage. a significant amount of this expenditure was pure financial loss to the empire, like the subsidies poured into italy and the crusader states, and the sums spent on the failed expeditions of 1155 \u2013 1156, 1169, and 1176. the problems this created were counterbalanced to some extent by his successes, particularly in the balkans ; manuel extended the frontiers of his empire in the balkan region, ensuring security for the whole of greece and bulgaria. had he been more successful in all his ventures, he would have controlled not only the most productive farmland around the eastern mediterranean and adriatic seas, but also the entire trading facilities of the area. even if he did not achieve his ambitious goals, his wars against hungary brought him control of the dalmatian coast, the rich agricultural region of sirmium, and the danube trade route from hungary to the black sea. his balkan expeditions are said to have taken great boot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36889654901823876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.374554"} {"text": "not achieve his ambitious goals, his wars against hungary brought him control of the dalmatian coast, the rich agricultural region of sirmium, and the danube trade route from hungary to the black sea. his balkan expeditions are said to have taken great booty in slaves and livestock ; kinnamos was impressed by the amount of arms taken from the hungarian dead after the battle of 1167. and even if manuel ' s wars against the turks probably realised a net loss, his commanders took livestock and captives on at least two occasions. this allowed the western provinces to flourish in an economic revival which had begun in the time of his grandfather alexios i, and which continued till the close of the century. indeed it has been argued that byzantium in the 12th century was richer and more prosperous than at any time since the persian invasion during the reign of herakleios, some five hundred years earlier. there is good evidence from this period of new construction, and new churches even in remote areas strongly suggest that wealth was widespread. trade was also flourishing ; it has been estimated that the population of constantinople, the biggest commercial center of the empire, during manuel ' s reign was between half a million and one million, making it by far the largest city in europe. a major source of manuel ' s wealth was the kommerkion, a customs duty levied at constantinople on all imports and exports. the kommerkion was stated to have collected 20, 000 hyperpyra each day. furthermore, the byzantine capital was a city undergoing expansion. the cosmopolitan character of constantinople was being reinforced by the arrival of italian merchants and crusaders en route to the holy land. the venetians, the genoese and others opened up the ports of the aegean to commerce, shipping goods from the crusader kingdoms of outremer and fatimid egypt to the west and trading with byzantium via constantinople. these maritime traders stimulated demand in the towns and cities of greece, macedonia and the greek islands, generating new sources of wealth in a predominantly agrarian economy. thessaloniki, the second city of the empire, hosted a famous summer fair which attracted traders from across the balkans and even further afield to its bustling market stalls. in corinth, silk production fuelled a thriving economy. all this is a testament to the success of the komnenian emperors in securing a pax byzantina in these heartland territories. to the rhetors of his court, manuel was the \" divine emperor \". a generation after his death, choniates referred to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41302820840559895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.375608"} {"text": "the success of the komnenian emperors in securing a pax byzantina in these heartland territories. to the rhetors of his court, manuel was the \" divine emperor \". a generation after his death, choniates referred to him as \" the most blessed among emperors \", and a century later john stavrakios described him as \" great in fine deeds \". john phokas, a soldier who fought in manuel ' s army, characterised him some years later as the \" world saving \" and glorious emperor. manuel would be remembered in france, italy and the crusader states as the most powerful sovereign in the world. a genoese analyst noted that with the passing of \" lord manuel of divine memory, the most blessed emperor of constantinople... all christendom incurred great ruin and detriment. \" william of tyre called manuel \" a wise and discreet prince of great magnificence, worthy of praise in every respect \", \" a great - souled man of incomparable energy \", whose \" memory will ever be held in benediction. \" manuel was further extolled by robert of clari as a \" a right worthy man, [... ] and richest of all the christians who ever were, and the most bountiful. \" a telling reminder of the influence that manuel held in the crusader states in particular can still be seen in the church of the holy nativity in bethlehem. in the 1160s the nave was redecorated with mosaics showing the councils of the church. manuel was one of the patrons of the work. on the south wall, an inscription in greek reads : \" the present work was finished by ephraim the monk, painter and mosaicist, in the reign of the great emperor manuel porphyrogennetos komnenos and in the time of the great king of jerusalem, amalric. \" that manuel ' s name was placed first was a symbolic, public recognition of manuel ' s overlordship as leader of the christian world. manuel ' s role as protector of the orthodox christians and christian holy places in general is also evident in his successful attempts to secure rights over the holy land. manuel participated in the building and decorating of many of the basilicas and greek monasteries in the holy land, including the church of the holy sepulchre in jerusalem, where thanks to his efforts the byzantine clergy were allowed to perform the greek liturgy each day. all this reinforced his position as overlord of the crusader states, with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4016516097687552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.376560"} {"text": "in the holy land, including the church of the holy sepulchre in jerusalem, where thanks to his efforts the byzantine clergy were allowed to perform the greek liturgy each day. all this reinforced his position as overlord of the crusader states, with his hegemony over antioch and jerusalem secured by agreement with raynald, prince of antioch, and amalric, king of jerusalem respectively. manuel was also the last byzantine emperor who, thanks to his military and diplomatic success in the balkans, could call himself \" ruler of dalmatia, bosnia, croatia, serbia, bulgaria and hungary \". byzantium looked impressive, when manuel died in 1180, having just celebrated the betrothal of his son alexios ii to the daughter of the king of france. thanks to the diplomacy and campaigning of alexios, john, and manuel, the empire was a great power, economically prosperous, and secure on its frontiers ; but there were serious problems as well. internally, the byzantine court required a strong leader to hold it together, and after manuel ' s death stability was seriously endangered from within. some of the foreign enemies of the empire were lurking on the flanks, waiting for a chance to attack, in particular the turks in anatolia, whom manuel had ultimately failed to defeat, and the normans in sicily, who had already tried but failed to invade the empire on several occasions. even the venetians, the single most important western ally of byzantium, were on bad terms with the empire at manuel ' s death in 1180. given this situation, it would have taken a strong emperor to secure the empire against the foreign threats it now faced, and to rebuild the depleted imperial treasury. but manuel ' s son was a minor, and his unpopular regency government was overthrown in a violent coup d ' etat. this troubled succession weakened the dynastic continuity and solidarity on which the strength of the byzantine state had come to rely. ^ a : the mood that prevailed before the end of 1147 is best conveyed by a verse enconium to manuel ( one of the poems included in a list transmitted under the name of theodore prodromos in codex marcianus graecus xi. 22 known as manganeios prodromos ), which was probably an imperial commission, and must have been written shortly after the germans had crossed the bosporus. here conrad is accused of wanting to take constantinople by force, and to install a latin patriarch ( manganeios prodromos, no 20. 1 ). ^ b : according", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3810714505538273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.377564"} {"text": "have been written shortly after the germans had crossed the bosporus. here conrad is accused of wanting to take constantinople by force, and to install a latin patriarch ( manganeios prodromos, no 20. 1 ). ^ b : according to paul magdalino, one of manuel ' s primary goals was a partition of italy with the german empire, in which byzantium would get the adriatic coast. his unilateral pursuit, however, antagonized the new german emperor, frederick barbarossa, whose own plans for imperial restoration ruled out any partnership with byzantium. manuel was thus obliged to treat frederick as his main enemy, and to form a web of relationships with other western powers, including the papacy, his old enemy, the norman kingdom, hungary, several magnates and cities throughout italy, and, above all, the crusader states. ^ c : magdalino underscores that, whereas john had removed the rupenid princes from power in cilicia twenty years earlier, manuel allowed toros to hold most of his strongholds he had taken, and effectively restored only the coastal area to imperial rule. from raynald, manuel secured recognition of imperial suzerainty over antioch, with the promise to hand over the citadel, to instal a patriarch sent from constantinople ( not actually implemented until 1165 \u2013 66 ), and to provide troops for the emperor ' s service, but nothing seems to have been said about the reversion of antioch to direct imperial rule. according to magdalino, this suggests that manuel had dropped this demand on which both his grandfather and father insisted. for his part, medieval historian zachary nugent brooke believes that the victory of christianity against nur ad - din was made impossible, since both greeks and latins were concerned primarily with their own interests. he characterises the policy of manuel as \" short - sighted \", because \" he lost a splendid opportunity of recovering the former possessions of the empire, and by his departure threw away most of the actual fruits of his expedition \". according to piers paul read, manuel ' s deal with nur ad - din was for the latins another expression of greeks ' perfidy. ^ d : alexios had been ordered to bring soldiers, but he merely brought his empty ships to brindisi. ^ e : in 1155 hadrian sent legates to manuel, with a letter for basil, archbishop of thessaloniki, in which he exhorted that bishop to procure the reunion of the churches. basil answered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3875793441832117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.378793"} {"text": "empty ships to brindisi. ^ e : in 1155 hadrian sent legates to manuel, with a letter for basil, archbishop of thessaloniki, in which he exhorted that bishop to procure the reunion of the churches. basil answered that there was no division between the greeks and latins, since they held the same faith and offered the same sacrifice. \" as for the causes of scandal, weak in themselves, that have separated us from each other \", he added, \" your holiness can cause them to cease, by your own extended authority and the help of the emperor of the west. \" ^ f : this probably meant that amalric repeated baldwin ' s assurances regarding the status of antioch as an imperial fief. ^ g : according to michael angold, after the controversy of 1166 manuel took his responsibilities very seriously, and tightened his grip over the church. 1166 was also the year in which manuel first referred in his legislation to his role as the disciplinarian of the church ( epistemonarkhes ). - p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 3 - p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 3 \u2013 4 - a. stone, manuel i comnenus - gibbon, the decline and fall of the roman empire, 72 - gibbon, the decline and fall of the roman empire, 72 * j. h. norwich, a short history of byzantium * a. stone, manuel i comnenus - j. norwich, byzantium : the decline and fall, 87 \u2013 88 - \" byzantium \". papyros - larousse - britannica. 2006. - j. cinnamus, deeds of john and manuel comnenus, 33 \u2013 35 * p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 40 - w. treadgold, a history of the byzantine state and society, 640 - j. cinnamus, deeds of john and manuel comnenus, 47 * p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 42 - a. komnene, the alexiad, 333 - p. magdalino, the byzantine empire, 621 - letter by the emperor manuel i komnenos, vatican secret archives. - p. p. read, the templars, 238 - p. p. read, the templars, 239 - william of tyre, historia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3917107838162113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.379995"} {"text": "empire, 621 - letter by the emperor manuel i komnenos, vatican secret archives. - p. p. read, the templars, 238 - p. p. read, the templars, 239 - william of tyre, historia, xviii, 10 - c. hillenbrand, the imprisonment of raynald of chatillon, 80 * t. f. madden, the new concise history of the crusades, 65 - p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 67 - b. hamilton, william of tyre and the byzantine empire, 226 * william of tyre, historia, xviii, 23 - z. n. brooke, a history of europe, from 911 to 1198, 482 * p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 67 * j. h. norwich, a short history of byzantium - k. paparrigopoulos, history of the greek nation, db, 134 - j. norwich, byzantium : the decline and fall, 98 and 103 - j. duggan, the pope and the princes, 122 - j. w. birkenmeier, the development of the komnenian army, 114 * j. norwich, byzantium : the decline and fall, 112 - j. norwich, byzantium : the decline and fall, 112 \u2013 113 - a. a. vasiliev, history of the byzantine empire, vii - william of tyre, historia, xviii, 2 - j. cinnamus, deeds of john and manuel comnenus, 172 - j. w. birkenmeier, the development of the komnenian army, 115 * j. norwich, byzantium : the decline and fall, 115 - j. w. birkenmeier, the development of the komnenian army, 115 \u2013 116 * a. a. vasiliev, history of the byzantine empire, vii - j. norwich, byzantium : the decline and fall, 116 * p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 61 - abbe guettee, the papacy, chapter vii * j. w. birkenmeier, the development of the komnenian army, 114 - j. w. birkenmeier, the development of the komnenian army, 116 - w. treadgold, a history of the byzantine state and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3681354107805137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.381644"} {"text": "nation, db, 140 - j. w. birkenmeier, the development of the komnenian army, 128 - birkenmeier, p. 132. - j. bradbury, medieval warfare, 176 - d. macgillivray nicol, byzantium and venice, 102 - p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 98 - w. treadgold, a history of the byzantine state and society, 649 - j. w. birkenmeier, the development of the komnenian army, 128 * k. paparrigopoulos, history of the greek nation, db, 141 - j. w. birkenmeier, the development of the komnenian army, 196 - j. h. kurtz, history of the christian church to the restoration, 265 \u2013 266 - p. magdalino, p. 279. - p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 217 - g. l. hanson, manuel i komnenos and the \" god of muhammad \", 55 - gibbon, the decline and fall of the roman empire, 73 * k. paparrigopoulos, history of the greek nation, db, 121 - garland - stone, bertha - irene of sulzbach, first wife of manuel i comnenus - k. varzos, genealogy of the komnenian dynasty, 155 - kazdan - epstein, change in byzantine culture, 102 - c. m. brand, the turkish element in byzantium, 12 * p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 98 - k. varzos, genealogy of the komnenian dynasty, 157a - gibbon - womersley, the decline and fall of the roman empire ( volumes 1 \u2013 6, 1776 \u2013 1788 ), 74 - m. bartusis, the late byzantine army, 5 \u2013 6 - n. choniates, o city of byzantium, annals of niketas choniates, 96 \u2013 97 * p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 173 - p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 174 - m. angold, the byzantine empire, 1025 \u2013 1204 - j. harris, byzantium and the crusades, 25 - j. harris, byzantium and the crusades, 26 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4312746079054729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.383282"} {"text": "komnenos, 174 - m. angold, the byzantine empire, 1025 \u2013 1204 - j. harris, byzantium and the crusades, 25 - j. harris, byzantium and the crusades, 26 - g. w. day, manuel and the genoese, 289 \u2013 290 - p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 143 \u2013 144 - j. harris, byzantium and the crusades * p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 3 - g. w. day, manuel and the genoese, 289 \u2013 290 * p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 3 - robert of clari, \" account of the fourth crusade \", 18 - b. zeitler, cross - cultural interpretations - j. w. sedlar, east central europe in the middle ages, 372 \u2013 373 - p. magdalino, the medieval empire, 194 - jeffreys - jeffreys, the \" wild beast from the west \", 102 * p. magdalino, the empire of manuel i komnenos, 49 - z. n. brooke, a history of europe, from 911 to 1198, 482 - abbe guettee, the papacy, chapter vii - m. angold, church and society under the komneni, 99 primary sources - choniates, nicetas, o city of byzantium, annals of niketas choniates. trans. harry j. magoulias. wayne state university press, 1984. - cinammus, 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[ dead link ] further reading | wikimedia commons has media related to : manuel i comnenus | manuel i komnenos komnenid dynastyborn : 28 november 1118 died : 24 september 1180 john ii komnenos alexios ii komnenos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39482807208960535, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.389514"} {"text": "armstrong. in his second term as governor, both houses of the general assembly were controlled by whigs, and the legislature approved proposals to create a new state bank and to expand state support for internal improvements such as roads, railroads, and canals. an advocate for public education, cannon designated some revenues from the state bank to pay for schools. cannon was publicly criticized for his implementation of the new laws, especially in east tennessee, where voters grew impatient over his lack of support for the hiwassee railroad. in 1839, state democrats, determined to defeat cannon, convinced rising politician and speaker of the u. s. house of representatives james k. polk to run against him. the two candidates toured the state together to give a series of public debates, the first of which took place at murfreesboro on april 11, 1839. cannon typically delivered slower, more methodical arguments, and was outshone in the debates by the quicker and wittier polk. in the election, polk narrowly defeated cannon by a vote of 54, 680 to 52, 114. cannon died in nashville at the age of sixty, just two years after his last candidacy for governor. he is interred in a cemetery on the grounds of his estate in williamson county near allisona. opposition to andrew jackson throughout his political career, newton cannon was known for his personal and political antagonism toward andrew jackson, whose policies he consistently opposed. three different supposed interactions between the two men all have been suggested as explanations for the origin of cannon ' s antipathy to jackson. the earliest of these interactions involved a horse track known as clover bottom that jackson owned together with a pair of brothers, william and patten anderson. cannon is purported to have lost substantial amounts of money and other possessions from gambling at clover bottom, and is said to have blamed jackson and the andersons for his losses, suspecting them of fixing races. the second encounter occurred in 1812, when cannon served on a jury in a trial for one of three brothers who were accused of murder in the death of patten anderson. after the jury returned a verdict of not guilty, jackson is said to have shaken his fist at cannon, saying \" i ' ll mark you, young man. \" perhaps the most compelling explanation is cannon ' s disapproval of jackson ' s military leadership when he served as a detachment leader under jackson ' s command during the creek war. cannon is said to have believed that jackson had deliberately exposed cannon and his men to unnecessary dangers. family life and legacy cannon was married twice. in 1813, he married leah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4144716723922835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.400835"} {"text": "he served as a detachment leader under jackson ' s command during the creek war. cannon is said to have believed that jackson had deliberately exposed cannon and his men to unnecessary dangers. family life and legacy cannon was married twice. in 1813, he married leah pryor perkins. she died in 1816. in 1818, he married rachel starnes willborn. he was the father of ten children. a daughter, rachel adeline cannon maney, was for many years an owner of the oaklands estate in murfreesboro. the civil war journals of a grandson, also named newton cannon, were published in 1963 as the reminiscences of newton cannon : first sergeant, 11th tennessee cavalry, c. s. a. - newton cannon at find a grave - jonathan m. atkins. \" newton cannon \", in tennessee encyclopedia of history and culture ( online edition ). last accessed june 3, 2011. - john trotwood moore and austin powers foster ( 1923 ), tennessee : the volunteer state, 1769 - 1923, the s. j. clarke publishing company. page 25. - portrait of newton cannon, tennessee portrait project website, accessed may 27, 2011 - diane black, tennessee senators, territorial general assembly 1794 to 106th general assembly, 2009 - 10, tennessee state library and archives. - governor ' s information : tennessee governor newton cannon, national governors association website, 2004. accessed may 31, 2011. - newton cannon at the biographical directory of the united states congress - mark eaton byrnes ( 2001 ), james k. polk : a biographical companion, abc - clio, isbn 1 - 57607 - 056 - 5, isbn 978 - 1 - 57607 - 056 - 7. pages 29 - 30. - phillip langsdon, tennessee : a political history ( franklin, tenn. : hillsboro press, 2000 ), pp. 59, 72 - 73, 81 - 84, 93 - 95. - jonathan m. atkins. \" william carroll \" in tennessee encyclopedia of history and culture ( online edition ). last accessed june 3, 2011. - jonathan m. atkins ( 1997 ), parties, politics, and the sectional conflict in tennessee, 1832 - 1861. university of tennessee press. page 12. - \" tennessee portrait project \". national society of colonial dames of america in tennessee. retrieved september 19, 2012. - stanley folmsbee, sectionalism and internal improvements in tennessee, 1796 \u2013 1845 ( knoxville, tenn. : east tennessee historical society, 1939 ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3525917898092359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.401856"} {"text": "national society of colonial dames of america in tennessee. retrieved september 19, 2012. - stanley folmsbee, sectionalism and internal improvements in tennessee, 1796 \u2013 1845 ( knoxville, tenn. : east tennessee historical society, 1939 ), pp. 42 - 44, 121 - 125, 151 - 153. - robert s. brandt ( 1995 ), touring the middle tennessee backroads, john f. blair, publisher. isbn 0 - 89587 - 129 - 7, isbn 978 - 0 - 89587 - 129 - 9. pages 181 - 182. - \" newton cannon \". find a grave. retrieved september 19, 2012. - tara mitchell mielnik. \" early horse racing tracks \", in tennessee encyclopedia of history and culture ( online edition ). last accessed june 3, 2011. - elbert watson ( 1964 ), governor newton cannon papers, tennessee state library and archives, accessed may 30, 2011 - history of oaklands plantation, oaklands historic house museum website, accessed may 31, 2011 - williamson county historical society, accessed may 31, 2011 - carroll van west. \" cannon county \", in tennessee encyclopedia of history and culture ( online edition ). last accessed june 3, 2011. | wikimedia commons has media related to : newton cannon | - find a grave - national governors association - the tennessee encyclopedia of history and culture - tennessee portrait project | united states house of representatives | | u. s. representative for tennessee ' s 5th congressional district george washington lent marr | u. s. representative for tennessee ' s 4th congressional district | governor of tennessee james k. polk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38939164346063015, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.402506"} {"text": "splash ( fluid mechanics ) in fluid mechanics, a splash is a sudden disturbance to the otherwise quiescent free surface of a liquid ( usually water ). the disturbance is typically caused by a solid object suddenly hitting the surface, although splashes can occur in which moving liquid supplies the energy. this use of the word is onomatopoeic. splashes are characterized by transient ballistic flow, and are governed by the reynolds number and the weber number. in the image of a brick splashing into water to the right, one can identify freely moving airborne water droplets, a phenomenon typical of high reynolds number flows ; the intricate non - spherical shapes of the droplets show that the weber number is high. also seen are entrained bubbles in the body of the water, and an expanding ring of disturbance propagating away from the impact site. physicist lei xu and coworkers at the university of chicago discovered that the splash due to the impact of a small drop of ethanol onto a dry solid surface could be suppressed by reducing the pressure below a specific threshold. for drops of diameter 3. 4 mm falling through air, this pressure was about 20 kilopascals, or 0. 2 atmosphere. splash plate a plate made of a hard material on which a stream of liquid is designed to fall is called a \" splash plate \". it may serve to protect the ground from erosion by falling water, such as beneath an artificial waterfall or water outlet in soft ground. splash plates are also part of spray nozzles, such as in irrigation sprinkler systems. see also - harold eugene edgerton, whose milkdrop coronet is arguably the most famous photograph of a splash - slosh, other free surface phenomenon - lei xu et al., \" drop splashing on a dry smooth surface \", phys. rev. letts. ( 2005 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5912139947035119, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.404502"} {"text": "| an aspect of fiscal policy | many countries have agreed with other countries in treaties to mitigate the effects of double taxation ( double tax avoidance agreement ). tax treaties may cover income taxes, inheritance taxes, value added taxes, or other taxes. besides bilateral treaties, also multilateral countries are in place : countries of the european union ( eu ) have also entered into a multilateral agreement with respect to value added taxes under auspices of the eu, while a joint treaty of the council of europe and the oecd exists open to all nations. tax treaties tend to reduce taxes of one treaty country for residents of the other treaty country in order to reduce double taxation of the same income. the provisions and goals vary highly ; very few tax treaties are alike. most treaties : - define which taxes are covered and who is a resident and eligible for benefits, - reduce the amounts of tax withheld from interest, dividends, and royalties paid by a resident of one country to residents of the other country, - limit tax of one country on business income of a resident of the other country to that income from a permanent establishment in the first country, - define circumstances in which income of individuals resident in one country will be taxed in the other country, including salary, self - employment, pension, and other income, - provide for exemption of certain types of organizations or individuals, and - provide procedural frameworks for enforcement and dispute resolution. the stated goals for entering into a treaty often include reduction of double taxation, eliminating tax evasion, and encouraging cross - border trade efficiency. it is generally accepted that tax treaties improve certainty for taxpayers and tax authorities in their international dealings. several governments and organizations have proposed model treaties to use as starting points in their own negotiations. the organisation for economic co - operation and development ( oecd ) model treaty is often used as such a starting point. the oecd members have from time to time agreed on various provisions of the model treaty, and the official commentary and member comments thereon serve as a guidance as to interpretation by each member country. tax residency in general, the benefits of tax treaties are available only to persons who are residents of one of the treaty countries. in most cases, a resident of a country is any person that is subject to tax under the domestic laws of that country by reason of domicile, residence, place of incorporation, or similar criteria. generally, individuals are considered resident under a tax treaty and subject to taxation where they maintain their primary place of abode. however, residence for treaty purposes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5288818262764562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.421232"} {"text": "of that country by reason of domicile, residence, place of incorporation, or similar criteria. generally, individuals are considered resident under a tax treaty and subject to taxation where they maintain their primary place of abode. however, residence for treaty purposes extends well beyond the narrow scope of primary place of abode. for example, many countries also treat persons spending more than a fixed number of days in the country as residents. the united states includes citizens and green card holders, wherever living, as subject to taxation, and therefore as residents for tax treaty purposes. because residence is defined so broadly, most treaties recognize that a person could meet the definition of residence in more than one jurisdiction ( i. e., \" dual residence \" ) and provide a \u201c tie breaker \u201d clause. such clauses typically have a hierarchy of three to five tests for resolving multiple residency, typically including permanent abode as a major factor. tax residency rarely impacts citizenship or permanent resident status, though certain residency statuses under a country ' s immigration law may influence tax residency. entities may be considered resident based on their country of seat of management, their country of organization, or other factors. the criteria are often specified in a treaty, which may enhance or override local law. it is possible under most treaties for an entity to be resident in both countries, particularly where a treaty is between two countries that use different standards for residence under their domestic law. some treaties provide \u201c tie breaker \u201d rules for entity residency, some do not. residency is irrelevant in the case of some entities and / or types of income, as members of the entity rather than the entity are subject to tax. permanent establishment most treaties provide that business profits ( sometimes defined in the treaty ) of a resident of one country are subject to tax in the other country only if the profits arise through a permanent establishment in the other country. many treaties, however, address certain types of business profits ( such as directors ' fees or income from the activities of athletes and entertainers ) separately. such treaties also define what constitutes a permanent establishment ( pe ). most but not all tax treaties follow the definition of pe in the oecd model treaty. under the oecd definition, a pe is a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is carried on. certain locations are specifically enumerated as examples of pes, including branches, offices, workshops, and others. specific exceptions from the definition of pe are also provided, such as a site where only preliminary or ancillary activities ( such as ware", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5409624501216743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.422500"} {"text": "certain locations are specifically enumerated as examples of pes, including branches, offices, workshops, and others. specific exceptions from the definition of pe are also provided, such as a site where only preliminary or ancillary activities ( such as warehousing of inventory, purchasing of goods, or collection of information ) are conducted. while in general tax treaties do not specify a period of time for which business activities must be conducted through a location before it gives rise to a pe, most oecd member countries do not find a pe in cases in which a place of business exists for less than six months, absent special circumstances. many treaties explicitly provide a longer threshold, commonly one year or more, for which a construction site must exist before it gives rise to a permanent establishment. in addition, some treaties, most commonly those in which at least one party is a developing country, contain provisions which deem a pe to exist if certain activities ( such as services ) are conducted for certain periods of time, even where a pe would not otherwise exist. even where a resident of one country does not conduct its business activities in another country through a fixed place or business, a pe may still be found to exist in that other country where the business is carried out through a person in that other country that has the authority to conclude contracts on behalf of the resident of the first country. thus, a resident of one country cannot avoid being treated as having a pe by acting through a dependent agent rather than conducting its business directly. however, carrying on business through an independent agent will generally not result in a pe. withholding taxes many tax systems provide for collection of tax from nonresidents by requiring payors of certain types of income to withhold tax from the payment and remit it to the government. such income often includes interest, dividends, royalties, and payments for technical assistance. most tax treaties reduce or eliminate the amount of tax required to be withheld with respect to residents of a treaty country. income from employment most treaties provide mechanisms eliminating taxation of residents of one country by the other country where the amount or duration of performance of services is minimal but also taxing the income in the country performed where it is not minimal. most treaties also provide special provisions for entertainers and athletes of one country having income in the other country, though such provisions vary highly. also most treaties provide for limits to taxation of pension or other retirement income. tax exemptions most treaties eliminate from taxation income of certain diplomatic personnel. most tax treaties also provide that certain entities exempt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5074555383464974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.423695"} {"text": "income in the other country, though such provisions vary highly. also most treaties provide for limits to taxation of pension or other retirement income. tax exemptions most treaties eliminate from taxation income of certain diplomatic personnel. most tax treaties also provide that certain entities exempt from tax in one country are also exempt from tax in the other. entities typically exempt include charities, pension trusts, and government owned entities. many treaties provide for other exemptions from taxation that one or both countries as considered relevant under their governmental or economic system. harmonization of tax rates tax treaties usually specify the same maximum rate of tax that may be imposed on some types of income. as an example, a treaty may provide that interest earned by a nonresident eligible for benefits under the treaty is taxed at no more than five percent ( 5 % ). however, local law in some cases may provide a lower rate of tax irrespective of the treaty. in such cases, the lower local law rate prevails. provisions unique to inheritance taxes generally, income taxes and inheritance taxes are addressed in separate treaties. inheritance tax treaties often cover estate and gift taxes. generally fiscal domicile under such treaties is defined by reference to domicile as opposed to tax residence. such treaties specify what persons and property are subject to tax by each country upon transfer of the property by inheritance or gift. some treaties specify which party bears the burden of such tax, but often such determination relies on local law ( which may differ from country to country ). most inheritance tax treaties permit each country to tax domiciliaries of the other country on real property situated in the taxing country, property forming a part of a trade or business in the taxing country, tangible movable property situated in the taxing country at the time of transfer ( often excluding ships and aircraft operated internationally ), and certain other items. most treaties permit the estate or donor to claim certain deductions, exemptions, or credits in calculating the tax that might not otherwise be allowed to non - domiciliaries. double tax relief nearly all tax treaties provide a specific mechanism for eliminating it, but the risk of double taxation is still potentially present. this mechanism usually requires that each country grant a credit for the taxes of the other country to reduce the taxes of a resident of the country. the treaty may or may not provide mechanisms for limiting this credit, and may or may not limit the application of local law mechanisms to do the same. mutual enforcement taxpayers may relocate themselves and their assets to avoid paying taxes. some treaties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48464529107203896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.425065"} {"text": "of the country. the treaty may or may not provide mechanisms for limiting this credit, and may or may not limit the application of local law mechanisms to do the same. mutual enforcement taxpayers may relocate themselves and their assets to avoid paying taxes. some treaties thus require each treaty country to assist the other in collection of taxes and other enforcement of their tax rules. most tax treaties include, at a minimum, a requirement that the countries exchange of information needed to foster enforcement. tax information exchange agreement the purpose of this agreement is to promote international co - operation in tax matters through exchange of information. it was developed by the oecd global forum working group on effective exchange of information. the working group consisted of representatives from oecd member countries as well as delegates from aruba, bermuda, bahrain, cayman islands, cyprus, isle of man, malta, mauritius, the netherlands antilles, the seychelles and san marino. the agreement grew out of the work undertaken by the oecd to address harmful tax practices. the lack of effective exchange of information is one of the key criteria in determining harmful tax practices. the mandate of the working group was to develop a legal instrument that could be used to establish effective exchange of information. the agreement represents the standard of effective exchange of information for the purposes of the oecd \u2019 s initiative on harmful tax practices. this agreement, which was released in april 2002, is not a binding instrument but contains two models for bilateral agreements. a number of bilateral agreements have been based on this agreement. dispute resolution nearly all tax treaties provide some mechanism under which taxpayers and the countries can resolve disputes arising under the treaty. generally, the government agency responsible for conducting dispute resolution procedures under the treaty is referred to as the \u201c competent authority \u201d of the country. competent authorities generally have the power to bind their government in specific cases. the treaty mechanism often calls for the competent authorities to attempt to agree in resolving disputes. limitations of benefits recent treaties of certain countries have contained an article intended to prevent \" treaty shopping, \" which is the inappropriate use of tax treaties by residents of third states. these limitation of benefits articles deny the benefits of the tax treaty to residents that do not meet additional tests. limitation of benefits articles vary widely from treaty to treaty, and are often quite complex. the treaties of some countries, such as the united kingdom and italy, focus on subjective purpose for a particular transaction, denying benefits where the transaction was entered into in order to obtain benefits under the treaty. other countries, such as the united states, focus on the objective characteristics of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5028601289536558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.427043"} {"text": ", such as the united kingdom and italy, focus on subjective purpose for a particular transaction, denying benefits where the transaction was entered into in order to obtain benefits under the treaty. other countries, such as the united states, focus on the objective characteristics of the party seeking benefits. generally, individuals and publicly traded companies and their subsidiaries are not adversely impacted by the provisions of a typical limitation of benefits provision in a u. s. tax treaty. with respect to other entities, the provisions tend to deny benefits where an entity seeking benefits is not sufficiently owned by residents of one of the treaty countries ( or, in the case of treaties with members of a unified economic bloc such as the european union or nafta, by \" equivalent beneficiaries \" in the same group of countries ). even where entities are not owned by qualified residents, however, benefits are often available for income earned from the active conduct of a trade or business. priority of law treaties are considered the supreme law of many countries. in those countries, treaty provisions fully override conflicting domestic law provisions. for example, many eu countries could not enforce their group relief schemes under the eu directives. in some countries, treaties are considered of equal weight to domestic law. in those countries, a conflict between domestic law and the treaty must be resolved under the dispute resolution mechanisms of either domestic law or the treaty. - pension tax relief - australian tax treaties - barbados tax treaties - canada income tax treaties - dutch tax treaties - mauritius tax treaties - singapore tax treaties - united kingdom tax treaties - u. s. income tax treaties - list of u. s. estate and gift tax treaties - the exchange of tax information portal - agreements on tariffs, while technically tax treaties, are generally called agreements on tariffs and trade. - see, e. g., the speech by professor mcintyre of michigan ' s wayne state university. - \" comments by new zealand revenue minister \". government of new zealand. - \" model treaty \". oecd. - \" official commentary \". oecd. - see, e. g., the oecd model tax convention on income and on capital, article 1 ( \" oecd model \" ) - see, e. g., oecd model, article 4. - see, e. g., the treaty between canada and belgium, article 4. - see, e. g., 26 u. s. c. sec. 7701 ( b ) for the u. s. \" substantial presence \" test for residency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5009380320982577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.428632"} {"text": "e. g., the treaty between canada and belgium, article 4. - see, e. g., 26 u. s. c. sec. 7701 ( b ) for the u. s. \" substantial presence \" test for residency. - see 26 u. s. c. sec. 7701 ( a ) ( 30 ) - see, e. g., the canada / belgium treaty, supra. - see, e. g., the u. s. irs explanation of residency regarding the \" green card test \". - see, e. g., the canada revenue agency discussion, and the canada / belgium treaty, supra, which defines resident by reference to local law. - see, e. g., the old treaty between the united states and the former union of soviet socialist republics, which is still in force between the u. s. and several of the former soviet republics. - see, e. g., the u. s. irs explanation of taxation of foreign partners of partnerships with a u. s. trade or business. - contrast the u. s. / italy treaty using exact oecd language with the u. s. / india treaty that has numerous special provisions. - 2008 oecd model, article 5 ( 1 ) - commentary to 2008 oecd model, \u00b6 6 - 2008 oecd model, article 5 ( 3 ) - 2008 oecd model, article 5 ( 5 ) - 2008 oecd model, article 5 ( 6 ) - examples include the u. s. and singapore. - see, e. g., the singapore / india treaty. - see, e. g., the singapore / india treaty, article 15, which has a 183 day rule and a flat 15 % tax rate where services go beyond 183 days. this treaty contains all of the provisions mentioned. - see, e. g., the u. s. / canada treaty articles xix and xxi. - see, e. g., the ireland / u. s. treaty, under which dividend withholding is limited to 5 % or 15 %, depending on ownership levels, but where ireland tax law imposes no withholding tax on qualifying recipients. - see, e. g., treaties between the u. s. and france regarding income taxes and estate and gift taxes. the provisions of this treaty reflect typical patterns, and incorporate all of the features mentioned in this section. - see, e. g.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4967125592302118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.431530"} {"text": "1911 encyclop\u00e6dia britannica / slidell, john | \u2190sleigh | | 1911 encyclop\u00e6dia britannica, volume 25 | see also john slidell on wikipedia, and our 1911 encyclop\u00e6dia britannica disclaimer. | slidell, john ( 1793 - 1871 ), american political leader and diplomatist, was born in new york city in 1793. he graduated from columbia college in 1810, engaged in business for a short time, then studied law, and became one of the leaders of the bar at new orleans, louisiana, where he settled permanently in 1825. he was a member of the national house of representatives as a state ' s rights democrat from 1843 to 1845, when he resigned and was sent by president polk on a secret mission to mexico, with power to adjust the difficulties growing out of the annexation of texas to the united states, and to acquire by purchase both new mexico ( including the present arizona, ) and upper california. he was not, however, received by the mexican government. from 1853 to 1861 he was a representative of louisiana in the united states senate, and was an influential working member of important committees, though he seldom took part in debate. during this period he was intimately associated with james buchanan, and is supposed to have had an important part in bringing about buchanan ' s nomination for the presidency in 1856. when louisiana seceded in 1861, slidell withdrew from the senate, and late in 1861 was sent by the confederate government as commissioner to france. with james m. mason ( q. v. ), the confederate commissioner to england, he was taken from the british steamer \u201c trent \u201d by captain charles wilkes of the united states navy, and was imprisoned at fort warren in boston harbour. in january 1862, at the demand of england, the confederate commissioners were released, and slidell proceeded to france. his mission there was to secure the recognition of the confederate states ; in this he was unsuccessful, but he was able to keep france sympathetic, and to help to secure supplies for the confederate army and navy. after the war he remained abroad, settling in england, and his daughter married a french nobleman. he died in london on the 29th of july 1871.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36239958446773757, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.434065"} {"text": "coleman, sa and nichols, e ( 2011 ) embedding inquiry based learning into programming via paired assessment. italics, 10 ( 1 ). pp. 72 - 77. [ journal article ] full text not available from this repository. changes within our approach to teaching can make some students feel uncomfortable. to overcome this, inquiry based learning, which is strongly supported by research in the areas of intellectual development and approaches to learning ( prince, 2007 ), can be used. inquiry based approaches should be introduced in combination with existing teaching styles in order to address the needs of all students. pair programming enhances the communication among peers and encourages students to ask questions of each other and be more ambitious in their computer programming practicals. the students subsequently gain confidence from one another to try different approaches to solving programming problems ; this enhances deeper learning. additionally, working in pairs provides some students with the courage to ask questions of the teacher while with their pair, which they may not do alone. this paper presents a case study on using pair programming to encourage inquiry based learning within programming modules, to improve attendance and practical assessment results. | item type : | | journal article | | faculties and schools : | | faculty of computing & engineering | faculty of computing & engineering > school of computing and intelligent systems | research institutes and groups : | | computer science research institute | computer science research institute > intelligent systems research centre | deposited by : | | dr sonya coleman | | deposited on : | | 11 jul 2011 09 : 06 | | last modified : | | 11 jul 2011 09 : 06 | repository staff only : item control page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5381259136956573, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.436712"} {"text": "the set of hamming codes are called ' forward error correction ' and give the ability for the receiving station to correct a transmission error. while this takes more bits to send the information, it means fewer retransmits and thus can actually speed up a noisy connection. the number of parity bits in the hamming code is given by the hamming rule. this is a function of the number of bits of information transmitted in a block and is represented by the following inequality : d + p + 1 > = 2p ' d ' is the number of data bits and ' p ' is the number of parity bits. hamming codes are identified by the ordered set ( c, d ) where ' c ' = ' d ' + ' p '. the hamming code ( 7, 4 ) is the classic example used which describes a word of 4 data bits long and 3 error check bits. this satisfies the above inequality : 4 + 3 + 1 > = 23 the hamming code word is created by multiplying the data bits by a generator matrix using modulo - 2 arithmetic. the result of this is called a code word vector which consists of the original data bits and the parity bits. the generator matrix used in constructing the hamming code consists of i ( the identity matrix ) and a parity generation matrix a. for a data size of 4 the following matrix is created : 1 0 0 0 | 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 | 0 1 1 g = 0 0 1 0 | 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 | 1 1 0 multiplying a 4 bit vector ( d1, d2, d3, d4 ) by g results in a 7 bit vector of the form ( d1, d2, d3, d4, p1, p2, p3 ). the a portion is what generates the parity bits. if the selection of the columns of a are unique, it is true that ( p1, p2, p3 ) is the parity calculations of three distinct subsets of the original data. to validate the code word, it is necessary to multiply the data word by ' h ' which is the [ inverse a | i ] check to form the parity check vector. h r | 1 | s | 1 0 1 1 | 1 0 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | 1 1 0 1 | 0 1 0 | * | 1 | = | 0 | | 1 1 1 0 | 0 0 1 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6035223751627141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.440270"} {"text": "h r | 1 | s | 1 0 1 1 | 1 0 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | 1 1 0 1 | 0 1 0 | * | 1 | = | 0 | | 1 1 1 0 | 0 0 1 | | 0 | | 0 | if all the elements of s are 0, then the entire set has been received correctly. if there are any ' 1 ' s in s, then there is an error which can be determined by looking at the parity pits that have failed. if r = s will be this matches the third colum of ' h ' which corresponds to the bit that has the error. the ( 7, 4 ) hamming code, while good for demonstrations is not the best choice for practical communications - it has allot of overhead and has a non - standard length. the number of parity bits goes up with the log of the number of data bits. hence, there is less overhead for longer words than shorter words. the hamming code can detect and fix single bit errors, and detect double bit errors. for the ( 7, 4 ) hamming code, the following table ( error correcting bits are in bold ) : decimal binary hamming ( 7, 4 ) 0 0000 0000000 1 0001 0001110 2 0010 0010101 3 0011 0011011 4 0100 0100011 5 0101 0100011 6 0110 0110110 7 0111 0111000 8 1000 1000111 9 1001 1001001 10 1010 1010010 11 1011 1011100 12 1100 1100100 13 1101 1101010 14 1110 1110001 15 1111 1111111 the hamming distance from one valid error correcting set to another for the same data is three. this means that it would take three errors to go from one valid message to another. example : 0100010 ( not valid - correctable ) 0100000 ( not valid - not correctable ) it is left an excercise to the reader to demonstrate this is the case for all 127 possible cases that the minimum hamming distance between any two valid messages is three.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5973960112308374, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.441284"} {"text": "swiss naturalist and geologist born 1807 died 1873 jean louis rodolphe agassiz was the son of the protestant pastor of the parish of motier, on the north - eastern shore of the lake of morat ( murten see ), and not far from the eastern extremity of the lake of neuchatel. agassiz was born at this retired place on the 28th of may 1807. educated first at home, then spending four years at the gymnasium of bienne, he completed his elementary studies at the academy of lausanne. having adopted medicine as his profession, he studied successively at the universities of zurich, heidelberg and munich ; and he availed himself of the advantages afforded by these universities for extending his knowledge of natural history, especially of botany. after completing his academical course, he took in 1829 his degree of doctor of philosophy at erlangen, and in 1830 that of doctor of medicine at munich. up to this time he had paid no special attention to the study of ichthyology, which soon afterwards became the great occupation of his life. agassiz always declared that he was led into ichthyological pursuits through the following circumstances : - in 1819 - 1820, j. b. spix and c. f. p. von martius were engaged in their celebrated brazilian tour, and on their return to europe, amongst other collections of natural objects they brought home an important set of the freshwater fishes of brazil, and especially of the amazon river. spix, who died in 1826, did not live long enough to work out the history of these fishes ; and agassiz, though little more than a youth just liberated from his academic studies, was selected by professor martius for this purpose. he at once threw himself into the work with that earnestness of spirit which characterized him to the end of his busy life, and the task of describing and figuring the brazilian fishes was completed and published in 1829. this was followed by an elaborate research into the history of the fishes found in the lake of neuchatel. enlarging his plans, he issued in 1830 a prospectus of a history of the freshwater fishes of central europe. it was only in 1839, however, that the first part of this publication appeared, and it was completed in 1842. in 1832 he was appointed professor of natural history in the university of neuchatel. having become a professed ichthyologist, it was impossible that the fossil fishes should fail to attract his attention. the rich stores furnished by the slates of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3520782878474796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.455597"} {"text": "in 1832 he was appointed professor of natural history in the university of neuchatel. having become a professed ichthyologist, it was impossible that the fossil fishes should fail to attract his attention. the rich stores furnished by the slates of glarus and the limestones of monte bolca were already well known ; but very little had been accomplished in the way of scientific study of them. agassiz, as early as 1829, with his wonted enthusiasm, planned the publication of the work which, more than any other, laid the foundation of his world - wide fame. five volumes of his recherches sur les poissons fossiles appeared at intervals from 1833 to 1843 1844. they were magnificently illustrated, chiefly through the labours of joseph dinkel, an artist of remarkable power in delineating natural objects. in gathering materials for this great work agassiz visited the principal museums in europe, and meeting cuvier in paris, he received much encouragement and assistance from him. agassiz found that his palaeontological labours rendered necessary a new basis of ichthyological classification. the fossils rarely exhibited any traces of the soft tissues of fishes. they consisted chiefly of the teeth, scales and fins, even the bones being perfectly preserved in comparatively few instances. he therefore adopted his well - known classification, which divided fishes into four groups - viz. ganoids, placoids, cycloids and ctenoids, based on the nature of the scales and other dermal appendages. while agassiz did much to place the subject on a scientific basis, his classification has not been found to meet the requirements of modern research. as remarked by dr a. smith woodward, he sought to interpret the past structures by too rigorous a comparison with those of living forms. ( see catalogue of fossil fishes in the british natural history museum. ) as the important descriptive work of agassiz proceeded, it became obvious that it would over - tax his resources, unless assistance could be afforded. the british association came to his aid, and the earl of ellesmere - then lord francis egerton - gave him yet more efficient help. the original drawings made for the work, chiefly by dinkel, amounted to 1290 in number. these were purchased by the earl, and presented by him to the geological society of london. in 1836 the wollaston medal was awarded by the council of that society to agassiz for his work on fossil ichthyology ; and in 1838 he was elected a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4258455443017759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.456591"} {"text": "by the earl, and presented by him to the geological society of london. in 1836 the wollaston medal was awarded by the council of that society to agassiz for his work on fossil ichthyology ; and in 1838 he was elected a foreign member of the royal society. meanwhile the invertebrate animals engaged his attention. in 1837 he issued the ' prodrome ' of a monograph on the recent and fossil echinodermata, the first part of which appeared in 1838 ; in 1839 - 1840 he published two quarto volumes on the fossil echinoderms of switzerland ; and in 1840 - 1845 he issued his etudes critiques sur les mollusques fossiles. subsequently to his first visit to england in 1834, the labours of hugh miller and other geologists brought to light the remarkable fishes of the old red sandstone of the north - east of scotland. the strange forms of the pterichthys, the coccosteus and other genera were then made known to geologists for the first time. they naturally were of intense interest to agassiz, and formed the subject of a special monograph by him published in 1844 - 1845 : monographie des poissons fossiles du vieux gres rouge, ou systeme devonien ( old red sandstone ) des iles britanniques et de russie. the year 1836 witnessed the inauguration of a new investigation, which proved to be of the utmost importance to geological science. previously to this date de saussure, venetz, charpentier and others had made the glaciers of the alps the subjects of special study, and charpentier had even arrived at the conclusion that the erratic blocks of alpine rocks scattered over the slopes and summits of the jura mountains had been conveyed thither by glaciers. the question having attracted the attention of agassiz, he not only made successive journeys to the alpine regions in company with charpentier, but he had a hut constructed upon one of the aar glaciers, which for a time he made his home, in order to investigate thoroughly the structure and movements of the ice. these labours resulted in the publication of his grand work in two volumes entitled etudes sur les glaciers, 1840. therein he discussed the movements of the glaciers, their moraines, their influence in grooving and rounding the rocks over which they travelled, and in producing the striations and roches moutonnees with which we are now so familiar. he not only accepted charpentier ' s idea that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.456337153604524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.457507"} {"text": "a course of lectures on zoology, by invitation from j. a. lowell, at the lowell institute at boston ; the tempting advantages, pecuniary and scientific, presented to him in the new world induced him to settle in the united states, where he remained to the end of his life. he was appointed professor of zoology and geology in the university of cambridge, u. s., in 1847. in 1852 he accepted a medical professorship of comparative anatomy at charlestown, but this he resigned in two years. the transfer to a new field and the association with fresh objects of interest gave his energies an increased stimulus. volume after volume now proceeded from his pen : some of his writings were popular, but most of them dealt with the higher departments of scientific research. his work on lake superior, and his four volumes of contributions to the natural history of the united states, 1857 - 1862, were of this latter character. we must not overlook the valuable service he rendered to science by the formation, for his own use, of a catalogue of scientific memoirs - an extraordinary work for a man whose hands were already so full. this catalogue, edited and materially enlarged by the late hugh e. strickland, was published by the ray society under the title of bibliographia zoologiae et geologiae, in 4 vols., 1848 - 1854. nor must we forget that he was building up another magnificent monument of his industry in the museum of natural history, which rose under his fostering care at cambridge. but at length the great strain on his physical powers began to tell. his early labours among the fishes of brazil had often caused him to cast a longing glance towards that country, and he now resolved to combine the pursuit of health with the gratification of his long cherished desires. in april 1865 he started for brazil, with his wife and class of qualified assistants. an interesting account of this expedition, entitled a journey in brazil ( 1868 ), was published by mrs agassiz and himself after they returned home in august 1866. in 1871 he made a second excursion, visiting the southern shores of the north american continent, both on its atlantic and its pacific sea - boards. he had for many years yearned after the establishment of a permanent school where zoological science could be pursued amidst the haunts of the living subjects of study. the last, and possibly the most influential, of the labours of his life was the establishment of such an institution, which he was enabled to effect through the liberality of mr john", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43523960022898045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.459812"} {"text": "be pursued amidst the haunts of the living subjects of study. the last, and possibly the most influential, of the labours of his life was the establishment of such an institution, which he was enabled to effect through the liberality of mr john anderson, a citizen of new york. that gentleman, in 1873, not only handed over to agassiz the island of penikese, in buzzard ' s bay, on the east coast, but also presented him with $ 50, 000 wherewith permanently to endow it as a practical school of natural science, especially devoted to the study of marine zoology. unfortunately he did not long survive the establishment of this institution. the disease with which he had struggled for some years proved fatal on the 14th of december 1873. he was buried at mount auburn. his monument is a boulder selected from the moraine of the glacier of the aar near the site of the old hotel des neuchatelois, not far from the spot where his hut once stood ; and the pine - trees which shelter his grave were sent from his old home in switzerland. his extensive knowledge of natural history makes it somewhat remarkable to find that from first to last he steadily rejected the doctrine of evolution, and affirmed his belief in independent creations. when studying the superficial deposits of the brazilian plains in 1865, his vivid imagination covered even that wide tropical area, as it had covered switzerland before, with one vast glacier,, extending from the andes to the sea. this view, however, has not been generally accepted. his daring conceptions were only equalled by the unwearied industry and genuine enthusiasm with which he worked them out ; and if in details his labours were somewhat defective, it was only because he had ventured to attempt what was too much for any one man. to accomplish. it may be interesting to mention that the charming verses written by longfellow on the fiftieth birthday of agassiz were read by the author at a dinner given to agassiz by the saturday club in cambridge, massachusetts, in 1857. louis agassiz was twice married, and by his first wife he had an only son, alexander agassiz, born in 1835 ; in 1850, after her death, he married his second wife, elizabeth cabot cary of boston, massachusetts, afterwards well known as a writer and as an active promoter of educational work in connexion with radcliffe college ( see an article on radcliffe college, by helen leah reed in the new england magazine for january 1895 ). authorities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4677634818912872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.460864"} {"text": "unlike some of their american cousins, european cicadas make their appearance annually rather than once every thirteen or seventeen years. this means they are part of the fabric of rural life instead of an occasional noteworthy or horrendous occurrence. perhaps nowhere are they more loved than in the south of france, in the area known as provence. if the rooster, or coq, to use his french title, is the animal kingdom member who is officially symbolic of france, then the cicada, or cigale, is the symbol of provence. jean de lafountaine immortalized him in his \" fables \". most english - language fable collections carry the story of the ants and the grasshopper but in the french \" fables de lafountaine \" it is le cigale who passes the glorious days of summer in song. the cigale is a creature of summertime. appearing near the end of june in provence, he is never heard after mid - september. his song ( and only the males are heard ) may sound monotonous to the uninitiated, but the strident rasp of this tiny lyrist is varied according to the circumstances. like most male singing, it is a sexual call, sometimes reaching around 160 decibels. as a song of love it is languorous and deep. alarmed, it becomes raucous and short. to hear this version, carefully catch a cigale and turn him over on his back. stroke his belly with a blade of grass or a broom straw and he will immediately began to give voice. \u201d voice \u201d is perhaps the wrong word to use, as no larynx action is involved. when you have a male on his back as described above, you can actually see the vibrations of the lower chest. this is not sound - producing but sound - modifying ; the actual sound is produced in the hollow stomach of the male. it has been compared to the hollow interior of a guitar. the sound itself is produced by the rapid retraction ( from 300 to 900 times a second ) of a muscle on each side of the \" music box \". below 22 degrees centigrade, the resounding sections of this \" music box \" lose their elasticity. for this reason the males are silent during rain or after sundown. what is interesting about this strident creature is that it is completely deaf, having no tympanic features, i. e. no ears. it depends on its eyes to alert itself to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44720042209423516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.469819"} {"text": "males are silent during rain or after sundown. what is interesting about this strident creature is that it is completely deaf, having no tympanic features, i. e. no ears. it depends on its eyes to alert itself to the approach of enemies. if you walk into its field of vision it will immediately fall silent. and it has a very large field of vision : it has a pair of huge eyes with 14, 000 facets as well as three small stemmed eyes on the top of its head. males and females are alike in this respect, which leads to the assumption that the mating call is recognized by vibration in the atmosphere rather than by sound itself. regardless of how the two sexes find each other, they do, and procreation is abundant. each female lays between 300 and 400 eggs, depositing them in the dry twig of almost any type of plant after cutting a slit in the bark with a drill, or \" rostre \" carried on its lower body. ten eggs are laid at each site. the female dies soon after this, but the larvae later appear at the same slit in the bark by which the eggs were introduced. after tearing its protective envelope, each individual larva remains suspended until it dries in the sun and takes on a protective hardening of its exterior. it then drops to the ground and burrows into the soil. it will spend four years underground, digging long tunnels in search of roots, from which it sucks sap as nourishment. both larvae and adults live exclusively on sap of various plants, which is extracted by means of a facial appendage resembling a large soda straw, functioning very much like a syringe. the larvae undergo several metamorphisms during their time underground. in cold weather they curl up and remain dormant, in hot weather they grow bigger. at this point they are still blind. finally, one fine day in june, they emerge, cling to small twigs while shedding the grub form, and wait for their wings to dry before starting an adult life of several weeks. for the entomologist the cicada is a homopterous insect, having four transparent or nearly - transparent wings. the french say that these wings form a \" roof \" over the insect when they are folded in rest. the french also say ( and i don \u2019 t know if this is true or not ) that cicadas of provence are the only ones in the world who do not damage the plants they use for nourishment and egg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46095976839758646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.470861"} {"text": "wart (? ), n. [ oe. werte, as. wearte ; akin to d. wrat, g. warze, ohg. warza, icel. varta, sw. vx86 ; rta, dan. vorte ; perh. orig., a growth, and akin to e. wort ; or cf. l. verruca wart. ] a small, usually hard, tumor on the skin formed by enlargement of its vascular papillae, and thickening of the epidermis which covers them. an excrescence or protuberance more or less resembling a true wart ; specifically bot., a glandular excrescence or hardened protuberance on plants. fig wart, moist wart med., a soft, bright red, pointed or tufted tumor found about the genitals, often massed into groups of large size. it is a variety of condyloma. called also pointed wart, venereal wart. l. a. duhring. - - wart cress bot., the swine ' s cress. see under swine. - - wart snake zool., any one of several species of east indian colubrine snakes of the genus acrochordus, having the body covered with wartlike tubercles or spinose scales, and lacking cephalic plates and ventral scutes. - - wart spurge bot., a kind of wartwort ( euphorbia helioscopia ). \u00a9 webster 1913.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5022436024750915, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.472539"} {"text": "today is wednesday, may 23, the 144th day of 2012. there are 222 days left in the year. today \u2019 s highlight in history : on may 23, 1937, industrialist and philanthropist john d. rockefeller, founder of the standard oil co. and the rockefeller foundation, died in ormond beach, fla., at age 97. on this date : in 1430, joan of arc was captured by the burgundians, who sold her to the english. in 1533, the marriage of england \u2019 s king henry viii to catherine of aragon was declared null and void. in 1701, william kidd was hanged in london after he was convicted of piracy and murder. in 1788, south carolina became the eighth state to ratify the united states constitution. in 1873, canada \u2019 s parliament voted to establish the north west mounted police force. in 1911, the newly completed new york public library was dedicated by president william howard taft, gov. john alden dix and mayor william jay gaynor. in 1934, bank robbers clyde barrow and bonnie parker were shot to death in a police ambush in bienville parish, la. in 1945, nazi official heinrich himmler committed suicide while imprisoned in luneburg, germany. in 1949, the federal republic of germany ( west germany ) was established. in 1962, the movie version of \u201c the miracle worker, \u201d with patty duke and anne bancroft reprising their broadway roles as helen keller and anne sullivan, opened in new york. in 1967, egypt closed the straits of tiran to israeli ships, an action which precipitated war between israel and its arab neighbors the following month. in 1984, surgeon general c. everett koop issued a report saying there was \u201c very solid \u201d evidence linking cigarette smoke to lung disease in non - smokers. ten years ago : during visits to germany and russia on the same day, president george w. bush told wary european leaders \u201c we \u2019 ve got to use all means at our disposal to deal with saddam hussein, \u201d and he denounced anyone who would appease terrorists or ignore threats to europe. golfing legend sam snead died in hot springs, va., four days short of his 90th birthday. five years ago : president george w. bush, speaking at the u. s. coast guard commencement, portrayed the iraq war as a battle between the u. s. and al - qaida and said osama bin laden was setting up a terrorist cell in iraq to strike targets in america. iraqi police dragged from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37942916547871497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.476068"} {"text": "s. coast guard commencement, portrayed the iraq war as a battle between the u. s. and al - qaida and said osama bin laden was setting up a terrorist cell in iraq to strike targets in america. iraqi police dragged from the euphrates river a body identified as that of pfc. joseph anzack jr., who had disappeared during a may 12 ambush. jordin sparks was crowned the new \u201c american idol \u201d on the fox reality show. one year ago : president barack obama opened a six - day european tour in ireland, where he paid tribute to his irish ancestors before heading to britain. the european union imposed sanctions on syrian president bashar assad over the continuing crackdown on anti - government protesters. pakistani commandos recaptured a major naval base from taliban attackers after a bloody 18 - hour standoff. today \u2019 s birthdays : bluegrass singer mac wiseman is 87. actor nigel davenport is 84. actress barbara barrie is 81. actress joan collins is 79. actor charles kimbrough is 76. actress lauren chapin is 67. country singer misty morgan is 67. country singer judy rodman is 61. singer luka bloom is 57. actor - comedian drew carey is 54. country singer shelly west is 54. actor linden ashby is 52. actress - model karen duffy is 51. actress melissa mcbride is 47. rock musician phil selway ( radiohead ) is 45. actress laurel holloman is 44. rock musician matt flynn ( maroon 5 ) is 42. singer lorenzo is 40. country singer brian mccomas is 40. singer maxwell is 39. singer jewel is 38. actor lane garrison is 32. actor adam wylie is 28. thought for today : \u201c sometimes you have to be silent in order to be heard. \u201d \u2014 swiss proverb.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3791860265558822, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.476757"} {"text": "this tip discusses how school leaders can build a strong learning - focused environment in their district or school. high - impact leadership for high - impact schools : the actions that matter most, by pamela salazar, presents specific knowledge and practical strategies for school leaders to reach high standards of excellence. strong learning - focused communities offer professional support and provide learning opportunities and mutual accountability for improving instruction. principals must build a work culture that promotes collaboration, knowledge sharing, and collective responsibility for improving teaching and learning. high - impact leaders ask : - when do teachers come together to talk about teaching and learning? - what are the expectations for teachers to continue their professional development? - have we established a culture of questioning and inquiry? - is professional development site - specific and aligned with the needs assessment and goals of the school? - do teachers use assessment results to drive instructional decisions on an ongoing basis? - do teachers have opportunities for looking at student work? - do we see ourselves as a community of learners that can continuously improve through collaboration, assessment of results, and reflection? a high - impact school is a community of practice in which learning, experimentation, and reflection are the norm. there is a sense of common purpose based on a collective understanding of the community served by the school and the staff \u2019 s capacity to work together toward this common purpose. everyone works together to assure that diverse voices and beliefs are heard and that consensus truly results in what is good for the whole school and every student. high - impact schools are professional learning communities engaged in assessing and improving instructional practice. these schools are equipped to meet the needs of individual students and to accelerate the pace of learning. they do this through a high level of communication about a variety of issues after establishing opportunities for collaboration. these schools value the exploration and improvement of teaching. they recognize and support innovative efforts that contribute to creating a positive climate and culture in the school. collaborative work forms the backbone for developing an aligned educational experience and expands a school \u2019 s vision and boundaries by involving more people in essential processes related to student achievement and school improvement. high - impact leaders are proactive. they build a supportive learning environment that is healthy and intellectually stimulating. they create an environment characterized by a high level of professional practice paired with a high level of student engagement in the construction of new knowledge. students feel respected and connected and they are engaged in learning. instruction is personalized to increase student contact with teachers. professional development supports collaboration and collegial accountability. the high - impact school dedicates itself to developing everyone \u2019 s potential talents, center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45428275402009977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.481805"} {"text": "the next time you pass the former capitol department store on hay street in downtown fayetteville, imagine the u. s. army gleefully burning down the fayetteville observer offices in that vicinity. it happened. the event took place 146 years ago in the concluding days of the civil war. fayetteville, fort bragg and south - central north carolina are replete with civil war history. this year, the united states marks the 150th anniversary of the beginning of the civil war. the war came to a close four years later in the spring of 1865 in our own backyard. the year 2015 will mark the sesquicentennial of local events. author jim wise in \" on sherman ' s trail \" describes how the combatants may have surveyed the surrounding fields from the belfry of old laurel hill presbyterian church in scotland county. fort bragg itself was the site of the battle of monroe ' s crossroads. there ' s a driving tour and information about the union army ' s pontoon bridge over the cape fear river in mark a. smith and wade sokolosky ' s highly regarded \" no such army since the days of julius caesar : sherman ' s carolinas campaign from fayetteville to averasboro. \" union troops of gen. william t. sherman had laid waste to the secessionist hotbeds of georgia and south carolina and were supposed to go easier on north carolina, which was late to join the exodus. however, they had been keeping track of the confederate sympathizers. on march 12, 1865, sherman ' s troops set the torch to the ardently pro - confederate local newspaper. according to one account, the observer office was at hay and anderson streets. union officers sat on a hotel veranda across the street and merrily watched as the observer went up in flames. there ' s an irony there. nowadays, the fayetteville observer takes pride in being the hometown newspaper of fort bragg, the army ' s premier installation. elite magazine has a piece of that civil war heritage, too. fayetteville publishing co. publishes both elite magazine and the fayetteville observer newspaper.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3979210396498333, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.485989"} {"text": "september 11 \u2013 national hot cross buns day posted on september 11, 2012 national hot cross buns day five food finds about hot cross buns - a hot cross bun is a spiced sweet bun made with currants or raisins and marked with a cross on the top, traditionally eaten on good friday. - in many historically christian countries, buns are traditionally eaten hot or toasted on good friday, with the cross standing as a symbol of the crucifixion. - they are believed by some to pre - date christianity, although the first recorded use of the term \u201c hot cross bun \u201d was not until 1733. - it is believed that buns marked with a cross were eaten by saxons in honour of the goddess eostre ( the cross is thought to have symbolised the four quarters of the moon ) ; \u201c eostre \u201d is probably the origin of the name \u201c easter \u201d. - others claim that the greeks marked cakes with a cross, much earlier. today \u2019 s food history on this day in \u2026 1721 rudolph jacob camerarius died. a german botanist, he showed the existence of sexes in plants, and identified the stamen and pistil as the male and female organs. 1777 the battle of brandywine in the american revolutionary war. the british win, enabling them to capture philadelphia. 1851 sylvester graham died in northampton, massachusetts. he advocated vegetarianism, temperance and the use of coarse ground whole wheat ( graham ) flour. he developed the graham cracker in 1829. 1959 congress passed legislation creating the food stamp program. 1961 the world wildlife fund, a conservation organization, was founded.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3908742839417382, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.489524"} {"text": "the negative split is one of my favorite distance running techniques that is sure to help you cut seconds and minutes off of your race times. a negative split is defined as running a later portion or a race at a faster pace than an earlier portion of the race. in essence, you start out slow and speed up as you go, each split is successively less than the one before it ( negative ). but why would you want to do that and how will that make you faster? let ' s start at the beginning. when i began running, i, like many others, believed that you should start fast when you are fresh and slow down as you wear out and become tired. some call this ' banking time '. you are running faster than your goal at the beginning in an effort to bank enough time so that you can run slower later in the race. there is a fundamental flaw to this line of thinking and it has to do with your physiology ( fancy word for body science ). as you might already know our muscles get energy during running from glycogen ( carbohydrates ) and fat stores in your body. glycogen is limited in quantity, and even a well trained athlete will not last long running above 85 % of their max heart rate. they will be running anaerobically and burning a great deal of glycogen and producing lactic acid in their muscles at a rate faster than it can be removed. lactic acid stops your muscles from converting fat into energy. this will cause you to slow way down or even walk. your goal is to use your fat reserves, which are much greater in quantity and will keep you going longer. the negative split running strategy coupled with the right aerobic training you can teach your body to use more fat and less glycogen which will allow you to run for much longer periods of time while burning fat and without running out of glycogen or generating large amounts of lactic acid. so what can you do about it? first focus your training to be aerobic, in the 60 - 75 % of your maximum heart rate range for at least 30 minutes. yes that means running slower when training ; it seems counter intuitive but it works. and the next time you race, instead of going out at full speed and fading in the later miles, start out at a pace a few seconds per mile ( 10 - 15 ) slower than your goal pace for the first few miles, and slowly pick up the pace running each mile a few seconds faster than the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4558141582916505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.492974"} {"text": "by kris day topping is the absolute worst action you can take under the guise of \u201c caring \u201d for a tree. what exactly is \u201c topping? \u201d in a nutshell, it is a type of pruning that reduces a tree \u2019 s size by indiscriminately stub cutting the major branches of a tree. a tree typically ends up looking like a hat rack or candelabra at best. other names for this misguided practice are : stubbing, heading, tipping, or rounding off. pruning trees in this way causes, rather than prevents, hazards \u2013 one of the main reasons people claim to do or have this work done. when a tree \u2019 s crown is cut back in this way, it responds by sending out a flush of growth from the remaining large diameter wood to replace the leaf area lost. this growth is very weakly attached and will become vulnerable to breakage in a short time. additionally, topping weakens trees by creating large wounds for them to seal over. it takes a lot of energy and time to close over cuts of this nature, and most often trees develop decay before the process is complete. so, not only do you invite the risk of new limbs breaking off in storms ( or even just under their own weight ), you also run the risk of having one of the structural branches falling due to rot. while topping is dangerous, unhealthy, and unsightly, the bottom line is that it just doesn \u2019 t work. if you have a tree whose size or health are of concern to you, do yourself ( and the tree ) a favor and seek the advice of a certified arborist. a healthy tree can outlive many generations of people, but only if it is provided adequate resources and not mistreated. don \u2019 t top or advocate for topping trees. and please \u2026 spread the word.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4543438346634075, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.494731"} {"text": "what is geography? while the word geography is derived from greek and literally means \" to write about the earth, \" the subject of geography is much more than describing \" foreign \" places or memorizing the names of capitals and countries. geography is an all - encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the world - its human and physical features - through an understanding of place and location. geographers study where things are and how they got there. my favorite definitions for geography are \" the bridge between the human and physical sciences \" and \" the mother of all sciences. \" geography looks at the spatial connection between people, places, and the earth. how is geography different from geology? many people have an idea of what a geologist does but don ' t have any idea of what a geographer does. while geography is commonly divided into human geography and physical geography, the difference between physical geography and geology is often confusing. geographers tend to study the surface of the earth, its landscapes, its features, and why they are where they are. geologists look deeper into the earth than do geographers and study its rocks, the internal processes of the earth ( such as plate tectonics and volcanoes ), and study periods of earth history many millions and even billions of years ago. how does one become a geographer? an undergraduate ( college or university ) education in geography is an important beginning to becoming a geographer. with a bachelor ' s degree in geography, a geography student can begin working in a variety of fields. while many students begin their career after achieving an undergraduate education, others continue on. a master ' s degree in geography is very helpful for the student who desires to teach at the high school or community college level, to be a cartographer or gis specialist, of work in business or government. a doctorate in geography ( ph. d. ) is necessary if one wishes to become a full professor at a university. although, many ph. d. s in geography continue on to form consulting firms, become administrators in government agencies, or attain high - level research positions in corporations or think - tanks. the best resource for learning about colleges and universities that offer degrees in geography is the annual publication of the association of american geographers, the guide to programs in geography in the united states and canada. what does a geographer do? unfortunately, the job title of \" geographer \" is not often found in companies or government agencies ( with the most notable exception of the u. s. census bureau ). however, more and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5313963414067231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.499723"} {"text": "looking at the definitions of again and wieder we ' re able to figure out which meanings are identical and which are different. 1 one more time ; on another occasion 1 druckt eine wiederholung aus ; ein weiteres mal, wie fruher schon einmal ; erneut 2 showing that somebody / something is in the same place or state that they were in originally 2 druckt eine ruckkehr in einen fruheren zustand aus ; druckt aus, dass etwas ruckgangig gemacht wird 3 added to an amount that is already there 4 used to show that a comment or fact is connected with what you have just said 5 ( then / there again ) used to introduce a fact or an opinion that contrasts with what you have just said 3 gleichzeitig, andererseits [ aber auch ] 6 used when you ask somebody to tell you something or repeat something that you think they have told you already 6 ( noch, doch ) druckt in fragesatzen aus, dass der sprecher nach etwas bekanntem fragt, was ihm im moment nicht einfallt as you can see there are two meanings of again that aren ' t represented by wieder. in the following sentence you can ' t use wieder in german. the cost is about half as much again as it was two years ago. and again, we must think of the cost. side note : there are also definitions of wieder that aren ' t covered by again ; hence, you can ' t translate wieder to again in every case. last but not least : in some sentences german natives would tend to use a synonym like nochmals where again is used in english. could you say it again, please? - kannst du das bitte nochmals sagen. the last definition is taken from the entry of doch.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5139037072868912, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.501698"} {"text": "it seems like we can find almost everything we need through google maps \u2014 even the best place to put a new wind farm or a solar power plant. renewable energy prospectors can now assess potential sites with the click of a mouse using 3tier \u2019 s high - resolution maps of the earth \u2019 s solar radiation, wind speeds and hydro power capacities. the company showed off its new seamless, high - resolution solar map of the western hemisphere this week at the international solar power conference. 3tier is working on mapping the entire world with its \u201c remapping the world \u201d initiative which it hopes will help developing countries assess their renewable energy resources and \u201c leap frog \u201d past fossil fuels. many of the places that need renewable energy the most don \u2019 t have the resources to synthesize millions of satellite photos. 3tier offers a free look on their web site for consumers and sells comprehensive, custom full site analysis reports, complete with gis data layers to energy developers. 3tier says its new solar maps offers three times the resolution of existing industry standards. and while you might have thought sunlight just beams straight down, 3tier \u2019 s solar map displays information on global horizontal irradiation, direct normal irradiation and diffuse irradiation so you can tell how much radiation might actually power your panels. the wind energy map also provides a huge amount of detail and clicking through the wind velocity at elevations of 20, 50 and 80 meters quickly illustrates that higher speed winds are higher up in the atmosphere. founded in 1999, 3tier displays its data using google maps, which makes us wonder : what if google were to acquire 3tier? it could be a perfect fit. google. org has made investments in solar and wind energy companies which could certainly make use of high - resolution energy maps. 3tier \u2019 s maps could perfectly compliment google \u2019 s recent grant to southern methodist university geothermal laboratory to update a very similar geothermal energy map. and google earth has been adding layers of data about renewable energy for quite some time now. but then again, we \u2019 re still waiting for google to acquire the earth2tech portfolio of green maps. images courtesy of 3tier.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4882048382341322, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.503930"} {"text": "the heating system of the winter moth when winter comes, many insect species inhabiting cold regions of the world die from cold or lack of food. that is because insects are delicate creatures, but there are some exceptions to this rule. for example, owl moths look like butterflies and at first sight seem very delicate. in reality, however, they are strong enough to survive tough winter conditions. therefore these moths are also called \" winter moths \". like butterflies, a winter moth has two wings and a trunk to which these wings are joined. in order for this moth to fly, the temperature of its thorax to which its wings are joined should be 30oc ( 86of ). but the temperature where they live is usually 0oc ( 32of ) and even drops below zero degrees from time to time. how can winter moths survive such cold? what prevents them from freezing when they are motionless, and what enables them to fly in cold weather? this moth species is created together with a special heating system that enables it to live under winter conditions. this system consists of several complementary features. before flight winter moths continuously tense the main muscles that are connected to the wings and make their wings vibrate. the rapid vibrating of the wings leads to an increase in the temperature of the insect ' s thorax. as a result of this increase, the temperature of the thorax may rise from 0oc ( 32of ) to 30oc ( 86of ) or even more. however, this is only one of the features that the moth needs to survive. in order to fly it is not sufficient for the winter moth merely to increase its body temperature. that is because the difference between the temperatures of the insect ' s body and of the atmosphere will result in loss of heat. in the same way as a glass of hot tea cools after a while, the moth ' s body will also cool. therefore it will not help even if the moth keeps its wings vibrating. in order for the winter moth to fly and thus survive, another method is required to maintain the heat it has produced. this need is also met by a special structure that allah created in the moth ' s body. moths are covered with dense scales that reduce heat loss. scientists have determined after research that a moth without scales cools twice as fast as those with scales. these are some of the mechanisms in a winter moth that protect it from cold. the features mentioned above must have existed since this moth species came into being. otherwise, the moth would have died of cold and this species would be extinct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5295052306427165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.507734"} {"text": "tradition observes that christ was put to death on good friday but thursday is the day that would fulfill the sign of jonah. matthew 12 : 38 - 40 says \" the son of man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth \". so did the lord mean what he said here in matthew 12? three days and three nights in the earth? there are not 3 nights between good friday and sunday morning, the first day of the week when christ arose ( john 20 : 1 ). by looking at the feasts from leviticus 23, we can confirm our answer that the lord is always accurate. in some weeks the jewish feasts could require two consecutive days of rest ( weekly and annual sabbaths ). this helps to determine that christ was crucified passover day, thursday the 14th of nissan. john 18 : 28 shows that some jews had not yet eaten their passover in the hours before early thursday morning. we know that jesus and others had already eaten their passover meal the previous wed. evening. customs or reasons for different times in killing the lamb and the passover meal might come from the translation of leviticus 23 : 5 where \" at twilight \" literally means \" between the evenings \". also pharisee and sadducee disputes on passover customs perhaps were based on past examples of hezekiah, josiah or from the book ezra when passover changes were allowed. we can be sure jesus celebrated the passover meal at the correct time of wednesday evening when the 14th began. a new day was said to begin when 3 stars were visible in the evening. it is helpful to mention that the jewish day begins in the evening unlike our present method of changing over at midnight. the 14th of nissan is the date of the passover meal celebration at twilight wednesday evening. however it is still passover, the 14th during daylight hours thursday. during these daylight hours several events took place as our savior was on the cross. it was the day of preparation ( john 19 : 14 ) when all leaven is to be removed from the house in preparation for the high sabbath of the first day of the feast of unleavened bread. this high sabbath friday the 15th, proceeded the weekly saturday sabbath of the 16th. this study is not to prove what the priests were doing at the exact time jesus was nailed to the cross, but it may be probable that the priests were sacrificing a national passover lamb at the temple thursday the 14th, as the true sacrifice of god was taking place on gol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4265440446594407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.523697"} {"text": "were doing at the exact time jesus was nailed to the cross, but it may be probable that the priests were sacrificing a national passover lamb at the temple thursday the 14th, as the true sacrifice of god was taking place on golgotha outside the camp. passover and the feast of unleavened bread are sometimes referred to like one feast ( 1 ). however, a 7 day feast of unleavened bread starts the day after passover. the 7 day unleavened bread feast is proceeded by a day of preparation ( passover day ). passover is an evening memorial meal of unleavened bread and roasted lamb celebrated at twilight on the 14th. studying these feasts should also help us understand jesus words about him being the bread from heaven, eating his flesh and drinking his blood ( john chapter 6 ). like our savior, no bone of the passover lamb was to be broken ( exodus 12 : 46, john 19 : 36 ). from exodus 12 : 3 - 6 we read that the jews are to choose their sacrificial passover lamb on the 10th of nissan, the first month of the jewish calendar. nissan 10th was the day after a weekly saturday sabbath, and it is also called palm sunday by christians today. this day christ rode into jerusalem and the people laid palm branches before him, not realizing that he was to be their sacrificial lamb in a few days ( 2 ). isaiah 53 : 1 - 9 predicted that messiah would be the final paschal sacrifice, the final sacrifice for sin. jesus is \" our passover \" in i corinthians 5 : 6 - 7. jesus is portrayed as this passover lamb in four passages : john 1 : 29, 1 : 35 - 36, i peter 1 : 18 - 19, and revelation 5 : 6. john the baptist called jesus the lamb of god, that takes away the sin of the world ( john 1 : 29, 36 ). believe in this lamb for eternal life. leviticus and exodus give us the best look at the timing of christ sacrifice and how god had revealed this prophecy so many years before ( 3, 4, 5, 6 ) : - nissan 10th \u2014 palm sunday ( the 10th actually starts saturday evening till sunday evening ) \u2014 jews choose and test the paschal lamb. - nissan 11th \u2014 sunday evening till monday evening \u2014 the lamb is tested - nissan 12th \u2014 monday evening till tuesday evening \u2014 the lamb is tested - nissan 13th \u2014 tuesday evening till wednesday evening \u2014 the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3872182846372164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.524741"} {"text": ") \u2014 jews choose and test the paschal lamb. - nissan 11th \u2014 sunday evening till monday evening \u2014 the lamb is tested - nissan 12th \u2014 monday evening till tuesday evening \u2014 the lamb is tested - nissan 13th \u2014 tuesday evening till wednesday evening \u2014 the lamb is tested - nissan 14th \u2014 wednesday evening till thursday evening & mdash. the lamb is killed at twilight on passover ( is not a sabbath ). also called preparation day to rid the house of all leaven for the next day is a high holy sabbath, the first day of the feast of unleavened bread. - nissan 15th \u2014 thurs. eve till friday eve \u2014 high holy sabbath the beginning day of feast of unleavened bread ( john 19 : 31, leviticus 23 : 6 - 7, exodus 12 : 16 ). - nissan 16th \u2014 weekly sabbath. friday eve till sat. eve - nissan 17th \u2014 sunday morning \u2014 feast of firstfruits \u2014 celebrated the day after sabbath \u2014 christ arose and is the firstfruits of our resurrection. ( 1cor. 15 : 20 - 23 ). note that the sadducees also disputed the pharisees over the feast of firstfruits day. they could not agree from which sabbath they should count for being the day after the sabbath ( leviticus 23 : 11 ). this argument would arise because two sabbaths occurred in one week. this study can help us tie old testament and new testament together in showing how god has revealed his plan for all mankind through his chosen people and through his son who is the word. on palm sunday many of the jews welcomed jesus saying \" blessed is he who comes in the name of the lord \" ( matthew 21 : 9 ). just a few days later the crucifixion took place and jesus was killed. in matthew 23 : 13 - 39 jesus had warned the nation of israel of their coming desolation for rejection of god ' s word. one day they will see him again, but not \" till you say, blessed is he who comes in the name of the lord \" ( matthew 23 : 39 ). all israel will be saved one day when they call on jesus as messiah ( romans 11 : 26, romans 10 - 11 ). he will not come back until they do. maranatha. some translations read \" first day of the feast of unleavened bread or day of unleavened bread \" in matthew 26 : 17, mark 14 : 12, and luke 22 : 7. by inserting capital letter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4298256681118593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.525894"} {"text": "maranatha. some translations read \" first day of the feast of unleavened bread or day of unleavened bread \" in matthew 26 : 17, mark 14 : 12, and luke 22 : 7. by inserting capital lettered words here, unless we are careful, it may confuse passover and the feast of unleavened bread. a passover meal includes \" unleavened bread \" but is not one of the 7 days of feast of unleavened bread. the use of \" first \" or \" day \" would indicate of chief importance. the passover day is the first day of 8 days of feasts which include unleavened bread. an additional comment about john 12 : 1 - 12, in relation to the sign of jonah study may answer another possible question. i had looked at this passage before but originally decided not to include it in the study. john 12 : 1 says jesus arrived in bethany 6 days before passover. some might jump to the wrong conclusion in counting 6 days from the supper in verse 2 which was saturday night as verse 12 makes clear. most likely jesus and his disciples did not travel much on the sabbath and were in bethany before the sabbath began friday evening. friday during daylight hours was the 8th of nissan and 6 days before passover on the 14th. we are not told that they ( martha ) made jesus a supper the evening he arrived. the time of arrival and the time of supper are not stated to occur on the same day. john 12 : 1 - 12 does not contradict my view on the sign of jonah unless one jumps to wrong conclusions on time between verse 1 to verse 12. further detail concerning exodus 12 is needed. exodus 12 : 41 and 12 : 51 are linked together in structure and are referring to nissan the 15th as the day the lord led israel out of egypt. the phrase in verse 41 and 51, \" and it came to pass, on that very same day \" are both referring to the ending of the 430 years of captivity when the lord led them out and is not saying that he led them out on the 14th. leviticus 23 : 5 - 6 showing the dates of passover and feast of unleavened bread not being on the same date. the word \" it \" beginning verse 42 seems to refer to it being night when the lord led them out. but verse 42 could be a transition referring to verses 43 - 50 and passover. or the \" it \" in verse 42 could lead back to verse 27 and \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4446202173948281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.526887"} {"text": "beginning verse 42 seems to refer to it being night when the lord led them out. but verse 42 could be a transition referring to verses 43 - 50 and passover. or the \" it \" in verse 42 could lead back to verse 27 and \" it is the passover \". either way verse 42 is not contradicting all the events of passover happening in the night on the 14th. exodus 12 : 43 - 50 are viewing some additional regulations for passover, which is on the 14th. it would require some time for all the events of the night and the daylight of the 14th ( ex. 12 : 21 - 39 ) to occur. for example, just to assemble all israel with belongings in preparation to depart egypt may have taken most of the daylight hours. as evening approached and the beginning of the 15th starts, the lord led israel out. an additional comment about the phrase, \" this same night \" or \" that night \" in exodus 12 : 8 ; 12. these verses are referring to all the events occurring at night on nissan 14th, from exodus 12 : 6 thru 12 : 31. for passover to have occurred on the closing evening of the 14th, the amount of time required to complete everything would put the majority of events on the 15th at night, and not the 14th. demonstrating again that jesus took the passover meal correctly at the beginning evening of the 14th. ex. 12 : 18 says unleavened bread is to be eaten everyday for 7 days. on the 14th at evening till the evening of the 21st. that is a total of 8 days. however the requirement to eat unleavened bread on the 21st may not be included as the 21st begins at evening. but it is required to eat on the 14th. the word \" on \" is inclusive for the 14th but \" until \" the evening of the 21st is not inclusive, as the 21st begins at evening. no leaven is to be found in the house for 7 days. it would be difficult to find leaven for bread on the 21st in order to bake leavened bread because of this. also this is a sabbath and certain restrictions apply. difficult but not impossible as they may have been tired of unleavened bread after a week. thank goodness for a gentile bakery across the street for example! exodus 12 : 15 - 16 at first seems to mean the same day by using the phrase \" on the first day \". \" on the first day \" in verse 15 is referring to passover day as removing leaven from the house", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44979711466424066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.527890"} {"text": "for example! exodus 12 : 15 - 16 at first seems to mean the same day by using the phrase \" on the first day \". \" on the first day \" in verse 15 is referring to passover day as removing leaven from the house. verse 16 is referring to \" on the first day \" as a holy convocation on the first day of the feast of unleavened bread. leviticus 23 : 5 - 6 showing the different dates and john19 : 14 ; 31 ; 42 showing the day of preparation on the 14th for a high holy sabbath on the 15th. the overlapping of the seven days between these two feast makes it somewhat hard to follow. note that in leviticus 23 between verse 5 and 6 a period mark is placed for punctuation. but verse 4 is saying a list of the feast is following. verse 5 and 6 are joined together with the word \" and \" their meaning should not be separated by a period mark. this shows the 7 days of unleavened bread overlap to include both the 14th and the 15th. this is in agreement with the reading of exodus 12 on these matters. let us not overlook the importance of such a small word as \" and \". quartodecimanism holds that jesus partook of the passover meal on the correct beginning evening of the 14th. the following morning, still on the 14th, jesus was crucified on passover day. many jews in jesus day observed a passover meal on the closing evening of the 14th. they did not think jesus was right. you can only believe something when you know it is true. jesus gives eternal life. that is something no other man can give. note : this article is copied from my web page under sign of jonah.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4819971676354148, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.529255"} {"text": "what was the general breakdown of casualties per their cause during american civil war? e. g. bullets vs. artillery vs. edged weapons vs. disease vs. natural death. did that breakdown change in meaningful way between the beginning and the end of the war? you can get a breakdown of the major causes of death here. prior to the 20th century ( possibly late 19th ), the dominant cause of death in war was disease : the troops were in close quarters with unsanitary conditions and inadequate means of handling these. this number was followed by complications related to injuries actually suffered in battle \u2014 frequently one would get a small injury and it would get infected and kill the individual even though it would be trivial to heal the wound in better conditions. unfortunately, i cannot give you a specific breakdown of blade vs. bullet ( and i suspect that it would be impossible to do so ), but i will say that, based on the artillery technology of the time, it is fairly safe to say that discerning the difference between bullet and canon shot would be quite impossible. even if you assume that there was a substantial interest in maintaining those records, there would not have been effort made to determine which injuries are post - mortem. bruce catton ' s history and shelby foote ' s history should have the details. i cannot check as my copies are at home. from what i remember, it was pre - battle medical care and unsanitary conditions that killed the most soldiers. the first use of modern rifles with napoleon tactics contributed to the hight number of dead on the battle field.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43157592461684224, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.533768"} {"text": "medieval egyptian counted - thread embroidery introduction : long before blackwork embroidery was being done in europe, a similar style using double - running stitch was being done in egypt. during the mamluk period ( 1250 - 1517 ), this style and the closely related pattern darning became common as cheap methods of decoration for those who couldn ' t afford the silk brocades being made at the time. materials : the ground fabric was usually linen, although silk could be used. it was normally even - weave, ranging from 28 to 60 threads per inch. linen and wool thread were sometimes used, but silk floss was the most common. indigo blue and black were used most frequently, but many other colors were used as well : green, yellow, red, turquoise, dark brown, grey. method : both types of embroidery are based on running stitch, the simplest of all. double - running stitch was called spanish stitch in 16th - century europe, and is often called holbein stitch by modern embroiderers. each stitch is made over or under the same number of threads, usually two, and then a second row of running stitches fills in the initial row, creating a solid line, which is identical on both sides of the ground fabric. a variant of this is sometimes called box - stitch and, as the name implies, is just a series of squares with one stitch to a side, arranged to form the design. both these variants are well - adapted for the inscriptions which are an essential element of all arabic decorative arts. designs can be formed just with the double - running stitch, but there are examples where it outlines a shape which is then filled in with either a solid color, with drawn - and cutwork, or with pattern darning. in pattern darning, the stitch length is varied, most commonly going over or under 1, 3, or 5 threads. in the second row, and in each succeeding row, some stitches change in length, and the rest shift. although the technique is so simple, it produces an incredible variety of geometric patterns. at least two fragments are large enough to be recognized as tunics / shirts, with embroidery around the neck opening and another two bands going down the front. the hems of skirts and sleeves were probably embroidered, as were the various long strips of cloth used as scarves, sashes and turban wraps. there is one surviving example of embroidered scraps being reused to make a doll ' s robe. embroidery may also have been used on household linens. there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46153995977591644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.536398"} {"text": "that different liquids can have different weights and densities. you will need : two raw egg 1 ) place one egg in a jar and cover with vinegar. 2 ) place the other egg in a jar filled with water. observe over the course of a leave it and check it out in about a week. just let it soak away in the vinegar. after a week, the egg should be see through but still pretty much egg - shaped. the vinegar completely dissolves away the shell ( which is mostly calcium ), leaving the membrane intact. vinegar is, in fact an acid - acetic acid to be exact. it ' s the same stuff found in tomato ketchup amd brown sauce. that ' s why a coin will become nice and shiny what placed in either of these sauces. some of the vinegar actually enters the membrane of the egg, and since this vinegar takes up more space, the membrane stretches to accommodate it. this is why the egg can look a little bigger. if you shake the egg, you can see the yolk sloshing around in the white. if the membrane tears, the contents will spill out just the same as with any raw egg. if you do this with a hard boiled egg, the shell will dissolve in the same way, and you will be left with a rubbery egg that should actually bounce ( if not dropped from too great a height! ). try soaking a chicken bone in vinegar for several days to a week. if the bone is fresh enough, you should be able to bend it ; even tie a knot in it. this is because most of the calcium has been dissolved, leaving behind other less rigid parts of the bone. 1. balancing clown | 2. oily divers! | 3. flying counters | 4. dancing snake | 5. chromatography | 6. bubbles 7. slime | 8. balloon rockets | 9. under pressure | 10. surface tension 1 | 11. surface tension 2 | 12. surface tension 3 13. find your ' blind spot ' | 14. two eyes are better than one! | 15. some optical illusions 16. and 17. more balancing | 18. dissolve an egg in vinegar! | 19. egg float | 20. some paper airplanes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4706574424930353, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.538511"} {"text": "\" we hold these truths to be self - evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their creator with inherent and inalienable rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. \" - us declaration of independence as originally written by thomas jefferson, 1776. \" i define equality of opportunity as the following : equality before the law. it is a career open to the talents. no arbitary obstacles should prevent people from achieving those positions for which their talents fit them and which their values lead them to seek. not birth, nationality, colour, religion, sex, nor any other irrelevent characteristic should determine the opportunitiues that are open to a person - only his abilities. equality of opportunity, like personal equality, is not inconsistent with liberty, on the contrary, it is an essential component of liberty. if some people are denied access to particular positions in life for which they are qualified simply because of their ethnic background, colour, or religion, that is an interference with their right to \" life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. \" - milton friedman, \" free to choose \" \" the authors are badly confused about equality. they are hung up on the term ' equality of opportunity. ' jefferson ' s ' equality ' in the declaration is, of course, what hayek called isonomia - equality before the law. philosopher robert nozick called it process equality, which he carefully distinguished from end - state - equality. the authors pursue the latter of those mutually exclusive concepts. \" - charles w. baird, review of \" the stakeholder society \" the struggle for the high school and the debate over its proper role in american democracy would focus once again a question that had recurred throughout american history and that would bedevil the nation in the 20th century. it was in some ways the central problem of modern democracy, for it was nothing less than the meaning of human \" equality \". was the good society one which allowed all citizens to develop their natural differences, including their natural inequalities? or was it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5464918291825693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.549010"} {"text": "in some ways the central problem of modern democracy, for it was nothing less than the meaning of human \" equality \". was the good society one which allowed all citizens to develop their natural differences, including their natural inequalities? or was it a society which tried to make men equal? did \" equality \" mean the maximum fulfillment of each, or did it mean the levelling of all? this question was nowhere more sharply posed than in education, and especially in the high school. - daniel boorstin, \" the americans : the democratic experience \" all men are by nature... born equally free and independent... not a physical but a moral equality. common sense was sufficient to determine that it could not mean that all men were equal in fact, but in right, not equally tall, strong, wise, handsome, active, but equally men... the work of the same artist, children in the same cases entitled to the same justice. - john adams ' all men are created equal ' says the american declaration of independence. ' all men shall be kept equal ' say the socialists. - winston churchill let our children grow tall, and some taller than others if they have it in them to do so. let a thousand flowers bloom, and if some are prettier than others, so be it. - robert locke we have so many people who can ' t see a fat man standing beside a thin one without coming to the conclusion that the fat man got that way by taking advantage of the thin - ronald reagan you do not make the weak strong by making the strong weak. it is the character of egalitarian measures that they pull down what is above. they never raise what is below. beware dependency on the state. - edmund burke, 1770. those who attempt to level, never equalize... very plausible schemes, with very pleasing commencements, have often shameful and lamentable conclusions. - edmund burke socialists make the mistake of confusing individual worth with success. they believe you cannot allow people to succeed in case those who fail feel worthless. - kenneth baker even if it were proved - which it is not - that the incidence of men of potentially superior brain power is greater among the members of certain races than among the members of others, it would still tell us nothing about any given individual and it would be irrelevent to one ' s judgment of him. a genius is still a genius, regardless of the number of morons who belong to the same race. democracy extends the sphere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.551238014876112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.550091"} {"text": "would still tell us nothing about any given individual and it would be irrelevent to one ' s judgment of him. a genius is still a genius, regardless of the number of morons who belong to the same race. democracy extends the sphere of individual freedom, socialism restricts it. democracy attaches all possible value to each man ; socialism makes each man a mere agent, a mere number. democracy and socialism have nothing in common but one word : equality. but notice the difference : while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude. - alexis de tocqueville a society that puts equality - in the sense of equality of outcome - ahead of freedom will end up with neither equality or freedom. the use of force to achieve equality will destroy freedom. on the other hand, a society that puts freedom first will, as a happy by - product, end up with both greater freedom and greater equality. freedom means diversity but also mobility. it preserves the opportunity for today ' s less well off to become tomorrow ' s rich, and in the process, enables almost everyone, from top to bottom, to enjoy a richer and fuller - milton friedman, \" free to choose \" the urge to distribute wealth equally, and still more the belief that it can be brought about by political action, is the most dangerous of all popular emotions. it is the legitimation of envy, of all the deadly sins the one which a stable society based on consensus should fear the most. the monster state is a source of many evils ; but it is, above all, an engine of envy. - paul johnson there exists in the human heart a depraved taste for equality, which impels the weak to attempt to lower the powerful to their own level, and reduces men to prefer equality in slavery to inequality with freedom. - alexis de tocqueville everything that i have experienced and everything that i have read about socialist experiments in the field of equality convinces me that, not only is equality of outcome an evil myth, but that all attempts to engineer it, that is, to rig the race, are certain to end where they have ended from the french to the russian revolutions : the guillotine and the gallows. hierarchy is vital to any human project. in a storm, no mass meeting is a substitute for a captain on deck to shoulder responsibility. - eoghan harris, \" the irish independent \" socialism was always a crappy philosophy based on the stupid idea that we couldn ' t allow anybody", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5287715787680656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.551288"} {"text": ". in a storm, no mass meeting is a substitute for a captain on deck to shoulder responsibility. - eoghan harris, \" the irish independent \" socialism was always a crappy philosophy based on the stupid idea that we couldn ' t allow anybody to succeed in life becacause if would make the rest of us feel like failures. good riddance to that. - marc coleman, urging a new approach for the left in \" the irish independent \" my experience of life tells me that equality is a hopeless cause. from the minute you are born, you are unequal to others born on that same day and in the same location, and there is nothing any state directive can do about it. you may be born plain - looking. this is one of the greatest disadvantages in life. to be born handsome is to have a first - class ticket on the journey of life. you may be born to two rather stout parents, in which case you have an inherited genotype which will make you fat however many diets your torment yourself like the ideal of chastity, the ideal of equality is a war against nature, and in wars against nature, nature usually wins. philosophers say that liberty, equality, fraternity - that trio of aspirations still stamped on official french documents - are contradictions in terms. you can never have both liberty and equality : you have to choose. i ' ll take liberty. - mary kenny, \" no such thing as equality \", \" the irish independent \" equality has always been a threat to liberty, since you can never have both. one person ' s \" equality \" is another person ' s lack of choice. the state which enforces \" equality \" will trample on liberty. the nation which embraces \" liberty \" will always be an unequal one, since free individuals will make different and thereby - mary kenny, \" the irish independent \" it is a terrible misunderstanding of meritocracy to assume it means everyone is somehow ( or could be ) of equal merit, with equal success. innate ability varies, obviously enough. merit varies. all cannot have prizes, though all can do well in some way. no one believes these days that anyone should be held back by some long - discredited idea of knowing your place or getting above your station. we do live in a meritocracy, imperfect though it is, and few people would wish to change that. however, the painful truth is that meritocracy is cruel. it offers no excuses to those who donit do well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5059434701689531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.552330"} {"text": "we do live in a meritocracy, imperfect though it is, and few people would wish to change that. however, the painful truth is that meritocracy is cruel. it offers no excuses to those who donit do well. it is even more cruel when teachers and politicians offer false encouragement based on a confusion of meritocracy with socialism. socialism is incompatible with meritocracy. - minette marrin, \" the lies they tell children \", \" the times \" if a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. let him step to the music he hears, however measured or far away. - henry david thoreau, somebody had said, that a king may make a nobleman, but he cannot make a gentleman. god may have made men and women, but colt made them equal. there is no principle in the conservative philosophy than that of the inherent and absolute incompatibility between liberty and equality. - robert a. nisbet, \" twilight of authority \" equality before the law the great aim of the struggle for liberty has been equality before the law. the only stable state is the one in which all men are equal before the law. - aristotle, \" politics v \", c. 322 bc \" the most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities. \" it is of the essence of the demand for equality before the law that people should be treated alike in spite of the fact that they are different. - friedrich hayek, \" the constitution of liberty \", 1960. from the fact that people are very different it follows that, if we treat them equally, the result must be inequality in their actual position, and that the only way to place them in an equal position would be to treat them differently. equality before the law and material equality are therefore not only different but are in conflict which each other ; and we can achieve either one or the other, but not both at the same time. - friedrich hayek if a test of civilisation be sought, none can be so sure as the condition of that half of society over which the other half has power. - harriet martineau, society in america return to politics index, or site homepage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45681669070561626, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.553245"} {"text": "page 3 of 3 although kilby probably thought of the integrated circuit a bit before noyce both texas and fairchild filed for patents and a long legal wrangle developed between the two. one of the key points of contention was the use of flying interconnecting wires in the kilby diagram - was this really a true integrated circuit? kilby had realised the problem while the patent was being written and added some lines about being able to use any method of interconnection for instance gold tracks laid down on an insulating layer of silicon dioxide. where this additional idea had sprung from is unknown but it certainly placed kilby ' s chip alongside noyce ' s in terms of sophistication. the patent lawyers argued that kilby ' s postscript wouldn ' t work because gold wouldn ' t stick to silicon dioxide and used experts to try to undermine kilby ' s design. the patent was initially awarded to kilby, or rather to texas instruments. then the appeal judge, in 1966 roughly ten years on, reversed the decision and awarded the patent to noyce, in other words to fairchild. by this time it didn ' t make any difference because the two firms had got together to carve up the market between them. they each charged a royalty of between 2 to 4 % which alone eventually earned them somewhere in the region of $ 100 million each. i say \" eventually \" because when both companies announced the technique in 1959 there were few takers. the reason was the high price of the relatively low component count chips that could be made. it was cheaper to build the same out of discrete components. surprisingly it wasn ' t the mainstream computer industry that initially created the market for integrated circuits. it was the combination of the space race and military electronics which needed the low weight and reliability of integrated circuits at any price. as the price fell and the number of components increased, a trend that continues today. first mainframe computers started to incorporate replacement printed circuit boards using chips in place of transistors and then whole integrated circuit computers were designed. next came the minicomputer and then the microcomputer and we are still waiting to see where it will all end. so what happened to kilby and noyce after the chip? irrespective of the outcome of the patent wrangle they are both generally credited as the co - inventor of the integrated circuit - both were awarded the national ( usa ) medal of science and inducted into the national inventor ' s hall of fame. kilby stayed with ti for some time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5580564257059757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.558234"} {"text": "patent wrangle they are both generally credited as the co - inventor of the integrated circuit - both were awarded the national ( usa ) medal of science and inducted into the national inventor ' s hall of fame. kilby stayed with ti for some time and his next important project for them was the design of the first pocket calculator. kilby and his team first reverse engineered existing desktop calculators to see how they worked and then designed their own chips to do the same job. along the way they also developed the first led display and the first thermal printing mechanism. the result, the data - math sold for $ 149. 50. kilby was awarded the patent for the pocket calculator. he left ti in 1970 to work for himself as an independent inventor. although he clocked up a number of patents none seem to have made him rich or any more famous. in the mid 1960 ' s noyce was growing increasingly unhappy at fairchild and he and gordon moore left to found intel in 1986. the idea was make computer circuits on silicon and we know where that ended up don ' t we... perhaps the strangest twist to the story is that noyce handed the task of designing the chips for a new desktop calculator for busicom to an engineer by the name of ted hoff. he managed to cram the logic onto a single chip and so produced the world ' s first microprocessor. the trouble was that busicom ' s machine was knocked out of the market place by jack kilby ' s cheaper pocket model and its subsequent clones. as a result busicom couldn ' t pay intel for the design work and so the rights to the chip returned to intel who promptly placed it on open sale as the 4004 - the forerunner of the entire 80x86 line of processors. noyce moved ever more into management but always remained a techie at heart. some of his financial decisions deserve recording, however. he warned his wife not to invest in a \" no - future \" company down the road at cupertino, i. e. apple, and then went and sank money into osborne computers which made the first portable, well luggable, machine and promptly went bankrupt. but the president of intel could afford to make the occasional small mistake.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4923798574955831, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.559419"} {"text": "by laura ly, special to cnn ( cnn ) - a math homework assignment that asked fourth grade students to tally the number of slaves on a ship has sparked outrage among parents and administrators in manhattan. the assignment was devised by another group of students, after they apparently expressed interest in the transatlantic slave trade. it required fourth graders to calculate the remainder of those not killed by a mutiny aboard the vessel, and to determine the number of times slaves were beaten in one month. \u201c this is really inappropriate, \u201d student teacher aziza harding told cnn affiliate ny1 on friday. \u201c it should not be a homework assignment, and i did not want to make copies of this. \u201d harding was asked to photocopy the assignment by another teacher, but refused because the questions made her uncomfortable and she thought it desensitized students to the horrors of slavery. the first question read : \" in a slave ship, there are 3, 799 slaves. one day, the slaves took over the ship. 1, 897 slaves are dead. how many slaves are alive? \" the second question read : \" one slave got whipped five times a day. how many times did he get whipped in a month ( 31 days )? another slave got whipped nine times a day. how many times did he get whipped in a month? how many times did the two slaves get whipped together in one month? \" the worksheet was created earlier this year by another teacher whose students were studying the history of slavery in their social studies class. during a math lesson, they were asked to create word problems on the same topic. another teacher borrowed the worksheet before leaving for vacation, according to a statement by new york school officials. \u201c this is obviously unacceptable and we will take appropriate disciplinary action against these teachers, \" said connie pankratz, a spokesperson for the nyc department of education. \" the chancellor spoke to the principal, and she has already taken steps to ensure this does not happen again. \u201d adele schroeter, the school principal, said she was appalled and will be meeting with staff as well as families. \u201c i have already met with the teacher and have arranged for training around this issue for the entire staff at my school, \u201d she said in a statement. harding said that instead of students getting desensitized to this type of violence, she wanted them to \u201c have a general idea that wow, this is a terrible thing that happened to a group of people for over 300 years. \u201d harding, a graduate student at new york university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.407118399942342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.567499"} {"text": "getting desensitized to this type of violence, she wanted them to \u201c have a general idea that wow, this is a terrible thing that happened to a group of people for over 300 years. \u201d harding, a graduate student at new york university, contacted her professor about the incident, then reached out to ny1. the professor, charlton mcilwain, who teaches media, culture, and communication, said, \u201c when she first explained what had happened to me, i was in disbelief. i said, \u2018 i don \u2019 t believe you, send me a copy. \u2019 \u201d he said he understood that teachers were trying to integrate subject matter, but felt the math questions did not provide enough context for the students. \u201c it completely trivializes the historical significance, pain and violence of slavery. by extracting that experience into math problems, students role play being slave traders. it \u2019 s part of a much larger story and you can \u2019 t get that in a math assignment, \u201d mcilwain said. this comes after a string of similar incidents in schools across the country last year. in january 2012, a georgia elementary teacher came under fire after using slavery references in math problems assigned to 8 - year olds. in march, a teacher in washington was fired after she assigned math problem asking students to calculate how many africans, americans and indians to bake in ovens for thanksgiving. in october, a wisconsin teacher drew criticism for assigning math homework that used a derogatory native american term for women. the math worksheet has drawn reaction from the school and the surrounding community, including a new york state senator calling for the immediate removal of the two teachers who assigned the homework. mcilwain said he does not think firing the teachers is the answer. \u201c it would be better to have these teachers go through some kind of productive discipline where they can talk with parents, with students, with the community, about why this is offensive and why the topic is important, \" said mcilwain. \" i hope the dialogue will continue. \u201d cnn \u2019 s rande iaboni contributed to this report.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4192407285686861, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.568498"} {"text": "amazing facts about freshwater fish i like to read about marine fish. i also enjoying watching shows like dicovery channel ' s the blue planet series. that tv series in particular provided an amazing looking into the world of freshwater fish. each book and show seems to have a few interesting tidbits of trivia that i ' ve collected into this article. i think some of these facts really are amazing. male goldfish have an unusual trick that they use as part of their courtship display : they swim up to a female and then roll over and urinate over her nostrils. as strange as this seems, it allows the female to assess many things, including the male ' s genetic make - up, thus preventing her from breeding with a relative. parental firemouth cichlids can also recognize their own fry ; remarkably, they will kidnap the fry of others and put these on the edge of their own school of offspring so that they, and not their own young, are in harm ' s way - - a kind of \" cichlid shield. \" the age at which fish can be considered old varies from species to species. fish such as guppies and african killifish would be lucky to attain 12 months, whereas some of the larger catfish and cyprinids can continue for two or three decades. perhaps the most footloose of fish is the mangrove killifish ( kryptolebias marmoratus ). it makes its home in the smallest of water bodies, ranging from crab burrows to mere root holes in the mud and can move easily between each and every situation with flicks of its body. it can even withstand extended periods of emersion, surviving in damp leaf litter for days on end - - one specimen survived happily for 66 days out of water. admittedly not a pure freshwater fish, but still...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43507086900367303, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.570798"} {"text": "according to the recently released annual survey by the apiary inspectors of america ( aia ) and the agricultural research service ( ars ), more than a third of u. s. managed honeybee colonies \u2014 those set up for intensified pollination of commercial crops \u2014 failed to survive this past winter. since 2006, the decline of the u. s. \u2019 s estimated 2. 4 million beehives \u2014 commonly referred to as colony collapse disorder ( ccd ) \u2014 has led to the disappearance of hundreds of thousands of colonies : hives are found empty with honey, larvae, and the queen intact, but with no bees and no trail left behind. the cause remains unknown, but appears to be a combination of factors impacting bee health and increasing their susceptibility to disease. heavy losses associated with ccd have been found mainly with larger migratory commercial beekeepers, some of whom have lost 50 - 90 percent of their colonies. a \u201c keystone \u201d species \u2014 one that has a disproportionate effect on the environment relative to its biomass \u2014 bees are our key to global food security and a critical part of the food chain. flowering plants that produce our food depend on insects for pollination. there are other pollinators \u2014 butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, and birds \u2014 but the honeybee is the most effective, pollinating over 100 commercial crops nationwide, including most fruit, vegetables, and nuts, as well as alfalfa for cattle feed and cotton, with a value estimated between $ 15 - $ 20 billion annually. as much as one of every three bites of food we eat comes from food pollinated by insects. without honeybees, our diet would be mostly meatless, consisting of rice and cereals, and we would have no cotton for textiles. the entire ecosystem and the global food economy potentially rests on their wings. experts now believe bees are heading for extinction and are racing to pinpoint the culprit, increasingly blaming pesticide usage. u. s. researchers have reported finding 121 different pesticides in samples of bees, wax, and pollen. new parasites, pathogens, fungi, and poor nutrition stemming from intensive farming methods are also part of the equation. three years ago, u. s. scientists unraveled the genetic code of the honeybee and uncovered the dna of a virus transmitted by the varroa mite \u2014 israeli acute paralysis virus ( iapv ) \u2014 found in almost all of the hives impacted by ccd. researchers have also found the fungus nosema cerana", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4739592101406048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.576091"} {"text": "##ers will produce about 1. 53 billion pounds of almonds this year, up 8. 5 percent last year. to meet the demand, bee colonies are trucked farther and more often than ever before and demand for bees has dramatically outstripped supply. bee colonies, which a decade ago rented for $ 60, cost as much as $ 170 this february in california. few organic beekeepers have reported bee losses, suggesting that natural and organic bee keeping methods may be the solution. in addition, organic farmers who maintain wildlife habitat around their farms are helping to encourage bees to pollinate their crops. \u201c the main difference between our farm and our conventional neighbors is the amount of wildlife and insect habitat that we have around the edge of our farm, \u201d said greg massa, who manages massa organics, a fourth generation 90 - acre certified organic rice farm near chico. massa started growing organic almonds six years ago, and works with a small, organic beekeeper in oregon who brings in 30 hives to his farm. massa \u2019 s farm has a large wildlife corridor which has been revegetated with native plants and covered in mustard, wild radish, and vetch, a favorite of bees and also a good nitrogen source for his rice crop. time might be running out for the bees, but there are simple actions we can take to make a difference. first, support organic farmers who don \u2019 t use pesticides and whose growing methods work in harmony with the natural life of bees. in particular, buy organic almonds. don \u2019 t use pesticides in your home garden, especially at mid - day when bees most likely forage for nectar. you can also plant good nectar sources such as red clover, foxglove, bee balm, and other native plants to encourage bees to pollinate your garden. provide clean water ; even a simple bowl of water is beneficial. buy local honey ; it keeps small, diversified beekeepers in business, and beekeepers keep honeybees thriving. in addition, you can start keeping bees yourself. backyard and urban beekeeping can actively help bring back our bees. finally, you can work to preserve more open cropland and rangeland. let \u2019 s use our political voices to support smart land use, the impact of which will not only result in cleaner water, soil, and air, but also just might help save the humble honeybee.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.380923457081796, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.578562"} {"text": "praise be to allaah and peace and blessings be upon the messenger and upon his family and companions. the muslim student puts his trust in allaah when facing the tests of this world, and he seeks his help whilst following the prescribed means, in accordance with the words of the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) : \u201c the strong believer is better and is more beloved to allaah than the weak believer, although both are good. strive to attain that which will benefit you and seek the help of allaah, and do not feel helpless. \u201d ( saheeh muslim, hadeeth no. 2664 ) among those means are the following : - turning to allaah by making du \u2019 aa \u2019 in any way that is prescribed in islam, such as saying, \u201c rabbiy ishrah li sadri wa yassir li amri ( o my lord, expand my chest and make things easy for me ). \u201d - getting used to sleeping early and going to exams on time. - preparing all required or permitted equipment such as pens, rulers and setsquares, calculators and watches, because being well prepared helps one to answer questions. - reciting the du \u2019 aa \u2019 for leaving the house : \u201c bismillaah, tawakkaltu \u2018 ala allaah, wa laa hawla wa laa quwwata illa billaah. allaahumma inni a \u2019 oodhu bika an adilla aw udalla, aw azilla aw uzalla, aw azlima aw uzlama, aw ajhala aw yujhala \u2018 alayya ( in the name of allaah, i put my trust in allaah, and there is no strength and no power except with allaah. o allaah, i seek refuge with you lest i should stray or be led astray, lest i slip ( commit a sin unintentionally ) or be tripped, lest i oppress or be oppressed, lest i behave foolishly or be treated foolishly ). \u201d do not forget to seek your parents \u2019 approval, for their du \u2019 aa \u2019 for you will be answered. - mention the name of allaah before you start, for mentioning the name of allaah is prescribed when beginning any permissible action ; this brings blessing, and seeking the help of allaah is one of the means of strength. - fear allaah with regard to your classmates, and do not be affected by their anxiety or fear just before the exam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46511142717856824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.588039"} {"text": "when beginning any permissible action ; this brings blessing, and seeking the help of allaah is one of the means of strength. - fear allaah with regard to your classmates, and do not be affected by their anxiety or fear just before the exam, for anxiety is a contagious disease. instead, make them feel optimistic by saying good words as prescribed in islam. the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) was optimistic when he heard the name of suhayl ( which means \u201c easy \u201d ) and he said : \u201c things have been made easy for you. \u201d he used to like to hear the words \u2018 yaa raashid, when he went out for any purpose. so be optimistic that you and your brothers will pass this exam. - remembering allaah ( dhikr ) dispels anxiety and tension. if something is too difficult for you, then pray to allaah to make it easy for you. whenever shaykh al - islam ibn taymiyah ( may allaah have mercy on him ) found something too difficult to understand, he would say, \u201c o you who taught ibraaheem, teach me ; o you who caused sulaymaan to understand, cause me to understand. \u201d - choose a good place to sit during the exam, if you can. keep your back straight, and sit on the chair in a healthy manner. - look over the exam first. studies advise spending 10 % of the exam time in reading the questions carefully, noting the important words and dividing one \u2019 s time between the questions. - plan to answer the easy questions first, then the difficult ones. whilst reading the questions, write notes and ideas which you can use in your answers later. - answer questions according to importance. - start by answering the easy questions which you know. then move on to the questions which carry high marks, and leave till the end the questions to which you do not know the answers, or which you think will take a long time to produce an answer or which do not carry such high marks. - take your time to answer, for the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said : \u201c deliberation is from allaah and haste is from the shaytaan. \u201d ( a hasan hadeeth. saheeh al - jaami, 3011 ). - think carefully about the answer and choose the right answer when answering multiple - choice questions. deal with them in the following manner. if you are sure that you have chosen the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4593746463490028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.589495"} {"text": "##an. \u201d ( saheeh muslim, and the first part of this hadeeth was mentioned above ). - note that cheating is haraam whether it is in foreign language tests or any other tests. the prophet ( peace and blessings of allaah be upon him ) said, \u201c whoever cheats is not one of us. \u201d it is wrongdoing and it is a haraam means of attaining a degree or certificate, etc., that you have no right to. the consensus is that cheating is a kind of cooperation in sin and transgression. so do without that which is haraam, and allaah will suffice you from his bounty. reject all offers of haraam things that come to you from others. whoever gives up a thing for the sake of allaah, allaah will compensate him with something better. you have to denounce and resist evil, and tell the authorities about any such thing that you see during the exam, or before or after it. this is not the forbidden kind of slander rather it is denouncing evil which is obligatory. advise those who buy or sell questions or post them on the internet etc., or who prepare cheat notes. tell them to fear allaah, and tell them of the ruling on what they are doing and on the money they earn from that. tell them that the time they are spending in preparing these haraam things, if they spent it in studying, or answering previous exams, or helping one another to understand the subject before the exam, that would be better for them than doing these haraam things. - remember what you have prepared for the hereafter, and the questions of the examination in the grave, and how to be saved on the day of resurrection. whoever is saved from the fire and admitted to paradise will indeed have succeeded. we ask allaah to make us succeed in this world and cause us to be among those who are victorious and saved in the hereafter, for he is the all - hearing who answers prayer. sheikh muhammed salih al - munajjid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5272525990942883, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.591952"} {"text": "international pages > italy search italy genealogy search search the best family history sites of italy brought to you by world vital records. related keywords : italia, genealogica, sicilian, italian inheritance, cadastral records italy, italian succession law background : italy became a nation - state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with sardinia and sicily, were united under king victor emmanuel ii. an era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when benito mussolini established a fascist dictatorship. his disastrous alliance with nazi germany led to italy ' s defeat in world war ii. a democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. italy was a charter member of nato and the european economic community ( eec ). it has been at the forefront of european economic and political unification, joining the economic and monetary union in 1999. persistent problems include illegal immigration, organized crime, corruption, high unemployment, sluggish economic growth, and the low incomes and technical standards of southern italy compared with the prosperous north. languages : italian ( official ), german ( parts of trentino - alto adige region are predominantly german speaking ), french ( small french - speaking minority in valle d ' aosta region ), slovene ( slovene - speaking minority in the trieste - gorizia area ) administrative divisions : 15 regions ( regioni, singular - regione ) and 5 autonomous regions * ( regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma ) ; abruzzo, basilicata, calabria, campania, emilia - romagna, friuli - venezia giulia *, lazio, liguria, lombardia, marche, molise, piemonte, puglia, sardegna *, sicilia *, toscana, trentino - alto adige *, umbria, valle d ' aosta *, veneto religions : approximately 90 % roman catholic ( about one - third regularly attend services ) ; mature protestant and jewish communities and a growing muslim immigrant community ethnic groups : italian ( includes small clusters of german -, french -, and slovene - italians in the north and albanian - italians and greek - italians in the south ) economic overview : italy has a diversified industrial economy with roughly the same total and per capita output as france and the uk. this capitalistic economy remains divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less - developed, welfare - dependent, agricultural south, with 20 % unemployment. most raw materials needed by industry and more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44763925703945406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.598698"} {"text": "van oven, barnard : english physician and communal worker ; born in london 1796 ; died there july 9, 1860 ; youngest son of joshua van oven. he was brought up for the medical profession, studying under sir william blizard and receiving the degree of l. r. c. s. in 1818. he practised in london during his whole life, and had an extensive clientele among the jewish community. van oven was one of the pioneers in the movement for the removal of the disabilities of the jews in england. in 1829 he wrote the first appeal which directed public attention to the subject, and which was entitled \" an appeal to the british nation on behalf of the jews. \" he followed this up by organizing committees in support of the movement, and by convening public meetings, at which he was an indefatigable speaker. in 1847 he published the pamphlet \" ought baron rothschild to sit in parliament? \" he was subsequently appointed chairman of the committee which celebrated the success of the agitation by the establishment of commemoration scholarships at several public schools. van oven served on the committees of most of the jewish institutions of his day, and was instrumental in establishing the jews ' infant schools. in 1827 he had been appointed physician to the poor of the great synagogue, which position he filled for many years. van oven was the author of a work entitled \" the decline of life in health and disease \" ( london, 1853 ). - jew. chron. july 13, 1860 ; - brit. mus. cat. s. v.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3969354572813711, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.602123"} {"text": "according to a recent university of haifa poll, over 94 % of israeli high school students use social networks in class ( via cell phones ). mostly, they \u2019 re not checking facts, but facebook profiles. this came to my inbox today, a day after i wrote a blog from a cell phone \u2019 s point of view. in that blog, i mentioned that jewish teens may not be aware of the rich jewish resources available for the taking from such a small device. i also referred to the fact that teachers sometimes take away cell phones all together. i was once a proponent of this. i thought that ( much like the practice at summer camps of instituting a \u2018 cell phone fast \u2019 for campers to increase the \u2018 here and now \u2019 opportunities ) keeping phones out of the class increased class connections between students and teacher. i don \u2019 t think in those black and white terms any more. what i believe now, is that like any good educational tool, media needs to be mediated. in this light, it \u2019 s particularly interesting to examine the findings of the poll, which states that the more permissive a teacher is, the less that cell phones will be used in class. conversely, the study results also showed that the more authoritarian the teacher \u2013 those with a more rigid approach, the more students will use cell phones in class. so, what are the boundaries that teachers should put in place? what are the school \u2019 s policies that should not be broken, but bent to advance the curriculum? these are things that need to be thought through before the school year. from a student \u2019 s point of view. so, this what i learned, none of which strikes me as so illuminating, but for me, the benefits were a game changer : 1. it is very difficult to separate teens from their phones, as some teens see it as their lifeline. 2. teachers need to figure out ways of using the phones as tools, to expand teen \u2019 s horizons about the subject area. 3. the way in which this is handled, can be crucial when building community in the class, and respect from students. photo credit : wikipedia - a q & a : with a jewish teen \u2019 s cell phone ( jteennews. wordpress. com ) - va. school district encourages cell phone use in class ( wtvr. com ) - cell phone addiction may be contagious ( fox8. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4884767624504488, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.605884"} {"text": "also, it was also a place of owners to release fishes and other animals ' back to their nature '. some of these released animals were not native in our region. over time, a community of both native and invasive species is created within the longkang, eventually forming a longkang habitat......... recently, while walking along a road in pulau ubin with ks, ry, jl and iv, we chanced upon a longkang which was teaming with life. with one glance, we saw animals from 2 phylums and about 5 classes, mainly from the subphylum vetebrata which is under phylum chordata. apparently, like other longkangs, there were some invasive species, for example the tortise ( class reptilia ), which we could not take pictures of due to reflection of the water. also, this fish ( identification unknown ) may not be a native as well. schools of what looked like small half - beaks were also seen as well ( picture below ). as this longkang is in close proximity to a mangrove habitat, some of the mangrove species were also seen, mainly the gobies.. also, a tree climbing crab ( episesarma sp. ) was spotted by ks at the edge of the longkang ( picture above ). some small mudlobster mounds ( no picture ) and burrows ( picture below ) were seen around the longkang as well. species from the subphylum crustacea ( refer to the spiders at our backyard.. ) seems to have a foothold here as well. couldn ' t resist the temptation, i decided to enter the longkang ( picture below ) to ' be 1 with the habitat ' as well while the rest remained on the road to watch from a distance ( picture far below ). there, i tasted the water as well to confirm that it was fresh water. however, time passed quite quickly and we had to move on. reluctantly, i had to leave the longkang, bringing nothing but pictures and an experience which not many urban dwellers have in our air - conditioned nation.... note : scientifically, there is no such term as longkang habitat. longkang = = > drain vetebrate : chordates which has a backbone, or vertebral column, that forms the skeletal axis of the body. chordates : deuterostome animals that, at some time in their lives, have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4785878524348825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.609685"} {"text": "we got hit by one 1, 200 years ago. it came from two colliding neutron stars from a few thousand light years away and scientists were just now able to pick it up because of the existence of carbon - 14 in tree rings. what did it do around the year 775 ad? pretty much nothing. the estimate two - second blast had really zero effect on the earth since the most high tech thing on the planet at the time was the castle and the crossbow. had that blast happened today we would be in some serious trouble since it would short out power grids and knock out all of our satellites. if the blast happened from say, 100 light years away, we would have been a crispy cinder. these gamma ray bursts were the result of the creation of a black hole from the collision of the neutron stars. so you ' ll have to excuse science for taking a while to figure this mystery out since there ' s no evidence visible. had it been a supernova, people would have seen it in the 700s because it would have been so bright it would have been visible during the day. had it been a solar flare, it would have been the largest flare every recorded. the black hole theory pretty much settles everything. except, when is this going to happen again? ( buy this awesome book on space by neil degrasse tyson - the guy that killed pluto. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5085729981138636, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.611034"} {"text": "\u2014 internaciona idokonfero, 23 - 29 julio 2012, dessau ( germania ) \u2014 the esperanto suffix - id means child. from bovo ( cow ) we form bovido ( calf ) ; from hundo ( dog ) we form hundido ( puppy ). ido is a child of esperanto, the first of many esperanto \" reform \" projects. ido shares much of esperanto ' s vocabulary, but replaces many germanic and slavic roots with their romantic counterparts. nonetheless, speakers of either language can read the other with little difficulty. as in esperanto, antonyms can be formed by use of the appropriate prefix. one thing that i find intriguing about ido is that although this sort of antonym formation is both possible and acceptable, ido also provides a greater number of unique antonyms for common terms than esperanto does, and in many cases these antonyms are the same as those words which you will find marked literary in an esperanto dictionary. in both esperanto and ido, adjectives end in - a. but in esperanto, adjectives must agree in number and case with the nouns they qualify. an adjective in the plural must have the suffix - j appended ; and if in the accusative, it will also need - n. ido does away with adjectival agreement, and requires the accusative only when nonstandard word order is used. in esperanto and many other languages, words for people and animals refer either to the male or to neither sex specifically, with the word for the female being derived by use of a suffix. some say that this is sexist because it is demeaning to the female ; i would argue the opposite, that it is demeaning to the male for he has no suffix to call his own. this was probably not a sexism issue in the early 20th century, but it was a logical issue and one that zamenhof wished to address but for some reason never did. esperantists have proposed several solutions and some are fairly common today. the ido approach is this : the root word is epicene ( specifies neither sex, or either sex, depending how you look at it ) ; the suffix - ul denotes the male, and - in the female. thus we speak of an aktoro ( actor ) ; if we wish to specify sex, we can refer to this person as an aktorulo or an ak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.512816938518063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.616891"} {"text": "it ) ; the suffix - ul denotes the male, and - in the female. thus we speak of an aktoro ( actor ) ; if we wish to specify sex, we can refer to this person as an aktorulo or an aktorino. frato ( brother or sister ( sibling ) ) spawns fratulo and fratino ; spozo ( husband or wife ( spouse ) ) spawns spozulo and spozino. ( however, ido does have some explicit pairs, such as patro and matro. ) and the personal pronoun lu ( he, she, or it ( epicene! ) ) neatly resolves the old he / she problem. ido also reduces the esperantish adverbial overload problem. another advantage in today ' s wired world is that ido uses no accented characters. uncommon characters don ' t bother me personally, in fact i ' m rather fond of some of them and love to use \u00f0 ( that ' s a lowercase eth in latin - 1 ) whenever possible, but it is undoubtedly advantageous to restrict our choice of characters to a common set found on most keyboards. for these and several other reasons, ido deserves your consideration. it is very much like esperanto, but you will probably find that one language fits you better than the other. the international language society of great britain ( ilsgb ) mr david weston, secretary 24 nunn street leek, staffs, st13 8ea see forumi at uniono por la linguo internaciona ido for more. \" la odoroza sapono \" da fernando tejon, a story about a wonderfully sniffy bar of soap which does not shrink with use, but instead seems to grow a bit... while its users become rather, uh, tenuous... may be read in and / or heard in podkasto numero 1 of radio - idia internaciona. ( the home pages for those links are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49800553908799056, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.617657"} {"text": "- a narrow student body. moocs claim to be open to everyone, and sure, anyone can sign up. but how many students can succeed? what does your educational background need to be? how about your motivation level? the creators of moocs are themselves highly successful highly motivated people who have excelled in the traditional classroom. i believe they have themselves in mind when they create moocs. perhaps the vision of themselves extends to \" what if i had grown up in a remote part of the world without access to great educational resources? \" but it is still a narrow vision. - limited pedagogical views. online courses, because of technological limitations, have a limited number of ways that students can interact with each other and the teacher. these are typically videos, online chat rooms, and forums. there is nothing to mimic in - class group work ; working with your peers while asking questions from the professor. there is nothing to mimic in - person immediate interactions ; the ability to gesture wildly and draw pictures and receive hints, not answers. to give credit where it ' s due, the udacity courses apparently stop the video frequently for quick \" check that you ' re following \" quizzes. i do that in my own classes, and it ' s great - no class should be a lecture. but what if the students can ' t answer the question on the short quiz, even after they rewind? - emphasizes the mind / body split. bell hooks writes about the mind / body split in teaching. how teachers are viewed purely as minds and lacking in body and lives outside of the classroom. i believe this is frequently true for students as well, and moocs make this split harder to overcome and potentially more permanent. there is nothing to mimic longer term mentoring ; asking your professor how to get a job, talking about what you should do with your life, or asking for a recommendation. there is no mentor who knows you, in the context of your community and in the context of the class. there is no teacher to determine if you ' re doing poorly because you ' re not working hard enough or because you ' re sick or because you ' re working three jobs just to pay the rent. and there ' s no teacher to make sure you get through that, by being lenient or tough, depending on what you need. and when we consider awarding ap credit for online courses, we bring online courses into high school. high schools are not filled with dedicated intelligent students who are determined to get an education no matter the intellectual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4956485600489097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.620493"} {"text": "i think i have a problem with overeating. what can i do? - maya * the first thing to do is to figure out if your overeating is something that happens occasionally or all of the time. we all eat too much every now and then, like on holidays. but if you ' re overeating often, there are some things that might help you avoid doing so. for example, instead of eating when you ' re not hungry, find other ways to keep yourself busy, like taking a walk or talking on the phone. put your food on a plate or in a bowl and sit down at the table to eat \u2014 don ' t eat out of a bag or container. and don ' t eat meals or snack while doing something else, like watching tv or doing homework \u2014 that ' s a set - up for overeating! binge eating, also called compulsive overeating, is different from simply overeating. people with binge eating disorder feel a compulsion ( a powerful urge ) to overeat. they regularly eat unusually large amounts of food and don ' t stop eating when they become full. with binge eating a person feels out of control and powerless to stop eating while they ' re doing it, then may feel guilty or ashamed afterward. if you think you may have an overeating problem, talk to a parent or doctor. treatments are available that can help you feel better about yourself and have a healthy relationship with food.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42956132227352, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.622013"} {"text": "huh? can you speak up? oh! you want to know if loud music can hurt your ears. are you asking because you like to put on your headphones and crank up the volume of your favorite cd? maybe your mom or dad has told you, \" turn that down before you go deaf! \" well, they have a point. loud noise ( from music or other sources such as machinery or jet engines ) can cause both temporary and permanent hearing loss. hearing loss means someone can ' t hear as well as other people do. for some people, that means not being able to hear at all. if the noise around you is so loud that you have to shout to be heard, there is a chance that the mechanism inside your ear can be injured. temporary hearing loss can happen after you ' ve been exposed to loud noise for any duration. if you have temporary hearing loss, you won ' t be able to hear as well as you normally do for a while. don ' t worry, it will go away ( usually after a good night ' s sleep ). but it means that the next time you ' re around loud noise, you should wear protection to avoid permanent hearing loss. you also could have tinnitus ( say : tih - neye - tus ), which is a medical term for ringing in the ears. your ears can feel \" full, \" too. although your hearing often returns to normal, the dangerous part is that you can lose it permanently if you listen to loud noise or music over and over again. if someone is exposed to loud noise over a long period of time, like every day, permanent hearing loss can occur. this means the person ' s hearing won ' t ever be as good as it once was. that ' s why construction workers and factory workers need to wear ear protection. lawn mowers and power tools, like chainsaws, also can be loud enough to affect someone ' s ability to hear high - pitched noises. this kind of noise also can cause a person to have tinnitus all the time. listening to loud music a lot can cause the same kind of damage, especially if headphones or ear buds are used. some famous musicians have suffered hearing loss and developed tinnitus \u2014 a real problem for someone who needs to hear to make and enjoy music. that ' s why now you might notice that some of your favorite musicians wear hearing protection while they ' re playing. you too can help keep your hearing in tip - top shape. protect your ears by wearing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48759368800502456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.624881"} {"text": "the brown recluse spider is one of a few poisonous kinds of spiders in the united states. it is part of the arachnid family, which includes not just spiders, but ticks, mites, and scorpions, too. it has long, skinny legs and is about \u00bd to 1 inch long overall. its entire body is brown, except for a dark mark in the shape of a violin on its head. brown recluse spiders are most commonly found in midwestern and southern states of the united states, and they usually hang out in dark places. when they are outside, they like to spend time in piles of rocks, wood, or leaves. if they come inside, brown recluse spiders will go to dark closets, attics, or basements. they aren ' t aggressive, and they bite only when disturbed. what a bite looks and feels like a person who gets bitten by a brown recluse spider may not notice anything at first or only feel a little sting at first. after about 4 to 8 hours, the sting will start to hurt a little more. it might look like a bruise or might form a blister surrounded by a bluish - purple area that turns black or brown and becomes crusty after a few days. what you should do if you ever think that you ' ve been bitten by a brown recluse spider, tell an adult immediately. brown recluse spider bites rarely kill people, but it ' s important to get medical attention as soon as you can because they can make you pretty sick. with an adult ' s help, wash the bite well with soap and water. you can also apply ice to the area, elevate it, and keep it still. if it ' s possible, have an adult catch and bring the spider to the doctor ' s office with you \u2014 this is important because it can sometimes be hard to diagnose a spider bite correctly. the spider can be killed first before you bring it with you ; just be sure not to squish it so much that no one can tell what it is. what a doctor will do doctors treat people who have been bitten by a brown recluse spider with different types of medications like antibiotics, antihistamines, or pain medicines. rarely, a skin graft might be needed if the skin is really damaged at the area of the bite. ( a skin graft is when a small amount of skin is removed from some part of the body and put in a place where skin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42324758357332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.627567"} {"text": "\" time to get ready for bed! \" someone calls from the other room. oh, no! you ' re really into the great book you ' re reading or that computer game that you ' re winning. \" why do i have to go to bed? \" you ask. \" sleep is boring, and i ' m not even tired! \" but sleep is more important than you may think. maybe you can think of a time when you didn ' t get enough sleep. that heavy, groggy feeling is awful and, when you feel that way, you ' re not at your best. so if you ' re not too tired, let ' s talk about sleep. why you need sleep the average kid has a busy day. there ' s school, taking care of your pets, running around with friends, going to sports practice or other activities, and doing your homework. phew! it ' s tiring just writing it all down. by the end of the day, your body needs a break. sleep allows your body to rest for the next day. everything that ' s alive needs sleep to survive. even your dog or cat curls up for naps. animals sleep for the same reason you do \u2014 to give your body a tiny vacation. your brain needs zzzzzs not only is sleep necessary for your body, it ' s important for your brain, too. though no one is exactly sure what work the brain does when you ' re asleep, some scientists think that the brain sorts through and stores information, replaces chemicals, and solves problems while you snooze. most kids between 5 and 12 get about 9. 5 hours a night, but experts agree that most need 10 or 11 hours each night. sleep is an individual thing and some kids need more than others. when your body doesn ' t have enough hours to rest, you may feel tired or cranky, or you may be unable to think clearly. you might have a hard time following directions, or you might have an argument with a friend over something really stupid. a school assignment that ' s normally easy may feel impossible, or you may feel clumsy playing your favorite sport or instrument. one more reason to get enough sleep : if you don ' t, you may not grow as well. that ' s right, researchers believe too little sleep can affect growth and your immune system \u2014 which keeps you from getting sick. as you ' re drifting off to sleep, it doesn ' t seem like much is happening... the room is getting fuzzy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4870225415940192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.636701"} {"text": "' s right, researchers believe too little sleep can affect growth and your immune system \u2014 which keeps you from getting sick. as you ' re drifting off to sleep, it doesn ' t seem like much is happening... the room is getting fuzzy and your eyelids feel heavier and heavier. but what happens next? a lot! your brain swings into action, telling your body how to sleep. as you slowly fall asleep, you begin to enter the five different stages of sleep : in this stage, your brain gives the signal to your muscles to relax. it also tells your heart to beat a little slower, and your body temperature drops a bit. after a little while, you enter stage 2, which is a light sleep. you can still be woken up easily during this stage. for example, if your sister pokes you or you hear a car horn outside, you ' ll probably wake up. when you ' re in this stage, you ' re in a deeper sleep, also called slow - wave sleep. your brain sends a message to your blood pressure to get lower. your body isn ' t sensitive to the temperature of the air around you, which means that you won ' t notice if it ' s a little hot or cold in your room. it ' s much harder to be awakened when you ' re in this stage, but some people may sleepwalk or talk in their sleep at this point. this is the deepest sleep yet and is also considered slow - wave sleep. it ' s very hard to wake up from this stage of sleep, and if you do wake up, you ' re sure to be out of it and confused for at least a few minutes. like they do in stage 3, some people may sleepwalk or talk in their sleep when going from stage 4 to a lighter stage of sleep. r. e. m. stands for rapid eye movement. even though the muscles in the rest of your body are totally relaxed, your eyes move back and forth very quickly beneath your eyelids. the r. e. m. stage is when your heart beats faster and your breathing is less regular. this is also the stage when people dream! while you ' re asleep, you repeat stages 2, 3, 4, and r. e. m. about every 90 minutes until you wake up in the morning. for most kids, that ' s about four or five times a night. who said sleep was boring? dream a little dream you ' re walking down the street and you pass a monkey in a green hat eating a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5189785358192666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.637845"} {"text": "you wake up in the morning. for most kids, that ' s about four or five times a night. who said sleep was boring? dream a little dream you ' re walking down the street and you pass a monkey in a green hat eating a donut. suddenly you ' re in school \u2014 but why does your teacher have such big teeth? and how come you ' re wearing polka - dot pants? no, this isn ' t a scene from a scary movie \u2014 it ' s a dream! people dream during r. e. m. sleep, the period that follows the deepest stage of sleep. everybody has dreams, although some people have a tough time remembering them. when you wake up can affect whether you can remember your dreams. if you wake up during r. e. m. sleep, you might remember everything about your dream. if you wake up during another stage of sleep, you might not remember a thing. no one knows for sure why people dream. some scientists think that dreams are your brain ' s way of making sense of what happened during the day. others think that dreams allow your brain to sort through the events of the day, storing the important stuff and getting rid of the junk. some scientists say that dreams are a clue to what you ' re worried about or thinking about. for most kids, sleeping comes pretty naturally. here are some tips to help you catch all the zzzs you need : try to go to bed at the same time every night ; this helps your body get into a routine. follow a bedtime routine that is calming, such as taking a warm bath or reading. limit foods and drinks that contain caffeine. these include some sodas and other drinks, like ice tea. don ' t have a tv in your room. research shows that kids who have one in their rooms sleep less. if you have a tv, turn it off when it ' s time to sleep. don ' t watch scary tv shows or movies close to bedtime because these can sometimes make it hard to fall asleep. don ' t exercise just before going to bed. do exercise earlier in the day \u2014 it helps a person sleep better. use your bed just for sleeping \u2014 not doing homework, reading, playing games, or talking on the phone. that way, you ' ll train your body to associate your bed with sleep. if you have a hard time falling asleep for more than one or two nights or have worries that are keeping you from sleeping, tell your mom or dad. they can help you solve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5082074740044793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.638852"} {"text": "pub. date : 2009 | online pub. date : december 16, 2009 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412972048 | print isbn : 9780761929574 | online isbn : 9781412972048 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia richard k. popp press clipping services monitor media for content of interest to their clients. they scan through newspapers, magazines, and electronic media, select pertinent items, and then package ( \u201c clip \u201d ) them for easy perusal. the industry ' s name derives from the traditional practice of clipping items with a pair of scissors from the newspaper for safekeeping. modern - day services track not only newspapers but nearly every print, broadcast, cable, and web - based information outlet, running the spectrum from network news broadcasts to teenagers ' blogs. clipping services have their origins in the expanding media environments of late - nineteenth - century cities. as the number of newspaper titles grew, editions multiplied, and issues expanded in length, a handful of entrepreneurs independently hit on the idea of a press monitoring service. henry romeike started the earliest clipping ( or cutting ) service in london in 1881 and quickly expanded its operations to new york, paris, and berlin. romeike relocated to the united states in...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4518720870137184, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.640484"} {"text": "wed july 25, 2012 massive ice melt in greenland worries scientists originally published on wed july 25, 2012 2 : 53 pm a pair of nasa satellite images taken just four days apart tells a potentially worrying story of melting ice in the polar summer. the first, snapped from orbit on july 8, shows about 40 percent of the greenland ice sheet shaded in pink or red to illustrate probable or confirmed surface melting. the second photo, taken on july 12, shows nearly the entire land mass \u2014 97 percent \u2014 blotched in a red hue. in a typical year, only about half of the greenland ice sheet undergoes this kind of melting before it later refreezes. but the rapidity and extent of the july change is what has caught scientists off guard, said thomas mote, a professor at the university of georgia, who helped confirm the data from three satellites. \" several of us were looking at the data with multiple different instruments and we began talking to each other when we realized we were seeing something quite unusual, \" he says. scientists note that besides covering a large area, the melting is happening at the top of the ice cap, where temperatures are coldest. they blame a massive heat dome parked over the island that has set up perfect conditions for melting high - altitude snow and ice. alarming? \" i wouldn ' t use that word, \" say mote. \" we know from looking at ice cores that melt at the highest levels of elevation in greenland has occurred in the past \u2014 not in our lifetimes, and not since the era of satellites, but it certainly has occurred. \" the last time it happened was about 150 years ago, in 1889, according to ice core records. but the greenland melt roughly coincides with a giant chunk of ice described as \" twice the size of manhattan, \" breaking off the petermann glacier in northern greenland. it ' s all part of a bad year for the arctic, helped along by north america ' s record - breaking heat wave, says mark serreze, a senior research scientist at the national snow and ice data center at the university of colorado boulder. the heat has shrunk and thinned ice not just in greenland but across the region. \" the greenland ice sheet is part of a larger picture, \" he says. \" we ' ve always known that it is the arctic where we ' re going to be seeing the effects of climate change first and it is the arctic where these changes are going to be most pronounced, \" serreze says. \" the events unfolding over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4825499966771804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.643288"} {"text": "note : this lesson was originally published on an older version of the learning network ; the link to the related times article will take you to a page on the old site. teaching ideas based on new york times content. overview of lesson plan : in this lesson, students use prototypical fantasy themes to create an original role - playing game and cast of characters based on their own community. rachel mcclain, the new york times learning network suggested time allowance : 45 minutes 1. explore the importance of characters in dungeons and dragons and other role - playing games. 2. learn about the new movie \u201c dungeons and dragons \u201d by reading and discussing the article \u201c \u2018 dungeons and dragons \u2019 : after d and d, you may need r and r. \u201d 3. as a class, create the outline for a role - playing game based on their own community. 4. in groups, create character profiles for the game. 5. write a dialogue between two of the characters from the game. resources / materials : - copies of the article \u201c \u2018 dungeons and dragons \u2019 : after d and d, you may need r and r \u201d ( one per student ) activities / procedures : 1. warm - up / do now : in their journals, students respond to the following prompt ( written on the board prior to class ) : \u201c if you could choose to be a character from any book or movie, who would you choose and why? how does your chosen character impact the plot and the other characters in the book or movie? \u201d after 5 - 10 minutes, have some students read their journals aloud. as a class, discuss dungeons and dragons and how it offers people the opportunity to role - play fantastical and magical characters. discuss the appeal of this and other role - playing games. 2. as a class, read the article \u201c \u2018 dungeons and dragons \u2019 : after d and d, you may need r and r, \u201d focusing on the following questions : a. what is dungeons and dragons? b. according to the article, what are some archetypes upon which dungeons and dragons is based? c. how does a. o. scott describe the special effects in the movie? d. according to the article, why was the movie shot in prague? e. which line of dialogue does a. o. scott cite to show the low quality of the script? why do you think he chose this line? f. what is the main conflict in the plot of the film? g. what phrase is used to advertise the film? how does a. o", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48922425779926626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.651522"} {"text": "to show the low quality of the script? why do you think he chose this line? f. what is the main conflict in the plot of the film? g. what phrase is used to advertise the film? how does a. o. scott use this phrase to criticize the film? 3. create a class role - playing game set in a mythical city that parallels the real one in which the students live. have the class choose a name for their mythical city and create a map, including at least five key locations where action might take place ( examples are a pizza shop, a school, a forest, etc. ). the class should also brainstorm possible characters that might be included in the game, keeping in mind the types of characters usually found in such games ( examples are an evil sorcerer mayor, or the wizard of the pizza shop ). avoid a sensitive situation by having students create prototypical characters and not ones based directly on actual people in the community. divide the class into groups of 3 or 4. each group creates a character profile of one of the characters discussed in class. the profile should consist of a brief description of the character, the character \u2019 s strengths and weaknesses, and an illustration of the character complete with the character \u2019 s mode of dress and special weapons or other articles that might assist him or her throughout the game. 4. wrap - up / homework : write a dialogue between two of the characters created by your class. use a prototypical fantasy game conflict ( such as the battle over the rod in the \u201c dungeons and dragons \u201d movie, ) and set it in one of the key locations chosen in class. keep in mind a. o. scott \u2019 s criticism of the dialogue in the movie dungeons and dragons, and try to make your dialogue more realistic and compelling than the examples from the article. further questions for discussion : \u2013 what do you think a. o. scott is trying to achieve by using parentheses throughout the article? \u2013 what is the overall tone of a. o. scott \u2019 s review? how does he reveal his opinion of the movie? \u2013 do you think that role - playing games are a healthy outlet for the imagination? do you think such games can have a negative effect on a person? how? \u2013 do you play or know people who play interactive role - playing games over the internet? do you think this is more or less exciting than playing these games on a board with a live group of people all in the same room? \u2013 are there certain modes of dress or behaviors that accompany", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4904062178919352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.652670"} {"text": "who play interactive role - playing games over the internet? do you think this is more or less exciting than playing these games on a board with a live group of people all in the same room? \u2013 are there certain modes of dress or behaviors that accompany being a player of games such as dungeons and dragons? do the players of these games develop distinct social groups? if so, why do you think this is the case? evaluation / assessment : students will be evaluated on completion of the journal entry, participation in class discussions, creation of a character profile, and completion of a dialogue between two of the characters created in class. virtual, fantasy, sci - fi, jargon, grok, tedium, adherents, sorcery, murky, clotted, understatement, provocation, vexation, mages, antagonists, pontificate, raiment, conviction, plucky, mayhem 1. with a partner, perform the dialogue you wrote for homework for the class. prepare the appropriate costumes and props based upon the profiles created for each character. 2. movies based on books often do not live up to the expectations and imaginations of readers. this is especially true for movies based on fantasy books where elements like magical spells and mythical creatures are commonplace. based on a. o. scott \u2019 s criticism of the \u201c dungeons and dragons \u201d film, predict whether the harry potter film, expected to be released within the year, will impress or disappoint movie - goers who have already read the book. 3. read a fantasy novel by j. r. r. tolkien. write a movie pitch for a film version of the novel. describe who you would cast the main roles and why, and how you would successfully recreate the fantasy world depicted by tolkien on screen. 4. it is often difficult to differentiate between the literary genres of fantasy, science fiction, legend, and myth. create a dictionary of terms defining each genre and explaining how each one differs from the others. - research fantastical creatures from different cultures. create a poster with an illustration and short description of each creature, including the culture from which it originates. ( some examples of fantastic and / or mythical creatures from various cultures are the loch ness monster, chupacabra, big foot, and aswang. ) - compare and contrast the themes and characters found in arthurian and other medieval legends ( such as sir gawain and the green knight or beowulf ) to those in dungeons and dragons. create a chart displaying your findings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4749470178126786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.653716"} {"text": "and aswang. ) - compare and contrast the themes and characters found in arthurian and other medieval legends ( such as sir gawain and the green knight or beowulf ) to those in dungeons and dragons. create a chart displaying your findings. journalism - see the movie \u201c dungeons and dragons \u201d and write your own movie review. refer to a. o. scott \u2019 s review by supporting or refuting his claims regarding the film. mathematics - the dungeons and dragons game uses numerical values to assess a character \u2019 s strengths and weaknesses. these values are initially chosen by rolling special dice with differing numbers of sides. learn about how this process works and create a chart showing the various attributes chosen by this method, and the average number expected for each attribute when dice are rolled. social studies - as a. o. scott mentions in the article, an entire sub - culture has developed around fantasy and role - playing games. research this culture and write a short ( 2 - 3 page ) essay describing its development and characteristics since the introduction of dungeons and dragons in the 1970 \u2019 s. other information on the web : dndmovie. com ( more. http : / / www. dndmovie. com / ) features updated news, photos, cast information, and more. dungeons and dragons ( http : / / www. seednd. com / ) is the official movie site from new line. academic content standards : language arts standard 1 - demonstrates competence in the general skills and strategies of the writing process. benchmarks : uses a variety of prewriting strategies ; uses a variety of strategies to draft and revise written work ; evaluates own and others \u2019 writing ; uses style and structure appropriate for specific audiences and purposes ; writes narrative accounts ; writes in response to literature ( ctss \u2013 \u2018 english \u2019, \u2019 6 - 8 \u2019, \u2019 1 \u2019 ) language arts standard 6 - demonstrates competence in the general skills and strategies for reading a variety of literary texts. benchmarks : knows the defining characteristics of a variety of literary forms and genres ; identifies specific questions of personal importance and seeks to answer them through literature ; understands the effects of the author \u2019 s style on a literary text ; understands that people respond differently to literature ( ctss \u2013 \u2018 english \u2019, \u2019 6 - 8 \u2019, \u2019 6 \u2019 ) language arts standard 1 - demonstrates competence in the general skills and strategies of the writing process. benchmarks : uses a variety of prewriting strategies ; uses a variety of strategies to draft and revise written work ; uses a variety of strategies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4831500842266489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.654805"} {"text": "5 things you need to know about africa africa is going to be an increasingly important area in the future, if only because a higher percentage of the human race will be living there. here are some key things you should know about sub - saharan africa : - population growth. the african population will reach 1. 2 billion by 2025, and 1. 9 billion by 2050. currently, 40 % of the population is under 14, which guarantees high population growth as these children grow up and have children of their own. - water. only 58 % of the population in sub - saharan africa has access to safe drinking water, and urbanization is making the problem worse. in eight countries, under a third of the population has access to safe water. - food. about 64 percent of africans rely on water that is limited and highly variable, and crop lands are concentrated in dry regions with tenuous future irrigation supplies. food imports have increased sharply. - the economy. economic growth has been good in the past decade ( in the ballpark of 5 % ), only part of which is due to high commodity prices for oil exporters and others. - climate change. sub - saharan africa will experience a strong warming trend over the 21st century ( 3. 6 - 6. 2\u00b0 f ), above the global average. precipitation impacts are less clear. the current situation obviously poses significant problems and fixing them will be harder because of climate change and high population growth. obviously, we need to undertake intelligent steps to mitigate climate change and moderate population growth through programs like educating women. then we need to do what we can to assist africans in addressing the other problems. - christopher muller, climate change impact on sub - saharan africa? an analysis of models and scenarios ( german dev. inst. 2009 ). - christopher w. tatlock, water stress in sub - saharan africa ( cfr 2006 ). - tukufu zuberi and kevin j. a. thomas, demographic projections, the environment and food security in subsaharan africa ( undp 2012 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3592138995676563, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.657249"} {"text": "definition of leyte 1. noun. a battle in world war ii ; the return of united states troops to the philippines began with landings on leyte island in october 1944 ; the battle marked first use of kamikaze aircraft by the japanese. generic synonyms : amphibious assault group relationships : second world war, world war 2, world war ii geographical relationships : philippine islands, philippines click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term : leyte images lexicographical neighbors of leyte literary usage of leyte below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and / or classical literature : 1. report by united states board on geographic names, united states geographic board ( 1916 ) \"... barrio, maasin municipality, leyte province, leyte.... bay, east coast, and town, leyte province, leyte.... leyte pw - ince, leyte, ( not jubas. 1 )... \" 2. general kenney reports : a personal history of the pacific war by george c. kenney ( 1997 ) \" the battle for leyte gulf october, 1944 on the 16th, with general macarthur and... halsey radioed that he would support us in the leyte area with two fast... \" 3. united states coast pilot, philippine islands by u. s. coast and geodetic survey ( 1919 ) \"... side to avoid the stronger current and whirlpools on the leyte side... as foul ground lies between it and the leyte shore. east coast of leyte.... \" 4. the inhabitants of the philippines by frederic henry read sawyer ( 1900 ) \" area and population \u2014 panay \u2014 negros \u2014 cebu \u2014 bohol \u2014 leyte \u2014 samar. this name is given to the group of six considerable islands lying between luzon and mindanao,... \" other resources relating to : leyte", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039506879358667, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.659303"} {"text": "by michael f. reber abstract : in today \u2019 s society, a peculiar understanding of distributive justice has developed which holds that \u201c social justice must be distributed by the coercive force of government. \u201d however, this is a perversion of the ideal of distributive justice. the perspective of distributive justice which should be considered is one with its roots in the school of thought referred to as self - actualization ethics or eudaimonism, which holds that each person is unique and each should discover whom he or she is \u2014 to actualize his or her true potential and to live the \u201c good life \u201d within the congeniality and complementarity of personal excellences of his or her fellow members of community. when a eudaimonistic perspective is considered, a definition of distributive of justice could be \u201c the allocation of goods and utilities via the voluntary ubiquitous human interaction of self - actualizing individuals who not only recognize the human dignity of the self and other and the rights which flow from and guarantee it, but also actively will goods and utilities toward the self and other so as to manifest human dignity. \u201d therefore, with a eudaimonistic understanding of distributive justice, one can argue that the free market is the ubiquitous interactions of self - actualizing individuals who are giving and receiving goods and utilities for one and another \u2019 s own \u201c happiness, \u201d i. e. the free market is the socio - economic mechanism by which distributive justice operates. in this paper i first will overview the philosophical foundations of distributive justice. next, i will propose a eudaimonistic definition of distributive justice. finally, i will highlight examples of distributive justice operating in a free market economy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5962967816352109, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.661161"} {"text": "the centers for disease control eliminated leptospirosis from the \u201c reportable human diseases \u201d list, there is, however, still significant concern about this zoonotic disease. our pets are at risk of lepto as well, however, many owners are afraid to vaccinate for the illness. what \u2019 s the true story and just how can we continue to keep our pets and families safe? mary fleming always followed the advice of her veterinarian when it came to her miniature poodle, mitsie. regular examinations, heartworm preventive and even a good diet helped keep mitsie active and healthy. thinking that mitsie was safe, mary did not opt for a leptospirosis vaccine for her dog. unfortunately, mitsie got very sick not long after visiting her city \u2019 s dog park and needed intensive care and hospitalization. thankfully, her veterinarian was there to help her recover and explain how moist soil or puddles at the park actually put mitsie at risk! leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease - a disease that can be passed between animals and people. it is spread by spirochete ( spiral - shaped ) bacteria in the urine of infected rodents, wildlife, and pets. there are more than 200 different strains of lepto and certain strains appear to prefer certain hosts, like dogs, pigs, raccoons or even rats. the leptospira organisms enter the body through mucous membranes or through abrasions on the skin. people and animals can become infected from direct exposure to infected urine, but also through contaminated environment, such as water or damp soil. people and pets are also exposed to lepto while camping or participating in outdoor recreational activities. drinking or swimming in water that is infected with lepto is the most common exposure, but wet soil can be contaminated as well. and, as mitsie \u2019 s case illustrates, a city environment will not always provide protection against this serious disease. the signs of leptospirosis can mimic many other diseases and illnesses. the first signs in dogs are often depression, loss of appetite, vomiting, weakness, and generalized pain. affected dogs may also drink water and urinate excessively and have swollen, red, and painful eyes. because these signs are common to other diseases and non - specific, owners may try to treat their pets at home for such problems as an upset stomach or arthritis. this \u201c wait and see \u201d response delays proper diagnosis and treatment for the dog, as well as increasing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46756566660330723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.671421"} {"text": "signs are common to other diseases and non - specific, owners may try to treat their pets at home for such problems as an upset stomach or arthritis. this \u201c wait and see \u201d response delays proper diagnosis and treatment for the dog, as well as increasing the owner \u2019 s exposure to the disease. if caught early, treatment is usually effective and the survival rate is good. however, time is of the essence. a mere three or four day delay can lead to irreversible kidney failure. vaccines are available but many pet owners, like mary above, have either experienced or heard about adverse reactions associated with these vaccines. in the past, leptospirosis vaccines were generally created using the whole bacterial organism. in many cases, when a whole bacterium is used, the likelihood of a \u201c vaccine reaction \u201d increases. thankfully, newer vaccines have been developed that reduce this possibility by using specific leptospirosis proteins instead of the whole organism. a study reviewing vaccine reactions in more than one million dogs vaccinated found that reactions occur about 13 times for every 10, 000 vaccines given. more importantly, the lepto vaccine was no more likely to cause a reaction than any other vaccine. so, if the vaccine appears to be safe and the disease deadly, shouldn \u2019 t all dog owners vaccinate their pets? unfortunately, that question is difficult to fully answer. because there are so many leptospirosis strains, no one vaccine will cover every possible exposure a pet might have. at present, vaccines are available that protect against four of the common strains infecting dogs. in addition, the vaccine will prevent clinical disease, but may not stop the pet from shedding bacteria in his urine. this makes the pet a threat to other animals, especially those who are not vaccinated. and, as mentioned above, humans are at risk as well. worldwide, leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonotic disease. cases occur routinely in tropical countries, but increases have been seen in europe and north america as well. floods and hurricanes are instrumental in spreading this illness and coordinated efforts to rescue and re - home pets from these disasters might actually transplant lepto into new areas. protecting your pet from leptospirosis is a complex situation. use your veterinarian as a resource to help assess your pet \u2019 s risk factors as well as the benefits and hazards of vaccination. other important steps that might minimize your pet \u2019 s exposure to this disease include removing animal pests, such as rodents and draining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46493648995831927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.672586"} {"text": "the georgian conflict ended 1, 716 days of no war between nations. but trends favor peace. chapel hill, n. c. ; and bowling green, ohio when russian troops attacked georgia this month, rolling tanks into tskhinvali and bombing gori, it was not just a tragedy for the caucasus. it also marked the demise of more than four years of no war between nations, the longest period in modern history. with the news so full of violence, you may not have noticed that the world was at peace. but ever since india and pakistan signed a cease - fire in november 2003, there have been no wars between governments. that ' s 1, 716 straight days of world peace. russia ' s invasion ended the streak on aug. 8. the previous record had been just over 600 days, from the end of the second taiwan straits crisis in 1958 to border skirmishes between ethiopia and somalia in 1960. since then, there had been as many as nine interstate conflicts at a time, according to the international peace research institute in oslo, which counts conflicts with 25 or more battle - related deaths. but none of these involved national armies fighting one another. the war over south ossetia reminds us of the awesome destructive power of modern states \u2013 hundreds of people reportedly killed in a single day, soldiers fighting their way through cities and countryside devastating communities in their path, jets dropping bombs on apartment buildings. since world war ii, interstate wars have averaged four times more fatalities than other civil conflicts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45271788164687443, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.674292"} {"text": "provided by : libacl1 - dev _ 2. 2. 49 - 2 _ i386 acl _ from _ text - create an acl from text linux access control lists library ( libacl, - lacl ). acl _ from _ text ( const char * buf _ p ) ; the acl _ from _ text ( ) function converts the text form of the acl referred to by buf _ p into the internal form of an acl and returns a pointer to the working storage that contains the acl. the acl _ from _ text ( ) function accepts as input the long text form and short text form of an acl as described in acl ( 5 ). this function may cause memory to be allocated. the caller should free any releasable memory, when the new acl is no longer required, by calling acl _ free ( 3 ) with the ( void * ) acl _ t returned by acl _ from _ text ( ) as an on success, this function returns a pointer to the working storage. on error, a value of ( acl _ t ) null is returned, and errno is set if any of the following conditions occur, the acl _ from _ text ( ) function returns a value of ( acl _ t ) null and sets errno to the corresponding value : [ einval ] the argument buf _ p cannot be translated into an acl. [ enomem ] the acl _ t to be returned requires more memory than is allowed by the hardware or system - imposed memory ieee std 1003. 1e draft 17 ( \u201c posix. 1e \u201d, abandoned ) acl _ free ( 3 ), acl _ get _ entry ( 3 ), acl ( 5 ) derived from the freebsd manual pages written by robert n m watson \u3008 rwatson @ freebsd. org \u3009, and adapted for linux by andreas gruenbacher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4443734360727786, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.676051"} {"text": "united nations medals - the united nations special service medal about the united nations special service medal the united nations special service medal ( unssm ) was created in 1995 to recognise united nations service of at least 90 days duration by military personnel and civilian police for which no other award is authorised. approval has been given for new zealand defence force ( nzdf ) personnel to wear the united nations special service medal for service in the following united nations missions : - united nations mine clearance training team ( unmctt ) - pakistan and afghanistan, 1989 - 1991 - united nations special commission on iraq ( unscom ) - 1991 - 1999 - cambodian mine action centre ( cmac ) - 1993 - 2005 - united nations department of humanitarian affairs accelerated de - mining programme ( madp ) - mozambique, 1995 - 2005 - united nations de - mining programme ( national institute for the removal of obstacles and explosive ordnance ( inaroe ) - angola, 1997 - 2000 - programme for the assistance to the lao national unexploded ordnance programme ( uxol ) - laos, 1997 - 2003 - united nations monitoring, verification and inspection commission ( unmovic ) - iraq, 2002 - 2003 - united nations assistance mission in afghanistan ( unama ) - 2004 - current - united nations assistance mission for iraq ( unami ) - 2005 - current - united nations office in timor - leste ( unotil ) - 2005 - 2006 - united nations mine action coordination centre in southern lebanon ( unmacc - sl ) - 2007 - 2008 the medal is bronze with an image of the globe ( centred on the north pole ) surrounded by a wreath of leaves on the front ( obverse ). the letters \u2018 un \u2019, in capitals, sit above the image of the globe. on the reverse are the words \" in the service of peace \". this is the same medal design as used for the united nations medal. about the ribbon the colours of the ribbon for the unssm are light blue in the centre and white on the edges, which are the basic colours of the united nations. these colours represent service in the field under united nations auspices that was not with a specific peacekeeping operation. clasps and bars the guidelines for the united nations special service medal state that a bar with the name of the united nations organization or country may be awarded with the united nations special service medal. to the best of the nzdf ' s knowledge, only three clasps have actually been created for, or issued with, the united nations special service medal : - - the \" unscom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4492468611794207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.683749"} {"text": "may be awarded with the united nations special service medal. to the best of the nzdf ' s knowledge, only three clasps have actually been created for, or issued with, the united nations special service medal : - - the \" unscom \" clasp for service with the united nations special commission on iraq ( unscom ) between 1991 and 1999 - - the \" timor leste \" clasp for service with the united nations office in timor - leste ( unotil ) between 20 may 2005 and 30 june 2006 ; and - - the \" afghanistan \" clasp for service with the united nations assistance mission in afghanistan ( unama ) since december 2004. numerals are not awarded for the unssm. order of wear an example of the position of the united nations special service medal in the wearing of medals in new zealand table can be viewed here. the position of wear of the united nations special service medal for each individual will vary depending on when an individual qualified for the united nations special service medal. as for campaign and war medals, united nations medals are worn in order of the date an individual qualified for each award. media statements concerning service by new zealand personnel on united nations missions recognised by the united nations special service medal - southern lebanon - 7 february 2008 - nzdf commitment to munitions clearance in lebanon ends - 30 november 2007 - stay safe : eod operations in southern lebanon - 3 july 2007 - defence team home from lebanon 22 june 2007 - new defence personnel bound for lebanon - 6 march 2007 - kiwi battlefield clearance team makes explosives progress - 23 february 2007 - defence battlefield clearance team get to work in lebanon - 8 february 2007 - takapuna man to lead defence team in lebanon - 8 february 2007 - defence to send specialist force to lebanon - 15 february 2007 - on the edge in iraq - nz ' s military advisor with unami - mozambique and sierra leone - 30 june 2005 - nzdf withdraws from mozambique and sierra leone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.431887320873861, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.684604"} {"text": "( medical xpress ) \u2014 a painstaking effort to create a biocompatible patch to heal infant hearts is paying off at rice university and texas children ' s hospital. medical research dec 12, 2012 | 5 / 5 ( 4 ) | 6 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 contrary to the prevailing theories that music and language are cognitively separate or that music is a byproduct of language, theorists at rice university ' s shepherd school of music and the university... psychology & psychiatry sep 18, 2012 | 5 / 5 ( 7 ) | 1 | stem cells drawn from amniotic fluid show promise for tissue engineering, but it ' s important to know what they can and cannot do. a new study by researchers at rice university and texas children ' s hospital... medical research may 02, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | rice university students have created a way to help health care workers track vaccines and keep them at a safe temperature. medications may 10, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 rice university researchers have found an unexpected link between a protein that triggers the formation of blood clots and other proteins that are essential for the body ' s immune system. the find could lead... immunology apr 01, 2013 | 4. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | in a development that could lead to faster and more effective toxicity tests for airborne chemicals, scientists from rice university and the rice spinoff company nano3d biosciences have used magnetic levitation... medical research jan 24, 2013 | not rated yet | 1 | researchers at rice university and texas children ' s hospital have turned stem cells from amniotic fluid into cells that form blood vessels. their success offers hope that such stem cells may be used to grow... medical research feb 06, 2012 | 4. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | rice scientists simulate \" robot \" cells to study the development of microvascular systems in the brain. the goal is to find a way to direct the development of vessels that feed oxygen - starved cells in stroke... medical research feb 11, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | a review of the genetic and biochemical abnormalities associated with autism reveals a possible link between the widely diagnosed neurological disorder and type 2 diabetes, another medical disorder on the rise in recent decades. medical research oct 19, 2011 | 4. 4 / 5 ( 8 ) | 3 | researchers see more realistic tumor growth and response to anti - cancer drugs using polymer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4910108578743136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.688333"} {"text": "neurological disorder and type 2 diabetes, another medical disorder on the rise in recent decades. medical research oct 19, 2011 | 4. 4 / 5 ( 8 ) | 3 | researchers see more realistic tumor growth and response to anti - cancer drugs using polymer scaffolds ( medical xpress ) \u2014 porous polymer scaffolds fabricated to support the growth of biological tissue for implantation may hold the potential to greatly accelerate the development of cancer therapeutics. cancer apr 02, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 rice university scientists have discovered a new way to look inside living cells and see the insoluble fibrillar deposits associated with parkinson ' s disease. parkinson ' s & movement disorders dec 17, 2012 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | scientists at rice university and the university of texas md anderson cancer center have successfully profiled protein pathways found to be distinctive to leukemia patients with particular variants of the... cancer may 31, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 | people with birthmarks, scars and other facial disfigurements are more likely to receive poor ratings in job interviews, according to a new study by researchers at rice university and the university of houston. psychology & psychiatry nov 09, 2011 | 4. 6 / 5 ( 5 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) - - new research from rice university and italy ' s eugenio medea scientific institute is yielding clues about hereditary spastic paraplegia ( hsp ), a group of inherited neurological disorders... diseases, conditions, syndromes jul 08, 2011 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) - - understanding cultural influences on african - american women may be important in helping them achieve long - term weight loss, according to researchers from rice university and baylor college of medicine... overweight and obesity jun 06, 2012 | not rated yet | 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49522764774376493, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.689237"} {"text": "laura niklason, m. d., ph. d., has spent the past 15 years in the lab developing ways to build new arteries using tissue engineering techniques, but as an anesthesiologist who works in the intensive care unit, she always had another idea rolling around in the back of her head. niklason, professor of anesthesiology and biomedical engineering, was troubled that a large number of her patients suffered damage to the lungs, organs that simply don \u2019 t fix themselves very well after injury or serious illness. hundreds of thousands of americans die from lung disease each year, and the only effective treatment for severe cases is transplantation. unfortunately, this expensive procedure is associated with high mortality and is also limited by an extreme shortage of donor organs. an alternative solution is to create synthetic lungs, but past attempts to do so have failed because the lungs, with networks of branching airways and vasculature, are so spatially complex, says niklason. \u201c she and her research team took a leap forward recently, when they engineered the first lungs that are capable of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide, an achievement that was reported in the journal sciencethis past july. the key to the niklason group \u2019 s success was finding a suitable scaffold for supporting lung tissue, and they did so by adapting a tissue engineering technique that has been applied to the heart, liver, and kidney. by using detergent solutions to wash cells out of lung tissue from rats, the researchers removed all cellular components that could cause an immune reaction after transplantation. what remained was a hollowed - out matrix with the right three - dimensional shape, mechanical properties, and vasculature. unexpectedly, molecular cues that could guide cells to appropriate regions had been preserved in the matrix as well ; when the scientists placed various neonatal lung cells inside the scaffold, the cells positioned themselves in the correct locations. \u201c i was surprised by how much information is in the matrix, \u201d niklason says. \u201c i expected the different cell types to go helter - skelter, but by and large, the cells landed in their correct anatomic locations. this tells me that the matrix has \u2018 zip codes, \u2019 or information about who should go where. \u201d the next challenge was to develop a bioreactor \u2014 a system to mimic the environment in which lungs develop in the fetus, such as the flow of liquid through the growing vasculature. to provide ventilation, the researchers used a syringe pump", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48041047457402675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.693116"} {"text": "challenge was to develop a bioreactor \u2014 a system to mimic the environment in which lungs develop in the fetus, such as the flow of liquid through the growing vasculature. to provide ventilation, the researchers used a syringe pump to withdraw air, which caused the lungs to inhale liquid from the windpipe. in the reverse process, the pump returned air to the bioreactor, causing the lungs to exhale liquid. inside the bioreactor, the lungs even produced proteins that allowed the organs to inflate normally. by imitating natural conditions, the researchers improved the clearance of secretions in the airway, enhanced cell survival, and fostered the growth of the major cell types found in the lung. after culturing the tissue inside the bioreactor for about a week, the researchers implanted it into rats and observed that the lungs exchanged gas for a few hours \u2014 a major accomplishment. the team saw similar results with human cells, suggesting that the same approach, perhaps using stem cells, could help to treat diseases in humans. niklason cautions that \u201c it will take us another 10 or 20 years of work to develop reliable and robust means of differentiating primitive stem cells into the lung cell types we \u2019 re looking for and keeping them stable over time. \u201d but the wait will be worthwhile, niklason says. \u201c the potential advantage in the long run is that we could take a biopsy from a patient who needs a lung replacement, generate stem cells from that biopsy, and from those cells regenerate a whole lung that we could implant without it being rejected, \u201d she says. \u201c it could really be a new era for organ transplantation. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4794233287787258, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.693801"} {"text": "salmonella \u201c syringe \u201d ready for its close - up salmonella bacteria are tiny, but they wreak mighty havoc on human health, causing serious, sometimes fatal, food poisoning. in 1998, jorge galan, ph. d., d. v. m., the lucille p. markey professor of microbial pathogenesis, threw new light on salmonella \u2019 s virulence when his research team revealed that the bacteria infects cells by forming \u201c needle complexes, \u201d syringe - like tubes through which salmonella exchanges proteins with its host. now galan and his colleagues have joined forces with the laboratory of vinzenz m. unger, ph. d., associate professor of molecular biophysics and biochemistry, to paint a vivid three - dimensional portrait of the salmonella syringe using a state - of - the - art technique known as cryoelectron microscopy. in this method, an electron microscope scans samples that contain many copies of the object of interest suspended in an ice - like solid at every possible angle ( background in image at right ). researchers then feed scores of images of the object seen from these myriad perspectives to powerful computers, which combine the information in the two - dimensional views to calculate the object \u2019 s three - dimensional structure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5411150759157315, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.695180"} {"text": "nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) are used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation. traditional nsaids block cox - 1 and cox - 2 enzymes that the body uses to manufacture substances called prostaglandins. since cox - 1 prostaglandins are stomach - protective, blocking this enzyme is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity, a known side effect of these drugs. newer nsaids ( called cox - 2 inhibitors ) block primarily cox - 2 prostaglandins associated with pain, fever, and inflammation, and might be less risky to the stomach. however, this is not proven, and some cox - 2s have been taken off the market due to excess risk of heart attacks attributable to their use. drugs in this family include : - aspirin, alternatively called acetylsalicylic acid or asa ( adprin - b, anacin, arthritis foundation aspirin, ascriptin, aspergum, asprimox, bayer, bc, bufferin, buffex, cama, cope, easprin, ecotrin, empirin, equagesic, fiorinal, fiorital, halfprin, heartline, genprin, lanorinal, magnaprin, measurin, micrainin, momentum, norwich, st. joseph, zorprin ) - celecoxib ( celebrex ) - choline salicylate ( arthropan ) - choline salicylate / magnesium salicylate ( tricosal, trilisate ) - diclofenac potassium ( cataflam, voltaren rapide ) - diclofenac sodium ( arthrotec, voltaren, voltaren sr, voltaren - xr ) - diclofenac sodium / misoprostol ( arthrotec ) - diflunisal ( dolobid ) - etodolac ( lodine, lodine xl ) - fenoprofen calcium ( nalfon ) - flurbiprofen ( ansaid ) - ibuprofen ( advil, arthritis foundation ibuprofen, bayer select ibuprofen, dynafed ib, genpril, haltran, ibu, ibuprin, ibuprohm, menadol, midol ib, motrin, nuprin, saleto ) - indomethacin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4130125826030349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.707373"} {"text": "supplemental arginine has been proposed as a treatment for various conditions, including heart problems. arginine has been found to stimulate the body ' s production of gastrin, a hormone that increases stomach acid. because excessive acid can irritate the stomach, there are concerns that arginine could be harmful for individuals taking drugs that are also hard on the stomach ( such as nsaids ). it may be best not to mix arginine with nsaids unless approved by your doctor. the herb feverfew is primarily used for the prevention and treatment of migraine headaches. nsaids are also used for migraines, so there is a chance that some individuals might use both the herb and drug at once, a combination that may present risks. the biggest concern with nsaids is that they can cause stomach ulcers, which may progress to bleeding or perforation without pain or other warning symptoms. this stomach damage is due to drug interference with the body ' s protective prostaglandins. newer nsaids called cox - 2 inhibitors may be less likely to produce this side effect. feverfew also affects prostaglandins. thus, combining it with an nsaid might increase the risk of stomach problems. the herb garlic is taken to lower cholesterol, among many other proposed uses. one of the possible side effects of garlic is a decreased ability of the blood to clot, leading to an increased bleeding tendency. therefore, you should not combine garlic and aspirin or other nsaids except under medical supervision. the herb ginkgo is used to treat alzheimer ' s disease and ordinary age - related memory loss, among many other uses. some evidence suggests that ginkgo might also decrease the ability of the blood to clot, probably through effects on platelets. however, one double - blind study found that ginkgo does increase the anticoagulant effects of aspirin ; another found that while it did not interact with the antiplatelet drug. but, the herb did interact slightly with the related drug cilostazol. taken together, this evidence still suggests that one should not take ginkgo while using aspirin or other nsaids except under medical supervision. a sugarcane - derived form of the supplement policosanol is used to reduce cholesterol levels. it also interferes with platelet clumping, creating potential benefit as well as a risk of interactions with blood - thinning drugs. for example, a 30 - day, double -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42783897544390953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.709128"} {"text": "or salicylates except under medical supervision. one study suggests that reishi impairs platelet clumping. this creates the potential for an interaction with any blood - thinning medication. dong quaist. john ' s wort st. john ' s wort is primarily used to treat mild to moderate depression. the herb dong quai is often recommended for menstrual disorders such as dysmenorrhea, pms, and irregular menstruation. certain nsaids, including most notably piroxicam, can cause increased sensitivity to the sun, amplifying the risk of sunburn or skin rash. because st. john ' s wort and dong quai may also cause this problem, taking these herbal supplements during nsaid therapy might add to this risk. it may be a good idea to wear a sunscreen or protective clothing during sun exposure if you take one of these herbs while using an nsaid. the substance vinpocetine is sold as a dietary supplement for the treatment of age - related memory loss and impaired mental function. vinpocetine is thought to inhibit blood platelets from forming clots. for this reason, it should not be combined with medications or natural substances that impair the blood \u2019 s ability to clot normally, as this may lead to excessive bleeding. one study found only a minimal interaction between the blood - thinning drug warfarin ( coumadin ) and vinpocetine, but prudence dictates caution anyway. vitamin e appears to add to aspirin ' s blood - thinning effects. one study suggests that the combination of aspirin and even relatively small amounts of vitamin e ( 50 mg daily ) may lead to a significantly increased risk of bleeding. in another study of 28, 519 men, vitamin e supplementation at a low dose of about 50 iu ( international units ) daily was associated with an increase in fatal hemorrhagic strokes, the kind of stroke caused by bleeding within the brain. however, there was a reduced risk of the more common ischemic stroke, caused by obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain, and the two effects were found essentially to cancel each other out. weak evidence from one animal study hints that vitamin e might reduce stomach inflammation caused by nsaids. the bottom line : seek medical advice before combining vitamin e and aspirin. the herb white willow, also known as willow bark, is used to treat pain and fever. white willow contains a substance that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4479524993980406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.711145"} {"text": "reduce stomach inflammation caused by nsaids. the bottom line : seek medical advice before combining vitamin e and aspirin. the herb white willow, also known as willow bark, is used to treat pain and fever. white willow contains a substance that is converted by the body into a salicylate similar to aspirin. it is therefore possible that taking nsaids and white willow could lead to increased risk of side effects, just as would occur if you combined nsaids with aspirin. based on their known effects or constituents, the herbs dong quai ( angelica sinensis ) horse chestnut ( aesculus hippocastanum ) red clover ( trifolium pratense ), and the substances ( oligomeric proanthocyanidins ) might conceivably present an increased risk of bleeding if combined with aspirin. potassium citrate, sodium citrate, and potassium - magnesium citrate are sometimes used to prevent. these supplements reduce urinary acidity and can, therefore, lead to decreased blood levels and effectiveness of nsaids. ) and other hot peppers used in chili and various dishes contain as their \" hot \" ingredient capsaicin, a substance that is thought to be stomach - protective. for years, people have believed that spicy foods were a cause of stomach ulcers. however, preliminary evidence suggests that cayenne peppers might actually help protect the stomach against ulcers caused by aspirin and possibly other nsaids. in a study involving 18 healthy human volunteers, one group received chili powder, water, and aspirin ; the control group received only water and aspirin. chili powder was found to significantly protect the stomach against damage from aspirin, a known stomach irritant. it was suggested that this protective effect might result from capsaicin - induced stimulation of blood flow in the lining of the stomach. further support for this theory comes from a study in rats, which found that capsaicin protected the stomach against damage caused by aspirin, ethanol ( drinking alcohol ), and acid. increasing the dose of capsaicin brought even greater benefit, as did increasing the time between giving capsaicin and the other agents. an earlier study in rats found that capsaicin exerted similar protection against aspirin damage. some researchers have used this data to advocate chili or capsaicin as treatment for peptic ulcer disease, but check with your doctor before trying to self - treat this serious condition. colostrum is the fluid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40383912097827857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.712389"} {"text": "protection against aspirin damage. some researchers have used this data to advocate chili or capsaicin as treatment for peptic ulcer disease, but check with your doctor before trying to self - treat this serious condition. colostrum is the fluid that new mothers ' breasts produce during the first day or two after birth. it gives newborns a rich mixture of antibodies and growth factors that help them get a good start. according to one study involving rats, taking colostrum from cows ( bovine colostrum ) as a supplement might help protect against the ulcers caused by nsaids. folate ( also known as folic acid ) is a b vitamin that plays an important role in many vital aspects of health, including preventing neural tube birth defects and possibly reducing the risk of heart disease. because inadequate intake of folate is widespread, if you are taking any medication that depletes or impairs folate even slightly, you may need supplementation. there is some evidence that nsaids might produce this effect. in test tube studies, many nsaids have been found to interfere with folate activity. in addition, a study of 25 people with arthritis receiving the drug sulfasalazine found evidence of folate deficiency. in another report, a woman taking 650 mg of aspirin every 4 hours for 3 days experienced a significant fall in blood levels of folate. based on this preliminary evidence, folate supplementation may be warranted if you are taking drugs in the nsaid family. licorice root ( ), a member of the pea family, has been used since ancient times as both food and medicine. preliminary evidence suggests that a specific form of licorice called dgl ( deglycyrrhizinated licorice ) might help protect the stomach against damage caused by the use of aspirin and possibly other nsaids. ( dgl is a modified version of licorice that is safer to use. ) in a double - blind study of 9 healthy human volunteers, participants were given aspirin alone ( 325 mg ) or aspirin ( 325 mg ) plus dgl ( 175 mg ). stomach damage ( as measured by blood loss ) was found to be about 20 % less when dgl was given with aspirin. as part of the same study, dgl was also found to reduce stomach damage caused by aspirin in rats, though the benefit was small. it is possible that larger doses of dgl might provide greater protection. test tube studies suggest that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4531844336823942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.715295"} {"text": ". as part of the same study, dgl was also found to reduce stomach damage caused by aspirin in rats, though the benefit was small. it is possible that larger doses of dgl might provide greater protection. test tube studies suggest that aspirin promotes the loss of vitamin c through the urine, which could lead to tissue depletion of the vitamin. in addition, low vitamin c levels have been noted in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, and this has been attributed to aspirin therapy taken for this condition. if you take aspirin regularly, vitamin c supplementation may be advisable. the supplement policosanol is a mixture of numerous related substances, and its exact composition varies with its source. policosanol made from sugar cane appears to reduce cholesterol levels. policosanol from beeswax may help protect the stomach from damage caused by nsaids. however, it is not clear whether beeswax policosanol might amplify the \" blood thinning \" effect of anti - inflammatory drugs in the same manner as sugarcane policosanol, as described based on chondroitin \u2019 s chemical similarity to the anticoagulant drug heparin, it has been suggested that chondroitin might have anticoagulant effects as well. there are no case reports of any problems relating to this, and studies suggest that chondroitin has at most a mild anticoagulant effect. nonetheless, prudence suggests that chondroitin should not be combined with nsaids except under physician supervision.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4216849340562933, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.716050"} {"text": "school kids have come across human skeletal remains revealed by coastal erosion at crimdon dene near hartlepool, north - east england. as a crouched burial, assuming it is a burial, could it be prehistoric? bronze age? or even older? evidence for mesolithic burial in the uk, for example, is virtually non - existent outside somerset and the odd finger in scottish shell middens, unlike denmark and scandinavia. - hartlepool mail | includes video 16 oct - sunderland echo | web article and good picture 16 oct - bbc news | web article 16 oct challenges and possibilities | dreams in dunes there are some challenges too. how do you investigate such a find in a highly unstable environment like sand dunes? i \u2019 m sure there \u2019 s more news to follow from tees archaeology. crimdon dene\u00b9 is also known for extensive mesolithic flint scatters discovered in the 1940s. filpoke beacon\u00b2, 1. 25km north, produced one of the earliest late mesolithic radiocarbon dates for geometric narrow blade microliths : 8760 + / - 140 bp\u00b3 ( q - 1474 ) based on carbonized hazelnut shells. a submerged forest sits off the coast south of hartlepool and has revealed late mesolithic and neolithic evidence including flints and a possible fish weir ( see tees archaeology \u2019 s monograph ). bronze age burials, albeit in stone cists, were discovered in the vicinity of the mesolithic house at howick, northumberland coast. i know where my money \u2019 s going \u2014 but dreams at least are free! \u00b9 young, r. 2007. \u2018 i must go down to the sea again \u2026 \u2019 a review of early research on the \u2018 coastal \u2019 mesolithic of north - east england, in waddington, c. & pedersen, k ( eds ). mesolithic studies in the north sea basin and beyond. oxford : oxbow. \u00b2 jacobi, r. 1976. britain inside and outside mesolithic europe. proc preh soc 42 : 67 - 84. \u00b3 before present ( 1950 ), hazelnut shells are more reliable for aging than timber because they are shorter lived \u2014 \u201d old wood \u201d can itself be hundreds of years old before burning.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45416021876631363, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.719638"} {"text": "radical new boeing aircraft takes flight the company ' s new blended - wing plane prepares for its first test, carrying with it the airline ' s hopes for fuel - saving planes. ( business 2. 0 ) - - - - it would be a dream come true for the airline industry : a plane that uses up to 30 percent less gas to reach its destination, compared with today ' s jets. that ' s the promise of the blended - wing, a radically new kind of aircraft set to take to the skies for the first time this month. originally conceived by mcdonnell douglas and developed by nasa, the blended - wing merges fuselage and wings and eliminates the tail, reducing drag. that makes it vastly more fuel - efficient than regular \" tube - and - wing \" jets, according to boeing ( charts ) engineer norm princen. his x - 48b blended - wing prototype, now on the runway at edwards air force base, is only about a 10th the size of the 240 - foot - wingspan craft he hopes to build. but the pentagon is watching keenly. \" blended - wing technology can cost - effectively fill many roles required by the air force, \" says capt. scott van - hoogen of the air vehicles directorate. as a tanker, for example, it could refuel two planes in midair at the same time. for now boeing is focused on making a military version of the plane by 2022. but by 2030 blended - wing aircraft could be carrying commercial passengers. last november a team from mit and cambridge university unveiled the sax - 40, a blended - wing design that promises to be more fuel - efficient than a toyota ( charts ) prius - and thanks in part to the engine placement, just as quiet ( at 63 decibels ). these designs still have a bumpy ride before they ' ll be accepted by airlines : how to build a flat pressurized cargo hold is one challenge ; another is asking passengers to sit 25 seats away from the window. still, the rising costs of air travel may leave future road warriors with no choice but to blend into a blended - wing. click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4817473337079854, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.724477"} {"text": "this is the third post on richard l. bushman ' s mormonism : a very short introduction ( oup, 2008 ). [ see part 1 and part 2. ] in chapter three, bushman reviews the several meanings of the term \" zion \" in lds doctrine and thinking. the mormon sense of zion has no real parallels in protestant thought. in a general sense, zion refers to mormon community and society, a larger concept than just the lds church as a religious institution. here ' s how bushman explains it. from the beginning, mormons have actively sought unity. they aspire to be a people, thinking of themselves as a society as much as a church. their common ground goes beyond belief and worship to work, education, family, and business. this comprehensiveness goes back to their origins, when joseph smith first organized the church. i suspect what bushman gently terms \" comprehensiveness \" is what rubs some religious contemporaries the wrong way about mormonism, giving rise to recurrent charges of being cultish or un - american. but comprehensiveness also describes the earliest religious settlers in 17th - century new england. you can ' t get more american than the pilgrims, who also thought of themselves as trying to establish a model religious community. the early quest for mormon unity led to experiments in economic communalism. these did not go well, and by 1839 the attempt had been quietly abandoned. while zion or the related term \" zion society \" is still applied by some to these short - term economic experiments, the terms at present are more often used to refer to principles of economic justice and compassion that are realized through service to others, sacrifice for the benefit of those in need, and modest living. at present, zion means something like this : applying the principles of charitable communal living within the free market, private property economy of the 21st century. but the zion concept doesn ' t simply refer to a set of principles. the lds church makes it a program, and a remarkably successful one. here ' s bushman again : out of the early zion principles also evolved the mormon sense of how to care for the poor. the scriptural condemnation of inequality in the early years was less an attack on the systemic inequalities of capitalism than an admonition to watch over the needy. in the twentieth century, the consecration principle took the form of a welfare program begun during the great depression to provide work and sustenance for poor church members. the church now owns farms, canning plants, and manufacturing facilities where the poor work producing the goods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5449729100033235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.727936"} {"text": "the twentieth century, the consecration principle took the form of a welfare program begun during the great depression to provide work and sustenance for poor church members. the church now owns farms, canning plants, and manufacturing facilities where the poor work producing the goods they need to subsist. in just the last few years, the lds church has also expanded the scope of its humanitarian aid efforts outside the lds community. again, it ' s not just a wish, it ' s a program : mormon helping hands. the website explanation even includes a 14 - page manual telling local units how to make it work. one could cite scripture or conference talks for a more doctrinally oriented summary of the term zion, but i think the lds welfare program ( to benefit latter - day saints in need ) and the helping hands program ( to channel service toward worthwhile projects in local communities ) are themselves the best expression of what zion means in practice to modern latter - day saints. i ' ll wind up with some general comments on mormonism : a very short introduction. it is a short and very readable introduction for the non - lds reader, but also full of insightful descriptions and observations for the lds reader. it is certainly worth picking up and reading if you run across it at your local library or bookstore. originally posted with comments at beliefnet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5080581288883856, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.729094"} {"text": "add or modify a hotspot a picture can contain one or more clickable hyperlinked areas that are called hotspots, which function like any other hyperlink. you can also set a default hyperlink for all other areas on the picture where you haven ' t defined a hotspot. the pictures toolbar provides tools that enable you to draw rectangular, circular and polygonal - shaped hotspots on an image. after you draw the hotspot, the insert hyperlink dialog box appears for you to specify the link for the hotspot. you can highlight hot spots on a picture in microsoft expression web, such as when it ' s hard for you to see the hot spot outlines on the picture. to set a hyperlink for all other areas on the image outside of the hotspots, select the image and add a hyperlink to it. for more information, see create or modify a hyperlink. in design view, in your web page, click the picture to which you want to add a hotspot. on the pictures toolbar, click rectangular hotspot, circular hotspot, or polygonal hotspot. on the picture, do one or more of the following. to draw either a rectangle or circle, drag where you want a hotspot. to draw a polygon, click to create each vertex of the polygon shape. to complete the shape, either click on the first vertex you created, or double - click. in the insert hyperlink dialog box, locate the file you want to link to, and then click ok. for more information, see create or modify a hyperlink. in design view, in your web page, click the picture that contains the hotspot you want to modify. on the pictures toolbar, click select, and then do one or more of the following. to move a hotspot, click within the hotspot and drag it to where you want. to resize a hotspot, drag a vertex on the hotspot. to modify the hyperlink of a hotspot, double - click the hotspot. in the edit hyperlink dialog box, set the address box to the hyperlink you want and click ok. to delete a hotspot, click the hotspot and press delete.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45030774204851765, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.733123"} {"text": "socrates, an athenian greek of the second half of the fifth century bc, wrote no philosophical works but was uniquely influential in the later history of philosophy. his philosophical interests were restricted to ethics and the conduct of life, topics which thereafter became central to philosophy. he discussed these in public places in athens, sometimes with other prominent intellectuals or political leaders, sometimes with young men, who gathered round him in large numbers, and other admirers. among these young men was plato. socrates ' philosophical ideas and - equally important for his philosophical influence - his personality and methods as a ' teacher ' were handed on to posterity in the ' dialogues ' that several of his friends wrote after his death, depicting such discussions. only those of xenophon ( memorabilia, apology, symposium ) and the early dialogues of plato survive ( for example euthyphro, apology, crito ). later platonic dialogues such as phaedo, symposium and republic do not present the historical socrates ' ideas ; the ' socrates ' appearing in them is a spokesman for plato ' s own ideas. socrates ' discussions took the form of face - to - face interrogations of another person. most often they concerned the nature of some moral virtue, such as courage or justice. socrates asked what the respondent thought these qualities of mind and character amounted to, what their value was, how they were acquired. he would then test their ideas for logical consistency with other highly plausible general views about morality and goodness that the respondent also agreed to accept, once socrates presented them. he succeeded in showing, to his satisfaction and that of the respondent and any bystanders, that the respondent ' s ideas were not consistent. by this practice of ' elenchus ' or refutation he was able to prove that politicians and others who claimed to have ' wisdom ' about human affairs in fact lacked it, and to draw attention to at least apparent errors in their thinking. he wanted to encourage them and others to think harder and to improve their ideas about the virtues and about how to conduct a good human life. he never argued directly for ideas of his own, but always questioned those of others. none the less, one can infer, from the questions he asks and his attitudes to the answers he receives, something about his own views. socrates was convinced that our souls - where virtues and vices are found - are vastly more important for our lives than our bodies or external circumstances. the quality of our souls determines the character of our lives, for better or for worse, much more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4791053765638587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.777189"} {"text": "socrates was convinced that our souls - where virtues and vices are found - are vastly more important for our lives than our bodies or external circumstances. the quality of our souls determines the character of our lives, for better or for worse, much more than whether we are healthy or sick, or rich or poor. if we are to live well and happily, as he assumed we all want to do more than we want anything else, we must place the highest priority on the care of our souls. that means we must above all want to acquire the virtues, since they perfect our souls and enable them to direct our lives for the better. if only we could know what each of the virtues is we could then make an effort to obtain them. as to the nature of the virtues, socrates seems to have held quite strict and, from the popular point of view, paradoxical views. each virtue consists entirely in knowledge, of how it is best to act in some area of life, and why : additional ' emotional ' aspects, such as the disciplining of our feelings and desires, he dismissed as of no importance. weakness of will is not psychologically possible : if you act wrongly or badly, that is due to your ignorance of how you ought to act and why. he thought each of the apparently separate virtues amounts to the same single body of knowledge : the comprehensive knowledge of what is and is not good for a human being. thus his quest was to acquire this single wisdom : all the particular virtues would follow automatically. at the age of 70 socrates was charged before an athenian popular court with ' impiety ' - with not believing in the olympian gods and corrupting young men through his constant questioning of everything. he was found guilty and condemned to death. plato ' s apology, where socrates gives a passionate defence of his life and philosophy, is one of the classics of western literature. for different groups of later greek philosophers he was the model both of a sceptical inquirer who never claims to know the truth, and of a ' sage ' who knows the whole truth about human life and the human good. among modern philosophers, the interpretations of his innermost meaning given by montaigne, hegel, kierkegaard, and nietzsche are especially notable. socrates, an athenian citizen proud of his devotion to athens, lived his adult life there engaging in open philosophical discussion and debate on fundamental questions of ethics, politics, religion and education. going against the grain of the traditional education, he insisted that personal investigation and reasoned argument, rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4586161112567493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.778209"} {"text": "proud of his devotion to athens, lived his adult life there engaging in open philosophical discussion and debate on fundamental questions of ethics, politics, religion and education. going against the grain of the traditional education, he insisted that personal investigation and reasoned argument, rather than ancestral custom, or appeal to the authority of homer, hesiod and other respected poets, was the only proper basis for answering these questions. his emphasis on argument and logic and his opposition to unquestioning acceptance of tradition allied him with such sophists of a generation earlier as protagoras, gorgias and prodicus, none of whom was an athenian, but all of whom spent time lecturing and teaching at athens ( see sophists ). unlike these sophists socrates did not formally offer himself or accept pay as a teacher. but many upper - class young athenian men gathered round him to hear and engage in his discussions, and he had an inspirational and educational effect upon them, heightening their powers of critical thought and encouraging them to take seriously their individual responsibility to think through and decide how to conduct their lives. many of his contemporaries perceived this education as morally and socially destructive - it certainly involved subverting accepted beliefs - and he was tried in 399 bc before an athenian popular court and condemned to death on a charge of ' impiety ' : that he did not believe in the olympian gods, but in new ones instead, and corrupted the young. scholars sometimes mention specifically political motives of revenge, based on guilt by association : a number of prominent athenians who were with socrates as young men or were close friends did turn against the athenian democracy and collaborated with the spartans in their victory over athens in the peloponnesian war. but an amnesty passed by the restored democracy in 403 bc prohibited prosecution for political offences before that date. the rhetorician polycrates included socrates ' responsibility for these political crimes in his accusation of socrates ( see xenophon, memorabilia i 2. 12 ), a rhetorical exercise written at least five years after socrates ' death. but there is no evidence that, in contravention of the amnesty, socrates ' actual accusers covertly attacked him, or his jurors condemned him, on that ground. the defences plato and xenophon constructed for socrates, each in his respective apology, imply that it was his own questioning mind and what was perceived as the bad moral influence he had on his young men that led to his trial and condemnation. socrates left no philosophical works, and apparently wrote none. his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.451934248702335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.779506"} {"text": ", each in his respective apology, imply that it was his own questioning mind and what was perceived as the bad moral influence he had on his young men that led to his trial and condemnation. socrates left no philosophical works, and apparently wrote none. his philosophy and personality were made known to later generations through the dialogues that several of his associates wrote with him as principal speaker ( see socratic dialogues ). only fragments survive of those by aeschines of sphettus and antisthenes, both athenians, and phaedo of elis ( after whom plato ' s dialogue phaedo is named ). our own knowledge of socrates depends primarily on the dialogues of plato and the socratic works of the military leader and historian xenophon. plato was a young associate of socrates ' during perhaps the last ten years of his life, and xenophon knew him during that same period, though he was absent from athens at the time of socrates ' death and for several years before and many years after. we also have secondary evidence from the comic playwright aristophanes and from aristotle. aristotle, although born fifteen years after socrates ' death, had access through plato and others to first - hand information about the man and his philosophy. aristophanes knew socrates personally ; his clouds ( first produced c. 423 bc ) pillories the ' new ' education offered by sophists and philosophers by showing socrates at work in a ' thinkery ', propounding outlandish physical theories and teaching young men how to argue cleverly in defence of their improper behaviour. it is significant that in 423, when socrates was about 45 years old, he could plausibly be taken as a leading representative in athens of the ' new ' education. but one cannot expect a comic play making fun of a whole intellectual movement to contain an authentic account of socrates ' specific philosophical commitments. however, the literary genre to which plato ' s and xenophon ' s socratic works belong ( along with the other, lost dialogues ) also permits the author much latitude ; in his poetics aristotle counts such works as fictions of a certain kind, alongside epic poems and tragedies. they are by no means records of actual discussions ( despite the fact that xenophon explicitly so represents his ). each author was free to develop his own ideas behind the mask of socrates, at least within the limits of what his personal experience had led him to believe was socrates ' basic philosophical and moral outlook. especially in view of the many inconsistencies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4469457643857013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.780695"} {"text": ". each author was free to develop his own ideas behind the mask of socrates, at least within the limits of what his personal experience had led him to believe was socrates ' basic philosophical and moral outlook. especially in view of the many inconsistencies between plato ' s and xenophon ' s portraits ( see \u00a7 7 below ), it is a difficult question for historical - philosophical interpretation whether the philosophical and moral views the character socrates puts forward in any of these dialogues can legitimately be attributed to the historical philosopher. the problem of interpretation is made more difficult by the fact that socrates appears in many of plato ' s dialogues - ones belonging to his middle and later periods ( see plato \u00a7 \u00a7 10 - 16 ) - discussing and expounding views that we have good reason to believe resulted from plato ' s own philosophical investigations into questions of metaphysics and epistemology, questions that were not entered into at all by the historical socrates. to resolve this problem - what scholars call the ' socratic problem ' - most agree in preferring plato to xenophon as a witness. xenophon is not thought to have been philosopher enough to have understood socrates well or to have captured the depth of his views and his personality. as for plato, most scholars accept only the philosophical interests and procedures, and the moral and philosophical views, of the socrates of the early dialogues, and, more guardedly, the socrates of ' transitional ' ones such as meno and gorgias, as legitimate representations of the historical personage. these dialogues are the ones that predate the emergence of the metaphysical and epistemological inquiries just referred to. however, even plato ' s early dialogues are philosophical works written to further plato ' s own philosophical interests. that could produce distortions, also ; and xenophon ' s relative philosophical innocence could make his portrait in some respects more reliable. moreover, it is possible, even probable, that in his efforts to help his young men improve themselves socrates spoke differently to the philosophically more promising ones among them - including plato - from the way he spoke to others, for example xenophon. both portraits could be true, but partial and needing to be combined ( see \u00a7 7 ). the account of socrates ' philosophy given below follows plato, with caution, while giving independent weight also to xenophon and to aristotle. xenophon ' s apology of socrates, symposium and memorabilia ( or memoirs ) may well reflect knowledge of plato ' s own apology and some of his early and middle period dialogues, as well as lost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49368961974183884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.782499"} {"text": "weight also to xenophon and to aristotle. xenophon ' s apology of socrates, symposium and memorabilia ( or memoirs ) may well reflect knowledge of plato ' s own apology and some of his early and middle period dialogues, as well as lost dialogues of antisthenes and others. xenophon composed the memorabilia over many years, beginning only some ten years after socrates ' death, avowedly in order to defend socrates ' reputation as a good man, a true athenian gentleman, and a good influence upon his young men. the same intention motivated hisapology and symposium. anything these works contain about socrates ' philosophical opinions and procedures is ancillary to that apologetic purpose. plato ' s apology, of course, is similarly apologetic, but it and his other early dialogues are carefully constructed discussions, strongly focused upon questions of philosophical substance. plato evidently thought socrates ' philosophical ideas and methods were central to his life and to his mission. xenophon ' s and plato ' s testimony are agreed that socrates ' discussions consistently concerned the aretai, the recognized ' virtues ' or excellences of character ( see aret ), such as justice, piety, self - control or moderation ( sophrosyn ), courage and wisdom ; what these individual characteristics consist in and require of a person, what their value is, and how they are acquired, whether by teaching or in some other way. in his apology and elsewhere plato has socrates insist that these discussions were always inquiries, efforts made to engage his fellow - discussants in coming jointly to an adequate understanding of the matters inquired into. he does not himself know, and therefore cannot teach anyone else - whether by means of these discussions or in some other way - either how to be virtuous or what virtue in general or any particular virtue is. furthermore, given his general characterization of virtue ( see \u00a7 \u00a7 4 - 5 ), plato ' s socrates makes a point of suggesting the impossibility in principle of teaching virtue at all, by contrast with the sophists who declared they could teach it. virtue was not a matter of information about living or rote techniques of some sort to be handed on from teacher to pupil, but required an open - ended personal understanding that individuals could only come to for themselves. xenophon, too, reports that socrates denied he was a teacher of aret, but he pays no attention to such issues of philosophical principle. he does not hesitate to show socrates speaking of himself as a teacher ( see apology 26, memorabilia i 6. 13 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48152920888382905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.783631"} {"text": "too, reports that socrates denied he was a teacher of aret, but he pays no attention to such issues of philosophical principle. he does not hesitate to show socrates speaking of himself as a teacher ( see apology 26, memorabilia i 6. 13 - 14 ), and describes him as accepting young men from their fathers as his pupils ( but not for a fee ), and teaching them the virtues by displaying his own virtues to them for emulation, as well as through conversation and precepts. perhaps socrates did not insist on holding to strict philosophical principles in dealing with people on whom their point would have been lost. in his apology plato ' s socrates traces his practice of spending his days discussing and inquiring about virtue to an oracle delivered at the shrine of apollo at delphi. xenophon also mentions this oracle in his apology. a friend of socrates ', chaerephon, had asked the god whether anyone was wiser than socrates ; the priestess answered that no one was. because he was sure he was not wise at all - only the gods, he suspected, could actually know how a human life ought to be led - socrates cross - examined others at athens with reputations for that kind of wisdom. he wanted to show that there were people wiser than he and thus discover the true meaning of the oracle - apollo was known to speak in riddles requiring interpretation to reach their deeper meaning. in the event, it turned out that the people he examined were not wise, since they could not even give a self - consistent set of answers to his questions : obviously, true knowledge requires at least that one think and speak consistently on the subjects one professes to know. so he concluded that the priestess ' s reply had meant that of all those with reputations for wisdom only he came close to deserving it ; he wisely did not profess to know these things that only gods can know, and that was wisdom enough for a human being. because only he knew that he did not know, only he was ready earnestly to inquire into virtue and the other ingredients of the human good, in an effort to learn. he understood therefore that apollo ' s true intention in the oracle had been to encourage him to continue his inquiries, to help others to realize that it is beyond human powers actually to know how to live - that is the prerogative of the gods - and to do his best to understand as far as a human being can how one ought to live. the life of philosophy, as led by him, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4976216099528166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.784705"} {"text": "human powers actually to know how to live - that is the prerogative of the gods - and to do his best to understand as far as a human being can how one ought to live. the life of philosophy, as led by him, was therefore something he was effectively ordered by apollo to undertake. we must remember that socrates was on trial on a charge of ' impiety '. in tracing his philosophical vocation back to apollo ' s oracle, and linking it to a humble recognition of human weakness and divine perfection, he was constructing a powerful rebuttal of the charges brought against him. but it cannot be literally true - if that is what he intended to say - that socrates began his inquiries about virtue only after hearing of the oracle. chaerephon ' s question to apollo shows he had established a reputation in athens for wisdom before that. that reputation cannot have rested on philosophical inquiries of another sort. in plato ' s phaedo socrates says he had been interested as a young man in philosophical speculations about the structure and causes of the natural world, but he plainly did not take those interests very far ; and in any event, his reputation was not for that kind of wisdom, but wisdom about how to lead a human life. in fact we do not hear of the duty to apollo in xenophon, or in other dialogues of plato, where we might expect to find it if from the beginning socrates thought apollo had commanded his life of philosophizing. however, we need not think socrates was false to the essential spirit of philosophy as he practised it if in looking back on his life under threat of condemnation for impiety he chose, inaccurately, to see it as initially imposed on him by apollo ' s oracle. despite its impressiveness, socrates ' speech failed to convince his jury of 501 male fellow citizens, and he died in the state prison by drinking hemlock as required by law. his speech evidently offended the majority of the jurors by its disdain for the charges and the proceedings ; xenophon explains his lofty behaviour, which he thinks would otherwise have been lunatic - and damaging to his reputation - by reporting that he had told friends in advance that as a 70 - year - old still in possession of his health and faculties it was time for him to die anyhow, before senility set in. furthermore, his ' divine sign ' - the ' voice ' he sometimes heard warning him for his own good against a contemplated course of action - had prevented him from spending time crafting a defence speech", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48200306784863484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.785841"} {"text": "to die anyhow, before senility set in. furthermore, his ' divine sign ' - the ' voice ' he sometimes heard warning him for his own good against a contemplated course of action - had prevented him from spending time crafting a defence speech. ( this voice seems to have been the basis for the charge of introducing ' new ' gods. ) so he would do nothing to soften his manner in order to win his freedom. even if this story is true, plato could be right that socrates put on a spirited, deeply serious defence of his life and beliefs - one that he thought should have convinced the jurors of his innocence, if only they had judged him intelligently and fairly. in cross - examining those with reputations for wisdom about human affairs and showing their lack of it, socrates employed a special method of dialectical argument that he himself had perfected, the method of ' elenchus ' - greek for ' putting to the test ' or ' refutation '. he gives an example at his trial when he cross - examines meletus, one of his accusers ( plato, apology 24d - 27e ). the respondent states a thesis, as something he knows to be true because he is wise about the matter in question. socrates then asks questions, eliciting clarifications, qualifications and extensions of the thesis, and seeking further opinions of the respondent on related matters. he then argues, and the respondent sees no way not to grant, that the original thesis is logically inconsistent with something affirmed in these further responses. for socrates, it follows at once that the respondent did not know what he was talking about in stating his original thesis : true knowledge would prevent one from such self - contradiction. so the respondent suffers a personal set - back ; he is refuted - revealed as incompetent. meletus, for example, does not have consistent ideas about the gods or what would show someone not to believe in them, and he does not have consistent ideas about who corrupts the young, and how ; so he does not know what he is talking about, and no one should take his word for it that socrates disbelieves in the gods or has corrupted his young men. in many of his early dialogues plato shows socrates using this method to examine the opinions of persons who claim to be wise in some matter : the religious expert euthyphro on piety ( euthyphro ), the generals laches and nicias on courage ( lac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5042178381754477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.786804"} {"text": "dialogues plato shows socrates using this method to examine the opinions of persons who claim to be wise in some matter : the religious expert euthyphro on piety ( euthyphro ), the generals laches and nicias on courage ( laches ), the sophist protagoras on the distinctions among the virtues and whether virtue can be taught ( protagoras ), the rhapsodist ion on what is involved in knowing poetry ( ion ), the budding politician alcibiades on justice and other political values ( alcibiades ), the sophist hippias on which was the better man, odysseus or achilles ( lesser hippias ), and on the nature of moral and aesthetic beauty ( greater hippias ). they are all refuted - shown to have mutually inconsistent ideas on the subject discussed ( see plato \u00a7 \u00a7 4, 6, 8 - 9 ). but socrates is not content merely to demonstrate his interlocutor ' s lack of wisdom or knowledge. that might humiliate him into inquiring further or seeking by some other means the knowledge he has been shown to lack, instead of remaining puffed up with self - conceit. that would be a good thing. but socrates often also indicates clearly that his cross - examination justifies him and the interlocutor in rejecting as false the interlocutor ' s original thesis. logically, that is obviously wrong : if the interlocutor contradicts himself, at least one of the things he has said must be false ( indeed, all of them could be ), but the fact alone of self - contradiction does not show where the falsehood resides. for example, when socrates leads euthyphro to accept ideas that contradict his own definition of the pious as whatever pleases all the gods, socrates concludes that that definition has been shown to be false ( euthyphro 10d - 11a ), and asks euthyphro to come up with another one. he does not usually seem to consider that perhaps on further thought the additional ideas would seem faulty and so merit rejection instead. socrates uses his elenctic method also in discussion with persons who are not puffed up with false pride, and are quite willing to admit their ignorance and to reason out the truth about these important matters. examples are his discussions with his long - time friend crito on whether he should escape prison and set aside the court ' s death sentence ( plato,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4958590449075586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.787831"} {"text": ", and are quite willing to admit their ignorance and to reason out the truth about these important matters. examples are his discussions with his long - time friend crito on whether he should escape prison and set aside the court ' s death sentence ( plato, crito ), and with the young men charmides, on self - control ( charmides ), and lysis and menexenus, on the nature of friendship ( lysis ). socrates examines crito ' s proposal that he escape on the basis of principles that he presents to him for his approval, and he, together with crito ( however half - heartedly ), rejects it when it fails to be consistent with them. and he examines the young men ' s successive ideas about these virtues, rejecting some of them and refining others, by relying on their own acceptance of further ideas that he puts to them. again, he is confident that the inconsistencies brought to light in their ideas indicate the inadequacy of their successive proposals as to the nature of the moral virtue in question. in many of his discussions, both with young men and the allegedly wise, socrates seeks to know what some morally valuable property is - for example, piety, courage, self - control or friendship ( see \u00a7 5 ). rejecting the idea that one could learn this simply from attending to examples, he insisted on an articulated ' definition ' of the item in question - some single account that would capture all at once the presumed common feature that would entitle anything to count as a legitimate instance. such a definition, providing the essence of the thing defined, would give us a ' model ' or ' paradigm ' to use in judging whether or not some proposed action or person possesses the moral value so defined ( euthyphro 6d - e ). aristotle says ( in metaphysics i, 6 ) that socrates was the first to interest himself in such ' universal definitions ', and traces to his interest in them plato ' s first impetus towards a theory of forms, or ' separated ' universals ( see plato \u00a7 10 ). in none of his discussions in plato ' s early works does socrates profess to think an adequate final result has actually been established - about the nature of friendship, or self - control, or piety, or any of the other matters he inquires about. indeed, on the contrary, these works regularly end with professions of profound ignorance about the matter under investigation. knowledge is never attained, and further questions always remain to be considered. but socrates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5581372215415976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.788980"} {"text": ", or any of the other matters he inquires about. indeed, on the contrary, these works regularly end with professions of profound ignorance about the matter under investigation. knowledge is never attained, and further questions always remain to be considered. but socrates does plainly think that progress towards reaching final understanding has taken place ( even if only a god, and no human being, could ever actually attain it ). not only has one discovered some things that are definitely wrong to say ; one has also achieved some positive insights that are worth holding onto in seeking further systematic understanding. given that socrates ' method of discussion is elenctic throughout, what does he think justifies this optimism? on balance, our evidence suggests that socrates had worked out no elaborate theory to support him here. the ideas he was stimulated to propound in an elenctic examination which went against some initial thesis seemed to him, and usually also to the others present, so plausible, and so supportable by further considerations, that he and they felt content to reject the initial thesis. until someone came up with arguments to neutralize their force, it seemed the thesis was doomed, as contrary to reason itself. occasionally socrates expresses himself in just those terms : however unpalatable the option might seem, it remains open to someone to challenge the grounds on which his conclusions rest ( see euthyphro 15c, gorgias 461d - 462a, 509a, crito 54d ). but until they do, he is satisfied to treat his and his interlocutor ' s agreement as a firm basis for thought and action. later, when plato himself became interested in questions of philosophical methodology in his meno, this came to seem a philosophically unsatisfactory position ; plato ' s demand for justification for one ' s beliefs independent of what seemed on reflection most plausible led him to epistemological and metaphysical inquiries that went well beyond the self - imposed restriction of socratic philosophy to ethical thought in the broadest sense. but socrates did not raise these questions. in this respect more bound by traditional views than plato, he had great implicit confidence in his and his interlocutors ' capacity, after disciplined dialectical examination of the issues, to reach firm ground for constructing positive ideas about the virtues and about how best to lead a human life - even if these ideas never received the sort of final validation that a god, understanding fully the truth about human life, could give them. the topics socrates discussed were always ethical, and never included questions of physical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5393078185215238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.790021"} {"text": "about how best to lead a human life - even if these ideas never received the sort of final validation that a god, understanding fully the truth about human life, could give them. the topics socrates discussed were always ethical, and never included questions of physical theory or metaphysics or other branches of philosophical study. moreover, he always conducted his discussions not as theoretical inquiries but as profoundly personal moral tests. questioner and interlocutor were equally putting their ways of life to what socrates thought was the most important test of all - their capacity to stand up to scrutiny in rational argument about how one ought to live. in speaking about human life, he wanted his respondents to indicate what they truly believed, and as questioner he was prepared to do the same, at least at crucial junctures. those beliefs were assumed to express not theoretical ideas, but the very ones on which they themselves were conducting their lives. in losing an argument with socrates you did not merely show yourself logically or argumentatively deficient, but also put into question the very basis on which you were living. your way of life might ultimately prove defensible, but if you cannot now defend it successfully, you are not leading it with any such justification. in that case, according to socrates ' views, your way of life is morally deficient. thus if menexenus, lysis and socrates profess to value friendship among the most important things in life and profess to be one another ' s friends, but cannot satisfactorily explain under pressure of elenctic investigation what a friend is, that casts serious doubt on the quality of any ' friendship ' they might form ( plato, lysis 212a, 223b ). moral consistency and personal integrity, and not mere delight in argument and logical thought, should therefore lead you to repeated elenctic examination of your views, in an effort to render them coherent and at the same time defensible on all sides through appeal to plausible arguments. or, if some of your views have been shown false, by conflicting with extremely plausible general principles, it behoves you to drop them - and so to cease living in a way that depends upon accepting them. in this way, philosophical inquiry via the elenchus is fundamentally a personal moral quest. it is a quest not just to understand adequately the basis on which one is actually living, and the personal and moral commitments that this contains. it is also a quest to change the way one lives as the results of argument show one ought to, so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5154039270271518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.791185"} {"text": "it is a quest not just to understand adequately the basis on which one is actually living, and the personal and moral commitments that this contains. it is also a quest to change the way one lives as the results of argument show one ought to, so that, at the logical limit of inquiry, one ' s way of life would be completely vindicated. accordingly, socrates in plato ' s dialogues regularly insists on the individual and personal character of his discussions. he wants to hear the views of the one person with whom he is speaking. he dismisses as of no interest what outsiders or most people may think - provided that is not what his discussant is personally convinced is true. the views of ' the many ' may well not rest on thought or argument at all. socrates insists that his discussant shoulder the responsibility to explain and defend rationally the views he holds, and follow the argument - reason - wherever it may lead. we learn a good deal about socrates ' own principles from both plato and xenophon. those were ones that had stood up well over a lifetime of frequent elenctic discussions and had, as he thought, a wealth of plausible arguments in their favour. foremost is his conviction that the virtues - self - control, courage, justice, piety, wisdom and related qualities of mind and soul - are essential if anyone is to lead a good and happy life. they are good in themselves for a human being, and they guarantee a happy life, eudaimonia - something that he thought all human beings always wanted, and wanted more than anything else. the virtues belong to the soul - they are the condition of a soul that has been properly cared for and brought to its best state. the soul is vastly more important for happiness than are health and strength of the body or social and political power, wealth and other external circumstances of life ; the goods of the soul, and pre - eminently the virtues, are worth far more than any quantity of bodily or external goods. socrates seems to have thought these other goods are truly good, but they only do people good, and thereby contribute to their happiness, under the condition that they are chosen and used in accordance with virtues indwelling in their souls ( see plato, apology 30b, euthydemus 280d - 282d, meno 87d - 89a ). more specific principles followed. doing injustice is worse for oneself than being subjected to it ( gorgias 469c - 522e ) : by acting unjustly you make your soul worse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47930269453325464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.792166"} {"text": "courageous, or wise? if you did not know that, you would not know what to do in order to acquire those qualities. furthermore, supposing you did possess a virtue, you would have to be able to explain and defend by argument the consequent ways in which you lived - otherwise your conviction that those are ways one ought to act would be shallow and unjustified. and in order to do that you would have to know what state of mind the virtue was, since that is essential to them ( see plato, charmides 158e - 159a ). consequently, in his discussions socrates constantly asked for ' definitions ' of various virtues : what is courage ( laches ) ; what is self - control or moderation ( charmides ), what is friendship ( lysis ) and what is piety ( euthyphro ). as this context shows, he was asking not for a ' dictionary definition ', an account of the accepted linguistic understanding of a term, but for an ethically defensible account of an actual condition of mind or character to which the word in common use would be correctly applied. in later terminology, he was seeking a ' real ' rather than a ' nominal ' definition ( see definition ; plato \u00a7 \u00a7 6 - 9 ). socrates objected to definitions that make a virtue some external aspect of a virtuous action ( such as the manner in which it is done - for example its ' quiet ' or measured quality in the case of moderation, charmides 160b - d ), or simply the doing of specific types of action, described in terms of their external circumstances ( such as, for courage, standing one ' s ground in battle ; laches 190e - 191d ). he also objected to more psychological definitions that located a virtue in some non - rational and non - cognitive aspect of the soul ( for example, in the case of courage, the soul ' s endurance or strength of resistance ) ( laches 192d - 193e ). for his own part, he regularly shows himself ready to accept only definitions that identify a virtue with some sort of knowledge or wisdom about what is valuable for a human being. that ' intellectualist ' expectation about the nature of virtue, although never worked out to his satisfaction in any platonic dialogue, is central to socrates ' philosophy. given that in his discussions he is always the questioner, probing the opinions of his respondent and not arguing for views of his own, we never find socrates stating clearly what led him to this intellectualism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.508750485081334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.794161"} {"text": "dialogue, is central to socrates ' philosophy. given that in his discussions he is always the questioner, probing the opinions of his respondent and not arguing for views of his own, we never find socrates stating clearly what led him to this intellectualism. probably, however, it was considerations drawn from the generally agreed premise that each virtue is a condition motivating certain voluntary actions, chosen because they are good and fine or noble. he took it that what lies behind and produces any voluntary action is the idea under which it is done, the conception of the action in the agent ' s mind that makes it seem the thing to do just then. if so, each virtue must be some state of the mind, the possessor of which constantly has certain distinctive general ideas about how one ought to behave. furthermore, since virtues get this right, these are true ideas. and since a virtuous person acts well and correctly in a perfectly reliable way, they must be seated so deeply in the mind as to be ineradicable and unwaveringly present. the only state of mind that meets these conditions is knowledge : to know a subject is not just to be thoroughly convinced, but to have a deep, fully articulated understanding, being ready with explanations to fend off objections and apparent difficulties and to extend old principles into new situations, and being prepared to show with the full weight of reason precisely why each thing falling under it is and must be so. each virtue, then, must be knowledge about how one ought to behave in some area of life, and why - a knowledge so deep and rationally secure that those who have it can be counted upon never to change their minds, never to be argued out of or otherwise persuaded away from, or to waver in, their conviction about how to act. in plato ' s protagoras socrates goes beyond this, and identifies himself with the position, rejected by protagoras in their discussion, that the apparently separate virtues of justice, piety, self - control, courage and wisdom are somehow one and the same thing - some single knowledge ( 361a - b ). xenophon too confirms that socrates held this view ( memorabilia iii 9. 5 ). protagoras defends the position that each of the virtues is not only a distinct thing from each of the others, but so different in kind that a person could possess one of them without possessing the others ( 329d - e ). in opposing him, socrates sometimes speaks plainly of two allegedly distinct virtues being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5379771422960037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.795271"} {"text": "is not only a distinct thing from each of the others, but so different in kind that a person could possess one of them without possessing the others ( 329d - e ). in opposing him, socrates sometimes speaks plainly of two allegedly distinct virtues being ' one ' ( 333b ). given this unity of the virtues, it would follow that a person could not possess one without having them all. and in speaking of justice and piety in particular, socrates seems to go further, to imply that every action produced by virtue is equally an instance of all the standardly recognized virtues : pious as well as just, wise and self - controlled and courageous also. among his early dialogues, however, plato ' s own philosophical interests show themselves particularly heavily in the protagoras, so it is doubtful how far the details of his arguments are to be attributed to the historical socrates. the issues raised by socrates in the protagoras were, none the less, vigorously pursued by subsequent ' socratic ' philosophers ( as plutarch ' s report in on moral virtue 2 demonstrates ). and the positions apparently adopted by plato ' s socrates were taken up and ingeniously defended by the stoic philosopher chrysippus ( see stoicism \u00a7 16 ). as usual, because of his questioner ' s role, it is difficult to work out socrates ' grounds for holding to the unity of virtue ; and it is difficult to tell whether, and if so how, he allowed that despite this unity there were some real differences between, say, justice and self - control, or courage and piety. apparently he thought the same body of knowledge - knowledge of the whole of what is and is not good for human beings, and why it is so or not - must at least underlie the allegedly separate virtues. if you did not have that vast, comprehensive knowledge you could not be in the state of mind which is justice or in that which is courage, and so on ; and if you did have it you would necessarily be in those states of mind. it seems doubtful whether socrates himself progressed beyond that point. efforts to do that were made by chrysippus and the other philosophers referred to above. and despite denying that all virtues consist in knowledge, plato in the republic and aristotle in nicomachean ethics vi follow socrates to the extent of holding, in different ways, that you need to have all the virtues in order to have any one. in plato ' s protagoras socrates also denies the possibility of weakness of will -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48095415844237827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.797528"} {"text": "of alternative sources of motivation that produce voluntary action on their own ( see stoicism \u00a7 19 ). in fact, during hellenistic times it was the socratic, ' unitary ' psychology of action that carried the day ; the platonic - aristotelian alternative, dominant in the ' common sense ' and the philosophy of modern times, was a minority view. the issues socrates raised about weakness of will continue to be debated today. socrates drew to himself many of the brightest and most prominent people in athens, securing their fascinated attention and their passionate friendship and support. his effectiveness as a philosopher, and the socratic ' legend ' itself, depended as much on the strength and interest of his personality as on the power of his mind. plato ' s and xenophon ' s portraits of socrates as a person differ significantly, however. plato ' s socrates is aloof and often speaks ironically, although also with unusual and deeply held moral convictions ; paradoxically, the depth and clarity of his convictions, maintained alongside the firm disclaimer to know what was true, could seem all the stronger testimony to their truth, and made them felt the more strongly as a rebuke to the superficiality of one ' s own way of living. in xenophon, socrates is also sometimes ironical and playful, especially in the symposium, but his conversation is usually direct, even didactic, and often chummy in tone ; his attitudes are for the most part conventional though earnest ; and there is nothing to unsettle anyone or make them suspect hidden depths. it is much easier to believe that the socrates of plato ' s dialogues could have had such profound effects on the lives of the brightest of his contemporaries than did the character in xenophon. that is one reason given for trusting plato ' s more than xenophon ' s portrait of the historical personage. but perhaps socrates used the more kindly and genial manner and conventional approach depicted by xenophon to draw out the best in some of his young men and his friends - ones who would have been put off by the platonic subtleties. the historical socrates may have been a more complex person than even plato presents. plato and xenophon both represent socrates as strongly attracted to good - looking young men in the ' bloom ' of their middle to late teens, just the period when they were also coming of age morally and intellectually. in both he speaks of himself as unusually ' erotic ' by temperament and constantly ' in love '. but he explains his ' erotic ' attachments in terms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.50144140983466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.802138"} {"text": "to late teens, just the period when they were also coming of age morally and intellectually. in both he speaks of himself as unusually ' erotic ' by temperament and constantly ' in love '. but he explains his ' erotic ' attachments in terms of his desire to converse with bright and serious young men, to question them about virtue and how best to live a human life, and to draw out what was best in their minds and characters. in xenophon he describes his love as love for their souls, not their bodies, and he vigorously condemns sexual relations with any young man : using him that way disgraces him and harms him by encouraging a loose attitude as regards physical pleasures symposium 8 ). the overheated sexuality of plato ' s own accounts ( symposium and phaedrus ) of eros, sexual love, for a young man ' s beauty as motivating an adult male to pursue philosophical truth into an eternal realm of forms ( see plato \u00a7 12 ) is to be distinguished sharply from socrates ' ideas, as we can gather them from xenophon and from plato ' s own early dialogues. xenophon emphasizes socrates ' freedom from the strong appetites for food, drink, sex and physical comfort that dominate other people ; his enkrateia or self - mastery is the first of the virtues that xenophon claims for him ( memorabilia i 2. 1 ). he was notorious for going barefoot even in winter and dressing always in a simple cloak. socrates ' self - mastery was at the centre of antisthenes ' portrayal, and is reflected also in several incidents reported in plato, such as his serene dismissal of the young alcibiades ' efforts to seduce him sexually ( plato, symposium 217b - 219e ), or, perhaps when engrossed in a philosophical problem, his standing in the open ( during a break in the action while on military service ) from morning to night, totally indifferent to everything around him ( symposium 220c - d ). this ' ascetic ' socrates, especially as presented by antisthenes - rejecting conventional comforts and conventional behaviour - became an inspiration for the ' cynics ' of later centuries ( see cynics ). looking back on the early history of philosophy, later philosophers traced to socrates a major turn in its development. as cicero puts it : ' socrates was the first to call philosophy down from the heavens... and compel it to ask questions about life and morality ' ( tusculan disputations v", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4696639649823153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.803140"} {"text": "to socrates a major turn in its development. as cicero puts it : ' socrates was the first to call philosophy down from the heavens... and compel it to ask questions about life and morality ' ( tusculan disputations v 10 - 11 ). previously it had been concerned with the origins and nature of the physical world and the explanation of celestial and other natural phenomena. modern scholarship follows the ancients ' lead in referring standardly to philosophers before socrates collectively as ' presocratics ' ( see presocratic philosophy ). this includes democritus, in fact a slightly younger contemporary of socrates ; cicero ' s verdict needs adjustment, in that democritus, independently of socrates, also investigated questions about ethics and morality. with the sole exception of epicureanism, which developed separately out of democritean origins, all the major movements of greek philosophy after socrates had roots in his teaching and example. this obviously applies to plato, whose philosophical development began with a thorough reworking and assimilation of socratic moral inquiry, and through him to aristotle and his fellow members of plato ' s academy, speusippus and xenocrates and others, as well as to later platonists. among socrates ' inner circle were also aristippus of cyrene, who founded the hedonist cyrenaic school ( see aristippus the elder ; cyrenaics ), and antisthenes, an older rival of plato ' s and major teacher in athens of philosophical dialectic. both of these figure in xenophon ' s memorabilia ( antisthenes also in his symposium ), where they are vividly characterized in conversation with socrates. another socratic, euclides, founded the megarian school ( see megarian school ). these ' socratic schools ' developed different themes already prominent in socrates ' own investigations, and competed in the claim to be his true philosophical heirs ( see socratic schools ; dialectical school ). in the third to first centuries bc, both the stoics and their rivals the academic sceptics claimed to be carrying forward the socratic tradition. in both cases this was based upon a reading of plato ' s dialogues and perhaps other eye - witness reconstructions of socrates ' philosophy. the academic arcesilaus interpreted the platonic socrates as a sceptical inquirer, avidly searching but never satisfied that the truth on any disputed question had been finally uncovered. he could point to much about plato ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46380893852314514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.804055"} {"text": "' philosophy. the academic arcesilaus interpreted the platonic socrates as a sceptical inquirer, avidly searching but never satisfied that the truth on any disputed question had been finally uncovered. he could point to much about plato ' s socrates in support : his modest but firm denial that he possessed any knowledge, and his constant practice of inquiring into the truth by examining others ' opinions on the basis of ideas which they themselves accepted, without formally committing himself to these ideas even when he was the one to first suggest them. arcesilaus, however, applied his sceptical socratic dialectic to more than the questions of ethics and human life about which socrates himself had argued, making it cover the whole range of philosophical topics being investigated in his day. the stoics read the dialogues ( especially the euthydemus and protagoras ) quite differently. they found socrates espousing a complete doctrine of ethics and the psychology of human action. he posed his questions on the basis of this doctrine, leaving the respondent ( and the reader ) to recover for themselves the philosophical considerations underlying it. they thus emphasized the conceptions of virtue as knowledge, of virtue as unified in wisdom, and of voluntary action as motivated always by an agent ' s beliefs about what is best to do, that emerged through socrates ' examination of protagoras ( see \u00a7 \u00a7 6 - 7 ). they thought these constituted a positive, socratic moral philosophy, and in their own moral theory they set out to revive and strengthen it with systematic arguments and with added metaphysical and physical speculations of their own. later stoics regularly referred to socrates as a genuine wise man or ' sage ', perhaps the only one who ever lived. he had brought to final, systematic perfection his knowledge, along stoic lines, of what is good and bad for human beings, and what is not, and therefore possessed all the virtues and no vices, and lived unwaveringly the best, happy life, free from emotion and all other errors about human life. it is a tribute to the complexity and enigmatic character of socrates that he could stand simultaneously as a paragon both of sceptical, non - committal inquiry and life led on that uncommitted basis, and of dogmatic knowledge of the final truth about all things human. the figure of socrates has continued to fascinate and to inspire ever - new interpretations of his innermost meaning. for montaigne, he proved that human beings can convincingly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5036107761257024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.806022"} {"text": "and of dogmatic knowledge of the final truth about all things human. the figure of socrates has continued to fascinate and to inspire ever - new interpretations of his innermost meaning. for montaigne, he proved that human beings can convincingly and attractively order their own lives from their own resources of mind, without direction from god or religion or tradition. in the nineteenth century kierkegaard and nietzsche offered extensive interpretations of him, both heavily dependent upon hegel ' s absolute - idealist analysis. hegel interpreted socrates as a quintessentially negative thinker, aiming at making people vacillate in their superficial moral beliefs and endorse none of them wholeheartedly, thus hinting that the truth, although universal and objective, lies deep within the freedom of their own subjectivity. for kierkegaard he represents, on the contrary, the possibility of living wholeheartedly by occupying an unarticulated position somehow beyond the negative rejection but expressed through it : ' infinite absolute negativity '. in die geburt der tragodie ( the birth of tragedy ) nietzsche treats socrates principally as having poisoned the ' tragic ' attitude that made possible the great achievements of classical culture, by insisting that life should be grounded in rational understanding and justified by ' knowledge ' ; but his fascinated regard for socrates led him to return to him repeatedly in his writings. socrates was paradigmatically a philosopher whose thought, however taken up with logic and abstract argument, is inseparable from the search for self - understanding and from a deeply felt attachment to the concerns of human life. his power to fascinate and inspire is surely not exhausted. john m. cooper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5063369848707803, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.806727"} {"text": "today \u2019 s topic was chosen by gautum u, who attends caltech. he specifically asked for a \u201c serious blog post \u201d as opposed to a \u201c satire \u201d for this one. ( interestingly, the only other person who asked explicitly for a serious post was someone who chose the topic of free will for the 30th. it seems that philosophy is quite some serious business. ) what is the purpose of existence? it \u2019 s one of the most profound questions of metaphysics. it is even broader than the humanized form, what is the meaning of life? this specific one asks why we are here. but to be more general, we should ask, why is anything here? let us ask, why does earth exist? scientifically, there \u2019 s no real reason. take a look at the following : this image, known famously as the \u201c pale blue dot \u201d picture, was snapped by the voyager 1 spacecraft in 1991. that tiny pixel right there is earth, viewed from 4 billion miles away. indeed, from the scale of space, earth is just a speck of dust. galaxies, astronomers estimate, have 100 billion stars each. and there might be 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe. and according to the still debated multiverse theory, our universe may be only a tiny bubble in a vast sea of universes. and our earth is but one of the thousands of objects floating the sun. and humans have been on earth for only a tiny fraction of its history. it is like you are looking at an infinite beach, and you point at one grain of sand, and you ask, \u201c why does this grain of sand exist? \u201d it seems this is the wrong question. we should instead ask, \u201c why does this beach exist? \u201d why does the universe ( or multiverse ) exist? again, there doesn \u2019 t seem to be any intrinsic purpose. if you believe in god, you would say, the universe or multiverse exists because god created it. but then this turtles down to why does god exist? by most definitions of god, we would never be able to know. so generalizing the question does not seem like the right thing to do either, as it gets us nowhere. if it \u2019 s futile to ask why an atom exists, and also futile why the universe exists, then what is there to ask? why we exist. human beings. gautam \u2019 s topic as originally stated was \u201c the purpose of our existence \u201d ( emphasis added ). just like atoms to the entire universe, we don", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5449813289477167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.809778"} {"text": "martin harwit has argued that we cannot have made more than ten per cent of the crucial discoveries in astronomy. he uses what john barrow aptly calls ` the proof - readers argument '. if two independent readers look at a manuscript then it is possible to estimate, by comparing their different results, how many errors there must be in total, including those not identified. in an analogous way two independent astronomical channels ( say optical and x - ray ) can be used to examine the universe and a comparison of their separate key discoveries will yield an estimate of the numbers still to be found. in any case with so little data to work on it shouldn ' t be too difficult to devise a plausible theory to account for them. it is, however, sobering to compare the cosmological situation with the history of other sciences. take geology. men were living on the earth for millions of years, and quarrying rock, digging mines and canals and puzzling over its fossils for thousands of years, before unexpected palaeomagnetic patterns revealed for certain the key idea of continental drift. in stellar physics two thousand years elapsed between hipparcos ' s speculations and bessel ' s first measurement of a stellar distance. seventy years later the statistical patterns in the h - r diagram led to our understanding of stellar structure. however the closest comparison comes from my own field of galaxy astronomy which is, as an observational science, almost exactly contemporary with cosmology. although we now have good spectra and images of thousands of galaxies the list of fundamental things we don ' t know about them ( table 3 ) is far more striking that the list of things we do. | 1. | | how our knowledge is warped by selection effects. | | 2. | | what they are mostly made of. ( dark matter? ) | | 3. | | how they formed - and when. | | 4. | | how much internal extinction they suffer from. | | 5. | | what controls their global star - formation rates. | | 6. | | what parts their nuclei and halos play. | | 7. | | if there are genuine correlations among their global properties. | | 8. | | how they keep their gas / star balances. | of course these are only arguments by analogy. the optimistic cosmologist can always counter argue [ i don ' t know how ] that the universe in the large is a great deal simpler than its constituent parts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5682914929517676, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.812309"} {"text": "| annu. rev. astron. astrophys. 1991. 29 : copyright \u00a9 1991 by. all rights reserved several major themes have emerged from the preceding discussion : | 1. | | in most or all galaxies, globular clusters are distinctly more metal - poor, by [ fe / h ] ~ - 0. 5, than the spheroid - population field stars. | | 2. | | both the average and range of cluster metallicity increase with galaxy size. these correlations parallel the ones for the metallicities of the galaxies themselves, and support the view that similar enrichment processes generated both types of halo subsystems. | | 3. | | globular clusters in all galaxies have similar, though not identical, luminosity distributions. for distance scale purposes, the calibrations of gclfs are not yet adequate for use as high - precision ( \u00b1 0. 2 - mag ) standard candles. the present data are, however, sufficient to exert strong theoretical constraints favoring a universal cluster formation process insensitive to metallicity and with only modest later influences from dynamical evolution in most of the halo. | | 4. | | in giant ellipticals, gcss are often ( but not always ) more spatially extended than the halo light. a few have been shown to have higher velocity dispersions as well, and thus to form a dynamically different halo population than the spheroid stars. | | 5. | | in most large galaxies, the inner ~ 1 - 2 kpc of their spheroids have probably been almost totally depopulated of globular clusters through many dynamical mechanisms. at larger rgc, the effectiveness of these mechanisms falls off rapidly, leaving only gradual erosive processes. it is not yet clear if these processes act much differently in practice for disk galaxies as opposed to ellipticals. | | 6. | | in today ' s universe, few globular clusters are being formed ( that is, the formation of dense clusters with a characteristic mass ~ 105 - 6 m is extremely rare ). though there is no reason to believe that the processes of star cluster formation 15 gy ago were fundamentally different than today, the prevailing physical conditions of the protocluster gas then clearly favored more massive objects. the formation of globular clusters was an early, but secondary, process ( that is, clearly associated with their surrounding protogalaxies ). | | 7. | | arguments based on gcs spatial distributions, metallicity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5327548880345099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.817598"} {"text": "more massive objects. the formation of globular clusters was an early, but secondary, process ( that is, clearly associated with their surrounding protogalaxies ). | | 7. | | arguments based on gcs spatial distributions, metallicity distributions, and dynamics suggest that the high - sn giant ellipticals such as in virgo and fornax did not form by mergers of disk galaxies or dwarfs. the merger scenario is, however, more viable for e galaxies in sparse environments ( smaller groups and the field ) and perhaps for some cd galaxies. | how else may we use gcss to understand the formation of galaxies? on the observational side, we need to fill in the many areas that are presently sketched out only with broad brush strokes : | 1. | | the metallicity distribution of gcs has proven to be an effective touchstone of interpretive models. we need to accumulate spectra of clusters in a wider variety of galaxies, combined with multicolor photometry in metallicity - sensitive indices. | | 2. | | luminosity function work has just begun to be exploited. for example, the luminosity distributions of clusters within rgc 3 kpc in giant galaxies should carry the strongest imprint of dynamical evolution ; direct observations could be straightforwardly made in many galaxies. larger samples of clusters taken from the rich virgo and fornax systems will reveal fine structure in the gclf and provide essential constraints on eventual theoretical modelling. and deep photometry of clusters in additional near - field galaxies should finally tell us how accurate gclfs can be as distance indicators. in addition, the brightest globulars in giant e galaxies may prove to be useful long - range standard candles. | | 3. | | it is possible that the globular clusters in central giant ellipticals such as m87 are the oldest visible objects in the universe. high - s / n spectra of them, compared with integrated spectra of milky way globulars and fitted with population synthesis codes, may lead to useful age determinations relative to the milky way halo and to stronger limits on the hubble time. | | 4. | | modern spectroscopic and imaging techniques are finally putting a complete and accurate understanding of the important m31 cluster system within reach. | | 5. | | the advent of large - format ccd arrays will enable us to study the large - scale structures of globular cluster systems far more quantitatively and accurately. | | 6. | | comprehensive radial velocity surveys", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5457415888676784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.818659"} {"text": "reach. | | 5. | | the advent of large - format ccd arrays will enable us to study the large - scale structures of globular cluster systems far more quantitatively and accurately. | | 6. | | comprehensive radial velocity surveys of gcss can place unique limits on the large - scale mass distribution of galaxies, and on the orbital characteristics of the halo clusters. for gcss at or beyond virgo - like distances, the velocity measurements do press the limits of current technology, but this field will be a rich mine for the new generation of 8 - meter - class telescopes to explore. | on the theoretical side, recommendations for future work may be easy to prescribe but will be hard to execute. a formation model specific enough to predict an initial cluster mass spectrum as a function of density and metallicity would be a major achievement. the dynamical evolution of gcss within galaxies of different types also needs to be modelled more comprehensively, with the eventual goal of predicting the full evolution of the gclf as a function of parent galaxy type and galactocentric distance. because they are virtually the only remaining witnesses to the long - vanished first epoch of galaxy formation, globular clusters stand among the most powerful cosmological probes that we have. although many intriguing new results and questions have emerged from the observational work of the past decade, we have also confirmed that globular cluster systems resemble each other rather closely. thus by extending our study of these remarkable objects, we are uncovering a common theme in the earliest history of the galaxies. it is a pleasure to give credit for projects, conversations, and ideas generated together over the years to many colleagues and friends, including david hanes, gretchen harris, hugh harris, jim hesser, chris pritchet, sidney van den bergh, malcolm smith, michael fall, and richard larson. the healthy state of our field today owes a great deal especially to the vision of rene racine, who in the 1970s first set in motion much of the work discussed above. i am pleased to acknowledge the hospitality of kitt peak national observatory, and d. and m. gehret of the orinda imac, as well as financial support from the natural sciences and engineering research council of canada.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5658046843635867, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.819677"} {"text": "in the depths of the mountainous jungle terrain of the macarena national park in southern colombia, hundreds of labourers toiled amid endless fields of coca bushes under a scorching sun. using their bare hands, they tore out the green coca plant \u2013 the main ingredient for cocaine \u2013 from its roots and destroyed it. surrounding them were dozens of armed soldiers deployed to protect them from possible guerrilla attacks. the oppressive sound of military helicopters hovering above filled the humid air. it took eight months for 900 labourers to destroy nearly 3, 000 of the 4, 600 hectares of coca in the park. the project was beset with problems from the start. the macarena national park and its surrounding area is the heartland of the farc guerillas \u2013 colombia \u2019 s largest guerrilla group. the risk of working in farc - controlled territory was great. the guerrillas ambushed government workers and soldiers in a bid to maintain their territorial control. over the months, workers resigned their jobs and deserted. the number of workers who dared to remain dwindled to around 200. the risk to their lives was simply not worth the humble wages, just $ 12 a day. since the start of the campaign bomb attacks and landmines placed by the guerrillas have killed 14 police and 8 contract workers. the mounting death toll forced the government to shift to more extreme methods of destroying coca \u2013 crop - spraying. duster planes, accompanied by military helicopters, are now flying low over the park \u2019 s jungle canopies spewing the toxic herbicide, which contains the controversial chemical glysophate. today colombia is the only country to use such crop - spraying methods in its war on drugs and also to do it in its own national parks. a recent editorial in colombia \u2019 s leading daily, el tiempo, was scathing : \u2018 those who think that fumigating the macarena national park will bring an end to coca growing there are mistaken. there will be more coca and less of the national park. \u2019 ecuador shares a jungle border with its neighbour colombia and the ecuadorian authorities have repeatedly raised concerns over the environmental effects of spraying glysophate along their shared borders. the aerial fumigation of coca fields is staunchly supported by the us. it \u2019 s a profitable business and the bulk of contractors, herbicides, and duster planes originate in the us. despite decades of crop spraying, colombia remains the world \u2019 s leading producer of cocaine, supplying 90 per cent of the us market. environmentalists in and outside colombia fear that crop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41110524981434926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.822417"} {"text": "left : cars in the bed of the derelict canal. right : the canal today, with the access to the falkirk wheel. by trevor timpson the forth and clyde canal was derelict for decades. its locks blocked up with rubbish, and wherever it interfered with road plans it was filled in and channelled through a pipe. it was seen only as a store of water for industry. now, with the industry mostly gone, scotland ' s first substantial canal lives on. not just reopened, but the setting for some of modern britain ' s most adventurous engineering works - and huge landmark art projects. on the site of an old tar plant stands the falkirk wheel, which raises boats 35 metres from the forth and clyde to the level of the union canal to edinburgh. half a million people visit it every year. just a start, say british waterways. ' can do attitude ' built from 1768 to 1790, the forth and clyde closed to navigation in 1963. campaigners began operating boats on it again from the 1970s. vessels were placed on stretches that no longer connected with each other, to arouse interest and deter development schemes. but jim mclachlan, chairman of the forth and clyde canal society said : \" we seriously didn ' t expect the whole thing to be opened up in our lifetime. \" nevertheless, gradually a new \" can do \" attitude grew up among british waterways management, he says - a desire to get the full value out of the waterway. then came the \u00a384. 5m millennium link project, culminating in the opening of the two canals and the wheel by the queen in 2002. auchinstarry marina near kilsyth : a success story, says british waterways canal societies collected tens of thousands of signatures to prove to the lottery millennium commissioners that the plan to revive the link was not just a good project, but a \" people ' s project \". when work on the millennium link began in the 1990s, there were 32 major obstructions across the forth and clyde canal. it cost \u00a310m to reroute utility pipes laid in the canal after it closed to navigation. now, where boat building yards and foundries lined the canal banks, bluebells and bright yellow gorse bloom. in the old timber basins, swans guard their nests. where railway sidings carried coal wagons to the canal at kirkintilloch, a marina and residential development is open for business. and though strathclyde police have set sail on the canal on occasions to catch \" groups involved in anti - social behaviour \",", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4213660444575596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.826974"} {"text": "andy scott says \" the money ' s in the bank \" for the kelpies, and the full - size statues are intended to be completed in 2011. but that is not enough for british waterways, andy scott and the forth and clyde. just east of maryhill, the east - west towpath is interrupted where the glasgow branch leaves the main canal. now, the planning application has gone in for a three - way bridge straddling the canal junction - supported by the towering bigman, a 30 - metre steel andy scott statue holding the supports in its outstretched hand like puppet strings. \" for me it ' s got that thing about scale and pride and again some instance of the history of the canal and area, \" says scott. the maryhill flight of locks from the kelvin aqueduct and still the plans pile up. in maryhill is a magnificent flight of locks, leading down to the sturdy aqueduct which takes the canal across the river kelvin. in the 1970s volunteers pulled 2, 000 tonnes of rubbish out of those same locks. now glasgow has ambitious plans for canoeing, caving and canyoneering courses down the incline beside them. and the city is also proposing a watersports centre at port dundas, the canal ' s glasgow terminus. then there is consideration of constructing access to loch lomond, close to the canal ' s western end. \" there ' s been 40 years when development hasn ' t happened on it, \" says richard millar. \" and the opportunities that lie out there are tremendous. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3928986016008688, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.829162"} {"text": "the start of school means it \u2019 s vaccine time, and a new 667 - page report released today from the institute of medicine should offer parents some reassurance. it found that there is no connection between the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella ( mmr ) and autism, despite some parent \u2019 s lingering concerns. and it said that other serious side effects of that and other childhood vaccines were rare. a committee of experts convened by the iom culled through more than 12, 000 peer - reviewed articles to examine whether eight childhood vaccines caused adverse events. the report specifically ruled out any causal relationship between the flu shot and bell \u2019 s palsy, and found that getting vaccinated against the flu doesn \u2019 t make asthma worse. it also dispelled any notions of a connection between the diptheria - tetanus - acellular pertussis ( dtap ) vaccine or the mmr vaccine and type - 1 diabetes. committee chair ellen wright clayton, professor of pediatrics and law at vanderbilt university, said in a statement : with the start of the new school year, it ' s time to ensure that children are up to date on their immunizations, making this report ' s findings about the safety of these eight vaccines particularly timely... the findings should be reassuring to parents that few health problems are clearly connected to immunizations, and these effects occur relatively rarely. and repeated study has made clear that some health problems are not caused by vaccines. the report found that only 14 specific health outcomes had convincing evidence linking them to vaccines \u2014 and most of those were rare. the committee \u2019 s findings about those side effects include : \u2022 the mmr vaccine can lead to fever - triggered seizures in some patients, but almost always without long - term consequences. it can also lead to a rare form of brain inflammation in some people with severe immune deficiencies. \u2022 the chickenpox vaccine ( varicella ) can cause brain swelling, pneumonia, hepatitis, meningitis, shingles and chicken pox in a minority of immunocompromised patients, as well as in some people with normal immune systems. \u2022 the mmr vaccine, and those for chicken pox, the flu, hepatitis b, meningitis, and tetanus, can trigger anaphylaxis, a serious allergic reaction that can appear shortly after injection. \u2022 injections of vaccines in general can trigger fainting and inflammation at the injection site. the committee also found links between the mmr vaccine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4798939586570536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.832720"} {"text": "- dense and accessible patches of prey, as opposed to just more food options, is better for marine animals. - how different species are able to determine where the best patches of food sources are located is uncertain. marine animal populations thrive when presented with dense and accessible patches of prey, as opposed to just more of it, according to new research. it turns out that sheer abundance of food is less important than what scientists sometimes call \" patchiness \" \u2014 the spatial distribution of a food source. marine animals, from birds to dolphins, are able to home in on dense patches of food, making a more efficient use of precious energy for mealtime. \" patchiness is not only ubiquitous in marine systems, it ultimately dictates the behavior of many animals and their relationships to the environment, \" kelly benoit - bird, an oregon state university oceanographer, said in a statement. benoit - bird is the lead author of a study published this week in the journal biology letters. the research used sound waves to pinpoint the distribution of krill and other anchors of the food chain in waters near hawaii. the scientists found that the tiny crustaceans weren ' t uniformly distributed, but instead congregated in patches. this explained why two colonies of fur seals and seabirds were faring poorly but a third was healthy, the researchers said. \" the amount of food near the third colony was not abundant, \" benoit - bird said, \" but what was there was sufficiently dense, and at the right depth. that made it more accessible for predation than the krill near the other two colonies. \" the team also found that a type of bird that feeds on krill, called the thick - billed murre, was able to target the densest swarms of the tiny organisms. murres dove to an astonishing 650 feet ( 200 meters ) below the ocean ' s surface in search of their prey. \" the murres are amazingly good at diving right down to the best patches, \" benoit - bird said. it ' s not clear how the birds identify these feasts lurking deep beneath the surface of the ocean, she added. the team used sound waves not only to identify the gatherings of krill but to track murres, dolphins, squid and other animals. time and again, they found that by locating the densest clouds of phytoplankton, tiny ocean plants that are themselves a food source for krill, it was possible to figure out where these larger animals would gather. although the concept of \" patchiness \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49030465297799597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.835299"} {"text": "| a man looks at a satellite image of north korea \u2019 s nuclear test site in punggye - ri. ( yonhap news ) | north korea \u2019 s punggye - ri nuclear test complex is an ideal place to conduct underground atomic detonations due to its geological features and isolated location, south korean observers said. observers in the military and government said pyongyang selected the region and started constructing the site likely over two decades ago, although the certain date is not known. from the 1990s onward, the south korean and u. s. intelligence agencies have been closely observing the site. the site was used by the communist country to detonate its first and second nuclear tests in 2006 and 2009, with seoul predicting a third test can take place at anytime if the north \u2019 s leadership decides to take such a step. the north said late last month that it will build up its capability to deter aggression right after the u. n. security council passed a resolution condemning the dec. 12 launching of a long range rocket. the international community viewed the launch as a cover to test the country \u2019 s ballistic missile technology. local geologists said the region located in north hamgyeong province, kilju county has extensive granite bedrock formations that can help prevent radioactive materials from leaking to the surface following an atomic detonation. in addition, the site is located in the remote hamgyeong mountain range in the northeastern part of the country, and surrounded by high peaks such as the 2, 205 - meter - high mt. mantap and mt. hakmu. the mountain range has the largest number of high peaks on the korean peninsula and forms one of the natural barriers of north korea \u2019 s kaema plateau. north korean watchers said that pyongyang probably dug \u201c l - shaped \u201d tunnels for the two previous tests with the aims of preventing radiation leaks, although precautions taken ahead of the first detonation may have not prevented radioactive materials from escaping into the outside environment. the first test conducted in the eastern shaft may have used a straight horizontal tunnel connected to the vertical shaft that leads to the surface. this construction may have been inadequate to deal with the tremendous pressure and shock blast of a nuclear explosion. the second test carried out on the western shaft, on the other hand, may have used a spiral shaped horizontal shaft reinforced with barriers to contain the contamination, while the new southern tunnel probably has similar features. satellite images showed for some time that the isolationist country had completed work on a new shaft located south of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48560465464070446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.843774"} {"text": "other hand, may have used a spiral shaped horizontal shaft reinforced with barriers to contain the contamination, while the new southern tunnel probably has similar features. satellite images showed for some time that the isolationist country had completed work on a new shaft located south of the 2006 and 2009 test areas, while tv footage that was released by south korea \u2019 s military earlier in the day showed the inside of a test tunnel with spiraling features and some 9 - 10 barriers captured in september 2010. the footage taken by the ( north ) korean central tv broadcasting station is probably of the latest tunnel. related to various features of the punggye - ri test site, the institute for science and international studies ( isis ) said in a report that the location of the instrumentation bunker, which can collect data from the test, is generally very similar to the ras koh complex used by pakistan for its 1998 nuclear test. the isis is a washington, d. c. - based non - profit think tank dedicated to informing the public about international security issues. intelligence also showed that while the eastern shaft used in the first test has been sealed off, there has been considerable activity in the new southern shaft and the western tunnel used for the second test almost four years ago. \u201c such activity can be seen as a sign that these shafts will be used for the next detonation test, \u201d a government insider, who did not want to identified, said. he said that seoul thinks that the western shaft may be used in the upcoming test, but policymakers have said that if the north decides to really test its weapons ability, both tunnels may be utilized. the north \u2019 s powerful national defense committee issued a warning on jan. 24 that it will conduct a \u201c high level \u201d test to show its nuclear deterrence capability. meanwhile, seoul has consistently warned the north that detonating another tunnel is the wrong move and will only worsen the situation. \u201c at this juncture, the right step for the north would be to listen to the international community and desist from another test, \u201d said unification ministry spokesman kim hyung - suk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49693226344875835, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.845615"} {"text": "at my talk last night to the friends of sausal creek, i delivered a lot of information about the rock units exposed along shephard creek. for a while here i will post what i showed the crowd, starting at the bottom. the joaquin miller formation is a thick sequence of mostly shale, around 95 million years old ( late cretaceous epoch, specifically the cenomanian age ). it underlies nearly all the east side of the valley of palo seco creek, running into joaquin miller park. it weathers readily there, turning easily back into the clay it once was. this exposure is a roadcut at the intersection of scout and ascot drives. the beds are steeply tilted into the hillside, something that \u2019 s true of all the rocks in the canyon. and here \u2019 s a closeup. these rocks mostly crumble in the hand. toward the top of the unit, it gets more sandy ; an example is shown here from the bed of shephard creek. eventually it turns to straight sandstone and gets a new name, the oakland conglomerate ( here are three pages on that rock unit, 1 \u2013 2 \u2013 3 ). the joaquin miller formation was laid down far from land, but not very far. this is all brown clay that comes from continental sources, and the occasional sandy beds are evidence that underwater landslides could sometimes reach here. picture it way out in the gulf of mexico, where mississippi river mud can cascade down the continental slope for great distances.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46066088721403126, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.847883"} {"text": "david m. lane values of pearson ' s correlation, variance sum law, measures of variability the collection of data involves measurement. measurement of some characteristics such as height and weight are relatively straightforward. the measurement of psychological attributes such as self esteem can be complex. a good measurement scale should be both reliable and valid. these concepts will be discussed in turn. the notion of reliability revolves around whether you would get at least approximately the same result if you measure something twice with the same measurement instrument. a common way to define reliability is the correlation between parallel forms of a test. letting \" test \" represent a parallel form of the test, the symbol rtest, test is used to denote the reliability of the test. true scores and error assume you wish to measure a person ' s mean response time to the onset of a stimulus. for simplicity, assume that there is no learning over tests which, of course, is not really true. the person is given 1, 000 trials on the task and you obtain the response time on each trial. the mean response time over the 1, 000 trials can be thought of as the person ' s \" true \" score, or at least a very good approximation of it. theoretically, the true score is the mean that would be approached as the number of trials increases indefinitely. an individual response time can be thought of as being composed of two parts : the true score and the error of measurement. thus if the person ' s true score were 345 and their response on one of the trials was 358, then the error of measurement would be 13. similarly, if the response time were 340, the error of measurement would be - 5. now consider the more realistic example of a class of students taking a 100 - point true / false exam. let ' s assume that each student knows the answer to some of the questions and has no idea about the other questions. for the sake of simplicity, we are assuming there is no partial knowledge of any of the answers and for a given question a student either knows the answer or guesses. finally, assume the test is scored such that a student receives one point for a correct answer and loses a point for an incorrect answer. in this example, a student ' s true score is the number of questions they know the answer to and their error score is their score on the questions they guessed on. for example, assume a student knew 90 of the answers and guessed correctly on 7 of the remaining 10 ( and therefore incorrectly on 3 ). their true score would be 90 since that is the number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5842415659543178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.854827"} {"text": "score is their score on the questions they guessed on. for example, assume a student knew 90 of the answers and guessed correctly on 7 of the remaining 10 ( and therefore incorrectly on 3 ). their true score would be 90 since that is the number of answers they knew. their error score would be 7 - 3 = 4 and therefore their actual test score would be 90 + 4. every test score can be thought of as the sum of two independent components, the true score and the error score. this can be written as : the following expression follows directly from the variance sum law : reliability in terms of true scores and error it can be shown that the reliability of a test, rtest, test, is the ratio of true - score variance to test - score variance. this can be written as : download pdf of derivation it is important to understand the implications of the role the variance of true scores plays in the definition of reliability : if a test were given in two populations for which the variance of the true scores differed, the reliability of the test would be higher in the population with the higher true - score variance. therefore, reliability is not a property of a test per se but the reliability of a test in a given population. assessing error of measurement the reliability of a test does not show directly how close the test scores are to the true scores. that is, it does not reveal how much a person ' s test score would vary across parallel forms of test. by definition, the mean over a large number of parallel tests would be the true score. the standard deviation of a person ' s test scores would indicate how much the test scores vary from the true score. this standard deviation is called the standard error of measurement. in practice, it is not practical to give a test over and over to the same person and / or assume that there are no practice effects. instead, the following formula is used to estimate the standard error of measurement. where smeasurement is the standard error of measurement, stest is the standard deviation of the test scores, and rtest, test is the reliability of the test. taking the extremes, if the reliability is 0 then the standard error of measurement is equal to the standard deviation of the test ; if the reliability is perfect ( 1. 0 ) then the standard error of measurement is 0. it is important to make measures as reliable as is practically possible. suppose an investigator is studying the relationship between spatial ability and a set of other variables. the higher the reliability of the test of spatial ability, the higher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5707295489789878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.855908"} {"text": "standard error of measurement is 0. it is important to make measures as reliable as is practically possible. suppose an investigator is studying the relationship between spatial ability and a set of other variables. the higher the reliability of the test of spatial ability, the higher the correlations will be. similarly, if an experimenter seeks to determine whether a particular exercise regiment decreases blood pressure, the higher the reliability of the measure of blood pressure, the more sensitive the experiment. more precisely, the higher the reliability the higher the power of the experiment. power is covered in detail here. finally, if a test is being used to select students for college admission or employees for jobs, the higher the reliability of the test the stronger will be the relationship to the criterion. two basic ways of increasing reliability are ( 1 ) to improve the quality of the items and ( 2 ) to increase the number of items. items that are either too easy so that almost everyone gets them correct or too difficult so that almost no one gets them correct are not good items : they provide very little information. in most contexts, items which about half the people get correct are the best ( other things being equal ). items that do not correlate with other items can usually be improved. sometimes the item is confusing or ambiguous. increasing the number of items increases reliability in the manner shown by the following formula : where k is the factor by which the test length is increased, rnew, new is the reliability of the new longer test, and rtest, test is the current reliability. for example, if a test with 50 items has a reliability of. 70 then the reliability of a test that is 1. 5 times longer ( 75 items ) would be calculated as follows. which equals 0. 78. thus increasing the number of items from 50 to 75 would increase the reliability from 0. 70 to 0. 78. it is important to note that this formula assumes the new items have the same characteristics as the old items. obviously adding poor items would not increase the reliability as expected and might even decrease the reliability. more information on reliability from william trochim ' s knowledge source the validity of a test refers to whether the test measures what it is supposed to measure. the three most common types of validity are face validity, empirical validity, and construct validity. we consider these types of validity below. a test ' s face validity refers to whether the test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure. that is, does the test \" on its face \" appear to measure what it is supposed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5158162005444213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.856995"} {"text": "validity. we consider these types of validity below. a test ' s face validity refers to whether the test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure. that is, does the test \" on its face \" appear to measure what it is supposed to be measuring. an asian history test consisting of a series of questions about asian history would have high face validity. if the test included primarily questions about american history then it would have little or no face validity as a test of asian history. predictive validity ( sometimes called empirical validity ) refers to a test ' s ability to predict the relevant behavior. for example, the main way in which sat tests are validated is by their ability to predict college grades. thus, to the extent these tests are successful at predicting college grades they are said to possess predictive validity. construct validity is more difficult to define. in general, a test has construct validity if its pattern of correlations with other measures is in line with the construct it is purporting to measure. construct validity can be established by showing a test has both convergent and divergent validity. a test has convergent validity if it correlates with other tests that are also measures of the construct in question. divergent validity is established by showing the test does not correlate highly with tests of other constructs. of course, some constructs may overlap so the establishment of convergent and divergent validity can be complex. to take an example, suppose one wished to establish the construct validity of a new test of spatial ability. convergent and divergent validity could be established by showing the test correlates relatively highly with other measures of spatial ability but less highly with tests of verbal ability or social intelligence. reliability and predictive validity the reliability of a test limits the size of the correlation between the test and other measures. in general, the correlation of a test with another measure will be lower than the test ' s reliability. after all, how could a test correlate with something else as high as it correlates with a parallel form of itself? theoretically it is possible for a test to correlate as high as the square root of the reliability with another measure. for example, if a test has a reliability of 0. 81 then it could correlate as high as 0. 90 with another measure. this could happen if the other measure were a perfectly reliable test of the same construct as the test in question. in practice, this is very unlikely. a correlation above the upper limit set by reliabilities can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5564158713532993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.858008"} {"text": "by gwen hill ms, rd, ld happy sweet potato month! sweet potatoes are what we consider a \u201c nutrient dense food. \u201d they are filled with many important nutrients that your body needs and are low in the nutrients you should limit. one medium sweet potato has only 100 calories, less than one gram of fat and 41 mg of sodium. yet it gives you a high amount of several important nutrients, including : fiber - 13 % of rda vitamin c - 25 % of rda vitamin a - 730 % of rda! all of these nutrients are important for different reasons. fiber helps our body regulate blood sugar, reduce bad cholesterol and stay regular. vitamin c is an important antioxidant, helps maintain our immune function and is a key player in collagen synthesis, which gives our skin its healthy and resilient qualities. though many great nutrients are found in this vegetable, vitamin a is the real star. sweet potatoes have a high amount of carotenoids, which are a precursor to vitamin a. carotenoids are responsible for the signature yellow / orange color - the deeper the color, the richer the level of carotenoids the veggie contains. vitamin a plays many roles in the body, including helping the body determine which white blood cells it needs to make in order to fight infection and other immune functions. it is also important for vision. vitamin a deficiency is the most significant cause of blindness in the developing world. eating nutrient dense foods, like sweet potatoes, will help improve your overall health. the recipe highlighted this week incorporates sweet potatoes into gnocchi. as a starchy vegetable, it is easy to see how this potato could provide necessary hearty components to this dish. enjoy the recipe after the jump! sweet potato gnocchi with fried sage and pine nuts adapted from gourmet 1 1 / 4 lb russet potatoes 1 ( 3 / 4 - lb ) sweet potato 1 large egg 1 / 2 tsp. grated nutmeg 1 / 3 cup grated parmigiano - reggiano cheese, plus more for serving 1 1 / 2 to 2 cups all - purpose flour, plus more for dusting 1 / 3 cup extra - virgin olive oil 1 cup sage leaves ( from 1 bunch ) 1 / 3 cup pine nuts, very thinly sliced 2 tbsp. unsalted butter 1. preheat oven to 450\u00b0f with rack in middle. 2. pierce russet and sweet potatoes in several places with a fork, then bake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4394672812293166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.863353"} {"text": "3 cup pine nuts, very thinly sliced 2 tbsp. unsalted butter 1. preheat oven to 450\u00b0f with rack in middle. 2. pierce russet and sweet potatoes in several places with a fork, then bake in a 4 - sided sheet pan until just tender, 45 minutes to 1 hour. 3. cool potatoes slightly, then peel and force through ricer into sheet pan, spreading in an even layer. cool potatoes completely. 4. lightly flour 2 or 3 large baking sheets or line with parchment paper. 5. beat together egg, nutmeg, 1 tsp. salt, and 1 / 2 tsp. pepper in a small bowl. 6. gather potatoes into a mound in sheet pan, using a pastry scraper if you have one, and form a well in center. 7. pour egg mixture into well, then knead into potatoes. knead in cheese and 1 1 / 2 cups flour, then knead, adding more flour as necessary, until mixture forms a smooth but slightly sticky dough. dust top lightly with some of flour. 8. cut dough into 6 pieces. form one piece of dough into a 1 / 2 - inch - thick rope on a lightly floured surface. cut rope into 1 / 2 - inch pieces. gently roll each piece into a ball and lightly dust with flour. 9. repeat with remaining 5 pieces of dough. 10. turn a fork over and hold at a 45 - degree angle, with tips of tines touching work surface. working with one at a time, roll gnocchi down fork tines, pressing with your thumb, to make ridges on one side. transfer gnocchi as formed to baking sheets. fry sage leaves and pine nuts : 1. heat oil in a 12 - inch heavy skillet over medium heat until it shimmers. fry sage leaves in three batches, stirring, until they turn just a shade lighter and crisp ( they will continue to crisp as they cool ), about 30 seconds per batch. transfer to paper towels to drain. season lightly with salt. 2. fry pine nuts in three batches, stirring, until golden and crisp, about 30 seconds per batch. transfer to paper towels to drain. season lightly with salt. reserve oil in skillet. 1. add butter to oil in skillet with 1 / 2 tsp. salt and cook until golden - brown, 1 to 2 minutes. remove from heat. 1. add half of gnocchi to a pasta pot of well - salt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.36884609695711756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.864851"} {"text": "after the hurricane passed, some of the lilacs in my yard were lying on their sides with half their roots out of the ground. can i do something to save them? it \u2019 s best to leave the righting of large, heavy plants like trees to the professionals ( as well as the decision of whether or not a tree can be saved ). but straightening a toppled shrub is not difficult. do it now, while the soil is still soft from all the rain. all you have to do is firmly shove the shrub back into an upright position, then pound a few tall stakes vertically into the ground to keep it upright. position the stakes where they will provide support for the shrub ; you may need to tie branches to the stakes. try to protect the already compromised roots from further disturbance. if roots have been pulled out of the ground, you may need to carefully excavate a hole for them on the lilac \u2019 s upwind side. then replace the soil, burying the roots at the same depth they were before the storm. finish with a layer of organic mulch. ideally, the shrub should be secure enough so that another strong wind won \u2019 t rock the plant and tug on the root system. if the roots were damaged severely, consider pruning some of the top growth to compensate for the loss. selectively remove a few of the oldest stems, cutting them all the way to the ground. this practice, called renewal pruning, rejuvenates older lilacs and promotes better flowering, even when the shrub hasn \u2019 t been pushed over by a hurricane. \u2014 doug hall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3780333485709866, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.866587"} {"text": "betsy ' s plesiosaur, nichollsia borealis nichollsia borealis, one of the oldest and most complete plesiosaur fossils recovered in north america, and the oldest yet discovered from the cretaceous period, was uncovered in a syncrude canada ltd. mine near fort mcmurray, alberta, in 1994. two u of calgary scientists, dr. patrick druckenmiller and dr. anthony russell have named the 2. 6m long plesiosaur nichollsia borealis in memory of the late elizabeth ( betsy ) nicholls, former curator at the royal tyrrell museum of palaeontology. nicholls was a renowned palaeontologist who is credited with transforming the understanding of prehistoric ocean life by describing the largest - ever marine reptile, a 23 - metre - long ichthyosaur, discovered in northern british columbia in 1999. elizabeth ( betsy ) nicholls conducting field work in northeastern b. c. photo : rolex awards / tomas bertelsen. \u201c we chose this name because betsy was a key player in the study of marine reptiles, a mentor to me, a former student of tony, and a great person, \u201d said druckenmiller, who is now curator of earth sciences at the university of alaska museum of the north in fairbanks, alaska. \u201c we felt it was a fitting way to honour both her memory and her accomplishments in palaeontology. \u201d the fossil was discovered by machine operators greg fisher and lorne cundal in 1994 during routine mining operations at syncrude \u2019 s base mine, about 35 kilometres north of fort mcmurray near the athabasca river. amazingly, the specimen was serendipitously exposed by one of syncrude \u2019 s 100 - ton electric shovels approximately 60 metres below ground surface. it is complete except for its left forelimb and shoulder blade. nichollsia is also very significant because it fills a 40 - million - year gap in the plesiosaur fossil record and greatly increases the understanding of the ancient seaway that once split north america in two and whose shores abounded with dinosaurs. \u201c this individual was a pioneer in the marine waters that would eventually become the cretaceous western interior seaway, which ran the length of north america during much of the cretaceous and was home to one of the world \u2019 s most diverse communities of marine reptiles, \u201d druckenmiller said. \u201c it represents the oldest known forerunner of this amazing period in north american prehistory. \u201d nichollsia borealis is currently on display", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42376570728702956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.871258"} {"text": "constitutionalism : a skeptical view new york university school of law may 1, 2012 nyu school of law, public law research paper no. 10 - 87 this paper examines the ideology that goes by the name of \" constitutionalism. \" the first part of the paper considers the significance of \" written constitutions \" the second part of the paper casts a skeptical eye at conceptions of constitutionalisim that emphasize \" limited \" government. once \" limited government \" is contrasted carefully with \" restrained government \" ( restraints upon specific actions by government ) and with \" controlled government \" ( e. g. insistence upon democratic control ), we see that the association of constitutionalism with general limitations on the scope of government ought to make it a much more controversial ideal than the general anodyne acceptance of the term \" constitutionalism \" might lead us to expect. finally, the anti - democratic implications of constitutionalism are explored. the paper argues that, by insisting on limited government, constitutionalism downplays the important role that constitutions have to perform in the modern world in establishing and securing specifically democratic authority. number of pages in pdf file : 46 keywords : authority, constitution, constitutionalism, constitutional law, democracy, judicial review, limited government, rights, written constitutionaccepted paper series date posted : december 11, 2010 ; last revised : may 5, 2012 \u00a9 2013 social science electronic publishing, inc. all rights reserved. this page was processed by apollo4 in 0. 859 seconds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5481143512253455, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.872907"} {"text": "the other loving : uncovering the federal government ' s racial regulation of marriage rose cuison villazor hofstra university - maurice a. deane school of law new york university law review, vol. 86, p. 1361, 2011 hofstra univ. legal studies research paper no. 11 - 11 this article seeks to fill a gap in legal history. the traditional narrative of the history of the american racial regulation of marriage typically focuses on state laws as the only sources of marriage inequality. overlooked in the narrative are the ways in which federal laws also restricted racially mixed marriages in the decades before 1967 ( when the supreme court invalidated antimiscegenation laws in loving v. virginia ). specifically, during the american occupation of japan after world war ii, a combination of immigration, citizenship, and military laws and regulations led to restrictions on marriages along racial lines. these laws also converged to prevent married couples, many of whom were white american soldiers and local japanese women, from living in the united states together. accordingly, this article claims that the confluence of immigration, citizenship, and military laws functioned as a collective counterpart to state antimiscegenation laws. by unearthing this neglected history, this article seeks to deepen the conventional account of the public regulation of mixed marriages. as the article reveals, racial barriers to marriage were far more pervasive than previously acknowledged. contrary to the familiar chronicle, racial restrictions on marriage occurred through federal laws, were enforced by federal officials, took place beyond state borders, and effected distinct harms on interracial couples whose experiences have largely escaped legal and scholarly inquiry. recovering this lost history thus provides a more complete story of antimiscegenation regulation. moreover, it draws attention to the largely undertheorized role that immigration law played in preventing interracial marriages and provides insight into contemporary debates on federal involvement in marriage regulation. number of pages in pdf file : 79accepted paper series date posted : march 19, 2011 ; last revised : december 5, 2011 \u00a9 2013 social science electronic publishing, inc. all rights reserved. this page was processed by apollo7 in 0. 328 seconds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49065409851493935, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.876392"} {"text": "sent in by : brooke of alberta, canada and nirav of pleasanton, ca play it again, sam. - 3 glasses of each of 3 different sizes and shapes ( 9 glasses total ) - 4 glasses of the same size and shape - different liquids like vinegar, water, milk, tomato juice, maple syrup, oil or apple juice - check with a grown - up before you begin. - in the zoomsci, glass xylophone, and in the online gizmo, tunes & spoons, you can experiment with the different sounds made by glasses holding different amounts of the same liquid. - now ' s your chance to experiment with other variables like the kind of liquid in the glass or the size and shape of the glass itself. - first, find out if different kinds of liquids change the sound made by tapping the glass with a spoon. - pour the same amounts of different kinds of liquids into the same kind of glass. try liquids that are thick and gooey like maple syrup as well as liquids that are runny like water. - tap the same spot on each glass. do the different liquids produce different sounds? how are the sounds different? - touch the glass after you tap it with the spoon. do the vibrations from each glass feel different? what is it about each liquid that might change the sound the glass makes? - next, find out if the shape or size of the glass makes a difference in the sound made by tapping the glass with a spoon. - pour the same amount of the same liquid into three glasses of different sizes and shapes. tap each glass with the spoon. does it make a different sound than the other glasses? how are the sounds different? - touch the glass after you tap it with the spoon. do the vibrations from each glass feel different? what is it about the shape and size of the glass that changes the sound? ready for the science scoop? when an object vibrates, it sends a disturbance through the air in the form of waves. these are called sound waves. it ' s like when you drop a pebble into water and the waves ripple out in all directions. sound waves in the air are sort of like waves in the water in the way that they move farther and farther out from the center where the disturbance was created. when you tap a glass filled with liquid, the liquid slows down the vibrations or sound waves. different liquids slow down the sound waves by different amounts. the differences in the sounds you hear are called pitch. the pitch of a sound depends on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5485835561414127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.882738"} {"text": ". when you tap a glass filled with liquid, the liquid slows down the vibrations or sound waves. different liquids slow down the sound waves by different amounts. the differences in the sounds you hear are called pitch. the pitch of a sound depends on how fast the object making the sound vibrates ( how fast the sound waves move away from the object. ) a glass that vibrates slowly produces slow sound waves and a low pitch sound. a glass that produces a high pitch vibrates quickly, making sound waves move fast. see how many different pitches you can make using glasses and liquids. can you play a song with them? give it a try and send your results to zoom! shayla, age 10 wrote : it made high sounds tre, age 14 of jefferson city, mo wrote : the glasses made different sounds no matter what the variable was. if the liquids were different, but the glasses were the same, it was different. if the liquids were the same, but the glasses were different, it was still different. when everything was different, it was completely different. we used glass containers and glass cups and they were all different sizes. we used oil, vinegar, and water. the oil was the thickest and the vinegar was the thinnest. the water was in between. we tried to use all three liquids in three different glasses and put the sounds in order. it sounded like a messed up xylophone. when we put the same liquids in three different glasses then the sounds were different. we did different liquids in the same type of glass. they all made different sounds. the oil made the lowest sound and the vinegar mad the highest sound. the water was in between. it was fun! nicki, age 11 of jefferson city, mo wrote : it made different sounds depending on the glasses we used. we used vinegar, water, and used vegetable oil. the vinegar was the highest because it was the thinest, the water was in the middle and the used vegetable oil made the lowest sound. the glasses we used were 3 tiny wine glasses, 3 glass tostitos salsa containers, and 3 regular glass cups. roslyn, age 13 of jefferson city, mo wrote : well when we did it, we could almost play a song from a commercial. it was really fun. even though our xylophone wasn ' t all the way in order, it was good enough. clara, age 11 of bexley, oh wrote : i just used water but at different levels and it made sounds that were higher when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5546130001075957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.883870"} {"text": "really fun. even though our xylophone wasn ' t all the way in order, it was good enough. clara, age 11 of bexley, oh wrote : i just used water but at different levels and it made sounds that were higher when i had less water in them and sounds that were lower when i had more water in them. also, i had a tall and a short glass and they were both filled up to the top and i tapped them and the taller one made a lower sound and the shorter one made a higher sound. nicole, age 13 of ny wrote : i used water, syrup, and water as my liquids. i poured them in the same type of glass and they all sound the same. madeline, age 12 of davison, mi wrote : that the glass that had the most water was the lowest sound and the least water was the higher sound. marylin of las cruces, nm wrote : it made these crazy sounds all over the place. ellie, age 11 of colorado springs wrote : it was neat it made all different types of sounds!!! lily, age 11 wrote : it was really cool because it sounded great! my little sis said that i should become a musician when i grow up. ethan, age 4 of villa park, il wrote : it was fun. i used milk, vinegar, water, and cherry juice. they made different sounds. mallory, age 10 wrote : i tried the glass xylaphone part 2 and found out that when you wet your finger and go around the top of the glass it makes a squeaky noise but i aldo found out that it doesnt work on plastic glasses. amelia, age 5 of centennial, co wrote : we tried using a wine glass with some water and some ice in it to make a sound when you rub your finger around the rim. it didn ' t make a sound. alyana, age 9 of manchester, ct wrote : i tried it when i was on spring break it was very messy, but fun. i tried it with the same amount of diffent liquids and they didn ' t sound diffent and i thougt it was cool. then i tried it with diffent amount of liquids. it was fun!!! try it!!! briseida, age 11 of houston, tx wrote : when i performed the experiment, different sounds came from each of the glasses. also, different kinds of liquids make different kinds of sounds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.453812325111838, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.884794"} {"text": "who says it \u2019 s hard to stick to a diet? a vegan diet might be easier than you think, according to a new study study in diabetic patients shows cravings for fatty foods recede and transition to healthful diet surprisingly quick washington \u2014 adopting a vegan diet is not just healthy ; it \u2019 s surprisingly easy, according to a new study of people with diabetes who made the switch as part of a research study in february \u2019 s journal of the american dietetic association. the diet helped them lose weight, lower their blood sugar, and reduce their need for medication. many doctors are aware that a low - fat vegetarian diet can reverse heart disease and provide other benefits. however, some may mistakenly think that most patients will not make the transition. now, at least five studies published in scientific journals show that patients can and do adapt to a \" strict \" vegan diet that dramatically improves their health. researchers from the physicians committee for responsible medicine ( pcrm ), the george washington university, and the university of toronto found that the vegan group reported a small but significant reduction in craving for fatty foods at 22 weeks, compared with the group consuming an omnivorous diet. this finding contradicts the notion that individuals adopting vegan diets have continued cravings for excluded foods. in fact, the desire for fatty foods such as meat appeared to diminish. \" a vegan diet is very healthy, but most people imagine that it \u2019 s hard to stick to. we found exactly the opposite. it is less constraining than a conventional diabetes diet, \" says lead author neal barnard, m. d., a george washington university researcher and president of pcrm. \" i would encourage anyone with diabetes to talk to their physician about trying a vegan approach. \" in the 74 - week study, 99 people with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to follow either a low - fat, vegan diet or a diet based on american diabetes association ( ada ) recommendations. the vegan diet dramatically cut consumption of cholesterol, fat, and saturated fat, and increased fiber intake, compared with the diet based on ada guidelines. however, the vegan group felt less constrained than those in the ada group. participants rated the taste of the foods, how easy or hard the food was to purchase and prepare, and how satisfied they were with the diet. at 22 weeks, the food acceptability was similar for both groups, but the vegan group was slightly more satisfied with its diet, compared with the ada group. the vega", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44624521231359476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.888130"} {"text": "was to purchase and prepare, and how satisfied they were with the diet. at 22 weeks, the food acceptability was similar for both groups, but the vegan group was slightly more satisfied with its diet, compared with the ada group. the vegan group reported slightly more initial effort in preparing foods. however, those in the ada group reported more discomfort with restrictions imposed by their diet, compared with the vegan group. overall, the study showed that both diets have a reasonable level of acceptability, although the vegan diet elicits much more pronounced long - term nutritional changes. the vegan diet consisted of vegetables, fruits, grains, and legumes. participants in this group avoided animal products and fatty foods and favored low - glycemic index foods, such as sweet potatoes, beans, and green vegetables. there were no restrictions on calories, carbohydrates, or portion sizes. ada guidelines provided recommendations on the intake of calories, carbohydrate, and saturated fat based on each participant \u2019 s body weight, lipid profile, and current food and eating habits. founded in 1985, the physicians committee for responsible medicine is a nonprofit health organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44973070687014916, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.888728"} {"text": "saturn ' s potato - shaped moon prometheus is rendered in three dimensions in this close - up from cassini. this 3 - d view is a color composite picture made from two different black and white images that were taken from slightly different viewing angles. the images are combined so that the viewer ' s left and right eye, respectively and separately, see a left and right image of the black and white stereo pair when viewed through red - blue glasses. this view looks toward the leading hemisphere of prometheus ( 86 kilometers, or 53 miles across ). north on prometheus is up and rotated 47 degrees to the right. the end of prometheus on the lower right points toward saturn, and the end on the upper left points away from the planet. the images were taken in visible light with the cassini spacecraft narrow - angle camera on dec. 26, 2009. the view was obtained at a distance of approximately 57, 000 kilometers ( 35, 000 miles ) from prometheus and at a sun - prometheus - spacecraft, or phase, angle of 33 degrees. image scale is 339 meters ( 1, 112 feet ) per pixel. the cassini - huygens mission is a cooperative project of nasa, the european space agency and the italian space agency. the jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, manages the mission for nasa ' s science mission directorate, washington, d. c. the cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at jpl. the imaging operations center is based at the space science institute in boulder, colo. for more information about the cassini - huygens mission visit http : / / saturn. jpl. nasa. gov /. the cassini imaging team homepage is at http : / / ciclops. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4963294938164283, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.890564"} {"text": "liquid crystals, the state of matter that makes possible the flat screen technology now commonly used in televisions and computers, may have some new technological tricks in store. writing today ( may 3, 2012 ) in the journal nature, an international team of researchers led by university of wisconsin - madison professor of chemical and biological engineering juan j. de pablo reports the results of a computational study that shows liquid crystals, manipulated at the smallest scale, can unexpectedly induce the molecules they interact with to self - organize in ways that could lead to entirely new classes of materials with new properties. \" from an applied perspective, once we get to very small scales, it becomes incredibly difficult to pattern the structure of materials. but here we show it is possible to use liquid crystals to spontaneously create nanoscale morphologies we didn ' t know existed, \" says de pablo of computer simulations that portray liquid crystals self - organizing at the molecular scale in ways that could lead to remarkable new materials with scores of technological applications. as their name implies, liquid crystals exhibit the order of a solid crystal but flow like a liquid. used in combination with polarizers, optical filters and electric fields, liquid crystals underlie the pixels that make sharp pictures on thin computer or television displays. liquid crystal displays alone are a multibillion dollar industry. the technology has also been used to make ultrasensitive thermometers and has even been deployed in lasers, among other applications. the new study modeled the behavior of thousands of rod - shaped liquid crystal molecules packed into nano - sized liquid droplets. it showed that the confined molecules self organize as the droplets are cooled. \" at elevated temperatures, the droplets are disordered and the liquid is isotropic, \" de pablo explains. \" as you cool them down, they become ordered and form a liquid crystal phase. the liquid crystallinity within the droplets, surprisingly, induces water and other molecules at the interface of the droplets, known as surfactants, to organize into ordered nanodomains. this is a behavior that was not known. \" in the absence of a liquid crystal, the molecules at the interface of the droplet adopt a homogeneous distribution. in the presence of a liquid crystal, however, they form an ordered nanostructure. \" you have two things going on at the same time : confinement of the liquid crystals and an interplay of their structure with the interface of the droplet, \" notes de pablo. \" as you lower the temperature the liquid crystal starts to become organized and imprints that order into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6123049365353554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.893973"} {"text": "at the same time : confinement of the liquid crystals and an interplay of their structure with the interface of the droplet, \" notes de pablo. \" as you lower the temperature the liquid crystal starts to become organized and imprints that order into the surfactant itself, causing it to self assemble. \" it was well known that interfaces influence the order or morphology of liquid crystals. the new study shows the opposite to be true as well. \" now you can think of forming these ordered nanophases, controlling them through droplet size or surfactant concentration, and then decorating them to build up structures and create new classes of materials, \" says de pablo. as an example, de pablo suggested that surfactants coupled to dna molecules could be added to the surface of a liquid crystal droplets, which could then assemble through the hybridization of dna. such nanoscale engineering, he notes, could also form the basis for liquid crystal based detection of toxins, biological molecules, or viruses. a virus or protein binding to the droplet would change the way the surfactants and the liquid crystals within the droplet are organized, triggering an optical signal. such a technology would have important uses in biosecurity, health care and biology research settings. explore further : physicists develop revolutionary low - power polariton laser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5936030025598953, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.894508"} {"text": "a constant shower of subatomic particles rains down from space. a hundred years ago, this \" cosmic radiation \" was discovered by the austrian physicist victor franz hess. among other things, the discovery laid the foundation for a whole new field of research : high energy physics - which recently gave us, for instance, the first experimental evidence for the higgs boson. an anniversary conference looks at the past milestones of cosmic ray research and at future experiments. when hess landed his hydrogen balloon at bad saarow in the german state of brandenburg at lunchtime on 7 august 1912, he had on board a discovery with far - reaching consequences, which he surely wasn ' t fully aware of at that very time. at his seventh balloon voyage in the course of this year, equipped with three ionization measuring instruments, hess had just identified the existence of a pervasive radiation in 5300 metres altitude above the schwieloch lake in the southeast of brandenburg. only later it became evident that this so - called cosmic radiation was comprised mostly of energetic, electrically charged atomic nuclei. the discovery of cosmic rays won hess the nobel prize in physics 24 years later. \" the detection of the cosmic radiation was the discovery of a century and brought us completely new insights into the cosmos, \" says prof. christian stegmann, head of the desy institute at zeuthen near berlin. \" furthermore it became a cornerstone of early particle physics. before the development of particle accelerators, cosmic ray research led to the discovery of many important elementary particles, among them the anti - particle of the electron - the positron - as well as the muon and the pion. \" desy, the university of potsdam, and the max planck institute for the history of science in berlin jointly organise a symposium on the 100th anniversary of the discovery of cosmic rays. from 6 to 8 august 2012, scientists from all over the world will meet in bad saarow, where hess landed his balloon, to present and discuss the development of various sub - areas ranging from the historic beginnings up to ideas for new projects. along with physics nobelist prof. james cronin, one of the designers of today ' s largest cosmic ray observatory \" pierre auger \" in argentina, and the 14th astronomer royal prof. sir arnold wolfendale, hess ' grandsons william and arthur breisky have also registered for the conference. a memorial stone will be unveiled, participants may book balloon flights, and electroscopes that were then used all over the world to carry out ion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5971440581121523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.898950"} {"text": "wolfendale, hess ' grandsons william and arthur breisky have also registered for the conference. a memorial stone will be unveiled, participants may book balloon flights, and electroscopes that were then used all over the world to carry out ionisation measurements will be on display. \" the advent of a centenary is a time for both looking back at the development of the subject and forwards : ' where do we go from here? ', \" says sir wolfendale. \" cosmic ray research has led to new areas of research, including ' the new astronomies ' and the future for them is bright, indeed. neutrino astronomy is on the verge of starting and gamma ray astronomy has begun in earnest. \" physicists expect to gain new insights into the nature of cosmic particle accelerators, which are a million times stronger than the best accelerators on earth, from gramma ray astronomy. single protons from the cosmic radiation may have as much energy as a powerfully - hit tennis ball, but due to their electric charge, the fast particles are deflected by numerous magnetic fields as they travel through the cosmos. this means that one cannot retrace their point of origin from their direction of flight when they hit the earth. therefore, a hundred years since their discovery, the mystery of the origin of cosmic rays is far from being solved. \" the universe is full of natural particle accelerators, as for example in supernova explosions, in binary star systems, or in active galactic nuclei. so far, only 150 of these objects are known to us, and we have just an initial physical understanding of these fascinating systems, \" says stegmann. in contrast to what the name might suggest, cosmic radiation is mostly comprised of particles, but a small fraction is indeed gamma radiation, which is not deflected on its way through space and thus points directly to its source. as physicists expect the sources of cosmic gamma radiation to be the same as for cosmic particles, they are on the hunt for cosmic particle accelerators with specialised gamma ray observatories. observatories like h. e. s. s. in namibia, named in honour of the discoverer of cosmic radiation, magic on the canary island la palma, and veritas in the united states, with desy participation, detected more than hundred high - energy cosmic gamma radiation sources by now. the planned cherenkov telescope array cta, for which desy is currently building a first prototype telescope will follow this path of discovery. \" the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5339573017530421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.900151"} {"text": "researchers at disney research, zurich, eth zurich, and cornell university have invented a system to digitize facial hair and skin. capturing facial skin and geometry is a fundamental technology for a variety of computer - based special effects for movies. conventional face capturing is well established and widely utilized in the entertainment industry to capture a three - dimensional model of an actor ' s face. however, up to now, no method was capable of reconstructing facial hair or even handling it appropriately. this omission is surprising as facial hair is an important component of our popular culture. the system developed by the disney research laboratory in zurich constitutes a significant technical breakthrough in the field of digitizing human faces and was presented at acm siggraph, the international conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques. \" our method captures individual strands of facial hair and stores them separately from the actual human face. this approach allows us to ' shave ' people with facial hair virtually with the computer. \" said thabo beeler, a computer scientist at disney research, zurich, who is the main inventor of the technology. the system employs several consumer - grade photo cameras to capture a face in a fraction of a second. the method then automatically detects hairs in the captured images. these hairs are being tracked and followed in the input images, much like we follow a path on a map with our fingers. a mathematical method called multi - view stereo ( mvs ) reconstructs them in three dimensions. the trick the researchers applied is to remove the hair strands from the input images similar to an artist painting over parts of a picture. this process makes the 3d skin surface to look as if it were digitally shaved. the system was applied to a large variety of different facial hair styles, ranging from designer stubbles all the way to wild mustaches, to demonstrate its robustness. the produced results look very compelling. prof. markus gross, director of disney research, zurich, stated, \" the long - term goal of our research is to make facial animation and special effects more realistic and ultimately indistinguishable from reality. this method is going to be a very important step toward this long term goal \". explore further : researchers develop fast, economical method for high - definition video compositing more information : for more information, please visit the web site at www. disneyresearch. com / research / projects / cv _ reconfacialhair _ drz. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5459944312309918, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.902715"} {"text": "new a team of researchers including scientists from the university of florida has shown insect colonies follow some of the same biological \" rules \" as individuals, a finding that suggests insect societies operate like a single \" superorganism \" in terms of their physiology and life cycle. for more than a century, biologists have marveled at the highly cooperative nature of ants, bees and other social insects that work together to determine the survival and growth of a colony. the social interactions are much like cells working together in a single body, hence the term \" superorganism \" \u2014 an organism comprised of many organisms, according to james gillooly, ph. d., an assistant professor in the department of biology at uf ' s college of liberal arts and sciences. now, researchers from uf, the university of oklahoma and the albert einstein college of medicine have taken the same mathematical models that predict lifespan, growth and reproduction in individual organisms and used them to predict these features in whole colonies. by analyzing data from 168 different social insect species including ants, termites, bees and wasps, the authors found that the lifespan, growth rates and rates of reproduction of whole colonies when considered as superorganisms were nearly indistinguishable from individual organisms. the findings will be published online this week in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences early edition. \" this pnas paper regarding the energetic basis of colonial living in social insects is notable for its originality and also for its importance, \" said edward o. wilson, a professor of biology at harvard university and co - author of the book \" the super - organism, \" who was not involved in the research. \" the research certainly adds a new perspective to our study of how insect societies are organized and to what degree they are organized. \" the study may also help scientists understand how social systems have arisen through natural selection \u2014 the process by which evolution occurs. the evolution of social systems of insects in particular, where sterile workers live only to help the queen reproduce, has long been a mystery, gillooly said. \" in life, two of the major evolutionary innovations have been how cells came together to function as a single organism, and how individuals joined together to function as a society, \" said gillooly, who is a member of the uf genetics institute. \" relatively speaking, we understand a considerable amount about how the size of multicellular organisms affects the life cycle of individuals based on metabolic theory, but now we are showing this same theoretical framework helps predict the life cycle of whole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5038078416551971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.905594"} {"text": "there are two different questions at work here, that you ' ve kind of mashed together. the first question is \" what is the speed at which a change in the electric field propagates? \" the answer to that is the speed of light. in qed terms, the electromagnetic interaction that we see as the electric field is mediated by photons, so any change in an established field ( say, due to shifting the position of the charge creating the field ) won ' t be felt by a distant object until enough time has passed for a photon from the source to make it to the observation point. the second question is \" what is the speed of propagation of electric current? \" this speed is slower than the speed of light, but still on about that order of magnitude - - the exact value depends a little on the arrangement of wires and so on, but you won ' t be far off if you assume that electrical signals propagate down a cable at the speed of light. this relates to electric field in that the charge moving through a circuit to light a light bulb has to be driven by some electric field, so you can reasonably ask how that field is established, and how much time it takes. qualitatively, the necessary field is established by excess charge on the surface of the wires, with the surface charge being generally positive near the positive terminal of a battery and generally negative near the negative terminal, and dropping off smoothly from one to the other so that the electric field is more or less piecewise constant ( that is, the field is the same everywhere inside a wire, and the field is the same everywhere inside a resistor, but the two field values are not the same ). when the circuit is first connected, there is a rapid redistribution of the charge on the surface of the wires which establishes the surface charge gradients that drive the steady - state current that will eventually do whatever it is you want it to do. the time required to establish the gradients and settle in to the steady - state condition is very fast, most likely on the order of nanoseconds for a normal circuit. there ' s a good discussion of the business of how, exactly, charges get moved around to drive a current in the textbook that we use for our introductory classes, matter and interactions, by chabay and sherwood. it doesn ' t go into enough detail to let you calculate the relevant times directly, but it lays out the basic science pretty well. ( it ' s a textbook for a first - year introductory physics class", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6226389730878275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.908416"} {"text": "baltimore county fire chief john j. hohman in my 35 years in the fire service, i \u2019 ve seen how advances in technology, equipment and building codes have saved lives. one of the most important advances is one of the most humble : the small, inexpensive carbon monoxide detector. here in baltimore county, the fire department responds to a growing number of calls involving carbon monoxide ( co ) gas \u2013 and that is a good thing. why? because the calls are generated by co detectors that are alerting residents to a potentially deadly problem before it becomes deadly. in recent years and following a number of co tragedies, baltimore county enacted legislation requiring co detectors in all rental housing and in some owner - occupied residences. during november, fire crews responded to 50 co calls \u2013 none of them involving serious injury. i can \u2019 t overestimate how dangerous co \u2013 which kills by robbing oxygen from the blood \u2013 is. carbon monoxide is produced during the burning of fossil fuels \u2013 oil, gas, coal, propane, wood. if your home includes an appliance that runs off of one of these fuels, co is an issue for you. the causes of co buildup are varied, everything from malfunctioning gas stoves to a blocked fireplace flue. co calls tend to increase during periods of extreme heat or cold, when houses are closed up tightly and appliances are running. landlords and homeowners who have invested in energy saving enhancements \u2013 new windows, for example \u2013 should know that one downside to such energy efficiency is that it limits the air flow that helps dilute co when a leak occurs. in such homes, the deadly gas has nothing to do but build up \u2013 and because of its unique characteristics victims can be overcome without ever knowing what happened. you can \u2019 t see or smell co, and the early symptoms \u2013 headache, nausea, aches \u2013 are so commonplace that people have no idea they \u2019 re being poisoned. people ask, \u201c what is the acceptable level of carbon monoxide? \u201d the answer is that co is not acceptable, certainly not over a long period of time. at low levels, it will make you sicker and sicker the longer you \u2019 re exposed to it. at high levels, it can kill within hours. this is why the co detector is so important. it tells you the gas is there. the detector sounds an alarm when the gas reaches 35 parts per million. this is a level low enough not to make you sick \u2013 at least not at first \u2013 but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46056001868300916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.912397"} {"text": "is why the co detector is so important. it tells you the gas is there. the detector sounds an alarm when the gas reaches 35 parts per million. this is a level low enough not to make you sick \u2013 at least not at first \u2013 but high enough to tell you something \u2019 s wrong. your alarm doesn \u2019 t do you any good if you rob the batteries or ignore it when it goes off. if it sounds, call 911 and get out of the house. here \u2019 s what you can expect, once fire crews arrive : - firefighters will use special gas meters to measure the level of co. - crews will attempt to identify the source of the co. - crews will ventilate the house, mitigating the hazard by diluting the gas with fresh air. - firefighters will not attempt to repair heating units, water heaters, fireplaces and other fuel - burning appliances. such repairs are the property owner \u2019 s responsibility. - firefighters will shut down and advise the residents not to use any appliance they believe is causing the problem. - if you live in a rental property and the level of co is 50 parts per million or more, firefighters will contact the office of permits, approvals and inspections. the building inspector will visit the site at a later date to certify that the problem has been repaired by a licensed expert. along with installation of detectors, basic home maintenance \u2013 cleaning your chimney and fireplace regularly, checking gas - fueled appliance connections on a regular basis \u2013 is essential to preventing problems with co. if you rent your home or apartment, ask your landlord if the building uses fossil fuel - burning appliances and make sure the property owner has complied with the law requiring co alarms. if the answer is no, contact the office of permits, approvals and inspections at 410 - 887 - 6060. carbon monoxide alarms are inexpensive, easy to install, readily available and effective. there is no reason why any of us should fall prey to this particular hazard any longer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45890557521470615, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.913237"} {"text": "conversations - use this space to communicate about this project only logged in users are allowed to comment. register / log in november 23, 2010 | 8 : 17 am | farewell and best wishes as this research project is now in the final stages of wrapping - up, we wish to thank everyone who participated in this inquiry ; the students, mentors, teachers and others behind the scenes. we appreciate all of your efforts and contributions to this online learning community. scientific exploration is a process of discovery that can be fun! there are many unanswered questions about plants just waiting for new scientists to consider, investigate, and share. please come back and visit the plantingscience research gallery archive anytime to view this project in the future. you can search the archive by key word, team name, topic, or school name. good bye for now. the plantingscience team november 19, 2010 | 8 : 07 am | 3 things confusing : - the time allotted was too short - the refraction of the light made it difficult to see which disks were in fact, floating... - the disks didn ' t seem to really want to float at all 3 ways to improve : - add more time to our experiment - have an environment with a smaller diameter for the experiment ( as in test tube as opposed to beaker ) - have all materials ( i. e. crushed ice ) prepared before you start the procedure 2 things we learned about experimentation : - if everyone cooperates and puts in effort then the experiment could be done more efficiently - you should never start something you can ' t finish 2 things we learned about photosynthesis : - excessive heat prevents photosynthesis - a chilled environment lets photosynthesis occur more rapidly 1 thing we ' liked ' : 1 thing we disliked : - preparing thirty small diameter spinach disks everyday november 15, 2010 | 8 : 05 am | ran out of time sorry, last response we left was brief due to time limit. we came to a conclusion on which research question we would extrapolate and explore. we posted it above in the research information. i guess we ' ll try to make this thing exciting? so what are your ideas? kayla, brittany, and blake november 10, 2010 | 1 : 47 pm | dr. kevin folta what is your hypothesis? how to test it? i was a vegetarian for 16 years!! until this march. let me know your ideas. the project should have tremendous purpose and lots of direction. let ' s do a great project that is truly exciting. i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.58862090614617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.916912"} {"text": "hypothesis? how to test it? i was a vegetarian for 16 years!! until this march. let me know your ideas. the project should have tremendous purpose and lots of direction. let ' s do a great project that is truly exciting. i ' d like to hear your ideas first before i start giving mine! november 10, 2010 | 8 : 08 am | re : hi everybody 1. are you a vegetarian? 2. we are 3 students taking bio honors. 3. this project doesn ' t have much purpose. 4. we have 3 testable research questions to discuss with you. november 8, 2010 | 9 : 19 am | dr. kevin folta i ' m glad to be part of the team. i hope that you ' ll keep in touch with me frequently via this forum. i ' m a scientist in plant biology and am really excited to be assisting you. plant science is extremely important. the experiments you are doing today are similar to those being done all over the world to help meet major challenges to the future of food. even the most simple basic experiments could give new information that could feed millions of people in the future. get excited - you are participating in something very important! november 5, 2010 | 11 : 53 am | dr. claire hemingway we are delighted to welcome you to this community of plant researchers. your team has the opportunity to be mentored by a scientist to help you plan and think through your own project investigating photosynthesis. the mentor ' s role is to encourage and guide you through the scientific process of discovery. your role is to share what your team is doing in class. the more you share your ideas and research information online, the more your mentor can help. your scientist mentor for this project will be dr. kevin folta from university of florida. please introduce yourself and post some possible research topic ideas to get a conversation rolling. these resources are available to help you get started : thinking like a scientist / working like a scientist guide to using a spreadsheet best wishes as you start this scientific journey. we are all pleased to share this experience with you. the plantingscience team", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5415970137053943, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.917741"} {"text": "environmentally preferable purchasing what is environmental purchasing? although different organizations ( government, nonprofit, or industry ) may define environmental purchasing in somewhat different ways, it generally refers to buying products and services with reduced effects on human health and the environment. also called \u201c affirmative procurement, \u201d \u201c environmentally preferable purchasing, \u201d and \u201c green purchasing, \u201d this approach means integrating environmental factors into procurement policies, usually using the following tools and / or methods : - pollution prevention : from the start of a process or procedure, reducing or eliminating toxicity, air, and water emissions. - life - cycle perspective : looking beyond purchase price. consider costs and environmental impacts over the lifetime of a product or service ( manufacturing, packaging, transport, energy consumption, maintenance, disposal ). - natural resource protection : giving preference to sustainable, reusable content, and recycled materials over virgin materials, as well as to conserving water and energy. what are the benefits of environmental purchasing for companies? just as pollution prevention actions often lead to dollar savings, many companies have reduced costs through environmental purchasing. companies highlighted in the united states environmental protection agency ( epa ) report, \u201c private sector pioneers : how companies are incorporating environmentally preferable purchasing, \u201d ( june 1999, epa742 - r - 99 - 001 ) have achieved savings that include : - reduced material costs for manufacturers - reduced repair and replacement costs when using more durable and repairable equipment - reduced disposal costs by generating less waste - improved product design and performance of the product ( s ) - increased employee safety and health at the facility as noted in the epa report, many companies adopted environmental purchasing policies for traditional business reasons that include : - recognizing market preferences, and serving customers who have a stated interest in \u201c environmentally friendly \u201d products and practices - distinguishing a company and its products from competitors - avoiding hidden costs and pursuing cost savings - increasing operating efficiency - joining an industry or international market trend although these reasons result in intangible benefits, there are specific examples of measurable reduced costs associated with environmentally preferable products. these include a lower purchase price ( e. g. remanufactured products ), reduced operational costs ( e. g. energy efficiency ), reduced disposal costs ( e. g. more durable products ) and reduced hazardous management costs ( e. g. less toxic products ). in addition, purchasing environmentally preferable products may reduce an organization \u2019 s potential future liability, improve the work environment and minimize risks to workers. epp rapid response service many cities, counties, states and the federal government are in the process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49584802912957604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.921318"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | it was a subject - oriented adjective that was used to label the harmful, injurious, unpleasant, or undesirable reactions ( or responses ) that a subject manifested ( thus, \" nocebo reactions \" ( or \" nocebo responses \" ) as a result administering an inert dummy drug, where these responses had not been chemically generated, and were entirely due to the subject ' s pessimistic belief and expectation that the inert drug would produce harmful, injurious, unpleasant, or undesirable consequences. in these cases, there is no \" real \" drug involved, but the actual harmful, injurious, unpleasant or undesirable biochemical, physiological, behavioural, emotional, and / or cognitive consequences of the administration of the inert drug are very real. one severe example of nocebo effect is someone who dies of fright after being bitten by a non - poisonous snake. the term \" nocebo \" edit the term nocebo ( \" i shall harm \" ) was chosen by walter kennedy, in 1961, to denote the counterpart of one of the more recent applications of the term \" placebo \" ( = \" i shall please \" ) ; namely, that of a placebo being a drug that produced a beneficial, healthy, pleasant, or desirable consequence in a subject, as a direct result of that subject ' s beliefs and expectations. today, in the same way that the term placebo ( or \" placebo drug \" ) is often used wrongly in an agent - oriented way to denote an active drug that produces an entirely predictable, and intentionally sought after outcome that is experienced as pleasant or desirable ( e. g., analgesia ), the term nocebo ( or nocebo drug ) is often used wrongly to denote its counterpart, an active drug that produces an entirely predictable, and intentionally sought outcome that is experienced as unpleasant or undesirable ( e. g., nausea ). houston may have been the first to have spoken of a doctor ' s deliberate application of harmful \" placebo \" procedures, as distinct from the other, harmless sort of \" placebo \" procedures a doctor might apply and whose \" usefulness was in direct proportion to the faith that the doctor had and the faith that he was able to inspire in his patients \". houston ( 1938, p. 1418 ) wrote : -... [ and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5256504607932835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.938838"} {"text": "doctor might apply and whose \" usefulness was in direct proportion to the faith that the doctor had and the faith that he was able to inspire in his patients \". houston ( 1938, p. 1418 ) wrote : -... [ and while the efficacy of the placebo procedure ] is believed in by the doctor, [ the placebo procedure itself ] is no longer harmless but harmful, sometimes very dangerous. it would seem peculiarly contradictory to speak of the painful and dangerous placebo, yet men are so constituted that they feel the need in dire extremity of resorting to dread measures. nervous patients in particular, feel that a certain standing and sanction is bestowed upon their maladies when violent therapeutic measures are used. \" houston spoke of three significantly different categories of placebo ( pp. 1417 - 1418 ) : - the drug that the physician knows to be inert, but which the subject believes to be potent. - the drug which is believed to be potent by both subject and physician, but which later investigation proves to have been totally inert. - the drug which is believed to be potent by both subject and physician, but is actually harmful and dangerous, rather than being inert and harmless. the term \" nocebo response \" originally only meant an unpredictable unintentional belief - generated injurious response to an inert procedure. but there is an emerging practice of labelling drugs that produce unpleasant consequences as \" nocebo drugs \" means that the term \" nocebo response \" may be being used to label an intentional, entirely pharmacologically - generated and quite predictably injurious outcome that has ensued from the administration of an active ( nocebo ) drug. anthropologists use the term \" nocebo ritual \" to describe a procedure, or treatment, or ritual that has been performed ( or a herbal remedy or medication that has been administered ) with malicious intent, by contrast with a placebo procedure or treatment or ritual that is performed with a benevolent intent. the nocebo effectedit because the original meaning of \" nocebo \" specifically referred to a subject ' s response to an inert drug, the term nocebo effect can really only refer to the consequences of the application of a \" harm - producing \" \" nocebo drug \" ( however, the concept of a \" harm - producing \" \" nocebo drug \" is a much later concept than either that of a \" nocebo response \" or of a \" nocebo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5707748635308147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.939830"} {"text": "- producing \" \" nocebo drug \" ( however, the concept of a \" harm - producing \" \" nocebo drug \" is a much later concept than either that of a \" nocebo response \" or of a \" nocebo reaction \" ). the nocebo responseedit according to current pharmacological knowledge and the current understanding of cause and effect, a placebo contains no chemical ( or any other agent ) that could possibly cause any of the observed worsening in the subject ' s symptoms. thus, any change for the worse must be due to some subject - internal factor. the worsening of the subject ' s symptoms is a direct consequence of their exposure to the placebo, but those symptoms have not been chemically generated by the placebo. because this generation of symptoms entails a complex of \" subject - internal \" activities, in the strictest sense, we can never speak in terms of simulator - centred \" nocebo effects \", but only in terms of subject - centred \" nocebo responses \". although some attribute nocebo responses ( or placebo responses ) to a subject ' s gullibility, there is no evidence that an individual who manifests a nocebo / placebo response to one treatment will manifest a nocebo / placebo response to any other treatment ; i. e., there is no fixed nocebo / placebo - responding trait or propensity. - mcglashan, evans & orne ( 1969, p. 319 ) found no evidence of what they termed a \" placebo personality \". also, in a carefully designed study, lasagna, mosteller, von felsinger & beecher ( 1954 ), found that there was no way that any observer could determine, by testing or by interview, which subject would manifest a placebo reaction and which would not. why a nocebo response? edit he had observed that another, entirely different and unrelated, and far more recent meaning of the term placebo was emerging into far more common usage in the technical literature ( see homonym ) ; namely that a \" placebo response \" ( or \" placebo reaction \" ) was a \" pleasant \" response to a real or sham / dummy treatment ( this new and entirely different usage was based on the latin meaning of the word placebo, \" i shall please \" ). kennedy chose the latin word nocebo ( \" i shall harm \" ) because it was the opposite of the latin word placebo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.528212232268496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.940790"} {"text": "new and entirely different usage was based on the latin meaning of the word placebo, \" i shall please \" ). kennedy chose the latin word nocebo ( \" i shall harm \" ) because it was the opposite of the latin word placebo ( \" i shall please \" ), and used it to denote the counterpart of the placebo response : namely, an \" unpleasant \" response to the application of real or sham treatment. kennedy very strongly emphasized that his specific usage of the term nocebo did not refer to \" the iatrogenic action of drugs \" : in other words, according to kennedy, there was no such thing as a \" nocebo effect \", there was only a \" nocebo response \". he insisted that a nocebo reaction was subject - centred, and he was emphatic that the term nocebo reaction specifically referred to \" a quality inherent in the patient rather than in the remedy \". even more significantly, kennedy also stated that whilst \" nocebo reactions do occur [ they should never be confused ] with true pharmaceutical effects, such as the ringing in the ears caused by quinine \". this is strong, clear and very persuasive evidence that kennedy was precisely speaking of an outcome that had been totally generated by a subject ' s negative expectation of a drug or ritual ' s administration ; which was the exact counterpart of a placebo response that would have been generated by a subject ' s positive expectation. and, finally, and most definitely, kennedy was not speaking of an active drug ' s unwanted, but pharmacologically predictable negative side - effects ( something for which the term nocebo is being increasingly used in current literature ). ambiguity of medical usageedit in an important recent paper, stewart - williams and podd argue that using the contrasting terms \" placebo \" and \" nocebo \" to label inert agents that produce pleasant, health - improving or desirable outcomes, or unpleasant, health - diminishing, or undesirable outcomes ( respectively ), is extremely counterproductive. a second problem is that precisely the same effect, such as immunosuppression, may be quite desirable for a subject with an autoimmune disorder, but be quite undesirable for most other subjects. thus, in the first case, the effect would be a placebo, and in the second, a nocebo. a third problem is that the prescriber does not know whether the relevant subjects consider the effects that they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5540790324096012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.941905"} {"text": "most other subjects. thus, in the first case, the effect would be a placebo, and in the second, a nocebo. a third problem is that the prescriber does not know whether the relevant subjects consider the effects that they experience to be subjectively desirable or undesirable until some time after the drugs have actually been administered. a fourth problem is that, in cases such as this, precisely the same phenomena are being generated in all of the subjects, and these are being generated by precisely the same drug, which is acting in all of the subjects through precisely the same mechanism. yet, just because the phenomena in question have been subjectively considered to be desirable to one group, but not the other, the phenomena are now being labelled in two mutually exclusive ways ( i. e., placebo and nocebo ) ; and this is giving the false impression that the drug in question has produced two entirely different phenomena. these sorts of argument produce a strong case that \u2014 despite the fact that, in some of its applications, the term \" placebo \" is used to denote something that pleases ( compared with it denoting an inert sumulator ) \u2014 the desirability ( placeboic nature ) or undesirability ( noceboic nature ) of the phenomena that have been manifested by a subject, after a drug has been administered, should never be part of the definition of what constitutes either \" a placebo \" or \" a placebo response \". ambiguity of anthropological usageedit some people maintain that belief kills ( e. g., \" voodoo death \" : cannon ( 1942 ) describes a number of \" voodoo deaths \" from a variety of different cultures ) and belief heals ( e. g., faith healing ). a \" self - willed \" death ( due to voodoo hex, evil eye, pointing the bone procedure, etc. ) is an extreme form of a culture - specific syndrome or sociogenic illness, that produces a particular form of psychosomatic or psychophysiological disorder, which results in a psychogenic death. - there are many recorded instances of self - willed psychogenic death. for example, the death of ananias, as recorded in acts 5 : 1 - 6 ; see ananias and sapphira. - rubel ( 1964 ) spoke of \" culture bound \" syndromes, which were those \" from which members of a particular group claim to suffer and for which their culture provides an etiology, diagnosis, preventive measures, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5503489691150759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.943065"} {"text": "sapphira. - rubel ( 1964 ) spoke of \" culture bound \" syndromes, which were those \" from which members of a particular group claim to suffer and for which their culture provides an etiology, diagnosis, preventive measures, and regimens of healing \u201d ( p. 268 ). it is important to distinguish these \" self - willed deaths \" from other \" self - imposed \" sorts of death, such as : - the \" self - inflicted deaths \" of suicide, voluntary euthanasia, or the refusal of life - extending treatment ; - the \" heroic \" \" self - inflicted death \" of a soldier who throws himself on a hand grenade to save his mates, or that of the antarctic explorer captain lawrence oates ( \u201c i am just going outside and may be some time \u201d ) ; or - the \" religious self - inflicted death \" ' of the self - immolating suttee, or the mors voluntaria religiosa ( = \" voluntary religious death \" ) of the aged person, who religious elders have permitted to voluntarily, peacefully, and slowly die by fasting. certain anthropologists, such as robert hahn and arthur kleinman have extended the placebo / nocebo distinction into this realm in order to allow a distinction to be made between rituals, like faith healing, that are performed in order to heal, cure, or bring benefit ( placebo rituals ) and others, like \" pointing the bone \", that are performed in order to kill, injure or bring harm ( nocebo rituals ). as the meaning of the two inter - related and opposing terms has extended, we now find anthropologists speaking, in various contexts, of nocebo or placebo ( harmful or helpful ) rituals : - - that might entail nocebo or placebo ( unpleasant or pleasant ) procedures, - about which subjects might have nocebo or placebo ( harmful or beneficial ) beliefs, - that are delivered by operators that might have nocebo or placebo ( pathogenic, disease - generating or salutogenic, health - promoting ) expectations, - that are delivered to subjects that might have nocebo or placebo ( negative, fearful, despairing or positive, hopeful, confident ) expectations about the ritual, - which are delivered by operators who might have nocebo or placebo ( malevolent or benevolent ) intentions, in the hope that the rituals will generate nocebo or placebo ( lethal, injurious, harmful or restorative,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5197234090100102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.944079"} {"text": "are delivered by operators who might have nocebo or placebo ( malevolent or benevolent ) intentions, in the hope that the rituals will generate nocebo or placebo ( lethal, injurious, harmful or restorative, curative, healthy ) outcomes ; and, that all of this depends upon the operator ' s overall beliefs in the harmful nature of the nocebo ritual or the beneficial nature of the placebo ritual. yet, it may become even more terminologically complex ; for, as hahn and kleinman indicate, there can also be cases where there are paradoxical nocebo outcomes from placebo rituals ( e. g. the tgn1412 drug trial ), as well as paradoxical placebo outcomes from nocebo rituals ( see also unintended consequences ). writing from his extensive experience of treating cancer ( including more than 1, 000 melanoma cases ) at sydney hospital, milton ( 1973 ) warned of the impact of the delivery of a prognosis, and how many of his patients, upon receiving their prognosis, simply turned their face to the wall and died an extremely premature death : \"... there is a small group of patients in whom the realisation of impending death is a blow so terrible that they are quite unable to adjust to it, and they die rapidly before the malignancy seems to have developed enough to cause death. this problem of self - willed death is in some ways analogous to the death produced in primitive peoples by witchcraft ( \u201c pointing the bone \u201d ). \" ( p. 1435 ) - \u2191 miller ( 2003 ) - \u2191 mcglashan, evans & orne ( 1969 ) ; stam ( 1984 ) ; stam & spanos ( 1987 ). - \u2191 3. 0 3. 1 3. 2 kennedy ( 1961 ), p. 204 - \u2191 stewart - williams & podd ( 2004 ), p. 326 - \u2191 zusne & jones ( 1989 ), p. 57 ; roheim ( 1925 ). - barber, t. x., \" death by suggestion : a critical note \", psychosomatic medicine, vol. 23, no. 2, ( march - april 1961 ), pp. 153 - 155. - barker, j. c., scared to death : an examination of fear, its cause and effects, frederick muller, ( london ), 1968. - barrett, g. v. & franke, r. h., \" \" psychogenic \" death", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5441358217657143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.945440"} {"text": "j. c., scared to death : an examination of fear, its cause and effects, frederick muller, ( london ), 1968. - barrett, g. v. & franke, r. h., \" \" psychogenic \" death : a reappraisal \", science, vol. 167, no. 3916, ( 16 january 1970 ), pp. 304 - 306. - barsky, a. j., saintfort, r., rogers, m. p. & borus, j. f., \" nonspecific medication side effects and the nocebo phenomenon \", journal of the american medical association, vol. 287, no. 5, ( 6 february 2002 ), pp. 622 - 627. - cannon, w. b., \" \u201c voodoo \u201d death \", american anthropologist, vol. 44, no. 2, ( april - june 1942 ), pp. 169 - 181. - charcot, j. m., \" the faith - cure \", the new review, vol. viii, ( january 1893 ), pp. 18 - 31. - cohen, s. i., \" psychosomatic death : voodoo death in a modern perspective \", integrative psychiatry, vol. 3, no. 1, ( march 1985 ), pp. 46 - 51. - dein, s., \" psychogenic death : individual effects of sorcery and taboo violation \", mental health, religion and culture, vol. 6, no. 3, ( november 2003 ), pp. 195 - 202. - di blasi, z., harkness, e., edzard, e., georgiou, a. & kleijnen, j., \" influence of context effects on health outcomes : a systematic review \", the lancet, vol. 357, no. 9258, ( 10 march 2001 ), pp. 757 - 762. - goddard, h. h., \" the effects of mind on body as evidenced by faith cures \", american journal of psychology, vol. 10, no. 3, ( april 1899 ), pp. 431 - 502. - hahn, r. a., \" the nocebo phenomenon : concept, evidence, and implications for public health \", preventive medicine, vol. 26, no. 5, ( september 1997 ), pp. 607 - 611. - hahn, r. a. & klein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5480891794841667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.946652"} {"text": "nocebo phenomenon : concept, evidence, and implications for public health \", preventive medicine, vol. 26, no. 5, ( september 1997 ), pp. 607 - 611. - hahn, r. a. & kleinman, a, \" belief as pathogen, belief as medicine : \" voodoo death \" and the \" placebo phenomenon \" in anthropological perspective \", medical anthropology quarterly, vol. 14, no. 4, ( august 1983 ), pp. 3, 16 - 19. - harrington, e. r., the nocebo effect : a meta - analysis of the effect of suggestion on reports of physical symptoms, ( ph. d. dissertation ), temple university, 1998. - houston, w. r., \" the doctor himself as a therapeutic agent \", annals of internal medicine, vol. 11, no. 8, ( february 1938 ), pp. 1416 - 1425. - kennedy, w p., \" the nocebo reaction \", medical world, vol. 95, ( september 1961 ), pp. 203 - 205. - kirsch, i., \" response expectancy as a determinant of experience and behavior \", american psychologist, vol. 40, no. 11, ( november 1985 ), pp. 1189 - 1202. - kirsch, i., \" response expectancy theory and application : a decennial review \", applied and preventive psychology, vol. 6, no. 2, ( spring 1997 ), pp. 69 - 79. - lasagna, l., mosteller, f., von felsinger, j. m. & beecher, h. k., \" a study of the placebo response \", american journal of medicine, vol. 16, no. 6, ( june 1954 ), pp. 770 - 779. - lorenz, j., hauck, m., paura, r. c., nakamura, y., zimmermann, r., bromm, b. & engela, a. k., \" cortical correlates of false expectations during pain intensity judgments \u2014 a possible manifestation of placebo / nocebo cognitions \", brain, behavior, and immunity, vol. 19, no. 4, ( july 2005 ), pp. 283 - 295. - mcglashan, t. h., evans, f. j. & orne, m. t., \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5520630628025257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.947631"} {"text": ", and immunity, vol. 19, no. 4, ( july 2005 ), pp. 283 - 295. - mcglashan, t. h., evans, f. j. & orne, m. t., \" the nature of hypnotic analgesia and placebo response to experimental pain \", psychosomatic medicine, vol. 31, no. 3, ( may - june 1969 ), pp. 227 - 246. - merton, r. k., \" the unanticipated consequences of purposive social action \", american sociological review, vol. 1, no. 6, ( december 1936 ), pp. 894 - 904. - miller, f. g., \" william james, faith, and the placebo effect \", perspectives in biology and medicine, vol. 48, no. 2, ( spring 2005 ), pp. 273 - 281. - miller, f. g., \" sham surgery : an ethical analysis \", the american journal of bioethics, vol. 3, no. 4, ( fall 2003 ), pp. 41 - 48. - milton, g. w., \" self - willed death or the bone - pointing syndrome \", the lancet, ( 23 june, 1973 ), pp. 1435 \u2013 1436. - perlman, l, \" nonspecific, unintended, and serendipitous effects in psychotherapy \", professional psychology : research and practice, vol. 32, no. 3, ( june 2001 ), pp. 283 \u2013 288. - phillips, d. p., liu, g. c., kwok, k., jarvinen, j. r., zhang, w. & abramson, i. s., \" the hound of the baskervilles effect : natural experiment on the influence of psychological stress on timing of death \", british medical journal, vol. 324, no. 7327, ( 22 - 29 december 2001 ), pp. 1443 - 1446. - pyysiainen, i., \" mind and miracles \", zygon, vol. 37, no. 3, ( september 2002 ), pp. 729 - 740. - rief, w., avorn, j. & barsky, arthur j., \" medication - attributed adverse effects in placebo groups : implications for assessment of adverse effects \", archives of internal medicine, vol. 166, no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5319176118705352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.948538"} {"text": ". - rief, w., avorn, j. & barsky, arthur j., \" medication - attributed adverse effects in placebo groups : implications for assessment of adverse effects \", archives of internal medicine, vol. 166, no. 2 ), ( 23 january 2006 ), pp. 155 - 160. - richter, c. p., \" on the phenomenon of sudden death in animals and man \", psychosomatic medicine, vol. xix, no. 3, ( may - june 1957 ), pp. 191 \u2013 198. - roheim, g., \" the pointing bone \", the journal of the royal anthropological institute of great britain and ireland, vol. 55, ( january - june 1925 ), pp. 90 - 114. - rubel, a. j., \" the epidemiology of a folk illness : susto in hispanic america \", ethnology, vol. 3, no. 3, ( july 1964 ), pp. 268 - 283. - shapiro, a. k., \" a contribution to a history of the placebo effect \", behavioral science, vol. 5, no. 2 ( april 1960 ) pp. 109 - 135. - shapiro, a. k., \" semantics of the placebo \", psychiatric quarterly, vol. 42, no. 4, ( december 1968 ), pp. 653 \u2013 695. - south, r., \" a sermon delivered at christ - church, oxon., before the university, octob. 14. 1688 : prov. xii. 22 lying lips are abomination to the lord \", pp. 519 - 657 in south, r., twelve sermons preached upon several occasions ( second edition ), volume i, printed by s. d. for thomas bennet, ( london ), 1697. - spiegel, h., \" nocebo : the power of suggestibility \", preventive medicine, vol. 26, no. 5, ( 1 september 1997 ), pp. 616 - 621. - staats, p., hekmatb, h. & staats, a., \" suggestion / placebo effects on pain : negative as well as positive \", journal of pain and symptom management, vol. 15, no. 4, ( april 1998 ), pp. 235 - 243. - stam, h. j., hypnotic analgesia and the placebo effect : controlling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5265514245598859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.950152"} {"text": "\", journal of pain and symptom management, vol. 15, no. 4, ( april 1998 ), pp. 235 - 243. - stam, h. j., hypnotic analgesia and the placebo effect : controlling ischemic pain, ( ph. d. dissertation ), carleton university, ( ottawa, canada ), 1984. - stam, h. j. & spanos, n., \" hypnotic analgesia, placebo analgesia, and ischemic pain : the effects of contextual variables \", journal of abnormal psychology, vol. 96, no. 4, ( november 1987 ), pp. 313 \u2013 320. - stewart - williams, s. & podd, j., \" the placebo effect : dissolving the expectancy versus conditioning debate \", psychological bulletin, vol. 130, no. 2, ( march 2004 ), pp. 324 - 340. - wilson, i., the bleeding mind : an investigation into the mysterious phenomenon of stigmata, paladin, ( london ), 1991. - zusne, l. & jones, w. h., anomalistic psychology : a study of magical thinking ( second edition ), lawrence erlbaum associates, ( new york ), 1989. - nocebo and nocebo effect - the nocebo response - the nocebo effect : placebo ' s evil twin - what modifies a healing responsenl : nocebo - effectsv : noceboeffekt | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5318230068555652, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.950839"} {"text": "the interaction of invasive bacterial pathogens of the gut such as yersinia with the host causes a potent inflammatory response and tissue damage, leading to significant human morbidity and mortality ( 16 ). several lines of evidence suggest that even during the acute response to infection tempering the inflammatory response can be beneficial to the host. for example, previous work indicates that il - 6\u2212 / \u2212 mice have a hyperinflammatory response to y. enterocolitica infection that results in a more rapid death of the animals and tissue pathologies that reflect exacerbated inflammatory changes ( 26 ). these studies also demonstrated an il - 6 - dependent defect in tgf - \u03b2 secretion from stimulated splenocytes that correlated with an older observation that mice treated with recombinant tgf - \u03b2 were more resistant to y. enterocolitica ). tgf - \u03b2 is a potent anti - inflammatory cytokine ( 36 ) ; in fact, it wasn ' t possible to use tgf - \u03b2\u2212 / \u2212 mice for these studies because the animals die 2 to 3 weeks after birth from systemic inflammation ( 43 ). altogether, these data suggest that cytokine - mediated regulation of the extent of inflammation during an invasive bacterial infection is a crucial aspect of the host response. cytokine - mediated immune regulation is often carried out by cd4 + helper t cells ( th ), which polarize the immune system to appropriately respond to pathogen challenge. there is strong experimental evidence supporting a central role for t cells in clearing y. enterocolitica infection, especially ifn - \u03b3 - producing th - 1 cells. however, in the last 10 years, a number of newly discovered cd4 + t - cell subsets ( t - reg and th - 17 ) have emerged as key players in the pathogenesis of diseases ranging from infectious disease to autoimmune disease ( 37 ). t - reg cells are critical to the maintenance of immune tolerance and prevention of unwanted inflammatory responses at mucosal surfaces such as the gut, and, not surprisingly, t - regs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of chronic infectious diseases ( 32 ). several studies have also implicated t - regs in the modulation of memory responses following an acute infection, but little information on the direct role of t - regs during the host response to an acute bacterial infection is available. recently, rudensky and coworkers reported that t - regs maintain th - 17 homeostasis in the gut utilizing a stat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4825499776485811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.958160"} {"text": "little information on the direct role of t - regs during the host response to an acute bacterial infection is available. recently, rudensky and coworkers reported that t - regs maintain th - 17 homeostasis in the gut utilizing a stat - 3 - dependent mechanism that was distinct from that used by tgf - \u03b2 ( 21 ). these studies also highlighted the interaction of different classes of t cells to maintain tolerance of the gut. it would not be unreasonable to predict that similar control mechanisms are in place to control inflammation generated in response to acute bacterial infections of the gut. here we report a role for t - regs during the host response to acute invasive infection of the gastrointestinal tract by y. enterocolitica. by 3 days postinfection there is a rapid expansion of cd4 + t cells and a 2 - to 3 - fold increase in tgf - \u03b2 + t cells yet there is no increase in cd8 + tgf - \u03b2 - producing t cells or macrophages producing tgf - \u03b2. t - reg cells are critical for controlling dissemination to extraintestinal sites of infection based on the more rapid liver colonization and the subsequent rapid death of mice treated with anti - tgf - \u03b2 or anti - cd25 antibodies. active tgf - \u03b2 transcription in the peyer ' s patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen following infection is dependent on the presence of cd4 + cells, suggesting that t cells are the major source of this cytokine during infection ( fig. ). the importance of cd4 + t cells is well established as an immune control mechanism during yersinia infection, but, to our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating a protective role for a cd4 + t - cell subset other than th - 1 for yersinia the protective role of t - regs is presumably secondary to that provided by th - 1 or th - 17 t cells given that all of the control animals in these experiments developed disease and in many cases succumbed to infection. here, we provide evidence for the generation of cd4 + th - 17 cells following y. enterocolitica infection that is consistent with the presence of il - 6, il - 1, and tgf - \u03b2 in infected tissues. however, in a situation where an animal is deficient in tgf - \u03b2 or cd25 function, bacteria disseminate to the liver and lung more rapidly and the majority of animals succumb to disease several days before the control animals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46230956143089064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.959164"} {"text": ". however, in a situation where an animal is deficient in tgf - \u03b2 or cd25 function, bacteria disseminate to the liver and lung more rapidly and the majority of animals succumb to disease several days before the control animals. interestingly, we show that animals treated with antibodies that block tgf - \u03b2 or cd25 function have a diminished th - 17 response following y. enterocolitica infection. these data are consistent with a t - reg response during acute infection impacting the appropriate th - 17 effector t - cell response. however these data should be interpreted with some caution as th - 17 cells express il - 2r and it is possible that anti - cd25 treatment might impact il - 17 production by blocking il - 2r on these cells. these data do demonstrate a clear th - 17 response during y. enterocolitica infection, further expanding the known cd4 + effector responses elicited during this infection. while cd25 can be expressed on other cd4 + effector t cells once they are activated, the kinetics of liver and lung colonization in the mice treated with anti - cd25 antibodies suggest a target t cell expressing high levels of cd25 at days 0 to 3 postinfection during a primary immune response, which is most consistent with t - regs. interestingly, another potent anti - inflammatory cytokine produced by t - regs is il - 10, which has a controversial role in the pathogenesis of y. enterocolitica infection, with some studies suggesting that deficiency in il - 10 leads to resistance and others demonstrating that il - 10 deficiency has no impact on yersinia ). the different phenotypes observed with il - 10 versus tgf - \u03b2 deficiency may be reflective of distinct roles during the host response or a difference due to genetic versus antibody - mediated deficiency. altogether, these data would suggest that t - regs, through the action of tgf - \u03b2, help to limit bacterial dissemination to the liver and lung by an unknown mechanism. a number of recent studies have suggested that the dissemination of yersinia from the gut to other organs is more complex than previously appreciated, finding that peyer ' s patches are not absolutely required for infection through the gut and that pools of bacteria in the gut can seed the deeper tissues ( 9 ). given these revelations, it is not unreasonable to predict that the host has evolved a means to temper inflammation during an acute bacterial infection as a means to diminish tissue damage and limit dissemination of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47925553241049396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.960397"} {"text": "the gut can seed the deeper tissues ( 9 ). given these revelations, it is not unreasonable to predict that the host has evolved a means to temper inflammation during an acute bacterial infection as a means to diminish tissue damage and limit dissemination of the infection. in the case of invasive bacterial pathogens of the gut, natural t - regulatory cells appear to figure prominently in this role. studies with ovalbumin ( ova ) - restricted mice suggest that a fraction of the increases in t - regs after y. enterocolitica infection are independent of clonal expansion and may be a response to pathogen - associated antigens recognized through the toll - like receptors expressed on these cells ( 46 ). likewise, these same data would suggest that the expansion of t - regs in the yersinia - infected c57bl / 6 mice is predominantly due to antigen - dependent expansion of these cells. currently it is not clear if these cells expand due to a pathogen - associated antigen or in response to a self antigen released as a result of the severe tissue damage caused by these infections. altogether, these studies reveal a previously unrecognized role for t - regs in the acute phase of the host response to invasive bacterial pathogens of the gut. although t - regs are unlikely to be directly involved in antimicrobial activities in a manner analogous to th - 1 cells, they likely control inflammation, thus limiting tissue damage and direct access to the circulation, thereby indirectly impacting the dissemination of bacteria. the robust colonization of the livers by day 5 postinfection in mice treated with anti - tgf - \u03b2 or anti - cd25 antibodies suggests that these mice develop bacteremia more rapidly than control animals. additionally, during acute infections, t - regs may play an important role in regulating immune homeostasis, limiting the extent of inflammation and / or assisting in the return to basal status once infection has been resolved. these data supply further evidence for mechanisms of immune control of acute inflammation during invasive bacterial infection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47544067148055225, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.961248"} {"text": "of the 594 children randomised, 571 started the study, receiving either milk containing lactobacillus gg ( n = 282 ) or control milk ( n = 289 ) ( figure ). fifty eight children did not complete the follow up period. progress of participants during seven month study table details characteristics of the children before treatment. the block randomisation resulted in a similar distribution of children in the age groups under 3 years and 3 years and over : 51 ( 18 % ) and 231 ( 82 % ) in the lactobacillus group and 55 ( 19 % ) and 234 ( 81 % ) in the control group. detailed analysis of age distribution, however, showed that there were differences between the groups. also, there were more children in the control group who had had five or more respiratory infections during the preceding 12 months. age and preceding infections both have an effect on the incidence of infections and as they were strongly correlated we adjusted only for age in comparisons of treatment. characteristics before treatment of children allocated to probiotic milk ( lactobacillus gg ) and control groups. figures are means ( ranges ) or numbers ( percentage ) of children intention to treat analysis symptoms of illness as reported by parents \u2014 there were no significant differences between the groups in the number of days with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms ( table ). however, in the lactobacillus group there were fewer days of absence because of illness \u2014 a lactobacillus : control ratio of 0. 85 ( 95 % confidence interval 0. 73 to 0. 98 ) \u2014 and thus a reduction of 15 %. the time without respiratory symptoms was significantly longer in the lactobacillus group compared with the control group ( 5 ( 4. 1 to 5. 9 ) v 4 ( 3. 5 to 4. 6 ) weeks, p = 0. 03, fig ). time without diarrhoea was not significantly different ( 25 ( 24 to 26 ) v 24 ( 23 to 25 ) weeks, respectively, p = 0. 20, fig ). table 2 details of symptoms, absence, and symptom score during seven month treatment period. unadjusted and age adjusted results based on intention to treat population, with children who completed intervention. figures are geometric means ( 95 % confidence ( more... ) proportion of children without infection during seven month study ( respiratory symptoms and diarrhoea ) upper and lower respiratory tract infections diagnosed by doctor \u2014 the number of children with respiratory infections ( otitis media,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5118086510184096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.968102"} {"text": "( 95 % confidence ( more... ) proportion of children without infection during seven month study ( respiratory symptoms and diarrhoea ) upper and lower respiratory tract infections diagnosed by doctor \u2014 the number of children with respiratory infections ( otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia ) was significantly lower in the lactobacillus group ( relative reduction 17 %, table ). there were also fewer children in the lactobacillus group who were prescribed antibiotics for respiratory infections ( relative reduction 19 %, table ). table 3 number ( percentage ) of children having at least one respiratory tract infection, as diagnosed by doctor, or at least one course of antibiotics prescribed by doctor. unadjusted and age adjusted results based on intention to treat population with children ( more... ) age adjusted results \u2014 adjustment for age reduced the difference between the groups in the number of days of absence ( table ). after age adjustment the odds ratio for the lactobacillus group was 0. 89 ( 0. 77 to 1. 02 ). the time without respiratory symptoms was not significantly different between the groups ( data not shown ), but for the lactobacillus group the estimated odds ratio was 0. 86 ( 0. 70 to 1. 06, p = 0. 16 ), indicating reduced risk. time without diarrhoea was also not significantly different between the groups, but the odds ratio for the lactobacillus group was 0. 87 ( 0. 64 to 1. 28, p = 0. 36 ). the numbers of children with respiratory tract infections diagnosed by a doctor and being given antibiotic treatments for these were not significantly different between the groups ( table ). however, the age adjusted odds ratios for the lactobacillus group were 0. 75 ( 0. 52 to 1. 09, p = 0. 13 ) for all respiratory infections and 0. 72 ( 0. 50 to 1. 03, p = 0. 08 ) for antibiotic treatment for respiratory infection. after age adjustment there was a negative but non - significant correlation between the amount of milk consumed and the total number of days of illness ( r = \u22120. 12 ; p = 0. 07 ) and days with respiratory symptoms ( r = \u22120. 11 ; p = 0. 09 ). the negative correlation between the amount of lactobacillus milk consumed and days with gastrointestinal symptoms was significant ( r = \u22120. 17 ; p = 0. 007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47122545384898035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.969134"} {"text": "\u22120. 11 ; p = 0. 09 ). the negative correlation between the amount of lactobacillus milk consumed and days with gastrointestinal symptoms was significant ( r = \u22120. 17 ; p = 0. 007 ). mean daily milk consumption was 260 ml in both groups ( range 110 - 520 ml in the lactobacillus and 100 - 600 ml in the control group ). this quantity of milk contained 1 - 2x108 cfu of lactobacillus gg. compliance was also measured by the faecal recovery of lactobacillus. initially 12 % of children in the lactobacillus group and 4 % in the control group carried lactobacillus gg - type bacteria ( p = 0. 29 ). recovery figures were 97 % v 9 % ( p < 0. 0001 ), respectively, in the middle of the study and 91 % v 15 % ( p < 0. 0001 ) at the end. the median faecal lactobacillus gg count in the lactobacillus group was 5 - 8x104 cfu / g. the responses to the questionnaire at the end of the study were similar in both groups. neither lactobacillus nor the control milk affected stool frequency or consistency. there was no difference between the groups in abdominal pain or allergic symptoms and no apparent side effects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4734344145792052, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.969629"} {"text": "an encyclopedia of claims, frauds, and hoaxes of the occult and supernatural introduction | \" r \" reading | curse of the pharaoh | end - of - the - world prophecies index | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | y | z zener, dr. karl ( 1903 - 1963 ) in the early 1930s, a swiss psychologist named zener, a partner of dr. joseph banks rhine, designed a set of cards bearing five symbols which he felt were sufficiently different from one another that they would be ideal for conducting certain tests, among them extrasensory perception ( esp ) tests. these symbols are : circle, plus sign, wavy lines, square, and star. the five symbols developed by dr. karl zener for use in tests of extrasensory perception. these are normally used in a deck of twenty - five cards, five of each symbol. for decades, zener cards have been employed in parapsychological laboratories in the search for the ever - elusive powers called telepathy and clairvoyance. so far, in spite of millions of bits of data gathered through that extensive exploration, experiments with zener cards have failed to yield convincing, replicable results. after a few years of association with dr. rhine, zener began efforts to have him removed from the campus of duke university, fearing the burden that the university would have to bear for being connected with parapsychology. click here to order a copy of the original hardcover edition of this encyclopedia. copyright ( c ) 1995 - 2007 james randi. created and maintained with the dictionary compilation software tshwanelex.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6058221476499446, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.971433"} {"text": "chile is a country located on the southwestern coast of south america. it is best known in the anglosphere for being the site of a military dictatorship from 1973 to 1990 under general augusto pinochet. pinochet dictatorship in 1970, the marxist salvador allende was elected president of chile. after his government was implicated in some civil rights abuses, the chilean legislature passed, on august 22, 1973, a resolution stating that democracy in chile was about to break down, and inviting the army to throw allende out. general augusto pinochet, with the backing of the united states, promptly took the opportunity, throwing the country into 17 years of military dictatorship with civil and human rights abuses far more grievous than those of his predecessor, as his regime forcibly \" disappeared \" and tortured many thousands of political dissidents. pinochet held two referenda on whether the military dictatorship should continue. the first, in 1980, overhauled the constitution but kept him on as dictator. there were many anomalies, for example, there wasn ' t an electoral registry, the number of voters was way to high ( over 93 % if the active population ), and in many areas, there were more voters than inhabitants. the second, in 1988, asked whether he should continue as dictator ; he was defeated. he then reintroduced elections, being replaced in 1990 by the democratically elected patricio aylwin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46819822321226645, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.972850"} {"text": "the tell me why series, based on the books by arkady leokum, gives informative and easy - to - understand answers to the many types of questions that children ask about everyday subjects. this program answers questions children ask about computers, such as : what can you do with a computer? what is a \" motherboard? \" what piece of computer equipment enables you to see the information that is inside a computer? what do input devices allow you to do? how does one computer communicate with another computer? what is the difference between a \" bit \" and a \" byte \"? what is the difference between hardware and software? what is a computer file? subjects covered include : abend, bandwidth, bit, booting up, cable, modem, cd - rom, data, dsl, fiber optics, floppy disc, hard disc, icon, keyboard, laptop, computer, modem, operating system, ram, scanner, silicon, software, virus, wan. this dvd also answers questions children ask about the internet such as : how do i connect to the internet? what is an internet server? is the world wide web part of the internet? what is html? do i need a browser to visit the web? what does a hyperlink do? how do i find information on the internet? what does it mean to \" download? \" what is email? can i use the internet to talk on the telephone? subjects covered include : modem, protocol, tcp / ip, server, web page, domain name, url, html, browser, netscape navigator, internet explorer, search engine, ftp, dsl. grades 1 - 6. 60 minutes on dvd. customer reviews for tell me why : computers & the internet dvd this product has not yet been reviewed. click here to continue to the product details page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4982999736025413, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.974700"} {"text": "it \u2019 s a common misconception that diets and weight - loss programs are the only ways to get healthy. however, helen lawler, nutritionist for the floyd county health department, believes that that is not the case. \u201c instead of dieting, have a lifestyle change. pick the most nutritious options and start small. pick two small goals to accomplish in your eating habits, and once you successfully accomplish them you, over time, will eat better. \u201d instead of being deprived from the beloved, tasty, food options that are bad choices, nutritionist for redmond regional medical center tiffany gokey, says \u201c eat smaller portions and make healthier choices. the food decisions people make can help them or hurt them. eat foods with antioxidants such as blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, beans and drink green tea. \u201d lawler says, \u201c i am a realist and believe people won \u2019 t ever cut out something they love to eat completely. by all means, treat yourself to sweets or salty foods, but only once a week. \u201d eating healthy should start in childhood, and according to lawler it should start with parents teaching children about portion control. she says, \u201c limit high - calorie, low - nutrient, pre - packaged foods as much as possible. i \u2019 m realistic, and i know people love sweets, but junk food intake should be kept at a minimum. \u201d gokey says, \u201c when you come home from the grocery store, divide everything in correct portion sizes. you have to train your mind and your eye to get used to what a correct portion size is. \u201d eating healthy can seem like an impossible task and incredibly boring to some because of terms like \u201c cutting out \u201d and \u201c staying away from \u201d the options that taste good but are unhealthy. however lawler believes eating healthy can still be fun. she says, \u201c food science is a fabulous thing, and we have come a long way. across the board for everyone, try to get a variety of foods, if possible one from every food group. also, people shouldn \u2019 t be scared of carbohydrates. instead of eating a low carbohydrate diet, try to mix carbohydrates with protein. \u201c it changes the digestive process and creates longevity in your system. \u201d although, eating healthy can be hard, it is incredibly beneficial in the long run. ultimately healthy eating habits and portion control when eating can help prevent common conditions such as diabetes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42901510151838734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.979094"} {"text": "\u201c it changes the digestive process and creates longevity in your system. \u201d although, eating healthy can be hard, it is incredibly beneficial in the long run. ultimately healthy eating habits and portion control when eating can help prevent common conditions such as diabetes, heart disease and even cancer. so start practicing healthy food habits now, and start small. for example, when trying to satisfy a snack craving, instead of eating a bag of chips eat vegetables such as baby carrots or broccoli accompanied with some tasty salad dressing, and that \u2019 s a good start. try these : 2 - 4 large mangoes, cubed 1 pint blueberries, washed 1 pint raspberries, firm, washed blue banana smoothie 8 ounces milk ( use your favorite such as skim, 1 percent, 2 percent, almond, soy, etc. ) \u00bd cup frozen banana slices, \u00bd cup frozen blueberries potato kale soup 2 tablespoons olive oil 2 cups chopped yellow onion ( about 1 large onion ) 1\u00bd cups chopped carrots ( about 3 carrots ) 1\u00bd cups chopped celery ( about 3 stalks ) 4 cloves garlic, minced 1 tablespoon whole fennel seeds sea salt & pepper, to taste 1 can ( 15 ounce ) white beans, rinsed & drained 6 cups cubed ( about 1 - inch pieces ) potatoes 4 cups chopped kale ( about 1 bunch ) 4 cups low - sodium vegetable broth 4 cups water toppings : 6 ounces low - fat greek yogurt \u00bd cup chopped fresh chives recipes for bon appetit y \u2019 all photos prepared by meals on heels \u2019 kathy patrick. photos by autumn jones.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44482351160306616, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:02.979699"} {"text": "dragons and dragon lore, by ernest ingersoll,, at sacred - texts. com the dragon ' s precious pearl a most curious, interesting, and at the same time obscure feature of this whole baffling subject is that of the so - called pearl which accompanies the dragon in pictures and legends from the earliest times, and is common to the religious traditions of the whole east - - india, china and japan. necklaces of pearls are a regular part of the regalia of naga - queens in their submarine palaces ; and we read often in the old vedic books of a magical jewel of good luck, ' which was in custody of the naga - maidens but was lost by them through terror of their monstrous enemy, the bird garuda. there are traces of it in early taoism, but it is best preserved in buddhism as the jewel in the lotus, the mani of the mystic, ecstatic, formula om mani padme hum - - the \" jewel that grants all desires, \" the ' divine pearl ' of the buddhists throughout the orient. koreans commonly believe that the yellow ( chief ) dragon carries on his forehead ( as also in japan ) a pear - shaped pearl having supernatural properties and healing power. in china alone, however, is this mystical accessory of the dragon made a significant part of pictures and decorative designs. some say that originally every proper dragon carried a pearl under his chin ; others that it was a special mark of imperial rank. a sixth - century writer asserts that such pearls are \" spit out of dragons like snake - pearls out of snakes, \" and have enormous value. this extraordinary gem is represented as a spherical object, or ball, half as big, or quite as large, as the head of the dragon with which it is associated, for it is never depicted quite by itself. the gem is white or bluish with a reddish or golden halo, and usually has an antler - shaped ' flame ' rising from its surface. almost invariably there hangs downward from the centre of the sphere a dark - coloured, comma - like appendage, frequently branched, wavering below the periphery. a biologist might easily at first glance conclude that the whole affair represented the entry of a spermatozoon into an ovum ; and the chinese commonly interpret the ball with its comma - mark as a symbol of yang and yin, male and female elements, combined in the earth - - which seems pretty close to the biologist ' s view. such is the dragon - pearl. in purely decorative work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5012004474981201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.005819"} {"text": "interpret the ball with its comma - mark as a symbol of yang and yin, male and female elements, combined in the earth - - which seems pretty close to the biologist ' s view. such is the dragon - pearl. in purely decorative work, where the figure of a dragon is writhing in clouds or adapting its lithe body under an artist ' s hand to the shape or purpose of a piece of porcelain, a bronze article, or a silken garment, the pearl may be drawn close to the dragon, or wherever convenient. when, however, it is desirable to express the significance of this sacred adjunct of dragonhood, it is treated with strict attention to reverence and tradition. then are pictured celestial dragons ascending and descending through the upper air, tearing a path, perhaps, through swirling mists and shadows, \" in pursuit of effulgent jewels or orbs that appear to be whirling in space, and that were supposed to be of magic efficiency, granting every wish. \" a passion for gems is a well - known characteristic of these beings, and that it has ' always ' been so is shown by a fable recorded by joly. t ' an t ' ai mieh ming, a disciple of confucius, was attacked, at the instigation of the god of the yellow river, by two dragons seeking to rob him of a valuable gem ; but t ' an t ' ai slew the dragons and then, to show his contempt for worldly goods, threw the treasure into the river. twice it leaped back into his boat, but at last he broke it in pieces and scattered the fragments. can these be the two dragons so often depicted facing one another in the air, and apparently rushing, as if in eager play, toward a pearl floating like an iridescent bubble between them? nothing in the decorative art of china has occasioned more guessing and controversy than this. an eighteenth century vase described by chait is \" decorated with nine dragons ( a mystic number ) whirling through scrolled clouds enveloping parts of their serpentine bodies in pursuit of jewels of omnipotence, which appear in the midst of clouds as revolving disks emitting branched rays of effulgence. \" ball points out that in books issued under imperial auspices \" two dragons encircle the title, striving... for a pearl. \" japanese designers like to form the handles of bells, whether big temple - bells or tiny ones, of two dragons affrontes, with the tam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5385580664941184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.008417"} {"text": "auspices \" two dragons encircle the title, striving... for a pearl. \" japanese designers like to form the handles of bells, whether big temple - bells or tiny ones, of two dragons affrontes, with the tama between them. one japanese carving represents a snake - like dragon coiled tightly around a ball, marked with spiral lines, illustrating devotion to the tama. \" a great ball of gilded glass, \" writes visser, \" is said to hang from the centre of the roof of the great hall of the buddhist temple fa ( h ) - yu - sze, or temple of the reign of law, while eight dragons, curved around the ' hanging pillars, ' eagerly stretch their claws towards the ' pearl of perfection. '... dragons trying to seize a fiery ' pearl, ' which is hanging in a gate, are represented twice in the same temple.... we may be sure that the chinese buddhists, identifying the dragon with the naga, also identified the ball with their cintamani or ' precious pearl which grants all desires. ' \" in these and many similar examples we, as outsiders, may grasp little of the significance or symbolism in this conspicuous ' ball ' or ' pearl, ' but we may approach an understanding of it through dr. de groot ' s investigation of chinese religion. ' he describes the ceremonial dress of the wuist priests as having a \" broad border of blue silk around the neck stitched with two ascending dragons which are belching out a ball probably representing thunder. \" de groot explains further that \" the ball between two dragons is often delineated as a spiral, \" and adds that ' in an ancient charm... a spiral denotes the rolling of thunder from which issues a flash of lightning. \" in japanese prints a dragon is frequently accompanied by a huge spiral indicating a thunderstorm caused by him. are the antler - shaped appendages rising above the ' ball ' intended to represent lightning - flames? dr. visser discusses this hypothesis at length, pointing out that the whole attitude of the two dragons in such art - productions displays great eagerness to catch and swallow the gleaming sphere. this attitude and avidity become clear, visser thinks, when one sees a chinese picture like that in blacker ' s chats on oriental china, of two dragons rushing at a fiery spiral ball above the legend : \" two dragons facing the moon. \" sometimes two dragons confront each other, each having a flaming pearl floating just in front of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5260551049285069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.009835"} {"text": "that in blacker ' s chats on oriental china, of two dragons rushing at a fiery spiral ball above the legend : \" two dragons facing the moon. \" sometimes two dragons confront each other, each having a flaming pearl floating just in front of their faces. there is nothing absurd about this suggestion of swallowing the moon. celestial dragons are, in reality, personifications of clouds ; and among the most primitive and widespread impressions respecting lunar eclipses is the notion that a monster is devouring the moon. dark and writhing clouds advancing as if alive, and finally extinguishing its light, might easily suggest a similar thought ; and it was a matter of early experience that after these hungry cloud - dragons had completed their feast, fertilizing rain usually blessed the thirsty fields and pastures, so that the dragons got the credit. hence artists liked to represent these public benefactors playfully contending for the opportunity to devour the ' queen of night ' and so produce a crop - saving fall of showers for which they ( the dragons ) would enjoy grateful appreciation. incidentally, artists note that a pair of their graceful figures make a well - balanced composition. the moon and water are closely connected in all mythologies ; hence the moon is closely linked with fertilizing agencies in general. faith in the moon ' s influence on the weather lingers strongly in the mind of rural communities even in these progressive united states of america ; and it is easy to believe that the dragon - thanking agriculturists and shepherds of china felt assured that the rain - giving will and power of their celestial friends were refreshed by frequently absorbing this bright and stimulating object in the sky. that these reflections are not ' all moonshine ' is shown by evidence in the writings of the old philosophers of the east, who assure us that the actual mundane pearl taken from the oyster in whose shell it is formed beneath the salt waters is the \" concrete essence of the moon \" distilled through the system of the mollusk - - an emanation from the moon - goddess herself. \" the pearls found in the oyster, \" as one student interprets it, \" were supposed to be little moons, drops of the moon - substance ( or dew ) which fell from the sky into the gaping oyster. hence pearls acquired the reputation of shining by night, like to the moon from which they were believed to have come. \" all this tends to demonstrate that the theory that the moon is the mani, the ' pearl of great price, ' the divine essence of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5217731618938919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.015576"} {"text": "pearls acquired the reputation of shining by night, like to the moon from which they were believed to have come. \" all this tends to demonstrate that the theory that the moon is the mani, the ' pearl of great price, ' the divine essence of the gods, is not unreasonable ; and its probability is reinforced by the stated fact that in both chinese and japanese dictionaries an ideograph combined of elements meaning respectively ' jewel ' and ' moon ' is defined as ' moon - pearl. ' i am inclined to regard this as a better explanation of the puzzling object so constantly associated with dragons in chinese decorative art than is the ' thunder ' hypothesis. at the same time it is to be noted that the spiral character of the pearl, ' and of the ' tag ' that springs from its centre, is the widely recognized symbol for thunder ; while the antler - like appendages indicate accompanying lightnings ; therefore the identification of the ' pearl ' with the moon need not preclude its co - association with thunderstorms, for the dragon is a rain - controller, and in a fair sense is the deity heard and seen in thunder and lightning, who is in particular the storm - god of sailormen. in japan, whose dragon - mythology has been strongly tinctured with indian notions, as we have seen, the pearl appears mainly in connection with mythical tales of the ocean - - a very natural connection. in the nihongi, an ancient japanese historical work, it is related that in the second year of the emperor chaui ' s reign ( a. d. 193 ) the empress jingo - kogo found in the sea \" a jewel which grants all desires, \" apparently the same lost by the frightened naga maidens. she also obtained from the submarine palace of the dragon - king the ebb - jewel ( kan - ja ) and the flood - jewel ( man - ja ), by which she was able, on at least one important occasion, to control the tides ; they are described in the nihongi as about five sun long, the former white and the latter blue - - the colour of the east, whence rain comes ; and the moon is controller of the oceanic tides! japanese legends relating to this matter, as briefly given by joly, in his elaborate work on the legendary art of japan, are connected with the mythical character riujin, the ruler of the waters of the globe, whose home is beneath the sea, or in deep lakes, and who is represented as a very old", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.527550840744524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.016662"} {"text": "in his elaborate work on the legendary art of japan, are connected with the mythical character riujin, the ruler of the waters of the globe, whose home is beneath the sea, or in deep lakes, and who is represented as a very old man bearing a coiled dragon on his head or back. riujin carries the divine jewel tama, esteemed as a symbol of purity and usually shown in japan on the forehead of the dragon ; also the jewels of the flowing and the retreating tides, which he gave to jingo - kogo, hikohodermi, and others. in representations of hendaka sonja, one of the worshipful sixteen arhats, special disciples of buddha, \" he is generally shown, \" joly tells us, \" with a bowl from which issues a dragon or a rain - cloud. he holds the bowl aloft with his left hand and with his right carries the sacred gem. sometimes he is shown seated on a rock, the dragon occasionally aside, and crouching to reach the tama. \" another legend relates that riujin once captured from the chinese queen, the daughter of kamatari, a most precious jewel, which later was recovered from riujin by a fisher - girl, wife of kamatari, who went to the dragon ' s submarine palace and got possession of the gem. she immediately stabbed her breast and hid the jewel in the wound, then floated to the surface and was found by kamatari, the jewel guiding him to her by the dazzling light it shed from the concealing wound that became fatal to the heroine. such stories are logical if the ' jewel ' ( tama, pearl ) is identified with the moon. now it may well be asked : how is it that, granting the fondness of dragons for gems and the identity of the several gems and jewels mentioned in myths and ceremonies, they all trace back in significance to the pearl? well, the pearl is an excellent image in miniature of the full moon ; it, like the moon, represents water, and is a part of the history of the sea and sea - wanderings. hence pearls were regarded as in the special possession of the sea - gods and water - spirits ; and these beings were often pictured in forms far more fishy, or crocodilian, or shark - like, than were the terrestrial, serpentine dragons. but japanese mythology includes also an earthquake - fish ( namazu ) like an eel, with a long, attenuated head and long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4746062721950142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.017681"} {"text": "##y, or crocodilian, or shark - like, than were the terrestrial, serpentine dragons. but japanese mythology includes also an earthquake - fish ( namazu ) like an eel, with a long, attenuated head and long feelers on both sides of the mouth, which stirs about underground, thus causing earthquakes. \" the cultural drift from west to east, along the south coast of india, \" dr. smith reminds us, \" was effected mainly by sailors who were searching for pearls. sharks constituted the special dangers the divers had to incur in exploiting pearlbeds to obtain the precious ' giver of life. ' but at the time these great enterprises were undertaken in the indian ocean the people dwelling in the neighbourhood of the chief pearlbeds regarded the sea as the great source of all life - giving, and the god who exercised these powers was incarnated in a fish ( ancestor of dagon ). the sharks therefore had to be brought into this scheme, and they were rationalized as the guardians of the storehouse of life - giving pearls at the bottom of the sea.... out of these crude materials the imaginations of the early pearl - fishers created the picture of wonderful submarine palaces of naga kings in which vast wealth, not merely of pearls but also of gold, precious stones, and beautiful maidens, were placed under the protection of shark - dragons. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5109221006467266, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.018295"} {"text": "in jena, graph is an interface. it abstracts anything that looks like rdf - storage options, inference, other legacy data sources. the main operations are addition, there are a number of getters to access handlers of various features ( query, statistics, reification, bulk update, event manager ). having handlers, rather than directly including all the operations for each feature reduces the size of the interface and makes it easier to provide default implementations of each feature. implementing a graph rarely needs to directly implement the interface. more usually, an implementation starts by inheriting from the class graphbase. a minimal ( read - only ) implementation just needs to implement wrapping legacy data often only makes sense as a read - only graph. to provide update operations, just implement the methods which are the methods called from the base implementations of then for testing with junit, inherit from abstractgraphtest ( override tests that don ' t make sense in a particular circumstance ) and provide the getgraph operation to generate a graph instance to test. where the graph level is minimal and symmetric ( e. g. literal as subjects, inclusion of named variables ) for easy implementation, the rdf api enforces the rdf conditions and provides a wide variety of convenience operations so writing a program can be succinct, not requiring the application writer to write unnecessary boilerplate code sequences. the ontology api does the same for owl. if you look at the javadoc, you ' ll see the apis are large but the system level interface is small. a graph is turned into a model by calling modelfactory. createmodelforgraph ( graph ). all the key application apis are interface - based although it ' s rarely needed to do anything other that use the standard model - graph bridge. data access to the graph all goes via find. all the read operations of application apis, directly or indirectly, come down to calling graph. find or a graph query handler. and the default graph query handler works by calling graph. find, so once find is implemented everything ( read - only ) works. arq ' s query api, which includes a sparql implementation, included. it may not be the most efficient way but importantly all functionality is available and so the graph implementer can quickly get a first implementation up and running, then decide where and when to spend further development time - or whether that ' s needed at all. an example of this is a prototype jena - mulgara bridge ( work in progress as of jan ' 08", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5353420171466916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.023071"} {"text": "get a first implementation up and running, then decide where and when to spend further development time - or whether that ' s needed at all. an example of this is a prototype jena - mulgara bridge ( work in progress as of jan ' 08 ). this maps the graph api to a mulgara session object, which can be a local mulgara database or a remote mulgara server. the prototype is a single class together with a set of factory operations for more convenient creation of a bridge graph wrapped in all jena ' s apis. implementing graph nodes, for iris and for literals is straight forward. mulgara uses jrdf to represent these nodes and to represent triples. mapping to and from jena versions of the same is just the change in naming. blank nodes are more interesting. a blank node in jena has an internal label ( which is not a uri in disguise ). when working at the lowest level of graph, the code is manipulating things at a concrete, syntactic level. a blank node in mulgara has an internal id but it can change. it really is the internal node index as i found out by creating a blank node with id = 1 and found it turned into rdf : type which was what was really at node slot 1. paul has been ( patiently! ) explaining this to me on a mulgara mailing list. the session interface is an interface onto the rdf data, not an interface to extend the graph details to the client. both approaches are valid - it ' s just different levels of abstraction. if the jena application is careful about blank nodes ( not assuming they are stable across transactions, and not deleting all triples involving some blank node, then creating triples involving that blank node ) then it all works out. the most important case of reading data within a transaction is safe. bulk loading is better down via the native mulgara interfaces anyway. the jena - mulgara bridge enables a jena application to access a mulgara server through the same interfaces as any other rdf data.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5696222811337899, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.024227"} {"text": "youth apprenticeship program the wisconsin youth apprenticeship program began with passage of 1993 wisconsin act 16 ( the 1993 - 1995 biennial budget ) which appropriated funds to the department of workforce development ( then known as the department of industry, labor and human relations ) to support : an office of workforce excellence, career counseling and information centers for youth, youth apprenticeship training grants, youth apprenticeship curriculum grants and youth apprenticeship administration and program approval authority within the department. this legislation was developed in collaboration with the department of public instruction, the department of workforce development and the wisconsin technical college system. the program was loosely fashioned after the european apprenticeship concept, particularly the german model, which required intensive and long - term employer - sponsored, industry - focused training, the completion of competency - based technical courses plus the additional coursework necessary for high school graduation. the youth apprenticeship program was a critical component of the state ' s school - to - work planning and implementation initiatives in 1993 and 1994. in addition, the federal school - to - work opportunities act of 1994 provided funds to the state to initiate the development of local school - to - work programs begun in partnership with business, labor, secondary and postsecondary education agencies and local government and community organizations. wisconsin act 9, the 1999 - 2001 wisconsin state budget, created the seventeen - member governor ' s work - based learning board to administer and coordinate existing and new work - based learning programs for youth including the youth apprenticeship program. the board is an independent body, attached to the department of workforce development for administrative purposes. some of the roles of the board as they relate to the youth apprenticeship program are : \u00b7 establishing guidelines and standards for the program. \u00b7 issuing requests for proposals to distribute funding. \u00b7 working with trade and industry and labor leaders to develop new youth apprenticeship areas. \u00b7 approving the statewide curricula for youth apprenticeship programs. \u00b7 monitoring and providing technical assistance to local programs. \u00b7 issuing certificates to youth apprentices who successfully complete the program. the standard youth apprenticeship model is a two - year program for high school juniors and seniors requiring a minimum of 900 hours of work experience and four semesters of related classroom instruction based on statewide, industry - developed skill standards, using a state - developed curriculum. the program integrates school - based and work - based learning to provide the student with academic and technical skills leading to a high school diploma and a certificate of occupational proficiency issued by the governor ' s work - based learning board. the youth apprenticeship program prepares students to enter the work force directly after high school graduation, to begin a formal apprenticeship program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4696887714819089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.027828"} {"text": "text : : unicodebox : : text - objects to describe text rendering this module is part of the low level interface to text : : unicodebox ; you probably don ' t need to use it directly. the string representation of the text. how many characters wide the text represents when rendered on the screen. the following methods are exportable by name or by the tag ' : all ' given the passed text, figures out the a smart value for the length field and returns a new instance. my $ text = box _ string ( ' test ' ) ; $ text - > align _ and _ pad ( 8 ) ; # is the same as # $ text - > align _ and _ pad ( width = > 8, pad = > 1, pad _ char = > ' ', align = > ' left ' ) ; $ text - > value eq ' test ' ; modify the value of this object to pad and align the text according to the specification. pass any of the following parameters : defaults to the object ' s length. specifies how wide of a space the string is to be fit in. doesn ' t make sense for this value to smaller then the width of the string. if you pass only one parameter to align _ and _ pad, this is the parameter it ' s assigned to. if the string looks like a number, the align default to ' right ' ; otherwise, ' left '. how much padding on the right and left what character to use for padding returns the value of this object. return array of objects of this string split into new strings on the newline character provides the count of return the length of the longest line in my @ segments = $ obj - > split ( max _ width = > 100, break _ words = > 1 ) ; return array of objects of this string split at the max width given. if break _ words = > 1, break anywhere, otherwise only break on the space character. copyright ( c ) 2012 eric waters and shutterstock images ( http : / / shutterstock. com ). all rights reserved. this program is free software ; you can redistribute it and / or modify it under the same terms as perl itself. the full text of the license can be found in the license file included with this module. eric waters < email @ example. com >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5060811693320497, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.032956"} {"text": "enter hamlet and horatio. full summary 3 remember it, my lord? 4 sir, in my heart there was a kind of fighting, 5 that would not let me sleep : methought i lay 6 worse than the mutines in the bilboes. rashly 7 and praised be rashness for itlet us know, 8 our indiscretion sometimes serves us well, 9 when our deep plots do pall : and that should learn us 10 there ' s a divinity that shapes our ends, 11 rough - hew them how we will 11 that is most certain. 12 up from my cabin, 13 my sea - gown scarf ' d about me, in the dark 14 groped i to find out them ; had my desire. 15 finger ' d their packet, and in fine withdrew 16 to mine own room again ; making so bold, 17 my fears forgetting manners, to unseal 18 their grand commission ; where i found, horatio 19 o royal knavery! an exact command, 20 larded with many several sorts of reasons 21 importing denmark ' s health and england ' s too, 22 with, ho! such bugs and goblins in my life, 23 that, on the supervise, no leisure bated, 24 no, not to stay the grinding of the axe, 25 my head should be struck off. 25 is ' t possible? 28 i beseech you. 29 being thus be - netted round with villanies 30 or i could make a prologue to my brains, 31 they had begun the playi sat me down, 32 devised a new commission, wrote it fair : 33 i once did hold it, as our statists do, 34 a baseness to write fair and labour ' d much 35 how to forget that learning, but, sir, now 36 it did me yeoman ' s service : wilt thou know 37 the effect of what i wrote? 37 ay, good my lord. 38 an earnest conjuration from the king, 39 as england was his faithful tributary, 40 as love between them like the palm might flourish, 41 as peace should still her wheaten garland wear 42 and stand a comma ' tween their amities, 43 and many such - like ' as ' es of great charge, 44 that, on the view and knowing of these contents, 45 without debatement further, more or less, 46 he should the bearers put to sudden death, 47 not shriving - time allow ' d. 47 how was this seal '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4340419546406764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.054338"} {"text": ", 44 that, on the view and knowing of these contents, 45 without debatement further, more or less, 46 he should the bearers put to sudden death, 47 not shriving - time allow ' d. 47 how was this seal ' d? 48 why, even in that was heaven ordinant. 49 i had my father ' s signet in my purse, 50 which was the model of that danish seal ; 51 folded the writ up in form of the other, 52 subscrib ' d it, gave ' t the impression, placed it safely, 53 the changeling never known. now, the next day 54 was our sea - fight ; and what to this was sequent 55 thou know ' st already. 56 so guildenstern and rosencrantz go to ' t. 57 why, man, they did make love to this employment ; 58 they are not near my conscience ; their defeat 59 does by their own insinuation grow : 60 ' tis dangerous when the baser nature comes 61 between the pass and fell incensed points 62 of mighty opposites. 62 why, what a king is this! 63 does it not, think ' st thee, stand me now upon 64 he that hath kill ' d my king and whored my mother, 65 popp ' d in between the election and my hopes, 66 thrown out his angle for my proper life, 67 and with such cozenageis ' t not perfect conscience, 68 to quit him with this arm? and is ' t not to be damn ' d, 69 to let this canker of our nature come 70 in further evil? 73 it will be short : the interim is mine ; 74 and a man ' s life ' s no more than to say \" one. \" 75 but i am very sorry, good horatio, 76 that to laertes i forgot myself ; 77 for, by the image of my cause, i see 78 the portraiture of his : i ' ll court his favours. 79 but, sure, the bravery of his grief did put me 80 into a towering passion. 80 peace, who comes here? 81 your lordship is right welcome back to denmark. 82 i humbly thank you, sir. dost know this water - fly? 83 no, my good lord. 84 thy state is the more gracious ; for ' tis a vice to 85 know him. he hath much land, and fertile : let a 86 beast be lord of beasts, and his crib shall stand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4246579578531451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.055907"} {"text": "83 no, my good lord. 84 thy state is the more gracious ; for ' tis a vice to 85 know him. he hath much land, and fertile : let a 86 beast be lord of beasts, and his crib shall stand at 87 the king ' s mess : ' tis a chough ; but, as i say, 88 spacious in the possession of dirt. 94 i thank your lordship, it is very hot. 97 it is indifferent cold, my lord, indeed. 100 exceedingly, my lord ; it is very sultryas 101 ' twerei cannot tell how. but, my lord, his 102 majesty bade me signify to you that he has laid a 103 great wager on your head : sir, this is the matter 104 i beseech you, remember 105 nay, good my lord ; for my ease, in good faith. 106 sir, here is newly come to court laertes ; believe 107 me, an absolute gentleman, full of most excellent 108 differences, of very soft society and great showing : 109 indeed, to speak feelingly of him, he is the card or 110 calendar of gentry, for you shall find in him the 111 continent of what part a gentleman would see. 112 sir, his definement suffers no perdition in you ; 113 though, i know, to divide him inventorially would 114 dozy the arithmetic of memory, and yet but yaw 115 neither, in respect of his quick sail. but, in the 116 verity of extolment, i take him to be a soul of 117 great article ; and his infusion of such dearth and 118 rareness, as, to make true diction of him, his 119 semblable is his mirror ; and who else would trace 120 him, his umbrage, nothing more. 121 your lordship speaks most infallibly of him. 129 of laertes? 132 of him, sir. 133 i know you are not ignorant 144 what ' s his weapon? 145 rapier and dagger. 146 that ' s two of his weapons : but, well. 147 the king, sir, hath wagered with him six barbary 148 horses : against the which he has impawn ' d, as i take 149 it, six french rapiers and poniards, with their 150 assigns, as girdle, hangers, and so : three of the 151 carriages, in faith, are very dear to fancy, very 152 responsive to the hilt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39234898270566254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.056913"} {"text": "take 149 it, six french rapiers and poniards, with their 150 assigns, as girdle, hangers, and so : three of the 151 carriages, in faith, are very dear to fancy, very 152 responsive to the hilts, most delicate carriages, 153 and of very liberal conceit. 154 what call you the carriages? 157 the carriages, sir, are the hangers. 158 the phrase would be more german to the matter, 159 if we could carry cannon by our sides : i would 160 it might be hangers till then. but, on : six barbary 161 horses against six french swords, their assigns, 162 and three liberal - conceited carriages ; that ' s the 163 french bet against the danish. why is this \" impawn ' d, \" 164 as you call it? 165 the king, sir, hath laid, that in a dozen passes 166 between yourself and him, he shall not exceed you 167 three hits : he hath laid on twelve for nine ; and it 168 would come to immediate trial, if your lordship 169 would vouchsafe the answer. 170 how if i answer \" no \"? 173 sir, i will walk here in the hall : if it please his 174 majesty, ' tis the breathing time of day with me. 175 let the foils be brought, the gentleman willing, 176 and the king hold his purpose, i will win for him 177 an i can ; if not, i will gain nothing but my shame 178 and the odd hits. 179 shall i re - deliver you e ' en so? 182 i commend my duty to your lordship. 187 ' a did comply, sir, with his dug, before ' a sucked it. 188 thus has heand many more of the same breed 189 that i know the drossy age dotes ononly got the 190 tune of the time and, out of an habit of encounter, 191 a kind of yesty collection, which carries them 192 through and through the most fann ' d and winnow ' d 193 opinions ; and do but blow them to their trial, 194 the bubbles are out. 195 my lord, his majesty commended him to you by 196 young osric, who brings back to him that you attend 197 him in the hall : he sends to know if your pleasure 198 hold to play with laertes, or that you will take longer 204 the king and queen and all are coming down. 205 in happy time. 208 she well ins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4670727137992514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.058017"} {"text": "you attend 197 him in the hall : he sends to know if your pleasure 198 hold to play with laertes, or that you will take longer 204 the king and queen and all are coming down. 205 in happy time. 208 she well instructs me. 209 you will lose, my lord. 210 i do not think so : since he went into france, i 211 have been in continual practice : i shall win at the 212 odds. but thou wouldst not think how ill all ' s here 213 about my heart : but it is no matter. 214 nay, good my lord 219 not a whit, we defy augury : there ' s a special 220 providence in the fall of a sparrow. if it be now, 221 ' tis not to come ; if it be not to come, it will be 222 now ; if it be not now, yet it will come. the 223 readiness is all. since no man of aught he leaves knows 224 what is ' t to leave betimes, let be. 225 come, hamlet, come, and take this hand from me. 226 give me your pardon, sir : i ' ve done you wrong ; 227 but pardon ' t, as you are a gentleman. 228 this presence knows, 229 and you must needs have heard, how i am punish ' d 230 with a sore distraction. what i have done, 231 that might your nature, honour and exception 232 roughly awake, i here proclaim was madness. 233 was ' t hamlet wrong ' d laertes? never hamlet : 234 if hamlet from himself be ta ' en away, 235 and when he ' s not himself does wrong laertes, 236 then hamlet does it not, hamlet denies it. 237 who does it, then? his madness : if ' t be so, 238 hamlet is of the faction that is wrong ' d ; 239 his madness is poor hamlet ' s enemy. 240 sir, in this audience, 241 let my disclaiming from a purposed evil 242 free me so far in your most generous thoughts, 243 that i have shot mine arrow o ' er the house, 244 and hurt my brother. 244 i am satisfied in nature, 245 whose motive, in this case, should stir me most 246 to my revenge : but in my terms of honour 247 i stand aloof ; and will no reconcilement, 248 till by some elder masters, of known honour, 249 i have a voice and precedent of peace, 250 to keep my name ungored. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42472905958119084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.059333"} {"text": ": but in my terms of honour 247 i stand aloof ; and will no reconcilement, 248 till by some elder masters, of known honour, 249 i have a voice and precedent of peace, 250 to keep my name ungored. but till that time, 251 i do receive your offer ' d love like love, 252 and will not wrong it. 254 come, one for me. 257 you mock me, sir. 258 no, by this hand. 264 this is too heavy, let me see another. 265 this likes me well. these foils have all a length? 266 ay, my good lord. 267 set me the stoups of wine upon that table. 268 if hamlet give the first or second hit, 269 or quit in answer of the third exchange, 270 let all the battlements their ordnance fire : 271 the king shall drink to hamlet ' s better breath ; 272 and in the cup an union shall he throw, 273 richer than that which four successive kings 274 in denmark ' s crown have worn. give me the cups ; 275 and let the kettle to the trumpet speak, 276 the trumpet to the cannoneer without, 277 the cannons to the heavens, the heavens to earth, 278 \" now the king drinks to hamlet. \" come, begin : 279 and you, the judges, bear a wary eye. 280 come on, sir. 280 come, my lord. 281 a hit, a very palpable hit. 281 well ; again. 282 stay ; give me drink. hamlet, this pearl is thine ; 283 here ' s to thy health. give him the cup. * * * drum, trumpets [ sound a ] flourish. a piece 284 i ' ll play this bout first ; set it by awhile. come. 285 another hit ; what say you? 286 a touch, a touch, i do confess. 287 our son shall win. 290 good madam! 290 gertrude, do not drink. 291 i will, my lord ; i pray you, pardon me. 292 it is the poison ' d cup : it is too late. 293 i dare not drink yet, madam ; by and by. 294 come, let me wipe thy face. 295 my lord, i ' ll hit him now. 295 i do not think ' t. 296 and yet ' tis almost ' gainst my conscience. 300 say you so? come on. 301 nothing, neither way. 302 have at you now! 302 part them ; they are incensed. 303 nay, come, again. 303", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4521269332501386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.060468"} {"text": ". 296 and yet ' tis almost ' gainst my conscience. 300 say you so? come on. 301 nothing, neither way. 302 have at you now! 302 part them ; they are incensed. 303 nay, come, again. 303 look to the queen there, ho! 304 they bleed on both sides. how is it, my lord? 305 how is ' t, laertes? 308 how does the queen? 308 she swoons to see them bleed. 313 it is here, hamlet : hamlet, thou art slain ; 314 no medicine in the world can do thee good ; 315 in thee there is not half an hour of life ; 316 the treacherous instrument is in thy hand, 317 unbated and envenom ' d : the foul practise 318 hath turn ' d itself on me. lo, here i lie, 319 never to rise again : thy mother ' s poison ' d : 320 i can no more : the king, the king ' s to blame. 323 treason! treason! 324 o, yet defend me, friends ; i am but hurt. 327 follow my mother. 332 heaven make thee free of it! i follow thee. 333 i am dead, horatio. wretched queen, adieu! 334 you that look pale and tremble at this chance, 335 that are but mutes or audience to this act, 336 had i but timeas this fell sergeant, death, 337 is strict in his arresto, i could tell you 338 but let it be. horatio, i am dead ; 339 thou livest. report me and my cause aright 340 to the unsatisfied. 342 as thou ' rt a man, 343 give me the cup : let go ; by heaven, i ' ll have ' t. 344 o good horatio, what a wounded name, 345 things standing thus unknown, shall live behind me! 346 if thou didst ever hold me in thy heart 347 absent thee from felicity awhile, 348 and in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain, 349 to tell my story. 349 what warlike noise is this? 352 o, i die, horatio ; 353 the potent poison quite o ' er - crows my spirit : 354 i cannot live to hear the news from england ; 355 but i do prophesy the election lights 356 on fortinbras : he has my dying voice ; 357 so tell him, with the occurrents, more and less, 358 which have solicited. the rest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3983786491215703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.061407"} {"text": "england ; 355 but i do prophesy the election lights 356 on fortinbras : he has my dying voice ; 357 so tell him, with the occurrents, more and less, 358 which have solicited. the rest is silence. 361 why does the drum come hither? 362 where is this sight? 367 the sight is dismal ; 368 and our affairs from england come too late : 369 the ears are senseless that should give us hearing, 370 to tell him his commandment is fulfill ' d, 371 that rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead : 372 where should we have our thanks? 372 not from his mouth, 373 had it the ability of life to thank you : 374 he never gave commandment for their death. 375 but since, so jump upon this bloody question, 376 you from the polack wars, and you from england, 377 are here arriv ' d, give order that these bodies 378 high on a stage be placed to the view ; 379 and let me speak to the yet unknowing world 380 how these things came about. so shall you hear 381 of carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts, 382 of accidental judgments, casual slaughters, 383 of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause, 384 and, in this upshot, purposes mistook 385 fall ' n on th ' inventors ' heads : all this can i 386 truly deliver. 386 let us haste to hear it, 387 and call the noblest to the audience. 388 for me, with sorrow i embrace my fortune : 389 i have some rights of memory in this kingdom, 390 which now to claim my vantage doth invite me. 391 of that i shall have also cause to speak, 392 and from his mouth whose voice will draw on more ; 393 but let this same be presently perform ' d, 394 even while men ' s minds are wild ; lest more mischance 395 on plots and errors, happen. 395 let four captains 396 bear hamlet, like a soldier, to the stage ; 397 for he was likely, had he been put on, 398 to have prov ' d most royal : and, for his passage, 399 the soldiers ' music and the rites of war 400 speak loudly for him. 401 take up the bodies : such a sight as this 402 becomes the field, but here shows much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4544534922677292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.063220"} {"text": "the u. s. military is embracing alternative energy \u2014 but not because of climate change. up to half of the yearly american casualties in iraq and afghanistan have been incurred guarding fuel convoys, and the pentagon will no longer tolerate oil ' s \" burden in blood. \" by edward humes the marines of india company harbored grave doubts about the experimental solar - power gear they were ordered to tote from their beachside base at camp pendleton to the grimmest, toughest war zone of afghanistan. they arrived far more interested in armor to protect them while they patrolled the \" fish tank, \" a booby trap - laden settlement next to their base, than in thin - film photovoltaics that might protect the planet from their carbon bootprint. india company had encountered up to 15 roadside bombs a day, and individual platoon casualty rates had run as high as 25 percent killed or wounded. tree hugging didn ' t seem like much of a survival skill in a place where a single false step could cost your legs \u2014 or worse. \" i was a skeptic, \" gunnery sergeant willy carrion says, in comments passed on from afghanistan by military officials. \" as marines, we do not always like change. i expected [ the solar gear ] to be a burden. \" but then they put it to the test. the portable solar generators and battery packs that powered the marines ' lights, radios, and computers day and night ran quietly, coolly, and cleanly, unlike the loud, cranky, jet - fuel - sucking generators they normally used. camp jackson, india company ' s forward operating base, went from a noisy, easy target for insurgents roaming the night to a silent, stealthy, safer outpost. the 20 to 25 gallons of fuel it previously took to power a platoon each day suddenly lasted more than a week \u2014 which meant fewer fuel convoys, with their notoriously high casualty rates ; fewer collisions with roadside improvised explosive devices ( ieds ), and fewer marines assigned to convoy duty instead of their primary mission. portable solar chargers allowed marine patrols to spend weeks away from their camp jackson stronghold in the taliban - infested sangin district of helmand province without needing to lug extra batteries for their radios and other devices. this is no small matter : a modern infantry soldier may have to carry five pounds of batteries a day in the field. the heavy load displaces ammunition and demands regular replenishment missions that are as dangerous as fuel convoys. fold - up solar chargers eliminated all that, according to first lieutenant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48578037609353136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.081463"} {"text": "may have to carry five pounds of batteries a day in the field. the heavy load displaces ammunition and demands regular replenishment missions that are as dangerous as fuel convoys. fold - up solar chargers eliminated all that, according to first lieutenant josef patterson, an india company platoon commander. one set of batteries for each device lasted three weeks. \" if i do not have a radio, i ' m lost, \" patterson explains. \" so that was huge. i ' m completely sold. \" india company is now the greenest fighting unit in the u. s. military. its battle - tested package of solar gadgets \u2014 collectively dubbed the exfob ( experimental forward operating base ) by the acronym - loving military \u2014 has been a hit with the troops on the ground. most of the fuel consumed in a combat zone powers electric generators, not vehicles, which makes solar a perfect alternative. the best evidence of this : other units are clamoring for the same gear. india company has become the model for a leaner, meaner, lower - carbon fighting force. video : sierra writer edward humes discusses the greening of the u. s. military. \" the time we have saved on convoys has been crucial, \" carrion says. \" we all see how important renewable energy is. every infantry battalion should have the exfob. \" the department of defense uses more petroleum ( and energy ) than any other organization on the planet \u2014 $ 13 billion to $ 18 billion worth a year, depending on who does the math. that accounts for more than 80 percent of the federal government ' s energy tab. but after years of resistance, gunnery sergeant carrion ' s suggestion is now pentagon policy. the u. s. military, despite being stretched thin by eight years and a trillion - plus dollars spent in iraq, afghanistan, and now libya, is taking on another controversial, long - term mission : to defend america without depending on oil. the pride of the navy is no longer the iconic nimitz - class nuclear - powered floating airfield or the deadly aegis missile destroyer with gas - turbine engines that suck 34 gallons of fuel a minute. now it ' s the nimble, multipurpose amphibious assault ship uss makin island, an electric hybrid that can carry an entire marine expeditionary unit, complete with tanks and aircraft, while using 60 percent less fossil fuel than its predecessors. meanwhile, spurred on by glowing reports from india company, the marine corps is equipping other units with the exfob and testing a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4566832611502535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.082740"} {"text": "entire marine expeditionary unit, complete with tanks and aircraft, while using 60 percent less fossil fuel than its predecessors. meanwhile, spurred on by glowing reports from india company, the marine corps is equipping other units with the exfob and testing a new round of green battle gear at its desert training facility in twentynine palms, california, including a renewable - energy water - purification system intended to reduce the dangerous trucking of bottled water. the army is pursuing an aggressive \" net zero \" goal for its permanent bases worldwide, balancing production and consumption of energy, water, and waste so that they total out to zero. plans have been approved for dozens of solar - power installations at bases around the world, and testing is ongoing for combat technologies such as an electric hybrid dune buggy for special forces, mobile factories that turn battle - zone waste into renewable fuel, and portable hybrid generators and smart \" microgrids \" that provide instant green power for far - flung outposts. the air force, the military ' s biggest oil hog, is certifying fighters, bombers, and cargo jets to run on a mix that ' s 50 percent lower - carbon renewable biofuels. once - cutting - edge stealth engineering is now old hat ; the sexy new topic in aviation tech is fuel - producing algae. tanks and jeeps \u2014 not to mention military garbage trucks and the 164, 000 other noncombat vehicles that service military bases \u2014 are next in line for biofuels and hybridization. military officials are quick to make clear that this effort has nothing to do with political correctness, saving endangered species, or even slowing the global warming caused by the military ' s 300, 000 - barrels - a - day oil habit. \" it ' s about cost. it ' s about national security. and it ' s about the burden in blood, \" says bill browning, a member of the defense science board ' s energy task force ( now disbanded ) and a founder of the environmental consulting group terrapin bright green. he points to a simple, terrible statistic concerning iraq and afghanistan : \" half the casualties in these conflicts have been fuel - convoy related. \" in 2007, one out of every 24 fuel convoys in afghanistan, and one out of 38 in iraq, led to a military fatality, according to an army study examining the link between casualties and energy. the 6, 000 fuel convoys that year imposed such a huge cost in lives, manpower, and money that the pentagon could no longer ignore it, browning says. \" we call them convoys,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4998155871739961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.083863"} {"text": "to an army study examining the link between casualties and energy. the 6, 000 fuel convoys that year imposed such a huge cost in lives, manpower, and money that the pentagon could no longer ignore it, browning says. \" we call them convoys, but we might as well call them targets, \" says james valdes, an army scientific adviser and designer of a prototype trash - to - energy system for combat zones. adds paul skalny, director of the army ' s national automotive center in detroit, \" this is the number that matters : for every 1 percent of fuel we don ' t have to burn, 6, 444 fewer soldiers have to be involved in convoy operations. and those are sons and daughters and husbands and wives who get to go home to their families someday. \" in addition to mortality statistics are some grim budgetary realities. getting fuel to combat troops in afghanistan costs between $ 25 and $ 50 a gallon, and sometimes as much as $ 400. even at the most peaceful outpost, it ' s never lower than $ 14 a gallon. says tom hicks, the navy ' s first deputy assistant secretary for energy ( a post that didn ' t exist until last year ) : \" we ' ve realized that the best barrel of oil is the one we don ' t use. \" hicks ' s boss, navy secretary ray mabus, is among the most vocal of the military ' s energy hawks. the former mississippi governor publicly decries oil dependence for making our country and military \" far too vulnerable. \" mabus promises a \" great green fleet \" powered by renewable energy, starting with a carrier strike group to be demonstrated next year, and a navy - wide conversion to 50 percent oil - free energy on land, at sea, and in the air by 2020, with a mix of solar, wind, geothermal, biofuel, and nuclear power. this is a tall order, given that between the navy and the marines under his command, mabus ' s empire includes 290 ships ; 3, 700 jets, planes, and helicopters ; 50, 000 vehicles ; and more than 72, 500 buildings. how can mabus get away with such a commitment in a bad economy and with a fractured congress threatening to pull the plug on environmental and energy initiatives? simple : just as president barack obama pushed renewables while avoiding the word \" climate \" in this year ' s state of the union address, mabus and other defense leaders downplay any connection between a sustainably powered military and fighting climate change. sharon burke, the new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4706316807042875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.084945"} {"text": "president barack obama pushed renewables while avoiding the word \" climate \" in this year ' s state of the union address, mabus and other defense leaders downplay any connection between a sustainably powered military and fighting climate change. sharon burke, the new director of defense operational energy plans and programs \u2014 the closest thing to an energy czar that the pentagon has ever had \u2014 used this strategy when confronted during her confirmation hearings last fall by climate - change doubter - in - chief senator james inhofe. burke shrugged off his suggestion that she was making carbon reduction her priority, saying that her charge was to \" improve the military ' s energy security \" and make sure that the pentagon factors in the true cost of energy for its equipment, purchases, and operations. but she acknowledged, \" they are linked together.... if we do it right, that will be one of the results, cutting greenhouse - gas emissions. but that ' s not the role of this job. \" it turned out that talking about how a terrorist strike far smaller than 9 / 11 could cripple america ' s power grid ( and most of our military bases along with it ), and detailing the budget - busting specter of $ 400 - a - gallon fuel for military humvees that get as little as four miles per gallon, provided framing that even the most die - hard congressional climate skeptic could not easily dismiss. green power, the energy hawks insist, makes the military stronger. no less an authority than admiral mike mullen, chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, says, \" energy security needs to be one of the first things we think about, before we deploy another soldier, before we build another ship or plane, and before we buy or fill another rucksack. \" the traditional attitude about energy at the defense department, mullen admits, has been \" burn it if you got it. \" so its embrace of sustainability represents \" a severe challenge, \" says christine parthemore, a fellow at the center for new american security. but, parthemore points out, this is no more daunting than the navy ' s evolution from sail to coal to oil to nuclear. along the way, she says, the military helped lead worldwide energy changes by seeding and building markets for new technology \u2014 something the pentagon appears to be trying to do once more, this time for solar, biofuel, and other alternative energy sources. \" dod is a huge energy consumer, \" parthemore says. \" doing this gets the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48232594317339167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.085986"} {"text": "for new technology \u2014 something the pentagon appears to be trying to do once more, this time for solar, biofuel, and other alternative energy sources. \" dod is a huge energy consumer, \" parthemore says. \" doing this gets the private sector up and running and innovating. \" although the green push is coming from the military leadership and the white house now, not all of the military ' s planet - friendly projects have been the result of top - down policy changes. some have come from within the ranks \u2014 a base commander scrounging funds for a solar - power installation or seeking leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) certification for a new building. even the lauded hybrid ship makin island came as an afterthought. the seven earlier ships in its wasp class of amphibious assault vessels all burned petroleum to generate steam, a reliable but inefficient technology gradually being phased out. ship designers realized that maybe this eighth and last ship could take advantage of its electrical - generating capacity if they added a bank of electric motors. suddenly, the navy had a very big floating prius on its hands. instead of old - school steam boilers, the makin island has two 35, 000 - horsepower gas turbines that provide instant acceleration and speeds of up to a brisk 25 knots. but they ' re still gas guzzlers at low speeds, which is where a bank of 4, 000 - kilowatt diesel - electric generators and twin 5, 000 - horsepower electric motors comes in. with the flip of a switch, \" we go from muscle car to hybrid, \" chief aaron suarez says as he monitors the computerized graphical displays in the control center at the heart of the ship. \" me, i like muscle cars, so i like the gas turbines. but you can ' t beat the mileage of the hybrid. \" \" the bottom line is, i can stay in the fight longer, \" says captain james w. landers, the makin island ' s commander. \" using a third of the fuel gives us enormous flexibility. \" he points to several thick black rubber hoses running along the side of the ship and into the hull, tapping into its 2 - million - gallon fuel supply. \" those are there because i can share when my sister ships run low on fuel. \" designed to carry 800 marines in addition to its crew of up to 1, 000, the 847 - foot makin island is a rapid - response warship that resembles a small aircraft carrier. its landing deck,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4757874787109962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.087167"} {"text": "sister ships run low on fuel. \" designed to carry 800 marines in addition to its crew of up to 1, 000, the 847 - foot makin island is a rapid - response warship that resembles a small aircraft carrier. its landing deck, with its vertical takeoff and landing capability, accommodates helicopters, the tilt - rotor mv - 22 osprey, and the av - 8b harrier jet. the makin island runs all - electric at speeds of up to 12 knots \u2014 which it maintains during 70 percent of its time at sea. according to mabus, it saved $ 2 million in fuel costs on its maiden voyage alone, from its shipyard in mississippi to its homeport in san diego. the navy estimates that the $ 2. 5 billion ship should save more than $ 250 million in fuel costs over its lifetime. the ship also features an advanced reverse - osmosis desalination plant that uses no toxic chemicals, emits only salt, and has enough capacity to supply its needs and simultaneously bring freshwater to disaster areas. its excess electrical - generating capacity could also provide stricken communities with power for medical and rescue operations. still, landers points out, the makin island is not a green ship, only a step in the right direction : \" we ' re still burning dead dinosaurs and making black smoke. just a lot less of it. \" the next version of amphibious assault ships, the america class, which will debut next year, will incorporate the same hybrid engines, and the navy is planning to install the electric - drive system in new destroyers as well. ten new ships will be coming on line every year for the next five years, giving the navy a chance to gradually green the fleet and retire some of its worst oil hogs. mabus has talked about retrofitting some existing ships to become hybrids too, but for the most part, the navy is stuck with the ships it has now for the next 20 to 40 years. that ' s why the military considers biofuels such an important near - term strategy for green progress. the air force and the navy are taking the lead in developing biofuels for aircraft ( vehicles, ships, and generators are next in line ) from nonfood crops such as the camelina seed and algae. further out on the horizon may be jet fuel from the emerging \" electrofuels \" industry, which uses microbes and electrosynthesis, photosynthesis ' s more powerful cousin. the advanced research projects agency - energy and the energy department are throwing billions of research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4950626839107174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.088257"} {"text": "horizon may be jet fuel from the emerging \" electrofuels \" industry, which uses microbes and electrosynthesis, photosynthesis ' s more powerful cousin. the advanced research projects agency - energy and the energy department are throwing billions of research dollars at electrofuels, which they consider one of the more promising paths to fossil fuel independence to develop in many years. in march, the air force alternative fuels certification division demonstrated that biofuel performs just as well as fossil fuels in the f - 22 raptor fighter jet. commercial airlines are even more eager to see the industry ramp up, says jeff braun, the division ' s chief, with several firm commitments to buy biofuel as soon as it is available in commercial quantities. for the military, braun notes, biofuels represent an energy \" holy grail \" : domestically controlled fuel that can be produced anywhere the military needs it. not everyone is convinced. the rand corporation recently criticized the military ' s plans for biofuel, predicting that it would remain a niche industry incapable of providing the volume that the military needs at a price that could compete with oil. the navy ' s hicks counters that military purchases of biofuel, as they move from tens of thousands of gallons to tens of millions, will drive innovation and bring down costs. he cites as precedent such military - turned - commercial products as night - vision goggles, gps devices, and even the internet, all of which started out as expensive niche defense technologies. in fact, says hicks, a former epa and u. s. green building council official who helped develop both the energy star program for buildings and the leed rating system, \" from what we can see already, we expect cost parity with petroleum by 2016. \" many obstacles stand in the way of the military ' s big green goals, starting with the fact that most military housing and many other defense department buildings lack electrical meters \u2014 making it difficult to weed out inefficiencies. the armed services have recently been on a crash course to install \" smart meters \" but are still barely halfway there. an even greater energy and security concern is that almost all military bases \u2014 even those with solar or geothermal power plants attached \u2014 are dependent on the commercial grid for power. in the world war ii era, most bases generated their own power, but that capacity gave way to privatization, leaving most bases vulnerable to grid sabotage while also complicating plans to green military electricity. then there ' s the flagship 500 - megawatt solar project announced with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.520024557025826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.089355"} {"text": ", most bases generated their own power, but that capacity gave way to privatization, leaving most bases vulnerable to grid sabotage while also complicating plans to green military electricity. then there ' s the flagship 500 - megawatt solar project announced with great fanfare two years ago for fort irwin, in the california desert. there ' s been little progress since the announcement because the military belatedly realized that the infrastructure doesn ' t exist to transmit that much renewable electricity from the base to the grid. an ambitious vehicle project called the clandestine extended - range vehicle ( cerv ) actually got built in prototype, but might stay there. it ' s a diesel - electric hybrid that offers a silent all - electric mode highly sought after by special forces units. the cerv was intended to become the model for a whole range of more - fuel - efficient combat vehicles, but funds dried up, and a decision on whether to move beyond the four prototypes was delayed until next year. an uncertain fate also awaits the army ' s promising tactical garbage to energy refinery ( tger ) system, a mobile garbage disposal and power generator that can eat 2, 000 of the 2, 500 pounds of waste that a 550 - soldier brigade produces each day in the field \u2014 from food scraps to ammo wrappers to plastic bottles. depending on its type, the refuse is turned into either a synthetic gas similar to propane or liquid ethanol, both of which are then combined into an aerosol that powers an electric generator. after successful field tests in iraq in 2008, the project has stalled for lack of funding. an even more fundamental hurdle facing the military ' s green mission is that despite the ambitious goals set by each branch, there is still no overarching strategy from the pentagon. the new defense energy leader, burke, is charged with crafting one ; she just returned from a long trip to afghanistan and iraq to research that strategy, which was due in may. meanwhile, her old colleague parthemore has coauthored a report recommending a straightforward, radical goal that would revolutionize the military and the industries that serve it : \" to ready america ' s armed forces for tomorrow ' s challenges, dod should ensure that it can operate all of its systems on non - petroleum fuels by 2040. \" the marines of india company in helmand province have less lofty but more immediate goals : more solar generators and battery chargers, and fast, says major sean sadlier, the marine ' s energy liaison officer. \" every bit of relief matters to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49346576454161856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.090689"} {"text": "creating a distributed wireless monitoring system for aircraft noise \" during the hardware evaluation process, we decided to use ni products because of their high measurement quality, ruggedness, and reliability compared to lower cost sound - level meters. \" - luis fernandez, national polytechnic institute developing an autonomous, distributed wireless monitoring system to measure aircraft noise levels and stream the data back for analysis at a control center. using ni labview software, the ni sound and vibration toolkit, and an ni usb - 9234 dynamic signal acquisition module ( dsa ) to acquire and analyze reliable, high - quality data from various aircraft. noise levels from heavy automobile and aircraft traffic during morning and evening rush hours in mexico city could potentially cause hearing loss. the committee of aerial transport has proposed a new aircraft classification system in which the aircraft operator would pay a fee based on noise production, not weight or aircraft type. as a result, we put together a novel computational model that not only measures noise production, but also identifies an aircraft based on the noise it generates. each node in our wireless monitoring system contains a half - inch prepolarized microphone, a data acquisition card that measures noise level, an industrial computer, and a wireless internet connection using wi - fi or 3g. each microphone is in a weatherproof case mounted 4 meters above the ground. the node measures noise levels every 30 seconds and streams the data back to the control center every 5 minutes. figure 1. distributed wireless monitoring system diagram identifying an aircraft based on the noise spectrum characteristics it generates is complicated in the real world because background noise, the weather, takeoff speed, and the aircraft \u2019 s load can interfere with analysis. recently, measurement equipment that uses neural networks to identify noise has appeared on the market, but it can only distinguish between jet aircrafts, propeller aircrafts, helicopters, and background noise. we decided to create a computational model to measure and interpret noise. using only the noise created during the 24 seconds after takeoff, our system can correctly identify the aircraft. using a wireless topology reduces costs and provides flexibility in setting up a monitoring system. each monitoring node is based on a headless industrial pc running windows xp with a wi - fi adapter and an ni usb - 9234. during the hardware evaluation process, we decided to use ni products because of their high measurement quality, ruggedness, and reliability compared to lower cost sound - level meters. even though each node is connected to the city \u2019 s electrical system, we use an uninterruptible power supply to prevent data loss. the node measures noise levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5577347717376153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.098133"} {"text": ", ruggedness, and reliability compared to lower cost sound - level meters. even though each node is connected to the city \u2019 s electrical system, we use an uninterruptible power supply to prevent data loss. the node measures noise levels every 30 seconds and the system can collect data locally for up to 14 days. the government plans to use our data to identify the times and locations in mexico city with the highest noise level, create noise maps, and implement regulatory actions to control the noise and promote a healthier environment for its citizens. our system can record traditional metrics used for road traffic noise, such as continuous equivalent sound level ( leq ), and it can also record fractional octave analysis and measure prominent tones. in addition, the system can transfer wav files to a central server to study transient signals that may trigger alarms, which helps identify isolated sound sources that interfere with accurate measurements. figure 2. noise patterns from two weeks in the city square mexico city. we originally planned to use the public wi - fi that the government installed in 2008, but some nodes had to be converted to a slower 3g system provided by a wireless carrier. although we can use speech and data services simultaneously on the 3g network, it has significantly slower data transfer rates. communicating via tcp / ip our control center has a static ip address. each node has a dynamic address assigned by a dhcp server. to simplify, the control center is similar to a server, and the nodes are similar to a client. the nodes attempt to open a tcp connection, and if the control center receives this connection request and the node \u2019 s validation key, it accepts the connection. figure 3. control center central server interface figure 4. signal analysis of audio that exceeds thresholds figure 5. noise level, time, and date, and amplitude measured in dba figure 6. 3d noise map displaying noise level, time, date, and amplitude below is the system block diagram we created for pattern generation and recognition. we considered takeoff noise a nonstationary transient signal because it starts and ends at a zero level and has a finite duration. as figure 8 shows, most of the signal \u2019 s energy is below 2 khz. in this case, we notice the background noise more strongly at the ends of the signal because the aircraft - generated noise masks it in the middle portion. figure 7. system block diagram for pttern generation and recognition figure 8. typical noise signal and spectrum of a boeng 747 taking off for all aircraft noise, we observed the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5371212712759604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.099259"} {"text": "the signal because the aircraft - generated noise masks it in the middle portion. figure 7. system block diagram for pttern generation and recognition figure 8. typical noise signal and spectrum of a boeng 747 taking off for all aircraft noise, we observed the typical form of the amplitude spectrum from 0 to 5, 000 hz. we chose to use a sampling frequency of 11, 025 hz in order to reduce the number of samples taken in 24 seconds to 264, 600 samples. in other aircraft noise analyses, the recommended sampling frequency is 25 ks / s and d -, c - and a - weighting filters. reducing spectral resolution we decided to reduce the spectral resolution because the amplitude spectrum has 132, 300 harmonics, which would result in very complex processing. in addition, we were only interested in gathering data about the spectral form. we present the following hypotheses : - any method to reduce spectral resolution introduces a tolerance in the initial and final times within the measurement interval of aircraft noise. for example, a feedforward neural network is trained with one noise pattern, which was acquired from zero seconds from the aircraft takeoff until 24 seconds later. in run time, if the aircraft takeoff noise is acquired from 5 seconds until 24 seconds, this 5 second time displacement will have little effect on the spectral form if its spectral resolution has been reduced. - a median filter ( moving average filter ) creates a typical form of the aircraft \u2019 s takeoff noise spectrums. - the decimation of average spectrum, with a rate x, conserves the spectral form of an aircraft \u2019 s takeoff noises. our 10 - node system successfully measures the noise produced during takeoff by airplanes at the international airport of mexico. the system makes many different types of spectral analyses and obtains the most - used statistical indicators for noise measurement, expressed in db ( a ) or db ( c ). we can store the data collected by our system and later come back to perform more in - depth analysis. we can determine potential health risks from this noise, and gain an idea of how noise levels fluctuate throughout the day. in the future, we would like to measure the differences of the yield when applying this technique after segmenting the original signal. we also plan to test new parameters to create the neural network. explore the ni developer community discover and collaborate on the latest example code and tutorials with a worldwide community of engineers and scientists. who is national instruments? national instruments provides a graphical system design platform for test, control, and embedded design applications that is transforming the way engineers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5742507162195838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.100273"} {"text": "the worst example of cruel fishing concerns sharks. shark fin soup, greatly esteemed in certain parts of asia, is now sadly also in fashion in some western countries. before ordering a bowl in some supposedly sophisticated restaurant, remember that it raises ethical questions on at least two fronts : \u2022 at the top of the food chain, this large predator plays a fundamental role in the equilibrium of the ecosystem in which it lives. if the number of sharks is greatly reduced, their prey will increase in numbers and put excessive pressure on the next level down in the food chain. this phenomenon is called a trophic cascade. fishing sharks has serious repercussions on their numbers because they reproduce at a very slow rate, and unlike other fish, they produce very few eggs. they simply should not be caught. \u2022 according to the international shark alliance coalition, the practice of \u201c finning \u201d is becoming very common to satisfy the demand for shark fins for soup : the sharks are hoisted aboard fishing boats, the prized fins are cut off and the rest of the shark is thrown back in the sea, often still alive. even in australia and other countries where finning is banned, the practice continues. don \u2019 t believe us? want some proof? watch this video. for more information, visit the shark alliance website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43080716664062346, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.101850"} {"text": "day 12 of white history month : the imposition of colorism and colonial beauty standards on people of color this is a long post adapted from a longer essay which references a lot of studies so you might notice there \u2019 s no works cited, but if you really want it, send me an ask. related to racism and colonialism, colorism is the discrimination against darker skin and preference for lighter skin among people of color. colorism was created by european colonial standards. it was engineered by white people and white people continue to harm people of color with colorism in the media, workplace, and in their own minds. white people tend to be unaware of the nature of colorism because of the popularity of tanning. within mainstream white american culture, tanning has become a trend, leading many white people to be ignorant of how prized fair skin is. a preference for tanned ( white ) skin among white people does not negate colorism. tanned skin is a trend and is also tied to class and status ( time for leisure ) while in the past, tanned skin was linked to working outdoors. when white people are aware of colorism, they often try to portray it as a tragic phenomenon among people of color and not one that is the result of whiteness, racism, and colonialism. many people of color are also unaware of the true nature of colorism, as well ; some believe it to simply be a harmless \u201c feud \u201d between lighter and darker skinned people of color. this is not the case. while many light - skinned and white passing people of color may feel a disconnect from their racial identity due to their skin color, this does not negate the privilege they have. colorism is directly related to colonialism, showing tangible effects on people of color. communities of color are divided by skin color and given privilege based on their proximity to whiteness. racist colonial logic emerging from slavery associated blackness with savagery and ugliness, as opposed to whiteness which was associated with civilization and beauty. from this logic emerged features associated with whiteness \u2013 light eyes, straight / long hair, narrow nose, and thin lips \u2013 being considered good, while features associated with blackness \u2013 dark eyes, kinky / short hair, wider nose, and full lips \u2013 being considered bad. historically, during slavery, light - skinned black people were treated less violently by overseers, were more likely to be given household duties instead of more difficult work, had better living conditions, and had more possibilities for education and eventual manumission ( rockque", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4910853240043036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.111226"} {"text": ", during slavery, light - skinned black people were treated less violently by overseers, were more likely to be given household duties instead of more difficult work, had better living conditions, and had more possibilities for education and eventual manumission ( rockquemore and brunsma ). after slavery, lighter - skinned black people had more opportunities for prestige and success. hypodescent - the \u201c one - drop \u201d rule - meant that anyone with black ancestry would be considered black, no matter what their appearance was. light - skinned black people were encouraged to think highly of themselves and were literally \u201c valued \u201d at higher prices during slavery. those classified as \u201c mulatto \u201d were more likely to be freed ; mixed black people ( classified using the antiquated term \u201c mulatto \u201d ) made up 10 - 15 % of the total black population, but 37 % of all free black people. freed black people during slavery and those were well established after slavery tended to be light - skinned. paper bag tests were used in black communities to establish admission to social events, fraternities / sororities, and more, shutting out darker - skinned black americans from networking opportunities. noting that lighter skinned black people were more likely to successful, sociologist e. b. reuter ( 1918 ) noted that even some \u201c white blood \u201d would \u201c improve \u201d black people ( rather than the obvious fact that lighter skinned black people were treated better ). white colonizers created caste systems and categorizations deriving from this racist logic, and from it emerged the categories of quadroons, mestizos, and mullatoes. in the southwest united states, mexicans were more likely to receive united states citizenship if they had lighter skin or passed for white. colonizers in africa, the americas, and asia treated lighter skinned people with more \u201c european \u201d features better than those with medium or dark skin and indigenous features. people often try to absolve white people of responsibility for colorism that existed in asian societies before european colonial contact, but it was not racially - based. the concept of race itself is a european and western construction. lighter skin was a class marker just as in european societies - darker skin was linked to laboring in the sun rather than proximity to whiteness. even when lighter skin color was preferred, indigenous hair and eye color and facial features were previously the standard of beauty. effects today ( behind the cut ) one of the greatest transformations i see in the bible is seen in acts 20 : 26 when paul says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4600765661741172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.112479"} {"text": "even when lighter skin color was preferred, indigenous hair and eye color and facial features were previously the standard of beauty. effects today ( behind the cut ) one of the greatest transformations i see in the bible is seen in acts 20 : 26 when paul says \u201c therefore i testify to you this day that i am innocent of the blood of all men \u201d. hold on, isn \u2019 t this the same man that murdered men and women of the christian faith a couple of years ago? the audacity to say that he is \u2018 innocent of the blood of all men \u2019 can be seen as arrogant and insulting but looking deeper it shows how thoroughly he understood grace. on that road to damascus when he was changed, from saul to paul, that was it. all his sins, no matter how grievous they were, were abandoned, he became brand new. like creating a new username after deleting your internet history. now if paul can forgive himself in such a way, why can \u2019 t we? i came under a deep conviction today as i stepped into church. as we step into church, the moment we cross the door is when we abandon ourselves, drop our guilt, shame and sin. stepping into church is like diplomatic immunity. we come to worship and that is so profound. despite those things we drop at the door, we are allowed to worship. and we should do so wholeheartedly no matter what happened monday to saturday. we come to magnify god and that should make us smile. it makes me smile. thank you lord for your grace. uk office or usa office? / / not that i \u2019 ve ever watched either. the us! you have to watch it. oh my days. there hasn \u2019 t been a funnier show since friends. if there \u2019 s one thing that most fans of star trek will agree on, it \u2019 s the fact that gene roddenberry \u2019 s vision for the show \u2014 and, more optimistically, for human society \u2014 was predicated on the idea that all life is valuable, and that the worth of a person should not be judged by their appearance. much of this was done through the old sci - fi trope of using aliens to stand in for oppressed groups, but star trek didn \u2019 t rely on the metaphor ; it had characters who were part of the ensemble, important and beloved members of the enterprise crew, who were people of colour. it had background characters who were people of colour. and, here and there, it had anti - heroes and villains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4786705414582405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.115315"} {"text": "metaphor ; it had characters who were part of the ensemble, important and beloved members of the enterprise crew, who were people of colour. it had background characters who were people of colour. and, here and there, it had anti - heroes and villains who were people of colour \u2026 one of whom, khan noonian singh, became well - nigh iconic. image 1 : \u201c who is your favorite villain? \u201d ; actor john cho ( lt sulu ) answers. image 2 : tos khan looking at a watercolor of himself. yes, he \u2019 s wearing a dastar ( sikh turban ) image 3 : cumberbatch and montalban ( as khan ) and who is now being played by white actor benedict cumberbatch in the new jj abrams reboot movie, star trek : into darkness. we \u2019 re all cynical and jaded enough to know the standard dismissal when it comes to matters of media representation : paramount pictures and most film studios are not interested in diversity or visibility, they only care about the bottom dollar. star trek as a franchise is too much of a juggernaut to affect with boycotts. there are too many people who love it, who love those characters and that world, and will go to see the movie. and for some of these people, this devotion to the idea of a future where even south and east asian men get to pilot a starship and love swashbuckling, where black women make lieutenant on the enterprise and actually get the boy, will be trivialized and eroded and whitewashed when the most formidable and complex star trek baddie becomes a white man named khan. it wasn \u2019 t perfect in the 60s when ricardo montalban was cast to play khan ( a character explicitly described in the episode script of space seed as being sikh, from the northern regions of india ). but considering all of the barriers to representation that roddenberry faced from the television networks, having a brown - skinned man play a brown character was a hard - won victory. it \u2019 s disappointing and demoralizing that with the commercial power of star trek in his hands, jj abrams chose not to honour the original spirit of the show, or the symbolic heft of the khan character, but to wield the whitewash brush for \u2026 what? the hopes that casting benedict cumberbatch would draw in a few more box office returns? it \u2019 s doubly disappointing when you consider that abrams was a creator of the television show lost, which had so many well - rounded and beloved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46535158644257213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.116788"} {"text": "? the hopes that casting benedict cumberbatch would draw in a few more box office returns? it \u2019 s doubly disappointing when you consider that abrams was a creator of the television show lost, which had so many well - rounded and beloved characters of colour in it. add to this the secrecy prior to release around cumberbatch \u2019 s role in the film, and what seems like a casting move that would typically be defended by cries of \u201c best actor for the job, not racism \u201d becomes something more cunning, more malicious. yes, the obfuscation creates intrigue around and interest in the role, but it also prevents advocacy groups like racebending. com from building campaigns to protest the whitewashing. this happened with the character of the mandarin in iron man 3, as well as \u2018 miranda tate \u2019 in the dark knight rises, who ended up being talia al ghul but played by french actress marion cotillard. this practice is well in effect in hollywood ; and after the negative press that was generated by angry anti - oppression activists and fans when paramount had the last airbender in the works, studios are wising up. they don \u2019 t want their racist practices to be called out, pointed at, and exposed before their movies are released \u2014 airbender proved that these protests create enough bad feeling to affect their bottom line. so the studio has now found a way to keep it secret and underhanded. racebending. com was there for most of the production of the last airbender, and were even able to correspond with paramount pictures about it. this time, for star trek : into darkness, their hiding and opaque practices has managed to silence media watchdogs until the movie \u2019 s premiere. as i said, this racist whitewashing of the character of khan won \u2019 t affect how much money this trek movie makes. and i \u2019 m happy that the franchise is popular, still popular enough to warrant not only a big - budget reboot with fantastic actors but also a sequel with that cast. i \u2019 m happy that actors i enjoy like zoe saldana and john cho are playing characters who mean so much to me, and that they, in respect for the groundbreaking contributions by nichelle nichols and george takei in these roles, have paid homage to that past. but all of that will be marred by having my own skin edited out, rendered worthless and silent and invisible when a south asian man is portrayed by benedict cumberbatch up on that screen. in the original trek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4024784843247583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.117926"} {"text": "have paid homage to that past. but all of that will be marred by having my own skin edited out, rendered worthless and silent and invisible when a south asian man is portrayed by benedict cumberbatch up on that screen. in the original trek, khan, with his brown skin, was an ubermensch, intellectually and physically perfect, possessed of such charisma and drive that despite his efforts to gain control of the enterprise, captain kirk ( and many of the other officers ) felt admiration for him. and that \u2019 s why the role has been taken away from actors of colour and given to a white man. racebending. com has always pointed out that villains are generally played by people with darker skin, and that \u2019 s true \u2026 unless the villain is one with intelligence, depth, complexity. one who garners sympathy from the audience, or if not sympathy, then \u2014 as from kirk \u2014 grudging admiration. what this new trek movie tells us, what jj abrams is telling us, is that no brown - skinned man can accomplish all that. that only by having khan played by a white actor can the audience engage with and feel for him, believe that he \u2019 s smart and capable and a match for our enterprise crew. what an enormous and horribly ironic step backwards. for star trek, for media representation, and for the vision of a future where we have transcended systemic, racist erasure. this is pissing me off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4311768139322017, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.118496"} {"text": "| | big wyoming, equality state, cowboy state | admitted to union | | july 10, 1890, 44th state | | 97, 914 square miles, 9th largest state | | gannett peak, 13, 804 feet | | 3, 100 feet, belle fourche river | average annual precipitation | population ( 2010 census ) state of wyoming wyoming is in the western united states. it is bordered by montana on the north, south dakota and nebraska on the east, colorado and utah on the south, and utah, idaho and montana on the west. the land within these borders was first called wyoming in 1865, when a member of the u. s. congress from ohio suggested that a new territory be carved from dakota, utah, and idaho territories. the name wyoming is a contraction of the native american word mecheweamiing ( \" at the big plains \" ), and was first used by the delaware people as a name for the wyoming valley in northeastern pennsylvania. wyoming is known as the cowboy state and the equality state. the latter recognizes wyoming as the first state to specifically give women the right to vote, which it did as a territory in 1869 and retained upon entering the union. wyoming became a territory in 1868 and entered the union on july 10, 1890, as the 44th state. it has a wealth of mineral and agricultural resources, and mining and agriculture still play major roles in the state ' s economy. during the same period the state ranked 50th among the 50 states in population and 50th in manufacturing. \" wyoming, \" \u00a9 1993 - 2008 microsoft corporation. all rights reserved. the wyoming state flag, designed by mrs. a. c. keyes of casper ( formerly miss verna keays of buffalo ), was adopted by the fourteenth legislature on january 31, 1917. the great seal of wyoming is the heart of the flag. on the bison, once the monarch of the plains, is the seal representing the custom of branding. the colors of the state flag are the same as those of the national flag. the red border represents the indian and the blood of the pioneers who gave their lives reclaiming the soil. white is the emblem of purity and uprightness. blue, the color of the sky and mountains, is symbolic of fidelity, justice and virility. state of wyoming, http : / / wyoming. gov / general / general. asp state flower : indian paintbrush the indian paintbrush, common name for any of a genus of annual, biennial, and perennial herbs, was adopted as the state flower on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40400256851296823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.136626"} {"text": "wyoming, http : / / wyoming. gov / general / general. asp state flower : indian paintbrush the indian paintbrush, common name for any of a genus of annual, biennial, and perennial herbs, was adopted as the state flower on january 31, 1917. the genus, which contains about 200 species, is native to the cooler portions of north and central america and asia, and to the andes. because indian paintbrushes, also called painted cups, are parasitic on the roots of other plants, they have not been naturalized and have rarely been cultivated away from their native habitat. the plants have long, hairy, unbranched stems with alternate leaves. the uppermost leaves, or bracts, are brilliantly colored and much showier than the inconspicuous interspersed flowers. the flowers, which are borne in spikes, have a two - lobed calyx, a two - lobed corolla, four stamens, and a solitary pistil. the corolla, which is usually yellow, is encased within the calyx, and is usually indiscernible. the fruit is a two - celled capsule. the common painted cup is the state flower of wyoming. the calyx of this plant is greenish white, but the bracts are intense vermilion. the scarlet paintbrush is a common wild plant of the eastern united states. the common indian paintbrush is a hardy herb found in canada and in the mountainous regions of the northern united states from new england to the rocky mountains. its calyx is greenish white tinted with purplish red. scientific classification : indian paintbrushes make up the genus castilleja, of the family scrophulariaceae. the common painted cup is classified as castilleja linariaefolia, the scarlet paintbrush as castilleja coccinea, and the common indian paintbrush as castilleja septentrionalis. \" indian paintbrush, \" microsoft \u00ae encarta \u00ae online encyclopedia 2008 http : / / encarta. msn. com \u00a9 1997 - 2008 microsoft corporation. all rights reserved. state bird : meadowlark meadowlark is the common name for any of seven american bird species of a genus of the blackbird subfamily. the two north american species, the eastern and western meadowlarks, look very much alike but have different voices. both are about 23 cm ( about 9 in ) long. they are brown streaked with black and buff above and bright yellow below, with a black crescent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4184073128693481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.137938"} {"text": "american species, the eastern and western meadowlarks, look very much alike but have different voices. both are about 23 cm ( about 9 in ) long. they are brown streaked with black and buff above and bright yellow below, with a black crescent on the chest. they inhabit meadows and fields across the united states, their ranges overlapping in the middle west. they build domed nests hidden in the grass, where the females lay four to six white eggs, speckled with reddish brown. the range of the eastern meadowlark extends south to northern south america, where it meets the northernmost of five south american species, all characterized by having red rather than yellow breasts. wyoming adopted the meadowlark as its state bird on february 5, 1927. scientific classification : meadowlarks make up the genus sturnella of the subfamily teterinae, family emberizidae, order passeriformes. the subfamily is sometimes considered a separate family, icteridae. the eastern meadowlark is classified as sturnella magna and the western meadowlark as sturnella neglecta. \" meadowlark, \" microsoft\u00ae encarta\u00ae online encyclopedia 2008, http : / / encarta. msn. com \u00a9 1997 - 2008 microsoft corporation. all rights reserved. state tree : cottonwood cottonwood is the common name for several species of fast - growing, short - lived trees, members of the willow family. cottonwoods are named for the cottonlike mass of hairs surrounding their seeds. they are related to poplars and aspens. cottonwood trees may reach a height of 30 m ( 100 ft ) or more and may have a trunk diameter up to 2. 4 m ( 8 ft ). the bark is rough, with deep fissures. cottonwoods are fast growing but short - lived trees. they are easily propagated, and some are planted as ornamentals. the wood of cottonwoods is moderately soft and rather lightweight. it is used chiefly for boxes, crates, and the interior parts of furniture. the plains cottonwood is a large tree of the great plains and eastern border of the rocky mountains, and its range extends north into canada. it grows to 27 m ( 90 ft ). this tree is a subspecies of the eastern cottonwood, but it has hairy buds and lighter yellow branchlets. its coarsely toothed leaves are often broader than they are long and have glands at the base of the leaf blade. the cottonwood became wyoming ' s state tree on february 1, 1947. the statute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40851898974588585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.139138"} {"text": "has hairy buds and lighter yellow branchlets. its coarsely toothed leaves are often broader than they are long and have glands at the base of the leaf blade. the cottonwood became wyoming ' s state tree on february 1, 1947. the statute declaring the cottonwood as our state tree was then amended in 1961 to change the scientific name. scientific classification : cottonwoods are members of the family salicaceae. the cottonwood is classified as populus deltoides variety monilifera. \" cottonwood, \" microsoft\u00ae encarta\u00ae online encyclopedia 2008, http : / / encarta. msn. com \u00a9 1997 - 2008 microsoft corporation. all rights reserved. state gemstone : jade jade is a compact, opaque gemstone ranging in color from dark green to almost white. the term is applied to specimens cut from the minerals jadeite and nephrite. wyoming ' s state gemstone is of the nephrite variety and was adopted on january 25, 1967. nephrite, a member of the amphibole group of minerals, is a silicate of calcium and magnesium, with a small amount of iron replacing part of the magnesium. it is a tough, compact variety of the mineral tremolite with a hardness of 6 to 6. 5 and specific gravity 2. 96 to 3. 1. polished nephrite has an oily luster. \" jade, \" microsoft\u00ae encarta\u00ae online encyclopedia 2008, http : / / encarta. msn. com \u00a9 1997 - 2008 microsoft corporation. all rights reserved. state mammal : bison the bison, adopted wyoming ' s state mammal on february 23, 1985, is the largest terrestrial animal in north america, where it is commonly called buffalo. the bison is characterized by a hump over the front shoulders ; short, sharply pointed horns ( in both sexes ) curving outward and up from the sides of the massive head ; and slimmer hindquarters. a mature bull of the north american bison is about 2 m ( about 6. 5 ft ) high at the hump and 2. 7 to 3. 7 m ( 9 to 12 ft ) long and weighs 850 to 1100 kg ( 1800 to 2400 lb ) ; the female is smaller. the head, neck, forelegs, and front parts of the body have a thick coat of long, dark hair. the rear part of the body is covered with much shorter hair. the adult bull usually has a black beard about 30 cm ( about 12 in ) long. k", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47507826477587545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.140251"} {"text": "' s state fossil on february 18, 1987. knightia was a slender fish and seems to have been a secondary consumer, feeding mainly on ostracods, algal forms and diatoms, as well as some smaller fish. they were schooling fish, and because of this they are frequently found together in mass mortality layers. the tendency for individual fishes to cluster in groups was probably quite common. modern forms of small fish are noted for schooling, and it is highly probable that the ancient types associated similarly. \" knightia, \" wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2008, http : / / en. wikipedia. org all rights reserved. state reptile : horned toad the horned toad is a common name for a genus of short - tailed, short - legged lizards in the iguana family. they are called \u201c horned \u201d for the hornlike spines on the back of the head and sides of the body, and \u201c toad \u201d for their rounded, toadlike shape. found mostly in dry regions of the western united states and mexico, they are diurnal and can often be seen sitting motionless near ant mounds. most species feed heavily on ants, but they will also eat other types of small insects and spiders. their wide, flat bodies are about 8 to 13 cm ( about 3 to 5 in ) long. for defense, many species, including the coast horned lizard, can spray an intruder with blood from the corners of their eyes. the horned toad was adopted as the state reptile on february 18, 1993. scientific classification : horned lizards make up the genus phrynosoma of the family iguanidae. the coast horned lizard is classified as phrynosoma coronatum and the texas horned lizard as phrynosoma cornutum. \" horned lizard, \" microsoft\u00ae encarta\u00ae online encyclopedia 2008, http : / / encarta. msn. com \u00a9 1997 - 2008 microsoft corporation. all rights reserved. state dinosaur : triceratops wyoming ' s state dinosaur, the triceratops is of the genus of four - legged, plant - eating dinosaurs that lived during the cretaceous period, more than 65 million years ago. triceratops had three horns on its skull - one on its snout and one above each eye. the name is derived from the greek words treis, \" three \" ; kerat, \" horn \" ; and ops, \" face. \" triceratops was one of the largest horned dinosaurs. the animal ' s other defining features include a beak and a neck shield, or frill.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45901637210368695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.143322"} {"text": "and clark expedition. between 1804 and1806, while still a teenager, she guided the adventurers from the northern great plains to the pacific ocean and back. her husband, toussaint charbonneau, and their son who was born during the trip, jean baptiste, also accompanied the group. sacagawea knew several indian languages, and being shoshone, could help lewis and clark make contact with her people and acquire horses that were crucial to the success of the mission. her contribution far exceeded anything lewis and clark had expected. she provided crucial knowledge of the topography of some of the most rugged country of north america and taught the explorers how to find edible roots and plants previously unknown to european - americans. most crucially, sacagawea and her infant served as a \" white flag \" of peace for the expedition, which was as much a military expedition as a scientific one. they entered potentially hostile territory well armed but undermanned compared to the native american tribes they met. because no war party was ever accompanied by a woman and infant, the response of the native americans was curiosity, not aggression. sacagawea died at the age of 25. her grave is located in lander, wyoming. in 2000, u. s. senator mike enzi ( r - wyoming ), a member of the senate banking committee, nominated sacagawea for the dollar coin. wyoming named the sacagawea golden coin its state coin on march 2, 2004. \" coins and medals : sacagawea golden coin, \" \u00a9 1998 - 2008. the united states mint. all rights reserved. state grass : western wheatgrass western wheatgrass is a perennial and sod - forming grass, native to most parts of the united states except the humid southeast. it is a dominant species in the central and northern great plains. plant growth is vigorous, reaching 2 to 3 feet in height. leaves are up to 12 inches long, 0. 25 inch wide, rather stiff and erect. the whole plant is covered with a grayish bloom. it thrives best on rather heavy soil, but is adapted to a wide range of soil types, including alkaline soil. both as pasturage and when cut for hay while still succulent, it is relished by all classes of livestock. the plants are usually grown from seed, but spread from underground rhizomes to form dense sods. this is a very valuable grass, both for feed and for erosion control. scientific classification : western wheatgrass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42531751687342934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.148470"} {"text": "2. 9 cm ( less than one inch ). however, the bright green color of the underside of the wings is very distinctive, making the butterfly quite easy to identify. there is a line of white dots across the underside of the hind wing, which may join to form a nearly solid white line. the upper surface of the wings is dark gray, but when at rest the wings are folded over the back, exposing the green lower surfaces. scientific classification : sheridan \u2019 s green hairstreak is classified as callophrys sheridanii, one of four species of the genus callophrys. it is a member of the family lycaenidae. the name is derived from the greek words kallos ( beauty ) and phryktos ( beacon ). sheridan \u2019 s green hairstreak is assigned to the subfamily theclinae, commonly known as hairstreaks because many species have tiny hair - like tails off the tips of the hind wings. however, species of callophrys have rounded hind wing margins without tails, so these are sometimes called tail - less hairstreaks. dr. scott shaw, professor of entomology and insect museum curator, university of wyoming, laramie, wy. the code of the west, as derived from the book, cowboy ethics by james p. owen, and summarized as follows, is the official state code of wyoming. the code was adopted as wyoming ' s state code on march 3, 2010. the code includes : ( i ) live each day with courage ; ( ii ) take pride in your work ; ( iii ) always finish what you start ; ( iv ) do what has to be done ; ( v ) be tough, but fair ; ( vi ) when you make a promise, keep it ; ( vii ) ride for the brand ; ( viii ) talk less, say more ; ( ix ) remember that some things are not for sale ; ( x ) know where to draw the line.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4345404910506673, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.150757"} {"text": "new srnl device measures liquid fill level ( download printer - friendly, pdf version ) aiken, s. c. ( november 18, 2010 ) \u2013 the u. s. patent and trademark office recently granted savannah river nuclear solutions ( srns ) a u. s. patent for an ultrasonic liquid level detector developed by savannah river national laboratory ( srnl ) to remotely measure the fill level of a hazardous liquid in a container. the inventors, william hinz and dennis kotz, constructed a functional prototype and demonstrated it at the savannah river site ( srs ). \" this device was conceived because we needed a creative solution for a challenging process where there was not an off - the - shelf fix, \" said hinz. ultrasonic devices are used to determine the liquid level by transmitting and receiving ultrasonic energy traveling through liquids and solids to accurately measure distance. in the nuclear storage industry, these devices are critical for the precise filling of drums containing hazardous liquids. the most commonly used devices measure from the side or bottom of the container. one type measures liquid level from within a container, but requires multiple devices attached separately at specific areas. \" the core technology was available and well understood, but the access restrictions and the presence of shielding material presented a real challenge for the location and placement of the sensor. we sketched a device that took into consideration all the logistical complexities of the container design and the potential operational issues. a novel, spiral patterned shielding plug was incorporated to minimize any radiation exposure to personnel in the area. several weeks later a full scale prototype was developed and demonstrated to be effective, \" said hinz. the ultrasonic liquid level detector was designed to be a simple, compact detector that could be positioned and used anywhere within a container, even above a liquid, independent of the orientation of the detector or the distance from the liquid surface to the bottom of the container. the patent states that the device achieves these goals and \" is especially useful when a container is being filled remotely with a hazardous liquid \u2026 and shielding is positioned around the container so that access from the side or bottom is not possible. \" \" this new device will make it much easier to determine the level of liquid in such a container, with less error and radioactive exposure, \" said hinz. srnl is doe ' s applied research and development national laboratory located at the savannah river site. srnl puts science to work to support doe and the nation in the areas of environmental management, national and homeland security, and energy security. the management and operating contractor for sr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5265832831630449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.154897"} {"text": "once the sample return capsule is recovered at the utah test and training range ( uttr ), its contents will be placed in the capable hands of the stardust curation team - who are based at the johnson space center ( jsc ). this team will then go about the business of carefully transporting the aerogel containing grains from comet wild 2 and interstellar dust to their special facility at jsc for examination. the samples gathered by stardust are expected to consist of approximately 1000 cometary dust particles measuring less than 100 = b5m each, and an additional 100 interstellar dust grains primarily of sub - micron size. the expected total mass of the sample will probably be 1 mg, less than a thimbleful. for the stardust mission, both comet coma samples and the interstellar grains must be captured at high velocity with minimal heating and other effects of physical alteration. particle collection at this speed has been extensively demonstrated in laboratory tests, shuttle flights and on the mir space station. researchers have additionally shown that comet dust collection can be accomplished with minimal amounts of sample alteration. the jsc team has developed exacting techniques for the removal and analysis of captured grains from the silica aerogel used as a capture medium. they will continue to improve and practice these techniques before the comet samples are placed into their hands in 2006. for additional information visit the jsc stardust curation last updated february 15, 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4888931561064688, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.157671"} {"text": "u. s. department of education officials last week strongly urged local educators to provide more opportunities for students with disabilities to participate in after - school sports ; opportunities, a recent report suggests, that such students sorely lack. but the guidance \u2014 which some advocates likened to title ix \u2019 s expansion of women \u2019 s athletics \u2014 also touched off debate over whether federal officials had overstepped their authority. \u201c the obama administration invents a right to wheelchair basketball, \u201d blogged mike petrilli, executive vice president of the conservative fordham institute, saying the feds had created a burdensome, unfunded mandate for the nation \u2019 s schools without congressional approval. \u2014 mike petrilli, fordham institute federal officials told edweek that the new guidelines \u2014 which urge schools to \u201c ensure equal opportunity for participation \u201d \u2014 do not constitute a new mandate. \u201c the guidance does not say that there is a right to separate sports programs such as wheelchair basketball, \u201d department spokesperson daren briscoe told politics k - 12 \u2018 s michele mcneil. \u201c rather, the guidance \u2018 urges \u2019 \u2014 but does not require \u2014 that when inclusion is not possible, school districts find other ways to give students with disabilities the opportunity to take part in extracurricular athletics. \u201d u. s. secretary of education arne duncan expounds in a post on the department \u2019 s homeroom blog : federal civil rights laws require schools to provide equal opportunities, not give anyone an unfair head start. so schools don \u2019 t have to change the essential rules of the game, and they don \u2019 t have to do anything that would provide a student with a disability an unfair competitive advantage. but they do need to make reasonable modifications ( such as using a laser instead of a starter pistol to start a race so a deaf runner can compete ) to ensure that students with disabilities get the very same opportunity to play as everyone else. the guidance issued today will help schools meet this obligation and will allow increasing numbers of kids with disabilities the chance to benefit from playing sports. but the guidance also irked conservative education policy - watchers. \u201c nothing frustrates me quite as much as well - intentioned people ignoring reality and sparking massive unintended consequences in the name of \u2018 doing the right thing. \u2019 well, here we go again, \u201d blogged the american enterprise institute \u2019 s rick hess. mike petrilli elaborated : i would vote for candidates to public office who would provide funding for \u201c inclusive athletics \u201d and would be proud if my sons \u2019 schools offered such programs to their special", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4113357888748209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.161488"} {"text": "\u201d blogged the american enterprise institute \u2019 s rick hess. mike petrilli elaborated : i would vote for candidates to public office who would provide funding for \u201c inclusive athletics \u201d and would be proud if my sons \u2019 schools offered such programs to their special - needs students. yet boggles my mind that the obama administration, without an ounce of public debate or deliberation, without an iota of congressional authorization or approval, could declare by fiat that public schools nationwide must provide such programs or risk their federal education funding \u2026 the right place to hash out these concerns is in school - board meetings, not in washington. and if the federal government insists on creating a \u2018 right \u2019 to these types of programs, the correct place to do that is on the floor of the house and senate \u2014 not in the bowels of the u. s. department of education. edweek \u2018 s michelle mcneil writes petrilli is likely \u201c overstating things a bit \u201d : the guidance certainly doesn \u2019 t mandate specific sports for specific disabilities. but his point is well taken. the education department document does strongly indicate that students with disabilities have the right to access separate, competitive sports leagues that can accommodate their disability, whether at school or in the community. and the burden is on schools to make that happen. casey followay, a 15 - year - old high school track athlete confined to a wheelchair by a birth defect \u2026 has to race on his own under current rules. \u201c this will help me become a better athlete conditioning - wise, because i have something to push for, \u201d said followay, who filed a complaint with the u. s. office of civil rights in 2011 asking that he be allowed to run alongside, but not against, the able - bodied.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43045190567223024, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.162539"} {"text": "a beautiful aritaware porcelain plate in the museum \u2019 s collection, decorated with underglaze blue, dates to the mid - edo period ( 1615 \u2013 1868 ). its exquisite design features a simple yet precisely painted radiating flower, unfolding with weblike precision. our watch has been adapted from this elegant motif. resin case. resin link bracelet. ceramic face, made with swarovski elements. quartz movement. case : 1 3 / 4 ' ' diam. ; inner circumference : 7 1 / 2 ' ' l ( adjustable ). - resin case - made with swarovski\u00ae elements - resin link bracelet - ceramic face - quartz movement - case : 1 3 / 4 ' ' diam. ; inner circumference : 7 1 / 2 ' ' l ( adjustable ) art historyduring the edo period ( 1615 \u2013 1868 ), japan was unified under the strict control of the tokugawa shogunate, which controlled access to the outside world. in 1639, less than a century after europeans had first found their way to japan, the shogun instituted a policy of national isolation. dutch merchants, however, were permitted to maintain residences near nagasaki and to continue trade with japan. responding to european demand, the dutch encouraged the japanese porcelain industry to fill the gap left by china, where porcelain production was in decline. that japanese export porcelain is commonly referred to as aritaware.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4567558809951685, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.165286"} {"text": "what is culture shock? culture shock is the name given to a feeling of disorientation or confusion that often occurs when a person leaves a familiar place and moves to an unfamiliar place. the reaction may be both physical and psychological, and some students will probably at some point ask themselves why they chose to leave their familiar surroundings. it is important then to remember that it is a learning process, and that most students will return with greater self - confidence and the ability to manage in an intercultural environment. why you may experience culture shock when you arrive in denmark, you will no doubt encounter a multitude of new things. the food is not the same as it is at home, and familiar greetings such as ' hello ' and ' good day ', ' thanks ' and ' how are you doing ', may suddenly give completely different responses than the ones you are used to. people talk in a strange language and look different. university rules are different, and the way of studying may appear strange and difficult. even though things seem very similar, they may not be, and suddenly everyday routine and simple actions become difficult and frustrating. it is often small differences that are most frustrating, as you think you know how to behave / do things, but you get a strange response. your family and friends are very far away. stages you may go through research has shown that culture shock often develops in different stages : arrival / \u201c honeymoon \u201d stage : everything is new and exciting culture shock stage : you start to experience difficulties with everyday things, as they are different from home, such as the language barrier, getting the right food etc. adapting stage : you slowly start to understand the new culture and feel more in balance. you feel an urge to belong re - entry shock stage : this stage takes place when you return to your home country and suddenly find out that you have brought back something with you, namely something that suddenly makes you see your own culture with more critical eyes. this can be difficult to come to terms with. to minimise the effect of culture shock it is important to acknowledge the existence of it, and to know and pay attention to the symptoms, as well as to keep in mind that it is occurring as part of a learning process. some of the typical symptoms of culture shock are : - boredom, loneliness - allergies, pain - obsession with own health - sleeplessness, excessive need of sleep - mood changes, depression, powerlessness - anger, animosity against other people - identification and idealisation of home culture - trying to absorb everything", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5513859748769377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.169905"} {"text": "loneliness - allergies, pain - obsession with own health - sleeplessness, excessive need of sleep - mood changes, depression, powerlessness - anger, animosity against other people - identification and idealisation of home culture - trying to absorb everything within the new culture too fast - not capable of solving even the most simple problems - loss of self confidence and insecurity - development of stereo - types in the new culture - strong longing for family and friends back home - feeling overlooked dealing with culture shock if you experience some of the above symptoms and have a sudden feeling of loneliness or sadness, here are some ideas that may be helpful in dealing with culture shock : - accept that you cannot know everything about the new country and the language, and if it is overwhelming, take a break. keep an open mind \u2013 people in denmark may say or do things that people at home would not do or say. but the people in denmark act according to their own set of values, not yours. try to avoid evaluating their behaviour using the standards you would use in your own country. - try to do things that you did at home, listen to your favourite music and / or eat familiar food. - stay in touch with family and friends at home. - talk to a friend about your feelings. - stay active \u2013 physical activity often helps! - learn from experience \u2013 moving to a new culture can be the most fascinating and educational experience of your life. there is no better way to become aware of your own values and attitudes or to broaden your point of view. where to seek help however, this may not be enough, and you are always welcome to come and talk to the staff at the international office. talking things through with one of the advisors can help in achieving a perspective on culture shock, and the learning possibilities it implies. another possibility is to contact the student counselling, studenterradgivningen. please be aware that the waiting time for a consultation with studenterradgivningen is up to 2 - 3 weeks but you can always get a consultation in a critical situation. you can also contact your personal doctor and set up an appointment. in case you are experiencing a very strong feeling of sadness, and cannot see your way out of it, you should immediately contact l\u00e6gevagten ( emergency medical service ) to make an appointment. they are open everyday from 16 to 8 the following morning and 24 hours on weekends and holidays. if you live in the municipality of copenhagen, frederiksberg or on amager the telephone number is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4806584173106543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.171067"} {"text": "mathematics, one of the very oldest human disciplines, is an indispensable tool for analysing and explaining the world around us, providing us with the skills to deal with the most abstract concepts. mathematics and statistics play a fundamental role in the sciences, in commerce and in every other activity where quantitative, analytical or logical understanding is important. ultimately, mathematics is about clarity of thought and precision of understanding. in the mathematics major, you will be immersed in a mixture of different topics ranging from linear algebra to data analysis and hypothesis testing, from the mathematics of counting and logic, to the techniques of calculus. the range of units available has been designed to cater for you - whether you intend to become a professional mathematician or if you main interests lie in other areas. for exceptional students, there is the opportunity to participate in the challenging extension work provided through the science talented student program or the mathematics special studies program. when planning for a mathematics major, you generally need to take at least 12 credit points of junior mathematics units, in order to enrol in intermediate mathematics units for your second year. it is a good idea to plan ahead and have an idea of which senior units you need to complete, so that you can plan your junior and intermediate prerequisite units accordingly. you will take at least 12 credit points of intermediate mathematics units, which are the prerequisites for your third year senior units. to successfully complete your mathematics major, you must take at least 24 credit points of senior units of study from the mathematics subject area. differential equations and biomathematics fluid dynamics ( advanced ) lagrangian and hamiltonian dynamics ( advanced ) linear mathematics and vector calculus number theory and cryptography optimisation and financial mathematics partial differential equations graduates with mathematical skills are in demand in many areas, especially in business associated with financial services and information technology. they are needed in almost all scientific, medical, technological and industrial research. with a major in mathematics, you could be employed in a wide range of organisations to interpret information and make forecasts and decisions. statisticians and mathematicians can be found in major corporations and in the public sector, where their skills are essential for policy planning. secondary school mathematics teaching is also a high demand area for graduates. even in areas where specific mathematical knowledge is not directly relevant, mathematics and statistics graduates are highly valued by many employers for their mental discipline and thoroughness. further study for major many mathematics graduates choose to continue studying at postgraduate level in order to pursue more specialised careers. if you are interested in further study, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5091663210454944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.175954"} {"text": "just go outside on a sunny day and start shooting whatever ' s nearby. and aren ' t i glad that this is a camera thread to give context to that sentence... anyway, you want to understand the relationship of three things, represented with different numbers : shutter speed, aperture, and iso. changing either one of them will affect how bright / dark your images are, as well as one other \" side effect \" unique to each choice. all three affect each other and you will eternally balance with them. - your shutter speed seems intuitively obvious : how long your shutter is open, or rather, how long your sensor is exposed to light. measured in fractions of a second, or whole seconds or even minutes for really long exposures, but for walking around holding the thing in your hands, you ' re going to want numbers like 1 / 50 or 1 / 100, or even 1 / 1000 or 1 / 2000 in broad daylight. side effect : shutter speed is also what you use to freeze motion. something moving very fast will still be blurry even at 1 / 100th of a second. at 1 / 4000th, however, you might be able to freeze the subject. but getting that high of a shutter speed cuts down the amount of light you have, which leads us to... - aperture : how big a \" hole \" your sensor is being exposed to. think of a water faucet ; on low it takes forever to fill up a cup, but open it up a little and suddenly your cup runneth over in no time. sometimes water pressure can be so strong it ' ll blast in your glass and splash out all over the place. with light, that last effect leads to \" overexposure \", when it ' s so bright that all you get is stark glaring whiteness, all detail of your subject gone. so you reduce the size of the hole that light ( water ) is going through, so it doesn ' t overload the sensor ( cup ). they call this \" stopping down \". one full \" stop \" refers to a halving or doubling of light ; the water faucet becomes half or twice as strong, respectively. so the next number you have to worry about is your \" f - stop \", the number system that describes how \" open \" or \" closed \" your lens is. f / 11 is a very small hole, and you ' ll probably only use this in broad daylight. lots of zooms have a widest f - stop of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5335154351264486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.199249"} {"text": "the number system that describes how \" open \" or \" closed \" your lens is. f / 11 is a very small hole, and you ' ll probably only use this in broad daylight. lots of zooms have a widest f - stop of 3. 5 ; more expensive zooms will go to f / 2. 8 ; some prime lenses ( lenses that don ' t zoom ) go down to very wide f - stops like 1. 8 or 1. 4. very small numbers ( wide apertures ) mean lots of light per unit of time : at 1 / 100th of a second, f / 2. 8 will be \" twice as bright \" as f / 4. side effect : this is a biggie, and it ' s depth of field. this refers to how wide an area, perpendicular to the front of the lens. narrow depth of field ( dof ) has everything on one narrow plane in focus, while everything behind it or in front of it is blurry ; this is a product of wide apertures ( small f - numbers, like f / 1. 4 or f / 2 or whatever ) in most shooting situations. deep dof, or wide, or thick, or... whatever... has a very large plane of focus, at very narrow apertures ( big f - numbers, like f / 8, 11, 16 ). although i confess, in that last photo i cheated and used a very wide - angle lens ; i ' ll give you a note about focal length below. - iso is just how sensitive your camera is to light. this is a very simple one : noise. low iso ' s mean low noise, and low sensitivity ( you ' ll need wider apertures or longer shutter speeds unless you ' re in broad daylight ). noise is random data of wrongly - colored pixels. when there ' s less light, the camera has to \" guess \" more, and makes more errors based on random spikes of information in the sensor. the technical details are fascinating, but are also minutiae when discussing shooting. what you really need to understand is that the clearest, sharpest, best colored images will come at the lower isos. higher isos make shooting in very low light possible. the d90, in my opinion, looks very good even at iso 1600 or even, depending on the subject, 3200, but try the different settings and see what you like. you may prefer to keep it under iso 800. i know i try to keep it at iso", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5373186184783258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.200491"} {"text": "opinion, looks very good even at iso 1600 or even, depending on the subject, 3200, but try the different settings and see what you like. you may prefer to keep it under iso 800. i know i try to keep it at iso 200 as much as possible. iso is sort of a buffer that gives you wiggle room between balancing your aperture and shutter speeds. if you really want a deep depth of field, need a high shutter speed, you have no choice but to raise the iso ( or add more light ; open a window, turn on more lights, use a flash or multiple flashes... photography can get expensive really quick ). - focal length : how \" zoomed in \" or \" zoomed out \" you are, in simplest terms. small numbers mean a wide angle of view ( how much of what ' s in front of you will you see ) while big numbers mean a narrow angle of view, to frame really tightly on distant objects. roughly \" in the middle \" ( thematically, not numerically ) is the \" normal \" range. this corresponding number is commonly viewed to be hovering around 50mm in good ol ' 35 mm film parlance ; for a dx camera like your d90, which has a smaller sensor, \" normal \" is right around 35mm. numbers smaller than 35 are \" wide \", and numbers higher go into \" telephoto \" range. wider lenses, all else being equal, will also have deeper depth of field. a 15mm focal length at f / 4 will have a greater range of objects in focus than a 100mm focal length at the same aperture. shutter speed doesn ' t affect depth of field, but it will affect how blurry ( or otherwise ) your pictures are. at 1 / 30th of a second, even casual movement will make blur. at 1 / 5th of a second, your hand holding the camera will be so jittery that the entire image will blur, unless you have a very good vibration reduction system in your lens. hmm. i wound up writing way more than i thought i would, and i ' m kinda running outta steam. i know i ' m only beginning to scratch the surface. sorry for the abrupt conclusion ; congratulations on the new toy! play around with it, go take some pictures, and realize that understanding the numbers and the tools are only to facilitate your own vision. composition will ultimately be the most important thing for you to work on, and you ' ll be going nuts with it once you get over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5095654072703766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.202032"} {"text": "trees are the largest plants in terraria, appearing only at the surface and often in clusters with similar height. trees can be chopped down with an axe or explosives. destroying or chopping a tree will yield many units of wood, an essential crafting material, and give a chance of dropping one or more acorns that can be planted to grow more trees. larger trees will yield more of these two materials when removed. it is possible to cut off parts of the tree, but cutting at the lowermost center tile will destroy the entire tree. if parts of the tree are left, they will not regrow. a faster but more dangerous alternative to cutting down trees is placing a bucket of lava at the very base and picking it back up immediately. another way is placing around some bombs between two or three trees. tiles beneath trees cannot be destroyed while the tree stands. the amount of wood and acorns obtained from a tree depends on its size. one unit of wood will drop for each block of tree ( including branches ). one acorn will drop for each leaf patch, excluding the top patch of leaves. trees as obstacles trees are background objects that do not affect player or monster movement. trees cannot be climbed or scaled with items such as a grappling hook, nor can blocks of dirt or other walk - on surfaces be placed to overlap their limbs or foliage. it can sometimes be necessary to chop down a tree that is next to a cavern entrance or cliff in the early game in order to replace it with a ladder of blocks that will allow scaling of the steep surface ; this becomes unnecessary when the player obtains a grappling hook or other item that allows improved jumping or flying. trees must be removed when building houses that overlap the space they cover or when digging up from underground to exit to the surface. growing conditions planting an acorn in grass will create a sapling that will eventually grow into a tree of a random size and shape. saplings can only grow under the following conditions : - a planted acorn can only be planted on a dirt block covered with grass or hallow grass, or on snow. - the acorn requires two spaces of open ground to either side. a raised tile will block growth, but a lower tile will not, if it is the second tile away. - there must be at least two open tiles between saplings or only one will grow into a tree. - the acorn requires at least 16 tiles of vertical clearance to grow into a tree. - the tree must be at least two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42832136456766734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.206900"} {"text": "tile away. - there must be at least two open tiles between saplings or only one will grow into a tree. - the acorn requires at least 16 tiles of vertical clearance to grow into a tree. - the tree must be at least two squares away from block walls on either side, to allow room for the branches and tree top to grow. - an acorn will not grow indoors - all background walls or overhanging ledges must be removed, and if you have a ceiling it must be at least 32 feet above the block where the acorn was planted as measured by a depth meter ( e. g, if you are planting an acorn at 321 feet above, there may only be blocks at 353 feet or higher directly above it in order for it to grow into a tree ). - acorns will not grow in the presence of torches, wood platforms or sunflowers within its 2 - block radius. - saplings must be off - screen in order to become trees. they will not grow when currently in view, unlike most other plants which can spawn while you watch. saplings can be destroyed with a pickaxe. corrupt trees corrupt trees are purple trees only found where there is corruption. they behave like normal trees, dropping regular wood but no acorns. normal trees become corrupted if corruption reaches them. it is possible to convert them into normal trees again by using purification powder on them. corrupt trees can ' t be planted, however it is possible to clean a little spot of corruption, plant and grow a normal tree, then let corruption spread again. this should be done with care, since saplings are destroyed if they are reached by corruption. jungle trees jungle trees are darker green, wider trees only found in the jungle. they spawn randomly on jungle grass wide enough for a tree to grow on, and may also spawn under water. jungle trees drop wood like normal trees do, but like corrupt trees will not drop any acorns. jungle trees also grow higher than normal trees : up to 21 blocks. in hardmode, corruption spreads through mud, replacing it with dirt, and jungle trees turn into corrupt trees. sadly, because cleaning corruption will turn a corrupt tree into a normal tree, jungle trees are lost forever when they become corrupt. hallow trees trees found in the hallow have a taller and triangle - shaped foliage, and exist in many different colors : blue, red, light green, cyan, magenta, yellow and purple. normal trees turn into hallow trees when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43589420446074595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.208112"} {"text": "the halliburton loophole despite the widespread use of the practice, and the risks hydraulic fracturing poses to human health and safe drinking water supplies, the u. s. environmental protection agency ( \" epa \" ) does not regulate the injection of fracturing fluids under the safe drinking water act. the oil and gas industry is the only industry in america that is allowed by epa to inject known hazardous materials - - unchecked - - directly into or adjacent to underground drinking water supplies. this exemption from the sdwa has become known as the \" halliburton loophole \" because it is widely perceived to have come about as a result of the efforts of vice president dick cheney ' s energy task force. before taking office, cheney was ceo of halliburton - - which patented hydraulic fracturing in the 1940s, and remains one of the three largest manufacturers of fracturing fluids. halliburton staff were actively involved in review of the 2004 epa report on hydraulic fracturing. several oil and gas producing states have regulations governing some aspects of hydraulic fracturing, but they rarely, if ever, do they require companies to provide detailed information on types and quantities of chemicals being used, and whether the amount injected underground returns to the surface or remains underground. additionally, in most states companies do not have to prove that fractures have stayed within the target formations. nor do companies have to monitor water quality when there are drinking water formations in close proximity to areas where hydraulic fracturing occurs. in 1997, the u. s. court of appeals for the 11th circuit ( atlanta ) ordered the epa to regulate hydraulic fracturing under the safe drinking water act. this decision followed a 1989 cbm fracturing operation in alabama that landowners say contaminated a residential water well. in 2000, in response to the 1997 court decision, the epa initiated a study of the threats to water supplies associated with the fracturing of coal seams for methane production. the primary goal of the study was to assess the potential for fracturing to contaminate underground drinking water supplies. meanwhile, in 2001, a special task force on energy policy convened by vice president dick cheney recommended that congress exempt hydraulic fracturing from the safe drinking water act. the epa completed its study in 2004, finding that fracturing \" poses little or no threat \" to drinking water. the epa also concluded that no further study of hydraulic fracturing was necessary. the 2004 epa study has been called \" scientifically unsound \" by epa whistleblower weston wilson. in an october 2004 letter to colorado ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45298484932876154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.222870"} {"text": "to drinking water. the epa also concluded that no further study of hydraulic fracturing was necessary. the 2004 epa study has been called \" scientifically unsound \" by epa whistleblower weston wilson. in an october 2004 letter to colorado ' s congressional delegation, wilson recommended that epa continue investigating hydraulic fracturing and form a new peer review panel that would be less heavily weighted with members of the regulated industry. in march of 2005, epa inspector general nikki tinsley found enough evidence of potential mishandling of the epa hydraulic fracturing study to justify a review of wilson ' s complaints. the oil and gas accountability project ( ogap ) has conducted a review of the epa study. as reported in our drinking water at risk, we found that epa removed information from earlier drafts that suggested unregulated fracturing poses a threat to human health, and that the agency did not include information that suggests fracturing fluids may pose a threat to drinking water long after drilling operations are completed. ogap ' s review of relevant data on hydraulic fracturing suggests that there is insufficient information for epa to have concluded that hydraulic fracturing does not pose a threat to drinking water. in 2005, a national energy bill included the exemption of hydraulic fracturing from the safe drinking water act. this bill passed, with the exemption, although it left the door open for the epa to regulate the use of diesel in hydraulic fracturing operations. representatives degette, salazar and hinchey, and senators casey and schumer have introduced legislation to protect drinking water from oil and gas development - - including ending hydraulic fracturing ' s exemption to the safe drinking water act. h. r. 1084 and s. 587, the fracking responsibility and awareness of chemicals act ( frac act ), would close the halliburton loophole and require oil and gas companies to disclose the chemicals they use during the fracking process. local governments have written resolutions and letters supporting ending the hydraulic fracturing exemption to the safe drinking water act and requiring public disclosure of hydraulic fracturing chemicals. for more information : - earthworks : hydraulic fracturing - earthworks : protecting health, ensuring accountability - why we need the frac act. fact sheet. - earthworks ( and others ) : hydraulic fracturing and the frac act - frequently asked questions. fact sheet. - earthworks : the oil & gas industry ' s exclusions and exemptions to major environmental statutes. white paper. ( also available in distilled form as a fact sheet. ) legislation to end the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4331525219591429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.224585"} {"text": "- frequently asked questions. fact sheet. - earthworks : the oil & gas industry ' s exclusions and exemptions to major environmental statutes. white paper. ( also available in distilled form as a fact sheet. ) legislation to end the halliburton loophole - text of the fracking responsibility and awareness of chemicals act ( frac act ) - earthworks press release - degette ' s press release halliburton loophole fact sheets & etc. - earthjustice, earthworks, nrdc, worc : congress should close the halliburton loophole, may 2009. - earthworks : safe drillers don ' t need the halliburton loophole, june 2009. fact sheet. - earthworks : frack fluids - - injected and left behind, june 2009. fact sheet. - earthworks / environmental working group : safe drinking water act should cover hydraulic fracturing, june 2009. fact sheet. - wiseman, hannah : untested waters : the rise of hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas production and the need to revisit regulation, spring 2009. in fordham environmental law review. ( asterisked resolutions explicitly support ending the halliburton loophole ) - city of durango * - city of glenwood springs * - county of huerfano county * - county of la plata * - county of pitkin * - county of san miguel county * - county of saguache * - county of saguache, baca grande water district * - town of carbondale * epa 2004 halliburton loophole study and earthworks / ogap response - environmental protection agency ' s 2004 study declaring hydraulic fracturing poses \" little or no threat \" - epa whistleblower weston wilson ' s 2004 letter declaring the epa fracking study \" scientifically unsound \" - ogap comments on epa draft study evaluation of impacts to underground sources of drinking water by hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane reservoirs. ( october 2002 ) - report : our drinking water at risk. ogap ' s review of the epa ' s final study on evaluation of impacts to underground sources of drinking water by hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane reservoirs. ( april, 2005 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48225216955101996, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.225592"} {"text": "everyone knows that earth day is coming up, but there are also a few other environmentally - related events going on this month. - national environmental education week ( april 13 - 19 ) national environmental education week promotes the understanding and protection of the environment by actively engaging students and teachers in a week of environmental learning and service before earth day. register online to receive lesson plans, activities, and other resources. - national wildlife week ( april 19 - 27 ) get outside and watch for wildlife with national wildlife federation \u2019 s nature quest wildlife watch! you can participate by simply downloading a \u201c watch \u201d list of wildlife for your state, taking a walk around your schoolyard or favorite outdoor spot, and noting how many animals and plants you can find. afterwards, you can report your sightings online. - earth day ( april 22 ) participate in various earth day activities across the country. be sure to sign up as an educator to get access to the lesson plans and ideas! the no child left inside coalition is an organization made up of more than 190 groups from across the united states. the membership includes environmental, educational, business, public health, outdoor recreation and conservation groups. the no child left inside coalition speaks for a large group of americans who believe young people should receive a strong education about their natural world. i am a huge fan of this group. the group has presented the no child left inside act to congress and the latest news is that a subcommittee of the house education and labor committee will have a field hearing on the no child left inside act of 2007 \u2013 the first hearing on our legislation to date. the hearing will take place on earth day, from 12 : 30 p. m. to 2 : 30 p. m. at the patuxent wildlife research center in laurel, md. as an educator, i see the effects of nature deficit disorder in my classroom on a daily basis. this is a phenomenal organization and they could use all the support they can get!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43507216805825394, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.227919"} {"text": "news > scientists reconstruct red sea parting researchers at the us national center for atmospheric research ( ncar ) have produced a computer simulation that demonstrates how the parting of the red sea described in the book of exodus could have been caused by strong winds. the study, which is part of a larger project looking into the impact of winds on water depths, was published in the open - access journal plos one. in it, researchers produced a reconstruction of the likely geography of the nile delta during the old testament period, which has changed considerably over the intervening centuries. the researchers have identified a stretch of the nile where a strong east wind could conceivably have pushed the river back at a bend, opening up a walkway across the exposed mud flats and allowing the israelites to flee the approaching egyptians. \" the simulations match fairly closely with the account in exodus, \" carl drews of the ncar told the bbc. \" the parting of the waters can be understood through fluid dynamics. the wind moves the water in a way that ' s in accordance with physical laws, creating a safe passage with water on two sides and then abruptly allowing the water to rush back in. \" with the burning bush also potentially linked to freak environmental conditions, it remains to be seen how much else of the bible story can be explained by meteorology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46588040393083197, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.231452"} {"text": "texas skunks risk life and limb during mating season. by sheryl smith - rodgers alas, pity the poor skunk. like snakes, spiders and vultures, this much - maligned creature receives little positive publicity and has next to no admirers. to top off its dismal \u2014 and foul - smelling \u2014 reputation, a skunk \u2019 s love life is rife with risks. come february \u2014 the start of breeding season \u2014 these shy, cat - sized creatures hit the road. literally. in their after - dark quests to find mates, males often venture onto highways and rarely make it across alive. \u201c we see more numbers of roadkill skunks in february and march than other times of the year, \u201d says robert dowler, a biologist with angelo state university. \u201c preliminary data suggests that roadkill rates of skunks may double in parts of texas during mating season. \u201d last february, dowler counted more than 50 dead skunks along the road on a 300 - mile trip to oklahoma. \u201c that \u2019 s roughly one dead skunk every six miles, \u201d he estimates. closer to home these days, dowler and a team of graduate students are wrapping up a three - year study on skunks \u2014 striped, western spotted and hog - nosed \u2014 living in and around san angelo state park. ( the two other north american species \u2014 eastern spotted and hooded \u2014 also live in texas. ) once completed, the study will reveal more about the secretive lives of skunks : what they eat ( typically grubs, insects and sometimes, mice and eggs ), how they interact, where they den, how far they roam, and what parasites afflict them. in the field, university researchers successfully monitored striped and western spotted skunks using radio collars, remote cameras and analysis of tracks. \u201c we found spotted skunks in thick brush and mesquite, \u201d dowler reports. \u201c striped skunks were there, too, and also in open fields. \u201d the hog - nosed species, however, stayed clear of traps. \u201c they \u2019 re almost impossible to capture, \u201d dowler says. \u201c we found them commonly as roadkill, but they wouldn \u2019 t go in our live traps. we tried for more than two years without success, using baits that included cat food, eggs, fruit and even a lure called liquid grub. nothing worked. \u201d the males who do successfully cross the road likely mate, then move on to find more available females. litter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3923773451116399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.234670"} {"text": "pest advice - general publications full title : a field key to the most common lygus species found in agronomic crops of the central san joaquin valley of california. correct identification of captured lygus bugs and similar - looking insects is a key to accurate research and pest control. this publication and its companion publication ( key features of common lygus species... ) give point - by - point instructions. apples, broccoli, tomatoes, citrus, and a wide variety of other food crops are susceptible to alternaria diseases. learn how to recognize symptoms and control outbreaks. plant hosts, life cycle, crop damage, and pest management information for this pest of citrus and other closely related plants. barb goatgrass is a winter annual grass native to europe and western asia. it first appeared in california in the early 1900s, but only recently has it begun to spread widely, crowding out native vegetation. learn to identify and manage this hardy weed. information on how to \" bee prepared \" for the movement of the africanized honey bee into california. includes tips on how to identify africanized honey bees, bee - proofing your home, and what to do if stung. horseweed and hairy fleabane are showing increased resistance to chemical controls, including glyphosate. by learning about their biology and other control alternatives, you can do a better job of keeping on top of this pest problem. citrus canker and huanglongbing ( hlb, or citrus greening ) are two serious diseases that affect crops around the world, but have not yet infected california groves. this publication tells how to help keep the diseases out of california, and how to recognize them if or when they do arrive. citrus leafminer and citrus peelminer are serious pests of california citrus groves. learn how to tell them apart and how to apply appropriate control measures. includes many color photos. how to recognize and control louse and mite parasites on chickens, turkeys, and other poultry. color photographs. damping - off diseases affect vegetable crops worldwide. learn the basic on how these fungal diseases spread and what you can do to stop them. diaprepes root weevil is a serious pest of florida citrus, sweet potatoes, papayas, and ornamental plants, and it threatens to become established in california as well. this publication gives guidelines for pest identification and control. 23 color photos. now, instead of sending samples to a laboratory and waiting for answers, you can use quick and relatively simple, commercially available test kits to identify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4383824742919245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.243426"} {"text": "to become established in california as well. this publication gives guidelines for pest identification and control. 23 color photos. now, instead of sending samples to a laboratory and waiting for answers, you can use quick and relatively simple, commercially available test kits to identify common plant viruses and root and crown decay fungi. you \u2019 ll also learn tips for good sampling technique critical to the effective use and interpretation of the tests. full title : establishing integrated pest management policies and programs : a guide for public agencies. adoption of a written ipm plan is an important first step in implementing integrated pest management practices. this publication takes you through the process, step by step. feral poultry - - whether escaped domestic birds or their offspring born in the wild - - cause property damage and other hazards. traps used for live - trapping mammals are ineffective against these birds. learn how to build and use a simple, effective trap. ferrisia gill is a mealybug species in california that affects pistachio plantings in 11 counties. find out how to monitor and control the pest ' s spread using biological and chemical means. flower flies ( also known as syrphids or hoverflies ) are effective predators against aphids in california vegetable fields. learn to recognize these aphid eaters and encourage them to help with your pest management. this publication describes syrphid flies and other natural enemies of aphids. it includes color photographs of the syrphid adults and larvae commonly seen in california vegetable crops. full title : guidelines for controlling listeria monocytogenes in small - to medium - scale packing and fresh - cut operations. new handling and packaging techniques can help keep this disease - causing bacterium out of refrigerated and ready - to - eat foods. a herbicide ceases to be a useful tool for farmers when its target weeds develop resistance to its effects. this publication helps you understand resistance : what causes it, and how you can slow or prevent its development. full title : insecticide and miticide resistance management in san joaquin valley cotton for 2001 it ' s a fine line : pest control chemicals can help cotton growers increase yields and reduce production costs, but poor chemical application techniques can lead to chemical - resistant pests that hurt yields and are much more difficult to manage. this publication tells you how chemical resistance works, and how you can help prevent its development. correct identification of captured lygus bugs and similar - looking insects is a key to accurate research and pest control. this identification key and its companion publication ( a field key to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4413241016161167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.244608"} {"text": "you how chemical resistance works, and how you can help prevent its development. correct identification of captured lygus bugs and similar - looking insects is a key to accurate research and pest control. this identification key and its companion publication ( a field key to the most common lygus species... ) give point - by - point instructions. full title : managing hull - borne invasive species and coastal water quality for california and baja california boats kept in saltwater. information for boat owners, boat maintenance and repair businesses, port managers, scientists and policy makers. when you retain storm - generated drainwater to remove pollutants before releasing it into natural waterways, you can easily create an ideal mosquito - breeding habitat. this publication tells how to treat drainwater and still prevent mosquito infestations. constructed wetlands can provide many economic and environmental benefits, but due care must be taken to prevent mosquito infestations. mosquitoes can cause a variety of problems on the farm : they carry illness to humans, harm livestock, and reduce you property ' s value. learn the basics of agricultural mosquito control from this publication. full title : nursery guide for diseases caused by phytophthora ramorum on ornamentals : diagnosis and management. phytophthora ramorum has caused widespread mortality in native oaks and tanoaks in coastal areas of central and northern california. on oaks, the disease is commonly called sudden oak death. camellias, rhododendrons, and other popular ornamental plants are susceptible to infection, and the pathogen can be moved long distances through ship ments of infected nursery stock. federal and state quarantines are in effect that require nursery inspections, and if the pathogen is found, affected nursery stock must be destroyed as a means of eradication. leaf curl, also frequently referred to as peach leaf curl, is a disease caused by the fungus taphrina deformans. peach leaf curl affects the blossoms, fruit, leaves, and shoots of peaches, ornamental flowering peaches, and nectarines, and is one of the most common disease problems for backyard gardeners. the distorted, reddened foliage that it causes is easily seen in spring. when severe, the disease can reduce fruit production substantially. peach rust is a problem in every peach - growing area of california, but causes the greatest economic losses in sacramento valley orchards. color photos and descriptions in this publication help you identify this fungal disease and the conditions that encourage its development. insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and herbicides listed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48409253800495156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.247089"} {"text": "california, but causes the greatest economic losses in sacramento valley orchards. color photos and descriptions in this publication help you identify this fungal disease and the conditions that encourage its development. insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and herbicides listed for use on 64 specialty crops or crop groups. pitch canker is a disease of pine trees that is caused by the fungus fusarium circinatum. the fungus causes infections ( lesions ) that can encircle or girdle branches, exposed roots, and the main stems ( trunks ) of pine trees. the tips of girdled branches wilt as a result of obstructed water flow, causing the needles to turn yellow, and then red. the stable fly ( stomoxys calcitrans ) is a serious pest of confined livestock, and is becoming a pest of pastured livestock as well. this publication will help you learn to identify the pest and manage infestations. sudden oak death, caused by phytophthora ramorum infection, has killed over a million oak trees in california. most infected trees do die of the disease, but this publication gives some steps you can take to prevent infection in the first place. sclerotinia diseases cause rotting in a variety of vegetable and floral crops. learn how to recognize and control outbreaks. the first thorough key to the identification of slugs in california. you may think all slugs look alike, but on closer examination you will be surprised at how they differ. color photographs. full title : stages of the cottony cushion scale ( icerya purchasi ) and its natural enemy, the vedalia beetle ( rodolia cardinalis ). color photos of various life stages of cottony cushion scale and a natural enemy used for its biocontrol, the vedalia beetle. cottony cushion scale is a pest of citrus and woody ornamentals. vine mealybug ( vmb ), a vineyard pest throughout the world, damages grape foliage and fruit, rendering the fruit unmarketable. this publication helps you identify and control vmb in california vineyards. organic vegetable production in california series. weed management in organic vegetable production systems must involve the use of many techniques and strategies, all with the goal of achieving economically acceptable weed control and crop yields. california master gardener tip sheet. in winter when many fruit trees go dormant, it ' s a great time to treat them for scale insects, mites, peach twig borer, aphids, leaf curl,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4154009526821583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.248634"} {"text": "war of colonial aggression from uncyclopedia, the content - free encyclopedia | war of colonial aggression | | colonial insurgents | | british peacekeepers ( \" redcoats \" ) | | the great traitor, george washington | | general cornwallis | | rich slave - owning aristocrats, ignorant mobs | | truth, justice, and the british way | | \" don ' t tread on me! \" ( tm ) | the war of colonial aggression ( 1775 \u2013 1783 ) was a cowardly and treacherous act of military disobedience against great britain by its thirteen dastardly colonies in north america, giving rise to a global holocaust on the soil of several european great powers. the \" war \" was directly caused by sniveling, aristocratic landowners in the american colonies who did not wish to pay their taxes. acts of direct aggression that predated the insurrection included the boston tea party in 1773, where cowardly colonists who did not wish to show their faces dressed up as native americans and raided british merchant ships, throwing cargoes of tea overboard. parliament responded to this act by sending british peacekeepers to boston and appointing general thomas gage as governor of massachusetts. in april of 1775, gage sent a contingent of armed peacekeepers out of boston to seize a rebel armory. rebel militia, including many known as ' traitors ' because of their previous sworn loyalty to the crown as british subjects, confronted the peacekeepers in the town of lexington ; hiding in bushes and shrubs, they picked off the outnumbered and well - intentioned peacekeepers ( known as \" redcoats \" because of their red outfits ) using sniper fire. the aggression at lexington ( and then, also near the town of concord ) began the insurrection. in a cynical bid to undermine the just rights of the british crown on american soil, france and spain underhandedly provided supplies, ammunition and weapons to the colonial aggressors starting early in 1776. after early british success, the insurrection became a standoff. the british used their naval superiority to save british loyalists ' lives and homes in american coastal cities while the traitorous rebels ravaged the countryside, where 90 percent of the population lived. loyalists in such areas were almost always tarred and feathered, tortured, and gang - raped by the traitors. worse yet, the colonial aggressors ' notorious decimation of an entire detachment of british peacekeepers at the battle of saratoga in 1777 convinced the lily - livered french to openly enter the war in early 1778, unfairly bringing the ag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4205498027627934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.264662"} {"text": "worse yet, the colonial aggressors ' notorious decimation of an entire detachment of british peacekeepers at the battle of saratoga in 1777 convinced the lily - livered french to openly enter the war in early 1778, unfairly bringing the aggressors ' military strength into balance with britain ' s. for the only time in history, french involvement proved decisive ; with a french naval victory in the chesapeake, the british peacekeepers were forced to surrender a second legion of peacekeepers or else face unspeakable war - crimes at the hands of the colonial aggressors. the surrender marked the end of the traitors ' siege of yorktown in 1781. in 1783, the treaty of paris ended the insurrection and begrudgingly recognized the sovereignty of the united states over the territory bounded roughly by what is now canada to the north, florida to the south, and the mississippi river to the west. edit combatants before 1778 edit traitorous colonial insurgents being a band of brigands and outlaws, the aggressors within the 13 colonies started off their insurrection with no professional army or navy. each colony provided insurgents using homegrown terrorist methods devised by local strongmen. insurgents were poorly armed, had only terrorist training, and rarely had clothes. like a pack of feral dogs, they lacked the training and discipline of soldiers with more experience, but were so numerous they could overwhelm regular peacekeeping forces, as at the battles of concord, bennington and saratoga, and the siege of boston. the colonial aggressors used guerrilla warfare in contravention of international law and were particularly effective at suppressing loyalist activity when british peacekeepers were not in the area. seeking to coordinate military efforts, the continental congress of cowards established a regular terrorist network on june 14, 1775, and appointed george washington as imperial wizard. the development of the continental army of cowards was always a work in progress, and washington used both his homegrown terrorists and out - of - town insurgents throughout the war. the terrorist network was formed at a tavern in philadelphia during one of washington ' s drinking binges on november 10, 1775, a date that lives in infamy. a continental navy of rowboats was also created. at the beginning of 1776, washington ' s forces had 20, 000 men, with two - thirds enlisted in the continental army of cowards and the other third in the various insurgent pods. at the end of the war of colonial aggression in 1783, both the continental navy of rowboats and continental terrorist network were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42354376615177325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.266513"} {"text": "000 men, with two - thirds enlisted in the continental army of cowards and the other third in the various insurgent pods. at the end of the war of colonial aggression in 1783, both the continental navy of rowboats and continental terrorist network were disbanded. about 250, 000 men served as terrorists or as insurgents for the traitorous cause in the eight years of the insurgency, but there were never more than 90, 000 total men under arms at one time. edit heroic loyalists historians have estimated that approximately 10 \u2013 15 % of the colonists actively supported the rebellion while 85 \u2013 90 % of the population of the 13 colonies remained loyal to the british crown. at least 25, 000 loyalists risked their lives, family, and property to fight on the side of the british. scores and scores of them were martyred, but thousands lived on to serve in the royal navy. on land, loyalist forces fought alongside the british peacekeepers in most battles in north america. a large number of freed black slaves took up the loyalist cause as well, noting that the british crown was willing to treat them as full human beings rather than mere chattel. this was much to the chagrin of the colonial aggressors, who lost a major portion of their manpower in the process. edit british peacekeepers and auxiliaries early in 1775, the british army consisted of about 36, 000 men worldwide, but wartime recruitment steadily increased this number. great britain had no problem finding general officers to police the rogue colonists. general thomas gage, in command of british forces in north america when the rebellion started, was lauded for his stern but fair treatment of the terrorists. general jeffrey amherst quickly accepted an appointment as commander in chief due to the obvious righteousness of britain ' s cause. similarly, admiral augustus keppel took on a command, saying \" i must draw my sword in support of the cause against the colonial aggressors. \" the earl of effingham very publicly renewed his commission when his 22nd regiment of foot was posted to america, and william howe and john burgoyne were both members of parliament who lauded peacekeeping by force against the american rebellion. howe and henry clinton ( 1730 \u2013 1795 ) both made statements that they could not imagine orders more heartfelt than those telling them to repress the colonial insurgents. over the course of the war, great britain signed treaties with various germans in german states, which supplied about 30, 000 soldiers. for one time in history, the germans took up a noble cause, and ended up comprising about one - third of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39852988480239904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.268120"} {"text": "over the course of the war, great britain signed treaties with various germans in german states, which supplied about 30, 000 soldiers. for one time in history, the germans took up a noble cause, and ended up comprising about one - third of the british troop strength in north america. hesse - kassel contributed more soldiers than any other state, and german soldiers became known as \" hessians \" to the americans. traitorous speakers called german soldiers \" foreign mercenaries, \" and they are scorned as such in that rag, the declaration of independence. by 1779, the number of british and german troops stationed in north america was over 60, 000, although these were spread from canada to florida. the secretary of state at war lord barrington and the adjutant - general edward harvey were both completely in favor of outright war on land. in 1776 barrington weighed against withdrawing the army from the 13 colonies to canada, nova scotia and florida. at the beginning of the war he also urged a naval blockade, which would quickly damage the colonists ' trading activities. edit an international holocaust caused by colonial aggression, 1778 \u2013 1783 in 1778, the war over the traitorous rebellion in north america became international, spreading not only to europe but to european colonies in the west indies and in india. from 1776 france had informally been involved, with french admiral pepe le pu having provided supplies, ammunition and guns from france to the insurgents after colonial grand cyclops thomas jefferson had encouraged a french alliance, and guns such as the de valliere type were used, playing an important role in such battles as the battle of saratoga. after learning of the american victory at saratoga, france signed the treaty of alliance with the united states on february 6, 1778, formalizing the franco - american alliance negotiated by benjamin franklin. spain entered the war as an ally of france in june 1779. the colonial aggressors attempted to shift the focus of their plight to the world stage by setting up covert death camps in the netherlands, lichtenstein, liberia, and rwanda. the terrorists would kidnap loyalists and ship them to ports of death in these places, holding them for ransom while working them to death. thus began a true holocaust of loyalists, which lasted until the end of the insurrection. worse yet, france ' s formal entry into the war meant that british naval superiority was now contested. french financial assistance to the colonial aggressors ' violent efforts was already of critical importance, and french military aid to the traitors showed detrimental results in july 1780 with the advent of a large force of soldiers led", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42373331582292967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.269250"} {"text": "british naval superiority was now contested. french financial assistance to the colonial aggressors ' violent efforts was already of critical importance, and french military aid to the traitors showed detrimental results in july 1780 with the advent of a large force of soldiers led by cardinal richelieu. edit yorktown and the brave sacrifice of cornwallis the northern, southern, and naval theaters of the insurgency converged in 1781 at yorktown, virginia. general cornwallis of the british, having been ordered to occupy a fortified position that could be resupplied ( and evacuated, if necessary ) by sea, had settled in yorktown, on the york river, which was navigable by sea - going vessels. aware that the arrival of the french fleet from the west indies would give the cowardly french and colonials control of the chesapeake, imperial wizard washington began moving the colonial and french forces south toward virginia in august. in early september, french naval forces defeated a british fleet at the battle of the chesapeake, cutting off cornwallis ' rightful path to safety. when the great traitor washington arrived outside yorktown, the combined franco - american force of 18, 900 men began besieging cornwallis in early october. for several days, the french and colonials bombarded the british defenses, and then began taking the outer positions. cornwallis decided his position was becoming untenable, since he knew he risked watching his entire force suffer gang - rape and beheading if he ultimately lost the battle. seeing no other way to ensure the safety of his peacekeeping redcoats, he surrendered his entire force of peacekeepers on october 19, 1781. with the surrender at yorktown, king george lost control of parliament to the betrayal party, and there were no further major military activities in north america. the british had 30, 000 garrison troops occupying new york city, charleston, and savannah, but cowardice from within the empire allowed the terrorists in the colonies to gain the upper hand there. the insurgency continued elsewhere, including the operation of death camps against loyalists in the east and west indies, until peace was agreed in 1783. edit treaty of paris \u2014 the colonial dogs have their day in london, as the colonial propaganda machine caused british popular support for loyalists to plummet after yorktown, prime minister lord north resigned. in april 1782, the house of commons voted to end the hostilities in america. preliminary peace articles were signed in paris at the end of november, 1782 ; the formal end of the war did not occur until the treaty of paris and treaties of versailles were signed on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3664715210735473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.271758"} {"text": "1782, the house of commons voted to end the hostilities in america. preliminary peace articles were signed in paris at the end of november, 1782 ; the formal end of the war did not occur until the treaty of paris and treaties of versailles were signed on september 3, 1783. the last british troops left new york city on november 25, 1783, and the continental congress of cowards ratified the paris treaty on january 14, 1784. edit historical assessment : america done britain wrong edit advantages and disadvantages of the opposing sides the colonial aggressors began the insurgency with a number of advantages compared to the british. due to the fact that they had no national government, no national army or navy, and no financial system, it was impossible for the british to strike effectively at any centralized force within the colonial terrorist network. further, the colonial aggressors had a large, prosperous population that depended not on imports but on local production for food and most supplies. they were on their home ground, had a smoothly functioning, well organized system of local and state governments, newspapers and printers, and internal lines of communications. they also had a long - established system of local terrorist cells. at first glance, it seems britain should have easily been able to dispense with the colonial aggressors. it had a large, efficient, and well - financed government with good credit, as well as the largest and best navy in the world. however, distance was a major problem : british peacekeepers and supplies had to be shipped across the atlantic ocean. the british usually had logistical problems whenever they operated away from port cities. additionally, ocean travel meant that british communications were always about two months out of date : by the time british generals in america received their orders from london, the military situation had usually changed. suppressing the cowardly dog insurgents in america also posed other problems. since the colonies covered a large area and had not been united before the insurgency, there was no central area of strategic importance. in europe, the capture of a capital often meant the end of a war ; in america, when the british saved cities such as new york and philadelphia for the loyalists, the insurgency continued unabated. furthermore, the large size of the colonies meant that the british lacked the manpower to control them by force. once any area had been occupied, peacekeepers had to be kept there or the terrorist dogs would regain control. in addition, despite the professionalism and discipline of the british peacekeepers, unlawful and cowardly guerrilla warfare and skirmishing greatly hindered their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4330502397767074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.274169"} {"text": "even earlier at the beginning of the nineteenth century, british traders already sensed that their reliance on china as the sole source of tea could not continue indefinitely. china ' s monopoly on commercial tea production was fast becoming unacceptable to england, and the illicit opium trade continually aggravated the chinese government. for decades prior to the outbreak of the opium wars, alternate attempts at tea cultivation in climatically favorable areas controlled by the british empire offered little success. several of these early attempts to bring tea plants to europe also failed, either because the plants perished in transit or because the plants that survived turned out to be varieties other than the tea - producing camellia sinensis. so dismal were european attempts at tea cultivation that by 1763, members of the french academy of sciences pronounced that the tea bush was so unique to china that it could not be grown anywhere else in the world. even while the academy was making its dire declaration, however, swedish and english botanists achieved limited success in the cultivation of camellia sinensis in botanical gardens, but a number of errors would be made before these various attempts in growing tea if europeans knew little about the preparation of tea as a drink, they knew even less about the optimum growing conditions of the tea plant - - such as the fact that certain varieties of camellia sinensis thrive in rather specific climates at certain altitudes. little was also known about the actual processing of the leaves for the final product. understandably, the chinese were quite satisfied with the ignorance of the foreigners, and they showed little interest in sharing their knowledge with anyone who might jeopardize their monopoly. in addition to substituting ordinary camellia plants for exported tea seedlings, the chinese more than likely boiled tea seeds to prevent germination. but why did the europeans need to rely on china for a supply of tea seeds or plants? afterall, scotsman robert bruce had discovered a tea plant ( camellia sinensis assamica ) growing wild in the assam district of india in the 1830s. why not simply cultivate native tea in india rather than the often - sabotaged china variety? conventional wisdom of the time held that only chinese bushes could yield the leaves essential to a quality finished product, so the wild assam bushes were looked upon as inferior. acres of the naturally thriving assam plants were uprooted to make room for the difficult china seedlings. failed attempts at cultivating chinese tea varieties in india were undoubtedly frustrating for all involved, but these efforts surely appeared futile to those who believed that the native assam varieties offered more promise. success with india grown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45277240396518037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.280845"} {"text": "to make room for the difficult china seedlings. failed attempts at cultivating chinese tea varieties in india were undoubtedly frustrating for all involved, but these efforts surely appeared futile to those who believed that the native assam varieties offered more promise. success with india grown china tea finally came - - although the early yield was less than inspiring in both quantity and quality. weighing approximately 350 pounds, the first commercial batch of indian tea was shipped to london in may 1838 and arrived 6 months later in november. attracting considerable interest from all sectors of the tea trade, this historical tea was classified according to chinese nomenclature as souchong and pekoe and sold for between 16 and 34 shillings per pound. still, england was far from gaining independence from the chinese tea monopoly ; that year alone over 30 million pounds of chinese tea entered the ignorant of the magnitude of the challenge that lay ahead, thousands of london spectators eagerly invested in the fledgling indian tea enterprise with hopes of earning huge profits from the new business. predictably, those expecting to make a quick fortune from their investment were grossly disappointed because the small advances in production could be funded only through enormous increases in expenses. impatient investors sold their shares at a considerable loss, but those who truly believed in the future of the india tea venture - - and stayed the course against all odds - - would ultimately be rewarded. with new emphasis on the high - yielding, indigenous tea plants, the turn - around of fortunes began in 1847, and gradual but significant improvements in production rekindled the waning enthusiasm for the india tea trade. ultimately, india would become the world ' s largest tea producing country. by the early 1900s, production of india tea exceeded 350 million pounds - - over a million times the amount produced in 1838! \" upton tea imports was founded in 1989 with the objective of providing the north american tea drinker with the finest teas available. we purchase teas from reputable brokers and estates worldwide, dealing only with sources who are capable of providing top quality teas. we sell directly to the consumer, thus ensuring the freshest product and fairest pricing. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44082698091212114, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.282010"} {"text": "you are here sete vin - mutrayor garte sa jantur jantu - sambhave in the markandeya purana it is said that in the intestine of the mother the umbilical cord, which is known as apyayani, joins the mother to the abdomen of the child, and through this passage the child within the womb accepts the mother \u2019 s assimilated foodstuff. in this way the child is fed by the mother \u2019 s intestine within the womb and grows from day to day. the statement of the markandeya purana about the child \u2019 s situation within the womb is exactly corroborated by modern medical science, and thus the authority of the puranas cannot be disproved, as is sometimes attempted by the mayavadi philosophers. since the child depends completely on the assimilated foodstuff of the mother, during pregnancy there are restrictions on the food taken by the mother. too much salt, chili, onion and similar food is forbidden for the pregnant mother because the child \u2019 s body is too delicate and new for him to tolerate such pungent food. restrictions and precautions to be taken by the pregnant mother, as enunciated in the smrti scriptures of vedic literature, are very useful. we can understand from the vedic literature how much care is taken to beget a nice child in society. the garbhadhana ceremony before sexual intercourse was compulsory for persons in the higher grades of society, and it is very scientific. other processes recommended in the vedic literature during pregnancy are also very important. to take care of the child is the primary duty of the parents because if such care is taken, society will be filled with good population to maintain the peace and prosperity of the society, country and human race.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46925132402972847, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.284199"} {"text": "surprise, surprise... junk food is bad for you. back in january, the journal of the american college of cardiology reported that just one high - fat, high - sugar meal can trigger a biochemical cascade, causing inflammation of blood vessels and immediate, detrimental changes to the nervous system. the good news is that just one healthy meal helps return your body to its optimal state. ( source : one meal to good ( or bad ) health ) most people are aware that there are long term implications involved in their dietary choices. what isn ' t generally known is that there are short - term implications to your health as well, which is why you typically feel bad after a junk - food fest. however, if your diet consists of a lot of junk food, you may not experience that ill - feeling. junk food distorts a person ' s hormonal profile, says o ' keefe. studies suggest that fatty, sugary foods promote excretion of the stress hormone cortisol, which seems to further stimulate appetite for calorie - dense foods. and the big post - meal spikes in blood sugar are more likely in people who don ' t exercise or those who carry weight around their abdomen. all of it makes it tough for people to stop eating junk food once they ' re in the habit. \" the more you eat it the more you crave it. it becomes a vicious cycle. \" \" your health and vigor, at a very basic level, are as good as your last meal, \" says lead author james o ' keefe, head of preventive cardiology at the mid america heart institute in kansas city, mo. when jane and i first went vegan, we found ourselves in a place where we didn ' t really know what we could eat, so most of our meals were steamed veggies with tofu and a salad ; or lentil soup with a crusty bread and salad... traditional vegan fare. our meals were comprised of things that were closer to whole foods, than processed foods. as we ' ve become more comfortable with what ingredient are permissible, we find our diet has started to include items that might be problematic ( see jane ' s addiction ). and while there ' s room for some junk food in a vegan diet, we find ourselves at the precipice of a slippery slope. jane ' s buying a bag or two of snappea crisps every week, and i ' ve developed an addiction to her brownies. summer is almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4778412940856304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.287385"} {"text": "volume and intensity training volume and training intensity have historically been the two main variables in any plan to improve physical fitness. volume refers to how much you train. intensity refers to how hard you train. manipulating these variables has traditionally been the staple of any endurance program. the training season usually starts with high volume and low intensity. as training progresses, the volume decreases and intensity increases ( figure 1. 1 ). what if i told you there is a better way? only half of our training improves in fitness. the problem is to know which half. whether that half is volume or intensity remains to be seen, but there is increasing evidence that intensity is the more important half. if you increased volume and intensity together, you would surely burn out from physical exhaustion. if you increased only volume, you wouldn \u2019 t see any significant improvement. if you train by manipulating intensity, you will improve. why, then, do we focus so much on volume? tradition. that \u2019 s the way training has always been done. the great racers used to do it. the great riders now do it. maybe the people who excel in a sport are the people whose bodies adapt well to traditional training. when i first started racing, i had coaches whose traditional plans developed national and olympic champions. we did high intensity on tuesday, wednesday, and thursday and then raced on the weekends. the people who improved with this schedule were the people who recovered well. there were only two days off \u2014 nonconsecutive days \u2014 per week. intensity and recovery it \u2019 s time to start thinking of training as manipulations not of volume and intensity but of intensity and recovery. using training principles taken from the exercise - science research, you can maximize your improvements while optimizing your recovery. if traditional training has worked for you, then you already should have achieved great success in cycling. if you feel you could progress further, you should examine your motives for choosing workouts and building a training plan. \u201c because it works for him \u201d is an unproductive way to approach a training plan. just because a plan works for the other guy doesn \u2019 t mean it will work for you. if you want to excel in cycling, you need to adapt the training to your body. i will show you how intensity and recovery can help you reach your goals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4964528208813882, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.289974"} {"text": "anatomic and physiologic considerations are the basis for proper diagnostic techniques. we will discuss basic diagnostic procedures and relative pharmacological consideration to enhance the ophthalmic examination. normal anatomy and physiology the eye is a sensitive neurological tissue and is considered the anterior extension of the brain. it functions to translate light waves into a nerve impulse, which can then be interpreted by the brain as sight. the eye is extremely delicate and sensitive, and has special anatomic and physiologic adaptations. a basic understanding of ocular anatomy and physiology are necessary to appreciate abnormalities and understand their significance. the eyes and their associated structures are bilateral and symmetrical in most species. eyelids protect, lubricate and meter out excessive light. the shape of the palpebral fissure is species and breed dependent. a wide variation among the breeds results in a particular facial expression. two main sets of muscles control eyelid position. the orbicularis muscles, innervated by the facial nerve, close the eyelid. the levator palpebral muscle innervated by the oculomotor nerve raises the upper eyelid. the margins of the eyelids contain specialized cilia known as eyelashes, and openings to the sebaceous meibomian glands provide oily secretions. the glands of zeis and moll are sebaceous and sweat glands that are associated with the follicles of the eyelash. the conjunctiva is the mucous membrane lining inside of the eyelids ( palpebral conjunctiva ) and is continuous onto the anterior sclera ( bulbar conjunctiva ). the palpebral conjunctiva is thicker and pink - red in color, whereas the bulbar conjunctiva is very thin, colorless and nearly transparent. both contain blood vessels which when irritated will become congested and red. jaundice contrition will give the conjunctiva a yellowish color. anemia will give it a blanched, pale appearance. the third eyelid ( nictitating membrane ) is a specialized conjunctival structure of non - primate animals. it serves to protect the cornea, secrete part of the tear film and fight infection via lymph follicles. this is supported by a t - shaped piece of cartilage and at the base of this cartilage is the gland of the third eyelid, which produces a significant quantity of tears. the excursion of the nicti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5210159428329544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.294248"} {"text": "what are bitcoins, everybody asks. the usual answer is \u201c they are a distributed, semi - anonymous, peer to peer, cryptographic digital currency \u201d or something along those lines, but there is another simpler way to look at bitcoins. bitcoins are a tech stock \u2013 tech because they solve a technological problem and have a technological use, and stock because they can be bought and sold on open market. imagine a startup arrived in silicon valley one day and said they were going to create a digital currency which would succeed. a digital currency that overcomes the many limitations and fatal flaws of all its predecessors. i wonder how we could quantify it \u2019 s value in terms of vc funding, and once it reached a market cap of $ 300 million, its value as an acquisition? let \u2019 s look at three start ups who received over $ 100million each in vc funding. dropbox has received over $ 250 million in venture capital funding, for a service that essentially stores files. airbnb, a space rental service ( generally for holidays ) has received $ 119 million in funding. homeaway, a vacation property booking services has raised over $ 500 million. and let \u2019 s look at a few startups that have sold for over $ 1billion. instagram, a simple photo sharing platform, sold to facebook for $ 1billion. youtube, the video sharing site we all know and love, sold to google for $ 1. 6billion and doubleclick for $ 3billion. yahoo bought an internet radio service for $ 5. 7billion, geocities ( now defunct ) for $ 3. 6billion, overture services inc for $ 1. 6 billion and various others. microsoft purchased visio software for $ 1. 3 billion, navision for $ 1. 3 billion, aquantive for $ 6. 3 billion, fast search and transfer for $ 1. 1 billion, skype for $ 8. 5 billion and yammer for $ 1. 2 billion in the above examples i \u2019 ve listed 12 companies that were sold for a total of $ 36, 200, 000, 000. just 12 companies! and let \u2019 s not even talk about the tech stocks which have floated on stock exchanges! all of these companies have one thing in common, commerciality. each requires a monetary transaction of some description to have been worth investing in or buying, in the first place. now imagine a technology which facilitates the commerciality of all trade. the current market cap of bitcoins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5396856137857063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.300742"} {"text": "thing in common, commerciality. each requires a monetary transaction of some description to have been worth investing in or buying, in the first place. now imagine a technology which facilitates the commerciality of all trade. the current market cap of bitcoins is around $ 300 million. if bitcoins are a more commercial, more versatile and more readily traded tech stock ( and they are ), i don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s far fetched for bitcoin as a tech stock to be worth more than instagram. in that case their value should increase by 330 %. in fact i don \u2019 t think its far fetched to suggest bitcoins are a more commercial, readily traded, versatile and also sustainable tech stock than all of the above combined, in which case they are under valued by 11900 %. ie. they should be trading at $ 3284 per bitcoin. in my mind it goes even further. apple is a company that simply sells computers, phones and software, and its value peaked at around $ 650 billion. i think this is a realistic market cap for bitcoins to hit within 10 years, at a value per coin of $ 55, 000 each. imagine again for a second that the general public could have invested and the ground level with each of the above companies, ala kick starter. with bitcoins they can, and what \u2019 s more, this investment is more secure, more liquid, and more useful than any of the aforementioned investments could ever have been. bitcoins aren \u2019 t just a digital currency, they are a tech stock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46200011511105066, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.301505"} {"text": "authors : j. marvin herndon ours is a time of unparalleled richness in astronomical observations, but understanding seems to be absent throughout broad areas of astrophysics. among some groups of astrophysicists there appears to be measured degrees of consensus, as indicated by the prevalence of so - called \" standard models \", but in science consensus is nonsense ; science is a logical process, not a democratic process, and logical connections in many instances seem to be lacking. so the question astrophysicists should ask is this : \" what ' s wrong with astrophysics? \" finding out what ' s wrong is not only the necessary precursor to righting what ' s wrong, but will open the way to new advances in astrophysics. toward that end, one may question the basic assumptions upon which astrophysics is founded, as well as question the approaches astrophysicists currently employ. here i describe one methodology and provide specific examples, the details of which are set forth elsewhere [ 1 - 3 ]. in doing so, i place into a logical sequence seemingly unrelated astronomical observations, including certain hubble space telescope images, so that causal relationships become evident and understanding becomes possible ; as a consequence, profound new implications follow, for example bearing on the origin of diverse galactic structures and the origin of the heavy elements. comments : recovered from sciprint. org [ v1 ] 2 apr 2008 unique - ip document downloads : 29 times add your own feedback and questions here :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6227257551704249, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.303474"} {"text": "authored by : sam jarmasz, rachel erickson, and helga jakobson on august 25, 2011 and so, the end of summer has arrived. after six adventurous weeks we find ourselves reminiscing about our many adventures. from day one, we knew that we would have an exciting summer. the energy and enthusiasm that the campers brought with them set the pace for a fun - filled summer! it was wonderful how a trip to the zoo to visit the live animals gave birth to the dynamic \u201c living sculptures \u201d that the children created. through various projects during the animaniart camp, the children were able to practice multiple mediums, such as painting, drawing, sculpting, etc., and through trips to the farm, zoo, and horse show, they were able to practice field drawing and collect source materials. our very favourite part was witnessing the excitement that came from the children inventing their own original animals, and allowing them to come to life. throughout the weeks of junior architect camp, we engaged with winnipeg \u2019 s downtown area, and explored the city with new eyes. the children worked with these new environments in their sketch books to collect ideas and inspiration for the building of their own miniature cities. throughout the week the children got the chance to see what it would be like to be an architect. a process that began with preliminary sketches of floor plans and rough building designs ended with the 3 - d construction of that same building. the children worked together as city planners, deciding where the roads would run through their jigsaw puzzle cities, and adding in green space, bike paths, and even solar panels! during graffiti week we exposed the children to winnipeg \u2019 s urban culture. a wonderful field trip to the graffiti gallery taught the children how to break dance and work with graffiti lettering on unconventional surfaces. by exploring the west end on a mural tour, the children learned how winnipeggers are working with public art to build community and send positive messages that deter vandalism and defacement. the children worked together to make their own murals, and practiced learning graffiti scripts and techniques throughout the week. it was exciting to watch them focus on the messages that they would like to share with the world and work through creative mediums to get those ideas out there. the wag summer art camps were a huge success, and we are proud to have been a part of it. we hope everyone had a fantastic summer, and we hope to see you all ( and more ) next year! comments are now closed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47992812783785893, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.307489"} {"text": "a people ' s constitutional convention from previously written material that needs repeating - the idea of a people ' s constitutional convention is not new. over the years, many individuals and organizations have advocated such an event for a variety of causes. the original constitutional convention convened on and off in various locations, from may 25th, 1787 to september 17th, 1787 when the constitution was signed and sent to the states for ratification. but regardless of the participation or intention of the fifty - five aristocrats in the formation of that document, the document in question, the american constitution, still belongs to the people. this has forever been written as being fact in our original founding document, that being the declaration of independence. take a moment to re - read the opening of that document at http : / / www. wtpnet. org / documents / decl _ of _ ind _ passed. html regardless of what the courts or congress have said about the rights of the people, or the extent of the people ' s authority over government, this document is clear. it clearly indicates \" that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness : that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, & to institute new government, laying it ' s foundation on such principles, & organizing it ' s powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety & happiness. \" and further on it reads \" it is their right, it is their duty to throw off such government, & to provide new guards for their future security. \" not much ambiguity here. now obviously, just telling the government to shape up, of course accomplishes nothing. we can say we have these rights over and over until we are blue in the face, and quite possibly in prison, or dead. but if you have a grass roots movement united on a single front, that front being the people ' s constitutional convention, you might just end up with a majority of the population speaking loudly and clearly enough, that compliance on the part of the government becomes mandatory by default. here ' s how it might work : first thing is to organize at the local level on the idea of a people ' s constitutional convention, with proposed constitutional amendments. once this catches on across the country, then move to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47203967317742523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.320930"} {"text": "becomes mandatory by default. here ' s how it might work : first thing is to organize at the local level on the idea of a people ' s constitutional convention, with proposed constitutional amendments. once this catches on across the country, then move to the next step. delegates are elected at the local level to attend regional conventions. these delegates will poll their constituencies to get an accurate report on what the people want strengthened in the constitution and what they want changed about government. this report will be the message of the delegate at the regional convention. the job of the regional convention is to debate and vote, so as to combine all the delegates polls into one coherent amendment package. these delegates then go to the state conventions, repeating the process. the amendment package that has thus been debated and voted upon, then moves on to the national convention. the final amendment package coming out of the national convention is a directive to congress, to the executive, and to the courts. according to the declaration of independence, this people ' s directive will supersede all existing law. all that ' s left after the congress does their job, by implementing the amendment package, is for the states to ratify the amendments. once ratified by the states, the newly amended people ' s constitution becomes the law of the land. now, if we don ' t really have this right, this original authority, then we the people have been lied to. everything taught to us about our country and the founding fathers is a lie. everything taught to our children in schools about our government is a lie. the declaration of independence is just a piece of paper. i don ' t think so. i suspect that the government, given the political choice, would capitulate in favor of the people, rather than risk an all - out revolution. after all, we are talking about america here, aren ' t we? here ' s more on the issue that is excerpted from an article i previously wrote, and that addressed several concerns. all the peace and social justice activists that i have talked to want the same things. they want what most people want, that is, equal rights and justice for all people everywhere, affordable education and health care, opportunity and quality of life, and a clean and healthy planet to live on. regardless of the particular issue, there are common threads interwoven into most, if not all, of the issues. these threads include, but are not limited to, government corruption, excessive corporate power, and an unfair class - driven election process that keeps high level political", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.50243946113178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.322033"} {"text": "issue, there are common threads interwoven into most, if not all, of the issues. these threads include, but are not limited to, government corruption, excessive corporate power, and an unfair class - driven election process that keeps high level political office out of the reach of the average working class individual. there are other fundamental issues as well, but these particular three go a long way toward fostering the crisis that we the people currently face in this country. think about it. nearly every issue that we are fighting in our many different causes can be traced back to a common thread, a fundamental flaw in our society. it seems logical that any long - term solution should address these flaws. otherwise it ' s like trying to get rid of a noxious weed by picking off its leaves. the problem is going to come back. so how do we get at the root? well you start by taking stock in the tools you have available. our most powerful tool that we collectively share is the fact that we the people are popular sovereigns. this is the authority that we the people declared in the declaration of independence. if you can get the majority of people in this country to realize the truth, then you have your sovereignty ' muscle '. then you flex that popular sovereignty muscle by calling a constitutional convention and amending the constitution. most left - leaning progressives tend to shudder whenever you mention the constitution as something that we should all embrace as activists working for change. i ' ve heard it all, from \" the constitution is no longer relevant \", and \" that authority no longer exists \", and \" constitutionalism is the refuge of right wing extremists and gun nuts \", to \" the constitution was written by rich white men \". i also get told by some that what i propose is unrealistic, that i should just select a smaller issue, and join the ranks of those \" picking away at the problem \" ; or that what i propose is dangerous, not only to ourselves, but to the constitution as well. some say it will \" put the constitution up for grabs \" because the convention delegations would be filled with existing legislators who would dominate the process. i understand what people are saying regarding some of the potential risks, however, i disagree with them on many of the variables. for instance, i believe that in a normal political environment, article v of the constitution does indeed govern the process of conventions. however, in a political environment that has created a legitimate threat to the future integrity of the rule of constitutional law, such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5142833740392316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.323064"} {"text": ". for instance, i believe that in a normal political environment, article v of the constitution does indeed govern the process of conventions. however, in a political environment that has created a legitimate threat to the future integrity of the rule of constitutional law, such as exists in this country right now, then i believe the provisions in the declaration of independence are quite clear : \u201c we hold these truths to be self - evident : that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness : that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, & to institute new government, laying it \u2019 s foundation on such principles, & organizing it \u2019 s powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety & happiness. \u201d the people \u2019 s election of new delegates, not existing legislators, is our right under the authority inferred in the preamble to the declaration of independence, as well as being enumerated in the signing statement by george washington and william jackson that appears just after the signature portion of the constitution. it reads the following : that the preceding constitution be laid before the united states in congress assembled, and that it is the opinion of this convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates, chosen in each state by the people thereof, under the recommendation of its legislature, for their assent and ratification ; and that each convention assenting to and ratifying the same, should give notice thereof to the united states in congress assembled. \u201d \u2026 be submitted to a convention of delegates, chosen in each state by the people thereof \u2026 the requirement of being \u201c under the recommendation of it \u2019 s legislature \u201d goes out the window when you have a legitimate constitutional crisis. the authority that is inherent to the people under the declaration of independence is absolute over the government, when we the people need it to be, in order to preserve and defend the constitution. it is not just my opinion. numerous law professors from such venerable institutions as yale and harvard, as well as past supreme courts, have written in court decisions and opinion papers that our rights are absolute and are not subject to alteration by the government, technically that is. the online library at wtpnet. org has many of these documents available for download. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47045170981512785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.324169"} {"text": "past supreme courts, have written in court decisions and opinion papers that our rights are absolute and are not subject to alteration by the government, technically that is. the online library at wtpnet. org has many of these documents available for download. the web address is http : / / www. wtpnet. org / library. html these same documents also assert that we the people are popular sovereigns over our government. we the people have all the rights, the government exists on privilege. the people \u2019 s rights are inherent and natural rights, and therefore absolute and not subject to alteration. the government is only granted the privilege of acting on our behalf. we the people have only delegated our authority, we have not given it away. the constitution of the state of california, the state in which i reside, backs up this statement from the declaration with it \u2019 s provision in article ii, section 1 : \u201c all political power is inherent in the people. government is instituted for their protection, security, and benefit, and they have the right to alter or reform it, when the public good may require. \u201d one of the biggest misconceptions in our country, is that the constitution is the authority that governs we the people. not true. the constitution is a framework for the operation of government, nothing more. we the people created the constitution in order to keep our newly created government from recreating king george. our authority as popular sovereigns is declared to king george and the rest of the world in the declaration of independence, our true founding document, and that which ultimately governs the actions of we the people. the congress, courts, and political pundits can say all they want about that only being \" original authority \", however the mere fact that the declaration of independence sits under glass at the national archives attests to it \u2019 s venerated place in our national persona. it is this very fact that makes it so that it does not matter who wrote it, or for what reason. i say it again. it doesn ' t matter why it exists. what matters, is that it does exist. all we have to do is have the courage to pick it up. if a united movement of the people in this country framed its campaign as one in which we are defending not just the constitution, but the very essence of what it means to be american, i know it would ignite a firestorm of support. we would be declaring our sovereignty and independence to the new king george. for all intents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47233283118431757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.325229"} {"text": "we are defending not just the constitution, but the very essence of what it means to be american, i know it would ignite a firestorm of support. we would be declaring our sovereignty and independence to the new king george. for all intents and purposes, george w. bush has already smashed the glass at the national archives and is holding our future in one hand, and a blazing torch in the other. if you read through the full declaration of independence, george w. bush has already mirrored, if not exceeded, the egregious complaints contained therein. do we wait until after he really burns the document in an attempt at rewriting history? do we wait until after he has declared martial law? i think not. as far as the risks involved, try to look at it this way. if we don \u2019 t act, our government completes the transition to military fascism. very bad. in that case, we have failed our children. even if that does not occur, say the politicians finally pull their head out as well as pulling the troops out, we are still left with a country that is ruled by corporate power, has a government full of corruption, and whose fastest growing industry is the prison system. just a different type of very bad. again i say we will have failed our children because right now we have in this country the one thing that has not been present in the history of struggle in the us. and that is, overwhelming public dissatisfaction with the status quo, coupled with the realization among activists from all walks, that tactics previously successful are no longer so. we the people are on the brink of absolute despotism. the political climate has never been more ripe then it is now, desperately crying for fundamental change in a new direction. a people ' s constitutional convention can bring us that change in a manner that guides revolutionist energy on a positive path. on the issue of risk to the existing document, people are correct. in that case it becomes logical to keep the convention tightly focused on the amendment package, and to actively educate on why the document should remain as intact as possible. but we have to be willing to take risk, including to the constitution, when it comes to the fixing of obvious errors in judgment associated with the original. it \u2019 s like living in an historical building that has fallen victim to its own structural shortcomings, and not wanting to repair the damage out of concern for having to use modern materials in it \u2019 s reconstruction. considering our current situation with how much the constitution has already been trash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44378360522966914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.326396"} {"text": "an historical building that has fallen victim to its own structural shortcomings, and not wanting to repair the damage out of concern for having to use modern materials in it \u2019 s reconstruction. considering our current situation with how much the constitution has already been trashed, as well as the fascistic direction that we are currently heading, we the people have very little to lose and everything to gain from reestablishing our popular sovereignty over our government. new orleans resident and long - time activist curtis muhammed said recently that he has not seen a true movement in this country, since the true movement of the civil rights struggle. i would agree with him, and add that we the people need to be willing to take more risks, the same risks the pro democracy movements in burma anf tibet are willing to take. we have to be willing to risk our comfortable lifestyles and stop playing it safe, myself included. i know i have given you a lot to consider, so i will end this on a good thought. to steal an overused cliche from hollywood, which is nonetheless true, \u201c all men die, but not all men truly live! \u201d peace and solidarity, we the people network in california where i live, some state politicians are starting to call for a constitutional convention in order to alter the basic way the state government operates, for the stated reason of preventing future budget deadlocks. we the people need to act to protect and strengthen our constitution, before we lose the ability to do so!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47415458948119626, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.327261"} {"text": "you are hereasia on the 35th anniversary of the fall of saigon, ray suarez talks to retired marine corps lt. col. james zumwalt about his new book on the vietnam war, as seen through the eyes of north vietnamese and viet cong veterans. ray suarez : so, give us some examples of the kind of techniques and tactics the north vietnamese used successfully against a much - better - armed, much - better - equipped enemy. lt. col. james zumwalt : well, one that stands out in my mind is the - - what they did along the ho chi minh trail. the ho chi minh trail, as you know, was a logistical supply line that brought men and materiel from the north down to the south. obviously, they had to cross rivers at certain points. and the only way you cross a river is with a bridge. they would build bridges for the specific purpose of having as a target - - having a target that we would go after. they - - what they would do then is, upstream or downstream of that bridge, they would come up with very clever ways of hiding bridges. well, how do you hide a bridge? one is a concept known as a submarine bridge, where they actually built a bridge platform underneath the low watermark. and, for those who served in vietnam, they know that the - - the water is basically brown, so you cannot see from the air if there was anything under the water. but these submarine bridges were very effectively used. as convoys would cross them, they would have guides standing on either side of the bridge platform guiding them as to where the edges of the platform were. these existed for the duration of the war, and we never knew about them... lt. col. james zumwalt : this was a people who, again, going back to their dna, would not tolerate being invaded. could we have won the war? we had the military power, and we never lost a battle in vietnam. we - - if we committed ground forces in the north, we could have driven them out of the cities, but all that would have done was delayed the inevitable, which was that they would keep eating away and eating away, and drawing the war out for as long as it took for us to get out. rest of transcript. michael munk shared a telling observation : a report on a journalists ' reunion in ho chi minh city on the 35th anniversary of the us defeat in vietnam says it all : \" this was the first foreign war the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49419637552821427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.357919"} {"text": "to get out. rest of transcript. michael munk shared a telling observation : a report on a journalists ' reunion in ho chi minh city on the 35th anniversary of the us defeat in vietnam says it all : \" this was the first foreign war the u. s. ever fought where the press challenged government thinking, challenged the decisions of generals, challenged the political decisions the war was based on, \" said former cnn correspondent peter arnett, who won a pulitzer prize for his vietnam coverage in 1966 while working for the associated press. arnett, like many of the globe - trotting journalists, came to vietnam as a young reporter and grew up covering battles from the trenches where correspondents were permitted to go without restrictions. many carried their war experience into other conflicts, including iraq and afghanistan, but said they were never again given such freedom to tell their stories from the front lines. \" no longer will you ever be able to do wars like vietnam, \" said bob carroll, a former united press international photographer. \" what did the military learn about press access from vietnam? don ' t give it to them. \" read the entire article : vietnam war journalists reunite for anniversary. \" when i saw those tanks, i felt so happy, \" said thuy, who on friday carried a hammer and a sickle flag. \" the south had been liberated, the country was united, and the war was over. \" vietnam marked the 35th anniversary of the communist victory in the vietnam war with a grand military parade friday through the former saigon, with the government basking more in its economic achievements than its historic military defeat of the united states. the city is now named for ho chi minh, the father of the revolution, but signs of the burgeoning market economy are everywhere, with communist banners competing for space with corporate ads and logos. some 50, 000 invitees, many waving red and gold ruling party flags, crowded the parade route. they marked the day that north vietnamese tanks smashed through the gates of the former presidential palace in saigon and ousted the u. s. - backed south vietnam government \u2014 the culmination of one of the most seismic military achievements since world war ii. read more. u. s. consolidates military network in asia - pacific region rick rozoff | stop nato | blog site | april 28, 2010 the united states has six naval fleets and eleven aircraft carrier strike groups patrolling the world ' s oceans and seas. the u. s. navy is as large as the world ' s next thirteen biggest navies combined.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4190274267411427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.359189"} {"text": "blog site | april 28, 2010 the united states has six naval fleets and eleven aircraft carrier strike groups patrolling the world ' s oceans and seas. the u. s. navy is as large as the world ' s next thirteen biggest navies combined. washington has as many aircraft carriers as all other nations together. russia has one ; china has none. the u. s. and its nato allies - britain ( 2 ), italy ( 2 ), france ( 1 ) and spain ( 1 ) - account for 17 of 22 in service in the world. ten of the eleven american carriers are nimitz class nuclear - powered supercarriers, substantially larger than most all non - u. s. ones. the u. s. navy has all ten supercarriers in the world at the moment. u. s. aircraft carriers contain 70 - 80 planes and are available for deployment in all the world ' s oceans and most of its seas. they are escorted in their carrier groups by anti - air and anti - submarine warfare guided missile destroyers, anti - submarine warfare frigates, missile cruisers with long - range tomahawks, and nuclear - powered fast - attack submarines. the u. s. also maintains between ten and twelve naval expeditionary strike groups which include amphibious assault ships and ah - 1 super cobra attack helicopters in addition to destroyers, cruisers, frigates, attack submarines and p - 3c orion long - range anti - submarine and maritime surveillance aircraft. with the reestablishing of the navy ' s fourth fleet - its area of responsibility includes central and south america and the caribbean sea - two years ago after a 58 - year hiatus, the u. s. has six fleets that can be dispatched to all five oceans. the seventh fleet ( there is no first fleet ), based in japan, is the largest of u. s. forward - deployed fleets and consists of as many as 40 \u2013 60 ships, 200 - 350 aircraft and 20, 000 - 60, 000 navy and marine corps personnel. its area of responsibility takes in more than 50 million square miles of the pacific and indian oceans, from russia ' s kuril islands in the north to the antarctic in the south, from the south china sea to the arabian sea, south africa to the korean peninsula, the strait of malacca to the taiwan strait. when on the occasion of accepting the nobel peace prize last december president barack obama referred to himself as the commander - in - chief of the world ' s sole military superpower he was not guilty of hyperbole if he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42595285704076363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.360385"} {"text": "to the taiwan strait. when on the occasion of accepting the nobel peace prize last december president barack obama referred to himself as the commander - in - chief of the world ' s sole military superpower he was not guilty of hyperbole if he was of hubris. his defense budget for next year is almost half as large as world military spending for 2008, the last year for which the stockholm international peace research institute has compiled figures. geoff millard, chair of iraq veterans against the war, national board of directors wrote : from the 26th of march until the 9th of april i was lucky to be a part of a veterans delegation to vietnam in order to do research in preparation for an upcoming push for legislation to alleviate the suffering of the people of vietnam that has plagued them since we first started using agent orange in 1961. vietnam may seem an odd place for an iraq vet whose parents had not even met when the last us forces retreated in defeat hanging from helicopters, but somehow i was the perfect piece to complete a very complicated puzzle. you see there are many connections to be made between the two wars but i was there because both were toxic battlefields that left veteran and civilian alike scared for many generations. in the late 1960s and early 1970s it was not conservative veterans groups who were talking about the effects of agent orange ( more specifically dioxin but for common understanding i will simply use ao as my reference ), it was vvaw and cci. as much as revisionists would love to write antiwar veterans from history or minimize them as a small force ( as they are trying today with ivaw ) the reality is that while the vfw would not allow vietnam veterans to join their ranks antiwar vets were creating a new generation of leaders. these brave souls were the ones to first paint the words agent orange kills our soldiers on banners. one of these young leaders would leave to form vva but his roots are undeniably with vvaw. it is from the work of antiwar veterans that any compensation for ao has been granted. thus it must again be antiwar vets that take up their banners and fight for compensation for the now three generations of survivors who have lived 35 years in a toxic battlefield that americans have long since forgotten. japanese military joins u. s. and nato in horn of africa rick rozoff | stop nato | blog site | april 25, 2010 japanese navy commander keizo kitagawa recently spoke with agence france - presse and disclosed that his nation was opening its first overseas military base - at any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4440471386391838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.361555"} {"text": "in horn of africa rick rozoff | stop nato | blog site | april 25, 2010 japanese navy commander keizo kitagawa recently spoke with agence france - presse and disclosed that his nation was opening its first overseas military base - at any rate since the second world war - in djibouti in the horn of africa. kitagawa is assigned to the plans and policy section of the japan maritime self - defense force, as his nation ' s navy is called, and is in charge of the deployment. afp quoted the japanese officer as stressing the unprecedented nature of the development : \" this will be the only japanese base outside our country and the first in africa. \" the military installation is to cost $ 40 million and is expected to accommodate japanese troops early next year. djibouti rests at the confluence of the red sea and the gulf of aden, across from strife - torn yemen, and borders the northwest corner of equally conflict - ridden somalia. the narrow span of water separating it from yemen is the gateway for all maritime traffic passing between the mediterranean sea and the indian ocean via the suez canal, the red sea, the gulf of aden and the arabian sea. kyle kajihiro sent the following report from honolulu : yesterday, in solidarity with the 90, 000 + okinawans who rallied against u. s. military bases in okinawa, the hawai ' i - okinawa alliance ( hoa ), the american friends service committee - hawai ' i and dmz - hawai ' i / aloha ' aina organized a vigil in front of the japanese consulate in honolulu. approximately 40 people held signs and candles in front of the japanese consulate. ukwanshin kabudan, nakem youth, fight for guahan, veterans for peace and urban babaylan were some of the groups represented. people spoke about the impacts of u. s. military bases in hawai ' i, guam, korea, and the philippines and the need for our peoples to be in solidarity for the removal of these bases of war. wearing a \" deji - wajiwaji! \" hoa tee - shirt, world war ii veteran don matsuda called for the bases to get out of okinawa. kisha borja - kicho ' cho ' with a contingent from fight for guahan expressed solidarity from the chamoru community in their struggle to resist the u. s. military base expansion on her home island. many speakers expressed a desire to remove the oppressive military bases and make the pacific a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3717021267326849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.362823"} {"text": "a contingent from fight for guahan expressed solidarity from the chamoru community in their struggle to resist the u. s. military base expansion on her home island. many speakers expressed a desire to remove the oppressive military bases and make the pacific a zone of peace. several people came after seeing coverage of the event on the television. for some it was their first demonstration. norman kaneshiro sensei and several young okinawan musicians sang traditional okinawan songs. we closed the circle with singing \" hana \" ( kina shoukichi ' s famous peace anthem ). then we tied yellow ribbons with messages of peace written on them on the consulate fence. the event was covered on kitv and khnl television stations, and there reporters for the okinawa times and ryukyu shimpo covered the event. attached are some photos by jamie oshiro. more detailed report and photos to come. click \" read more \" to see more event pictures. i was in hyderabad, india, from may through december, 2009. i returned to the us for january through march, and by april 2nd was again back here in hyderabad. i spent the last ten years studying - getting a degree in journalism and following that up with an ma in integrative studies. i wrote many articles and essays, wrote two books, and organized a national conference. i came to hyderabad to organize the second conference. the u. s. military on okinawa is advising department of defense personnel and their families to stay away from the village of yomitan on sunday, where a large anti - base rally is scheduled. organizers said wednesday they expect 100, 000 people to gather at the village sports complex for the 3 p. m. event. among featured speakers will be elected officials and union leaders. if the size of the crowd turns out to be as big as predicted, it will be the largest anti - base event on okinawa since 58, 000 people gathered in ginowan in october 1995 to protest the abduction and gang rape of a 12 - year - old schoolgirl by two marines and a sailor. the crime sparked an anti - base movement that resulted in the u. s. and japan agreeing the next year to return about 20 percent of the land used by the u. s. military on okinawa. that agreement included closing marine corps air station futenma if an alternate location on the island could be found. several relocation plans followed and were scrapped because of opposition by anti - base and environmental - protection groups. japan \u2019 s new left - center government is reviewing a 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43533502141073405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.363937"} {"text": "marine corps air station futenma if an alternate location on the island could be found. several relocation plans followed and were scrapped because of opposition by anti - base and environmental - protection groups. japan \u2019 s new left - center government is reviewing a 2006 agreement to close futenma and move the marines to a new air facility to be built at camp schwab on okinawa. prime minister yukio hatoyama said he will settle on a proposed new location for futenma operations by the end of may. read more. the united states air force has announced that it will launch a secret space plane that has sparked speculation about the militarization of space. the pentagon has set april 21 as the date for the launch of the robotic space plane known as the x - 37b orbital test vehicle ( otv ), which is a reusable unmanned plane capable of long outer space missions at low orbits. since the nature of the project is shrouded in mystery, defense analysts allege that the us military is building the first generation of us ' space predator drones ' that will build up the united states ' space armada, the christian science monitor wrote in a recent article. military experts argue that the us department of defense would not have saved nasa ' s costly x - 37b project, which had been scrapped, if it did not have a military application. they say the us wants to maintain a leading role in space via the development of the new ' space weapon ' at a time when other countries like china are expanding their space programs. read more. kucinich voices concern over futenma base relocation by robert naiman | just foreign policy representative dennis kucinich sent a letter to norman dicks, chair of the house subcommittee on defense appropriations, expressing concerns about u. s. plans to relocate the u. s. base at futenma in okinawa to nago, and urging that the concerns of okinawa residents be taken into account. the letter is here. kazakhstan : u. s., nato seek military outpost between russia and china rick rozoff | stop nato | blog site | april 14, 2010 on april 11, the day before the two - day nuclear security summit held in washington, dc, u. s. president barack obama met with his kazakh counterpart nursultan nazarbayev and their deliberations resulted in the u. s. obtaining the right to fly troops and military equipment over ( and later directly into ) the territory of kazakhstan for the escalating war in afghanistan. michael mcfaul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4591820332749779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.365044"} {"text": ", 000 coalition personnel passed through the base on their way in or out of afghanistan, and manas was the transit point for 5, 000 tons of cargo, including spare parts and equipment, uniforms and various items to support personnel and mission needs. \u201c currently, around 1, 000 u. s. troops, along with a few hundred from spain and france, are assigned to the base. \u201d the white house \u2019 s special representative for afghanistan and pakistan richard holbrooke paid his first visit in his current position to kyrgyzstan \u2013 and the three other former soviet central asian republics which border it, kazakhstan, tajikistan and uzbekistan \u2013 in february and said \u201c 35, 000 us troops were transiting each month on their way in and out of afghanistan. \u201d at the rate he mentioned, 420, 000 troops annually. hmm. who should be occupying whom? pakistan parliament agrees to curb presidential powers the parliament of pakistan has voted unanimously in favour of measures which limit key presidential powers. the measures transfer certain powers from the office of the president to the prime minister and take away his power to dismiss elected governments. supporters say the legislation will strengthen parliamentary democracy, weakened by periods of military rule. the bill was approved unanimously by pakistan ' s national assembly. it now needs approval from the upper house. from veterans for peace hanoi - - at a meeting with american veterans here yesterday, vietnamese prime minister nguyen tan dung urged \" the united states government to take responsibility for solving the aftermath of its war with vietnam. \" during the war, mr. dung emphasized, more than two million vietnamese were killed, millions more were injured, and more than 300, 000 are still missing. moreover, three million people were exposed to toxic chemicals like agent orange sprayed by the u. s. military during the war. mr. dung further urged the u. s. government to \" listen to its conscience, \" and to cooperate with vietnam ' s government by giving assistance to vietnamese victims of agent orange to help them overcome the difficulties they face, and to aid in the clean - up of the dioxin contaminated environment. the futenma base relocation issue has been dominating the headlines in japan ever since the formation of the hatoyama administration in september 2009. understandably the focus has been on okinawa, long the center of anti - base activism. but we should see the futenma base relocation issue as part of a much broader problem. in this article i want to consider the futenma issue in the context of other activities within the international anti - bases movement. i have been involved in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4270833665952448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.368046"} {"text": "but we should see the futenma base relocation issue as part of a much broader problem. in this article i want to consider the futenma issue in the context of other activities within the international anti - bases movement. i have been involved in the anti - bases movement for many years and serve on the hokkaido asia africa latin america solidarity committee ( haala ). haala is an organization that opposes neo - colonialism, respects the rights of people to self - determination and aims for the equality of all peoples. revocation of the us - japan security treaty and the removal of all american bases from japan are among its aims. we have links with vietnam, nicaragua, cuba and south africa among others and are involved in various humanitarian projects there. a representative of the japan africa asia south america solidarity committee went to ecuador to attend the anti - base activities described in fuse yujin \u2019 s article [ add link ], and have also visited venezuela and bolivia. the international network for the abolition of foreign military bases ( inafmb ) took off at the world social forum held in mumbai in january 2004 and was launched officially as a result of its first international conference in quito and manta, ecuador, in march 2007. i attended the mumbai meeting as the representative of haala. it was an unforgettable experience. to have 130, 000 people gathering from across the globe under the slogan \u2018 another world is possible \u2019 in a meeting of such diversity and vibrancy was enough to really make one believe it could happen. in particular, the demonstrations by members of india \u2019 s so - called \u2018 untouchables \u2019 caste left a particularly strong impression. their cries of \u2018 if another world is possible then it must include us \u2019 brought it home that only by raising one \u2019 s voice is there any hope to change things. read more. on march 11, the us state department issued its \" 2009 human rights report : china ( includes tibet, hong kong, and macau ), \" calling the people ' s republic of china ( prc ) \" an authoritarian state in which the chinese communist party ( ccp ) constitutionally is the paramount source of power, \" practicing : - \" cultural and religious repression ; \" - harassment of human rights activists ; - harassment and disbarment of lawyers who defend them ; - control of free expression, the internet, and access to it ; - extrajudicial killings ; - torture and coerced confessions of prisoners ; - use of forced labor, including prison labor ; - monitoring, harassing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5051550169374707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.369102"} {"text": "defend them ; - control of free expression, the internet, and access to it ; - extrajudicial killings ; - torture and coerced confessions of prisoners ; - use of forced labor, including prison labor ; - monitoring, harassing, detaining, arresting, and imprisoning \" journalists, writers, dissidents, activists, petitioners, and defense lawyers and their families ; \" - denial of due process ; japan ' s prime minister yukio hatoyama has said the result of a weekend mayoral poll could fuel a major rethink about us military bases in japan. residents of the japanese city of nago, on okinawa, chose a candidate opposed to the hosting of an american air base. the futenma base was originally scheduled to move to nago from a more crowded part of okinawa. talk of moving the base out of japan altogether has threatened the long - standing us - japan security alliance. mr hatoyama said the results of sunday ' s election reflected the will of the people, and that japan will continue to re - examine its commitment to relocate the air base. \" the country will start from scratch on this issue and take responsibility to reach a conclusion by the end of may, \" he told reporters. read more. from tomdispatch this morning : an unprecedented picture of china on one of history ' s great spending binges in search of access to, and control over, the world ' s key future energy and other resources - - \" china ' s global shopping spree : is the world ' s future resource map tilting east? \" \" think of it as a tale of two countries, \" begins energy expert and author of rising powers, shrinking planet michael klare. \" when it comes to procuring the resources that make industrial societies run, china is now the shopaholic of planet earth, while the united states is staying at home. hard - hit by the global recession, the united states has experienced a marked decline in the consumption of oil and other key industrial materials. not so china. with the recession \u2019 s crippling effects expected to linger in the u. s. for many years, analysts foresee a slow recovery when it comes to resource consumption. not so china. \" tomdispatch regular klare offers a picture of state - owned or state - backed chinese companies ranging the world gobbling up the key future energy and other resources crucial to an industrial society, and at recession - induced bargain - basement prices. backed with endless streams of cash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4702879350822556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.370254"} {"text": "force, does not help to achieve such purposes, and as such their stationing in japan lacks justification under the treaty. further, 75 % of us military bases and facilities are concentrated in this one prefecture of okinawa, and all okinawans want us bases to be downsized and removed. the principles of democracy, which are recognized universally the world over, do not tolerate troop stationing which goes against the will of the people. 2 ) in japan the constitution \u2019 s preamble and articles 9 and 98 provide the right to seek removal of us military bases. the japanese constitution provides that \u201c never again shall we be visited with the horrors of war through the action of government \u201d and recognizes that \u201c all peoples of the world have the right to live in peace, free from fear and want. \u201d it says that the japanese renounce war, do not maintain \u201c land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, \u201d and it pledges to faithfully observe \u201c established laws of nations, \u201d which include the law of war and international humanitarian law. from the perspective of this extensive peace design, when at least part of the us forces stationed in japan are highly problematic to bringing about peace and eliminating \u201c fear and want, \u201d it is possible to exercise one \u2019 s legitimate rights, including appeals to the international community, to resolve the matter which is the cause. in view of the situation with us military bases, which is a never - ending stream of aircraft crashes, traffic accidents, crimes, and pollution, it stands to reason that the people of okinawa prefecture seek the return of futenma air station, and, with respect for their will, the japanese government indeed has the right to take the initiative and ask the us government to immediately remove futenma air station. march 24, 2010 japan lawyers international solidarity association, executive committee osamu niikura, president. jun sasamoto, secretary - general finally a congressman takes look at expanding empire of bases, but apparently he was drugged or is just an idiot mongolia : pentagon trojan horse wedged between china and russia rick rozoff | stop nato | blog site | march 31, 2010 because of its history, its location and the nations which surround it, mongolia would seem the last country in the world to host annual pentagon - led military exercises and to be the third asian nation to offer nato troops for the war in afghanistan. from the early 1920s until the breakup of the soviet union in 1991 mongolia was the latter nation ' s longest - standing and in many ways closest political and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.489394802997003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.372775"} {"text": "led military exercises and to be the third asian nation to offer nato troops for the war in afghanistan. from the early 1920s until the breakup of the soviet union in 1991 mongolia was the latter nation ' s longest - standing and in many ways closest political and military ally, its armed forces fighting alongside those of the ussr against the japanese in world war ii. it was not a member of the warsaw pact as that alliance was formed in europe six years after and in response to the creation of nato in 1949, but mongolia was a military buffer between the soviet union and the japanese army in china in the second world war and between it and china during the decades of the sino - soviet conflict. mongolia is also buried deep within the asian continent and is the world ' s second - largest landlocked nation next to kazakhstan, which is only 21 miles from its western border. those two countries along with north korea, impenetrable in most every sense of the word, are the only three that border both china and russia. russia abuts mongolia along its entire northern frontier and china along its eastern, southern and western borders. there is no way to enter the country except by passing through or over russia and china. as such mongolia would have appeared to be a refuge of non - alignment in a world of rapidly expanding u. s. and nato penetration of increasingly vast tracts of the earth ' s surface. but in the post - cold war period no country is beyond the pentagon ' s reach, either inside or on its borders. in the last decade alone the u. s. has acquired bases and other military installations and stationed its armed forces throughout parts of the world that it had never penetrated during the cold war era, including : africa : approximately 2, 000 troops and the pentagon ' s combined joint task force - horn of africa at camp lemonnier in djibouti in the horn of africa. indonesia ' s national armed forces ( tni ), especially its thuggish kopassus special forces command, has a long, sordid human rights record, including political killings and massacres of hundreds of thousands of civilians in east timor, aceh, papua, and elsewhere in the country. in response to the november 12, 1991 santa cruz cemetery massacre of over 270 demonstrators in dili, east timor ' s capital, congress restricted indonesia ' s tni from receiving international military education and training ( imet ). it brings foreign military officers to america for what ' s taught at the infamous school of the americas ( soa, renamed whinse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46798895725874634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.374971"} {"text": "' s capital, congress restricted indonesia ' s tni from receiving international military education and training ( imet ). it brings foreign military officers to america for what ' s taught at the infamous school of the americas ( soa, renamed whinsec ) - namely, the latest ways to kill, maim, torture, oppress, exterminate poor and indigenous people, overthrown democratically elected governments, suppress popular resistance movements, assassinate targeted leaders, and work cooperatively with washington to solidify hard - right rule, intolerant of democratic rights, social justice, and progressive change. the 1976 arms export control act requires us military hardware sales use only for defense or to maintain internal security. guam taxpayers pay $ 1, 019 / hr for port negotiator! since former gm of the port authority of guam, ken takagawa, became the port \u2019 s chief negotiator, there has been no forward progress with the contract negotiations for our workers. he refuses to negotiate on items that have been negotiable for public employees under the public employees management relations act for 40 years. mr. takagawa works 6 hrs a week and receives $ 20, 000 per month plus per diem of $ 215 per day which comes out to $ 1, 019 per hour to basically delay the process of getting our port workers a contract! it appears that mr. takagawa is deliberately delaying the process to maximize his salary. in an effort to rectify the situation, president matt rector sent a letter to the office of attorney general chief prosecutor, diane corbett, to investigate the situation and ensure protection of the people of guam from government corruption, theft and waste of thousands of public dollars to this private contractor. read letter. brazil, russia, india, and china \u2014 otherwise known as the bric nations \u2014 are enjoying a new and, in ways, unprecedented role on the international stage. the four emerging markets maintained an average growth rate of 10. 7 percent from 2006 to 2008, according to the international monetary fund. with this outstanding performance, they are creating a new economic miracle. in an article recently published in the beijing - based newspaper guangming daily, experts in a research team of the hunan provincial planning office of philosophy and social science pointed to a trend known as the \" big country effect \" as a determining factor in their rapid, sustainable growth. excerpts from this article follow : some scholars say the rapid economic growth of the bric countries stemmed from their wise choices in comparative advantage strategies \u2014 which have allowed them considerable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44515515571935604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.376049"} {"text": "the \" big country effect \" as a determining factor in their rapid, sustainable growth. excerpts from this article follow : some scholars say the rapid economic growth of the bric countries stemmed from their wise choices in comparative advantage strategies \u2014 which have allowed them considerable room to maneuver with regards to their resources. others say their brilliant performance emanated from their advantages in terms of being latecomers. in other words, having been so economically dormant for so long, the bric countries have enjoyed advances in development via technological improvements, human resource development, as well as economic restructuring. none of these arguments are fully convincing. read more. your calls on jeju island are working already - keep making them jeju is the island inside the red circle. to the left is mainland china. to the right is japan. china imports 80 % of its oil along the seaway beside jeju island. the u. s. navy obviously relishes the idea of one more navy base in the region that would enable it to choke off china ' s importation oil thus giving the u. s. the \" key \" to china ' s economic engine. you can see that this navy base will dramatically widen already dangerous tensions in the region. bruce k. gagnon, coordinator of global network against weapons & nuclear power in space, just wrote to afterdowningstreet : since my earlier email this morning ( read it below ) asking people to call the south korean embassy in washington dc i ' ve already heard from two different people who both told me the person they spoke to at the embassy said it was the u. s. navy that wants the base. one of our supporters emailed me the following message after her call to the embassy : i just spoke with the aide to the attache at the korean embassy ( 202 - 939 - 5600 ) and she asked that we contact the u. s. navy to complain. she understood our motivation is to support the resistance of the people on jeju but she said \" you have to talk to your government because they are the ones who want to do this. \" she asked me to relay this message to others. this is very important information and confirms the worst suspicions of many of us that the u. s. has been pushing the south korean government to build the navy base on jeju island in order for the u. s. navy to deploy aegis destroyers at the base. but we never had confirmation of that theory until now! we need to keep calling the south korean embassy and tell them not to do what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4650726018545186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.377171"} {"text": "base on jeju island in order for the u. s. navy to deploy aegis destroyers at the base. but we never had confirmation of that theory until now! we need to keep calling the south korean embassy and tell them not to do what the u. s. pentagon tells them. south korea is a sovereign nation and should not allow the u. s. to push them into building a provocative navy base on what is known as the \" peace island \". china \u2019 s currency manipulation fuels continued trade imbalance | press release the growing trade deficit between the u. s. and china eliminated or displaced an estimated 2. 4 million jobs in the u. s. between 2001 and 2008, according to a new report from the economic policy institute. the new report, unfair china trade costs local jobs, shows that every state in the country, as well as washington, d. c. and puerto rico, suffered jobs lost or displaced because of the trade imbalance. the deficit grew by an average of $ 26. 6 billion each year between 2001 and 2008 ; chinese exports to the united states in 2008 were more than five times greater than u. s. exports to china. a surge in imports of chinese computer and electronic products accounted for more than 40 % of the $ 186 billion increase in the u. s. trade deficit with china between 2001 and 2008, with these industries experiencing the largest trade - related job losses of any sector \u2013 627, 700 jobs, or 26 % of all jobs lost or displaced between 2001 and 2008. china friday retorted us criticism by publishing its own report on the us human rights record. \" as in previous years, the ( us ) reports are full of accusations of the human rights situation in more than 190 countries and regions including china, but turn a blind eye to, or dodge and even cover up rampant human rights abuses on its own territory, \" said the information office of the state council in its report on the us human rights record. the human rights record of the united states in 2009 was in retaliation to the country reports on human rights practices for 2009 issued by the us department of state on march 11. the report is \" prepared to help people around the world understand the real situation of human rights in the united states, \" said the report. the report reviewed the human rights record of the united states in 2009 from six perspectives : life, property and personal security ; civil and political rights ; economic, social and cultural rights ; racial discrimination ; rights of women and children ; and the us ' violation of human rights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4909203305546958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.378111"} {"text": "the human rights record of the united states in 2009 from six perspectives : life, property and personal security ; civil and political rights ; economic, social and cultural rights ; racial discrimination ; rights of women and children ; and the us ' violation of human rights against other countries. it criticized the united states for taking human rights as \" a political instrument to interfere in other countries ' internal affairs, defame other nations ' image and seek its own strategic interests. \" china advised the us government to draw lessons from the history, put itself in a correct position, strive to improve its own human rights conditions and rectify its acts in the human rights field. this is the 11th consecutive year that the information office of china ' s state council has issued a human rights record of the united states to answer the us state department ' s annual report. \" at a time when the world is suffering a serious human rights disaster caused by the us subprime crisis - induced global financial crisis, the us government still ignores its own serious human rights problems but revels in accusing other countries. it is really a pity, \" the report said. spying on citizens read more. daytona beach, tomorrow night! milestone : 1, 000 americans kia in afghanisan action : \" stop the wars now! \" we ' ve reached a sad milestone in afghanistan. today, monday, february 22, 2010, it was reported that 1, 000 u. s. troops have now been killed in action ( kia ) in afghanistan. the name of the soldier and other details, other than being killed by an improvised explosive devise ( ied ), have yet to be released. for more information about troops killed in both afghanistan and iraq, go to www. icasualties. org on line. to recognize the 1, 000th kia in afghanistan and to say \" enough \" to continued killing there due to the 9 - year u. s. occupation of afghanistan, there will be an emergency antiwar protest in daytona beach tomorrow evening, tuesday february 23rd, beginning at 6 : 00 pm and ending at 8 : 00 pm on the northwest corner of nova road and international speedway boulevard in front of the steak n shake. the street address is 1000 w. international speedway blvd, daytona beach, fl 32114 and directions can be found on line here. this event is being billed as \" afghanistan - 1, 000 kia - enough already, bring them home now! \". there will be tv and print news media on site reporting on the event. this event will not be a vigil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4591471707690004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.379501"} {"text": "this page lists climate science and climate impact claims that have either not been proven, or have had the claim modified, moved, or expanded to protect the claimant from having to admit the original claim was wrong. this will always be a work in progress. new items will be added as they are examined and will include : - the claim itself \u2013 what was stated as factual or predicted? a clear unambiguous statement, such as \u201c 50 million climate refugees by 2010 \u2033 - proof of the original claim \u2013 website, documents, photos, audio, video that clearly and unambiguously show the claim being made sometime in the past. - a test of the of the claim, and the results \u2013 website, documents, photos, audio, video that clearly and unambiguously show the claim not coming true or not meeting the claim. - proof of change in the claim ( if applicable ) \u2013 often, when the claim fails to materialize, goalposts get moved, such as we saw with the \u201c 50 million climate refugees \u201d story that was originally set with a due date of 2010, is now set for the year 2020. the claim : 50 million climate refugees will be produced by climate change by the year 2010. especially hard hit will be river delta areas, and low lying islands in the caribbean and pacific. the un 62nd general assembly in july 2008 said : \u2026 it had been estimated that there would be between 50 million and 200 million environmental migrants by 2010. the test : did population go down in these areas during that period, indicating climate refugees were on the move? the answer, no. the proof : population actually gained in some caribbean island for which 2010 census figures were available. then when challenged on these figures, the un tried to hide the original claim from view. see : the un \u201c disappears \u201d 50 million climate refugees, then botches the disappearing attempt the change in claim : now it is claimed that it will be 10 years into the future, and there will be 50 million refugees by the year 2020.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45229064107434774, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.382783"} {"text": "by ellen brown / www. webofdebt. com \u2014 president john adams is quoted as saying, \u201c there are two ways to conquer and enslave a nation. one is by the sword. the other is by debt. \u201d the major conquests today are on the battlefield of debt, a war that is raging globally. debt forces individuals into financial slavery to the banks, and it forces governments to relinquish their sovereignty to their creditors, which in the end are also private banks, the originators of all non - cash money today. in great britain, where the bank of england is owned by the government, 97 % of the money supply is issued privately by banks as loans. in the u. s., where the central bank is owned by a private consortium of banks, the percentage is even higher. the federal reserve issues federal reserve notes ( or dollar bills ) and lends them to other banks, which then lend them at interest to individuals, businesses, and local and federal governments. that is true today, but in the past there have been successful models in which the government itself issued the national currency, whether as paper notes or as the credit of the nation. a stellar example of this enlightened approach to money and credit was the commonwealth bank of australia, which operated successfully as a government - owned bank for most of the 20th century. rather than issuing \u201c sovereign debt \u201d \u2013 federal bonds indebting the nation to pay at interest in perpetuity \u2013 the government through the commonwealth bank issued \u201c sovereign credit, \u201d the credit of the nation advanced to the government and its constituents. the bank \u2019 s achievements were particularly remarkable considering that for its first eight years, from 1912 to 1920, it did not have the power to issue the national currency, and it operated without startup capital. sir denison miller, governor of the bank from its creation in 1912 to 1923, was quoted in the australian press on july 7, 1921 as saying, \u201c the whole of the resources of australia are at the back of this bank, and so strong as this continent is, so strong is the commonwealth bank. whatever the australian people can intelligently conceive in their minds and will loyally support, that can be done. \u201d this was not just hype. in a 2001 article titled \u201c how money is created in australia, \u201d david kidd wrote of the bank \u2019 s early accomplishments : \u201c australia \u2019 s own government - established commonwealth bank achieved some impressive successes while it was \u2018 the peoples \u2019 bank \u2019, before being crippled by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4833486809128633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.394740"} {"text": "article titled \u201c how money is created in australia, \u201d david kidd wrote of the bank \u2019 s early accomplishments : \u201c australia \u2019 s own government - established commonwealth bank achieved some impressive successes while it was \u2018 the peoples \u2019 bank \u2019, before being crippled by later government decisions and eventually sold. at a time when private banks were demanding 6 % interest for loans, the commonwealth bank financed australia \u2019 s first world war effort from 1914 to 1919 with a loan of $ 700, 000, 000 at an interest rate of a fraction of 1 %, thus saving australians some $ 12 million in bank charges. in 1916 it made funds available in london to purchase 15 cargo steamers to support australia \u2019 s growing export trade. until 1924 the benefits conferred upon the people of australia by their bank flowed steadily on. it financed jam and fruit pools to the extent of $ 3 million, it found $ 8 million for australian homes, while to local government bodies, for construction of roads, tramways, harbours, gasworks, electric power plants, etc., it lent $ 18. 72 million. it paid $ 6. 194 million to the commonwealth government between december, 1920 and june, 1923 \u2013 the profits of its note issue department \u2013 while by 1924 it had made on its other business a profit of $ 9 million, available for redemption of debt. the bank \u2019 s independently - minded governor, sir denison miller, used the bank \u2019 s credit power after the first world war to save australians from the depression conditions being imposed in other countries.... by 1931 amalgamations with other banks made the commonwealth bank the largest savings institution in australia, capturing 60 % of the nation \u2019 s savings. \u201d harnessing the secret power of banking for the public good the commonwealth bank was able to achieve so much with so little because both its first governor, denison miller, and its first and most ardent proponent, king o \u2019 malley, had been bankers themselves and knew the secret of banking : that banks create the \u201c money \u201d they lend simply by writing accounting entries into the deposit accounts of borrowers. this banking secret was confirmed by a number of early banking insiders. in a 1998 paper titled \u201c manufacturing money, \u201d australian economist mike mansfield quoted the rt. hon. reginald mckenna, former chancellor of the exchequer, who told shareholders of the midland bank on january 25, 1924, \u201c i am afraid the ordinary citizen will not like to be told that the banks can, and do, create and destroy money. the amount of money in existence varies only with the action of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41056799886704615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.397248"} {"text": "shareholders of the midland bank on january 25, 1924, \u201c i am afraid the ordinary citizen will not like to be told that the banks can, and do, create and destroy money. the amount of money in existence varies only with the action of the banks in increasing or decreasing deposits and bank purchases. we know how this is effected. every loan, overdraft or bank purchase creates a deposit, and every repayment of a loan, overdraft or bank sale destroys a deposit. \u201d dr. coombs, former governor of the reserve bank of australia, said in an address at queensland university on september 15, 1954, \u201c [ w ] hen money is lent by a bank it passes into the hands of the person who borrows it without anybody having less. whenever a bank lends money there is therefore, an increase in the total amount of money available. \u201d ralph hawtrey, assistant under secretary to the british treasury in the 1930s, wrote in trade depression and the way out, \u201c when a bank lends, it creates money out of nothing. \u201d in his book the art of central banking, hawtrey clarified this, writing, \u201c when a bank lends, it creates credit. against the advance which it enters amongst its assets, there is a deposit entered in its liabilities. but other lenders have not the mystical power of creating the means of payment out of nothing. what they lend must be money that they have acquired through their economic activities. \u201d banks can do what no one else can : \u201c create the means of payment out of nothing. \u201d the commonwealth bank \u2019 s far - sighted founders roped this guarded banking secret into the public service. the bank collapse of 1893 spawns a new public banking model the commonwealth bank was founded under conditions like those prevailing today : the country had just suffered a massive banking collapse. in the 1890s, however, there was no fdic insurance, no social security, no unemployment insurance to soften the blow. people who thought they were well off suddenly found they had nothing. they could not withdraw their funds, write checks on their accounts, or sell their products or their homes, since there was no money with which to buy them. desperate people were leaping from bridges or throwing themselves in front of trains. something had to be done. the response of the labor government was to pass a bill in 1911 which included a provision for a publicly - owned bank that would be backed by the assets of the government. in a rare move for the time, the bank was to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4689643057108765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.398321"} {"text": "be done. the response of the labor government was to pass a bill in 1911 which included a provision for a publicly - owned bank that would be backed by the assets of the government. in a rare move for the time, the bank was to have both savings and general bank business. it was also the first bank in australia to receive a federal government guarantee. jack lang was australia \u2019 s treasurer in the labor government of 1920 - 21 and premier of new south wales during the great depression. a controversial figure, he was relieved of his duties after he repudiated loans owed to the london bankers. in the great bust : the depression of the thirties ( mcnamara \u2019 s books, katoomba, 1962 ), lang described the commonwealth bank \u2019 s triumphs and tribulations in revealing detail. he wrote : \u201c the labor party decided that a national bank, backed with the assets of the government, would not fail in times of financial stress. it also realised that such a bank would be a guarantee that money would be found for home building and other needs. after the collapse of the building societies, there was a great scarcity of money for such purposes. \u201c... chief advocate of the cause of a commonwealth bank was king o \u2019 malley, a colorful canadian - american... before coming to australia, he had worked in a small new york bank, owned by an uncle.... he had been much impressed by the way that his uncle had created credit. a bank could create the credit, and at the same time manufacture the debit to balance it. that was the big discovery of o \u2019 malley \u2019 s banking career. a born showman, he itched to try it out on a grand scale. he started his political career in south australia by advocating a state commercial bank. in 1901 he went into the first federal parliament as a one - man pressure group to establish a commonwealth bank, and joined the labor party for that purpose. \u201d king o \u2019 malley insisted that the commonwealth bank had to control the issue of its own notes, but he lost on that point \u2013 until 1920, when the bank did take over the issuance of the national currency, just as the u. s. federal reserve was authorized to do in 1913. that was the beginning of the commonwealth bank \u2019 s central bank powers. but even before it had that power, the bank was able to fund infrastructure and defense on a massive scale, and it did this without startup capital. these achievements were chiefly due to the insights and boldness of the bank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44607083381105206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.399649"} {"text": "\u2019 s central bank powers. but even before it had that power, the bank was able to fund infrastructure and defense on a massive scale, and it did this without startup capital. these achievements were chiefly due to the insights and boldness of the bank \u2019 s first governor, denison miller. the other bankers, fearing competition, had thought that by getting one of their own men in as the bank \u2019 s governor, they could keep it in line. but they had not reckoned on their independent appointee, who saw the opportunity posed by a government - backed bank and set out to make it the finest institution the country had ever known. as lang tells the story : \u201c the first test came when a decision was required regarding the amount of capital needed to start a bank of that kind. under the act, the commonwealth had the right to sell and issue debentures totalling \u00a31 million. some even thought that amount of capital would be insufficient, having in mind what had happened in 1893.... \u201c when denison miller heard of it, his reply was that no capital was needed. \u201d miller was wary of going to the politicians for money. he could get by without capital. like king o \u2019 malley, he knew how banking worked. ( this, of course, was before the modern - day capital requirements imposed from abroad by the central banker \u2019 s bank, the bank for international settlements. ) lang went on : \u201c miller was the only employee. he found a small office... and asked the treasury for an advance of \u00a310, 000. that was probably the first and last time that the commonwealth lent the bank any money. from then on, it was all in the reverse direction. \u201c... by january, 1913 [ miller ] had completed arrangements to open a bank in each state of the commonwealth, and also an agency in london.... [ o ] n january 20th, 1913 he made a speech declaring the new commonwealth bank open for business. he said : \u201c \u2018 this bank is being started without capital, as none is required at the present time, but it is backed by the entire wealth and credit of the whole of australia. \u2019 \u201c in those few simple words was the charter of the bank, and the creed of denison miller, which he never tired of reciting. he promised to provide facilities to expand the natural resources of the country, and it would at all times be a people \u2019 s bank. \u2018 there is little doubt that in time it will be classed as one of the great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4352603215972227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.400744"} {"text": "never tired of reciting. he promised to provide facilities to expand the natural resources of the country, and it would at all times be a people \u2019 s bank. \u2018 there is little doubt that in time it will be classed as one of the great banks of the world, \u2019 he added prophetically. \u201c... slowly it began to dawn on the private banks that they may have harbored a viper. they had been so intent on the risks of having to contend with bank socialisation that they didn \u2019 t realise they had much more to fear from competition by an orthodox banker, with the resources of the country behind him. \u201c... one of the first demonstrations of his vigor came when the melbourne board of works went on the market for money to redeem old loans, and also to raise new money. up to that time, apart from treasury bills and advances by their own savings banks, governments had depended on overseas loans from london.... in addition to stiff underwriting charges, they found that the best they could expect would be \u00a31 million at 4 per cent., at 97 1 / 2 net. \u201c they then decided to approach denison miller, who had promised to provide special terms for such bodies. he immediately offered to lend them \u00a33 millions at 95 on which the interest rate would be 4 per cent. they immediately clinched the deal. asked where his very juvenile bank had raised all that money, miller replied, \u2018 on the credit of the nation. it is unlimited. \u2019 \u201d another major test came in 1914 with the first world war : \u201c the first reaction was the risk that people might start rushing to the banks to withdraw their money. the banks realised that they were still vulnerable if that happened. they were still afraid of another black friday. \u201c there was a hurried meeting of the principal bankers. some reported that there were signs that a run was already starting. denison miller then said that the commonwealth bank on behalf of the commonwealth would support any bank in difficulties.... that was the end of the panic. but it put miller on the box seat. now, for the first time, the commonwealth bank was taking the lead. it was giving, not taking, orders.... \u201c denison miller... was virtually in control of the financing of the war. the government didn \u2019 t know how it was going to be achieved. miller did. \u201d and so this interesting story continues. miller died in 1923, and in 1924 the bankers got back in control, throttling the activities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4297811783015918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.401888"} {"text": "financing of the war. the government didn \u2019 t know how it was going to be achieved. miller did. \u201d and so this interesting story continues. miller died in 1923, and in 1924 the bankers got back in control, throttling the activities of the commonwealth bank and preventing it from saving australians from the ravages of the 1930s depression. in 1931, the bank board came into conflict with the labor government ofjames scullin. the bank \u2019 s chairman refused to expand credit in response to the great depression unless the government cut pensions, which scullin refused to do. conflict surrounding this issue led to the fall of the government, and to demands from labor for reform of the bank and more direct government control over monetary policy. the commonwealth bank received almost all of the powers of a central bank in emergency legislation passed during world war ii, and at the end of the war it used this power to begin a dramatic expansion of the economy. in just five years, it opened hundreds of branches throughout australia. in 1958 and 1959, the government split the bank, giving the central bank function to the reserve bank of australia, with the commonwealth banking corporation retaining its commercial banking functions. both banks, however, remained publicly - owned. eventually, the commonwealth bank had branches in every town and suburb ; and in the bush, it had an agency in every post office or country store. as the largest bank in the country, it set the rates and set policy, which the others had to follow for fear of losing customers. the commonwealth bank was widely perceived to be an insurance policy against abuse by private banks, serving to ensure that everyone had access to equitable banking. it functioned as a wholly owned state bank until the 1990s, when it was privatized. its focus then changed to maximization of profits, with steady and massive branch and agency closures, staff layoffs, and reduced access to automated teller machines and to cash from supermarket checkouts. it has now become just another part of the banking cartel, but proponents say it was once the lifeblood of the country. today there is renewed interest in reviving a publicly - owned bank in australia on the commonwealth bank model. the united states and other countries would do well to consider this option too. special thanks to peter myers for reproducing major portions of jack lang \u2019 s book in his weekly newsletter. ellen brown is the author of web of debt : the shocking truth about our money system and how we can break free. she can be reached through her website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44327670637224176, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.403053"} {"text": "\u201c drunkorexia \u201d : worrying trend has students eating less, drinking more it is hardly news that eating disorders and alcohol abuse both have a significant presence on college campuses. however, a disturbing trend among young adults called \u201c drunkorexia, \u201d a combination of these two disorders, has recently been which is making headlines. drunkorexia refers to the restrictive eating behaviors that some people engage in before consuming alcohol, in order to conserve calories as well as get drunk faster. because alcohol has a high calorie content \u2014 many beers clock in at 150 calories \u2014 some students who wish to avoid weight gain will, for example, drastically decrease their food intake or skip meals entirely in order to consume the same amount of calories in alcohol. this behavior is unsurprisingly common among college students, and is said to be especially prevalent among female students. while drunkorexia is a useful label for a common behavior, it is not a medical term, and many disagree about whether it should be considered a disorder separate from either anorexia or alcoholism. leada fuller - marashi \u2019 14, who helps run an eating disorder support group on campus, took issue with the term. \u201c i think that the term drunkorexia trivializes the issue and at the same time it implies a strong link to anorexia, which i think is flawed as well, \u201d fuller - marashi said. \u201c people who are anorexic struggle with their restrictive behavior pretty much constantly, and that isn \u2019 t the case with drunkorexia, because it \u2019 s more of a means to an end rather than an ongoing psychological phenomenon. it might make more sense to describe the issue as alcohol - related disordered eating. \u201d fuller - marashi made it clear that she believes drunkorexia is distinct from anorexia. however, to label drunkorexia as disordered eating, rather than an eating disorder, does not mean it is necessarily less serious, although sometimes that is the implication. while eating disorders are diagnosed when a person engages in unusual eating habits, such as inadequate or excessive food intake, that harm their physical and emotional health, disordered eating describes a wider range of abnormal eating habits ( that do not permit a diagnosis for a specific eating disorder ). regardless of its exact location on a scale of eating and alcohol - related disorders, drunkorexia is regarded as dangerous by health professionals. dr. davis smith of wesleyan \u2019 s davison health center finds the phenomenon extremely troubling. \u201c eating before drinking helps slow the absorption of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.438521943778518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.408827"} {"text": "a scale of eating and alcohol - related disorders, drunkorexia is regarded as dangerous by health professionals. dr. davis smith of wesleyan \u2019 s davison health center finds the phenomenon extremely troubling. \u201c eating before drinking helps slow the absorption of alcohol, \u201d smith said. \u201c this is why eating before drinking is a good idea. sudden, rapid, intense onset of intoxication is more likely to lead to problems like drunk drinking ( losing track of intake ) and blackouts. excessive drinking and blacking out increase risk for severe intoxication, medically dangerous intoxication, sexual assault, vomiting, loss of bladder and bowel control, hangovers, and other adverse effects. i work on the assumption that avoiding the above is desirable. \u201d the playfulness of the term drunkorexia may imply that this behavior does not have lasting impacts. however, this disordered eating pattern can have serious long - term consequences, since it can lead to malnourishment, among other issues. \u201c complications of malnourishment could include structural damage to the heart, decreased fertility, wasting of respiratory muscles, and brain atrophy, \u201d dr. smith said. this behavioral pattern of restricting food in order to consume more alcohol was brought to national attention this year by a study at the university of missouri. in this study, sixteen percent of college students surveyed admitted to engaging in this behavior ; three - quarters of that sixteen percent were women. although fuller - marashi said that she personally had not encountered this form of disordered eating at the univesrity, she was unsurprised that drunkorexia was found to be common among college students. \u201c from my research and experience, i know that this is a very common time for people to have or develop eating disorders and disordered eating habits, so i \u2019 m sure \u2018 drunkorexia \u2019 is not a rare occurrence, \u201d fuller - marashi said. \u201c last i checked, one in ten people in the u. s. has an eating disorder, and i imagine the proportion of people with disordered eating is even higher. so statistically speaking, i \u2019 m sure a not - insignificant number of students deals with this issue. \u201d however, director of public safety dave meyer disagrees. his experiences with dangerously intoxicated students on campus have not led him to believe that drunkorexia is that common at the university. \u201c we \u2019 ve had issues with students who have been intoxicated because they didn \u2019 t eat enough and quickly became over - into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41637290186759623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.409998"} {"text": "intoxicated students on campus have not led him to believe that drunkorexia is that common at the university. \u201c we \u2019 ve had issues with students who have been intoxicated because they didn \u2019 t eat enough and quickly became over - intoxicated, \u201d meyer said. \u201c there isn \u2019 t any direct evidence that it \u2019 s intentional. we also have people who have just been stressed out or tired, and any of those factors would allow you to be more intoxicated. \u201d even though the term drunkorexia may not be familiar to everyone, many university students interviewed said they had noticed people on campus engaging in the behaviors it describes. \u201c i know people who eat less before drinking, usually in order to save calories, but sometimes to get drunk faster, \u201d said hope kabel \u2019 14. \u201c i \u2019 ve even seen people eat less the day before they \u2019 re going to drink \u2014 this way they can eat on the day they are actually going to drink, and that way they won \u2019 t get sick. \u201d when asked if she thought drunkorexia was common at the university, kelsey siegel \u2019 13 did not have to think twice. \u201c yes, definitely, \u201d siegel said. without a formal study or survey, it is uncertain exactly how prevalent this form of disordered eating is at the university ; it may very well not be a prevalent phenomenon. nevertheless, it is important to be aware of it as a potential problem on campus, and discourage peers from engaging in this unhealthy behavior. \u201c you can encourage people to eat when they think they shouldn \u2019 t, if you do so in a non - pushy way, \u201d fuller - marashi said. \u201c and if someone is seriously hurting themselves by binge drinking or their body mass is low enough to be dangerous, a heartfelt conversation could help them, because they might not even realize what they \u2019 re doing to themselves. but generally speaking, people with eating disorders have to decide to start the journey to recovery themselves. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4126974330522388, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.410863"} {"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. le reve women in wine scholarship upon repeal of prohibition, rudolph c. kopf founded the wine and spirits department of macy ' s department store in new york, the year was 1933. it quickly gained a reputation as the finest wine and spirits shop in the country and kopf became recognized as one of america \u2019 s most knowledgeable wine and spirits professionals. in 1944 he decided to turn his knowledge and relationships toward establishing his own company, which would become kobrand corporation. his founding principles were simple : first was quality of product, second was the quality of people, and third was the quality of relationships created. regarding quality of product, mr. kopf was determined to represent only the very finest produc...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5290578390667517, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.413289"} {"text": "noaa : sixth warmest february in combined global surface temperature, fifth warmest december - february last month \u2019 s combined global land and ocean surface temperature made it the sixth warmest february ever recorded. additionally, the december 2009 \u2013 february 2010 period was the fifth warmest on record averaged for any similar three - month northern hemisphere winter - southern hemisphere summer season, according to scientists at noaa \u2019 s national climatic data center in asheville, n. c. based on records going back to 1880, the monthly ncdc analysis is part of the suite of climate services noaa provides to businesses, communities and governments so they may make informed decisions to safeguard their social and economic well - being. separately, the average global ocean surface temperature for both february and the december - february season was second warmest on record, behind 1998. the global land surface temperature for february 2010 tied with 1992 as the 14th warmest on record, while december - february period was the 13th warmest on record. global highlights \u2013 february \u2022 the combined global land and ocean surface temperature for february 2010 was the sixth warmest on record, at 1. 08 degrees f ( 0. 60 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 53. 9 degrees f ( 12. 1 degrees c ). \u2022 the global land surface temperature for february 2010 was 1. 35 degrees f ( 0. 75 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 37. 8 degrees f ( 3. 2 degrees c ) \u2014 tying with 1992 as the 14th warmest february on record. \u2022 anomalously cool conditions were widespread across the contiguous united states, mexico, europe and russia. overall, the united kingdom had its coolest february since 1991, and the irish republic, its coolest february since 1986. \u2022 warmer - than - average temperatures enveloped much of the rest of the world \u2019 s land areas, with the warmest temperature anomalies occurring across alaska, canada and across the middle east and northern africa. \u2022 the february worldwide ocean temperature was the second warmest, behind 1998, on record. the temperature anomaly was 0. 97 degrees f ( 0. 54 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 60. 6 degrees f ( 15. 9 degrees c ). \u2022 a moderate - to - strong el nino continued in february. sea surface temperatures across parts of the equatorial pacific ocean were more than 2. 7 degrees f ( 1. 5 degrees c ) above average during the month. according to noaa \u2019 s climate prediction center, el nino is expected to continue at least through the northern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45849754862354536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.418407"} {"text": "temperatures across parts of the equatorial pacific ocean were more than 2. 7 degrees f ( 1. 5 degrees c ) above average during the month. according to noaa \u2019 s climate prediction center, el nino is expected to continue at least through the northern hemisphere spring 2010. global highlights \u2013 december 2009 \u2013 february 2010 \u2022 the combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for december - february was 54. 8 degrees f ( 12. 7 degrees c ), which is the fifth warmest on record and 1. 03 degrees f ( 0. 57 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 53. 8 degrees f ( 12. 1 degrees c ). \u2022 the worldwide land surface temperature for december - february was 1. 15 degrees f ( 0. 64 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 37. 8 degrees f ( 3. 2 degrees c ) \u2013 the 13th warmest on record. ( cool temperatures enveloped much of europe, russia, mexico, central and southeastern contiguous u. s., southern chile, southern argentina and parts of northern australia. ) \u2022 the united kingdom had its coolest northern hemisphere winter since 1978 - 1979. the irish republic experienced its coolest winter since 1962 - 1963. conversely, much of australia was engulfed by warmer - than - average conditions. the warmth was concentrated in western australia, resulting in the warmest december - february period on record. \u2022 the worldwide ocean surface temperature was 0. 97 degrees f ( 0. 54 degrees c ) above the 20th century average of 60. 5 degrees f ( 15. 8 degrees c ) and the second warmest december - february on record, behind 1998. \u2022 arctic sea ice covered an average of 5. 6 million square miles ( 14. 6 million square kilometers ) during february. this is 6. 8 percent below the 1979 - 2000 average extent and the fourth lowest february extent since records began in 1979. this was also the 12th consecutive february with below - average arctic sea ice extent. february arctic sea ice extent has decreased by 2. 9 percent per decade since 1979. \u2022 antarctic sea ice extent in february was 7. 3 percent above the 1979 - 2000 average, resulting in the eighth largest february extent on record. february antarctic sea ice extent has increased by 3. 1 percent per decade over the same period. \u2022 northern hemisphere snow cover extent during february was the third largest on record, behind 1978 and 1972. north american snow cover for february was also the third largest extent since satellite records began in 1967 \u2014 behind 1978 and 1979. northern hemisphere december - february snow cover during december 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4759119288665254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.419463"} {"text": "art & design unusual diego rivera work restored in mexico city the mexican muralist diego rivera painted in new york city, san francisco, detroit, europe and the soviet union. but some of rivera ' s most famous murals and most unusual projects are found in mexico city. in mexico city, rivera did far more than just paint. he collected pre - hispanic pottery and indigenous folk art. and he experimented with sculpture and architecture. and between 1950 and 1952, rivera built a giant, tiled fountain to the aztec rain god tlaloc as part of an overhaul of mexico city ' s municipal water system. \" it ' s a very special fountain. it ' s one of the most important sculptures that diego rivera did in his life, \" says lilia haua of probosque chapultepec, an organization which helped raise money to restore this work by rivera. but the fountain and murals had fallen into disrepair and until a year ago, were closed to the public for more than a decade. \" the fountain was completely destroyed so we tried to make it as nice as we can... always respecting the style and what diego rivera did, \" haua says. the fountain is basically a shallow pool more than a hundred feet long and a hundred feet wide. originally, it served as the ceremonial entry point for water from the lerma river into the city ' s main reservoirs. the main flow of water has now been diverted into a pipe, but in rivera ' s sculpture the rain god, tlaloc, still lies on his back in the pool. \" in the beginning, the water was coming through tlaloc ' s face, under his mouth, and then, the water was coming up to here to the carcamo, \" haua says. the carcamo is a giant tank inside a rotunda that ' s part of the same complex. until the 1990s municipal water flowed into the tank, and from here technicians could control the levels in several large reservoirs. rivera painted the entire cement tank, including the floor in elaborate, colorful scenes. water damaged the murals the flow of water, however, not only covered much of the murals, it was also destroying them so the water is no longer there. it ' s been diverted. to replace the sound of the missing stream, there ' s now a new and unexpected element \u2014 a pipe organ. it rumbles and changes tone based on the flow of water through the adjacent municipal pipes. lilia haua notes that rivera viewed water as a social issue, and an element", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.373156685846475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.423224"} {"text": ", there ' s now a new and unexpected element \u2014 a pipe organ. it rumbles and changes tone based on the flow of water through the adjacent municipal pipes. lilia haua notes that rivera viewed water as a social issue, and an element essential to life. pointing to the mural, she says, \" on this side we can see a beautiful wall, a beautiful painting, and he ' s talking about the origin of life and the importance of the fertility. but everything is related with the importance of the water. \" more than a half a century after his death, diego rivera still has a strong presence throughout mexico city. his best - known works include murals at the national palace and the palace of fine arts. these include a recreation of his controversial \" man at the crossroads \" at rockefeller center, which nelson rockefeller ordered destroyed in 1934 after rivera slipped in a portrait of the soviet leader vladimir lenin. then there ' s a huge mural made of tiny bits of tile that stretches across the front of the insurgentes theater. another one of his sculptures covers the entire front of the soccer stadium at the national autonomous university. the blue house of his wife frida kahlo is more famous and attracts far more visitors, but rivera left behind two houses in the south of mexico city. one is a stark modernist structure that was way ahead of its time in the 1920s. the other is a giant pyramid made of black volcanic rock. one critic referred to its style as soviet / aztec. rivera ' s iconic murals still grace the walls not only of museums but of schools, hospitals, and government buildings. his chubby face has even turned up on the new 500 peso mexican bank note. and now, with his project at the municipal pumping station restored, his work once again gazes over the water before it flows out into the mexican capital.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42055793776199824, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.424150"} {"text": "according to some writers the origin of beatification and canonization in the catholic church is to be traced back to the ancient pagan apotheosis. in his classic work on the subject ( de servorum dei beatificatione et beatorum canonizatione ) benedict xiv examines and at the very outset refutes this view. he shows so well the substantial differences between them that no right - thinking person need henceforth confound the two institutions or derive one from the other. it is a matter of history who were elevated to the honour of apotheosis, on what grounds, and by whose authority ; no less clear is the meaning that was attached to it. often the decree was due to the statement of a single person ( possibly bribed or enticed by promises, and with a view to fix the fraud more securely in the minds of an already superstitious people ) that while the body of the new god was being burned, an eagle, in the case of the emperors, or a peacock ( juno ' s sacred bird ), in the case of their consorts, was seen to carry heavenward the spirit of the departed ( livy, hist. rome, i, xvi ; herodian, hist. rome, iv, ii, iii ). apotheosis was awarded to most members of the imperial family, of which family it was the exclusive privilege. no regard was had to virtues or remarkable achievements. recourse was frequently had to this form of deification to escape popular hatred by distracting attention from the cruelty of imperial rulers. it is said that romulus was deified by the senators who slew him ; poppaea owed her apotheosis to her imperial paramour, nero, after he had kicked her to death ; geta had the honour from his brother caracalla, who had got rid of him through jealousy. canonization in the catholic church is quite another thing. the catholic church canonizes or beatifies only those whose lives have been marked by the exercise of heroic virtue, and only after this has been proved by common repute for sanctity and by conclusive arguments. the chief difference, however, lies in the meaning of the term canonization, the church seeing in the saints nothing more than friends and servants of god whose holy lives have made them worthy of his special love. she does not pretend to make gods ( cf. eusebius emisenus, serm. de s. rom. m. ; augustine, city of god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47169113577462096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.450526"} {"text": "friends and servants of god whose holy lives have made them worthy of his special love. she does not pretend to make gods ( cf. eusebius emisenus, serm. de s. rom. m. ; augustine, city of god xxii. 10 ; cyrill. alexandr., contra jul., lib. vi ; cyprian, de exhortat. martyr. ; conc. nic., ii, act. 3 ). the true origin of canonization and beatification must be sought in the catholic doctrine of the worship ( cultus ), invocation, and intercession of the saints. as was taught by st. augustine ( quaest. in heptateuch., lib. ii, n. 94 ; reply to faustus xx. 21 ), catholics, while giving to god alone adoration strictly so - called, honour the saints because of the divine supernatural gifts which have earned them eternal life, and through which they reign with god in the heavenly fatherland as his chosen friends and faithful servants. in other words, catholics honour god in his saints as the loving distributor of supernatural gifts. the worship of latria ( latreia ), or strict adoration, is given to god alone ; the worship of dulia ( douleia ), or honour and humble reverence, is paid the saints ; the worship of hyperdulia ( hyperdouleia ), a higher form of dulia, belongs, on account of her greater excellence, to the blessed virgin mary. the church ( augustine, reply to faustus xx. 21 ; cf. city of god xxii. 10 ) erects her altars to god alone, though in honour and memory of the saints and martyrs. there is scriptural warrant for such worship in the passages where we are bidden to venerate angels ( exodus 23 : 20 sqq. ; joshua 5 : 13 sqq. ; daniel 8 : 15 sqq. ; 10 : 4 sqq. ; luke 2 : 9 sqq. ; acts 12 : 7 sqq. ; revelation 5 : 11 sqq. ; 7 : 1 sqq. ; matthew 18 : 10 ; etc. ), whom holy men are not unlike, as sharers of the friendship of god. and if st. paul beseeches the brethren ( romans 15 : 30 ; 2 corinthians 1 : 11 ; colossians 4 : 3 ; ephesians 6 : 18 - 19 ) to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43165321994586664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.451412"} {"text": "sharers of the friendship of god. and if st. paul beseeches the brethren ( romans 15 : 30 ; 2 corinthians 1 : 11 ; colossians 4 : 3 ; ephesians 6 : 18 - 19 ) to help him by their prayers for him to god, we must with even greater reason maintain that we can be helped by the prayers of the saints, and ask their intercession with humility. if we may beseech those who still live on earth, why not those who live in heaven? it is objected that the invocation of saints is opposed to the unique mediatorship of christ jesus. there is indeed \" one mediator of god and man, the man christ jesus \". but he is our mediator in his quality of our common redeemer ; he is not our sole intercessor nor advocate, nor our sole mediator by way of supplication. in the eleventh session of the council of chalcedon ( 451 ) we find the fathers exclaiming, \" flavianus lives after death! may the martyr pray for us! \" if we accept this doctrine of the worship of the saints, of which there are innumerable evidences in the writings of the fathers and the liturgies of the eastern and western churches, we shall not wonder at the loving care with which the church committed to writing the sufferings of the early martyrs, sent these accounts from one gathering of the faithful to another, and promoted the veneration of the martyrs. let one instance suffice. in the circular epistle of the church of smyrna ( eusebius, church history iv. 23 ) we find mention of the religious celebration of the day on which st. polycarp suffered martyrdom ( 23 february, 155 ) ; and the words of the passage exactly express the main purpose which the church has in the celebration of such anniversaries : we have at last gathered his bones, which are dearer to us than priceless gems and purer than gold, and laid them to rest where it was befitting they should lie. and if it be possible for us to assemble again, may god grant us to celebrate the birthday of his martyrdom with gladness, thus to recall the memory of those who fought in the glorious combat, and to teach and strengthen by his example, those who shall come after us. this anniversary celebration and veneration of the martyrs was a service of thanksgiving and congratulation, a token and an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4428038029719411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.452657"} {"text": "memory of those who fought in the glorious combat, and to teach and strengthen by his example, those who shall come after us. this anniversary celebration and veneration of the martyrs was a service of thanksgiving and congratulation, a token and an evidence of the joy of those who engaged in it ( muratori, de paradiso, x ), and its general diffusion explains why tertullian, though asserting with the chiliasts that the departed just would obtain eternal glory only after the general resurrection of the body, admitted an exception for the martyrs ( de resurrectione carnis, xliii ). it must be obvious, however, that while private moral certainty of their sanctity and possession of heavenly glory may suffice for private veneration of the saints, it cannot suffice for public and common acts of that kind. no member of a social body may, independently of its authority, perform an act proper to that body. it follows naturally that for the public veneration of the saints the ecclesiastical authority of the pastors and rulers of the church was constantly required. the church had at heart, indeed, the honour of the martyrs, but she did not therefore grant liturgical honours indiscriminately to all those who had died for the faith. st. optatus of mileve, writing at the end of the fourth century, tells us ( de schism, donat., i, xvi, in p. l., xi, 916 - 917 ) of a certain noble lady, lucilla, who was reprehended by caecilianus, archdeacon of carthage, for having kissed before holy communion the bones of one who was either not a martyr or whose right to the title was unproved. the decision as to the martyr having died for his faith in christ, and the consequent permission of worship, lay originally with the bishop of the place in which he had borne his testimony. the bishop inquired into the motive of his death and, finding he had died a martyr, sent his name with an account of his martyrdom to other churches, especially neighboring ones, so that, in event of approval by their respective bishops, the cultus of the martyr might extend to their churches also, and that the faithful, as we read of st. ignatius in the \" acts \" of his martyrdom ( ruinart, acta sincera martyrum, 19 ) \" might hold communion with the generous martyr of christ ( generoso christi martyri com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43826445626450095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.453753"} {"text": "the faithful, as we read of st. ignatius in the \" acts \" of his martyrdom ( ruinart, acta sincera martyrum, 19 ) \" might hold communion with the generous martyr of christ ( generoso christi martyri communicarent ). martyrs whose cause, so to speak, had been discussed, and the fame of whose martyrdom had been confirmed, were known as proved ( vindicati ) martyrs. as far as the word is concerned it may probably not antedate the fourth century, when it was introduced in the church at carthage ; but the fact is certainly older. in the earlier ages, therefore, this worship of the saints was entirely local and passed from one church to another with the permission of their bishops. this is clear from the fact that in none of the ancient christian cemeteries are there found paintings of martyrs other than those who had suffered in that neighborhood. it explains, also, almost the universal veneration very quickly paid to some martyrs, e. g., st. lawrence, st. cyprian of carthage, pope st. sixtus of rome [ duchesne, origines du culte chretien ( paris, 1903 ), 284 ]. the worship of confessors of those, that is, who died peacefully after a life of heroic virtue is not as ancient as that of the martyrs. the word itself takes on a different meaning after the early christian periods. in the beginning it was given to those who confessed christ when examined in the presence of enemies of the faith ( baronius, in his notes to ro. mart., 1 january, d ), or, as benedict xiv explains ( op. cit., ii, c. ii, n. 6 ), to those who died peacefully after having confessed the faith before tyrants or other enemies of the christian religion, and undergone tortures or suffered other punishments of whatever nature. later on, confessors were those who had lived a holy life and closed it by a holy death in christian peace. it is in this sense that we now treat of the worship paid to confessors. it was in the fourth century, as is commonly held, that confessors were first given public ecclesiastical honour, though occasionally praised in ardent terms by earlier fathers, and although an abundant rewards ( multiplex corona ) is declared by st. cyprian to be theirs ( de zelo et livore, col. 509 ; cf. innoc. iii, de myst. miss., iii, x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4771732529102308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.454759"} {"text": "although an abundant rewards ( multiplex corona ) is declared by st. cyprian to be theirs ( de zelo et livore, col. 509 ; cf. innoc. iii, de myst. miss., iii, x ; benedict xiv, op. cit., i, v, no 3 sqq ; bellarmine, de missa, ii, xx, no 5 ). still bellarmine thinks it uncertain when confessors began to be objects of cultus, and asserts that it was not before 800, when the feasts of sts. martin and remigius are found in the catalogue of feasts drawn up by the council of mainz. this opinion of innocent iii and benedict xiv is confirmed by the implicit approval of st. gregory the great ( dial., i, xiv, and iii, xv ) and by well attested facts ; in the east, for example, hilarion ( sozomen, iii, xiv, and viii, xix ), ephrem ( greg. nyss., orat. in laud. s. ephrem ), and other confessors were publicly honoured in the fourth century ; and, in the west, st. martin of tours, as is gathered plainly from the oldest breviaries and the mozarabic missal ( bona, rer. lit., ii, xii, no. 3 ), and st. hilary of poitiers, as can be shown from the very ancient mass - book known as \" missale francorum \", were objects of a like cultus in the same century ( martigny, dictionnaire des antiquites chretiennes, s. v. confesseurs ). the reason of this veneration lies, doubtless, in the resemblance of the confessors ' self - denying and heroically virtuous lives to the sufferings of the martyrs ; such lives could truly be called prolonged martyrdoms. naturally, therefore, such honour was first paid to ascetics ( duchesne, op. cit., 284 ) and only afterwards to those who resembled in their lives the very penitential and extraordinary existence of the ascetics. so true is this that the confessors themselves are frequently called martyrs. st. gregory nazianzen calls st. basil a martyr ( orat. de laud., p. l., xxxvi, 602 ) ; st. chrysostom applies the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44121125176206377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.455664"} {"text": "carelessness of some bishops in inquiring into the lives of those whom they permitted to be honoured as saints. towards the close of the eleventh century the popes found it necessary to restrict episcopal authority on this point, and decreed that the virtues and miracles of persons proposed for public veneration should be examined in councils, more particularly in general councils. urban ii, calixtus ii, and eugenius iii followed this line of action. it happened, even after these decrees, that \" some, following the ways of the pagans and deceived by the fraud of the evil one, venerated as a saint a man who had been killed while intoxicated \". alexander iii ( 1159 - 81 ) took occasion to prohibit his veneration in these words : \" for the future you will not presume to pay him reverence, as, even though miracles were worked through him, it would not allow you to revere him as a saint unless with the authority of the roman church \" ( c. i, tit. cit., x. iii, xlv ). theologians do not agree as to the full import of this decretal. either a new law was made ( bellarmine, de eccles. triumph., i, viii ), in which case the pope then for the first time reserved the right of beatification, or a pre - existing law was confirmed. as the decretal did not put an end to all controversy, and some bishops did not obey it in as far as it regarded beatification ( which right they had certainly possessed hitherto ), urban vii published, in 1634, a bull which put an end to all discussion by reserving to the holy see exclusively not only its immemorial right of canonization, but also that of beatification. before dealing with the actual procedure in causes of beatification and canonization, it is proper to define these terms precisely and briefly in view of the preceding considerations. canonization, generally speaking, is a decree regarding the public ecclesiastical veneration of an individual. such veneration, however, may be permissive or preceptive, may be universal or local. if the decree contains a precept, and is universal in the sense that it binds the whole church, it is a decree of canonization ; if it only permits such worship, or if it binds under precept, but not with regard to the whole church, it is a decree of beatification. in the ancient discipline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44501878378307264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.457932"} {"text": "binds the whole church, it is a decree of canonization ; if it only permits such worship, or if it binds under precept, but not with regard to the whole church, it is a decree of beatification. in the ancient discipline of the church, probably even as late as alexander iii, bishops could in their several dioceses allow public veneration to be paid to saints, and such episcopal decrees were not merely permissive, but, in my opinion, preceptive. such decrees, however, could not prescribe universal honour ; the effect of an episcopal act of this kind, was equivalent to our modern beatification. in such cases there was, properly speaking, no canonization, unless with the consent of the pope extending the cultus in question, implicitly or explicitly, and imposing it by way of precept upon the church at large. in the more recent discipline beatification is a permission to venerate, granted by the roman pontiffs with restriction to certain places and to certain liturgical exercises. thus it is unlawful to pay to the person known as blessed ( i. e. the beatus, beatified ), public reverence outside of the place for which the permission is granted, or to recite an office in his honour, or to celebrate mass with prayers referring to him, unless special indult be had ; similarly, other methods of honour have been interdicted. canonization is a precept of the roman pontiff commanding public veneration to be paid an individual by the universal church. to sum up, beatification, in the present discipline, differs from canonization in this : that the former implies ( 1 ) a locally restricted, not a universal, permission to venerate, which is ( 2 ) a mere permission, and no precept ; while canonization implies a universal precept. in exceptional cases one or other element of this distinction may be lacking ; thus, alexander iii not only allowed but ordered the public cultus of bl. william of malavalle in the diocese of grosseto, and his action was confirmed by innocent iii ; leo x acted similarly with regard to bl. hosanna for the city and district of mantua ; clement ix with regard to bl. rose of lima, when he selected her as principal patron of lima and of peru ; and clement x, by making her patron of all america, the philippines, and the indies. clement x also chose bl. stanislaus kostka as patron of poland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46908998930517265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.458940"} {"text": "lima, when he selected her as principal patron of lima and of peru ; and clement x, by making her patron of all america, the philippines, and the indies. clement x also chose bl. stanislaus kostka as patron of poland, lithuania, and the allied provinces. again, in respect to universality, sixtus iv permitted the cultus of bl. john boni for the universal church. in all these instances there was only beatification. the cultus of bl. rose of lima, it is true, was general and obligatory for america, but, lacking complete preceptive universality, was not strictly speaking canonization ( benedict xiv, op. sit., i, xxxix ). canonization, therefore, creates a cultus which is universal and obligatory. but in imposing this obligation the pope may, and does, use one of two methods, each constituting a new species of canonization, i. e. formal canonization and equivalent canonization. formal canonization occurs when the cultus is prescribed as an explicit and definitive decision, after due judicial process and the ceremonies usual in such cases. equivalent canonization occurs when the pope, omitting the judicial process and the ceremonies, orders some servant of god to be venerated in the universal church ; this happens when such a saint has been from a remote period the object of veneration, when his heroic virtues ( or martyrdom ) and miracles are related by reliable historians, and the fame of his miraculous intercession is uninterrupted. many examples of such canonization are to be found in benedict xiv ; e. g. saints romuald, norbert, bruno, peter nolasco, raymond nonnatus, john of matha, felix of valois, queen margaret of scotland, king stephen of hungary, wenceslaus duke of bohemia, and gregory vii. such instances afford a good proof of the caution with which the roman church proceeds in these equivalent canonizations. st. romuald was not canonized until 439 years after his death, and the honour came to him sooner than to any of the others mentioned. we may add that this equivalent canonization consists usually in the ordering of an office and mass by the pope in honour of the saint, and that mere enrollment in the roman martyrology does not by any means imply this honour ( benedict xiv, l, c., xliii, no 14 ). is the pope infallible in issuing a decree of canonization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4714709470865743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.460277"} {"text": "of the saint, and that mere enrollment in the roman martyrology does not by any means imply this honour ( benedict xiv, l, c., xliii, no 14 ). is the pope infallible in issuing a decree of canonization? most theologians answer in the affirmative. it is the opinion of st. antoninus, melchior cano, suarez, bellarmine, banez, vasquez, and, among the canonists, of gonzales tellez, fagnanus, schmalzgruber, barbosa, reiffenstul, covarruvias ( variar. resol., i, x, no 13 ), albitius ( de inconstantia in fide, xi, no 205 ), petra ( comm. in const. apost., i, in notes to const. i, alex., iii, no 17 sqq. ), joannes a s. thoma ( on ii - ii, q. i, disp. 9, a. 2 ), silvester ( summa, s. v. canonizatio ), del bene ( de officio inquisit. ii, dub. 253 ), and many others. in quodlib. ix, a. 16, st. thomas says : \" since the honour we pay the saints is in a certain sense a profession of faith, i. e., a belief in the glory of the saints [ qua sanctorum gloriam credimus ] we must piously believe that in this matter also the judgment of the church is not liable to error. \" these words of st. thomas, as is evident from the authorities just cited, all favouring a positive infallibility, have been interpreted by his school in favour of papal infallibility in the matter of canonization, and this interpretation is supported by several other passages in the same quodlibet. this infallibility, however according to the holy doctor, is only a point of pious belief. theologians generally agree as to the fact of papal infallibility in this matter of canonization, but disagree as to the quality of certitude due to a papal decree in such matter. in the opinion of some it is of faith ( arriaga, de fide, disp. 9, p. 5, no 27 ) ; others hold that to refuse assent to such a judgment of the holy see would be both impious and rash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42303362378533454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.468180"} {"text": "the opinion of some it is of faith ( arriaga, de fide, disp. 9, p. 5, no 27 ) ; others hold that to refuse assent to such a judgment of the holy see would be both impious and rash, as francisco suarez ( de fide, disp. 5 p. 8, no 8 ) ; many more ( and this is the general view ) hold such a pronouncement to be theologically certain, not being of divine faith as its purport has not been immediately revealed, nor of ecclesiastical faith as having thus far not been defined by the church. what is the object of this infallible judgment of the pope? does he define that the person canonized is in heaven or only that he has practiced christian virtues in an heroic degree? i have never seen this question discussed ; my own opinion is that nothing else is defined than that the person canonized is in heaven. the formula used in the act of canonization has nothing more than this : \" in honour of... we decree and define that blessed n. is a saint, and we inscribe his name in the catalogue of saints, and order that his memory by devoutly and piously celebrated yearly on the... day of... his feast. \" ( ad honorem... beatum n. sanctum esse decernimus et definimus ac sanctorum catalogo adscribimus statuentes ab ecclesia universali illius memoriam quolibet anno, die ejus natali... pia devotione recoli debere. ) there is no question of heroic virtue in this formula ; on the other hand, sanctity does not necessarily imply the exercise of heroic virtue, since one who had not hitherto practised heroic virtue would, by the one transient heroic act in which he yielded up his life for christ, have justly deserved to be considered a saint. this view seems all the more certain if we reflect that all the arguments of theologians for papal infallibility in the canonization of saints are based on the fact that on such occasions the popes believe and assert that the decision which they publish is infallible ( pesch, prael. dogm., i, 552 ). this general agreement of theologians as to papal infallibility in canonization must not be extended to beatification, not withstanding the contrary teaching of the canonical commentary known as \" glossa \" [ in cap. un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4741683776219308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.470073"} {"text": ", i, 552 ). this general agreement of theologians as to papal infallibility in canonization must not be extended to beatification, not withstanding the contrary teaching of the canonical commentary known as \" glossa \" [ in cap. un. de reliquiis et venerat. ss. ( iii, 22 ) in 6 ; innocent., comm. in quinque decretalium libros, tit. de reliquiis, etc., no 4 ; ostiensis in eumd. tit. no 10 ; felini, cap. lii, de testibus, etc., x ( ii, 20 ) ; caietani, tract. de indulgentiis adversus lutherum ad julium mediceum ; augustini de ancona, seu triumphi, de potestate eccl., q. xiv, a. 4 ). canonists and theologians generally deny the infallible character of decrees of beatification, whether formal or equivalent, since it is always a permission, not a command ; while it leads to canonization, it is not the last step. moreover, in most cases, the cultus permitted by beatification, is restricted to a determined province, city, or religious body ( benedict xiv, op. cit., i, xlii ). some, however, have thought otherwise ( arriaga, theol., v, disp. 7, p. 6 ; amicus, theol., iv, disp. 7, p. 4, no 98 ; turrianus on ii - ii, v, disp. 17, no 6 ; del bene, de s. inquisit. ii, dub. 254 ). we must first distinguish causes of martyrs from those of confessors or virgins, since the method followed is not entirely identical in both cases. in order to secure beatification ( the most important and difficult step in the process of canonization ) the regular procedure is as follows : this procedure is followed in all cases of formal beatification in causes of both confessors and martyrs proposed in the ordinary way ( per viam non cultus ). those proposed as coming under the definition of cases excepted ( casus excepti ) by urban viii are treated in another way. in such cases it must be proved that an immemorial public veneration ( at least for 100 years before the promulgation, in 1640, of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.509867714993977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.471150"} {"text": "excepted ( casus excepti ) by urban viii are treated in another way. in such cases it must be proved that an immemorial public veneration ( at least for 100 years before the promulgation, in 1640, of the decrees of urban viii ) has been paid the servant of god, whether confessor or martyr. such cause is proposed under the title of \" confirmation of veneration \" ( de confirmatione cultus ) ; it is dealt with in an ordinary meeting of the congregation of rites. when the difficulties of the promotor of the faith have been satisfied, a pontifical decree confirming the cultus is promulgated. beatification of this kind is called equivalent or virtual. the canonization of confessors or martyrs may be taken up as soon as two miracles are reported to have been worked at their intercession, after the pontifical permission of public veneration as described above. at this stage it is only required that the two miracles worked after the permission awarding a public cultus be discussed in three meetings of the congregation. the discussion proceeds in the ordinary way ; if the miracles be confirmed another meeting ( super tuto ) is held. the pope then issues a bull of canonization in which he not only permits, but commands, the public cultus, or veneration, of the saint. it is with the utmost possible brevity that i have described the elements of a process of beatification or canonization. it may be easily conjectured that considerable time must elapse before any cause of beatification or canonization can be conducted, from the first steps of the information, inquiry, or process, to the issuing of the decree super tuto. according to the constitution of this congregation, more than one important discussion ( dubia majora ) cannot be proposed at the same time. it must be remembered it will not be out of place to give succinctly the ordinary actual expenses of canonization and beatification. of these expenses some are necessary others merely discretionary, e. g. the expenses incurred in obtaining the different rescripts ) others, though necessary, are not specified. such are the expenses of the solemnity in the vatican basilica, and for paintings representing the newly beatified which are afterwards presented to the pope, the cardinals, officials, and consultors of the congregation of rites. the limits of this class of expenses depend on the postulator of the cause. if he chooses to spend a moderate sum the entire cause from the first process to the solemn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45835388899058527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.472437"} {"text": "pope, the cardinals, officials, and consultors of the congregation of rites. the limits of this class of expenses depend on the postulator of the cause. if he chooses to spend a moderate sum the entire cause from the first process to the solemn beatification will not cost him less than $ 20, 000. the expenses of the process from beatification to canonization will easily exceed $ 30, 000. in illustration of this we subjoin the final account of the expenses of the public solemnities in the vatican basilica for the canonization by leo xiii, of saints anthony maria zaccaria and peter fourier, as published by the most rev. diomede panici, titular archbishop of laodicea, then secretary of the congregation of rites. to decoration of the basilica, lights, architectural designs, labour, and superintendence lire 152, 840. 58 procession, pontifical mass, preparation of altars in basilica 8, 114. 58 cost of gifts presented to holy father 1, 438. 87 hangings, sacred vestments, etc. 12, 990. 60 recompense for services and money loaned 3, 525. 07 to the vatican chapter as perquisites for decorations and candles 18, 000. 00 propine and competenza 16, 936. 00 incidental and unforeseen expenses 4, 468, 40 total 221, 849. 10 or ( taking the lira equivalent to $. 193 in 1913 united states money ) $ 42, 816. 87. apa citation. ( 1907 ). beatification and canonization. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 02364b. htm mla citation. \" beatification and canonization. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 2. new york : robert appleton company, 1907. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 02364b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by janet grayson. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. 1907. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john m. farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4312560641541762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.473703"} {"text": "how is global warming responsible for the death of corals? submitted by : ng jing yi global warming has increased the temperature of our tropical oceans by about a degree over the last hundred years. this has increased the chance that corals will undergo something called coral bleaching, which is where the plant - like symbionts inside corals ( also called zooxanthellae ) leave their tissues. the symbionts are important to corals because they give them energy ( trapped from our sun ) which they use to grow and maintain themselves. when they bleached, and loose the symbionts, they are more susceptible to disease and death. since 1979, there have been six episodes of mass coral bleaching across the planet. there are none reported before 1979. they have all been driven by small stressful temperatures, often only 1 - 2oc above the long - term summer maxima. in some episodes, such as that that happened in 1998, over 16 % of the world \u2019 s corals have died. given that corals build the habitat in which over one million species live, this is a very worrying impact of global warming on the planet \u2019 s tropical oceans. answer by : prof. ove hoegh - guldberg, director, centre for marine studies, university of queensland, australia. deputy director, arc centre for excellence in coral reef studies ; blog : www. climateshifts. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41831989053830354, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.475429"} {"text": "- wikipedia contributors. 28 jun. 2007. \" colorado river \". wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / colorado _ river ( 15 jun. 2007 ). - atkins, william. \" colorado river basin \". water encyclopedia http : / / www. waterencyclopedia. com / ce - cr / colorado - river - basin. html ( 15 jun. 2007 ). once great river struggles to reach the sea the natural course of the river flows into the gulf of california, but the heavy use of the river as an irrigation source for the imperial valley has desiccated the lower course of the river in mexico such that it no longer consistently reaches the sea. the lower course of the river, which forms the border between baja california and sonora, is essentially a trickle or a dry stream today due to use of the river as imperial valley ' s irrigation source. prior to the mid 20th century, the colorado river delta provided a rich estuarine marshland that is now essentially desiccated, but nonetheless is an important ecological resource. the colorado river is a major and in some cases life - sustaining source of water for irrigation, drinking, and other uses by people living in the arid american southwest. allocation of the river ' s water is governed by the colorado river compact. several dams have been built along the colorado river, beginning with glen canyon dam near the utah - arizona border. other dams include hoover dam, parker dam, davis dam, palo verde diversion dam, and imperial dam. almost 90 % of all water diverted from the river is for irrigation purposes. the all - american canal is the largest irrigation canal in the world - larger in volume than new york ' s hudson river. several cities such as los angeles, las vegas, san diego, phoenix, and tucson have aqueducts leading all the way back to the colorado river. since the completion of the dams, the majority of the river in normal hydrologic years is diverted for agricultural and municipal water supply. the colorado ' s last drops evaporate in the sonoran desert, miles before the river reaches the gulf of california. historically the flow of water in the river was much higher before water usage began in the basin and since the construction of massive dams on the lower course of the river, large floods are now rare. mexico & us > 17 million the colorado river basin is home to fourteen native species of fish. four are endemic and endangered : colorado pikeminnow ( formerly colorado squawfish ), razorback sucker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4160033229951098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.478777"} {"text": "zurich, switzerland - 13 jan 2012 : ibm scientists have developed a flexible, non - contact microfluidic probe made from silicon that can aid researchers and pathologists to investigate critical tissue samples accurately for drug discovery and disease diagnostics. tissue staining is widely used in pathology to detect disease markers in a patient \u2019 s sample. more specifically, a particular disease marker is bound with an antibody, which is then chemically colored or stained on the tissue. the intensity of the color classifies and determines the extent of a disease. tissue staining is a tedious process with many chemical steps analogous to developing photographs, whereby excessive chemical solution or long exposures can overdevelop the sample or photograph. in the context of pathology, this can cause false positives and negatives, which can lead to misdiagnosis. according to a report issued by johns hopkins hospital, of 6, 171 biopsy slides that were sent from late 2008 for a second review, pathologists disagreed with the diagnosis on 86 of them. obtaining a biopsy is an invasive procedure for the patient, so small samples are taken whenever possible. pathologists are determined to gain as much information as possible from these small samples, which can be only a few millimeters in length. working at this scale requires staining to be performed on many thin slices of the sample to identify and sub - type diseases such as cancer, for treatment. pathologists are often challenged in performing a sufficient number of important tests on these limited samples, critical for personalized treatment strategies. \u201c a key aspect of taking clinical samples is to ensure a high diagnostic capability while minimizing patient discomfort \u2014 the probe developed by ibm scientists does exactly that. the probe allows one to stain a very small section of a tissue with virtually any biomarker that may be clinically relevant. this capability allows the clinician to not only do more with a smaller sample, but will also allow the use of multiple stains on the same sample, therefore increasing the accuracy of the diagnosis. thus this work may be transformative for diagnosing a variety of ailments ranging from cancer to cardiac disease, \u201d said prof. dr. ali khademhosseini, associate professor at harvard medical school and brigham and women ' s hospital. to address these important challenges, ibm scientists in zurich are reporting today in the peer - reviewed journal lab on a chip an innovative proof - of - concept technology called the microfluidic probe, which can accurately stain tissue sections at the micrometer scale. the eight millimeter -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5692442869048201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.486919"} {"text": "ibm scientists in zurich are reporting today in the peer - reviewed journal lab on a chip an innovative proof - of - concept technology called the microfluidic probe, which can accurately stain tissue sections at the micrometer scale. the eight millimeter - wide, diamond - shaped probe consists of a silicon microfluidic head with two microchannels at each tip. similar to an inkjet printer cartridge, the head injects the liquid on the surface, but then unlike a printer, it continuously aspirates the liquid to prevent spreading and accumulation on the surface, which can lead to overexposure. specifically for tissue section analysis, the probe can deliver an antibody very locally in a selected area of a tissue section with pinpoint accuracy. since analysis can be done on spots and lines instead of on the entire tissue section, the tissue is better preserved for additional tests, if required. in addition, only a few picoliters ( one trillionth of a liter ) of liquid containing antibodies are needed for each analysis spot. \u201c we have developed a proof - of - concept technology, which i hope puts pathology on a modern roadmap \u2014 benefiting from the latest developments in silicon - based microfluidics, \u201d said govind kaigala, a scientist at ibm research - zurich. he adds, \u201c this new approach will enable pathologists to stain tissue samples with micrometer precision and easily perform multiple tissue stains on limited samples. \u201d this research is based on ibm \u2019 s decades of experience with silicon, which is now being applied to novel micro and nanotechnologies to solve today \u2019 s greatest challenges ranging from energy production and consumption to healthcare. the microfluidic probe fits to standard workflows in conventional pathology. in addition, it is compatible with current biochemical staining systems and is resistant to a broad range of chemicals. the small size of the probe also enables easy viewing of the sample from above and below by an inverted microscope commonly used in research and clinical laboratories. prof. dr. khademhosseini said, \u201c the developed system may have great potential in applications where sample size and the need for testing various types of biological analysis are required. i am confident that one day such approach will enable us to take small tissue biopsies and be able to obtain significantly more information. \u201d ibm scientists will continue to test and improve the probe and potentially begin using it in laboratory environments in the next several months. in addition, the team plans to explore specific clinical applications, possibly with partners in the field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.549054975910586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.489476"} {"text": "center of science, policy and society programs : aaas dialogue on science, ethics and religion aaas dialogue on science, ethics and religion physics & the cosmos the field of physics attempts to make sense of the universe at all scales, from the impossibly small particles from which we are comprised to the inconceivably large structures within which we exist. the miniscule yet fundamentally important realm of quarks, photons and protons ( among many others ) is articulated by quantum mechanics through such concepts as the simultaneously wave and particle nature of light and the inherent uncertainty in the physical universe. at the other extreme, einstein \u2019 s general relativity provides a framework for understanding our cosmos on the largest possible scale and accounts for the large - scale gravitational effects of all matter on space and time. from quarks to quasars, physics and astronomy address an enormous variety of objects and phenomena, many of which provoke intriguing physical and metaphysical questions. since the beginning of human history we have been looking up at the night sky, wondering about the countless points of lights and what might lie beyond. ancient astronomers observed that the visible heavens are relatively ordered and predictable, yet also peculiar and vast. such universally experienced mystery has engendered tremendous philosophical, religious, and scientific inquiry. the last several hundred years in particular have witnessed revolutions in the way we understand the universe. copernicus re - envisioned the cosmos as sun - centered, not earth - centered. galileo observed jupiter \u2019 s orbiting moons and the sun \u2019 s \u201c imperfect \u201d spots that led him to challenge the traditional greek conceptions of the heavens. indeed, both religious and scientific communities have had to regularly revise their understanding of the cosmos as more discoveries come to light. modern astronomy and physics continue to reveal many unanticipated features of the universe \u2019 s structure and evolution. astrophysicists theorize that all space, matter and energy expanded explosively from an extremely dense soup of subatomic particles in an event called the big bang. after a process of cooling and coalescing, cloudlike nebulae of gas and dust collapsed to form stars, and these stars clustered to comprise galaxies. eventually, terrestrial planets and moons were forged from the heavier material expelled from dying stars. over an unimaginably long span of time \u2014 approximately 13. 7 billion years \u2014 the components of the universe gradually formed, and today the universe continues to evolve as space itself dramatically expands. in addition to piecing together the intricate history of the universe and explaining the various objects we see around us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6345209956475546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.494269"} {"text": "\u2014 approximately 13. 7 billion years \u2014 the components of the universe gradually formed, and today the universe continues to evolve as space itself dramatically expands. in addition to piecing together the intricate history of the universe and explaining the various objects we see around us, astronomers also seek to predict what the future may hold for the cosmos. however, such projections are constrained by the limits of our current understanding and by uncertainties inherent in many physical processes. as a result, recent cosmological models are not only plentiful but also often directly contradictory. will the expansion of the universe continue to accelerate until space is torn apart in a \u201c big rip? \u201d will the currently expanding universe eventually begin contracting, leading to a \u201c big crunch \u201d and potentially another big bang? could it be that this universe is only one of an infinite number of other universes? discussion of the universe \u2019 s turbulent past and uncertain future raises many socially relevant questions including : how does the vastness of space inform our conception of humanity \u2019 s role in the universe? more locally, a notable feature of our planet is that it contains conditions suitable for an incredible diversity of life. perhaps even more remarkable, however, is the fact that astronomers are discovering a multitude of planets orbiting other stars, some of which may share these conditions and some of which may also host life. such discoveries would impact our perceptions about human uniqueness, significance and purpose, and we must be prepared to address and explore the implications. the realm of physics and astronomy is wide ( physically and metaphorically! ), and it spurs questions foundational to religion, philosophy, and human significance. advances in particle physics, cosmology, astrobiology and energy are sure to yield abundant fodder for socially relevant discussions over the coming years. see doser ' s work related to physics & the cosmos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6175193718934526, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.495728"} {"text": "when all data are not created equally t idewater areas can be difficult places to acquire consistent - quality seismic data, because different sources have to be used across exposed land surfaces than what are used across shallow - water areas. typically, explosives are used in shot holes in the onshore portion of a tidewater prospect, whereas environmental regulations may require that an air - gun source be used in shallow - water areas. these two seismic sources produce different basic wavelets \u2013 and profiles produced with explosives and air guns rarely tie in an optimal manner at common image coordinates without using wavelet - shaping algorithms to create equivalent reflection character across targeted intervals. an example of using an explosive source and an air - gun source across a louisiana tidewater area is documented as figures 1 and 2. this shallow - water test line was recorded twice because, at this location, explosive sources were allowed. for one profile, the source was a 30 - pound ( 13. 6 - kilogram ) charge positioned at a depth of 135 feet ( 41 meters ) at each source station. for the second data acquisition along the same profile, the source was an array of four air guns with a combined volume of 920 in3, and eight air - gun pops were summed at each source station. considerable processing effort was expended to make the final reflection character identical on each test line. the data illustrated as figure 1 show the results of the data processing. the frequency content of the two profiles is approximately the same, but wavelet character is not identical at the junction point ( station 165 ). in this instance, the interpreter responsible for this prospect decided that the reflection character expressed by the explosive source was preferred rather than the wavelet response shown by the air - gun source. the challenge was that in neighboring tideland areas, regulations required that an air - gun source be used in water - covered areas \u2013 shot - hole explosives could not be used in shallow water as they had been across this initial test site, and a method had to be developed that would allow air - gun - source data to be used in conjunction with explosive - source data acquired across adjacent exposed - land areas. said another way, the problem was to create a basic wavelet in air - gun - generated data that was equivalent to the basic wavelet embedded in explosive - source data. this type of problem has to be solved by data - processing procedures, not by data - acquisition techniques. an approach used by many data processors to ensure that equivalent basic wavelets exist in two seismic profiles acquired with different sources is to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5623018062204994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.500497"} {"text": "- source data. this type of problem has to be solved by data - processing procedures, not by data - acquisition techniques. an approach used by many data processors to ensure that equivalent basic wavelets exist in two seismic profiles acquired with different sources is to calculate numerical cross - equalization operators that convert the phase and frequency spectra of source a to be equivalent to the phase and frequency spectra of source b. this technique was applied to the tidewater seismic data illustrated on figure 1 by using data from the image trace at station 153 to calculate cross - equalization operators that converted the phase / frequency spectra of the air - gun data to the spectra of the explosive - source data. the result is exhibited as figure 2. the wavelet character of the profiles now agrees better at the tie point so that common horizons, sequence boundaries, and facies character can be interpreted on both profiles with greater confidence. the example discussed here is from a tidewater area where operating and environmental constraints forced different sources to be used on land - based and water - based seismic lines. the concept of numerical equalization of the basic wavelets embedded in any grid of intersecting 2 - d ( or 3 - d ) data, however, applies to a variety of onshore and offshore areas where people have access to overlapping legacy seismic data that have been acquired by different companies at different times and with different energy sources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.553071735153924, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.501068"} {"text": "when a person with seasonal allergies comes in contact with pollen, his or her immune system releases chemicals called histamines to combat the allergens. histamines are behind hay fever symptoms, including sneezing, headache, runny nose and watery eyes. tree pollen in early spring and grass pollen in the summer can make this time of year particularly uncomfortable. each year, the asthma and allergy foundation of america ( aafa ) releases a list of the top 100 worst cities for people with spring allergies. the list is based on a pollen score ( that takes into account recorded grass, tree and weed pollen and mold spores for the most recent spring season ) and the number of local allergy specialists in the area and allergy medications used per patient. it ' s no surprise southeastern cities usually dominate the top of the list because oak, maple and elm trees are the primary pollen culprits in this region during spring. geography and weather play important roles in seasonal allergies. in southern regions, where the growing season starts early in the year, spring allergies can begin in january. dry and windy weather is especially hard on people with spring allergies because these conditions are ideal for pollen and mold dispersal. rainy and humid conditions, by contrast, dampen pollen and reduce exposure by making it less airborne. although aafa doesn ' t identify the best cities for people with spring allergies, in 2012, san diego and portland, or., were ranked better than average compared with other cities on the list. should you pack up and move to portland if you have spring allergies? probably not, says waldron. whether you \u2019 ll be uncomfortable for a big chunk of the year living in a city at the top of the list depends on your exact allergy and whether you can reduce your exposure to it. a good first step is to visit an allergist for a skin or blood test to determine the causes or \" triggers \" of your allergic reaction. for tips on how to lessen your exposure during peak pollen times, read \" 10 tips for managing spring allergies. \" here, the cities at the top of aafa \u2019 s spring allergy capitals list for 2013 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3973448462310851, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.503495"} {"text": "skip to : main navigation | main content or try the a - z library back pain usually gets better by itself, but chronic pain can be disabling. regular exercise, losing weight and careful lifting and carrying can help prevent back injuries. homo erectus came down out of the trees and stared walking on two legs sometime between one and two million years ago. it was good news for the human race just think how hard it would be to take a phone call, place a bet on the horses, or open a jar of gherkins if we still got around on all fours. but this gaint step for mankind came at a price. standing erect suddenly meant a lot more weight to carry. without two arms to bear the weight of the top part of the body, that extra weight now had to be carried by the the spine, hips, knees and ankles. no surprise that, ever since, these weight - bearing joints have tended to give us trouble. but of all them, it ' s the spine, especially the lower part, that bears the greatest stress and is most prone to injury. add extra body weight from our high - fat, high - calorie diet and our tendency to lift heavy objects and sit in awkward positions and we shouldn ' t be suprised that back pain is such a problem in our society. around eight in 10 people in western countries suffer from back pain at least occasionally. it ' s the second most common reason people go and see their gp ( the first is respiratory infections ). and it ' s the third most common reason for taking time off work ( after headaches and colds ). back pain isn ' t disease in itself it ' s a symptom of injury to the back. and like most musculoskeletal injuries, providing the back itself is structurally sound and healthy, in most cases, people with back pain recover well. but in a smaller percentage of people usually with severe injuries or with an underlying condition of the spine it can become chronic and disabling. what we think of as the back is actually the spinal column a series of 24 to 25 bony discs called the vertebrae stacked on top of each other to form an s - shaped column. it ' s supported by ligaments that run up and down it, and by muscles than run either side of it. its main job is to support the weight of the body. but it also needs to be flexible. between each bony disc is a thinner disc of cartilage with a soft jelly - like inner core", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4079387703078877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.510946"} {"text": "and by muscles than run either side of it. its main job is to support the weight of the body. but it also needs to be flexible. between each bony disc is a thinner disc of cartilage with a soft jelly - like inner core surrounded by rings of tough fibre. the cartilage disc acts as a shock absorber, and the vertebrae and discs together act as a series of joints allowing the spine to move forwards, back and sideways, and to partially rotate. it ' s these joints that give the back its flexibility, allowing us to arch, twist and bend ( and make those of us of a certain age looks like fools on the dance floor ). the other job of the spine is to protect the spinal cord a tube of nervous tissue which travels from the base of the brain down through the spinal column, ending in a series of nerves which leave the spinal column to supply the limbs and internal organs of the body. like any supporting structure, the back is subject to stresses. it can cope with the normal stresses of everyday life running, pushing, lifting, and twisting but if subjected to abnormally high stresses, muscles and ligaments can become overstretched and tear, and joints can become damaged. abnormal stress can be : these stresses cause more damage if the back is in poor condition if ligaments and muscles are weak or wasted, they ' re more susceptible to injury. so back pain is more common in people who : if the person has some underlying degenerative condition of the spine, they are also more susceptible to injury. someone who has osteoporosis ( age - related demineralisation of the bones ) may be more prone to a fractured vertebra. someone who has arthritis in the vertebrae may have bony spurs that can grow out from the edges of the vertebra and press against the nerves that leave the spinal column. they irritate and damage the nerves and cause pain, numbness or other symptoms. in old age, the cartilage discs between the vertebrae can shrink, weaken, and lose their elasticity. they may rupture, allowing the inner soft gel - like part to herniate out ( i. e. escape through the fibrous outer part ). this material too can press against the nerves and cause pain and other symptoms. this is known as a slipped ( or herniated ) disc. sometimes, a vertebra can slip forward relative to the rest of the spine and as it does, pinch a nerve, causing the same symptoms (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4643285521620642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.513814"} {"text": "cause pain and other symptoms. this is known as a slipped ( or herniated ) disc. sometimes, a vertebra can slip forward relative to the rest of the spine and as it does, pinch a nerve, causing the same symptoms ( this is called spondylolisthesis ). and there may be other diseases that can affect the bony spine secondary cancers that have travelled to the spine from other organs, or infections in the spine ( though neither of these are common ). in a normal healthy person, it ' s usually pretty clear what ' s happened the pain follows stress to the back, therefore it ' s a back injury. it ' s often not necessary to see a doctor, especially if the pain is mild. however you should see a doctor if : in this case a gp may want to order further tests to see if there is any serious injury like a slipped disc or a vertebral facture, for instance or whether there ' s any underlying condition like arthritis, osteoporosis, or a tumour or infection of the spine. tests the doctor may order include : in most cases, back pain gets better by itself in a few days or at most a few weeks. it used to be thought that back pain needed three days or more of bed rest on a firm mattress. we now know that prolonged periods of rest may actually worsen the condition, and a firm mattress has no effect. in fact, the sooner you become active and go back to work, the better for your back ( though strenuous activity like heavy lifting, bending or twisting should be avoided ). mild painkillers like paracetamol or aspirin will help relieve the pain. in more severe cases, or if it doesn ' t improve, your gp may refer you to a physiotherapist. there ' s evidence that treatment techniques such as massage, exercises to stretch and strengthen back muscles, and spinal manipulation ( by a physiotherapist or a chiropractor ) may be helpful. there is no scientific evidence supporting the use of muscle relaxant drugs, acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, magnet therapy, traction, or physical treatments like ice, heat, short wave diathermy, massage, ultrasound and hydrotherapy. the back wasn ' t designed to spend long periods of time sitting at a desk. nor was it designed to lift, pull or push heavy weights. both are features of many workplaces. no surprise then that back injury accounts for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41105540891958037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.514986"} {"text": "and hydrotherapy. the back wasn ' t designed to spend long periods of time sitting at a desk. nor was it designed to lift, pull or push heavy weights. both are features of many workplaces. no surprise then that back injury accounts for one - third of all workplace injuries. it ' s the responsibility of both employers and employees to make sure the workplace is safe. it ' s best to be proactive rather than wait for injuries to accumulate before doing something. there needs to be an emphasis on ergonomic seating, procedures for safe lifting and moving of goods, and workspaces designed to prevent repetitive movements that place stress on the back. poorly designed buildings, furniture and equipment may need to be replaced, and work processes changed. your workplace may have an occupational health and safety ( oh & s ) policy and / or oh & s officers that can advise you. ninety per cent of people make a full recovery within four weeks. in about 30 per cent of cases though, there ' s a recurrence of back pain. but again, the pain usually settles with painkillers, a short period of rest and activity. to reduce the chance of a recurrence, you should take care not to injure the back again ( see prevention, below ). however in a smaller percentage of people, the pain just never goes away. usually, if it lasts longer than three months, it ' s considered to be chronic back pain. chronic back pain usually arises because there ' s an underlying condition such as arthritis or osteoporosis, or because the injury was severe a fractured vertebra or spondylolisthesis, for instance. unfortunately, chronic back pain is much harder to cure, because the injury is so severe or because the underlying condition is degenerative one that can ' t be reversed. so the treatment is aimed at reducing pain and disability and keeping the person as pain free, comfortable and mobile as possible. in a few cases surgery may be possible for instance to remove disc material from a slipped disc that is causing sciatica or other nerve symptoms. ( the operation is called a discectomy. ) or, if it ' s caused by the bony spurs of arthritis, the protruding bit ( s ) of bone can be removed, or and the nerve ' decompressed ' ( this is called a laminectomy ). a forward slippage of a vertebra spondylolisthesis can be treated with surgical fusion of the affected vertebra to other nearby vertebra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44281873342386635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.516006"} {"text": "whether it ' s a drug prescribed by a doctor or just a bottle of acetaminophen, medicines require some special care. the united states food and drug administration and the american pharmaceutical association provide some tips for safely using and storing medicines. and remember, these rules apply to nonprescription drugs, such as ibuprofen and cold medicine, as well as prescription drugs. even vitamins ( especially those containing iron ) can be very dangerous if inadvertently taken in excess \u2014 most commonly by young children. if a medicine is in your house, know what it is for. whether the doctor prescribed it or it ' s just an over - the - counter drug, if you don ' t know what it ' s for, find out. read the label and if you don ' t understand anything you read, take the bottle to the pharmacy and ask the pharmacist. here ' s what you need to know about any drug you take : - the name - what it is for - when to take it - how much to take - when to stop taking it - any special instructions for taking it ( for example, with food, without food, before bed only, etc. ) - what the potential side effects are - what food, drink, or other medicines it interacts with medicines can degrade if they get too hot, too moist, or too cold. when a medicine degrades it may become less effective, totally ineffective, or possibly even dangerous to take. note : the bathroom cabinet is not a cool, dry place. the bathroom may be a convenient place to keep medicines, but it is probably the most moist room in the house, so don ' t keep your medicines there. try putting them in a kitchen cabinet. and don ' t leave them in your car where they will be exposed to extreme temperatures. this is the only way to ensure that you know what medicine is in the container. plus, if you have side effects or a bad reaction to a medicine, the medical personnel who try to help you need to know what you have taken. all medicines expire, even aspirin and cold medicine. when a medicine expires it may become less effective or totally ineffective, or it may even degrade to a point where it is dangerous to take. do not flush old medicines down the toilet unless specific instructions tell you to do so. instead take them out of the original container, mix them with other subsances such as cat litter, place them in a sealable bag and throw them into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45238468730976383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.519330"} {"text": "do not flush old medicines down the toilet unless specific instructions tell you to do so. instead take them out of the original container, mix them with other subsances such as cat litter, place them in a sealable bag and throw them into the garbage. another option is to take them to a community drug take - back program. if you are in doubt about how to dispose of the medicine, talk to your pharmacist. if a medicine is not prescribed for you, don ' t take it. you don ' t know how the drug will affect you, and you don ' t know how it will interact with other drugs you take or food and drink you consume. sometimes when symptoms clear up and you ' re feeling better, you ' re tempted to stop taking a medicine. if your doctor prescribes a medicine, take all of it as directed. many medicines, such as antibiotics, do much more than relieve symptoms. they are working inside your body, whether you are aware of it or not. stopping medicines early can cause your illness to relapse, or even worse, it can lead to more virulent infections. if a medicine is causing unpleasant side effects or is not working for you, tell your doctor. there may be other medicines you could take or medicines that can control the side effects. don ' t suffer through unpleasant side effects, but don ' t stop taking the medicine either. talk to your doctor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41561492982097525, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.520015"} {"text": "| english version | | a propos de nous | | versione italiana | | conditions generales de vente | | version francaise | | temoignages de clients | | espanol | | programme safari 2012 | liens rapides sur le rwanda rwanda, land of a thousand hills, is a tiny landlocked country in central africa. bordered by tanzania, uganda, drc and burundi, rwanda is experiencing a tourism rebound after falling off the map post - genocide 1994. the country is split by the rift valley and dominated by a mountain range that traverses the country from north to south. the west coast of the country overlooks the beautiful shores of lake kivu. capital city : kigali, 340. 000 inhabitants. total area : 26, 338 sq km ' s. population : 7. 4 million people ( 2005 ) languages : english and french ( official ), kinyarwanda. religions : christians of various groups 65 %, 25 % are following traditional religions and moslems are about 10 %. government : republic. national day : 1 st july industry : coffee and tea factories, cotton and textile, tobacco, plastics, soaps. agriculture : coffee, tea, pyrethrum. climate : tropical originally the domain of hunter - gatherers, rwanda emerged into a centralised state with a feudal monarchy in the fifteenth century. it became a german colony in 1890 and was mandated to the belgians after the first world war. the belgians found convenient to rule rwanda indirectly through tutsi chiefs and their princes. in 1962, under prime minister gregoire kayibanda, rwanda gained independence and this brought the hutu majority to power. ten years later major general juvenal habyarimana came to power. his death in a plane crash in april 1994 unleashed the genocide in which about one million rwandans are thought to have been killed and nearly twice as many fled into exile. in recent years, as peace and stability have returned under president paul kagame, many rwandans have come back. local elections were held for the first time in 35 years in 2001 and again in 2003, an encouraging sign of the steady return of stability to the country. a combination of tropical location and high altitude ensures that most of rwanda has a temperate year - round climate. temperature is rarely above 30 degrees celsius during the day or below 15 degrees celsius at night throughout the year. the exceptions are the colder upper slopes of the virunga mountains and the hotter low - lying tanzania border", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4378766873420271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.523386"} {"text": "- round climate. temperature is rarely above 30 degrees celsius during the day or below 15 degrees celsius at night throughout the year. the exceptions are the colder upper slopes of the virunga mountains and the hotter low - lying tanzania border area in akagera national park. throughout the country, seasonal variations in temperature are relatively insignificant. most parts of the country receive in excess of 1, 000mm of precipitation annually. the dry season is mostly between june to september and the rain season between march to may. rwanda hosts large tropical forests, home to the mountains gorillas in the parc national des volcans in the virunga volcanoes and to large troops of colobus monkeys in nyungwe forest, one of the largest montane forests in central africa, also renowned for the rich variety of orchids. akagera national park is a savannah park with elephants, hippos and crocodiles. lake kivu is a beautiful inland sea enclosed by steep terraced hillsides. there are a large variety of birds. rwanda has a rich culture with its second city, butare, having the site of the cultural museum and the main university of the country. other towns are gisenyi, along the congolese border, offering beautiful beaches on lake kivu ; further south is kibuye, one of the most beautiful places in rwanda with gorgeous views on lake kivu.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4136840063563145, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.523981"} {"text": "save a life! adopt a pet - directory. com helping to unite loving families with homeless animals... sharing our living space with wildlife growth and development in our metropolitan area have created problems for wildlife by crowding them into less and less space. as they try to adapt to the ever - changing environment they have to live closer to people than ever before. you can help by being tolerant and willing to share some space with wildlife. careful planning can create a good environment for both you and your backyard when an animal gets into a building it may be necessary to trap and remove it. however, live trapping and relocation are only a temporary solution to wildlife problems. unless you take the preventive measures outlined below, other animals may soon move in. checklist to avoid problems with - do not use not use plastic garbage bags. use sturdy metal or tough plastic garbage cans with tight lids. secure cans so that they cannot be knocked over. - put your garbage on the curb the morning of pickup. - wild animals are not pets. do not feed them. - put only a small amount of bird food out at a time. - do not leave pet food outdoors at night. - screen all exterior accesses to buildings, including, including vents, chimneys, attic fans, dryer vents and areas around soffits and rain gutters. use 1 / 4 \" mesh hardware cloth. - install screens in all windows and doors. - fill in holes around foundations. screen crawl spaces and cover window wells. - trim vegetation to prevent it from covering foundation walls. allow two feet between the vegetation and the building. - trim tree limbs away from the roof. - be sure all animals, especially young, have left before sealing off an area. an animal trapped in its den will die of starvation. be aware of the times of year when young may be present monday march 28, 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4439191641743022, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.526064"} {"text": "| health policy outlook logo 130 | no. 4, may 2009 as the h1n1 swine flu continues to spread, the focus has turned to the prospects for quickly developing a vaccine that can protect americans. so far, most infections in the united states have been mild, but even if this flu strain turns out to be no more potent than the seasonal flu, there is reason to believe that more people will be stricken - - and with more serious illnesses. this summer - - not the season in which flu traditionally spreads - - may provide a backstop that limits the spread of the virus. but even under optimal circumstances, we could still see slow but continued transmission of h1n1 through the spring and summer, followed by a spike in cases this fall, when flu season returns. regular flu is associated with 250, 000 - 500, 000 deaths worldwide every year, including those of 30, 000 - 50, 000 americans. so far, swine flu appears relatively mild outside of mexico. for reasons we cannot yet explain, the virus is infecting more young people than elderly and more women than men. even a mild virus could still cause widespread illness and harm, since our population is naive to this new strain - - we probably harbor no innate immunity. moreover, the current strain of h1n1 could still undergo changes that would make it a more dangerous infection. thus, as of this writing, the decision to make a vaccine has not been formally made. but it seems highly likely that the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) will proceed with developing one once they have the virus fully isolated in a few weeks. the only question is how quickly they can make a vaccine. the good news is that today we are much better prepared to deal with this challenge - - and to develop a new influenza vaccine rapidly - - than at any time before. this owes in large measure to specific actions that we have taken in the last five years to prepare for pandemic flu and other emerging biological threats, including infections that would be used deliberately as terrorist weapons. as of this week, the cdc was planning to request that vaccine manufacturers expedite their production of seasonal influenza vaccine and then prepare to produce h1n1 vaccine. the h1n1 flu, which is an assembly of genes from swine, avian, and human viruses, poses the biggest threat of a large - scale pandemic since the appearance of the h5n1 avian flu strain in 2003 that killed millions of birds and hundreds of people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4581520831911602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.554149"} {"text": "of genes from swine, avian, and human viruses, poses the biggest threat of a large - scale pandemic since the appearance of the h5n1 avian flu strain in 2003 that killed millions of birds and hundreds of people. that disease proved lethal to more than half of the people who contracted it, though the virus largely did not spread from person to person and only infected 421 people. ( in many cases, the qualities that can make a virus highly contagious - - spreading from person to person - - also make it less deadly. the world health organization is distressed that h5n1, which kills 63 percent of its victims, is becoming less deadly, which could mean that the virus is evolving toward a less lethal but more contagious form with enough lethality to cause significant morbidity and mortality. ) while we are better equipped today for confronting a pandemic because of the efforts we undertook to ready ourselves against avian flu, there are still some additional steps we need to take to improve our national preparedness. some of these steps require longer - term policymaking, but others we must take very quickly to respond to the present threats. production of an h1n1 vaccine could require some difficult trade - offs, especially a decision to reduce the amount of seasonal flu vaccine we can ultimately produce for the fall. it appears that with proper policy steps, we can address this trade - off when it comes to a vaccine for h1n1. but if we make the right investments today, in the future, we could avoid these difficult trade - offs altogether when another pandemic inevitably arises. working in our favor is the fact that the vaccine industry has undergone a renaissance in recent years. this is a result of three developments in this product category. first, government incentives and grants helped subsidize the creation of demand for new vaccines, especially those targeting pandemic flu strains. these grant programs also helped to create more domestic vaccine production capacity, an important strategic asset. second, improvements in how vaccines are regulated by the fda mitigated some of the cost and risk in making new products. third and finally, new scientific advances in the production, delivery, and effectiveness of vaccines demonstrated that intellectual property created in this field could be rewarded through higher margins and increased consumer demand. this is also true when it comes to vaccines that target pandemic flu, for which advances in science underpinned improvements that have created a market for these products. these policy developments and their impact on the vaccine industry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47834942326530344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.555325"} {"text": "margins and increased consumer demand. this is also true when it comes to vaccines that target pandemic flu, for which advances in science underpinned improvements that have created a market for these products. these policy developments and their impact on the vaccine industry have improved our medical footing. it is important that we build on these efforts, even as we deal with swine flu. a renaissance for vaccine production vaccines were long seen as commodities, marked by little new investment. this is especially true when it came to vaccines for flu. the sector made products that reflected little innovation and sold them cheaply, mostly to government agencies that valued low prices that enabled wider use over advances in how vaccines worked or were manufactured. the end result was a declining industry, with few reliable suppliers. as recently as five years ago, only two manufacturers produced most of our flu vaccine, and just one of these was a domestic company. even today, seasonal flu vaccines are still made by the same process that has been used for fifty years : growing inside chicken eggs. this chicken egg process is dirty, slow, and expensive, costing more than $ 300 million to build a new plant and requiring more than five years to bring it on line. here is how it works : the influenza virus, as with any virus, will grow only in living cells. in the case of seasonal flu vaccine, production of the vaccine components has used the cells of embryonated ( fertilized ) hens ' eggs. the success of this system is primarily dependent upon the availability of adequate flocks of chickens. these flocks must be hatched approximately six months in advance to achieve maturity at the time that the eggs are needed for production of flu vaccine. this process is not without risk. the flocks, for example, are susceptible to their own diseases. the egg process, therefore, requires a long production cycle. since vaccine strains are usually selected between the end of january and the end of march for the upcoming winter flu season, we are finishing now our production of seasonal flu vaccine. that means we can largely wrap up production of seasonal flu vaccine before we need to shift to production of a vaccine against h1n1. but vaccine manufacturers will have to restart the six - month egg process to produce a full run of swine flu vaccine. moreover, we may not catch this break next time a pandemic inevitably arises. a pandemic strain could emerge at the beginning of the production cycle for the seasonal vaccine. this would force a hard decision whether to shift some of the production capacity for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47985021409261375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.556380"} {"text": "we may not catch this break next time a pandemic inevitably arises. a pandemic strain could emerge at the beginning of the production cycle for the seasonal vaccine. this would force a hard decision whether to shift some of the production capacity for a seasonal vaccine into efforts to manufacture a vaccine against pandemic virus. these vulnerabilities and our present efforts to make a vaccine to h1n1 illustrate the shortcomings and risks of the egg - based process. another challenge of the egg - based process is virus yield - - in other words, the number of viral particles that come out of an egg that could be used to make the vaccine. eggs are typically low - yield factories for the production of vaccine components. this limits how much vaccine can be produced in a limited time. as a rule of thumb, three eggs are needed to produce each individual shot of the seasonal flu vaccine. virus yield is increased substantially by using strains of the virus that are specially tweaked to make them produce more viral particles and survive better in the eggs. that is because the \" wild - type \" viruses that are isolated from patients do not grow well in the eggs that are used for their manufacture. therefore, the wild - type viruses need to be altered or reassorted to grow well in eggs while still retaining the ability to make the viral antigens that are needed for an effective vaccine. the antigens are basically components of the virus that have lost their property to infect people but remain similar to wild - type virus. when injected as part of a vaccine, they stimulate our immune systems to develop antibodies that will target the natural, wild - type virus. but this process of making reassortant strains takes time. it is this process that cdc refers to when it says it is working on the \" seed \" of the swine virus to give to vaccine manufacturers. at present, there are not many labs that work on developing these reassortants. thus, the egg - based process is slow and involved. when it comes to h1n1, based on current knowledge about the virus, \" it would take at least two to three weeks for vaccine strain preparation, seed virus preparation would take another three or four weeks, putting the start of bulk production at the end of june, \" according to a timetable provided by novartis. \" standardizing reagents would not be available for another eight weeks, and quality control would tack on an additional one to two weeks.... that would bring us to a time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5040963413393558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.557532"} {"text": ", \" according to a timetable provided by novartis. \" standardizing reagents would not be available for another eight weeks, and quality control would tack on an additional one to two weeks.... that would bring us to a time frame of early september when we could start distributing the vaccine. \" the cdc estimates that it will have the seed prepared in two weeks. advancements that improve our preparedness because of the uncertainties and delays inherent to our current vaccine production process - - and because the emergence of pandemic strains of influenza virus may occur outside the normal time frame for vaccine production - - we need alternative production systems for flu vaccine. this includes the use of tissue culture cell lines as incubators for vaccine production instead of eggs. we must invest in other approaches that can help improve the effectiveness of a flu vaccine. these include the use of recombinant dna proteins ; the development of a universal flu vaccine that protects against a range of flu strains ; and the use of vaccine additives called adjuvants, which boost the efficiency of vaccines while enabling producers to stretch limited vaccine stock. in the past five years, the vaccine market has reemerged as a key industry and growing business for the large drug firms, which have invested heavily in better ways of making these products. these investments are the result of rising profit margins for these products and the success of several new consumer vaccines against important infectious targets, such as herpes zoster ( the cause of shingles ) and human papillomavirus ( a major cause of cervical cancer ). other new vaccines target global public health challenges. for example, merck ' s rotateq helps prevent infection with rotavirus, a gastrointestinal illness that is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among young children, especially in developing countries. as a result of the commercial successes of new products, between 2004 and 2007, vaccines generated a compound annual growth rate of 32 percent for the drug industry. this encouraged additional investment in new vaccines and underpinned a number of key innovations in how vaccines are developed and manufactured. the renewed interest in vaccines is also a consequence of legislation that created new incentives for manufacturers to develop these products and practical regulatory changes at the fda that lowered development risks for sponsors by applying better scientific tools to evaluating vaccines. this is especially true when it comes to flu vaccine, which is a product segment that has functioned much differently from the rest of the vaccine sector. the market for flu vaccine was marked by underinvestment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4997133820214004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.558590"} {"text": "applying better scientific tools to evaluating vaccines. this is especially true when it comes to flu vaccine, which is a product segment that has functioned much differently from the rest of the vaccine sector. the market for flu vaccine was marked by underinvestment. this was largely a result of low - bid government contracts for vaccine that was distributed largely through public health agencies. these contracts valued low price in order to spread fixed government budgets widely. but they did not provide a margin to support new investments or to promote innovations in how vaccines worked or were made. in recent years, this has changed as a result of policies specifically aimed at promoting investment in flu vaccines. these policies include a series of key guidance documents issued by the fda ' s biologics center, mapping out a streamlined development process for the approval of flu vaccines. it relied on more rapid measures of benefit from tests against biological markers that gauge immune system response to the vaccine. these measures reduced development costs and created more predictability for new vaccine developers. the fda also put in place an express inspection process for certifying new vaccine manufacturing facilities. the agency also worked collaboratively with manufacturers to help them develop the new cell - based vaccine technology. while this technology is still under development, it could become especially important for making vaccines against a potentially virulent form of pandemic flu that might not be efficient or even possible to manufacture using the egg - based production method. another factor that helped increase the incentives for additional production of flu vaccine was a significant increase in medicare payments for flu vaccine and administration. taken together, these regulatory steps gave rise to new vaccine products that give today ' s policymakers many more options in responding to the h1n1 outbreak. the department of health and human services also established a government grant - making and contracting process for vaccines under its bioshield program for medical products that could protect against biological weapons and other threats. one contract for $ 487 million was awarded three months ago to novartis for the construction of the first u. s. facility to manufacture cell - based flu vaccine. that facility should be on line by 2014. baxter, glaxosmithkline, and sanofi - aventis ( among others ) are also working on cell - based vaccine production. according to biocentury, cell culture cuts three to four weeks from the time required to mass - produce a vaccine with the egg - based method. but the biggest advantage of cell culture manufacturing is rapid scale - up, which is impossible using older processes because hundreds of thousands of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48766287014915816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.559736"} {"text": ", cell culture cuts three to four weeks from the time required to mass - produce a vaccine with the egg - based method. but the biggest advantage of cell culture manufacturing is rapid scale - up, which is impossible using older processes because hundreds of thousands of eggs cannot be produced on short notice. a typical cell - based facility, however, costs as much as $ 600 million and would only be able to produce about 40 million doses of seasonal \" trivalent \" flu vaccine a year. the novartis facility will be able to produce around 150 million doses of \" movalent \" vaccine - - containing just one viral strain, as opposed to the seasonal flu vaccine, which contains three different viral strains - - in the event of a pandemic. this illustrates the more challenging economics of vaccine production, for which significant upfront expenditures are required to build facilities capable of producing largely fixed capacities of vaccine. the margins made on flu vaccines are also narrow by drug - industry comparisons. flu vaccine doses cost about $ 3 each to manufacture, according to industry insiders. this does not include the depreciated costs of the capital needed to invest in manufacturing facilities. each vaccine ultimately sells for $ 10 - 12 for each dose. the fixed costs related to quality assurance, administration, and depreciation are estimated to account for 60 percent of total production costs. near - and long - term options for ramping up vaccine supply if we need to deploy a vaccine against a pandemic flu, the cell - based process could be used in a pinch. but few of these worldwide facilities are operational, and so far, none are approved by the fda. the fda would probably have to invoke its emergency use authorization - - which allows unapproved medical products to be made available in a public health emergency - - to make a cell - based vaccine available. the agency needs to prioritize the development and certification of more of these cell - based facilities. but in the meantime, in all likelihood, we are going to have to rely on the egg - based process for the near future. the good news is that today there are three times as many manufacturers licensed to make flu vaccine using the egg process as there were just four years ago. since there are more manufacturers making seasonal flu vaccine, and since each has some extra \" surge \" capacity to make more, we have the ability to make limited quantities of a pandemic vaccine using the egg process, even if its production had to overlap with the usual production cycle for seasonal vaccine. but if the need for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49575998537645394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.560707"} {"text": "some extra \" surge \" capacity to make more, we have the ability to make limited quantities of a pandemic vaccine using the egg process, even if its production had to overlap with the usual production cycle for seasonal vaccine. but if the need for large - scale production of a vaccine against a virulent pandemic flu collided with the same timetable for the manufacture of a seasonal vaccine, we would be hard pressed to produce sufficient quantities of both vaccines. we would need to make some difficult trade - offs. avoiding these trade - offs requires more scalable production capacity. the cell - based process is ideally suited to this challenge. another option is to extend the supply of vaccine using an adjuvant. adjuvants work to bring the antigen into contact with the immune system and, therefore, influence the type of immunity produced as well as the magnitude and duration of the immune response. right now, there are two different adjuvants that are approved as safe and effective in europe that experts believe could be used in a swine flu vaccine. novartis and glaxosmithkline have both done innovative work incorporating new adjuvants into vaccine products. in 2008, glaxosmithkline became the first company to obtain a european license for an adjuvanted prepandemic vaccine, prepandrix. this vaccine is designed to raise immune protection against several strains of the h5n1 virus. but none of these adjuvant products is approved for use in the united states. there is good reason to believe that these adjuvants ( one of which is already used in a u. s. stockpiled vaccine that targets pandemic avian flu ) could boost the supply of a swine flu vaccine as much as fivefold. the fda needs to assess these adjuvants rapidly and decide if it will permit their use in this case. the fda has taken a cautious view on these vaccine additives, but there is now ample experience in europe on which the agency can draw. the fda should develop clear guidance on the approval process for adjuvanted products. the potential benefits offered by technology such as adjuvants and cell - based manufacturing underscore why we must continue to invest in the capacity to develop vaccines, creating incentives for the development of better products and more and better manufacturing facilities. so long as the market for new vaccines continues to remain robust, there is every reason to expect that more manufacturers will continue to enter this field. but our improved prepared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4695772750776955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.562189"} {"text": "vaccines, creating incentives for the development of better products and more and better manufacturing facilities. so long as the market for new vaccines continues to remain robust, there is every reason to expect that more manufacturers will continue to enter this field. but our improved preparedness is not a sure thing, nor are continued advances in vaccines that can reduce risks and improve our preparedness. one significant reason is diminishing incentives for investment in research and development of vaccines and new industrial capacity to manufacture them. intellectual property creation has been a key component of driving more investment into vaccines - - not only for vaccines targeting new infectious diseases, but also for flu vaccines. in particular, the need to develop vaccines against new pandemic flu strains has required companies to invest in new processes for developing and delivering these products. these innovations have had more generalized benefits, spilling into improvements being recognized in other kinds of vaccines, including seasonal flu vaccines. for example, one technique for developing pandemic vaccines, pioneered by the biotechnology firm medimmune, has created significant new capabilities against pandemics and generated an attractive royalty stream for the company. the technique is called reverse genetics, and it can be used to engineer the specific seed strain rapidly. with the reverse genetics method, scientists can splice the desired genes into small circular pieces of dna called plasmids. the plasmids are then put into animal cells, and the vaccine seed virus grows. the seed stock can then be grown in mass quantity for vaccine production either in the traditional chicken egg or in cell culture. using reverse genetics is a potentially more predictable process for developing these seed strains. reverse genetics can also be used to improve the process for making seasonal flu vaccine, shaving time and uncertainty off that process. it seems only a matter of time before manufacturers move away from using the customary process for developing seed strains for the seasonal flu vaccines and adopt reverse genetics as a universal tool. reverse genetics is the process currently being used by the cdc in the development of a seed strain for a vaccine targeting h1n1. the development of this technique is an instructive example of how the creation of new intellectual property rewards investment while significantly improving our pandemic preparedness. but the patent protections that secure these investments are in doubt. the average patent life on big new drugs has been reduced to as little as ten years from more than twelve just nine years ago, in part by legislative endeavors favoring generics and lower drug costs. these measures improve access to medicines but reduce incentives to invest in new plants and technology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5425294960203886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.563608"} {"text": "drugs has been reduced to as little as ten years from more than twelve just nine years ago, in part by legislative endeavors favoring generics and lower drug costs. these measures improve access to medicines but reduce incentives to invest in new plants and technology. now, proposed legislation sponsored by representative henry waxman ( d - calif. ) would reduce the effective patent life on biologics like vaccines still further - - to as little as five years under some measures. this legislation is intended to address the approval of follow - on biologics ( fobs ) or so - called generic biologics. but it contains no carve - out for vaccines, even though the vaccine industry has narrower margins than those for traditional biologics. the intellectual property protections afforded under any potential legislation on fobs is likely to reflect a compromise that affords these drugs substantially more protection than waxman ' s proposed five years. nonetheless, the unusual economics of the vaccine industry means that it should be treated separately, not lumped in with traditional biologics as part of a new legislative scheme. at a time when we are trying to create new incentives for manufacturers to invest in this product category, we should be considering longer, not shorter, patent terms for products that embody genuine innovations and advances in intellectual property, especially products that target low - probability but potentially high - impact threats like a global flu pandemic. newly created intellectual property has been an important factor in coaxing more investment in the development of many new vaccines. ultimately, it is through new innovations like these that we will be able to thwart the risk from pandemic flu. to these ends, the holy grail would be a universal flu vaccine that protects against all varieties of influenza, including pandemic strains like h1n1. the complexity of flu vaccine owes to the fact that we have to develop a brand new vaccine each year to guard against that year ' s circulating strains of influenza. this stands in marked contrast to vaccines against other infectious diseases, which do not vary over time, enabling the vaccines to be mass - produced and stockpiled. with flu vaccine, just - in - time delivery is required. the idea of a universal vaccine is not far - fetched, however. a universal flu vaccine that would cross - react against a broader range of influenza viruses is more than theoretically possible. several biotech companies are working on such a product. in the case of h1n1, a possible complication to a new vaccine is that the product will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.51452630087595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.564631"} {"text": "cross - react against a broader range of influenza viruses is more than theoretically possible. several biotech companies are working on such a product. in the case of h1n1, a possible complication to a new vaccine is that the product will be made using the strain available now ; whether that will work if the virus mutates is uncertain. a universal vaccine, by contrast, would target more \" conserved \" regions of the flu virus ' s structural proteins - - parts of the flu virus architecture that do not undergo much mutation and, therefore, are unlikely to change, regardless of the particular strain of flu. right now, our vaccines target proteins that are on the outer surface of the flu virus. since our immune systems attack these proteins, the proteins themselves undergo adaptation, mutation, and change in order to evade our immune response. but structural proteins that are core components of the architecture of all flu viruses would be less likely to undergo mutation, regardless of the pressure from nature to change in order to survive. theoretically, to target these core proteins, a universal vaccine would need to recruit our t cells to attack the flu virus, as opposed to today ' s vaccines, which recruit an antibody response. for that reason, some suggest that such a vaccine would more likely be a therapeutic tool, as opposed to a protective vaccine. there is some literature to suggest that a t cell response alone may not be sufficient to protect us fully from flu, but work continues, and a universal vaccine is at least possible. steps the fda must take to improve vaccine readiness preparing for future threats requires a broad armamentarium and the residual capacity to create new things quickly. even as we respond to the present threat, policymakers must be looking downfield at the longer - term steps we need to take to improve our readiness. perhaps most important are those efforts undertaken by the fda to open up pathways to products that will continue to improve capacity. a few of the steps that the fda can take to continue to improve our preparedness deserve a high degree of attention from policymakers. first, the agency should develop guidance on the regulatory review pathway for other emerging technologies, such as dna - based vaccines, the use of adjuvants, cell - based methods, and a universal vaccine that triggers t cell responses. regulatory uncertainties and delays have in the past been obstacles to realizing benefits from new vaccine technologies. additional fda guidance may require some new investments in the fda ' s scientific capacity. the fda needs to develop the capacity to play a more proactive role in providing advice on the development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.526798425124995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.565675"} {"text": "have in the past been obstacles to realizing benefits from new vaccine technologies. additional fda guidance may require some new investments in the fda ' s scientific capacity. the fda needs to develop the capacity to play a more proactive role in providing advice on the development and testing of these important technologies. once vaccine is available, it is the fda ' s responsibility to make sure that the products are potent and free from potential contaminants. impurities in the egg - based manufacturing process create health risks and have triggered some recent vaccine shortages. rapid assays are necessary to control manufacturing quality and accelerate the process for releasing lots of vaccines after they are manufactured. the fda needs to work with manufacturers to develop standardized assays for the rapid assessment of vaccine potency, quality, safety, and potential contamination. many current assays are outmoded and difficult to perform. since the fda sets the standards for testing and certifying new vaccine lots, the agency needs to play a key role in directing the science to develop better tools for assuring that new lots of vaccine are safe and effective. this also includes tools for establishing the standards for vaccines produced using new techniques. more broadly, we need to invest - - through federal grants if necessary - - in additional facilities for manufacturing flu vaccine, in particular cell - based facilities. these plants could be scaled quickly to enable rapid production of a pandemic vaccine. a certain amount of this production capacity needs to be maintained domestically. in a full - blown pandemic, with a very deadly strain of flu causing mass casualties, it is hard to envision that foreign nations would allow limited supplies of potentially life - saving vaccines to be shipped outside their borders. the reaction to h1n1, an infection that is turning out to be milder than first feared, demonstrates how quickly international panic can set in, prompting governments to take extraordinary and sometimes severe measures, such as china ' s decision to place mexican visitors under extended, involuntary quarantines. in a full - blown pandemic, we can expect vaccine - manufacturing facilities to be nationalized. much of the flu vaccine production capacity exists outside the united states. the creation of more domestic capacity for rapid vaccine production should be viewed as a strategic asset. finally, the development of countermeasures will require an embrace of new technology. one of the most significant impediments to these investments remains an antitechnology and anti - drug industry bias that permeates many policy decisions, thwarting innovation and targeting new therapeutics. one of the external", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5168904815372761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.566857"} {"text": "embrace of new technology. one of the most significant impediments to these investments remains an antitechnology and anti - drug industry bias that permeates many policy decisions, thwarting innovation and targeting new therapeutics. one of the external ringleaders of this anti - industry bias is public citizen chief sidney wolfe, who in 1999 said of relenza, the antiviral drug that is being deployed as a potential backstop against swine flu, \" this drug should never have been approved. the benefits are close to zero. \" that type of unfortunate miscalculation - - and lack of foresight - - too often holds prominence in policy considerations. preparing for future threats will require vision and accommodation in our embrace of new technologies and their uncertainties. scott gottlieb, m. d., is a resident fellow at aei. 1. malcolm ritter, \" u. s. flu tally jumps to 245 as labs catch up, \" associated press, may 3, 2009. 2. brian knowlton and denise grady, \" flu cases increase, but there is some optimism, \" new york times, may 3, 2009. 3. noelle - angelique m. molinari et al., \" the annual impact of seasonal influenza in the u. s. : measuring disease burden and costs, \" vaccine 25, no. 27 ( june 28, 2007 ) : 5, 086 - 5, 096. 4. centers for disease control and prevention, \" update : infections with a swine - origin influenza a ( h1n1 ) virus - - united states and other countries, \" morbidity and mortality weekly report dispatch, may 1, 2009, available at www. cdc. gov / mmwr / preview / mmwrhtml / mm5816a5. htm ( accessed may 6, 2009 ). 5. ben hirschler, \" companies start initial work on pandemic vaccine, \" reuters, april 28, 2009 ; \" u. s. to have h1n1 vaccine ready by fall : official, \" reuters, may 3, 2009 ; and alice park, \" how fast could a swine flu vaccine be produced? \" time, april 29, 2009. 6. tom randall, \" swine flu pandemic declared imminent as world alert raised, \" bloomberg, april 29, 2009. 7. kumnuan ungchusak et al., \" probable person - to - person transmission of avian influenza a ( h5n1 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4879088961397342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.567796"} {"text": "expedite development of seasonal and pandemic flu vaccines, \" news release, march 2, 2006, available at www. fda. gov / bbs / topics / news / 2006 / new01330. html ( accessed may 6, 2009 ). 19. fda, \" team biologics, \" august 5, 2008, available at www. fda. gov / cber / genadmin / teambio. htm ( accessed may 6, 2009 ). 20. u. s. department of health and human services, \" hhs awards $ 487 million contract to build first u. s. manufacturing facility for cell - based influenza vaccine, \" news release, january 15, 2009, available at www. hhs. gov / news / press / 2009pres / 01 / 20090115d. html ( accessed may 6, 2009 ). 21. bruce japsen, \" flu vaccines no easy remedy : low sales mean lack of incentive for drugmakers, \" chicago tribune, april 29, 2009. 22. steve usdin and erin mccallister, \" opportunity in crisis, \" biocentury, may 4, 2009. 23. \" after decades of malaise, the vaccine industry is getting an injection, \" knowledge @ wharton, november 2, 2005, available at http : / / knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu / article. cfm? articleid = 1306 ( accessed may 6, 2009 ). 24. robert lowes, \" fda okays emergency use of antiviral drugs, diagnostic test for swine flu, \" medscape today, april 28, 2009. for more on the emergency use authorization, see stuart l. nightingale, joanna m. prasher, and stewart simonson, \" emergency use authorization to enable use of needed products in civilian and military emergencies, united states, \" emerging infectious diseases 13, no. 7 ( july 2007 ), available at www. cdc. gov / eid / content / 13 / 7 / 1046. htm ( accessed may 6, 2009 ). 25. john carroll, \" novartis readies key adjuvant for swine flu use, \" reuters, april 30, 2009. 26. i. leroux - roels et al., \" antigen sparing and cross - reactive immunity with an adjuvanted rh5n1 prototype pandemic influenza vaccine : a randomised controlled trial, \" the lancet 370, no. 9, 587 ( august 18", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4598534955867155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.569722"} {"text": "., \" antigen sparing and cross - reactive immunity with an adjuvanted rh5n1 prototype pandemic influenza vaccine : a randomised controlled trial, \" the lancet 370, no. 9, 587 ( august 18, 2007 ) : 580 - 89. 27. steve usdin and erin mccallister, \" opportunity in crisis. \" 28. see european medicines agency, \" guideline on adjuvants in vaccines for human use, \" emea / chmp / veg / 134716 / 2004, january 20, 2005, available at www. emea. europa. eu / pdfs / human / vwp / 13471604en. pdf ( accessed may 6, 2009 ). 29. ernie hood, \" flu vaccine production gets a shot in the arm, \" environmental health perspectives 114, no. 2 ( february 2006 ) : a108 - a111. 30. neal masia, \" the cost of developing a new drug, \" focus on intellectual property rights, april 23, 2008, available at www. america. gov / st / business - english / 2008 / april / 20080429230904myleen0. 5233981. html ( accessed april 30, 2009 ). 31. mica rosenberg, \" flu spat cools budding mexico - china relationship, \" reuters, may 5, 2009. 32. stephen byrnes, \" the truth about relenza \u201a \" health on the edge, july 1, 2001 ; and paul recer, \" fda approves drug against recommendation of advisory panel, \" associated press, july 28, 1999.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48952230305638844, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.570343"} {"text": "much of the increased mortality seen in patients with hiv can be attributed to smoking, danish investigators report in the online edition of clinical infectious diseases. \u201c the loss of life - years associated with smoking was larger than that associated with hiv, \u201d write the investigators. the authors believe their findings have important implications for hiv care, showing the importance of smoking cessation counselling and support. thanks to antiretroviral therapy, the prognosis for many people living with hiv is now excellent. rates of hiv - related illnesses and deaths have fallen dramatically since the mid 1990s, meaning that lifestyle - related factors are now a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with hiv. a number of studies have shown that people with hiv are more likely to smoke than their hiv - negative peers. illnesses that are potentially related to smoking, such as cardiovascular disease and cancers, are being seen with increased frequency in people with hiv. the role of smoking and other potentially modifiable risk factors is currently unclear. investigators from denmark therefore designed a study to evaluate the effect of smoking on mortality among people with hiv in a setting where treatment is freely available. they also compared the risk of death and loss of life - years associated with smoking with the risk associated with hiv - related factors. the study population involved 2921 adults who received hiv care in denmark between 1995 and 2010. injecting drug users were excluded from participation. the people with hiv were matched with 10, 642 both the people with hiv and the controls were followed for a median of four years. among hiv - positive patients, 47 % were current smokers, 18 % were former smokers and 35 % had never smoked. the corresponding rates for the controls were 21 %, 33 % and 47 %. the excess mortality rate for hiv - positive current smokers ( compared to hiv - positive patients who had never smoked ) was 18 per 1000 patient years. the corresponding rate for the hiv - negative controls was 5 per 1000 patient years. the risk of non - hiv - related death was five - fold higher for current smokers compared to hiv - infected patients who had never smoked. hiv - positive patients who were current smokers also had a fourfold increase in their risk of all - cause mortality. the risk of death due to cardiovascular disease was approximately two times higher for hiv - positive current smokers compared to hiv - positive non - smokers. current smokers were also three times more likely to die of cancer. smoking had a significant impact on the life expectancy of hiv - positive patients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4508298342888681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.576654"} {"text": "it is the religious time of the year. step into any city in america or britain and you will see the night sky lit by religious symbols, christmas decorations certainly and probably also a giant menorah. religion in the west seems alive and well. but is it really? or have these symbols been emptied of content, no more than a glittering backdrop to the west \u2019 s newest faith, consumerism, and its secular cathedrals, shopping malls? at first glance, religion is in decline. in britain, the results of the 2011 national census have just been published. they show that a quarter of the population claims to have no religion, almost double the figure 10 years ago. and though the united states remains the most religious country in the west, 20 percent declare themselves without religious affiliation \u2013 double the number a generation ago. looked at another way, though, the figures tell a different story. since the 18th century, many western intellectuals have predicted religion \u2019 s imminent demise. yet after a series of withering attacks, most recently by the new atheists, including sam harris, richard dawkins and the late christopher hitchens, still in britain three in four people, and in america four in five, declare allegiance to a religious faith. that, in an age of science, is what is truly surprising. the irony is that many of the new atheists are followers of charles darwin. we are what we are, they say, because it has allowed us to survive and pass on our genes to the next generation. our biological and cultural makeup constitutes our \u201c adaptive fitness. \u201d yet religion is the greatest survivor of them all. superpowers tend to last a century ; the great faiths last millenniums. the question is why. darwin himself suggested what is almost certainly the correct answer. he was puzzled by a phenomenon that seemed to contradict his most basic thesis, that natural selection should favor the ruthless. altruists, who risk their lives for others, should therefore usually die before passing on their genes to the next generation. yet all societies value altruism, and something similar can be found among social animals, from chimpanzees to dolphins to leafcutter ants. neuroscientists have shown how this works. we have mirror neurons that lead us to feel pain when we see others suffering. we are hard - wired for empathy. we are moral animals. the precise implications of darwin \u2019 s answer are still being debated by his disciples \u2013 harvard \u2019 s e. o. wilson in one corner, oxford \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5161177567898638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.582182"} {"text": "when we see others suffering. we are hard - wired for empathy. we are moral animals. the precise implications of darwin \u2019 s answer are still being debated by his disciples \u2013 harvard \u2019 s e. o. wilson in one corner, oxford \u2019 s richard dawkins in the other. to put it at its simplest, we hand on our genes as individuals but we survive as members of groups, and groups can exist only when individuals act not solely for their own advantage but for the sake of the group as a whole. our unique advantage is that we form larger and more complex groups than any other life - form. a result is that we have two patterns of reaction in the brain, one focusing on potential danger to us as individuals, the other, located in the prefrontal cortex, taking a more considered view of the consequences of our actions for us and others. the first is immediate, instinctive and emotive. the second is reflective and rational. we are caught, in the psychologist daniel kahneman \u2019 s phrase, between thinking fast and slow. religion reconfigures our neural pathways, turning altruism into instinct. the fast track helps us survive, but it can also lead us to acts that are impulsive and destructive. the slow track leads us to more considered behavior, but it is often overridden in the heat of the moment. we are sinners and saints, egotists and altruists, exactly as the prophets and philosophers have long maintained. if this is so, we are in a position to understand why religion helped us survive in the past \u2013 and why we will need it in the future. it strengthens and speeds up the slow track. it reconfigures our neural pathways, turning altruism into instinct, through the rituals we perform, the texts we read and the prayers we pray. it remains the most powerful community builder the world has known. religion binds individuals into groups through habits of altruism, creating relationships of trust strong enough to defeat destructive emotions. far from refuting religion, the neo - darwinists have helped us understand why it matters. no one has shown this more elegantly than the political scientist robert d. putnam. in the 1990s he became famous for the phrase \u201c bowling alone \u201d : more people were going bowling, but fewer were joining bowling teams. individualism was slowly destroying our capacity to form groups. a decade later, in his book \u201c american grace, \u201d he showed that there was one place where social capital could still be found :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5598359596048765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.583185"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia avro lancaster, england, 2002 | crew | | 7 \u2014 pilot, flight engineer, navigator, bomb aimer, wireless operator, mid -, upper and rear gunners | | first flight | | january 9, 1941. | | length | | 69 ft 5 in | | 21. 18 m | | wingspan | | 102 ft | | 31. 09 m | | height | | ft in | | 5. 97 m | | wing area | | ft\u00b2 | | 120. 8 m\u00b2 | | loaded | | 63, 000 lb | | 28, 636 kg | | engines | | 4 rolls - royce merlin xx piston engines | | power | | 1, 280 hp | | 954 kw | | maximum speed | | 280 mph at 15, 000 ft | | 448 km / h at 5, 600 m | | combat range | | 2, 700 miles with minimal bomb load | | 4, 320 km with minimal bomb load | | service ceiling | | 23, 500 ft | | 8, 160 m | | rate of climb | | ft / min | | m / min | | guns | | 8 x browning 0. 303 in ( 7. 62 mm ) machine - guns in three turrets | | bombs | | normal 14, 000 lb ( 6, 350 kg ) | special versions 22, 000 lb ( 10, 000 kg ) the avro lancaster was a four - engined world war ii bomber aircraft made initially by avro for the royal air force. first used in 1942, together with the handley - page halifax it was the main heavy bomber of the raf, the royal canadian air force, and squadrons from other commonwealth and european countries serving with raf bomber command. the lancaster was primarily a night - time bomber ; unlike the halifax, it was not used during the war for duties other than bombing. the original design was for a twin - engined heavy bomber powered by rolls - royce vulture engines. the resulting aircraft was the avro manchester, which proved a disappointment due to the unreliability of the vulture. it was withdrawn from service in 1942 with only 200 aircraft built. the chief designer of a. v. roe, roy chadwick, switched to a design using four of the more reliable rolls - royce merlin engines which resulted in an aircraft initially designated the type 683 manchester iii. renamed the lancaster, it made its first test flight on january 9, 1941, and proved to be a great improvement on the manchester. most of the original manchesters were rebuilt as lancasters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4418132855056597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.591513"} {"text": "in an aircraft initially designated the type 683 manchester iii. renamed the lancaster, it made its first test flight on january 9, 1941, and proved to be a great improvement on the manchester. most of the original manchesters were rebuilt as lancasters. the majority of lancasters during the war years were manufactured by metropolitan - vickers, armstrong whitworth and a. v. roe. the avro was also produced at the austin motor works in longbridge later in world war ii. only 300 of the mk ii with bristol hercules engines were made. the mk iii had newer merlin engines but was otherwise identical to earlier versions ; 3030 mk iiis were built, almost all at a. v. roe ' s newton heath factory. of later versions only the canadian - built mk x was produced in any numbers, built by victory aircraft in malton, ontario. 430 of this type were built. they differed little from earlier versions, except for using packard - built merlin engines and having a differently configured mid - upper turret. 7, 377 lancasters of all marks were built over the war ; a 1943 lancaster cost \u00a345 - 50, 000. lancasters from bomber command were to have formed the backbone of tiger force, the commonwealth bomber contingent scheduled to take part in operation downfall, the codename for the planned invasion of japan in late 1945, from bases on okinawa. in 1942 - 45, lancasters flew 156, 000 operations and dropped 608, 612 tons of bombs. 3, 249 lancasters were lost in action. only 35 lancasters completed more than 100 successful operations. the greatest survivor completed 139 operations and survived the war, to be scrapped in 1947. an important feature of the lancaster was its extensive bomb bay, at 33 feet ( 10. 05 m ) long. initially the heaviest bombs carried were 4, 000 lb ( 1, 818 kg ) or for special targets the 21 feet ( 6. 4 m ) long 12, 000 lb ( 5, 448 kg ) ' tall boy '. towards the end of the war, attacking hardened targets, the ' special b ' lancasters could carry a single 25. 5 feet ( 7. 77 m ) long 22, 000 lb ( 9, 979 kg ) ' grand slam ' or ' earthquake ' bomb. this required modification to the bomb - bay doors. ( note : the exact weight in kg of ' tall boy ' and ' grand slam ' bombs differs according to source. the figures above are the most common. ) the lancaster had a very advanced communications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3816302922222402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.592654"} {"text": "this required modification to the bomb - bay doors. ( note : the exact weight in kg of ' tall boy ' and ' grand slam ' bombs differs according to source. the figures above are the most common. ) the lancaster had a very advanced communications system for its time ; the famous 1155 receiver and 1154 transmitter. these provided radio direction - finding, as well as voice and morse capabilities. later lancasters carried : - monica - a rearward looking radar to warn of night fighter approaches - a notable disaster, transmitting constant warnings of bombers in the same formation it was ignored by crews and instead served as a homing beacon for suitably equiped german night fighters. - fishpond - an add - on to h2s that provided additional ( aerial ) coverage of the underside of the aircraft to display attacking fighters on the main h2s screen. - gee - a receiver for a navigation system of synchronized pulses transmitted from the uk - aircraft calculated their position from the phase shift between pulses. the range of gee was 3 - 400 miles. - oboe - a very accurate navigation system consisting of a receiver / transponder for two radar stations transmitting from the uk - one determining range and the other the bearing on the range. as the system could only handle one aircraft at a time it was only fitted to pathfinder aircraft which marked the target for the main force. later supplemented by gee - h, similar to oboe but with the transponder on the ground allowing more aircraft to use the system simultaneously. gee - h aircraft were usually marked with two horizontal yellow stripes on the fins. the most famous use of the lancaster was probably the 1943 mission, codenamed operation chastise, to destroy the dams of the ruhr valley using special drum shaped bouncing bombs designed by barnes wallis, and carried by modified mk iiis. the story of the mission was later made into a film, the dam busters. another famous action was a series of attacks against the german battleship tirpitz with ' tall boy ' bombs, ended with sinking ' tirpitz '. a development of the lancaster was the avro lincoln bomber, initially known as the lancaster iv and lancaster v, these two marks became the lincoln b1 and b2 respectively. there was also a civilian airliner based on the lancaster, the lancastrian. other developments were the york, a square - bodied transport, and the shackleton, which continued in airborne early warning service up to 1992. two avro lancasters remain in air - worthy condition, although few flying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45123917213591974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.593715"} {"text": "lancaster, the lancastrian. other developments were the york, a square - bodied transport, and the shackleton, which continued in airborne early warning service up to 1992. two avro lancasters remain in air - worthy condition, although few flying hours remain on their airframes and actual flying is carefully rationed. one is pa474 of the battle of britain memorial flight and the other is fm 213 of the canadian warplane heritage museum. two lancasters with extensive combat histories in australian squadrons have survived as static exhibits. s for sugar of 463 / 467 squadron raaf flew 135 operational sorties, and is now on display at the raf museum, hendon. g for george of 460 squadron raaf flew 90 operational sorties, and is now on display at the australian war memorial, canberra. - the avro history - surviving birmingham and manchester made avro lancasters - pa474 of the battle of britain memorial flight - fm 213 of the canadian warplane heritage museum - lancaster fm159 - the nanton lancaster - the australian war memorial g for george page - r1155 radio receiver | related development | | avro york | the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4088670334379673, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.594257"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia very nice diagrams of refraction ( with the red lines ). very good at explaining the phenomenon. i think that a rainbow is visible only when the sun is at a low altitude - mornings and late afternoon / evenings. isn ' t there some specific angle for this? krs 15 : 33, 1 feb 2004 ( utc ) - i added : hence there is no rainbow if the sun is at a higher altitude than 42\u00b0 : the rainbow would be below the horizon. - - patrick 23 : 30, 1 feb 2004 ( utc ) nevertheless, it is not true, as sometimes one can look below the horizon. for example, if you are looking down from a mountain, or - as mentioned in the article! - from an aeroplane. i ' ve deleted the incorrect reference to glories from the aeroplane comment. glory is a different optical phenomenon from rainbow and it is incorrect to state that a full - circle rainbow is a glory. this error needs to be removed from the page glory _ ( rainbow ) and i ' ve put that on my task list, but i ' m not sure how to fix the problem that the error is incorporated into the page title. advice welcome. - - richard jones 13 : 45, 20 mar 2004 ( utc ) added : even more rarely is a triple rainbow seen and a few observers have reported seeing quadruple rainbows in which a dim outermost arc had a rippling and pulsating appearance. - sounds fantanstic, but i saw this, and i was not the only one - leonard g. 03 : 50, 25 aug 2004 ( utc ) the article does a clumsy job about what is special about the 42\u00b0 or the 52\u00b0 angle. the picture lead me to correctly see that light can be refracted - internally. reflected - refracted. again at a large range of angles, its just that 42\u00b0 is where the largest intensity of refraction occurs. the page http : / / www. phy. ntnu. edu. tw / java / rainbow / rainbow. html has a much better explanation for the angle. 220. 127. 116. 11 21 : 46, 30 aug 2004 ( utc ) i ' m not clear on this section : in a very few cases, a moonbow, or night - time rainbow, can be seen on strongly - moonlit nights. as human visual perception for colour in low light is poor, moonbows are perceived to be white. in hawaii, we see moonbows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5508666324059626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.599709"} {"text": ", a moonbow, or night - time rainbow, can be seen on strongly - moonlit nights. as human visual perception for colour in low light is poor, moonbows are perceived to be white. in hawaii, we see moonbows all the time, and it ' s possible to make out many colors. so, what does the editor ( or author ) mean by \" in a very few cases \"? - - viriditas 12 : 00, 29 oct 2004 ( utc ) the article states : even more rarely is a triple rainbow seen and a few observers have reported seeing quadruple rainbows... these things are not rare in hawaii. i ' ve seen triple rainbows many times and a quadruple rainbow only twice. - - viriditas 12 : 32, 29 oct 2004 ( utc ) - more importantly we could use a scientific explanation of how they are possible. i ' ve seen a 3 + rainbow and know that the additional bows cannot be explained using descartes ' internal reflections in a rain drop. - - solipsist 08 : 32, 24 nov 2004 ( utc ) the main mnemonic described in the article is ' richard of york... ', given the subject am i right in thinking that this is only commonly used in the uk? another editor has also added ' roy g. biv ' saying it is more common. i haven ' t heard this one, is it common in the us? - - solipsist 08 : 43, 24 nov 2004 ( utc ) total internal reflection? the article states that light is reflected from the back of the drop under total internal reflection. i find this statement rather dubious at best. a quick derivation from snell ' s law shows that the minimum angle for total internal reflection in water ( using nw = 1. 33 ) is 48. 7 degrees. that would imply that the angle at the back of the droplet is greater than 90 degrees, which by inspection is not the case. since light would therefore leave the back of the drop refracted, would it not be impossible to see a rainbow between the observer and the sun, if the appropriate areas of the sky were unobscured? kenneth charles edit : i did some research. light is indeed passed out the back of a droplet, but due to the fact that there is no distinct peak of emission from this spectra, it does not form a visible rainbow. however, the statement that light is totally internally reflected inside a raindrop is wrong and should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5920089105509658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.600909"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia a typographical error or \" typo \" is a mistake made during the typing process. this excludes errors of ignorance, rather being the result of slips of the hand or finger, or in some cases, mechanical failure. typographical errors typically manifest in the form of an additional or missing character, or the switching of two characters. the emergence of usenet and the world wide web as popular forms of mass - communication brought with it many people who are not skilled typists but have a lot to say. typos are therefore common on the usenet and the web, and some have found certain notoriety as in - jokes among internet groups and subcultures. a well - known typo in the internet gaming subculture is pwned. the etymology is not definite, but it is widely - believed that the close proximity of the o and p keys on a qwerty keyboard caused the accidental typing \u2014 and subsequent publishing \u2014 of pwned instead of owned ( a declaration of domination over an opponent ) in a popular multiplayer game. the in - joke has since gained considerable popularity and variations. \" teh best thign evar!! 1! one! 1!! \" users who are careless about their fast, emotional postings to web forums have sometimes brought on some sardonic ridicule with similar \" errors \" by others in follow - up or stereotypical postings. the ridicule is not usually directed solely at the original poster ' s typing ability, but also their impatience and carelessness to contribute a meaningful posting. this has included : - the misspelling of ' the ' as ' teh ', combined with poor grammar and similar misspellings. - the sardonic ridicule of a user being so excited that they have failed to hold down the shift key long enough to type a consistent series of exclamation marks ( resulting in a string of characters like \"!!! 1! 1! \" ). such ridicule is usually exacted by the replacement of ' 1 ' characters with literal ' one ' s in a similar string. e. g., \" omg that is sooo interesting!!! 1! one! \" despite syntactical similarities, this form of intentional mis - typing is not directly related to leetspeak. the intentional replacement of choice characters in leetspeak usually has the intention of obfuscation rather than ridicule. a common internet typo for student.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5751978697210804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.603896"} {"text": "- 5. 5 \u2013 6. 7 in - 8. 7 \u2013 11. 8 in - 1. 1 oz - slightly smaller than a bohemian waxwing - ampelis americano, picotera, chinito ( spanish ) - jaseur d ' amerique ( french ) - the name \" waxwing \" comes from the waxy red secretions found on the tips of the secondaries of some birds. the exact function of these tips is not known, but they may help attract mates. - cedar waxwings with orange instead of yellow tail tips began appearing in the northeastern u. s. and southeastern canada in the 1960s. the orange color is the result of a red pigment picked up from the berries of an introduced species of honeysuckle. if a waxwing eats enough of the berries while it is growing a tail feather, the tip of the feather will be orange. - the cedar waxwing is one of the few north american birds that specializes in eating fruit. it can survive on fruit alone for several months. brown - headed cowbirds that are raised in cedar waxwing nests typically don \u2019 t survive, in part because the cowbird chicks can \u2019 t develop on such a high - fruit diet. - many birds that eat a lot of fruit separate out the seeds and regurgitate them, but the cedar waxwing lets them pass right through. scientists have used this trait to estimate how fast waxwings can digest fruits. - because they eat so much fruit, cedar waxwings occasionally become intoxicated or even die when they run across overripe berries that have started to ferment and produce alcohol. - building a nest takes a female cedar waxwing 5 to 6 days and may require more than 2, 500 individual trips to the nest. they occasionally save time by taking nest materials from other birds \u2019 nests, including nests of eastern kingbirds, yellow - throated vireos, orioles, robins, and yellow warblers. - the oldest known cedar waxwing was 8 years, 2 months old. cedar waxwings inhabit deciduous, coniferous, and mixed woodlands, particularly areas along streams. you may also find them in old fields, grasslands, sagebrush, and even along desert washes. with the spread of ornamental berry trees in landscaping, cedar waxwings are increasingly common in towns and suburbs. in winter, cedar waxwings are most abundant around fruiting plants in open woodlands, parks, gardens, forest edges, and second - growth forests. birds that winter in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42881347430093225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.621839"} {"text": "landscaping, cedar waxwings are increasingly common in towns and suburbs. in winter, cedar waxwings are most abundant around fruiting plants in open woodlands, parks, gardens, forest edges, and second - growth forests. birds that winter in the tropics tend to inhabit highlands. cedar waxwings feed mainly on fruits year - round. in summer, they feed on fruits such as serviceberry, strawberry, mulberry, dogwood, and raspberries. the birds \u2019 name derives from their appetite for cedar berries in winter ; they also eat mistletoe, madrone, juniper, mountain ash, honeysuckle, crabapple, hawthorn, and russian olive fruits. in summer cedar waxwings supplement their fruit diet with protein - rich insects including mayflies, dragonflies, and stoneflies, often caught on the wing. they also pick items such as scale insects, spruce budworm, and leaf beetles directly from vegetation. - clutch size - 2 \u2013 6 eggs - number of broods - 1 - 2 broods - egg length - 0. 6 \u2013 1. 1 in - egg width - 0. 6 \u2013 0. 7 in - incubation period - 11 \u2013 13 days - nestling period - 14 \u2013 18 days - egg description - pale blue or blue gray sometimes spotted with black or gray. - condition at hatching - naked, blind, helpless, weak, and quiet. hatchlings weigh about 3. 1 grams, or a little more than one - tenth of an ounce. female waxwings do almost all the nest building ; males may do some construction for the second nest of a season. the female weaves twigs, grasses, cattail down, blossoms, string, horsehair, and similar materials into a bulky cup about 5 inches across and 3 inches high. she lines this cup with fine roots, grasses, and pine needles and may decorate the outside with fruiting grasses or oak and hickory catkins. construction takes 5 to 6 days and may require more than 2, 500 individual trips to the nest. waxwings occasionally save time by taking nest materials from other birds \u2019 nests, including eastern kingbirds, yellow - throated vireos, orioles, robins, and yellow warblers. cedar waxwing pairs look for nest sites together, but the female makes the decision. she typically chooses the fork of a horizontal branch, anywhere from 3 to 50 feet high. many tree species are used, including maples, pines, red cedar, white cedar, apple, pear,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41150620645824487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.625012"} {"text": "sites together, but the female makes the decision. she typically chooses the fork of a horizontal branch, anywhere from 3 to 50 feet high. many tree species are used, including maples, pines, red cedar, white cedar, apple, pear, hawthorn, and bur oak. sometimes waxwings put their nests in vertical forks, vine tangles, or resting on a single horizontal branch. cedar waxwings are social birds that form large flocks and often nest in loose clusters of a dozen or so nests. when feeding on fruits, cedar waxwings pluck them one by one and swallow the entire thing at once. they typically feed while perched on a twig, but they \u2019 re also good at grabbing berries while hovering briefly just below a bunch. when eating insects, waxwings either fly out from an exposed perch, or make long, zig - zagging flights over water. during courtship, males and females hop towards each other, alternating back and forth and sometimes touching their bills together. males often pass a small item like a fruit, insect, or flower petal, to the female. after taking the fruit, the female usually hops away and then returns giving back the item to the male. they repeat this a few times until, typically, the female eats the gift. cedar waxwings have a strong, steady flight style with fairly constant wingbeats. cedar waxwing populations are increasing throughout their range, in part because of reversion of fields to shrublands and forests and the use of berry trees such as mountain ash in landscaping. cedar waxwings do appear to be vulnerable to window collisions as well as being struck by cars as the birds feed on fruiting trees along roadsides. - witmer, m. c., d. j. mountjoy and l. elliot. 1997. cedar waxwing ( bombycilla cedrorum ). in the birds of north america, no. 309 ( a. poole, ed. ). the birds of north america online, ithaca, new york. - dunne, p. 2006. pete dunne \u2019 s essential field guide companion. houghton mifflin, boston. - ehrlich, p. r., d. s. dobkin, and d. wheye. 1988. the birder \u2019 s handbook. simon & schuster inc., new york. - sibley, d. a. 2000. the sibley guide to birds. alfred a knopf, new york. - usgs pat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44269334375039154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.643925"} {"text": "##e. 1988. the birder \u2019 s handbook. simon & schuster inc., new york. - sibley, d. a. 2000. the sibley guide to birds. alfred a knopf, new york. - usgs patuxent wildlife research center. 2011. longevity records of north american birds. short to long - distance migrant. many eastern cedar waxwings winter in the southeastern u. s. some birds travel as far south as costa rica and panama. cedar waxwings love fruit. to attract waxwings to your yard, plant native trees and shrubs that bear small fruits, such as dogwood, serviceberry, cedar, juniper, hawthorn, and winterberry. find this bird cedar waxwings are often heard before they \u2019 re seen, so learn their high - pitched call notes. look for them low in berry bushes, high in evergreens, or along rivers and over ponds. be sure to check big flocks of small birds : waxwings are similar to starlings in size and shape, and often form big unruly flocks that grow, shrink, divide, and rejoin like starling flocks. cedar waxwings are a focal bird species for the celebrate urban birds! project. conduct a 10 - minute count and record whether or not you see waxwings. help track the nomadic movements of cedar waxwings by reporting your sightings to ebird learn how to find and monitor bird nests for nestwatch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40162243799927677, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.647131"} {"text": "part of speech : noun notes : rudyard kipling must have been the last english speaker to use today ' s word as anything other than a name. he did so in his poem, the ballad of east and west, which begins : \" oh, east is east, and west is west, and never the twain shall meet, till earth and sky stand presently at god ' s great judgment seat. \" the phrase, \" never the twain shall meet, \" however, has found a permanent place among our idiomatic phrases. in play : the most famous play on this word was made by perhaps the greatest word - player of us all, samuel clemens. as a boy, clemens rode steamboats up and down the mississippi, where sailing was safe in water two fathoms or more deep. the river boatmen who checked the depth would call out \" mark twain \" to alert the captain when their two - fathom - long lines struck bottom. he took that phrase as his pseudonym, mark twain. word history : pie dwo - \" two \", which underlies today ' s word, shows up in russian and serbian dva, german zwei, latin duo, french deux, spanish dos, portuguese dois, hindi do, and nepalese dui. however, it also appears in words where you might not expect it : twilight, of course, is when the two lights ( day and night ) meet. the reason you can only be between two things ( you must be among more than two ) is the tween \" two \" in the preposition. does it sound a little like twine, the string made by twisting two threads together? no wonder. finally, doubt is the result of french twitching latin dubitare \" to waver \", that ' s right, between two choices. ( we are delighted that larry brady, the stargazer of the alpha agora, is never of twain minds when he spots a curious word like this one, which he suggested for today. ) come visit our website at < http : / / www. alphadictionary. com > for more good words and other language resources!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5419089504701, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.652958"} {"text": "incontinence ( wetting and soiling ) medical and physical issues my mother sometimes came back from the day centre having wet herself. but at home she \u2019 s fine. she couldn \u2019 t find the toilet at the centre and i think she didn \u2019 t want to ask because she felt she ought to know. i spoke to the staff and now every so often one of them takes her there. my mother would try every door looking for the toilet, so i put a notice on the door, which read, \u201c ladies \u201d and she had no problem finding it. but a friend who tried this said a picture of a lavatory worked best for his mother. the person with dementia may suffer from urinary incontinence ( wetting ) at some point. faecal incontinence ( soiling ) does occasionally happen, but tends to be more common in the later stages of the disease. for the person with dementia, any kind of incontinence can be extremely distressing. they may feel ashamed and humiliated. you might also find it difficult to deal with. you may feel disgusted or embarrassed and wonder how you will ever cope. but it is important to realise that incontinence is not always solely due to physical causes. it can be caused by other problems such as memory loss, disorientation, communication problems or an associated medical problem. usually, by paying careful attention to the person with dementia and altering certain features of your home, you can reduce the number of \u201c accidents \u201d and / or limit the unpleasant consequences. how to prevent incontinence or limit the consequences of it consult a doctor as incontinence is treatable in some cases, it is a good idea to consult your doctor. you should be prepared to answer questions relating to the frequency and nature of the problem. the doctor may find that it is caused by a medical problem that can be treated such as a urinary tract infection. alternatively, he or she might find that it is caused by medication which makes the person with dementia confused. make the toilet recognisable, accessible and easy to use sometimes an accident occurs because the person with dementia cannot find the toilet in time, even in their own home. it is therefore important to make sure that the toilet is clearly marked ( see section three of the chapter on communication ). painting the toilet door a different colour helps some people. if the toilet is comfortable, easy to use and the room warm, the person might be more inclined to sit there for the necessary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44757631251592056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.722115"} {"text": "clearly marked ( see section three of the chapter on communication ). painting the toilet door a different colour helps some people. if the toilet is comfortable, easy to use and the room warm, the person might be more inclined to sit there for the necessary length of time. grip rails and a slightly raised seat can help to make access and use of the toilet easier. for men who have difficulty remembering where to urinate, it may help to colour the water in the toilet to make it more of a contrast and therefore easier to distinguish. it can also help a man to direct the stream if the urine bowl is fixed at the right height. keep the entrance to the toilet clear, make sure that the door is not too stiff or the handle too difficult to manipulate, and leave a light on. the nearer the toilet is, the greater the chance there is of the person getting there in time. develop a routine keep a note of when the person goes to the toilet and whenever they are incontinent. you might, for example, notice that they have suffered from incontinence on a few occasions half an hour after breakfast. you could then try to make sure that they go to the toilet just after breakfast. you might also be able to notice the kind of signs the person gives when they need to go, so that you can interpret them in other situations. developing a routine can help make sure that they go to the toilet regularly, even if it is not always necessary. for some people a subtle reminder or hint might be sufficient, whereas for others you may have to take them to the toilet and even provide assistance. avoid aggravating the problem it is important to ensure that the person with dementia drinks plenty of water ( about 8 cups / one a half litres a day ). however, it is best not to give them anything to drink in the hour or so before they go to bed. you should also be careful when using tranquillisers as they can cause drowsiness and the person may can carry on sleeping even when their body is sending signals that it is necessary to go to the toilet. if night wetting is a problem, you might find it necessary to wake the person in the middle of the night to ensure that they go to the toilet. certain items of clothing may hamper the person, when they have an urgent need. please see the chapter on dressing for details of clothing, which can prove difficult to remove. protect bedding and upholstery despite all the efforts you make, accidents will almost certainly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44149338400433796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.734126"} {"text": "may hamper the person, when they have an urgent need. please see the chapter on dressing for details of clothing, which can prove difficult to remove. protect bedding and upholstery despite all the efforts you make, accidents will almost certainly occur from time to time. it is therefore advisable to protect the furniture. place plastic covers under cushions and loose covers. it is possible to obtain waterproof covers for mattresses, but care should be taken that the plastic does not come into contact with the skin, as this can cause bedsores ( please see chapter on pressure sores ). special absorbent under sheets are available, as well as reusable and disposable bed pads. continental quilts are easier when it comes to making beds and protective covers exist for these as well as for pillows. if incontinence is a regular problem, it would be a good idea to replace carpets with vinyl or linoleum as it is easier to wash and reduces the problem of odour. the use of continence aids if the problem of incontinence becomes more severe, you should consider the use of continence aids. you may find it difficult to approach the subject with the person and you will certainly need to be very careful not to offend them. continence aids are not only a solution for you but also for the person with dementia as they make the problem of incontinence less visible to other people. the different kinds of continence pad vary greatly in their degree of absorbency, fittings and suitability for day or night - time use. the choice and size of the pad is important as too large a pad may be too obvious and also restrict walking, whereas too small a pad may be uncomfortable. hand held urinal bottles can be useful, particularly at night. chamber pots and bedpans are another alternative but some people find them difficult to use. other possibilities include urinal devices for men or catheters for men or women. however, catheters should be fitted by a doctor or nurse and are generally considered to be a last resort. in any case, you might find it useful to discuss the different possibilities with your doctor. how to cope with incontinence embarrassment and disgust don \u2019 t worry if you find it difficult to deal with incontinence. many people do. going to the toilet is a taboo subject in many households. although you feel uneasy about it, you can probably imagine how humiliating an experience it must be for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4316658659399497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.740655"} {"text": "worry if you find it difficult to deal with incontinence. many people do. going to the toilet is a taboo subject in many households. although you feel uneasy about it, you can probably imagine how humiliating an experience it must be for the person with dementia. instead of making a big issue of incontinence, try to adopt a matter of fact attitude and reassure the person that there is no need to feel ashamed. your attitude is extremely important because if the person feels guilty and senses that you blame them, they may try to conceal evidence of accidents and this will only make your task more difficult in the long run. it might be easier to be sympathetic and uncritical if you remember that incontinence is caused by the disease and is not deliberate. talking with other carers who have experience dealing with incontinence might help you to come to terms with the feelings you have and the unease you may feel about carrying out such intimate care. incontinence can lead to skin irritations and soreness. for this reason, it is important to make sure that the person with dementia washes properly after an accident. warm soapy water is usually sufficient, but make sure that the person is thoroughly dry and has clean clothes to put on. if sores do develop, it is best to contact a doctor, as they can sometimes be difficult to treat ( please see chapter on pressure sores ). you will then be faced with the task of cleaning up. if you cannot wash the soiled clothes straight away, put them in a container with a sealed lid so as to prevent them from making the room smell. deodorisers are more effective at getting rid of the smell than air fresheners, which simply add to what you are trying to hide. to neutralise the smell of urine on carpets, you will find that white vinegar is fairly effective. in addition, try to keep the place well ventilated and, above all, don \u2019 t feel embarrassed or blame yourself if there is a faint persisting odour \u2013 you can only do your best! last updated : mardi 11 aout 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43247543676074346, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.744345"} {"text": "- fisher center for alzheimer ' s research foundation - http : / / www. alzinfo. org - first national alzheimer \u2019 s action plan becomes law posted by alz01 on january 11, 2011 @ 11 : 59 am in articles, prevention and wellness | 12 comments with president obama \u2019 s signature, the first national action plan for alzheimer \u2019 s disease became law in 2011, setting the stage for a coordinated effort to \" accelerate the development of treatments that would prevent, halt or reverse the course of alzheimer \u2019 s \" and \" improve the early diagnosis of alzheimer \u2019 s disease and coordination of the care and treatment of citizens with alzheimer \u2019 s. \" the plan is part of the national alzheimer \u2019 s project act, or napa, that was passed unanimously by both houses of congress late in 2010. it will create a federal advisory panel to devise a national strategy for the care, support and treatment needs of the more than five million americans living with alzheimer \u2019 s. it will also consider the needs of the even greater number of caregivers and family members touched by the disease. like the earlier war on cancer and government efforts to coordinate research and funding for diseases like aids, this is the first time there has been a focused national campaign for alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the advisory panel will involve federal agencies that deal with health and aging issues. researchers, doctors and other health care providers, scientific experts and people caring for those with alzheimer \u2019 s will be involved in developing the plan. the plan will work to coordinate localized research efforts to find effective drugs and treatments for alzheimer \u2019 s. it will also aim to improve methods for diagnosing the disease at early stages, before brain damage has become extensive and therapies to delay symptoms may be most effective. in addition, annual reviews will work to determine the most effective government - financed programs involving research, treatment, home care and nursing homes. the law doesn \u2019 t authorize funds for research for finding a cure or for caregiver services. but legislators expect that increased funding for alzheimer \u2019 s will be a recommendation of the panel. currently, lawmakers point out, the government spends one penny on alzheimer \u2019 s research for every dollar it spends on caring for patients with the disease. the cost of alzheimer \u2019 s for medicare and medicaid is now about $ 170 billion a year. as the population ages and the number of alzheimer \u2019 s cases grows, the cost is expected to reach $ 800 billion by 2050 unless effective treatments or a cure are found. the fisher center for alzheimer \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4692948764068418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.749124"} {"text": "now about $ 170 billion a year. as the population ages and the number of alzheimer \u2019 s cases grows, the cost is expected to reach $ 800 billion by 2050 unless effective treatments or a cure are found. the fisher center for alzheimer \u2019 s research foundation continues to fund vital research into the causes of alzheimer \u2019 s in the search for a cure. to learn more or make a donation, visit https : / / www. alzinfo. org / donate. article printed from fisher center for alzheimer ' s research foundation : http : / / www. alzinfo. org url to article : http : / / www. alzinfo. org / 01 / articles / national - alzheimers - action - plan - law urls in this post : image : http : / / www. alzinfo. org / wp - content / uploads / 2011 / 01 / obama - sign. jpg https : / / www. alzinfo. org / donate : https : / / www. alzinfo. org / donate / alzinfo. org : http : / / www. alzinfo. org reviewed by william j. netzer : https : / / www. alzinfo. org / netzer copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2012 fisher center for alzheimers reaserch foundation. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4547944315459111, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.749674"} {"text": "september 1996 | volume 47, issue 5 a century ago you \u2019 d eat steak and lobster when you couldn \u2019 t afford chicken. today it can cost less than the potatoes you serve with. what happened in the years between was an extraordinary marriage of technology and the market. king henri iv of france was a great king. he was also, perhaps, the world \u2019 s first real politician \u2014 for in the course of his ten - year battle to secure the french throne for the bourbon dynasty he began deliberately enlisting public opinion and even invented the political slogan to help him do so. instinctively knowing the shortest route to his people \u2019 s hearts, he told them, \u201c i want there to be no peasant in my kingdom so poor that he is unable to have a chicken in his pot every sunday. \u201d henri iv \u2019 s choice of chicken to symbolize prosperity was no accident, for it had always been a dish reserved, because of its cost, for special occasions like sunday dinner, holidays, and celebrations. and for fully three hundred years after henri \u2019 s time, nothing happened to change that. indeed, as late as 1928 the republican party, cribbing shamelessly, promised the american people continued prosperity and \u201c a chicken in every pot. \u201d the republicans, of course, did not deliver on their promises, and the great depression ended seventy years of republican political dominance in this country. but there is one major difference between the history of the modern american poultry industry and that of most other segments of the american economy. the oil industry rose under the dominance of john d. rockefeller. the mass - market automobile was the brainchild of one genius, henry ford. the computer revolution of the present day has been ever increasingly influenced by william gates and microsoft. the poultry industry, however, has no single, outstanding figure. instead, hundreds if not thousands of individuals, each with, at best, only local fame and no intention aforethought, created the modern industry. many failed and fell by the wayside ; others succeeded beyond their wildest dreams. but as these individuals pursued their self - interests with hard work, insight, and the assumption of risk, they greatly benefited the economy as a whole. collectively, they constitute a nearly perfect example of adam smith \u2019 s invisible hand at work. chickens were among the last of the major domestic animals to come under the sway of man and the only one, aside from the water buffalo, to come from eastern asia and africa. but the chicken \u2019 s impact \u2014 gastronomic, agricultural, religious,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4848886444067937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.930376"} {"text": "were among the last of the major domestic animals to come under the sway of man and the only one, aside from the water buffalo, to come from eastern asia and africa. but the chicken \u2019 s impact \u2014 gastronomic, agricultural, religious, literary, economic, and even psychological \u2014 has been immense. gallus gallus, the red jungle fowl, is still common in the wooded areas of india and southeast asia, from the foothills of the himalayas to sumatra. it is the ancestor of all domestic chickens ; indeed it remains conspecific with them, although a few other chickenlike birds, such as pheasants and other species of jungle fowl, probably contributed genes. jungle fowl live in small groups consisting of one cock and several hens. the cock is a gorgeous bird, with a fiery red head and saddle feathers. the hackles ( the neck feathers ) shade downward from red to yellow while the feathers of the breast and tail are an iridescent green - black. the hen is much plainer, a rusty brown, which helps conceal her during the period of incubation, for these are ground - nesting birds. the lean, tightly muscled, and undoubtedly tough - as - rubber - bands red jungle fowl weighs only about two pounds when fully mature and was not originally domesticated for purposes of eating. instead, two peculiar characteristics of the cock probably led to the bird \u2019 s coming to live with humankind. one is his habit of crowing very loudly at the first hint of daylight, thus serving as a natural alarm clock in an agricultural community. the crowing bird is still a potent symbol of the dawn generations after most americans last heard it. the second habit that led to domestication is the cock \u2019 s extreme and unrelenting, even unto death, aggressiveness toward other, unfamiliar males of his species. it is this characteristic that makes the sport of cockfighting so exciting, so bloody, and so freighted with masculine symbolism that it persists, indeed flourishes, in this country today despite decades of attempted legal repression. hens, for their part, quickly came to symbolize much that is maternal and feminine. people saw in the tightly structured society of chickens, among the most social of all birds, a mirror of their own species, among the most social of all mammals. consequently, no domestic animal other than the dog has so many symbolic connotations as the chicken does. the mammoth new random house historical dictionary of american slang devotes no fewer than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4797131271696462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.931588"} {"text": "mirror of their own species, among the most social of all mammals. consequently, no domestic animal other than the dog has so many symbolic connotations as the chicken does. the mammoth new random house historical dictionary of american slang devotes no fewer than six pages to the word chicken and its compounds. hens, cocks, biddies, chicks, and others take up yet more pages. the chicken spread from india toward the west and reached greece at the time of the persian wars ( greeks still call chickens \u201c persian birds \" ). by the roman era it was common throughout western europe. the romans and greeks thought that chickens were useful as diviners of the future, and roman military leaders would offer a flock grain before a battle. if the birds devoured it, the auguries were good. if they did not, the general often would avoid battle. during the punic wars, one roman admiral was so annoyed when the chickens, perhaps seasick, refused to eat that he threw them overboard, saying, \u201c if they will not eat, let them drink! \u201d and attacked anyway. he lost badly. chickens were often carried on shipboard for reasons other than forecasting the outcome of battles, for by roman times chickens and their eggs had come to be used for food. they made excellent shipboard livestock. they took up little space, would eat nearly anything, and provided both fresh meat and eggs to people who otherwise had to subsist on ship \u2019 s biscuits and salted meat. it is no wonder, then, that chickens arrived in the new world at very nearly the same time as europeans. by 1609, only two years after its founding, jamestown, virginia, had as many as five hundred. the terrible famine in the winter of 1609 - 10 reduced that population to zero, or very nearly so. but once the colony was restocked from the west indies the following spring, the chicken \u2019 s place in north america was secure. for a very long time, the americans \u2019 husbandry of chickens was a casual affair at best, for chickens, unlike most barnyard animals, are quite self - sufficient. often they weren \u2019 t even fed or housed but made their own way by snapping up grain spilled by the other animals, along with bugs, worms, and table scraps. at night they roosted in trees, which is why in those days white - feathered chickens were unpopular, being too easily spotted by foxes, hawks, and other predators. traditionally it was the job of the youngest child to hunt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5041157697743074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.932661"} {"text": "scraps. at night they roosted in trees, which is why in those days white - feathered chickens were unpopular, being too easily spotted by foxes, hawks, and other predators. traditionally it was the job of the youngest child to hunt for the eggs every day, and surplus eggs sold locally were regarded as a small source of independent income for the farm wife, her so - called egg money. but the average hen before the twentieth century laid only about thirty eggs a year, mostly in the spring. as a result, eggs varied greatly in price depending on the season, being cheapest in the spring and quite expensive in the late fall and early winter. because of this seasonality, the price of chickens in the market also varied considerably over the course of the year. but there was another reason chicken was, even in summer, a luxury dish : the production of chickens was strictly an amateur affair with little if any structure to the commercial channels that led from millions of small farm flocks to urban markets. as a result, ladies \u2019 magazines of the turn of the century frequently contained advice on how to substitute veal for chicken. veal was then a drug in the market, a byproduct of an already professionalized and flourishing dairy industry that was at the time popular only with italians and other immigrants from the mediterranean. the first change from the age - old way americans husbanded chickens came in the 1830s when birds from china were imported as exotics into britain. these so - called cochins, which have fluffy plumage and feathered legs, caused a sensation in both the british empire and the united states and set off a craze for breeding show chickens with extravagant features such as yards - long tail feathers and crests of feathers around the head. farmers began selectively breeding chickens as well, and breeds with wonderful names, like plymouth rock, wyandotte, and orpington ( along with the australian version, the australorp ). but because there were no fixed standards, the genetic chaos ruled. each farmer had, in effect, his own breed of chicken. so in 1873 the american poultry association was formed to set standards and help develop chickens that could be relied upon to breed true. the purpose of this at the time was no more than to bring order and predictability to a popular hobby, but the result was the development of genetically reliable stock that would be used in the next century to utterly transform the chicken. there are numerous stages between the apparently permanent gleam in a rooster \u2019 s eye and dinner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4612302800121743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.933699"} {"text": "order and predictability to a popular hobby, but the result was the development of genetically reliable stock that would be used in the next century to utterly transform the chicken. there are numerous stages between the apparently permanent gleam in a rooster \u2019 s eye and dinner. these are breeding, incubating, hatching, raising, slaughtering, dressing, transporting, selling, cooking, and eating. of these ten steps, only the last is still handled the way it was at the turn of the century, and even that, at least in terms of where americans eat chicken, has changed significantly. the first change in traditional poultry husbandry was the introduction of commercial chicks. before, people wanting to start a flock would either buy fertilized eggs from a local farmer and incubate them themselves ( often in a warm spot on or near the kitchen stove ) or buy a \u201c trio, \u201d two hens and a cock. after the first chicks hatched, nature was allowed to take its course. in 1873 a man named jacob graves patented an incubator and offered chicks two to four weeks old for sale. but it was joseph p. wilson of stockton, new jersey, who turned the raising of baby chicks into a business. in 1887, using hot water as a heat source, he built his own incubator, which could handle up to four hundred eggs at a time. by 1892 he had begun taking advantage of the fact that newborn chicks, because they absorb the remnants of the yolk just before hatching, can go without food or water for up to thirty - six hours. wilson started shipping day - old chicks as far as chicago by railway express. the advantages of using artificial hatcheries were soon apparent. for one thing, this new technique allowed the supply of chickens to be smoothed out over the year to more nearly match demand. this, of course, dampened price swings. by 1918 there were two hundred fifty hatcheries in operation in this country. only nine years later there were more than ten thousand, and more than half the baby chicks produced in the country were artificially incubated. as their numbers grew ( there would be a great shakeout in the early 1930s, however ), these new hatcheries competed fiercely by offering not only lower prices but also superior chickens bred to reach selling weight sooner in life, thus requiring less feed and yielding a greater profit. this drive for the ever - quicker - growing chicken has been instrumental in turning chicken from a luxury food into an everyday affair. in 1900 a newly hatched chick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4579542892587461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.934736"} {"text": "to reach selling weight sooner in life, thus requiring less feed and yielding a greater profit. this drive for the ever - quicker - growing chicken has been instrumental in turning chicken from a luxury food into an everyday affair. in 1900 a newly hatched chick required sixteen weeks to reach two pounds, large enough for frying. southern farmers prided themselves on having frying chickens ready for the fourth of july. today, chicks reach four pounds, big enough for roasting, in just seven weeks. but until the mid - 1920s the raising of chickens remained a sideline operation, run by farmers \u2019 wives. agricultural experts in the early years of the century thought the situation would never change, because it would not be possible to compete with a system that, in effect, utilized both free labor and free food and provided millions of farmwomen with a source of independent income they would be loath to part with. the experts, however, were looking mostly at the midwest, the leading area of the country for egg production at that time, where the farms were large and prosperous, thanks to the area \u2019 s incomparably good soil and usually benevolent weather. these farms tended to specialize in basic foodstuffs like wheat, corn, cattle, and hogs. the raising of chickens as a major crop would have been a misallocation of resources. other areas of the country, however, had very different economic needs. the delmarva peninsula, east of chesapeake bay, for instance, had rich, sandy, well - drained soil and a flat landscape. but its proximity to baltimore, philadelphia, and new york had made it a natural area for truck farming. and truck farming is a feast - or - famine business, peculiarly sensitive not only to the vagaries of the marketplace but to the weather as well. a steadier source of income was most welcome on the delmarva, and it was there that the chicken business really became a business. the first person on the peninsula to raise chickens expressly for the market rather than simply sell what exceeded domestic needs was mrs. wilmer steele. she ordered 500 chicks in 1923 and sold the 387 that survived to two pounds for sixty - two cents a pound, live weight. this produced a very handsome profit indeed. in today \u2019 s money ( that is, after allowing for inflation ), mrs. steele received about five dollars a pound, wholesale, for her chickens. not surprisingly, word of these profits spread fast. in 1925 the state of delaware produced fifty thousand chickens for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4145997961417538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.935811"} {"text": "\u2019 s money ( that is, after allowing for inflation ), mrs. steele received about five dollars a pound, wholesale, for her chickens. not surprisingly, word of these profits spread fast. in 1925 the state of delaware produced fifty thousand chickens for market and just the next year topped one million. by 1934 the peninsula was putting out seven million broilers a year, and production continued to soar as costs per bird declined steadily and demand rose accordingly. chickens in such numbers could neither be fed in the traditional way, with table scraps and leftovers from other livestock, nor hunt and peck on their own. so hundreds of companies began to produce special feeds for broilers. and the science of chicken nutrition began its explosive elaboration as they competed for customers by offering a superior product. because chickens mature quickly and few ethical constraints have been applied to experimentation, our understanding of chicken nutrition now exceeds our grasp of that for any other domestic animal and even for humans. raising broiler chickens outdoors exposed them to the uncertainties of the weather, predators, and disease. but the adding of cod - liver oil ( and later the purified vitamin itself ) to chicken feed allowed chickens to be raised in large, roofed sheds where temperature, diet, and lighting could be controlled for maximum weight gain. the results of this ever - deepening knowledge of chicken nutrition were quick in coming. the great food writer clementine paddleford marveled as early as 1943 that \u201c ten years ago it took 6 \u00bd pounds of feed to produce one pound of broiler meat. today four pounds of feed will do the same job. \u201d fifty years later it requires only about one and three - quarter pounds of feed to produce a pound of meat, a conversion ratio that would have seemed, at the turn of the century, close to that seen in the biblical miracle of the loaves and the fishes. one fundamental split, however, occurred at this time : the separation of egg farming from chicken farming. the first commercial broilers were mostly surplus leghorns, actually bred for their egg production. leghorns lay white eggs in great quantity but, precisely because of that fact, do not put on weight well. the boston market, unlike the rest of the country, preferred brown eggs, and these came from heavier breeds, many with such new england - inspired names such as rhode island red, new hampshire, and plymouth rock. new england hatcheries began shipping crosses of the heavy breeds, which gain weight much more rapidly than do leghorns, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4945093972982509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.936971"} {"text": "from heavier breeds, many with such new england - inspired names such as rhode island red, new hampshire, and plymouth rock. new england hatcheries began shipping crosses of the heavy breeds, which gain weight much more rapidly than do leghorns, to the burgeoning broiler farms on the delmarva peninsula and soon to other areas of the country as well. and hatcheries began breeding new crosses from heavy stock specially for rapid weight gain. they also continued to breed champion egg layers from leghorns and other so - called mediterranean breeds. again, the increase in production has been staggering. at the turn of the century, thirty eggs a year was the norm. a champion might produce fifty. by the 1930s a hen laying a hundred eggs a year was a candidate for a ribbon at the county fair. today a hen that doesn \u2019 t lay two hundred and fifty is a candidate for the cat - food factory. other developments began in the 1930s that transformed not the egg \u2014 an evolutionary creation of such awesome perfection that it could hardly be improved upon \u2014 but the way eggs were farmed. eggs, like chickens, had long been simply a byproduct of other kinds of farming, produced a few at a time by millions of flocks that seldom numbered more than fifty birds each. and because the chickens largely fended for themselves, there were few out - of - pocket expenses and so no one cared about costs. as a result, between 1910, when the federal government began keeping track of egg production and prices, and 1943 the price of a dozen eggs remained remarkably constant in real terms. the first change these new egg farmers made from traditional poultry husbandry, as the broiler raisers before them had done, was to begin confining their chickens. when the birds ran free, their eggs had to be hunted for, and every day was easter \u2014 although, to be sure, chickens tend to lay their eggs in the same places over and over again. this was labor intensive, and many eggs were overlooked, fell victim to such predators as rats and snakes, or were broken. confinement increased egg production per bird immediately and thus ensured higher profits for farmers and lower prices for consumers. but confinement brought its own problems. at first the birds were usually kept in houses that had dirt floors covered with wood shavings. as the manure built up, so did the incidence of disease as the chickens scratched, which chickens will do even when they are not hungry. to solve this problem, farmers began putting their chickens in houses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49163053160154324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.938080"} {"text": "dirt floors covered with wood shavings. as the manure built up, so did the incidence of disease as the chickens scratched, which chickens will do even when they are not hungry. to solve this problem, farmers began putting their chickens in houses with wire floors so that the droppings could fall through and be removed. the health of the chickens, and thus their egg production, greatly improved. the keeping of birds in tiers of wire cages, where they could be fed, watered, and cared for more easily, soon followed. the price of a dozen eggs began a fifty - year decline. much of that continuing decline has come from ever - increasing economies of scale as the number of egg farms has steadily dropped and the number of chickens at each farm has increased. in the 1940s an egg farm with a hundred thousand birds was considered very large. today a farm needs ten million birds to have that status. as a result of these enormous numbers \u2014 an egg farm with ten million birds produces well over half a million dozen eggs per day \u2014 even the most minor savings per egg makes major improvements to the bottom line. just a tenth - of - a - cent drop per egg in production costs increases the daily gross profit by more than six thousand dollars, or over two million dollars per year. although the number of independent egg farms has drastically declined since the days betty macdonald wrote about, there are nonetheless still about 350 companies in the united states, and competition among them remains fierce. much of the decreased cost that ensues from innovation, then, is necessarily passed along to the consumer as lower prices. this, in turn, requires an unceasing search for new ways to drive down costs if profits are to be maintained, just as adam smith predicted. some houses are built underground to save heating and air - conditioning costs, while light, which stimulates egg production, is provided at the optimal level. about the only thing that is not automated today is the removal of dead chickens. only about three in ten thousand die per day in a well - regulated hen house ( just about half again the human mortality rate in this country ). but out of two hundred fifty thousand, that is still seventy - five dead birds a day that must be removed immediately to prevent disease. in this wholly artificial \u2014 some would say cruel \u2014 environment, even the genes that the birds inherit have been determined by the process of artificial evolution called selective breeding. this process has been the biggest single factor in increasing egg production per bird and per pound of feed so dramatically. but the genes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5059680324847379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.939300"} {"text": "say cruel \u2014 environment, even the genes that the birds inherit have been determined by the process of artificial evolution called selective breeding. this process has been the biggest single factor in increasing egg production per bird and per pound of feed so dramatically. but the genes themselves remain unaltered for now ( the new technology of genetic engineering will, without doubt, soon change that ). and, unfortunately for the farmer, high egg laying and aggression are genetically linked. if you want the one, you have to take the other as well. aggression among the closely confined birds on a modern egg farm has been a major problem, as the birds sort out their social standings with their beaks. other technologies have come to the rescue, however. hatcheries now routinely remove a portion of the upper bill ; this decreases the mayhem the birds can cause without reducing efficiency in feeding. in the 1950s it was discovered that red light suppressed the tendency to peck. but conditions with red light turned out to be too dark for human beings to work in. tiny red spectacles for the chickens were tried, but although these produced amusing pictures for life magazine, they proved hopelessly impractical. recently, however, red contact lenses have been found effective. they not only prevent pecking battles ; they obviate the need for debeaking. as an unexpected bonus, red contact lenses also reduce feed consumption by 6 percent, thanks to reduced anxiety ( nervous noshing, apparently, is not confined to humans ) and slightly increased egg production. altogether, red contact lenses for chickens have lowered production costs by a whopping third of a cent per egg in the flocks where they have been tested. in the highly competitive egg business, that is a veritable gusher of found money \u2014 not that competition will allow egg producers to keep much of it. delmarva is rich agricultural land, but the new areas for chicken production that burgeoned after the country entered world war ii were marginal at best, and poultry production came as a godsend to the hard - pressed farmers. no small factor in the success of the new areas, however, was the energy and perseverance of the most important figure in the creation of the modern poultry industry, jesse dixon jewell. he was born in gainesville, georgia, in 1902. gainesville is located in the northern part of the state, in the hardscrabble tag end of the appalachian mountains. the local farmers tried to make a living raising cotton, but with their small holdings, hilly terrain, and poor, red clay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46780726965311975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.940417"} {"text": "gainesville is located in the northern part of the state, in the hardscrabble tag end of the appalachian mountains. the local farmers tried to make a living raising cotton, but with their small holdings, hilly terrain, and poor, red clay soil, they could not compete successfully with the rich cotton lands to the south and west. jewell \u2019 s father died when he was seven, and his mother tried to make a living running a small feed store, a business jewell took over when he reached adulthood. in the mid - thirties, as depression devastated the american economy and a tornado nearly destroyed gainesville, jewell supplemented his income by going around to the local farms, buying chickens and eggs and taking them to atlanta and other urban markets. it was a hand - to - mouth operation at first. often he had to sell quickly what he had bought from the farmers in order to have the money in the bank to cover the checks he had written to buy them. but demand for both eggs and chickens was strong, and jewell saw opportunity in expanding the raising of chickens in the area. he recognized that these farmers needed nothing so much as a steady cash crop, but they lacked even the small capital required to raise chickens the modern way. when he tried to sell chicken feed to the farmers, few could afford it. so jewell went to a feed company and made a deal to get feed on consignment. then he went to the local bank and got a loan to buy day - old chicks. he placed these chicks with the farmers, taking back a note secured by the chickens, and supplied the feed needed to raise them to market weight. when the chickens were ready for sale, jewell would buy them, and he and the farmers would settle accounts. both the local banker and the feed companies were very skeptical at first, and the banker made a point of sending someone out to see that the chicks were really where jewell said they were. but the system turned out to be profitable for all concerned, as it lowered the final price to the consumer and thus further increased demand. jewell, a classic entrepreneur, began to expand his business both horizontally, by making deals with more and more farmers, and vertically, by starting his own hatchery and processing plant. traditionally, chickens had been sold to city wholesalers either still alive or what was termed \u201c new york dressed \u201d \u2014 that is, with the feathers removed but the head, feet, and innards intact. by processing the chickens at a plant and selling them ready", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4364902484730837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.941588"} {"text": "chickens had been sold to city wholesalers either still alive or what was termed \u201c new york dressed \u201d \u2014 that is, with the feathers removed but the head, feet, and innards intact. by processing the chickens at a plant and selling them ready to cook, jewell not only reduced freight costs and spoilage ; he obtained a supply of by - products that found a ready market and so increased his profits. chicken feet are exported in large numbers from this country to east asia, where they are considered a delicacy. ground - up feathers \u2014 supplying high - quality protein \u2014 are now an ingredient in animal feeds. other bits and pieces end up in pet foods. in 1954 j. d. jewell, inc., became a fully integrated poultry company when it completed its own feed mill. other poultry companies were integrating too, and as they increased in size and expanded their markets, competition among them increased as well, with the usual result of increased efficiency, innovation, and ever lower prices. between 1947 and 1960 broiler production in the southeastern states increased by fully 365 percent. during the same period, production per man - hour increased by 343 percent. to put it another way, while production more than quadrupled, the man - hours needed to handle that production increased by only 6 percent. naturally, the least - efficient producers were behind this movement, and it was spearheaded in washington by sen. hubert h. humphrey, who called for a \u201c nationwide, producer - controlled marketing program. \u201d translated from politicalese, this meant a cartel. the eisenhower administration was unsympathetic. but when john f. kennedy became president in january 1961, the movement to organize the broiler industry took on fresh drive. the new secretary of agriculture, orville freeman, organized the national broiler stabilization advisory committee, made up of a wide variety of industry executives. no clear consensus was ever reached by the committee, however. it voted nineteen to sixteen in favor of giving the secretary of agriculture authority to regulate the supply of hatching eggs and thus the number of chickens available for market a few months later. but of the sixteen dissenters, eight had voted against it because they wanted no regulation at all. these latter feared that, no matter how lightly the hand of government touched the industry at first, its grip would only tighten in the long run, with disastrous consequences. as one opponent explained, with country eloquence, \u201c you can boil a frog if you put him in cold water and heat it gradually. \u201d beginning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4447462903087177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.942627"} {"text": "industry at first, its grip would only tighten in the long run, with disastrous consequences. as one opponent explained, with country eloquence, \u201c you can boil a frog if you put him in cold water and heat it gradually. \u201d beginning in the late 1960s frank perdue used clever television commercials to turn chicken, once the most generic of products, into a brand name and himself into a celebrity. at the same time, don tyson began to make a small arkansas poultry company started by his father into a worldwide powerhouse that today sells five million chickens a day \u2014 almost two billion a year. as recently as 1960, if a shopper wanted chicken, he or she bought a chicken, often one that was still new york dressed. today the shopper can buy a whole chicken, a cut - up chicken, chicken wings, legs, thighs, and breasts ( boned or unboned ), with or without skin. the shopper can buy chicken ready - cooked ( nicely browned and resting in its own plastic carapace ) or ready to cook, seasonings included. and, increasingly, americans are eating chicken either away from home or in its ready - to - eat form. tyson now sells nearly two - thirds of its production to restaurants and take - out chains such as boston market or to food - processing companies like stouffer \u2019 s. the shopper who bought one of those 387 chickens that mrs. wilmer steele first raised deliberately for market in 1923 paid well over ten dollars a pound for it in 1994 dollars. today a shopper can buy one from perdue, tyson, or any of dozens of other chicken companies for less than one - tenth of that price. that is no small accomplishment. and the thanks are due to countless, mostly nameless individuals \u2014 farmers, feed - mill owners, breeders, transporters, scientists, bankers, wholesalers, and the like \u2014 who sought only to make life a little better for themselves and made it a little better for everyone \u2014 except the chickens \u2014 in the process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43143503482199835, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.943468"} {"text": "global warming and the future of coal carbon capture and storage read the full report ( pdf ) watch bob sussman discuss the report ( youtube ) watch ken berlin discuss the report ( youtube ) ever - rising industrial and consumer demand for more power in tandem with cheap and abundant coal reserves across the globe are expected to result in the construction of new coal - fired power plants producing 1, 400 gigawatts of electricity by 2030, according to the international energy agency. in the absence of emission controls, these new plants will increase worldwide annual emissions of carbon dioxide by approximately 7. 6 billion metric tons by 2030. these emissions would equal roughly 50 percent of all fossil fuel emissions over the past 250 years. in the united states alone, about 145 gigawatts of new power from coal - fired plants are projected to be built by 2030, resulting in co2 emissions of 790 million metric tons per year in the absence of emission controls. by comparison, annual u. s. emissions of co2 from all sources in 2005 were about 6 billion metric tons. policymakers and scientists now recognize that the current growth of greenhouse gas emissions must be reversed and that emissions must be reduced substantially in order to combat the risk of climate change. yet a dramatic increase in coal - fired power generation threatens to overwhelm all other efforts to lower emissions and virtually guarantees that these emissions will continue to climb. this would preclude any possibility of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at levels that would acceptably moderate the predicted rise in global temperatures. in china and other developing countries experiencing strong economic growth, demand for power is surging dramatically, with low - cost coal the fuel of choice for new power plants. emissions in these countries are now rising faster than in developed economies in north america and europe : china will soon overtake the united states as the world \u2019 s number one greenhouse gas emitter. with the power sector expanding rapidly, china and india will fall further behind in controlling greenhouse gas emissions unless new coal plants adopt emission controls. lack of progress in these countries would doom to failure global efforts to combat global warming. the promise of carbon capture and storage fortunately, there is a potential pathway that would allow continued use of coal as an energy source without magnifying the risk of global warming. technology currently exists to capture co2 emissions from coal - fired plants before they are released into the environment and to sequester that co2 in underground geologic formations. energy companies boast extensive experience sequestering co2 by injecting it into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47072844727442015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.956512"} {"text": "technology currently exists to capture co2 emissions from coal - fired plants before they are released into the environment and to sequester that co2 in underground geologic formations. energy companies boast extensive experience sequestering co2 by injecting it into oil fields to enhance oil recovery. although additional testing is needed, experts are optimistic this practice can be replicated in saline aquifers and other geologic formations that are likely to constitute the main storage reservoirs for co2 emitted from power plants. however, these so - called carbon capture and storage, or ccs systems, require modifications to existing power plant technologies. today the prevailing coal - based generation technology in the united states is pulverized coal, with high - temperature ( supercritical and ultrasupercritical ) designs available to improve efficiency. it is possible to capture co2 emissions at these pulverized coal units, but the co2 capture technology currently has performance and cost drawbacks. but there \u2019 s a new coal - based power generation technology, integrated gasification combined cycle, or igcc, which allows ccs systems in new plants to more efficiently capture and store co2 because the co2 can be removed before combustion. motivated by this advantage, some power plant developers have announced plans to use igcc technology but very few have committed to installing and operating ccs systems. the great challenge is ensuring that widespread deployment of ccs systems at new igcc and pulverized coal plants occurs on a timely basis. despite growing recognition of the promise of carbon capture and storage, we are so far failing in that effort. the consequences of delay will be far - reaching \u2014 a new generation of coal plants could well be built without co2 emission controls. barriers to the adoption of carbon capture and storage systems industry experts today are projecting that only a small percentage of new coal - fired plants built during the next 25 years will use igcc technology. igcc plants currently cost about 20 percent to 25 percent more to build than conventional state - of - the - art coal plants using supercritical pulverized coal, or scpc, technology. what \u2019 s more, because experience with igcc technology is limited, igcc plants are still perceived to have reliability and efficiency drawbacks. more importantly, igcc plants are not likely to capture and sequester their co2 emissions in the current regulatory environment since add - on capture technology will reduce efficiency and lower electricity output. this will increase the cost of producing electricity by 25 percent to 40 percent over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4942177963820854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.957805"} {"text": "and drawbacks but an emission performance standard for new power plants is likely to be most effective in spurring broad - scale adoption of ccs systems. in the current u. s. political environment, a cap - and - trade system is unlikely to result in a sufficiently high market price for co2 ( around $ 30 per ton ) in the early years of a carbon control regime to assure that all coal plant developers adopt ccs systems. at lower carbon prices, plant developers could well conclude that it is more economical to build uncontrolled scpc plants and then purchase credits to offset their emissions. a carbon tax that is not set at a sufficiently high level likely would have the same consequences. a low carbon portfolio standard would be complex and difficult to implement because of the wide variations in generation mix between different regions. moreover, unless the standard sets stringent targets for low carbon generation, it would not preclude construction of uncontrolled coal plants. although the recent supreme court decision defining co2 as a \u201c pollutant \u201d has opened the door to controlling new power plant emissions under the new source review program, legal uncertainties may prevent the environmental protection agency from defining ccs systems as the best available control technology under current law. individual states could also reject ccs systems during permitting reviews. moreover, the new source review program would not allow flexible compliance schedules for installing and operating ccs systems, nor would it provide financial incentives to offset the increased cost of electricity. how emission performance standards for new coal plants would work in contrast to other approaches, an emission performance standard that limits new plant emissions to levels achievable with ccs systems would provide certainty that new coal plants in fact capture and store co2. to provide a clear market signal to plant developers, this standard would apply to all new plants built after a date certain, although some flexibility would be allowed in the timing of ccs installation so that the power generation industry can gain more experience with various types of capture technology and underground co2 storage. for example, all plants that begin construction after 2008 could be subject to the standard and would be required to implement carbon capture technology by 2013, and then to meet all sequestration requirements by 2016. to provide additional flexibility while ccs technology is being perfected, plant developers during the first three years in which the new performance standard is in effect could have the option to construct traditional coal plants that do not capture and sequester co2 if they offset on a one - to - one basis their co2 emissions by taking one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47317696468794357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.960062"} {"text": "the first three years in which the new performance standard is in effect could have the option to construct traditional coal plants that do not capture and sequester co2 if they offset on a one - to - one basis their co2 emissions by taking one or more of the following steps : - improving efficiencies and lowering co2 emissions at existing plants - retiring existing coal or natural gas units that generate co2 emissions - constructing previously unplanned renewable fuel power plants representing up to 25 percent of the generation capacity of the new coal plant. in 2011, this alternate compliance option would sunset and all new plants subsequently entering construction would need to capture and sequester their emissions. an emission performance standard for new coal plants should be accompanied by a cap - and - trade program for existing power plants, with the cap starting at 100 percent of emissions and progressively declining over time. a declining cap would encourage greater efficiencies in operating existing plants and incentivize the retirement of higher emitting existing plants. this would assure that an emission performance standard for new plants does not simply prolong the useful life of older plants. in addition, as the cap declines, retrofitting existing plants with ccs systems could become a viable option. mitigating electricity price hikes if legislation requiring an emission performance standard for new coal plants is enacted, then congress should simultaneously take steps to offset the additional costs of installing ccs systems and provide relief from electricity price increases. this would prevent disproportionate costs from falling upon consumers who live in regions heavily dependent on coal for power generation. by reducing the financial risks and uncertainties of building power plants with ccs systems, it would also encourage investments in such plants by developers and their financial backers. one approach would be to create a fund to \u201c credit \u201d utilities for all or part of the price increase that consumers would otherwise bear if they receive power from plants with ccs systems. alternatively, financial incentives could be offered to plant developers which, in combination, offset a significant portion of the incremental costs of installing a ccs system as opposed to operating a coal - fired plant that does not control co2 emissions. this new incentive program would replace current incentive programs for igcc plants and other coal technologies that do not include ccs systems. assuming that government incentives cover 10 percent to 20 percent of total plant construction costs and that they apply to the first 80 gigawatts of new coal capacity with ccs systems built by 2030, these incentives could cost in the range", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4595035588453318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.961204"} {"text": "exponentially. this will be critical to combating the massive rise of coal - derived greenhouse gas emissions in the developing world. boosting exports while also helping china, india, and other developing nations reduce emissions and sustain economic growth would be a win - win - win for our economy, their economies, and the global climate. - read the full report ( pdf ) watch bob sussman discuss the report ( youtube ) watch ken berlin discuss the report ( youtube ) contact our experts for additional information and comments, please contact : for tv, sean gibbons, director of media strategy 202. 682. 1611 or firstname. lastname @ example. org for radio, nadia reiman, radio coordinator 202. 481. 8183 or email @ example. com for print, john neurohr, press assistant 202. 481. 8182 or firstname. lastname @ example. org for web, erin lindsay, online marketing manager 202. 741. 6397 or email @ example. com to speak with our experts on this topic, please contact : print : katie peters ( economy, education, health care, gun - violence prevention ) 202. 741. 6285 or firstname. lastname @ example. org print : anne shoup ( foreign policy and national security, energy, lgbt issues ) 202. 481. 7146 or email @ example. com print : crystal patterson ( immigration ) 202. 478. 6350 or firstname. lastname @ example. org print : madeline meth ( women ' s issues, poverty, legal progress ) 202. 741. 6277 or email @ example. com print : tanya arditi ( spanish language and ethnic media ) 202. 741. 6258 or firstname. lastname @ example. org tv : lindsay hamilton 202. 483. 2675 or email @ example. com radio : madeline meth 202. 741. 6277 or firstname. lastname @ example. org web : andrea peterson 202. 481. 8119 or email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4731861878194277, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.967403"} {"text": "the search for certainty : a philosophical account of foundations of mathematics. marcus giaquinto. xii + 286 pp. oxford university press, 2002. $ 45. david hilbert ( 1862 \u2013 1943 ) was arguably the leading mathematician of his time. in struggles over how mathematics was to accommodate new understandings of the infinite, the dutch mathematician l. e. j. brouwer was his most fervent opponent. when hilbert ' s favorite student, hermann weyl, went over to the enemy, saying \" brouwer, that is the revolution, \" hilbert was incensed. in a passionate address delivered in 1922, he proclaimed : weyl and brouwer... seek to provide a foundation for mathematics by pitching overboard whatever discomforts them and declaring an embargo.... but this would mean dismembering and mutilating our science, and, should we follow such reformers, we would run the risk of losing a large part of our most valued treasures. weyl and brouwer outlaw the general notion of irrational number, of function, even of number - theoretic function, cantor ' s [ ordinal ] numbers of higher number classes, etc. the theorem that among infinitely many natural numbers there is always a least, and even the logical law of the excluded middle, e. g., in the assertion that either there are only finitely many prime numbers or there are infinitely many : these are examples of forbidden theorems and modes of inference. i believe that impotent as kronecker was to abolish irrational numbers..., no less impotent will their efforts prove today. no! brouwer ' s [ program ] is not as weyl thinks, the revolution, but only a repetition of an attempted putsch with old methods, that in its day was undertaken with greater verve yet failed utterly. especially today, when the state power is thoroughly armed and fortified by the work of frege, dedekind, and cantor, these efforts are foredoomed to failure. a decade later hilbert ' s own program for the foundations of mathematics lay in tatters, destroyed in an investigation by the young logician kurt godel, which had initially been undertaken in an effort to contribute to that very program. today, passions have cooled, and working mathematicians show little interest in foundational matters. the infinitary set theoretic methods that occasioned such controversy are casually absorbed in passing by the beginning graduate student and used unhesitatingly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6277015723201093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.974579"} {"text": "program. today, passions have cooled, and working mathematicians show little interest in foundational matters. the infinitary set theoretic methods that occasioned such controversy are casually absorbed in passing by the beginning graduate student and used unhesitatingly. like a military historian surveying the battlefield long after all the bodies have been cleared away, marcus giaquinto coolly revisits the controversies in the search for certainty. it all began with a necessary effort by mathematicians to put their house in order. although the methods of the calculus had proved highly successful, their underlying logic had been in grave need of clarification. calculus worked with numbers and functions, but no coherent theory of the so - called \" real \" numbers had been developed, and the notion of function had been stretched in the direction of a frightening arbitrariness. richard dedekind ' s elegant characterization of the real numbers in terms of \" cuts \" had a distinctly set - theoretic flavor, and georg cantor ' s new push into the \" actual \" infinite expanded the boundaries of the subject matter of mathematics into what hilbert later characterized as \" cantor ' s paradise. \" but cantor ' s infinite was plagued by paradox. the kernel of at least one of these paradoxes could manifest itself in what seemed like everyday reasoning, as bertrand russell showed in his famous paradox : if we consider the set s of all those sets that are not members of themselves, then s is a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. this was particularly bad news for gottlob frege, whose ambitious logical system for the foundations of mathematics proved vulnerable to russell ' s paradox and was thus seen to be inconsistent. the highly influential but rather baroque three - volume principia mathematica was bertrand russell ' s effort ( with coauthor alfred north whitehead ) to revive frege ' s wrecked program. paradoxes such as russell ' s were to be avoided by slicing up the universe of mathematical discourse into discrete successive \" types, \" with set membership permitted only between adjacent types. meanwhile, ernst zermelo, who never accepted the stringent syntactic demands of formal logical systems, proposed a set of axioms for set theory. by the 1920s, it was realized that zermelo ' s axioms provided the basis of a formal system rivaling that of principia. in an important paper appearing in 1930, zermelo proposed what came to be called the iterative notion of set, in which a hierarchy of sets is built", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5587143123964766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.975685"} {"text": "axioms provided the basis of a formal system rivaling that of principia. in an important paper appearing in 1930, zermelo proposed what came to be called the iterative notion of set, in which a hierarchy of sets is built from some initial collection of things by iterating indefinitely the operation of forming the set of all subsets of a given set. he observed that his axioms could be construed as being about just this notion. a few years later, in an address on the foundations of mathematics, kurt godel emphasized that rather than being seen as a rival to principia, when viewed from the perspective of the iterative notion of set zermelo ' s system could be seen as the result of eliminating unnecessary complications and artificial restrictions from the whitehead - russell system. by the 1940s and ' 50s, set - theoretic methods had become a crucial part of the mathematician ' s toolbox. back in the 1920s, when passions were aflame, hilbert developed an ingenious strategy by which he intended to overcome his opponents. he would establish the legitimacy of methods that brouwer and weyl considered dubious by encapsulating those methods in formal systems whose consistency would then be proved using only methods of which they approved. in a revolutionary paper in 1931, the young godel demonstrated not only that consistency could not be proved using only these restrictive methods, but also that the same negative conclusion held even if the entire panoply of methods encapsulated in the systems in question was brought to bear. after godel, the foundations of mathematics were seen as inevitably open - ended, with more and more propositions becoming provable as ever more powerful methods were employed. godel liked to emphasize that these more powerful methods could be thought of as being essentially a matter of venturing sufficiently far out in the iterative hierarchy of sets. giaquinto has provided a careful and judicious discussion and analysis of these matters, supplying needed technical background for readers who are not mathematicians. although foundational questions have ceased to be of much importance to most mathematicians, controversies among specialists continue. readers of this book will be well prepared to follow the current literature on foundations of mathematics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6346035035775146, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.976585"} {"text": "cerebral blood flow ( cbf ) the normal cerebral blood flow is approximately 50ml / 100g / min or 700 ml / min, which is roughly 14 % of the cardiac output. this ranges from 20ml / 100g / min in white matter to 70ml / 100g / min in grey matter. the kety - schmidt technique applies the fick principal using n2o to calculate whole brain cbf. cerebral blood flow = cerebral perfusion pressure / cerebrovascular resistance cerebral perfusion pressure cpp = cbf x cvr ( compare bp = co x svr ) cerebral perfusion pressure ( cpp ) is defined as the difference between mean arterial pressure ( map ) and intracranial ( icp ) or central venous pressures ( cvp ), whichever is the highest. map is the diastolic pressure plus one third of the pulse pressure ( difference between the systolic and diastolic ). cpp = map \u2013 icp ( or cvp, whichever is the highest ) a cpp less than 70 mmhg can lead to a rapid decrease in jugular venous bulb saturation ( normal range 65 % - 75 % ) because of increased oxygen extraction a number of studies on patients with severe head injuries have shown an increase in mortality and poor outcome when cpp falls to less than 70 mmhg for a sustained period. pressure autoregulation maintains cbf at a constant level in normal brain in the face of the usual fluctuations in blood pressure. it is a poorly understood local vascular mechanism. normally autoregulation maintains a constant blood flow between map 50 mmhg and 150 mmhg. however in traumatised or ischaemic brain, cbf may become blood pressure dependent. regional blood flow is tightly coupled to brain metabolism. energy metabolites cause local vasodilatation, assisting with rapid regional control of cbf. carbon dioxide can have a significant influence on cbf. as the arterial pco2 rises, vasodilatation increases cbf and when co2 is reduced vasoconstriction occurs. when paco2 is less than 3. 3kpa ( 25 mmhg ) there is no further reduction in cbf. therefore there is no advantage in inducing further hypocapnia as this will only shift the oxygen dissociation curve further to the left, making oxygen less available to the tissues. arterial po2 has a minimal effect until po2 drops below 6. 7 kpa ( 50 mmhg ), when cb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5067775540603361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.980773"} {"text": "perhaps the most famous of all on - screen stars is jumbo jr., the little elephant cruelly nicknamed dumbo by his mean peers because of his huge ears and naively friendly disposition. he has been separated from his mother by the circus keepers, and his only friend is timothy, the mouse. jumbo jr. learns to use his \u201c disability \u201d to his advantage, using his ears to fly and earning respect and fame with his \u201c flying elephant \u201d performance. this was one of disney \u2019 s shortest films, at just over an hour long ( 64 mins ). it was released in 1941, and was based on the children \u2019 s book written by helen aberson. the book, however, consisted of only 8 drawings and very little written content, so how walt disney came across the story remains a mystery. nevertheless, it became one of the greatest children \u2019 s classics, and remains a popular choice and reference point even today. bill tytla was the animation artist for the film, and his work continues to be considered some of the most classic american animation to date. nelly the elephant was also made famous through the children \u2019 s song of the same name. this song tells of the escape of nelly from the travelling circus en route to bombay after she hears the trumpeting calls from the head of her herd. interestingly, the beat of this song is used to demonstrate the cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) rhythm. the number of compressions per breaths should be 30 : 2. by the time the song has been sung twice, with one compression per bar, the cpr administrator will have given exactly 30 compressions by the final \u201c trump \u201d. ruby was an asian or indian elephant famous for her art. she lived in the phoenix zoo and was born in approximately 1973. she was sent to the zoo when she was only a year old. ruby \u2019 s talent was discovered when she was seen scratching shapes into the sand with a stick. once handed a brush and paints, her career began. one of her paintings sold for $ 100, 000. sadly, ruby was put to sleep after a problematic pregnancy in 1998. batyr, also an asian elephant, was said to have the ability to mimic human speech precisely. although he descended from wild indian elephants, he was born and lived his entire life ( 1969 \u2013 1993 ) in the karaganda zoo in kazakhstan, without ever seeing another elephant. employees of the zoo noticed that he mimicked their speech, and this became a major drawcard for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42737888164943694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.984587"} {"text": "elephants, he was born and lived his entire life ( 1969 \u2013 1993 ) in the karaganda zoo in kazakhstan, without ever seeing another elephant. employees of the zoo noticed that he mimicked their speech, and this became a major drawcard for visitors from all over the world. his vocabulary included what sounded like \u201c water \u201d, as well as several comments of chastisement to himself, amusing onlookers. dr. a. n. pogrebnoj - aleksandroff studied batyr and his unique abilities. one of his comments on the phenomenon was, \u201c batyr, on the level of natural blares, said the words \u2026 by manipulating a trunk. having put the trunk in a mouth, pressing a tip of the trunk by the bottom of jaw and manipulating of tongue, said words. besides, being in a corner of the cage ( quite often at the nights ) with the hanging down and weakened his trunk the elephant said words very silently \u2014 that sound is comparable with a sound of ultrasonic devices against mosquitoes \u2026 during pronouncing of words, only the tip of the trunk of the elephant has been clamped inside and batyr made insignificant movements by a finger - shaped shoot on the trunk tip \u201d ( sic ). it is no secret that elephants are intriguing, alluring and ultimately captivating. however, when we consider the unique abilities and attractions of some of the better known ones, we come to appreciate their value both within the global fauna as well as in our cultural enrichment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47835119122154734, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.985206"} {"text": "what makes some children more likely than others to dart across the street in traffic? according to a study in the december journal of experimental psychology : applied ( vol. 9, no. 4 ), it ' s whether they are risk - takers. in the study, lead author ulrich hoffrage, phd, a research scientist at the max planck institute for human development in berlin, and colleagues tested 22 boys and 22 girls who were 5 to 6 years old. the researchers first placed each child on the curb of a busy one - way street in munich where there was no traffic light or crosswalk. they then asked the children to indicate when they thought it was safe to cross the street. as the researchers expected, some children were more likely than others to say they ' d cross the street at potentially dangerous times. to find out why some children seem to be traffic daredevils, hoffrage and colleagues played a gambling game with the children. an experimenter presented each child with 10 wooden boxes, nine of which contained coveted stickers ; the tenth box was an empty \" devil \" box. the children were told to choose and open the boxes one - by - one. if they chose the devil box, the game ended and they lost their stickers ; but if they terminated the game before they found the devil, they were able to keep the stickers they ' d found. children who terminated the game early were classified as risk - avoiders, while those who pressed their luck were labeled risk - takers. overall, the researchers found that the children who were risk - takers in the gambling task were more likely to decide to cross the street, especially when the gaps between cars were midsized - - a time when it ' s often unclear whether it ' s safe to cross. the risk - takers also made their decisions to cross the street more quickly. moreover, while boys were more likely than girls to make risky decisions, whether a child was a risk - taker was a far better predictor of their street - crossing behavior than gender. the findings indicate that traffic - safety education should pay more attention to children ' s risk behavior and tailor their messages accordingly, says hoffrage. \" if we succeed in identifying the mechanisms that make risk - takers accept higher levels of risk, \" write the authors, \" we can design and implement training programs tailored to those mechanisms. for instance, risk - takers may profit from training in visual timing skills. \" - - d. smith bailey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5044670046309994, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.989493"} {"text": "this month in physics history november 1887 : michelson and morley report their failure to detect the luminiferous ether albert abraham michelson was born in strelno, germany in 1852. when he was two years old his family moved to the us, and he grew up in the rough mining towns of murphy \u2019 s camp, california and virginia city, nevada. as a youngster, he showed some aptitude for science, and at age 16 he obtained a special appointment to the u. s. naval academy from president u. s. grant. as a student at the naval academy, he excelled at optics and other sciences, and clearly had an aptitude for precision instruments and measurements. he graduated in 1873, and then became an instructor of physics and chemistry at the naval academy. in 1877, while conducting a classroom demonstration of foucault \u2019 s measurement of the speed of light, he realized he could make significant improvements on the method. within the next two years, michelson managed to measure the speed of light with much greater precision than ever before. the measurement brought him some recognition as a scientist, and settled him on pursuing a career in physics research. he then headed to europe to study for the next two years. working in berlin, he invented the device known as the michelson interferometer. he realized he could use the setup to detect the earth \u2019 s velocity through the ether. the basic design is simple and elegant. a beam of light is split and sent down two perpendicular paths. then, after bouncing off mirrors, the two beams are recombined, producing an interference pattern. if the earth was indeed traveling through the ether, the speed of light would differ depending on its direction with respect to the earth \u2019 s motion through the ether, and michelson \u2019 s interferometer would pick up a slight shift in the interference fringes. however, these early efforts found no evidence of the earth \u2019 s movement with respect to the ether. michelson was disappointed by the result and considered the experiment a failure. nonetheless, he continued his effort to detect the ether when he returned to the united states. in 1882 michelson took a position at the case school of applied science in cleveland, ohio. there he teamed up with chemist edward morley, who helped make some improvements in the experiments michelson had begun in berlin. the new apparatus was similar in basic design to his previous ones, but much more sensitive. it used extra mirrors to allow the light beams to bounce back and forth, creating a much longer path length.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.56309455260579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.994771"} {"text": "in the experiments michelson had begun in berlin. the new apparatus was similar in basic design to his previous ones, but much more sensitive. it used extra mirrors to allow the light beams to bounce back and forth, creating a much longer path length. michelson and morley conducted the experiments in a basement lab, and to minimize vibrations, the setup rested atop a huge stone block, which floated in a pool of mercury that allowed the entire apparatus to rotate. even with this exquisitely sensitive design, michelson and morley couldn \u2019 t detect evidence of motion through the ether. they reported their null result in november 1887 in the american journal of science, in a paper titled \u201c on the relative motion of the earth and the luminiferous ether. \u201d ( the paper is online at www. aip. org / history / gap / michelson / michelson. html. ) though disappointing to michelson and morley, the experiment revolutionized physics. some scientists initially tried to explain the results while keeping the ether concept. for instance, george fitzgerald and hendrik lorentz independently proposed that moving objects contract along their direction of motion, making the speed of light appear the same for all observers. then in 1905 albert einstein, with his groundbreaking theory of special relativity, abandoned the ether and explained the michelson - morley result, though it is uncertain whether einstein was actually influenced by their experiment. michelson and morley nonetheless both continued to believe that light must be a vibration in the ether, though michelson did acknowledge the importance of einstein \u2019 s work on relativity. although it couldn \u2019 t detect the non - existent ether, the michelson interferometer proved useful for other measurements. michelson used his interferometer to measure the length of the international standard meter in terms of wavelengths of cadmium light, and in 1920 he was the first to measure the angular diameter of a distant star, also using an interferometer. in 1901 michelson was the second president of the aps, and he became the first american to win the nobel prize in 1907, for his precision optical instruments and measurements made with them. in 1889 michelson moved to clark university in worcester, massachusetts, and then in 1892 to the university of chicago. he returned to his work refining measurements of the speed of light, and continued making more and more precise measurements right up to his death in 1931. \u00a91995 - 2013, american physical society aps encourages the redistribution of the materials included in this newspaper provided that attribution to the source is noted and the materials are not truncated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5810082491379787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:03.997886"} {"text": "september everbearing raspberry is one of the most popular home and commercial cultivars. it produces crops in two seasons, with a light crop in june followed by a heavy crop in september. medium - size, tart, juicy, rose - red raspberries with small seeds. excellent fresh, frozen, and in preserves and pies. good for cold climates with cool summers. self pollinating, acidic to slightly basic soil and adapts to a wide range of soil types. 2 ' tall 2 ' wide. shipped as 1 - year - old, # 1 bareroot canes 6 - 12 inches tall ( zones 3 \u2013 7 ). planting instructions : these raspberries prefer a deep, well - drained, fertile soil and typically bear fruit producing on first - year wood. space 30 inches in a row with 8 ' - 10 ' between rows. create a simple t trellis at about knee height with a top 1 1 / 2 feet wide to support the canes. this can be made using rebar or wood with twine or wire strung down each side of the row they thrive in most soil types. your plants require 1 inch of water per week during the growing season and regular, shallow cultivation. watch a video and learn about growing raspberries learn how to prune raspberries try this tree in your yard : zones 3 - 7 zones 3 - 7 the september everbearing raspberry can be expected to grow in the zones shown in color in the arborday. org zone map. type of tree : the september everbearing raspberry falls into the following type ( s ) : fruit trees, shrubs 3 ' - 4 ' high the september everbearing raspberry grows to be 3 ' - 4 ' feet in height. 2 ' - 4 ' spread the september everbearing raspberry has a spread of about 2 ' - 4 ' at full maturity. medium to fast growth this raspberry does well in full sun. the september everbearing raspberry grows in acidic, loamy, moist, rich, sandy, silty loam, well drained, wide range, clay soils. this raspberry has rounded shape. september everbearing raspberry produces crops in two seasons, with a light crop in june followed by a heavy crop in september. medium to large - size, juicy, tart, rose - red raspberries with small seeds. one of the most popular home and commercial cultivars for fresh eating, freezing, preserves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41256953083808967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.001948"} {"text": "lesson plan contest \u2014 imagine arizona $ 25, 000 in prizes end date : march 10, 2013 winners announced : may 10, 2013 grand prize ( individual ) $ 3, 000 grand prize ( team ) $ 6, 000 teachers are the backbone of arizona \u2019 s educational system ; they create the curriculum and deploy lesson plans that excite and instruct arizona \u2019 s school children. the arizona experience teachers \u2019 center invites teachers to build and share lesson plans as part of our imagine arizona lesson plan contest. eligibility \u2014 who can participate the contest is open to full - time arizona teachers of grades 4 through 12 at any accredited public, private, charter, alternative, or tribal school. entries will be judged in two categories : individual teachers and teacher teams. lesson plans can pertain to any subject approved by the arizona board of education. entries are subject to all applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations. the contest objective is to construct a multi - day lesson plan unit that incorporates content from the arizona experience multimedia materials. material developed for the contest should accommodate state education standards, include two content areas ( e. g., english language arts and biology ), and result in a lesson plan unit deployed in the classroom over three to seven days. teams are urged to adopt a cross - disciplinary approach leading to a broader, multi - dimensional lesson plan. subject matter is solely at the discretion of the teacher but is expected to conform to state education standards. view the sample lesson plan for a rough idea of what you can do. the best place to find educational material is right here at the teachers ' center. the student resources page provides a handy list of our top educational pages. but we offer more than that! look around the site and determine the material that works for you! there are no restrictions on the maps, images, videos, or articles on the site that can be used to build your lesson plan. use of outside resources, including citizen science data or building on state or national events such as the arizona science technology festival, is encouraged. you can also find a list of lesson plan ideas and activities on the teacher resources page. participants can choose from any of the hundreds of the arizona experience images, videos, interviews, interactive maps, historic time lines, and oral histories to use individually or in juxtaposition. ideally, contestants will use data visualization software such as microsoft research \u2019 s layerscape ( worldwide telescope ) to add visualization or maps to the learning unit. each entry should include a one - page description of subject, content matter, and how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4976219971383501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.009774"} {"text": ". ideally, contestants will use data visualization software such as microsoft research \u2019 s layerscape ( worldwide telescope ) to add visualization or maps to the learning unit. each entry should include a one - page description of subject, content matter, and how the arizona experience content was incorporated. lesson plans should strive to present an engaging and interactive learning experience that involves students in creative and analytical thinking through inquiry, investigation, and exploration of content. lesson plans must be classroom - tested prior to submission to the contest. only one entry per teacher is permitted, either individually or as a team. download entry form. each entry should include the following : - name of teacher ( s ) - project title - grade level ( s ) - statement of the objective, scope and strengths of the proposed lesson plan - statement of how and which arizona experience content is incorporated into the lesson plan - reflection paragraph about the effectiveness of the lesson in your classroom. - detailed description of the lesson plan - lesson description \u2014 describe the objective ( s ) and procedure to accomplish the objective ( s ) - content standards \u2014 note which of arizona state standards are addressed in the lesson plan - concepts \u2014 identify the concepts engaged by the lesson plan - objectives \u2014 student - oriented, observable, measurable and descriptive of a learning outcome - materials \u2014 worksheets, student activity forms, assignments, assessment tool ( s ), and other materials used in the lesson plan - time \u2014 in - class time required to complete the lesson nominations must be received by 5 : 00 pm on sunday, march 10, 2013. the entry must comply with the guidelines outlined on the application form. the imagine arizona selection committee reserves the right to disqualify entries that do not comply with the guidelines. winning curriculum will be publicized on the teachers \u2019 center at the arizona experience. entries will be judged by a selection committee including arizona experience team members and individuals from the education community. entries will be judged on the following criteria : - 25 points \u2014 incorporating the arizona experience materials ( e. g., publications, web site, multimedia resources, etc. ) - 15 points \u2014 arizona standard - based education approach - 15 points \u2014 evidence of exemplary teaching methods and effectiveness - 15 points \u2014 lesson originality and creativity - 15 points \u2014 ease of replication or adaptation ( across curriculum, age groups, and schools ) - all decisions of the selection committee are final and are not subject to appeal. cash prizes will be awarded for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd prize in both the individual and team category and for honorable mention ( s ). this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5061637095962237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.010950"} {"text": "groups, and schools ) - all decisions of the selection committee are final and are not subject to appeal. cash prizes will be awarded for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd prize in both the individual and team category and for honorable mention ( s ). this contest appears on getedfunding. com, a free site that lists funding opportunities for educators in arizona. | individual category | | team category ( 2 or more individuals ) | first prize | | $ 3, 000 | | first prize | | $ 6, 000 | | second prize | | $ 1, 500 | | second prize | | $ 4, 500 | | third prize | | $ 1, 000 | | third prize | | $ 2, 000 | conditions and limitations - the arizona experience is not responsible for lost, late, or misdirected entries, including problems arising from network failure - participants retain copyright ownership of submitted lesson plans ; however, as a condition of this contest, participants must agree to release the material according to the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license. ( this allows submissions to be revised and republished while acknowledging the original author ( s ). ) - awardees grant the arizona experience the right to publicize and broadcast their name, voice, and likeness, the fact that they won, and all matters incidental thereto. - an entrant is not a winner unless and until entrant \u2019 s eligibility has been verified and entrant has been notified that verification is complete. in the event that a winner is determined to be ineligible, his or her prize will be forfeited and the arizona experience reserves the right to select an alternate winner from among remaining eligible entries. conceived to commemorate one hundred years of statehood, it celebrates arizona \u2019 s past, present, and future. students, residents, and tourists will find compelling stories and practical information presented with the latest technology and web applications. learn more about the arizona experience. the arizona experience team includes experienced digital cartographers, information specialists, and meticulous researchers. scientists and computer programmers in the arizona experience content management team offer expertise in qualitative and quantitative research methods. these skills have guided evaluation of content from hundreds of entities and presentation of information to create an original narrative about arizona \u2019 s land, people, institutions, companies, and agencies. whether the topic is mining, agriculture, biosciences, renewable energy, space exploration, high technology or preparing the twenty - first century workforce, arizonans are working to sustain and improve the state, its resources,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4574769984316922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.014499"} {"text": "stems move air : phragmites australis dead stems of phragmites australis move air to shoot and root meristems by use of differential air pressure. | biomimetic application ideas | | passive way to move air through buildings, mines. | > visit strategy page from fig. 4. 8 : \" a. differential air pressure caused by wind blowing across dead culms sucks air into the lower culms through the rhizomes and into the taller culms. b. pressurization of new culms due to a build up of vapour pressure or higher temperatures causes mass flow of gasses [ sic ] down the culms into the rhizome and up into more porous older culms. the movement of oxygen from the rhizomes into the roots and out of the roots into the soil is due to diffusion. ( redrawn from colmer 2003 ) \" ( van der valk 2006 : 64 - 65 ) \" internal transport of gases is crucial for vascular plants inhabiting aquatic, wetland or flood - prone environments. diffusivity of gases in water is approximately 10 000 times slower than in air ; thus direct exchange of gases between submerged tissues and the environment is strongly impeded. aerenchyma provides a low - resistance internal pathway for gas transport between shoot and root extremities. by this pathway, o2 is supplied to the roots and rhizosphere, while co2, ethylene, and methane move from the soil to the shoots and atmosphere. diffusion is the mechanism by which gases move within roots of all plant species, but significant pressurized through - flow occurs in stems and rhizomes of several emergent and floating - leaved wetland plants. through - flows can raise o2 concentrations in the rhizomes close to ambient levels. in general, rates of flow are determined by plant characteristics such as capacity to generate positive pressures in shoot tissues, and resistance to flow in the aerenchyma, as well as environmental conditions affecting leaf - to - air gradients in humidity and temperature. o2 diffusion in roots is influenced by anatomical, morphological and physiological characteristics, and environmental conditions. roots of many ( but not all ) wetland species contain large volumes of aerenchyma ( e. g. root porosity can reach 55 % ), while a barrier impermeable to radial o2 loss ( rol ) often occurs in basal zones. these traits act synergist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47877744936078803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.018712"} {"text": "contain large volumes of aerenchyma ( e. g. root porosity can reach 55 % ), while a barrier impermeable to radial o2 loss ( rol ) often occurs in basal zones. these traits act synergistically to enhance the amount of o2 diffusing to the root apex and enable the development of an aerobic rhizosphere around the root tip, which enhances root penetration into anaerobic substrates. the barrier to rol in roots of some species is induced by growth in stagnant conditions, whereas it is constitutive in others. an inducible change in the resistance to o2 across the hypodermislexodermis is hypothesized to be of adaptive significance to plants inhabiting transiently waterlogged soils. knowledge on the anatomical basis of the barrier to rol in various species is scant. nevertheless, it has been suggested that the barrier may also impede influx of : ( i ) soilderived gases, such as co2, methane, and ethylene ; ( ii ) potentially toxic substances ( e. g. reduced metal ions ) often present in waterlogged soils ; and ( iii ) nutrients and water. lateral roots, that remain permeable to o2, may be the main surface for exchange of substances between the roots and rhizosphere in wetland species. further work is required to determine whether diversity in structure and function in roots of wetland species can be related to various niche habitats. ( colmer 2003 : 17 ) phragmites australis ( cav. ) trin. ex steud. [ roseau cane, roseau, reed grass, phragmites, giant reedgrass, giant reed, ditch reed, cane ] some organism data provided by : itis : the integrated taxonomic information system organism / taxonomy data provided by : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : 2008 annual checklist application ideas : passive way to move air through buildings, mines. industrial sector ( s ) interested in this strategy : constructionvibro - wind - wind harvesting timothy colmer john s. pate ( emeritus ) faculty of natural and agricultural sciences, the university of western australia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49163430641097094, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.019506"} {"text": "mechanical engineers can visualize themselves easily in a buzzing power plant or by an old boiler, but how about flying in a sailboat or powerboat, ripping through gorgeous strands of blue sea? boat design offers adventurous opportunities for those with a natural affinity for the water, to go along with critical thinking skills. william lasher, professor of mechanical engineering at pennsylvania state university, who has spent the last decade focused on sail dynamics, says this is a field that becomes passion as much as career. \" yacht design, for example, puts you up against the structural issues of racing boats, focusing on incredibly complex loading conditions, \" lasher explains. \" show even a couple percent improvement in the speed and it ' s a major difference. \" lasher utilizes finite element analysis, looking at areas such as hydrodynamic resistance of the boat in flat water versus performance in waves, or, for powerboats, the design of the propeller to correspond with the engine. \" when it comes to finite analysis, especially at the higher end of racing boats for structure, one of the places used a lot is in the design of keels, \" he says. \" they hang on the bottom of the boat and it serves the purpose of keeping it from slipping sideways but is made out of lead. some more recent boats are using canting keels to swing the boat sidewise, shifting from one side to the other to get better stability while dealing with the loads on them. when you ' re doing that with tens of thousands of pounds, you need to get pretty exact. \" where it begins lasher says design can often start with a blank sheet of paper. \" you ' re writing down the basic parameters of the boat : how long, wide, weight, how much sailing are you putting on it, what conditions are you sailing in, \" he says. a velocity prediction program is used to take these parameters and find an equilibrium balance between the forces on the sails and the forces on the hull. professor lasher says that boat design can often start with a blank sheet of paper. \" the sails are trying to push it forward and sideways and the hull offers resistance, \" he says. \" and that ' s the most interesting thing about it \u2014 how a very complex system interacts with everything else and it ' s hard to change one thing and not have it affect something else. \" it ' s the tradeoffs of constantly putting more sail on it, then needing more stability, he adds, or making the boat wider but then affecting the center of gravity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4933774463628362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.024416"} {"text": "s hard to change one thing and not have it affect something else. \" it ' s the tradeoffs of constantly putting more sail on it, then needing more stability, he adds, or making the boat wider but then affecting the center of gravity. \" you ' re trying to improve the performance but dealing with the \u2018 penalty of improvement. ' \" for cargo ships, lasher says designing is adjusted more to the economic impact, trying to carry as much cargo as you can safely for the lifespan of the ship and safety of the passengers. \" these ships have tremendous loads and need to design a structure to support them ; that ' s what ' s driving you when you consider the cost if your design is off, \" he says. \" i remember when i was a student we went to a society of naval architects meeting and toured an sl7 ( sealand ship ) and went down below. you ' d be just amazed by the six inch - thick metal plates, how much material goes into it \u2026 it ' s a lot to manage. \" where do i sign? but how do you get involved? lasher says a good way is to get a master ' s degree in naval architecture as he did, feeling that combining this with a bachelor ' s degree in mechanical engineering would give someone a good chance to pick up what boat designing requires. but you must also be committed to continuing to educate yourself long after the diplomas. \" there are a number of good books out that outline processes and techniques at various levels, \" he says. \" but the bible is really skene ' s elements of yacht design revised by kinney. \" finally, lasher says you ' ll need one more thing : patience. \" someone once said to design a [ large ] ship you have to take the empire state building ' s structural issues, turn it on its side and run it through waves of 25 knots, \" he laughs. \" now that ' s not an easy challenge! \" eric butterman is an independent writer. someone once said to design a [ large ] ship you have to take the empire state building ' s structural issues, turn it on its side and run it through waves of 25 knots. now that ' s not an easy challenge! william lasher, professor of mechanical engineering, penn state university more on this topic herbert mehnert, vice president of engineering for thomas built buses, and bruce miles, an engineer for blue bird, give us insight into where buses... improvements in automotive design, alternative fuels, and it and wireless", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45128108316160975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.025409"} {"text": "mountaineering in turkey a glance at a topographical map of turkey reveals that this is a country of mountains. rising from all four directions, mountains encircle the peninsula of anatolia. a part of the alpine - himalayan mountain range, turkey has mountainous regions with different geological formations. the north anatolian range skirts the mediterranean shore. turkey ' s magnificient mountains and forests are mostly undeveloped, existing as wonderful natural preserves for an extraordinary variety of wild life, flora and fauna. two of turkey ' s most famous peaks are volcanos, both inactive, mt. erciyes in kayseri in central anatolia ( 3917 m ) and mt. agri ; ( mt. ararat 5137 m ) in the east. other mountain ranges are the rize kackar ( 3932 m ) in the eastern black sea region, nigde aladaglar ; ( 3756 m ) in the central taurus range and the cilo and sat mountains ( 4136 m ) near hakkari in the eastern taurus. the mountainous nature of the country has inflounced its cultural evolution. for centuries, nomads and semi - nomadic peoples have moved yearly to the fresh pastures of the higher elevations in the summer. these alpine medows, called yayla, house nomadic people whose traditional culture is still preserved. for climbers and those interested in the geography of mountains, turkey offers a wealth of exploration. glaciers, volcanos, and peculiar geological formations such as karst prove irresistable to researchers and students of the geology. the challenging terrain offers opportunities to aficionados of outdoor sports, who find the most interesting experiences on the mountains of eastern, central and southern turkey. a list of resources to aid an expedition, is found in the rest of this text. the great mount of agri ( ararat ) - 5137 m. rising at the borders of turkey and iran, mount agr\u0131, an inactive volcano capped year round with ice and snow, rises to 5137 meters. the old testament records that it was on this mountain that noah ' s ark came to rest after the great flood. southwest of the mountain, the little mount agr\u0131 ( ararat ) reaches up to 3896 meters ; the serdarbulak lava plateau ( 2600 m ) streches out between the two pinnacles. climbing the spectacular agr\u0131 is a challenging and rewarding experience. ( view map. ) in the summer, the weather in the area and on mount agr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41051166653702287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.043299"} {"text": "lava plateau ( 2600 m ) streches out between the two pinnacles. climbing the spectacular agr\u0131 is a challenging and rewarding experience. ( view map. ) in the summer, the weather in the area and on mount agr\u0131 is sunny, warm and dry. however, in the winter and spring, cold and harsh conditions prevail, and mountain climbers occasionally face blizzards and turbulent weather. july, august, and september are the months when most world mountain climbers come to the area. climbing up agr\u0131 is most enjoyable during this period. however, despite the usual sunny and clear weather at that time of year, high altitude mountain weather swirls around above 3000 meters. the southern side of the mountain offers the easiest and safest climb to the summit. with this route one has access to the best route communication and transportation facilities and it is safe. it is not recommended to climb mount agr\u0131 alone and without a guide. the trabzon - erzurum - iran international transit highway, an asphalt road skirts the western and southern flanks of agr\u0131 before leading into iran. dogubeyazit, 270 km from erzurum and nearby igdir, the two closest towns to the mountain, are located on this route. planes, trains, and buses connect erzurum with ankara. the area surrounding agr\u0131 has retained its natural beauty. the local population still engages in a traditional life styles. in the summer months the villagers move to the yayla, the summer pastures, to find fresh grazing for their herds of sheep, goats, cattle and horses. women continue to weave carpets and kilims in time - honored designs ; village of ortulu is particularly renowned as a center of beautiful handicrafts. other nearby tourist attractions include the ishakpasha palace, a fabulous 18th century castle of a local potentate, and the meteor hole near the iranian border. the cilo - sat mountain range ( 4136 m. ) the cilo - sat mountains, within the southeastern hakkari province are the eastern extension of the toros ( taurus ) mountain chain which stretches from west to east along turkey ' s southern boundaries. the mountain range forms the western section of the himalayan mountain belt. at 4136 meters, the uludoruk ( resko ) summit is the highest in the cilo mountains ; catalkaya ( samdi ), which rises to 3794 meters crowns the sat mountains. ( view map. ) resembling the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3506884154873706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.044420"} {"text": "4136 meters, the uludoruk ( resko ) summit is the highest in the cilo mountains ; catalkaya ( samdi ), which rises to 3794 meters crowns the sat mountains. ( view map. ) resembling the alps both in general appereance and glacier topography, the cilo - sat mountains are the areas in turkey most affected by glaciers. the high altitudes of the mountains testify to the effects of glacial formation and water erosion. of the ten differently shaped glaciers, the largest, izbirak, measures five kilometres in length, 500 - 600 meters in width. it reaches up to 100 meters in depth. a wide arid expanse stretches across the southern base of the mountain range. the highlands, in contrast, receive plentiful precipitation during the winter months. in between crests and summits, fertile green valleys dotted with rural settlements, enjoy a temperate climate that makes them ideal for wine and fruit agr\u0131culture. above the low valleys, alpine meadows blanket the mountain slopes at altitudes between 2000 and 3100 meters. herds of domestic animals, the raising of which makes up the primary economic activityof the region, graze on these pastures. trips and climbs arduous and elevated summits, high glaciers, glacial rivers and fast moving streams combine to make the cilo - sat mountains both a fascinating geographic and geological site of worldwide importance and a national park of spectacular beauty. the best time for summer excursions is during june, july, august and september. for winter climbing february and march are the most suitable months. to reach the cilo - sat mountains, travel to van from ankara by road, rail, or air and then follow the 245 km long highway to hakkari. serpil village offers one route for an ascent of uludoruk ; another route is dezkoy. a vast plateau, yayla culture has evolved on the cilo and sat mountains, and the summer migration of the colorfully clad local population to the high grazing pastures is a memorable event. mountain glaciers and swiftly running rivers alive with fish and beautiful glacier lakes are a few of the area ' s natural wonders. the kackar mountains ( 3932 m. ) in the rainy and lush landscapes of northeastern turkey, the kackar mountains form the northern section of the anatolian mountain chain. the kackar kavron summit, at an altitude of 3932 meters, is the highest point in the range. extensive glacier and water erosion have given these mountains their craggy, rugged look,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40435302415885543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.047448"} {"text": "northern section of the anatolian mountain chain. the kackar kavron summit, at an altitude of 3932 meters, is the highest point in the range. extensive glacier and water erosion have given these mountains their craggy, rugged look, and they are known for the complexity and power of the streams and rivers which rush down to the lower altitudes. in fact, this range is the third most important glacial region in turkey following the agr\u0131 ( ararat ) and cilo - sat mountains. the geological and mountaineering aspects of the kackars contribute to their importance in turkey ' s economy and tourism. the region enjoys an almost sub - tropical climate of temperate yet rainy weather with an average temperature of 14\u00ba c. the lowest temperature, 7\u00ba c., fall in the month of january while august sees the hottest days reaching a maximum recorded temperature of the kackars rise in between the shores of the black sea to the north ( see map ) and the river coruh valley to the south ( see map ). on the northern flank, a good variety of vegetation flourishes in the rainy climate. up to 500 meters above sea level, tea plantations and citrus orchards cover the hillsides. chesnut, hornbeam, beech and other large - leafed trees forest the slopes to 750 meters. between 750 - 1500 meters of elevation, pines mix in with the large - leafed trees forest the slopes to 750 meters. between 750 - 1500 meters of elevation, pines mix in with the large leafed trees until gradually they remain the only species of tree from 1500 - 2000 meters. alpine meadows and other grassy vegetation covers the ground above 2100 meters. on the southern faces of the kackars, which receive strong sunshine and less precipitation, the agriculture is based on the cultivation of fruits and vines. as on the north side in the higher elevations, meadows of wild flowers and grass blanket the slopes up to 2300 meters. trips and climbs the altiparmak, kavron, varsamba mountains are the principal peaks of the kackars. both the north and south faces of the altiparmak and kavron can be scaled but varsamba should only be attemted from the north face. it is imperative to use a local guide when climbing the kackars. the toros ( taurus ) mountains the toros mountains are the western most branch of the great mountain chain that stretches across all of asia - the himalayan mountain belt. the turkish section of this massive mountain range follows the southern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41178052279887856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.048798"} {"text": "the kackars. the toros ( taurus ) mountains the toros mountains are the western most branch of the great mountain chain that stretches across all of asia - the himalayan mountain belt. the turkish section of this massive mountain range follows the southern border of anatolia and it is made up of four major sections, the western, central, southern and southeastern toros ranges. the highest peaks rises out of the central and southeastern branches, a stretch of mountains which are rugged, magnificent and arduous to climb. the toros aladaglar mountains forming part of the central toros range, the aladaglar range runs from the southwest to the northeast for approximately 50 kilometers. it is between 25 and 30 kilometers wide and boasts the region ' s highest peak, demirkaz\u0131k which stretches to 3756 meters. other high summits include k\u0131z\u0131lkaya in the center ( 3725 m ), a peak that reaches 3688 meters in the south and mount vayvay in the east ( 3565m ). the long range is situated in the provinces of nigde and adana and rises between lake ecemis and the zamant\u0131 river ( maps ). emli valley - aladaglar nigde the geological formation of the area is responsible for the interestingrock formations and waterfalls. the erosion of limestone has created a fascinating karstic topography and hydrography, especially in the yedigoller valley, where karstic underground rivers and caverns collect the surface water. both the mediterranean and anatolian weather systems influence the climate of the aladaglar bringing warm summers and cool winters to the trips and climbs the best season to climb the mountains is during june, july and august when the alpine meadows of higher elevations are rich in vegetation. researchers and mountaineers ascending the aladaglar usually begin their climb from either camardi or cukurbag villages. those attempting to climb the demirkaz\u0131k summit depart from demirkaz\u0131k village. both of these village lie 65 km from nigde and can be reached by an asphalt road. the plateau, yayla of the toros aladag are the summer homes of entire villages and the summer grazing of herds of animals. be sure to see the gathering in of all the animals for milking. traditionally women of these encampment have produced some of turkey ' s most beautiful carpets and kilims, and it is often possible to see a carpet still in progress. mount erci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4092189754554954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.049884"} {"text": "see the gathering in of all the animals for milking. traditionally women of these encampment have produced some of turkey ' s most beautiful carpets and kilims, and it is often possible to see a carpet still in progress. mount erciyes ( 3917 m. ) one of turkey ' s most important mountaineering and winter sports centers, mount erciyes, rises from the south of the kayseri valley. the sultan sazl\u0131g\u0131 marshes lie to its west and to the south falls the develi valley. its summit always covered with snow and ice, mt. erciyes ranks as central anatolia ' s tallest volcano. approximately 18 kilometers in diameter and covering an area of 1000 square kilometers, the mountain ' s stratification and geology make it a fascinating geographical formation. the region ' s climate, influenced by that of the anatolian plateau is typical steppe. winter brings considerable snowfall to higher elevations. the northern side of the mountain enjoys a more temperate climate encouraging the cultivation of vast areas of vine and fruit orchards between 1100 and 1600 meters. above that altitude, expanses of meadows stretch far into the distance. the higher elevations display typical alpine vegetation. herds of animals graze year round on the east, north and west slopes of the mountain. trips and climbs mountaineers attempt mt. erciyes either on the northwestern flank or from the south and find the best climbing in june, july, august and september. tourists visiting the area should also see the fantastic rock formations, underground cities and fabulous frescoes in rock carved churches in neighbouring cappadocia. the sultan marshes, a habitat for many different species of birds, has been fortunately designated a national park and wildlife preserve. mount nemrut ( 3050 m. ) in fact, turkey can boast of two peaks called nemrut. the one near ad\u0131yaman in the southeast is primarily of historical and archaeological interest, home for over 2000 years to the colossal stone heads of king antiochus i and classical dieties. the other mount nemrut in in eastern anatolia, the more interesting of the two peaks, is well - known for its geological formation and for inactive volcano, mt. nemrut nearby tatvan ascends to 3050 m. it is located within the process of bitlis, rising from the southwestern shore of lake van, and entering the district of ahlat to the north. mt. nemrut is the most southern and youngest of the chain of volcanos in the eastern anatolia. a strato", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4354967132193559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.050907"} {"text": "of bitlis, rising from the southwestern shore of lake van, and entering the district of ahlat to the north. mt. nemrut is the most southern and youngest of the chain of volcanos in the eastern anatolia. a strato - type volcano, mt. nemrut began erupting during the fourth geological era and continued to be active untill 1441 a. d. as a result of the volcanic eruptions of mt. nemrut, the single van - mus river basin was divided into two separate basins. trips and climbs treks up mt. nemrut begin on the mountain ' s southeastern flank at tatvan. climbers reach the south or southeastern side of the crater after an easy hike for 4 - 5 hours. those who reach this point have the rare chance to see the wondrous crater of this inactive volcano. for those who find the climb to the crater too strenuous, four - wheel drive vehicles can reach the summit from either ahlat or tatvan. mt. nemrut is bare of vegetation, except in the south which has oak groves and birch trees. summer ( june - september ) is the best season for expeditions in mt. nemrut. hikers who climb to the crater and summit from the southeast or eastern face of the mountain are rewarded with wonderful views of lake van. mount suphan ( 4058 m. ) mount suphan, a magnificent dormant vocano rises from the north - west shores of lake throughout the winter, snow falls on suphan reaching three to four meters. the mountain ' s steep slopes and snow blanket combine to make it a good location for \" heli - skiing \" - using helicopters to drop you off on the slopes for an adventure of high mountain skiing. trips and climbs the easily accessible southern and eastern flanks of suphan are the preferred faces for ascending the mountain ; they both offer spectacular views. to climb from the eastern flank take the coast road that circles lake van. in the stretch between adilcevaz and ercis, turn north to ayd\u0131nlar village. from there you continue on to k\u0131cg\u0131ll\u0131 village where you engage a guide to lead you in your ascent. the climb from the south begins at the village of harmantepe. the western branch of the toros ( taurus ) mountains, the beydaglar\u0131 range, is located in the province of antalya. the crest of the range parallels the north - south line of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4031698686856365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.051879"} {"text": "village of harmantepe. the western branch of the toros ( taurus ) mountains, the beydaglar\u0131 range, is located in the province of antalya. the crest of the range parallels the north - south line of the western shore of the gulf of antalya. the crest of the range parallels the north - south line of the western shore of the gulf of antalya. with altitudes ranging between 600 and 3086 meters, these mountains offer geologists and geographers many peculiar morphological characteristics. tekedorugu, bak\u0131rl\u0131dag, tahtal\u0131dag and k\u0131zlarsivrisi summits are particularly remarkable. the highest peak in the mountains is mt. k\u0131zlarsivrisi ( 3086 m ). climbers reach the peak through the cedar forested camcukuru valley. the best way to get to the valley is by road inland from antalya to elmal\u0131. antalya, of course, can be reached from izmir, istanbul and ankara by land, air and sea routes. mount tahtal\u0131, west of kemer, offers another interesting ascent. rising to an elevation of 2360 meters, pine and deciduous forests cover the slopes up to an altitude of 200 m. bare meadows stretch to the summit. the climb up mt. tahtali begins at sogukpinar, a short drive from kemer. from there both walking and climbing bring you to a place for camping. the final ascent is carried out on the flank facing the coast and offers a spectacular and ever - changing view. although it is possible to organize trips to beydaglari all year round, april, may and june offer both a temperate climate and a chance to experience the rich vegetation in the the bolkar mountains ( 3524 m. ) continuing the line of summits in a southeastern direction, the bolkar mountains are bounded by the river goksu to the west and the river pozanti to the east. the northern part of the mountains lies in nigde province, while the southern peaks rise in mersin these mountains exhibit interesting geological characteristics. made of sedimentary material such as limestone and dolomites, the range reveals excellent examples of nappes, or folds in the layers of rocks. there are vast formations of karst as well as landscapes that reveal the effects of glacier and water erosion. despite this erosion, no water network has developed on the mountains. because of the sedimentary nature of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39659549051829335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.052936"} {"text": "copyright \u00a9 2001 \u2013 2008 jsd i set up some spreadsheets to solve laplace \u2019 s equation, with more - or - less any boundary conditions you want. the spreadsheet becomes, essentially, a 2d cellular automaton that directly emulates the physics. this version handles objects in a d = 2 universe in rectangular coordinates. in flatland, i. e. d = 2, the z direction simply does not exist. alas many people are unfamiliar with the laws of physics in flatland. therefore it might be better to think of this as a d = 3 universe in which all d = 3 objects are infinitely tall and translationally invariant along the z axis. in this case, the z direction exists, but is uninteresting, and the essential physics is the same as the d = 2 case. ( this is not the same as considering a thin flat \u201c d = 2 \u201d object embedded in the d = 3 universe! ) in any case, each cell represents an area dx\u2227dy in the xy plane. the spreadsheet to handle this case can be found in reference 1. occupying a large area near the upper left of the spreadsheet is a grid that i call the potential grid. you can set boundary conditions for the problem by choosing cells that you want to represent electrodes, and specifying the potential on these electrodes. for example, reference 1 contains three electrodes : within the universe, cells that are not electrodes are called vacuum cells. they contain a formula that will be used to calculate their potential, in accordance with laplace \u2019 s equation, subject to the specified boundary conditions. if you want to \u201c erase \u201d part of an electrode, you should use the copy - and - paste function to fill those cells with the vacuum formula. just to the right of the \" potential \" grid there is second grid that i call the | field | grid because it calculates and displays the magnitude of the electric field at each point. farther right is a third grid that calculates the charge density ( charge per unit volume ). if you add up all the cells in a given area, you get a charge per unit length. this means length in the z direction ; it is the charge per unit length of the object rooted in the given area and extending infinitely far perpendicular to the screen. principle of operation : consider a cross - shaped group of 5 elements somewhere on the spreadsheet, and label them as shown in figure 1. now the discrete approximation to the second derivative in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6203150074521234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.071585"} {"text": "the given area and extending infinitely far perpendicular to the screen. principle of operation : consider a cross - shaped group of 5 elements somewhere on the spreadsheet, and label them as shown in figure 1. now the discrete approximation to the second derivative in the horizontal direction is b + c\u22122w, and in the vertical direction it is a + d\u22122w. the laplacian vanishes if w = ( a + b + c + d ) / 4, i. e. if the central element is equal to the average of its four neighbors. recall we are assuming ( d / dz ) is zero. this leads to an algorithm that says that for each cell in the vacuum, we want to equal the average of its four neighbors. so the basic step of the algorithm is to run through the grid and just set each cell to the average of the neighboring cells. that does not immediately solve the problem, because whenever we change a cell it requires us to change all the neighbors. however, each basic step brings us closer to a good solution, so we just repeat the basic step several times. this is called the relaxation algorithm. another way to motivate the same algorithm is to consider the electrostatic field energy. it depends on the square of the electric field, i. e. the square of the first derivatives of the potential. this energy is minimized when the central cell is equal to the average of its four neighbors. therefore each step of the update algorithm lowers the local energy. tangential remark : you can say that the field energy serves as a lyapunov function for the relaxation algorithm... but if this doesn \u2019 t mean anything to you, don \u2019 t worry about it. reference 1 has 841 cells arranged as a 29x29 grid. for a grid of this size, the relaxation algorithm converges in a few seconds. that \u2019 s fast enough that it \u2019 s not boring, but slow enough that you can observe the propagation of changes if you fiddle with the boundary conditions. there is a cell just above the top right of the potential grid, labeled object potential. if you change the value of this cell, you can watch how the charge distribution responds. while the algorithm is running, i. e. after you have changed something but before the algorithm has converged to a solution, the grid contains an approximate solution that doesn \u2019 t exactly satisfy laplace \u2019 s equation. that is, during this phase, there will be nonzero charge in the \u201c vacuum \u201d. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.598098463395329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.072924"} {"text": "but before the algorithm has converged to a solution, the grid contains an approximate solution that doesn \u2019 t exactly satisfy laplace \u2019 s equation. that is, during this phase, there will be nonzero charge in the \u201c vacuum \u201d. this is unavoidable ; because the spreadsheet strictly enforces local conservation of charge, as discussed in section 2. 2. that means there is no way for the objects to acquire the correct charge unless charge flows through the vacuum somehow. the algorithm gradually moves all this charge to the boundaries. the \u201c manual recalculation \u201d mode ( using the \u201c f9 \u201d key ) may help you observe this, as discussed in section 5. excel evaluates cells in a sequence that it chooses. the sequence defies simple description, and it has nothing to do with the physics. ( remember, this is an electrostatic problem ; there is no physically - significant timescale. ) unfortunately, this sequencing means charge propagates quickly in certain directions across the grid, and slowly in the opposite directions. if you were writing in a computer language that gave you more control than excel does, you could get rid of this unphysical asymmetry by evaluating things in checkerboard - sequence ( all the black squares, then all the white squares ) or in randomized order. as mentioned above, just outside the edge of the potential grid is a layer of cells that implement the boundary conditions. in this example, they implement born / von - karman periodic boundary conditions. that is, given a universe of n rows by m columns, row n + 1 is constrained to equal row 1, and column m + 1 is constrained to equal column 1. you can think of this as a torus, where the top edge of the n\u00d7m grid joins the bottom, and the left edge joins the right. equivalently, you can imagine tiling an infinite region with copies of the n\u00d7m grid, subject to the constraint that corresponding cells have the same value in every tile. below the potential grid is a graph with many traces ; each trace shows the potential as a function of x, while different traces show different y values ( rows ). clicking on one of the traces highlights the corresponding row. this may help you locate extremal values. below the field grid is a similar graph with many traces. you can make the universe bigger by adding more rows and columns if you like ; use the \" fill across \" and \" fill down \" features to propagate the vacuum formula into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5810263006545764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.074004"} {"text": "values. below the field grid is a similar graph with many traces. you can make the universe bigger by adding more rows and columns if you like ; use the \" fill across \" and \" fill down \" features to propagate the vacuum formula into the new cells. beware : you must fill from a vacuum cell that is not adjacent to the newly - added cells or the results will be incorrect. you could extend this calculation to d = 3, removing any assumption of translational symmetry. one possible brute - force solution would be to make a spreadsheet with 29 different 29x29 grids and put the appropriately - generalized formula in them. on the other hand, when the problem gets this complicated, you \u2019 re probably better off using a more sophisticated programming language, such as c + +. reference 2 is similar to reference 1, but has several additional features. for one thing, it uses a fancier formula in the vacuum cells. it uses a technique called \u201c over - relaxation \u201d to improve the speed of convergence. this is described at e. g. reference 3. basically the idea is to figure out how big a step the simple relaxation algorithm would have \u2018 taken, and take a step larger than that by a factor of gamma, in hopes of moving more quickly towards the final result. gamma = 1 corresponds to the plain old relaxation algorithm, with no over - relaxation. values between 1 and 2 make sense. ( if gamma were set greater than 2, the electrostatic energy would increase at every step, so the algorithm would not converge. ) the value of gamma is controlled by a cell near the top right of the potential grid. more generally, reference 4 describes a fancy fortran program for doing calculations of this sort. if you \u2019 re interested in such things, take a look there. reference 2 has another cute little feature, the \u201c gate \u201d cell at the lower right of the potential grid. setting it to zero sets the vacuum potential to zero everywhere. setting it back to a nonzero value allows the potentials to be recalculated. this is convenient if you just want to watch how the solution propagates. it is also invaluable for recovering from the following situation : if you enter an invalid expression into a cell in or near the vacuum, the spreadsheet will be unable to calculate the neighboring cell values, and the problem will spread from cell to cell like a disease. as mentioned above, all the potential grids in reference 1 and reference 2 implement periodic boundary conditions \u2013 also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6138215803934339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.075116"} {"text": "vacuum, the spreadsheet will be unable to calculate the neighboring cell values, and the problem will spread from cell to cell like a disease. as mentioned above, all the potential grids in reference 1 and reference 2 implement periodic boundary conditions \u2013 also known as born / von - karman boundary conditions. periodic boundary conditions are not the only possible choice. another option to have a hall of mirrors. that is, imagine that just to the left of the model universe there is a mirror - image copy of itself. then impose periodic boundary conditions on the pair ( with the appropriate double - length period ). do the same in the vertical direction. you can turn on this feature in the advanced spreadsheet by putting a nonzero value in the cell labeled \u201c hall of mirrors \u201d near the lower - right corner of the potential grid. the hall - of - mirrors condition has an interesting property : it causes the directional derivative of the potential, in the direction perpendicular to the edge, to be zero at the edge of the universe. for some applications, for instance if you are trying to model the \u201c self - capacitance \u201d of some object, the hall - of - mirrors boundary condition may approximate the desired physics better than periodic boundary conditions would. in reference 2, over on the lower right below the main charge - density grid, there is a pair of smallish grids labeled \u201c charge conservation \u201d. they serve to illustrate the principle of global charge neutrality and local charge conservation. the pair consists of a potential grid and the corresponding charge - density grid. in this potential grid, you can put an arbitrary arrangement of values in the cells. no matter what you do, no matter how weird the potential - arrangement is, the total charge ( i. e. the sum over the charge - density grid ) comes out zero, provided you don \u2019 t mess with the periodic boundary conditions. it is easy to see why this must be so : we calculate the charge by convolving the operator ( a + b + c + d\u22124w ) with the potential grid. every nonzero potential cell contributes to the convolution grid five times : once as a, once as b, once as c, once as d, and once ( weighted by - 4 ) as w. if you add those five contributions, you get zero every time. ( there may be small discrepancies due to roundoff errors, which we ignore. ) the cells in this little grid are just numbers. we do not run the relaxation algorithm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.617947426773064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.076349"} {"text": "if you add those five contributions, you get zero every time. ( there may be small discrepancies due to roundoff errors, which we ignore. ) the cells in this little grid are just numbers. we do not run the relaxation algorithm on them. this should make it clear that the global charge neutrality, in this model system, has nothing to do with the relaxation algorithm. you could use potential values from the relaxation algorithm, or from some other algorithm, or from a random - number generator, and the total charge in the universe would still be zero. no algorithm can change this zero. this zero can be seen as a manifestation of gauss \u2019 s law. we can consider the edge of the universe to be a gaussian pillbox. the periodic boundary condition ensures that whatever field lines leave the top of the universe re - enter the bottom of the universe. therefore there is no net flux flowing into the universe. ( in the example, the field happens to be zero at the edge, making it extra - obvious that there is no net flux. ) since there is no net flux, the net charge on the interior must be zero. the validity of gauss \u2019 s law depends on the structure of the operator ( a + b + c + d\u22124w ) and not much else. its applicability depends on the boundary condition for the universe itself. global charge neutrality automatically implies global conservation of charge. global conservation is vaguely interesting, but it is important in physics, however, to have a local conservation law. here \u2019 s why : suppose some charge unaccountably disappeared from my lab. it would give me little comfort to be told that it reappeared in some unknowable distant part of the universe ; i would be unable to distinguish non - local conservation from from non - conservation. fortunately, our model system does have a local conservation law. if you increase the potential in any one cell, it causes an increase in the charge - density in the corresponding cell \u2014 but this increase is exactly counterbalanced by a decrease in the four neighboring cells ( not in some goofy distant cells ). again, this depends on the structure of the laplacian, not on the update algorithm. just below the aforementioned pair of grids is yet another pair of smallish grids, labeled \u201c gauge invariance \u201d. as in most of the other grids, i have imposed born / von - karman periodic boundary conditions. as before, this exhibits global charge neutrality and local charge conservation. this grid is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6126878659538368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.077344"} {"text": ". the grounded enclosure option does not generally converge to the same limit, as is obvious from the following : using any of the aforementioned spreadsheets, if you have just one object and nothing else, the capacitance of the object is always zero. gauge invariance guarantees it. that is, you can put any potential you like on the singleton object, and it won \u2019 t develop any charge. the only way to produce a charge is to have two ( or more ) objects with different potentials. ( the enclosure, if present, counts as an object like any other. there is nothing special about the enclosure. ) i created another very - similar spreadsheet that solves laplace \u2019 s equation in d = 3 for objects with rotational symmetry about the z axis. it can be found in reference 5. unlike the previous versions, it does not assume translational invariance along the z axis, so you can calculate the behavior of objects shaped like pears, or bowls, et cetera. each cell represents an area dr\u2227dz in polar coordinates. note that i am avoiding the word \u201c cylindrical \u201d because mathematicians use the word to describe anything with translational invariance, while physicists use the same word to describe anything with rotational invariance. sigh. this is the same as the previous spreadsheet, but it uses the formula for the laplacian in polar coordinates as discussed at e. g. reference 6. the potential grid represents a slice through the axis of symmetry. rotational symmetry implies that any such slice has reflection symmetry. if you fill in the left half - plane of the potential grid ( with your chosen objects and other boundary conditions ), the spreadsheet formulas will mirror it in the right half - plane. it is not necessary or desirable for you to manually change anything in the right half - plane. similar remarks apply to the symmetry of the charge - density grid ; it represents a slice through the axis of symmetry. in d = 3 with rotational symmetry about the z axis, the laplacian is ( d / dr ) 2 + ( 1 / r ) ( d / dr ) + ( d / dz ) 2 ; we know the phi - derivative is zero. ( you can contrast this with the previous cases, namely d = 3 with translational symmetry in the z direction, where the laplacian was ( d / dx ) 2 + ( d / dyf ) 2 ; we knew the z - derivative was zero. ) in the cells of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5790297358636126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.080901"} {"text": "namely d = 3 with translational symmetry in the z direction, where the laplacian was ( d / dx ) 2 + ( d / dyf ) 2 ; we knew the z - derivative was zero. ) in the cells of the spreadsheet, i have simplified the formula by observing that ( 1 / r ) ( d / dr ) is equal to ( 1 / x ) ( d / dx ) on the slice of interest, by cancellation of a factor of sign ( x ). in this spreadsheet there is a fourth grid, just to the right of the grid that shows the charge per unit volume. it shows the charge per unit area ( dr\u2227dz ) in a ring. you can find the total charge on an object by summing the numbers in this grid. there is no point in summing the numbers in the charge - per - unit - volume grid ; that doesn \u2019 t make sense for several reasons, including dimensional analysis. to improve the accuracy, i use a smart estimate of the quantity ( 1 / r ) ( d / dr ). in particular, i take the arithmetic mean of the left - hand difference ( w\u2212b ) / x1 and the right - hand difference ( c\u2212w ) / x2 ; this accounts for an important nonlinearity because the radius is different in the two denominators. validity checks : i verified that a region with a log ( r ) potential produces zero charge density, with high accuracy. i also checked that the field calculation and charge calculation are automatically gauge invariant, because of the structure of the lapacian operator. i implemented periodic boundary conditions in the z direction, and this is the default behavior. i also implemented hall - of - mirrors boundary conditions, which you can optionally use instead. in the r direction, there is only one choice : the perpendicular component of the electric field vanishes on this boundary. this is reminiscent of the hall - of - mirrors boundary condition, but there is no physical interpretation in terms of tiling the universe. instead, this can be viewed as surrounding the region of interest, at each z level, with an annulus extending to infinity. the potential on this annulus depends on z but is independent of r. this means that outside the region of interest, there will be zero charge, although there will be nonzero fields. these fields seem a bit unphysical. to make these fields go away, you can arrange that the potential at the large - r boundary is independent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6063629493678838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.081950"} {"text": "the region of interest, there will be zero charge, although there will be nonzero fields. these fields seem a bit unphysical. to make these fields go away, you can arrange that the potential at the large - r boundary is independent of z. to achieve this, it suffices to arrange that one of your electrodes fully encloses all the other electrodes. you can use these spreadsheets to calculate capacitance. we start by assigning suitable voltages to objects on the potential - grid and observing the induced charges. we find the total charge on each object by summing the cells of the charge - grid occupied by each object. then we hold n\u22121 of the objects at constant potential and wiggle the voltage on the remaining one. we observe what happens to the charge on each and every object by turning the crank on laplace \u2019 s equation. this gives us numerical values for the matrix elements cij. for details on what a capacitance matrix is, and how to calculate its matrix elements, see reference 7. the following remarks apply to all three versions of the spreadsheet. i \u2019 ve got \u201c iteration - mode \u201d turned on. suggestion : if you are going to seriously play with this, you will want to make use of the spreadsheet \u2019 s recalculation controls. you might want to delay recalculation if you are making numerous changes to the grid, but thereafter you will want automatic recalculation : at any time you can invoke the manual \" recalculate now \" function with the f9 key. the following small features probably require having the \u201c 1997 \u201d ( or later ) version of excel. they are known to work with version 9 ( the one that comes with office 2000 ) : copyright \u00a9 2001 \u2013 2008 jsd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49549635946076537, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.082655"} {"text": "my pediatrician says i may not be producing enough breast milk. is there anything i can do to help increase production? or is there a way to balance breastfeeding with formula supplementation? don ' t panic! meet with a lactation consultant to help you determine if your milk supply is adequately meeting the needs of your baby. if you ' re not producing enough milk, your baby may be fussy and gaining weight slowly. if you discover that you aren ' t producing enough milk, there are things you can do to help. but first, let ' s talk about how your body makes milk. after your baby is born and the placenta detaches from the uterine wall, there is a big shift in hormones and your milk - making hormone, prolactin, begins to rise. this hormonal shift lets you body know that the baby is out and it is time to start making milk. prolactin continues to rise through stimulation, which happens when your baby nurses. nursing your baby soon after delivery and with frequency ( eight to 10 times a day ) will help your milk come in quickly and plentifully. in addition to nursing often, a good latch will go a long way in helping you to reduce nipple soreness and maximize your milk production. ( your lactation consultant can help your baby achieve a proper latch. ) is baby getting enough milk? try these tips and watch for the following signs to ensure that your baby is getting enough milk : - make sure baby is having plenty of wet and soiled diapers. ( a baby that is a week old should have six to eight wet diapers and at least four yellow - colored stools in a 24 - hour period. ) - listen for swallows when the baby is nursing. - do your breasts feel softer after feeds? if baby is nursing properly, they should feel less full after feedings. - does baby appear content between feedings? sated babies tend to be less fussy. - most babies can be fussy in the evening and want to nurse more frequently \u2014 this is normal. - growth spurts occur about every three weeks \u2014 baby will want to nurse more often than usual. follow her lead : she will increase your milk supply through this increase in stimulation. - limit pacifier use. if baby is hungry, pacifiers may temporarily soothe her rather than satisfy her hunger. - avoid use of supplements, unless your doctor suggests it as medically necessary. - watch baby ' s weight. was she back to her birth weight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41001269671539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.087350"} {"text": "##ifier use. if baby is hungry, pacifiers may temporarily soothe her rather than satisfy her hunger. - avoid use of supplements, unless your doctor suggests it as medically necessary. - watch baby ' s weight. was she back to her birth weight by two weeks of age? did your baby gain about an ounce a day for the first three months? and then half an ounce a day from three to six months? increasing milk production if you ' re hoping to increase milk production, try the following : - follow the baby ' s lead \u2014 nurse on demand ( eight to 10 times a day ) - spend time skin - to - skin with baby - make sure you are drinking at least 64 ounces of water a day - eat a healthy, balanced diet - rest! ( sleep when the baby sleeps ) - make sure the baby is latched properly - use a double electric pump two to three times a day after nursing to increase stimulation - talk to a lactation consultant or your healthcare provider about medications ( galactagogues ) that can be used in special situations to increase milk production effects of supplementing supplementation with infant formula will definitely impact your supply and decrease how much milk you produce. your body will usually respond in kind to your baby ' s demands. if it is determined that you can ' t make enough milk, supplementation may be necessary. some mothers find that their supply may drop temporarily when going back to work or after being ill. situations such as these may necessitate using infant formula. again, i encourage you to meet with a board - certified lactation consultant who can consult with your doctor to help you determine if you need to supplement your breastmilk. the lactation consultant can work with you to maximize your supply and ensure continued breastfeeding success.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3801306053111811, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.088071"} {"text": "our kids are in trouble. maybe not your kids, but their friends, or perhaps a teenager down the street. two whole generations - - starting with people entering their thirties now - - have grown up with what authors like richard louv label \" nature - deficit disorder. \" despite being america ' s most environmentally aware segment, many of these young people have few real connections to the outdoors. they are taught to hug a tree, but not how to climb one. fortunately, the cure isn ' t a mystery. our kids need to move. hike, bike, paddle, skate, walk, run, whatever - - just move. and they need to do it outdoors, both for the exercise and the exposure to sunshine and fresh air. introduce kids to nature at a young age, studies show, and you give them a foundation for lifelong health, fitness, and self - confidence. at a national level, the outdoor foundation, the children & nature network, and first lady michelle obama ' s \" let ' s move \" initiative are training leaders and developing tool kits that help parents and educators make a difference. but even more exciting is what ' s happening at the grassroots level. across the country, local hiking clubs, guides, and teachers are inventing new programs to reintroduce the outdoors to one child, one school, and one neighborhood at a time. how can a backpacker reader help kids get off the wii and into the woods? we talked to 10 local heroes to highlight creative - - and successful - - initiatives. start a local hiking group ten months after the birth of her first child, wendy sparks was going nuts. \" i needed to get outside, \" the idyllwild, california, mom recalls, \" so i convinced some friends to go hiking. \" they quickly noticed their kids were the only ones on the trail. figuring that fellow moms didn ' t know where to go, sparks organized more hikes and recruited participants through social - networking websites, posters, and flyers. two years later, inland empire kids outdoors ( iekidsoutdoors. org ) organizes weekly hikes and events for more than 600 families. \" southern california is populated by new residents living in recently built suburbs who don ' t know where to go, \" says sparks. her club not only describes local trails, but members hike in the safety of a group - - a big plus for parents with young kids. if you can ' t find an existing club, ask friends and neighbors to join you on hikes, says sparks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4239963591465315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.091082"} {"text": "e. cobham brewer 18101897. dictionary of phrase and fable. 1898. ( b. aslacton, notts., july 2nd, 1489 ; d. at stake, oxford, july 21st, 1556 ). catechismus, that is to say, a shorte instruction into christian religion for the singular commoditie and profyte of children and yong people ( 1548 ) ; a defence of the true and catholike doctrine of the sacrament, with a confutation of sundry errors concernyng the same ( 1550 ) ; an answer unto a crafty and sophistical cavillation devised by stephen gardner, byshop of winchester, agaynst the trewe and godly doctrine of the moste holy sacrament ( 1551 ) ; a confutation of unwritten verities, both bi the holye scriptures and most auncient autors ( 1558 ) ; etc. works edited by the rev. h. jenkyns ( 1834 ), and by the rev. j. c. cox, for the parker society. see hooks lives of the archbishops of canterbury, the lives by strype ( 1694 ), gilpin ( 1784 ), todd ( 1831 ), cox ( 1844 ), and j. m. norton ( 1863 ) ; and vindication of cranmers character, by daubigne ( 1849 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49030799475393405, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.093796"} {"text": "nearly all americans consider themselves patriotic and voice pride in being american. sizeable demographic and political differences do emerge, however, when it comes to intense expressions of patriotism. and many of those who voice strong patriotism and pride in the country also are highly critical of the federal government and its political leaders. a new national survey by the pew research center for the people & the press, conducted june 24 - 27 among 1, 001 adults, finds that more than eight - in - ten ( 83 % ) say they are either extremely proud ( 52 % ) or very proud ( 31 % ) to be an american. just 14 % say they are moderately proud ( 8 % ) or have little or no pride ( 6 % ) in being an american. nearly six - in - ten ( 59 % ) non - hispanic whites say they are extremely proud of being an american compared with 36 % of non - hispanic blacks. people younger than 30 also are less likely than older americans to say they are extremely proud of being an american. those who give barack obama the lowest job ratings - predominately republicans and independents who lean republican - also are more likely to say that they are extremely proud to be an american than are those who give the president more positive ratings wednesday, june 30, 2010 tuesday, june 29, 2010 in the new york post, michael uhlmann writes that new yorkers - - and others - - might end up regretting the move : under the u. s. constitution, the states have exclusive and plenary ( complete ) power to allocate their electoral votes, and may change their state laws concerning the awarding of their electoral votes at any time. under the national popular vote bill, all of the state ' s electoral votes would be awarded to the presidential candidate who receives the most popular votes in all 50 states and the district of columbia. the bill would take effect only when enacted, in identical form, by states possessing a majority of the electoral votes \u2014 that is, enough electoral votes to elect a president ( 270 of 538 ). think about it : suppose a majority of new yorkers vote in 2012 to re - elect barack obama, only to discover that their state ' s 31 electoral votes have been awarded to the republican, who happened to win more popular votes than obama nationwide. ( in 2004, for example, president bush failed to carry new york but beat john kerry nationwide by more than 3 million votes. ) suppose further that, in response to the inevitable public outcry, new york ' s legislators or election", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4579994655043542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.129515"} {"text": "nationwide. ( in 2004, for example, president bush failed to carry new york but beat john kerry nationwide by more than 3 million votes. ) suppose further that, in response to the inevitable public outcry, new york ' s legislators or election officials seek to withdraw from the interstate compact and appoint a new set of electors committed to obama. the professors insist their compact prevents that - - but few politicians will bow to some academic legal theory when so much is at stake politically. and if new york ' s electoral votes determined the national outcome, don ' t suppose the gop candidate would stand idly by while state officials sought to reverse their compact commitment. lawyers ' briefs would fly like cannon shot at waterloo - - not only in new york but throughout the nation, as politicians in various states tried to anticipate or reacted to steps being taken by politicians elsewhere. every state where the vote was close, and thus had the potential to change the presidential outcome, would see angry demonstrations, allegations of fraud and demands for recounts that would make florida in 2000 look like a picnic. monday, june 28, 2010 ever since nominees to the supreme court started to subject themselves to comprehensive grilling in 1939, their confirmation hearings have been dismissed by the legal elite as an empty charade. a 35 - year - old lawyer named william h. rehnquist, who would go on to become chief justice of the united states, said as much in the harvard law record in 1959. four decades later, a 35 - year - old law professor named elena kagan, whose confirmation hearings start monday, agreed in the university of chicago law review. but a new study, based on an analysis of every question asked and every answer given at supreme court confirmation hearings in the last 70 years, shows that the hearings often address real substance, illuminate the spirit of their times and change with shifts in partisan alignments and the demographic characteristics of nominees. here is the abstract of the paper : this paper examines the questions asked and answers given by every supreme court nominee who has appeared to testify before the senate judiciary committee since 1939. in doing so, it uses a new dataset developed by the authors. this database, which provides a much - needed empirical foundation for scholarship in emerging areas of constitutional law and political science, captures all of the statements made at the hearings and codes these comments by issue area, subissue area, party of the appointing president, and party of the questioning senator. the dataset allows us to quantify for the fist time such things as which issues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.471586914572792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.132143"} {"text": "of the statements made at the hearings and codes these comments by issue area, subissue area, party of the appointing president, and party of the questioning senator. the dataset allows us to quantify for the fist time such things as which issues are most frequently discussed at the hearings, whether those issues have changed over time, and whether they vary depending on the party of the appointing president and the party of the questioning senator. we also investigate if questioning patterns differ depending on the race or gender of the nominee. some of our results are unsurprising : for example, the hearings have become longer. others, however, challenge conventional wisdom : the bork hearing is less of an outlier in several ways than is frequently assumed, and abortion has not dominated the hearings. we also discover that there is issue area variation over time, and that there are notable disparities in the issues addressed by democratic versus republican senators. finally, we find that female and minority nominees face a significantly different hearing environment than do white male nominees. sunday, june 27, 2010 the last time america found itself in a budget debate pitting domestic priorities against war expenditures, richard nixon was in the white house and david obey was the youngest member of congress \u2014 an antiwar liberal whose insurgent campaign unexpectedly vaulted him into the house seat vacated by the hawkish president \u2019 s new defense secretary. in those dark days of the late 1960s and early 1970s, as obey was still learning his way around washington, it was the guns of vietnam and the cold war versus the butter of the great society and the war on poverty \u2014 and despite obey \u2019 s protests, guns won the day. nonsense. check the figures from the office of management and budget on the percentage of budget going to defense and human resources........... defense human resources so by 1975, we were spending twice as much on human resources as on defense. saturday, june 26, 2010 that perspective differs from the standard journalistic point of view in emphasizing structural, rather than personality - based, explanations for political outcomes. the rise of partisan polarization in congress is often explained, in the press, as a consequence of a decline in civility. but there are reasons for it \u2014 such as the increasing ideological coherence of the two parties, and procedural changes that create new incentives to band together \u2014 that have nothing to do with manners. or consider the president. in press accounts, he comes across as alternately a tragic or a heroic figure, his stock fluctuating almost daily depending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4866326923784114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.134013"} {"text": "parties, and procedural changes that create new incentives to band together \u2014 that have nothing to do with manners. or consider the president. in press accounts, he comes across as alternately a tragic or a heroic figure, his stock fluctuating almost daily depending on his ability to \u201c connect \u201d with voters. but political - science research, while not questioning that a president \u2019 s effectiveness matters, suggests that the occupant of the oval office is, in many ways, a prisoner of circumstance. his approval ratings \u2014 and re - election prospects \u2014 rise and fall with the economy. his agenda lives or dies on capitol hill. and his ability to move congress, or the public, with a good speech or a savvy messaging strategy is, while not nonexistent, sharply constrained. these powerful, simple explanations are often married to an almost monastic skepticism of narratives that can \u2019 t be substantiated, or that are based in data \u2014 like voter \u2019 s accounts of their own thinking about politics \u2014 that are unreliable. think about that for a moment, and the challenge to journalists becomes obvious : if much of what \u2019 s important about politics is either stable and predictable or unknowable, what \u2019 s the value of the sort of news \u2014 a hyperactive chronicle of the day \u2019 s events, coupled with instant speculation about their meaning \u2014 that has become a staple of modern political reporting? friday, june 25, 2010 effective federal tax rates by source and quintile : thursday, june 24, 2010 mr. obama, aides say, consulted with advisers \u2014 some, like defense secretary robert m. gates, who warned of the dangers of replacing general mcchrystal, others, like his political advisers, who thought he had to go. he reached out for advice to a soldier - statesman, colin l. powell. he identified a possible successor to lead the war in afghanistan. and then, finally, the president ended general mcchrystal \u2019 s command in a meeting that lasted only 20 minutes. according to one aide, the general apologized, offered his resignation and did not lobby for his job. after a seesaw debate among white house officials, \u201c there was a basic meeting of the minds, \u201d said rahm emanuel, the white house chief of staff and a major player in the deliberations. \u201c this was not good for the mission, the military and morale, \u201d mr. emanuel said. mr. obama has forced out officials before, including the director of national intelligence, dennis c. blair ; the white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.492053004550882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.135282"} {"text": "player in the deliberations. \u201c this was not good for the mission, the military and morale, \u201d mr. emanuel said. mr. obama has forced out officials before, including the director of national intelligence, dennis c. blair ; the white house counsel, gregory craig ; even general mcchrystal \u2019 s predecessor, gen. david d. mckiernan. but this is the highest profile sacking of his presidency. the time between mr. obama \u2019 s first reading of the rolling stone article and his decision to accept general mcchrystal \u2019 s resignation offers an insight into the president \u2019 s decision - making process under intense stress : he appears deliberative and open to debate, but in the end, is coldly decisive. by the time the meeting with gates and mullen ended, obama had made his decision. the aides left, and petraeus entered. the two met privately for 40 minutes, during which time the president asked him to step down from his current post as the head of the central command in florida and take on the new duties. petraeus agreed, but aides said it was clear to obama that he was doing so \" at some great personal sacrifice. \" asked what the sacrifice was, one senior official said : \" tampa to kabul. \" wednesday, june 23, 2010 government officials in gulf states praised a federal judge ' s ruling tuesday lifting the moratorium on offshore drilling, while the obama administration vowed to appeal it. in may, as the catastrophic bp oil spill spiraled out of control, the administration called a halt to deepwater projects and suspended drilling in 33 exploratory wells, the associated press reported. mississippi governor haley barbour and his louisiana counterpart, bobby jindal, both republicans, complained that the moratorium would cost their states jobs. on tuesday, barbour hailed the ruling. \" hopefully, the judge ' s ruling will go into effect quickly and be upheld on upheal, \" he said. \" the moratorium is bad policy. \" on his facebook page, jindal called the ruling \" welcome news to louisianans whose jobs were threatened by the ' arbitrary and capricious ' moratorium. \" - the first is the role of the judiciary, which may sometimes check actions by the other branches. as tocqueville wrote, \" there is hardly a political question in the united states which does not sooner or later turn into a judicial one. \" - the second is federalism. the perspectives of governors are different from those of presidents. - the third", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39257385130514966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.136301"} {"text": "louisiana said this week, \u201c we are not winning this war. \u201d the county commissioners in okaloosa county, fla., got so fed up with outside interference that they unanimously voted to give their emergency management team the power to do whatever it wants. \u201c we made the decision legislatively to break the laws if necessary, \u201d chairman wayne harris told the northwest florida daily news. some of this rage is unavoidable when you have a crisis that no one can control. but it \u2019 s also clear that we have a federalism problem. all around the region there are local officials who think they know their towns best. they feel insulted by a distant and opaque bureaucracy lurking above. the balance between federal oversight and local control is off - kilter. we have vested too much authority in national officials who are really smart, but who are really distant. we should be leaving more power with local officials, who may not be as expert, but who have the advantage of being there on the ground. sunday, june 20, 2010 the court - ordered election that allowed residents of one new york town to flip the lever six times for one candidate \u2014 and produced a hispanic winner \u2014 could expand to other towns where minorities complain their voices aren ' t being heard. but first, interested parties will want to take a look at the exit surveys. the unusual election was imposed on port chester after a federal judge determined that hispanics were being treated unfairly. the standard remedy was to break a municipality into districts, with one district including many from the minority, thereby increasing the chances for a candidate backed by the minority group. the justice department proposed that solution for port chester. but the village of about 30, 000 objected to districts. it suggested instead a system called cumulative voting. all six trustees would be elected at once and the voters could apportion their six votes as they wished \u2014 all six to one candidate, one each to six candidates or any combination. the system, which has been used in alabama, illinois, south dakota and texas, allows a political minority to gain representation if it organizes behind specific candidates. judge robinson went for it, and cumulative voting was used for the first time in a new york municipality. saturday, june 19, 2010 i think all of the previous bioethics commissions have been models of deliberation. they have all brought commissioners from different perspectives together to talk and argue with an idea of coming up with some action - guiding recommendation. let me give you the most obvious example from recent history : the commission that president clinton put", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4615286747925172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.138912"} {"text": "models of deliberation. they have all brought commissioners from different perspectives together to talk and argue with an idea of coming up with some action - guiding recommendation. let me give you the most obvious example from recent history : the commission that president clinton put together. shortly after it was formed, dolly was cloned, and president clinton charged the commission with coming up with recommendations on how the government should approach the issue of cloning. the commission deliberated and came up with a report that the president recommended. similarly, on a different issue, shortly after our commission was created, craig venter announced that he had synthesized a genome in a cell that was self - replicating. and president obama has asked our commission to deliberate on that issue and come up with a report in six months that recommends to the federal government policies that the government should undertake, both in reaction to this development and other developments in the field. why did you decide to take on this challenge? my scholarly expertise is political philosophy and ethics of public policy. i spent my entire professional career writing and speaking about ethics of public policy and in particular about the advantages of making democracy more deliberative. i founded an ethics center at princeton - - the university center for human values. i ' ve written books on deliberation and democracy and articles on bioethics. so when the president asked me, it seemed, first, \" how could i not accept a call to serve from the president? \" and, second, it was a sweet spot of mine to be able to bring a group of experts together to deliberate about important issues in bioethics. you are known for this idea of deliberative democracy. could you explain it? the easiest way of understanding it is what it isn ' t : it ' s the opposite of sound - bite democracy. the idea is quite simple, which is : democracies do better to the extent that they allow people to discuss, including robustly argue about, their differences to try to find common ground where possible - - and, where common ground isn ' t possible, to come to the greatest respect possible for reasonable differences of perspective on controversial issues. so it ' s the give - and - take of viewpoints with an aim of finding common ground and reaching mutual respect where common ground isn ' t possible. can you give an example of how this might work? friday, june 18, 2010 according to a new pew global survey, views of the united states remain more favorable than they were a few years ago : the positive views are not unanimous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5385447565164716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.140072"} {"text": "t possible. can you give an example of how this might work? friday, june 18, 2010 according to a new pew global survey, views of the united states remain more favorable than they were a few years ago : the positive views are not unanimous. see muslim views of the united states : the survey finds a fair amount of cross - national agreement regarding one aspect of america \u2019 s image : its religiosity. when asked whether the u. s. is too religious or not religious enough, majorities or pluralities in 18 of 22 countries say it is not religious enough. this is especially true in all three arab nations surveyed \u2013 jordan ( 89 % ), egypt ( 81 % ), and lebanon ( 64 % ) \u2013 as well as in indonesia ( 67 % ) and pakistan ( 55 % ). majorities also hold this view in india ( 57 % ), brazil ( 55 % ), mexico ( 56 % ), kenya ( 53 % ) and nigeria ( 57 % ). the exceptions on this question are the economically advanced nations of western europe and japan. in particular, the french are considerably more likely than others to see the u. s. as too religious ( 71 % ). more than four - in - ten feel this way in britain ( 47 % ), germany ( 46 % ) and japan ( 42 % ). the spanish are divided : 38 % think the u. s. is too religious and 40 % believe it is not religious enough. thursday, june 17, 2010 but now all is bright for minor parties. california voters just passed a \" top - two \" primary in which candidates from all parties run in one big mid - year primary and the top two finishers - - regardless of party - - end up on the november ballot. george will writes : it \u2019 s becoming a more familiar story : voters, frustrated by the anti - incumbent malaise sweeping the political landscape, turn on incumbents and put their weight behind underdogs. although good management and fundraising certainly play a role in party growth, today \u2019 s zeitgeist could help make a libertarian boom out of the two - party bust. for the 2010 election, 171 candidates for u. s. congress are running with an \u201c l \u201d beside their names, up from 127 in 2008 and 114 in 2006. at all levels of public office, the party counts 716 candidates running as libertarians this year, compared to 593 in 2008, and 596 in 2006. wes benedict, executive director of the libertarian national committee, said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5272059297070975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.141232"} {"text": "and 114 in 2006. at all levels of public office, the party counts 716 candidates running as libertarians this year, compared to 593 in 2008, and 596 in 2006. wes benedict, executive director of the libertarian national committee, said that some of these declared candidates might not meet the requirements to be placed on the ballot. the party will add new candidates up until the election, though, and he thinks the final candidate number could remain above 700. read more : http : / / dailycaller. com / 2010 / 06 / 16 / libertarian - party - sees - resurgence - as - number - of - congressional - candidates - jumps - by - 35 - percent - over - 2008 / # ixzz0r7bk4ezh in areas where democrats or republicans dominate - - there are more and more of them as the nation increasingly sorts itself out into clusters of the like - minded - - the november ballots will offer voters a choice of two democrats or two republicans. voters with sensitive political palates can savor faintly variant flavors of liberalism or conservatism. voters who prefer their political menu seasoned with the spices provided by minor parties are pretty much out of luck. under proposition 14, such parties - - green, libertarian, etc. - - which previously could place candidates on november ballots, will almost always be excluded from those by failing to run first or second in primaries. wednesday, june 16, 2010 obama : that \u2019 s why just after the rig sank, i assembled a team of our nation \u2019 s best scientists and engineers to tackle this challenge - - a team led by dr. steven chu, a nobel prize - winning physicist and our nation \u2019 s secretary of energy. scientists at our national labs and experts from academia and other oil companies have also provided ideas and advice. nixon : i have today directed the president ' s science adviser, dr. dubridge, to bring together at the earliest possible time a panel of scientists and engineers. they will recommend to me ways and means in which the federal government can best and most rapidly assist in restoring the beaches and waters around santa barbara. they will also submit their views as to how best to prevent this kind of sudden and massive oil pollution. obama : so one of the lessons we \u2019 ve learned from this spill is that we need better regulations, better safety standards, and better enforcement when it comes to offshore drilling. nixon : as all of you are aware, the secretary of the interior yesterday issued regulations that cover this area and also offshore drilling generally that are far more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4420486209303435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.143716"} {"text": "that we need better regulations, better safety standards, and better enforcement when it comes to offshore drilling. nixon : as all of you are aware, the secretary of the interior yesterday issued regulations that cover this area and also offshore drilling generally that are far more stringent than any that ever existed before. that only indicates that the previous ones in the past have been inadequate. obama : the one answer i will not settle for is the idea that this challenge is somehow too big and too difficult to meet. you know, the same thing was said about our ability to produce enough planes and tanks in world war ii. the same thing was said about our ability to harness the science and technology to land a man safely on the surface of the moon. and yet, time and again, we have refused to settle for the paltry limits of conventional wisdom. instead, what has defined us as a nation since our founding is the capacity to shape our destiny - \u2013 our determination to fight for the america we want for our children. nixon : the lessons of the apollo project and of the earlier manhattan project are the same lessons that are taught by the whole of american history : whenever the american people are faced with a clear goal and they are challenged to meet it, we can do extraordinary things. tuesday, june 15, 2010 immigrants convicted of minor drug offenses should not face automatic deportation, the supreme court ruled unanimously monday, a decision that could allow thousands of legal immigrants the chance to argue for leniency from immigration judges. the court overruled the legal interpretations of the federal government and a lower appeals court in saying that jose angel carachuri - rosendo should have had a chance to make his case for staying in the country. read more : http : / / www. politico. com / news / stories / 0610 / 38489. html # ixzz0qvsnf7pl the author of arizona \u2019 s controversial new immigration law is considering a new proposal that would block the children of illegal immigrants from becoming citizens if they were born in the united states. critics of the bill that republican state sen. russell pearce is weighing say it would fly in the face of the 14th amendment to the constitution, which grants citizenship to anyone born in the u. s. pearce has been hinting for months that he may introduce legislation targeting the so - called anchor babies but had not detailed his plan until an interview last week with time magazine. monday, june 14, 2010 \u2022 control cannabis like alcohol : allow adults 21 and older in california to possess up to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46277139092502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.145110"} {"text": "that he may introduce legislation targeting the so - called anchor babies but had not detailed his plan until an interview last week with time magazine. monday, june 14, 2010 \u2022 control cannabis like alcohol : allow adults 21 and older in california to possess up to one ounce of cannabisthe revenue claim is highly debatable. even if the measures passes, marijuana will still be illegal under federal law. filing tax paperwork on marijuana sales would amount to confessing to a federal offense - - in writing. it is questionable whether many businesses would be willing to do so. \u2022 give local governments the ability to tax the sale of cannabis to adults 21 and older \u2022 generate billions of dollars in revenue to fund what matters most in california : jobs, healthcare, public safety, state parks, roads, transportation, and more in the new york times, daniel okrent uses the example of prohibition to warn that marijuana revenues would not bring income tax relief. advocates of repeal, such as pierre dupont, argued that revenue from alcohol taxes would allow congress to scrap income taxes on corporations and individuals. things did not work out as they had hoped. roosevelt and congress did respond to the repeal windfall by cutting income tax rates for workers earning less than $ 3, 000 a year. but the new deal had little sympathy for the wealthy, whose taxes actually increased over the next few years. rather than the trade - off dupont expected, the government used the excise income to expand. [ t ] he constitution explicitly assumes that felons may be barred from voting. the 14th amendment \u2014 which, like the 15th, was passed during reconstruction to ensure equal treatment of african americans \u2014 acknowledges that states can disenfranchise people for \" participation in rebellion, or other crime. \" so an interpretation of the voting rights act to bar felon disenfranchisement would not only be inconsistent with the intent of that statute, it would exceed congress ' constitutional authority. or look at it this way : when someone is kept from voting because he has been convicted of a felony, this does not \" result in a denial or abridgement of the right \u2026 to vote on account of race or color \" ( to quote the law ) ; it results in the denial of the right to vote because that person has chosen to commit a serious crime against a fellow citizen. and they conclude : today ' s laws may have a disproportionate impact on some racial groups, because at any point in time there are always going be some groups that commit more crimes than others, but that doesn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44229702068278715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.147924"} {"text": "a fellow citizen. and they conclude : today ' s laws may have a disproportionate impact on some racial groups, because at any point in time there are always going be some groups that commit more crimes than others, but that doesn ' t make the laws racist \u2014 just as the fact that more crimes are committed by men doesn ' t make criminal laws sexist. and the people whose voting rights will be diluted the most if felons are allowed to vote are the law - abiding people in high - crime areas, who are themselves disproportionately black and latino. sunday, june 13, 2010 in california, government - sector unions, once among the most entrenched and powerful labor groups in the country, mainly have themselves to blame. for most of the postwar period, they were a force for progressive change, prospering by winning over public support for their agenda. in the 1970s and ' 80s they backed laws like the public records act and brown act to make state and local government more transparent. because unions enjoyed broad - based political support, efforts to enhance government accountability and responsiveness to voters were seen - correctly - as benefiting the unions and their members. the public interest and public employees ' interests were aligned. but the unions switched strategies. although the change was gradual, by the 1990s, california ' s government unions had decided that, rather than cultivate voter support for their objectives, they could exert more influence in the legislature, and in the political process generally, by lavishing campaign contributions on lawmakers. adopting the tactics of other special - interest groups, government unions paid lip service to democratic principles while excelling at the fundamentally anti - democratic strategy of writing checks to legislators, their election committees and political action committees. while not illegal ( in fact, such contributions are constitutionally protected ), the unions ' aggressive spending on candidates put them on the same moral low ground as casino - owning tribes, insurance companies and other special interests that have concluded that the best way to influence the legislative process is to, well, buy it. in an effort to reduce the burden on their budgets, at least a dozen states have passed laws this year overhauling their retirement systems. some have created less - generous pensions for newly hired workers. others have increased the amount of money employees must pay into their pensions. some have done both. the trend is being driven by big budget deficits and the 2008 stock market crash, which left many pension plans underfunded. meanwhile, sympathy for public employees '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44681702832371506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.149153"} {"text": "increased the amount of money employees must pay into their pensions. some have done both. the trend is being driven by big budget deficits and the 2008 stock market crash, which left many pension plans underfunded. meanwhile, sympathy for public employees ' pensions has waned as anxious voters in the private sector struggle with turbulent 401 ( k ) plan results and frozen pensions. arizona, mississippi and virginia are among those that instituted lower retirement benefits for newly hired workers. even union - friendly states like michigan and illinois, their budgets depleted by the recession, reduced pensions for new hires. saturday, june 12, 2010 under the proposal, the fee to apply for a green card, the document for legal permanent residents, would increase to $ 985 from $ 930. the application for employment authorization would increase to $ 380 from $ 340. a separate fee for fingerprints and other biometrics with many applications would increase to $ 85 from $ 80. among several new fees, officials said, will be a $ 6, 230 charge for foreigners proposing to invest $ 500, 000 or more in businesses to create jobs in the united states. the fee for naturalization would remain at $ 595. that fee was raised in july 2007 by 69 percent and the immigration agency was overwhelmed by applications from immigrants rushing to file ahead of that increase. since then, naturalization applications have dropped steeply and advocates blamed the higher fee for discouraging eligible immigrants from becoming citizens friday, june 11, 2010 what we are witnessing in this election cycle is the slow death of traditional statewide campaign journalism. i noticed the same pattern ( and the same nearly reporter - free campaign trail ) in kentucky last month as i covered libertarian rand paul ' s decisive defeat of the state republican establishment in the gop senate primary. aside from an occasional ap reporter, virtually the only print journalists whom i encountered at campaign events were my national press - pack colleagues from the new york times, the washington post, politico and the atlantic monthly. newspapers like the louisville courier - journal and the state, south carolina ' s largest paper, have dramatically de - emphasized in - depth candidate coverage because they are too short - handed to spare the reporters. a survey by the american society of newspaper editors ( asne ) found that newsroom staffs across the country have declined by 25 percent since 2001. this time, however, o. f. a. volunteers won \u2019 t be asking their friends and neighbors to vote for a young, electric, racially transcendent presidential candidate. instead, in a lot of districts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4017854338069158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.150366"} {"text": "by 25 percent since 2001. this time, however, o. f. a. volunteers won \u2019 t be asking their friends and neighbors to vote for a young, electric, racially transcendent presidential candidate. instead, in a lot of districts, they \u2019 ll be asking their friends and neighbors to vote for some aging member of congress who has been on the ballot 10 times already, which is a considerably harder sell. \u201c let \u2019 s be clear \u2014 these are not democratic voters, \u201d cornell belcher, the obama campaign pollster, cautioned me. \u201c they \u2019 re obama voters. \u201d the lesson that plouffe and his operation took away from the dismal 2009 elections is that obama can act like a matchmaker of sorts, introducing the party \u2019 s candidates to new voters and vouching for their intentions, but it \u2019 s only going to matter if the candidates themselves embrace the so - called new politics. what that means, practically speaking, is that the white house is urging candidates to divert a fair amount of their time and money \u2014 traditionally used for buying tv ads and rallying core constituencies \u2014 to courting volunteers and voters who haven \u2019 t generally been reliable democrats. this is not what members of congress or their campaign managers are trained to do, and it has created something of a cultural chasm between the white house and the party apparatus. thursday, june 10, 2010 in the final month of fiscal year 2009, house committees and offices went on a shopping spree, spending more than $ 60 million left in their budgets before it disappeared. more than $ 12 million went towards purchasing computer hardware, which could include new laptops and desktops. according to a sunlight foundation reporting group analysis of six months of congressional spending data released by the house clerk ' s office, house members and various committee offices spent more than $ 673 million in the last half of 2009 on salaries for staff, travel and outside vendors, who help with everything from tracking constituent information to providing cell phone service and bottled water. wednesday, june 9, 2010 by 55 % to 39 %, more registered voters say a candidate ' s stand on national issues - - rather than his or her ability to help people at the district level - - is what matters more to them in voting for congress. the percentage naming issues as the more important factor is the highest recorded on this measure in the nearly two - decade - long gallup trend, although similar to that seen at points in the last two midterm election years.... the maxim that \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41197319256826165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.151554"} {"text": "naming issues as the more important factor is the highest recorded on this measure in the nearly two - decade - long gallup trend, although similar to that seen at points in the last two midterm election years.... the maxim that \" all politics is local \" - - most famously advanced by the late house speaker tip o ' neill - - may have once been an accurate characterization of the relationship that congressional candidates had with their constituents. in that vein, as recently as 1994, significantly more registered voters said that delivering for their district was more important to the way they viewed congressional candidates than were national issue stances. however, since 1994 - - perhaps because of the nationalization of that election with the republicans ' contract with america - - americans ' voting priorities have flipped. in a year when voters rank the federal budget deficit as high as terrorism as a top concern, the implications are clear. twenty years ago, candidates for congress might have ingratiated themselves with voters by bulleting all of the federal spending projects they either had delivered to the district, or would support if elected. today, such messages may be more likely to spark constituents ' concerns about the effect the spending involved could have on the national debt. tuesday, june 8, 2010 the tea party ' s sights appear to be set on constitutional amendments ratified after the civil war. rand paul, recent winner of kentucky ' s republican senatorial primary, and rep. duncan hunter of san diego have called for repeal of the 14th amendment ' s guarantee of citizenship at birth for all children born in the united states - - not to mention paul ' s much - publicized criticism of the civil rights act, legislation passed pursuant to the power given to congress by the 14th amendment to enforce its guarantees of equal protection, due process of law, and the rights of citizenship. sharron angle, the tea party - endorsed candidate who appears poised to win today ' s republican senatorial race in nevada, has called for repeal of the 16th amendment, which allows for a federal progressive income tax. and many tea party activists are pushing for repeal of the 17th amendment, which shifted the selection of u. s. senators from state legislatures to the state ' s voters. to repeal these hard - won parts of our constitution would be pure folly. the constitutional changes made in the aftermath of the civil war and the abolition of slavery wrote into the constitution the promises of equality made in the declaration of independence, and gave the federal government the power to ensure that these promises were kept. monday, june 7, 2010 texans are bomb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45668443159016137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.152683"} {"text": "the aftermath of the civil war and the abolition of slavery wrote into the constitution the promises of equality made in the declaration of independence, and gave the federal government the power to ensure that these promises were kept. monday, june 7, 2010 texans are bombarding the governor ' s office with calls and letters to try to stop tax dollars from subsidizing a satirical film about a vengeful illegal immigrant. the coming film, a bloody action movie with a star - studded cast titled \" machete, \" could be eligible for more than $ 1. 5 million of taxpayer subsidies under a program designed to encourage directors to shoot in texas. the state film commission may deny subsidies to any production that includes \" inappropriate content or content that portrays texas or texans in a negative fashion. \" but the commission \u2014 eager to woo as many movie, advertising and video - game shoots as possible \u2014 has never exercised that clause. \" you have to understand that we want to create jobs, \" said bob hudgins, the commission ' s director. \" that is our focus. \" the story points to a contemporary issue of federalism. states like to attract film production because it generates jobs and business. they compete with one another to offer support and benefits to film companies. here is a list of state film commissions. here is a report from the national governors assocation. sunday, june 6, 2010 saturday, june 5, 2010 just after the 2008 election, 26 - year - old facebook cofounder chris hughes explained his choice not to join the administration : \u201c there was never any particular position or set of responsibilities that really excited me, \u201d he said. \u201c there \u2019 s a challenge in prioritization, there \u2019 s a challenge in working within constraints of the law, any political constraints that are there, to actually get good work done. \u201d \u201c you can \u2019 t flip a switch and change the country, \u201d adds evans, now at the usda. \u201c we \u2019 re like a big, slow tanker \u2014 and i think a lot of folks are frustrated with that. \u201d there is also an achievement gap between more experienced staffers and those with only a ba to their name. thirty - year - old alejandra campoverdi, also profiled in the times, has a master ' s degree from harvard \u2019 s kennedy school and now serves as an aide to deputy chief of staff mona sutphen. joshua dubois, the 27 - year - old director of the white house faith office, graduated from princeton \u2019 s woodrow wilson school of foreign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42984698888667977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.153764"} {"text": "degree from harvard \u2019 s kennedy school and now serves as an aide to deputy chief of staff mona sutphen. joshua dubois, the 27 - year - old director of the white house faith office, graduated from princeton \u2019 s woodrow wilson school of foreign affairs. jason green, a 29 - year - old associate in the office of legal counsel, balanced previous campaign experience with a degree from yale law. but there is a ceiling for the younger staff. friday, june 4, 2010 the fourteenth amendment begins with plain language : \u201c all persons born or naturalized in the united states, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the united states and of the state wherein they reside. \u201d there is no chance of altering this provision with a constitutional amendment that requires two - thirds votes in both the house and senate, plus approval by 38 state legislatures! raising the issue pointlessly provokes anger from millions of us - born immigrant children who can and do vote. despite dr. paul \u2019 s wild speculation, it \u2019 s unthinkable to strip them of their current citizenship status due to their parents \u2019 unauthorized entry before their birth. fifty - eight percent ( 58 % ) of u. s. voters say a child born to an illegal immigrant in this country should not automatically become a citizen of the united states, according to a new rasmussen reports national telephone survey. thirty - three percent ( 33 % ) disagree and say if a women enters the united states as an illegal alien and gives birth to a child here, that child should automatically be a u. s. citizen. that \u2019 s what the current law allows and many believe it would require a constitutional amendment to change the law. voter sentiments are basically unchanged from four years ago when the senate was considering the immigration issue. still, there is a huge distinction in the minds of voters between dealing with illegal immigrants and overall immigration policy. sixty percent ( 60 % ) of voters favor a welcoming immigrant policy that excludes only national security threats, criminals and those who would come here to live off our welfare system. twenty - six percent ( 26 % ) disagree with such a policy, and 14 % more are not sure. these sentiments, too, have remained constant for years. thursday, june 3, 2010 the weaker form of executive privilege is known as the \u201c deliberative process privilege, \u201d which applies to discussions among executive branch officials that are part of the government \u2019 s decision - making process. this privilege can apply to executive branch officials outside of the president \u2019 s inner circle, but it is both more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44398592816280863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.155205"} {"text": "deliberative process privilege, \u201d which applies to discussions among executive branch officials that are part of the government \u2019 s decision - making process. this privilege can apply to executive branch officials outside of the president \u2019 s inner circle, but it is both more limited in scope and easier to overcome. as judge patricia wald explained in the seminal espy case, \u201c [ t ] he deliberative process privilege does not shield documents that simply state or explain a decision the government has already made or protect material that is purely factual, unless the material is so inextricably intertwined with the deliberative sections of documents that its disclosure would inevitably reveal the governments deliberations. \u201d general kagan served as an attorney and policy advisor on president clinton \u2019 s white house staff, and a substantial amount of the work she produced during that service will therefore be subject to the stronger presidential communications privilege. documents related to her white house service are therefore unlike documents produced by chief justice john roberts or justice samuel alito during their time at the department of justice \u2014 which, at best, could only be subject to the weaker deliberative process privilege. ( the documents roberts produced during his tenure in the office of white house counsel, of course, may be subject to the presidential communications privilege. ) wednesday, june 2, 2010 in 2009, the komen foundation - - a 501 ( c ) 3 charity and thus limited in the percentage of its money it can spend on lobbying - - gave its single - largest \" education \" grant, $ 4. 4 million, to the komen advocacy alliance, its public policy and lobbying arm, which is covered by section 501 ( c ) 4 of the tax code and thus unrestricted in its lobbying. a komen spokesman said the advocacy alliance uses that money for its non - lobbying advocacy, such as grass - roots education, and that actual lobbying money doesn ' t come from the 501 ( c ) 3. however, the advocacy alliance currently operates on a loan from the main komen foundation ( the 501 ( c ) 3 ). unless you ignore the fungibility of money, supporting komen means supporting its lobbying operation. heather podesta, the most famous of komen ' s k street hired guns ( and a leading democratic party fundraiser ), reports that her firm lobbied on komen ' s behalf for \" support [ for ] h. r. 3962, the affordable health care for america act / h. r. 3590, the patient protection and affordable care act, as it relates to breast cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.485179220299703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.157618"} {"text": "lobbied on komen ' s behalf for \" support [ for ] h. r. 3962, the affordable health care for america act / h. r. 3590, the patient protection and affordable care act, as it relates to breast cancer prevention, screening, research, and treatment. \" in other words, komen supported obamacare insofar as it included provisions it supported. komen spokesman sean tuffnell, however, told me that komen \" never did fully endorse the legislation. \" nevertheless, carney argues that such activities pose a conflict for contributors who support the charity ' s overall aims but oppose specific measures for which it lobbies. tuesday, june 1, 2010 they ask me all the time, \u2018 what is your favorite this? what is your favorite that? what is your favorite that? \u2019 and one time, \u2018 what is your favorite word? \u2019 and i said, \u2018 my favorite word? that is really easy. my favorite word is the word, is the word. and that is everything. it says it all for us. and you know the biblical reference, you know the gospel reference of the word. the always - fractious relationship between house and senate democrats hit a dramatic low last week that resulted in members leaving for the memorial day recess having failed to extend unemployment benefits or avert a pay cut for doctors under medicare. and while publicly, house and senate leaders refused to assign blame, the behind - the - scenes story was far different. the deadline for the benefits package had been looming for weeks. but all the advance warning was for naught as the lack of trust between the two chambers escalated and an anti - deficit - spending sentiment among rank - and - file moderates grew. house leaders were forced to strike about $ 80 billion from their bill, including cobra health benefits for the unemployed and medicaid assistance to states. but the bill only came together thursday evening, and senate leaders decided they had waited around long enough and headed for the exits. in republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates. the remedy for this inconveniency is to divide the legislature into different branches ; and to render them, by different modes of election and different principles of action, as little connected with each other as the nature of their common functions and their common dependence on the society will admit. the title of william f. connelly jr. ' s new book says it all : james madison rules america.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44904764263212127, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.159492"} {"text": "world ' s largest renewable energy plant to be built in england the tees renewable energy plant ( tees rep ) will run on 2. 65 million tons of wood chips per year shipped in from sustainable and certified forestry operations mostly in europe and america, including the southeast u. s., according to mgt, which recently received consent from the british government to proceed with development of the facility. no supply contracts are in place yet, but discussions are ongoing. \" they ' re talking to potential suppliers, \" said paul taylor, communications representative for mgt. \" there ' s been a lot of interest. \" the company also is developing short - rotation forestry operations, which will be planted on unused marginal land in the u. k. and globally, to provide tees rep with its required supply of biomass. teesport is an ideal location because of its deep - water port and sufficient land available for the enormous facility, among other factors, taylor said. \" there are a lot of good points, \" he said. the $ 819 million plant will create 600 jobs during its three - year construction period, 150 permanent jobs during the station ' s lifetime and once operational, will contribute about $ 49 million to northeast england ' s economy, according to the company. in addition, it will save 1. 2 million metric tons of carbon dioxide per year and will account for 5. 5 percent of the u. k. ' s renewable electricity target. the plant will operate 24 hours a day, year round, producing the same amount of renewable electricity in one year as a 1, 000 - megawatt wind farm, according to mgt. construction should begin late this year or early next year, taylor said. financing options are being considered and still have to be put in place, he said. \" it ' s very much a commercial financial investment, \" he said, adding that the company expects financial institutions will want to get involved. contracts for engineering, construction and other factors also are in the works. mgt was established in 2007 and while this will be its first plant, it has plans to develop more. \" they ' re certainly looking at other schemes in the u. k., \" taylor said. \" although it is a relatively new company, the guys have a lot of experience. \" mgt announced aug. 10 that it plans to build another 295 - megawatt plant at the port of tyne. this plant will also be large enough to power about 600, 000 homes and should be operational in 2014, according to mgt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.392667406238978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.163381"} {"text": "long terminal repeat ( ltr ) retrotransposons are a widespread kind of transposable element present in eukaryotic genomes. they are a major factor in genome evolution due to their ability to create large scale mutations and genome rearrangements. compared to other transposable elements, little attention has been paid to elements belonging to the metazoan bel / pao subclass of ltr retrotransposons. no comprehensive characterization of these elements is available so far. the aim of this study was to describe all bel / pao elements in a set of 62 sequenced metazoan genomes, and to analyze their phylogenetic relationship. we identified a total of 7, 861 bel / pao elements in 53 of our 62 study genomes. we identified bel / pao elements in 20 genomes where such elements had not been found so far. our analysis shows that bel / pao elements are the second - most abundant class of ltr retrotransposons in the genomes we study, more abundant than ty1 / copia elements, and second only to ty3 / gypsy elements. they occur in multiple phyla, including basal metazoan phyla, suggesting that bel / pao elements arose early in animal evolution. we confirm findings from previous studies that bel / pao elements do not occur in mammals. the elements we found can be grouped into more than 1725 families, 1623 of which are new, previously unknown families. these families fall into seven superfamilies, only five of which have been characterized so far. one new superfamily is a major subdivision of the pao superfamily which we propose to call dan, because it is restricted to the genome of the zebrafish danio rerio. the other new superfamily comprises 83 elements and is restricted to lower aquatic eumetazoans. we propose to call this superfamily flow. bel / pao elements do not show any signs of recent horizontal gene transfer between distantly related species. in sum, our analysis identifies thousands of new bel / pao elements and provides new insights into their distribution, abundance, and evolution. transposable elements ( tes ) are dna sequences that have the ability to replicate within a genome using a variety of mechanisms. they are present in almost all eukaryotic genomes, and they play an important role in genome evolution by creating genetic variation through their mobility. although most new te insertions have a negative effect on the host ' s fitness, they significantly contribute to genome evolution. tes can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5008561502603684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.214760"} {"text": "subclasses. elements from these subclasses are present in almost all eukaryotic genomes and are already intensely studied. in contrast, the other two subclasses contain fewer elements and were identified only recently [ 11, 12 ]. while elements from the ty1 / copia, ty3 / gypsy and dirs subclasses are widespread in eukaryotic genomes, bel / pao elements are only present in metazoan genomes, suggesting that they arose later in eukaryote evolution or that they have been lost ( or not yet identified ) in several major eukaryotic lineages. even in animal genomes they do not show a continuous distribution. for example, no elements have been identified in mammals so far. the evolutionary history of the bel / pao subclass is not well understood. more and more bel / pao elements are being reported in different genomes, which raises the question if the bel / pao subclass is really as small as previously assumed [ 13 - 17 ]. around 160 different bel / pao families in approximately 40 species have been reported and the number is still growing [ 6, 11, 14, 16, 18 - 21 ]. bel / pao elements are usually between 4. 2 - 10 kb long. they are flanked by ltr sequences that are 0. 2 - 1. 2 kb long. bel / pao elements show the same domain arrangement as elements of the ty3 / gypsy subclass and few bel / pao elements contain an env gene. contradictory evolutionary relationships for elements within the bel / pao subclass and for the relationship of the bel / pao subclass to the other three subclasses have been reported [ 6, 16, 23 ]. current research focuses mainly on the identification of new bel / pao elements in one genome of interest. for studying the evolutionary history of these elements, just a few elements from other organisms are typically added as outgroups [ 16, 24 ]. the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis thus far was carried out by copeland et al. ( 2005 ), who analyzed the phylogenetic relationship of 20 different bel / pao elements. although these authors identified five distinct bel / pao lineages in insects, nematodes and vertebrates, namely tas, bel, pao, sinbad, and suzu, no exhaustive analysis of the bel / pao subclass of ltr elements is available. here, we search for bel / pao elements in 62 non - mammalian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4989056651898414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.216920"} {"text": "namely tas, bel, pao, sinbad, and suzu, no exhaustive analysis of the bel / pao subclass of ltr elements is available. here, we search for bel / pao elements in 62 non - mammalian metazoan and in 11 mammalian genomes. we use a de novo search approach to identify all bel / pao elements in this set of genomes. after separating the elements into families, we study the phylogenetic relationship between these families, and extend the current classification of bel / pao elements. an origin in very early metazoan evolution is often assumed for bel / pao elements, but no conclusive evidence exists. alternatively, bel / pao elements might have evolved later, only in a subset of metazoan genomes, and were then transmitted to other metazoan phyla by horizontal transfer. this might explain why, for example, no bel / pao elements are present in mammalian genomes. our sequence data allows us to address this possibility in a preliminary fashion. figure 1 shows the species in whose genomes we searched for bel / pao elements. species in which our approach did identify bel / pao elements are highlighted in green. species without bel / pao elements are shown in red. the taxonomic range of the species we analyzed is broad. it includes both eumetazoa and parazoa, bilateria and radiata, protostomes and deuterostomes, and comprises species from 11 different phyla. of the 62 genomes we analyzed 27 ( 44 percent ) are from arthropods, reflecting a bias in currently available genome sequences. figure 1. overview over analyzed genome sequences and their taxonomic classification. the names of 62 non - mammalian species whose genomes we analyzed are grouped by phylum. 11 additional mammalian genomes we analyzed are summarized as \" 11 mammals \". next to each species, the number of bel / pao elements we identified is shown. if we were not able to identify any element in one genome, the genome name is shown in red. genome sequences where bel / pao elements had been already identified previously are marked with an asterix ( * ). for completeness we list seven additional species where no complete genome sequence was available but where bel / pao elements had been identified previously ( shown in parentheses ). a : abe et al. ( 2001 ), c1 : cook et al. ( 2000 ), c2 : copeland et al. ( 2005 ), j : jurka and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5422378910259524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.217970"} {"text": "bel / pao elements had been identified previously ( shown in parentheses ). a : abe et al. ( 2001 ), c1 : cook et al. ( 2000 ), c2 : copeland et al. ( 2005 ), j : jurka and kohany ( 2010 ), l : llorens et al. ( 2008 ), s : steinemann and steinemann ( 1997 ). the majority of species whose genomes we analyzed belong to one of the three eumetazoan phyla nematoda, arthropoda and chordata. in all of these three phyla bel / pao elements had been identified previously. in contrast to previous work, we also had access to species from new superphyla and from the subkingdom parazoa. this allowed us to identify elements in these new metazoan clades as well. for example, no bel / pao element has been identified thus far in the subkingdom parazoa. we identified 24 bel / pao elements in the sponge amphimedon queenslandica, a member of this subkingdom. in addition, we identified new bel / pao elements in the cnidarian, echinoderm, and hemichordate phyla. in total, we identified 7, 861 bel / pao elements in 53 of our 62 genomes, including 20 species where no bel / pao elements have been identified before. these elements include full length elements and fragments with a minimum length of 2, 000 base pairs. previous studies reported around 160 bel / pao families, but in most genomes the copy number of these families has not been reported [ 6, 11, 14, 16, 18, 25 ]. our analysis thus is the first to determine the abundance of bel / pao elements in multiple genomes. the nucleotide sequences of all bel / pao elements are listed in additional file 1. additional file 1. nucleotide sequence of all identified bel / pao elements. nucleotide sequence of all bel / pao elements that we identified de novo in fasta format. each record ( element ) has a unique fasta identifier consisting of three parts : ( i ) element identifier, ( ii ) internal family identifier as listed in additional file 4, and ( iii ) species identifier as listed in additional file 2. all identifier are joined by the underscore symbol ' _ '. for example, the identifier 5 _ nc - 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5096626881870707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.218837"} {"text": "as listed in additional file 4, and ( iii ) species identifier as listed in additional file 2. all identifier are joined by the underscore symbol ' _ '. for example, the identifier 5 _ nc - 3 _ 1 represents element 5 belonging to family nc - 3 and is present in species 1 ( drosophila melanogaster ). format : zip size : 17. 7mb download file variable abundance of elements the abundance of bel / pao elements is highly variable between different species. nine of our 62 studied genomes do not contain any bel / pao elements, and 14 further species contain no more than ten elements. the relative majority of species ( 22 in total ) contain between eleven and 100 elements, and 16 species contain between 101 and 1000 elements. only one species, the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti, harbors more than 1000 elements ( a total of 2524 elements ). the number of bel / pao elements in each species ' genome is listed in additional file 2 and in figure 1. previous results reported that no bel / pao elements are present in mammalian genomes. we could confirm this finding using eleven mammalian genomes which we analyzed in addition to the 62 genomes we just discussed ( see methods for list of genome names ). additional file 2. list of used genomes, repbase update, and gypsy database elements. all used metazoan genomes are listed together with an internal identifier. additionally we give the current url from which the genome sequence can be accessed, the accession numbers, number of sequences of the genome included in our analysis, overall number of nucleotides, the number of bel / pao elements we identified in that genome, the number of different bel / pao families we identified in that genome, and to which subkingdom / superphylum / phylum the species belong. additionally we list all mammalian genomes we used and all genomes we excluded from our analysis. furthermore, we give the name of all bel / pao elements from repbase update and from the gypsy database, together with the species name they occur in, and an internal identifier. the internal identifiers are also used for the nucleotide sequences in additional file 1 and in the sequence alignment of additional file 7. format : xls size : 181kb download file this file can be viewed with : microsoft excel viewer because genome size can influence the abundance of elements in a species, we compared the number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5208915371834282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.219750"} {"text": "file 1 and in the sequence alignment of additional file 7. format : xls size : 181kb download file this file can be viewed with : microsoft excel viewer because genome size can influence the abundance of elements in a species, we compared the number of bel / pao elements per mega base pair ( mbp ) between species. additional file 3 shows a histogram of this ltr element density for the species we studied. the number of bel / pao copies ranges from less than 0. 01 copies per mbp in 17 species to 3. 55 copies per mbp in the fruit fly drosophila ananassae. most genomes contain fewer than one bel / pao element per mbp. only the mosquito and fruit fly genomes contain more. five species have between one to two copies per mbp. these are ( in ascending order of element density ) the mosquito anopheles gambiae ( mean copy number per mbp 1. 14 ), the fruit flies drosophila virilis ( 1. 34 ), drosophila melanogaster ( 1. 37 ), the mosquito aedes aegypti ( 1. 85 ), and the fruit fly drosophila yakuba ( 1. 96 ). two fruit fly species have between two and three copies per mbps ( d. willistoni ( 2. 14 ) and d. persimilis ( 2. 9 ) ). the species with the highest overall copy number ( a. aegypti ) is not the species with the highest density of bel / pao elements. this observation can be explained by the fact that a. aegypti has, with 1. 3 gb, a more than 6 times larger genome than the mosquito and fruit fly genomes. additional file 3 shows that the total copy number per species and the number of copies per mbps show a statistically significant association for the genomes we analyzed ( spearman ' s rank correlation coefficient 0. 78, p = 5 \u00d7 10 - 12, n = 53 ). additional file 3. bel / pao copy number per mbps. a ) the histogram shows the number of genomes containing a given copy number of bel / pao elements per mbps. the inset shows the number of genomes containing between zero and one bel / pao elements per mbps. the eight genomes containing more than one bel / pao element per mbps come from either fruit fly or mosquito species. b ) relationship", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5177458718475969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.220778"} {"text": "inset shows the number of genomes containing between zero and one bel / pao elements per mbps. the eight genomes containing more than one bel / pao element per mbps come from either fruit fly or mosquito species. b ) relationship between total copy number and copy number per mb for each genome. each point in the graph represents one genome and shows the total bel / pao copy number and the copy number per mbps. note the logarithmic scale on both axes. format : pdf size : 245kb download file this file can be viewed with : adobe acrobat reader bel / pao elements are the second most abundant subclass of ltr retrotransposons to evaluate how important bel / pao elements are as a genome constituent, we compared their abundance to that of the other three ltr element subclasses. figure 2 shows for each genome containing bel / pao elements the fraction of ltr elements that our de novo search identified, and that we were able to classify into one of the four ltr classes. bel / pao, ty1 / copia, ty3 / gypsy and dirs elements are represented by different shades of grey in the figure. ty1 / copia and ty3 / gypsy are commonly considered the most abundant ltr elements, but our analysis invalidates that pattern. although ty3 / gypsy elements still are the most abundant class of ltr elements, they are followed by bel / pao elements, with ty1 / copia a distant third. specifically, while ty3 / gypsy elements constitute an average of 68. 9 percent of classifiable elements in a genome, bel / pao comprise 21. 6 percent, and ty1 / copia elements contribute an average of 6. 7 percent. dirs elements are a distant fourth with 2. 8 percent, and they occur only in 19 genomes. in terms of absolute numbers, we identified 25, 024 ty3 / gypsy elements, 7861 bel / pao elements, 2445 ty1 / copia elements and 1009 dirs elements. the roundworm brugia malayi is the only organism in which we only identified bel / pao elements ( 29 elements ) and no elements belonging to the other three classes. because our identification procedure of transposable elements purposedly excludes small element fragments, we cannot exclude that this organism may have contained elements from other families in the past. we also note that b. malayi is not the sole species containing only elements from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.508186939088158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.221856"} {"text": "our identification procedure of transposable elements purposedly excludes small element fragments, we cannot exclude that this organism may have contained elements from other families in the past. we also note that b. malayi is not the sole species containing only elements from one ltr subclass. for example, there are also 11 species which do not contain any bel / pao elements ( figure 2 ). figure 2. separation of ltr elements in different classes for each genome. for each genome that contains bel / pao elements, we show the abundance of bel / pao, ty1 / copia, ty3 / gypsy and dirs elements, based on our classification. the horizontal axis indicates the relative abundance of each element class in each genome, normalized to the interval ( 0, 1 ). the difference in the length of each bar to the frequency of one reflects unclassified transposable elements. their frequency is quite large in some genomes. the three most abundant phyla in our data set ( arthropods, nematodes, chordates ) are labeled. many different families we next wished to group our identified bel elements into families based on their sequence similarity on the nucleotide level. to this end, we pursued a graph - based approach. the nodes in the graph we studied are bel / pao elements. edges represent sequence similarity between elements. the approach we pursued clusters the elements in the graph into families, using a fast and scalable unsupervised markov cluster algorithm ( mcl ) for graphs, which is based on the simulation of stochastic flow on graphs [ 27, 28 ] ( see methods for details ). to validate the accuracy of our clustering approach, we first clustered only the bel / pao elements from the especially well - studied genome of d. melanogaster. we then compared our classification of the 178 d. melanogaster elements with ( i ) the annotation of elements in the genome sequence of d. melanogaster, and ( ii ) the d. melanogaster elements in repbase update. our approach resulted in the family classification shown in figure 3, where the 178 bel / pao elements we identified form ten families labeled from a ) to j ). in this figure, each node represents an element and different node colors indicate different families. in the figure, we labeled elements in each family with the established names from the genome sequence ( left name in each panel ), and with the name of the most similar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5205590982487753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.224692"} {"text": "this figure, each node represents an element and different node colors indicate different families. in the figure, we labeled elements in each family with the established names from the genome sequence ( left name in each panel ), and with the name of the most similar repbase update element ( right name ). our classification is identical to the previous classification of these elements, with the exception of one family. this family ( d ) ) contains two elements belonging to the previously described ninja - dsim - like family, and one belonging to the aurora family. the other three elements in this family were not previously annotated. additionally, we find three more ninja - dsim - like elements that belong to the family in panel h ) in our classification. in sum, the method we use classifies only one out of 178 ( 0. 6 percent ) d. melanogaster bel / pao elements in a different family than previous annotations and divides one family. this low incidence of misclassification motivated us to apply the method to larger sets of elements. figure 3. markov clustering of d. melanogaster bel / pao elements. we clustered all 178 bel / pao elements from d. melanogaster into ten families based on their sequence similarity using the mcl algorithm from within biolayout. we refer to these families as mcl families. a node in the graph represents one element. edges represent nucleotide sequence similarity between two elements ( see methods for details ). elements clustered into the same family are shown in the same color. the absence of an edge between two elements, indicates that the elements do not share sufficiently high sequence similarity over at least 500 bp ( see methods ). we compared the elements of the mcl families to previous annotation of these elements in the d. melanogaster genome and in repbase update. each mcl family is labeled with two names separated by a slash. the left name is from the drosophila genome annotation, the right name is from repbase update. dashes ' - ' indicate that a family has not been previously annotated. note that one family has two names : 3s18 in the genome annotation and bel in repbase update. elements from family d ) were previously annotated as belonging to two different families. we next applied our method to all 7, 861 bel / pao elements we had identified. this resulted in 817 families with at least two elements and 908 singletons. we assigned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5391023158750097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.226762"} {"text": "previously annotated as belonging to two different families. we next applied our method to all 7, 861 bel / pao elements we had identified. this resulted in 817 families with at least two elements and 908 singletons. we assigned a unique identifier to each family, which we report in additional file 4. most ( 696 ) families have ten or fewer member elements. only three families have more than 100 copies. one of these families is present in the fruit flies of the melanogaster subgroup ( 143 copies ). this family corresponds to the roo family which has been described earlier to have a high copy number in d. melanogaster. the family with the second highest copy number ( 207 copies ) is present in the fruit fly d. ananassae, and that with the highest copy number ( 397 copies ) in the carolina anole anolis carolinensis, an arboreal lizard. these two families, however, do not share any similarity to families of known elements. table 1 shows the ten families with the highest copy number. additional file 4. bel / pao families and their copy numbers. for each bel / pao family we list the copy number, species, and the superfamily in which they are present. families that we did not use in the phylogenetic tree construction are not assigned to a superfamily. format : xls size : 183kb download file this file can be viewed with : microsoft excel viewer table 1. top ten families with highest copy number only 42 of the families ( 2. 4 percent ) we identified are not restricted to one genome, but contain elements from different genomes. most ( 35 ) of these families occur in the drosophila melanogaster and obscura groups. four families have elements in two mosquito genomes and three families are distributed in the three nasonia wasps. all these families are therefore restricted to closely related species. in addition to the family classification we just described, which clusters elements regardless of which genome they occur in, we carried out an analogous classification, but separately for elements within each genome. the two classifications do not differ dramatically. additional file 5 describes the results of the species - specific classification. additional file 5. species specific family classification. we describe the differences and agreements between the among - species family classification as used in the main text and the within - species family classification. format : pdf size : 16. 4mb download file this file can be viewed with : adobe acrobat reader phylogenetic relationship among bel / pao", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5045061936599985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.228083"} {"text": "the among - species family classification as used in the main text and the within - species family classification. format : pdf size : 16. 4mb download file this file can be viewed with : adobe acrobat reader phylogenetic relationship among bel / pao families we next wanted to use our large data set to validate the existing classification of bel / pao elements into the previously identified superfamilies bel, tas, suzu, sinbad and pao. to this end, we used the protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase domains of each element. we constructed a consensus sequence for each domain in each of our element families or used the domain sequences themselves for elements that were singletons ( see methods for details ). we then used these ( consensus ) sequences to construct a multiple alignment of each of the domains using mafft ( three alignments in total ). subsequently, we concatenated these alignments and constructed a phylogenetic tree from them using phyml _ alrt, a version of phyml that incorporates an approximate likelihood ratio test to estimate the statistical support of the tree topology. in this tree reconstruction, we included as outgroups the domains of the canonical sequence from the gypsy and copia elements from d. melanogaster, as given by repbase update. the consensus sequences for each of the families and domains we identified are listed in additional file 6. additionally, we provide the relevant alignments in additional file 7. we defined superfamilies in this tree as major, deep - branching clades, which are easily identifiable based on the tree structure, and further discussed below. the complete phylogenetic tree is shown in figure 4a, and in additional file 8 with partly collapsed clades, and representative species names assigned to branches. figure 4b shows an additional version of the tree with collapsed major clades. in figure 4b the triangles represent the divergence between the elements within each major clade, with long triangles indicating great divergence. numbers next to tree branches indicate the statistical support for a clade ranging from 0 ( least significant ) to 1 ( highly significant ). figure 4c shows the same tree for the purpose of comparing it to previously proposed phylogenetic trees of bel / pao elements. for clarity, this panel does not show the divergence within each major clade, and the order of the branches is reorganized to ease the comparison to these previous phylogenetic trees ( shown in figure 4d and 4e ) [ 16, 23 ]. to avoid confusion, we note that if we refer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5220493229949766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.229689"} {"text": "divergence within each major clade, and the order of the branches is reorganized to ease the comparison to these previous phylogenetic trees ( shown in figure 4d and 4e ) [ 16, 23 ]. to avoid confusion, we note that if we refer to bel / pao elements below, we mean the entire subclass of ltr elements we studied. if we refer to only bel or pao elements, we mean the bel and pao superfamilies, respectively. additional file 6. amino acid sequences of consensus domains. a fasta file with all amino acid sequences for the domain consensus files we used for the phylogenetic tree reconstruction. the identifier consists of the family identifier ( see additional file 4 ) and the domain name, for example nc - 1 _ integrase represents the consensus sequence of the integrase domain of family nc - 1. format : txt size : 548kb download file format : txt size : 1. 3mb download file figure 4. phylogenetic tree of bel / pao families. the phylogenetic tree is based on the concatenated amino acid sequence of the three protein domains protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase. the tree is based on 893 transposable element families for which we could construct a consensus sequence for all three domains. in addition to data from these families, we used in this analysis all bel / pao elements from repbase update where we could identify all three domains ( total of 92 elements ). some of these repbase update elements are from species whose genomes we did not analyze here. furthermore, we included 16 elements from the gypsy element database gydb, in order to associate clades in the tree to previously described subclades of the bel / pao element class. a list of these elements is found in additional file 2. different colors indicate major clades. a ) same phylogenetic tree as in a ) but with major clades collapsed into triangles indicating superfamily divergence and statistical support values for the branches. we constructed the tree using phyml with an approximate likelihood ratio test to estimate the statistical support of the tree topology. this statistical support is indicated by the numbers at the branches which range from 0 ( least significant ) to 1 ( highly significant ). all branches leading to the major clades have very high support. c ) same phylogenetic tree as in a ) but without divergence triangles, and branches are reorganized to facilitate comparison with trees in d ) and e ). d ) and e ) phylogenetic relationship", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5104978894209657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.231950"} {"text": "branches leading to the major clades have very high support. c ) same phylogenetic tree as in a ) but without divergence triangles, and branches are reorganized to facilitate comparison with trees in d ) and e ). d ) and e ) phylogenetic relationship of bel / pao clades as described by copeland et al. and llorens et al, respectively. high resolution tree and graphic files are available from the authors upon request. additional file 8. phylogenetic tree of bel / pao elements with species names. the figure shows the same tree as in figure 4 in the main text but with the species names shown in which the elements occur. if a clade of elements contained only element families from the same species or from very closely related species ( e. g. mosquito species ), the clade was collapsed to reduce the size of the tree. all species names are shown at the leaves of the tree. if all species in one clade of the tree belonged to the same genus, such as the genus drosophila, only the genus name is shown, with the number of species in brackets. major clades are highlighted in different colors. format : pdf size : 414kb download file this file can be viewed with : adobe acrobat reader previous studies identified five different superfamilies of bel / pao elements which are named after the first identified element in the subclade : bel, tas, suzu, sinbad and pao. two previous phylogenetic studies both found that bel and tas elements formed one clade and sinbad and pao another one. in both studies, suzu elements alone formed a third clade [ 16, 23 ]. however, the trees that emerged from these two studies differ in one major way. copeland et al. identified elements belonging to the suzu superfamily as more distantly related to the other four clades than these clades are to each other ( figure 4d ). in contrast, the study by llorens et al. grouped the suzu superfamily with the pao / sinbad clade ( see figure 4e ). two new superfamilies of bel / pao elements our phylogenetic analysis shows some similarities to the previous studies. for example, we find that pao and sinbad form part of the same clade as do bel and tas. similar to what copeland et al. ( 2005 ) reported, the elements from the suzu family are more distantly related to the other clades than these clades to each other. however, there are two major differences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5027427470694736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.233037"} {"text": "do bel and tas. similar to what copeland et al. ( 2005 ) reported, the elements from the suzu family are more distantly related to the other clades than these clades to each other. however, there are two major differences. first, we found that the pao superfamily groups into two separate clades ( green clades in figure 4a and 4b ). we kept the name pao for the larger of these clades, because it contains the original pao element identified in bombyx mori. we propose the new name dan for the second, smaller clade, because we have identified it in the zebrafish danio rerio, and it currently only contains elements from this organism. second, we identified a new superfamily ( discussed below ), for which we propose the name flow. table 2 shows the number of families and elements per superfamily and additional file 9 the minimal, maximal, and median element and ltr sequence lengths for each superfamily. we note that we could have classified our data into many more superfamilies, but our aim was not to proliferate the number of superfamilies unnecessarily, while preserving previous classifications as much as possible. fortunately, the clear partitioning of our family tree into few major clades made this task easy and unambiguous. we also note that our phylogenetic analysis is based on more than 40 times more sequence data than previous analyses. table 2. number of elements, families, species and phyla for every superfamily additional file 9. structural information of superfamilies. the table shows the minimal, maximal, and median element lengths ( in basepairs ) and the minimal, maximal and median ltr length for the major superfamilies we identified. format : pdf size : 10kb download file this file can be viewed with : adobe acrobat reader table 3 shows the average amino acid similarity in percent between the consensus sequences within a superfamily and among different superfamilies. not unexpectedly, the average similarity of elements within one superfamily ( diagonal in table 3 ) is generally higher than the average similarity of elements in different superfamilies ( off - diagonal in table 3 ). the only exception are elements belonging to the tas superfamily. they are on average slightly less similar to each other than elements in some different families, e. g., elements in the dan and sinbad superfamily. the average similarity within one superfamily varies between 37. 4 percent for the sequences belonging to the tas superfamily, to 63. 53", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5215514360782905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.234147"} {"text": "to each other than elements in some different families, e. g., elements in the dan and sinbad superfamily. the average similarity within one superfamily varies between 37. 4 percent for the sequences belonging to the tas superfamily, to 63. 53 percent between sequences belonging to the dan superfamily. the average similarity between different superfamilies ranges from 26. 51 percent between elements from the tas superfamily and the suzu superfamily, to 39. 07 percent between elements from the dan and sinbad superfamilies. table 3. average amino acid similarity between bel / pao superfamilies distribution of superfamilies the number of species and phyla covered by each superfamily is shown in table 2 and a list of phyla covered by each superfamily can be seen in additional file 10. some superfamilies are restricted to one phylum. the dan and pao superfamilies have the most restricted host range and occur only in the fish danio rerio and in arthropods, respectively. pao elements occur mainly in the different drosophila and mosquito genomes, with the exception of a few elements that are present in the parasitoid wasp nasonia vitripennis. other superfamilies are present in different phyla and in a wider range of host organisms. an example is the tas superfamily, which is present in cnidaria, nematoda, arthropoda, hemichordata, and porifera. it also occurs in different host organisms within all phyla, e. g., in almost all our nematode genomes ( 11 genomes ). some superfamilies are present in a wide range of phyla but all species are restricted to a certain habitat type, such as aquatic habitats for the suzu superfamily. we note that our study is the first to identify elements of the bel / pao subclass in the subkingdom parazoa. these elements fall into the bel and tas superfamilies. elements of the flow superfamily the five families belonging to the new superfamily we discovered are all present in lower animals that live in aquatic habitats, hence the name flow. one of flow ' s families occurs in the starlet sea anemone nematostella vectensis ( 7 copies ), and two families occur in the fresh water hydra hydra magnipapillata ( 55 copies ). both species belong to the phylum cnidaria. we found the other two families in the plan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.530644583559925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.235062"} {"text": "vectensis ( 7 copies ), and two families occur in the fresh water hydra hydra magnipapillata ( 55 copies ). both species belong to the phylum cnidaria. we found the other two families in the planarian schmidtea mediterranea ( 21 copies ), phylum platyhelminthes. the elements are between 3303 to 16272 base pairs long with an average of 7452 base pairs. the five families of the flow superfamily are not highly similar to one another. specifically, the amino acid similarity ranges from 33. 89 percent between the consensus sequence of n. vectensis and one of the consensus sequences from s. mediterranea, to 53. 95 percent between the two consensus sequences from s. mediterranea. the average similarity is with 45. 48 the second lowest similarity within a superfamily. the average similarity to the other bel / pao superfamilies varies from 29. 96 percent ( suzu superfamily ) to 37. 42 percent ( pao superfamily ). highly similar elements in closely related species we used blastn to compare each bel / pao element against all other 7, 860 elements to search for possible signs of horizontal transfer of bel / pao elements between our studied species. if an element is only transferred vertically from parent to offspring, we expect to find no high similarity between elements from distantly related species. in contrast, highly similar elements occurring in very distantly related species might indicate horizontal transfer of an element between these species. in this analysis, we required an identity of at least 80 percent over at least 20 percent of the length of an element, but at least over 300 bp. this criterion is a liberal threshold for recent transfer events and allows for some divergence of sequence since the transfer. using this criterion, we found no signs of similar sequences in very different species. the only similar sequences in different species occurred in closely related species within the same genus, i. e., in fruit flies of the genus drosophila, in parasitoid wasps of the genus nasonia, and in roundworms of the genus meloidogyne. previous work had identified a horizontal transfer of a bel element between the fly drosophila ananassae and the endosymbiont wolbachia. motivated by this observation, we attempted to identify further possible horizontal transfers to endosymbiont genomes and viruses through a blast search of our consensus sequences for the concatenated protease, reverse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5267452221669606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.236022"} {"text": "note that this cannot be the only cause for the differences we find. for example, the genome sequences of a. aegypti and d. melanogaster are available as contigs with a median length of 683 kb and 10, 805 kb, respectively. even though the genome of d. melanogaster has longer contigs than a. aegypti, it contains fewer bel / pao elements ( 178 versus 2524 elements, respectively ). overall, bel / pao elements are the second most abundant class of ltr retrotransposons in the genomes we studied, a pattern that also holds for most of our study genomes individually. only elements belonging to the ty3 / gypsy class are, on average, more abundant. by comparison, ty1 / copia and dirs elements account for only a small fraction of ltr retrotransposons ( 6. 7 and 2. 8 percent, respectively ). only some genomes, such as that of brugia malayi and the two nasonia species, show a different distribution of ltr element classes. b. malayi, a causative agent of the tropical disease lymphatic filariasis, contains only bel / pao elements and no elements from the other classes. the nasonia species on the other hand, harbor all four classes and bel / pao elements are only the third most abundant class ( 11. 7 percent over all three species ). our observations are broadly consistent with previous studies. for example, one study in a. gambiae and one in b. mori report the ty3 / gypsy class to be the most abundant ltr class in these two organisms, followed by bel / pao and ty1 / copia. another study focused on ltr elements in c. elegans, and it found the bel / pao class to be the most abundant, followed by the ty3 / gypsy class. it did not identify any ty1 / copia elements. our results agree with this finding. while previous studies concentrated on elements from one species, we analyzed elements from multiple species. however, our data set still only represents a small fraction of all metazoan species. the ncbi ' s genome sequencing project site lists 88 non - mammalian metazoan genomes as \" in progress \" http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genomes / leuks. cgi webcite. some of these species cover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4993154809001474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.239405"} {"text": "site lists 88 non - mammalian metazoan genomes as \" in progress \" http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genomes / leuks. cgi webcite. some of these species cover phyla which have not been studied so far with respect to bel / pao elements. therefore, the results of our study will likely be extended with every new genome release. a ten - fold increase in family number we clustered our bel / pao elements into 1, 725 families ( 817 multi - element families and 908 singletons ) which is more than a ten - fold increase in family number compared to the approximately 160 bel / pao families known so far. part of this increase can be explained by the 251 families identified in the 20 previously not analyzed genomes. however, the bulk of this increase in family number comes from newly identified families in previously studied species. for example, we identified two previously unknown families with a copy number of more than 200 elements. one potential explanation for the high family number might be that our clustering approach divided the elements from one species into too many small families. however, our analysis of the well - studied and well - annotated fruit fly d. melanogaster genome argues against this possibility. this analysis finds that the ten families we identify are largely congruent with previous annotation. the only exception are elements belonging to the ninja - dsim - like family ( nine elements ). our clustering approach divided this family into two families. additionally in one of the two ninja - dsim - like families, we find an element from the aurora family. however, this change in annotation affects only one in 178 elements ( 0. 6 percent ). the aurora element is the only element of that family in d. melanogaster, raising the possibility that one of the ninja - dsim - like elements was falsely annotated as an aurora element. indeed, the alignment of all annotated ninja - dsim - like elements in d. melanogaster shows a high average sequence divergence ( in both ninja - dsim - like families the elements have an average similarity of 64 percent ) and the aurora element is very similar to large parts of some of the ninja - dsim - like elements. overall, the comparison of our families to the previously annotated tes in d. melanogaster shows that our clustering does not separate the elements into too many small families. our approach correctly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5230540825293196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.240540"} {"text": "the ninja - dsim - like elements. overall, the comparison of our families to the previously annotated tes in d. melanogaster shows that our clustering does not separate the elements into too many small families. our approach correctly classified 177 out of 178 elements. we therefore believe that the high number of bel / pao families we identified is a faithful reflection of actual bel / pao element diversity. major subclades separated early previous studies, which were based on fewer than 25 bel / pao elements, identified five superfamilies of bel / pao elements : pao, sinbad, bel, tas and suzu [ 16, 23 ], named after the first element identified in each superfamily. our phylogenetic tree is based on 893 bel / pao families and it also identified these five known superfamilies. additionally we found one completely new superfamily ( flow ), and a deep separation of the pao superfamily into the two highly divergent superfamilies pao and dan. we separated the dan superfamily from the sinbad superfamily for two reasons. first, one element from the dan clade was previously annotated to belong to the pao superfamily. in contrast, we find that the dan clade is more closely related to the sinbad superfamily. the best way to resolve this conflict, in our view, is to propose dan as a second superfamily. second, because the sinbad superfamily also contains elements from danio rerio, the dan clade is not simply a subbranch of the sinbad superfamily that contains all elements from danio rerio. in sum, we think that the dan clade should be viewed as a separate superfamily. it is very likely that new elements of this superfamily will be identied in genomes that we did not study. the superfamily tree topology we find differs somewhat from previously reported topologies [ 16, 23 ]. we find a very high statistical support for our tree topology ( see figure 4b ). this high support makes it unlikely that our tree topology is not correct, especially as it is also supported by many more sequences than any of the previous studies. additionally the average sequence similarity of elements within one superfamily almost always shows greater amino acid sequence similarity than elements in different superfamilies, which supports our classification into superfamilies. most ( 656 of 893 ) of our families belong to the pao or bel superfamily. this is not surprising because these superfamilies are mainly restricted to arthropod genomes and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5283016412514046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.241683"} {"text": "supports our classification into superfamilies. most ( 656 of 893 ) of our families belong to the pao or bel superfamily. this is not surprising because these superfamilies are mainly restricted to arthropod genomes and 27 of our genome sequences ( 44 percent ) belong to this phylum. the other five superfamilies show a more diverse distribution of host genomes. here, the host genomes come from more than one phylum and, for the tas and bel superfamily, even from both metazoan subkingdoms. the variation in the host species range that we observe has several candidate explanations that our data cannot resolve. on the one hand, bel / pao superfamilies might have been lost in some phyla. on the other hand, horizontal transfer of bel / pao elements between species belonging to different phyla might be at work. for example, if bel / pao elements originated in the eumetazoa, a horizontal transfer event to amphimedon queenslandica might explain the presence of bel / pao elements in the parazoa. we did not find any evidence of recent horizontal transfer between distantly related species, because no such species contain highly similar bel / pao elements. this, however, does not exclude the possibility of ancient horizontal transfer events. to identify such transfer events is beyond the scope of our study. but regardless of whether element loss or horizontal transfer explains the current bel / pao element distribution, bel / pao elements probably originated early in metazoan evolution. this is because bel / pao elements occur in both metazoan subkingdoms, and in a wide range of host species from different phyla. flow, a new superfamily of bel / pao elements we found a new bel / pao superfamily ( flow ) which consists of five families and a total of 83 elements present in lower animals. we identified three of these families in two species belonging to the phylum cnidaria ( hydra magnipapillata, nematostella vectensis ), and the other two families in a species belonging to the phylum platyhelminthes ( schmidtea mediterranea ). in both phyla, cnidaria and platyhelminthes, only eleven and two bel / pao elements, respectively, had been identified before [ 16, 23, 38 ]. the five flow families are quite diverse ( average similarity 45. 48 percent ). this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5097850979374118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.242625"} {"text": "complete list of all genomes we analyzed is present in additional file 2. although previous studies did not identify any bel / pao elements in mammalian genomes, we downloaded eleven mammalian genome sequences from the ncbi ' s eukaryotic genome sequencing project site to validate this observation : bos taurus, canis lupus familiaris, equus caballus, monodelphis domestica, mus musculus, ornithorhynchus anatinus, rattus norvegicus, ailuropoda melanoleuca, cavia porcellus, lama pacos, pteropus vampyrus. we used a combination of two de novo identification algorithms to identify all ltr elements in our set of genomes. specifically, we applied the two de novo ltr identification algorithms ltrharvest and find _ ltr to identify all possible ltr elements in our genomes. subsequently, we separated our de novo identified elements into the four ltr classes ty1 / copia, ty3 / gypsy, bel / pao and dirs, merged the two sets of bel / pao elements from each algorithm into one set, and assigned an identifier to each element. we now explain important details of this procedure. ltrharvest and find _ ltr both search for structural features, such as ltr sequences, to identify full length ltr elements in a genome sequence. among all de novo ltr identification programs ltrharvest and find _ ltr give the best results with regard to the number of true ltr elements detected. however, the number of false positives can also be high for both programs. therefore we accepted only candidate elements for further analysis that contained at least one functional domain known to be present in ltr retrotransposons and at least one open reading frame longer than 300 bp. to identify these domains we used hidden markov models obtained from pfam ( asp _ protease, peptidase _ a17, rvt _ 1, rvt _ 2, rve, integrase _ zn, gp36, retrotrans gag, integrase, integrase _ zn, tlv _ coat ) and used hmmer http : / / hmmer. janelia. org webcite to compare these pfam domains to our de novo candidate elements. only if hmmer had found at least one domain with an e - value smaller than 0. 01 in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.502356188330753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.247812"} {"text": "hmmer http : / / hmmer. janelia. org webcite to compare these pfam domains to our de novo candidate elements. only if hmmer had found at least one domain with an e - value smaller than 0. 01 in an element, we kept the element for further analysis. we used ltrharvest with the minimum distance between two ltr sequences ( option - mindistltr ) set to 2000 base pairs and allowed overlapping hits ( option - overlaps ). we used find _ ltr with default values. both programs, but especially ltrharvest, return overlapping and nested elements. where several elements were nested, we only took the innermost element, because it probably represents the younger element. where elements overlapped, we randomly chose one of the elements for further analysis. to divide our elements from both de novo sets into ty1 / copia, ty3 / gypsy, bel / pao and dirs classes, we constructed specific hidden markov models for each class. to this end, we downloaded all canonical ltr sequences, prototypic sequences that either represent consensus sequences or a sequence example for a te family, for each of the four classes from repbase update, a database containing repetitive dna elements in eukaryotes ( 478, 941, 106 and 68 sequences for ty1 / copia, ty3 / gypsy, bel / pao and dirs, respectively ). we then used the pfam hidden markov models for the domains listed in the previous paragraph, and identified these domains in all sequences from a given class using hmmer ( http : / / hmmer. janelia. org webcite ; e - value < 0. 0001 ). for each ltr class we took all identified domain sequences and aligned the sequences belonging to the same domain using mafft, checked the alignments manually for obvious errors, and constructed a new hidden markov model using hmmer. we next used hmmer to compare each of the new candidate elements that we had identified against these class - specific hidden markov models. for each candidate element and each element class we obtained in this way an e - value that reflects how well the element matches the class. we assigned the candidate element to an element class if it matched this class with the smallest ( most significant ) e - value among all four classes we matched it with. if we did not find a model with an e - value below 10 - 20, we did not classify the element. by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5110852719994434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.248952"} {"text": "if it matched this class with the smallest ( most significant ) e - value among all four classes we matched it with. if we did not find a model with an e - value below 10 - 20, we did not classify the element. by the time we had finished this ( time - consuming ) analysis, a larger set of specific hidden markov models for each of the four element classes than our set became freely available. we tested if this new set improved the classification substantially, which was not the case ( results not shown ). at this stage, our analysis had created two sets of elements classified as bel / pao elements, one set from each of our de novo searches. for each species, we then merged these two bel / pao sets into one set of elements according to the following rules : if only one of the search algorithms had identified an element at a given genome position, this element was used for the final set. if both algorithms had identified an element at the same position, we took the element identified by find _ ltr, because in our experience find _ ltr identified the ltr start and end positions more accurately. if both algorithm had identified an element within 20 bp of each other, we took the element identified by find _ ltr. otherwise, if both algorithms had identified an element, and if these elements were overlapping but their start and end positions differed by more than 20 bp, we took the element which had a length between 2, 000 to 15, 000 bp. we chose these length thresholds, because based on known elements they are lower and upper bounds for full length elements. if both elements were within this length range, we randomly chose one element. if neither element fulfilled this length criterion, we eliminated the element from further analysis. this occurred only for 0. 7 percent ( 53 out of 7914 ) of elements we analyzed. the next stage of our analysis began with the bel / pao elements we had identified, and grouped them into different families. to this end, we used the markov cluster ( mcl ) algorithm, a fast and scalable unsupervised markov clustering algorithm for graphs based on simulation of stochastic flow in graphs [ 27, 28 ]. this algorithm subdivides a graph whose nodes are transposable elements, and whose weighted edges reflect sequence similarity among elements, into subgraphs. the algorithm defines a family based on the higher connectivity between elements of one family than to elements of a different family. it can therefore overcome the limitations of a fixed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5530047580804744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.249980"} {"text": "the graph - based grouping procedure we used, our elements correspond to nodes and the similarity score between two elements correspond to the edge weight between the two nodes. we loaded the scores into biolayout, a 3d graph visualization tool, and started mcl from within this tool. the inflation option of the mcl algorithm affects the cluster granularity. we tested different inflation values on our set of 178 bel / pao elements from the well studied drosophila melanogaster genome, and compared the resulting clustering to the genome annotation. we found that an inflation value of 4. 0 and a pre - inflation value of 3. 0 best reproduced the known d. melanogaster families. we also used these values for our clustering analysis among genomes. additionally, we set the smallest detectable cluster size to one. biolayout assigns an arbitrary color to each element family, and paints the nodes belonging to a family in that color. changing the length threshold for our blast matches above would influence the number of element pairs we find, and therefore the number of edges in our graph. a lower length threshold would increase the edge number, whereas a higher threshold would decrease it. we explored different length thresholds and did not find qualitative differences between the clustering of the elements. also, the number of families with multiple elements did not vary much. by decreasing the length threshold progressively, however, our approach identified fewer singletons ( families with only one member ), because increasing numbers of singletons got added to existing multi - element families. conversely, increasing the length threshold, results in more singletons, as families become more and more fragmented. these new singletons typically are the most diverged elements in a family. sequence alignment and phylogenetic reconstruction we next describe how we constructed the phylogenetic tree that helped us classify elements into superfamilies. our procedure had three steps. in the first, we defined, separately for each family, a consensus sequence for each of the protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase domains ( three consensus sequences per family ). second, we used these consensus sequences to produce a multiple sequence alignment of elements in all families. third, we constructed a phylogenetic tree from this alignment. we now describe important details of each step. in the first step, we constructed for each of the families we had identified multiple alignments of the protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase domains using mafft version 5. to this end, we used the amino acid sequences of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5530907065666705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.252202"} {"text": "the first step, we constructed for each of the families we had identified multiple alignments of the protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase domains using mafft version 5. to this end, we used the amino acid sequences of the domains of all elements within one family. from the resulting alignments, we constructed a consensus sequence for each domain using the most common amino acid at any given position. if two or more amino acids were equally most common, we chose one of them randomly. additionally, we required that an amino acid had to be present ( i ) in at least one third of the sequences in the alignment, and ( ii ) in at least two sequences. if we could not identify a consensus amino acid at any one position based on these rules, we used the letter ' x ' in the consensus sequence at that position. if the average pairwise similarity in the multiple alignment of one domain was below 70 percent and / or more than 5 positions in the consensus sequence correspond to an ' x ', we validated the alignment and consensus sequence manually. in the second step, we used all families where a consensus sequence for all three domains was available ( 893 families in total, or 51. 8 percent of all our families ). to be able to also include previously identified elements and elements from species we had not analyzed, we included all bel / pao elements from repbase update and from the gypsy database ( gydb ) where we were able to identify all three domains ( 92 and 16 elements in total, respectively ). using these elements and the families we had identified we constructed a multiple alignment for each domain ( three alignments in total ) based on the consensus sequences for each family described in the preceding paragraph. we then concatenated these three alignments into one alignment in the order in which these domains occur in bel / pao elements ( protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase ). we concatenated sequences only after the alignment instead of before aligning them to avoid falsely aligning sequences from different domains. based on the concatenated multiple alignment, we then computed a phylogenetic tree of bel / pao elements using phyml _ alrt a version of phyml that incorporates an approximate likelihood ratio test to estimate the statistical support of the tree topology. this approach is superior to a bootstrap calculation with respect to accuracy and power, and it is computationally much more efficient. the method assigns to each branch a statistical significance ranging from 0 ( least significant ) to 1 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4904802470774094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.253384"} {"text": "of the tree topology. this approach is superior to a bootstrap calculation with respect to accuracy and power, and it is computationally much more efficient. the method assigns to each branch a statistical significance ranging from 0 ( least significant ) to 1 ( highly significant ). we used the default options of phyml _ alrt with the jtt matrix for amino acid substitutions, the proportion of invariable sites set to zero, and with only one category of substitution rate. we chose the \u03c72 - based parametric branch support for approximate likelihood ratio tests. as outgroups we used the domain sequences from the copia and gypsy element in drosophila melanogaster, as given by repbase update [ 47, 48 ]. we then separated our bel / pao families into superfamilies based on the major clades in the phylogenetic tree. using the protdist program from the phylip package we calculated the average percent similarity of sequence pairs within a superfamily, as well as for sequence pairs whose members belonged to different superfamilies. nc carried out the research. nc and aw designed the study and wrote the manuscript. all authors read and approved the final manuscript. we would like to acknowledge support from swiss national science foundation grants 315200 - 116814, 315200 - 119697, and 315230 - 129708. xiong y, eickbush th : origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences. 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[ http : / / www. nature. com / hdy / journal / v85 / n2 / abs / 6887510a. html ] webcite heredity 2000, 85 ( pt 2 ) : 101 - 106. pubmed abstract swingley wd, blankenship re, raymond j : integrating markov clustering and molecular phylogenetics to reconstruct the cyanobacterial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5357612140911743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.257231"} {"text": "the hydraulic system in the 787 no - bleed architecture is similar to the one in the traditional architecture. there are three independent systems \u2014 left, center, and right \u2014 that collectively support primary flight control actuators, landing gear actuation, nose gear steering, thrust reversers, and leading / trailing edge flaps. the primary power source for the left and right systems are engine - driven pumps mounted on the engine gearbox. in addition, the left and right systems are each powered by an electric - motor - driven hydraulic pump for peak demands and for ground operations. the key difference between the traditional and 787 hydraulic system is the power source for the center system. in the traditional architecture, the center system is powered by two large air - turbine - driven hydraulic pumps, which operate at approximately 50 gallons per minute ( gpm ) at 3, 000 pounds per square inch ( psi ) to meet peak hydraulic demands for landing gear actuation, high lift actuation and primary flight control during takeoff and landing. during the remainder of the flight, two small ( approximately 6 gpm ) electric - driven hydraulic pumps power the center system. in the 787 no - bleed architecture, the center hydraulic system is powered by two large ( approximately 30 gpm at 5, 000 psi ) electric - motor - driven hydraulic pumps. one of the pumps runs throughout the entire flight and the other pump runs only during takeoff and landing. the higher pressure of the 787 ' s hydraulic system enables the airplane to use smaller hydraulic components, saving both space and weight. the 787 uses an electrical system that is a hybrid voltage system consisting of the following voltage types : 235 volts alternating current ( vac ), 115 vac, 28 volts direct current ( vdc ), and \u00b1270 vdc. the 115 vac and 28 vdc voltage types are traditional, while the 235 vac and the \u00b1270 vdc voltage types are the consequence of the no - bleed electrical architecture that results in a greatly expanded electrical system generating twice as much electricity as previous boeing airplane models. the system includes six generators \u2014 two per engine and two per apu \u2014 operating at 235 vac for reduced generator feeder weight. the system also includes ground power receptacles for airplane servicing on the ground without the use of the apu. the generators are directly connected to the engine gearboxes and therefore operate at a variable frequency ( 360 to 800 hertz ) proportional to the engine speed. this type of generator is the simplest and the most efficient generation method because it does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5437916376798992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.263090"} {"text": "the apu. the generators are directly connected to the engine gearboxes and therefore operate at a variable frequency ( 360 to 800 hertz ) proportional to the engine speed. this type of generator is the simplest and the most efficient generation method because it does not include the complex constant speed drive, which is the key component of an integrated drive generator ( idg ). as a result, the generators are expected to be more reliable, require less maintenance, and have lower spare costs than the traditional idgs. the electrical system features two electrical / electronics ( e / e ) bays, one forward and one aft, as well as a number of remote power distribution units ( rpdu ) for supporting airplane electrical equipment. the system saves weight by reducing the size of power feeders. a limited number of 235 vac electrical equipment is supplied from the aft e / e bay, while the majority of airplane electrical equipment, being either 115 vac or 28 vdc, are supported by the forward e / e bay and rpdus as shown schematically in figure 3. the rpdus are largely based on solid - state power controllers ( sspc ) instead of the traditional thermal circuit breakers and relays. the \u00b1270 vdc system is supplied by four auto - transformer - rectifier units that convert 235 vac power to \u00b1270 vdc. the \u00b1270 vdc system supports a handful of large - rated adjustable speed motors required for the no - bleed architecture. these include cabin pressurization compressor motors, ram air fan motors, the nitrogen - generation - system compressor used for fuel - tank inerting, and large hydraulic pump motors. the system, as shown in figure 3, features two forward 115 vac external power receptacles to service the airplane on the ground without the apu and two aft 115 vac external power receptacles for maintenance activities that require running the large - rated adjustable speed motors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.502581812139706, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.264107"} {"text": "about - face at harvard a push is on to make the portraits on the walls \u2014 white men, almost all \u2014 reflect the diverse face of the university today cambridge \u2014 the faces peer out, unsmiling, from the gilded frames lining the sea - green walls of the faculty room in harvard \u2019 s historic university hall. some are mustachioed, a few bespectacled. they \u2019 re dressed in three - piece suits or cloaked in robes, sporting cravats or bow ties. in this ornate meeting room adorned with crystal chandeliers, greek columns, and oriental carpets hang images of harvard \u2019 s most venerable figures \u2014 row upon row of stone - faced alumni, professors, and presidents. they are mostly men ; all are white. of the approximately 750 oil portraits that grace the libraries, dining commons, and undergraduate residences of the nation \u2019 s oldest university, roughly 690 were of white men, as of a 2002 inventory by the curator of the university \u2019 s portrait collection. only two portraits, commissioned in the 1980s and \u2019 90s, were of minorities. the remaining portraits were of white women \u2014 radcliffe professors, benefactors \u2019 family members, presidents \u2019 wives. the portraits, as well as another 450 marble busts, sculptures, prints, and drawings, present an incomplete picture of harvard that the university is seeking to change. \u201c there \u2019 s a significance to portraiture, in demonstrating to people of all backgrounds that their presence and contribution are appreciated, \u2019 \u2019 said dr. s. allen counter, director of the harvard foundation for intercultural and race relations, which for eight years has been quietly commissioning portraits of distinguished minorities and women to hang in harvard \u2019 s hallowed halls. \u201c we simply wish to place portraits of persons of color and others who \u2019 ve served harvard among the panoply of portraits that already exists, \u2019 \u2019 counter said. \u201c we will not displace any portrait, just simply add to them. \u2019 \u2019 on friday, dozens of university officials, professors, and alumni gathered in the junior common room at lowell house, sipping cider and nibbling on canapes, to celebrate the portrait project \u2019 s most recent success : a painting of dr. chester pierce, a 1948 harvard graduate and longtime professor of psychiatry and education. pierce, believed to be the first african - american college student to play a football game at an all - white southern university ( pierce was part of the 1947 crimson team that played against the university of virginia ), is depicted wearing a red - striped varsity football tie while delivering a lecture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45133900584541486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.276324"} {"text": "first african - american college student to play a football game at an all - white southern university ( pierce was part of the 1947 crimson team that played against the university of virginia ), is depicted wearing a red - striped varsity football tie while delivering a lecture in the ether dome at harvard medical school. \u201c portraits really are the evidence of our history, \u2019 \u2019 said diana eck, a religion professor who is a co - master at lowell house. \u201c we realize that history goes on, and it \u2019 s really important to harvard to update our image, which has changed so much from the early days. \u2019 \u2019 in recent years, nine other new faces \u2014 including archie epps iii, a beloved dean of students who was african - american ; rulan pian, a professor of music and east asian languages and civilization who is chinese - american and served as harvard \u2019 s first minority house master ; and stanley tambiah, an anthropology professor from sri lanka \u2014 have popped up alongside renderings of us senator charles sumner and harvard benefactors samuel appleton and samuel eliot. \u201c the real point of it is just to change what future harvard students see, who arrive thinking, \u2018 this is what harvard is, \u2019 \u2019 \u2019 said harry lewis, a computer - science professor and former dean of harvard college. \u201c they can \u2019 t tell the difference between what went up last year and what went up 200 years ago. \u2019 \u2019 in the adams house dining hall, a portrait of eileen jackson southern, the first black female professor to receive tenure at harvard, watches over today \u2019 s diverse array of undergraduates as they lunch on pizza, quesadillas, and tater tots. near southern \u2019 s portrait, above a piano on a wood - paneled wall, hangs a giant portrait of john quincy adams, a united states president, harvard alumnus, and a member of the family for which the dormitory is named. the painting of adams, in a waistcoat and ascot collar, is something students say they expect to see at the 374 - year - old college. but the image of southern \u2014 wearing a crisp white blouse and a strand of pearls in front of a bookshelf \u2014 is, to many, a pleasant surprise. \u201c being a black woman, a minority at harvard, it \u2019 s nice to see someone who looks like me who \u2019 s been recognized for making a contribution to the university, \u2019 \u2019 said christen brown, a sophomore from ft. lauderdale majoring in sociology and african - american studies. \u201c it just gives us something to strive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4131934165440121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.277603"} {"text": "see someone who looks like me who \u2019 s been recognized for making a contribution to the university, \u2019 \u2019 said christen brown, a sophomore from ft. lauderdale majoring in sociology and african - american studies. \u201c it just gives us something to strive for. \u2019 \u2019 groundwork for the minority - portraiture project was laid by a group of minority students who surveyed the portraits hanging in university buildings in 2000. they expressed their concern about the lack of diversity to sandra grindlay, then - curator of the university portrait collection. \u201c they were just looking around and feeling like they could not identify with this institution that had this kind of materials on the walls, \u2019 \u2019 said grindlay, who retired in august. \u201c people tend to think, \u2018 oh, the portraits. nobody looks at them. \u2019 but they do have the power to represent the institution, insofar as when some students look at them, they think, \u2018 if this is harvard, what am i doing here? \u2019 \u2019 \u2019 early efforts to diversify harvard \u2019 s portrait collection focused on prominent women scholars, starting with helen maud cam, a history professor who in 1948 became the first woman to receive tenure at harvard. her portrait was hung in the faculty room in 1995. that was followed in 2002 by one of cecilia payne - gaposchkin, an astronomer. harvard law school, which maintains a separate portrait collection, began commissioning portraits of minorities in the 1980s, grindlay said. but it was not until the harvard foundation pushed to honor more minorities and women university - wide, starting in 2002 with a $ 100, 000 grant from the university president \u2019 s office, that the art on the walls began to change in a comprehensive way, she said. the foundation assembled a committee of faculty, students, alumni, and museum staff to select as portrait subjects men and women who have opened harvard \u2019 s doors to diverse groups and served the university with distinction. under harvard foundation guidelines, portrait subjects must have worked for the university for at least 25 years to qualify, counter said. the foundation is not the only harvard group that commissions portraits ; individual schools and departments do as well. but the foundation \u2019 s selection process can be political, and at times, controversial. \u201c frankly, some faculty can say, \u2018 we \u2019 ve been here 25 years and we \u2019 re white. why not us? \u2019 \u2019 \u2019 counter said. but not all the new portrait subjects are of minorities. of the 10 harvard foundation portraits that have been hung so far, two are of white men. fred jewett", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4430858619008643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.278719"} {"text": "years and we \u2019 re white. why not us? \u2019 \u2019 \u2019 counter said. but not all the new portrait subjects are of minorities. of the 10 harvard foundation portraits that have been hung so far, two are of white men. fred jewett, a onetime dean of harvard college, had encouraged the admissions of minorities to harvard. and john monro, also a dean of harvard college, began a recruitment program for minority students in the 1940s and opened harvard admissions to students from all socioeconomic backgrounds, before leaving his post at harvard in 1967 to teach at black colleges in the south. \u201c to give up a powerful career at harvard to go and work at a minority school is just amazing, \u2019 \u2019 counter said. \u201c many african - americans wouldn \u2019 t do that. \u2019 \u2019 henry louis gates jr., one of harvard \u2019 s most prominent african - american scholars and now the director of the university \u2019 s w. e. b. du bois institute for african and african american research, called the foundation \u2019 s efforts \u201c long overdue. \u2019 \u2019 when he arrived at harvard in 1991 to head the department of african and african american studies, one of his first tasks was to have du bois \u2019 s bust carved in marble. du bois was the first black scholar to earn a doctorate from harvard. \u201c it is important that students know that african - americans are a fundamental part of harvard, and that harvard is a part of us, \u2019 \u2019 gates said. gates \u2019 s own portrait will be hung next spring, he said, in honor of his 60th birthday and 15 - year tenure as chairman of african and african american studies. it was paid for by a private donor, he said ; he has not been at the university long enough for the foundation to commission a portrait of him. the foundation \u2019 s next portrait, scheduled to be unveiled next month, is of caleb cheeshahteaumuck, who in 1665 became the first native american to graduate from harvard. because no images of him exist from his lifetime, artist stephen coit, a former venture capitalist and harvard alumnus who has painted all of the portraits for the foundation, is creating a depiction based on interviews with cheeshahteaumuck \u2019 s descendents on martha \u2019 s vineyard, as well as historic and contemporary photographs of wampanoags. five other portraits of minorities are scheduled to be hung over the next two years. among those counter hopes will be painted is venus whittemore, a slave purchased by harvard president benjamin wadsworth, who listed whittem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43162379929851513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.282410"} {"text": "survival of the people logic puzzles require you to think. you will have to be logical in your reasoning. there is an island with 10 inhabitants. one day a monster comes and says that he intends to eat every one of them but will give them a chance to survive in the following way : in the morning, the monster will line up all the people - single file so that the last person sees the remaining 9, the next person sees the remaining 8, and so on until the first person that obviously sees no one in front of himself. the monster will then place black or white hats on their heads randomly ( they can be all white, all black or any combination thereof ). the monster will offer each person starting with the last one ( who sees everyone else ' s hats ) to guess the color of his / her own hat. the answer can only be one word : \" white \" or \" black \". the monster will eat him on the spot if he guessed wrong, and will leave him alive if he guessed right. all the remaining people will hear both the guess and the outcome of the guess. the monster will then go on to the next to last person ( who only sees 8 people ), and so on until the end. the monster gives them the whole night to think. devise the optimal strategy that these poor natives could use to maximize their survival rate. 1 ) all the 10 people can easily understand your strategy, and will execute it with perfect precision. 2 ) if the monster suspects that any of the people are giving away information to any of the remaining team members by intonation of words when answering, or any other signs, or by touch, he will eat everyone. 3 ) the only allowed response is a short, unemotional \" white \" or \" black \". 4 ) having said that, i will add that you can put any value you like into each of these words. for example, \" white \" can mean \" my mother did my laundry \" and \" black \" can mean the guy in front of me is wearing a black hat. hint1 ) first hint is an example. here is a simple strategy that will guarantee safety to 50 %. guy # 10 ( when he guesses ) says the color of the hat on guy # 9. thus # 10 may die or may luck out, but # 9 will save himself since he will know his hat color. thus # 8 helps # 7, # 6 helps number # 5, and so on. you thus save numbers 9, 7, 5, 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5588723592698448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.294693"} {"text": "may die or may luck out, but # 9 will save himself since he will know his hat color. thus # 8 helps # 7, # 6 helps number # 5, and so on. you thus save numbers 9, 7, 5, 3, and 1, or half the people. but you can do a lot better than that. 2 ) the best strategy will save a minimum of 90 % of the people. here it is : the first guy to guess ( guy # 10 ) will be the only one to assume the following value for the words \" white \" and \" black \" : the answer \" black \" will mean that there are an odd number of black hats that he sees. the answer \" white \" will mean that there are an odd number of white hats that he sees. this way one by one all the other 9 people will know the color of their hats. let us say that guy # 10 ( first to speak, and sees the hats of the remaining 9 ) says \" white \". that should mean to everybody else that he sees an odd number of white hats. at this time guy # 9 will either be wearing a white or a black hat. if he is wearing a white hat he will only see an even number of white hats, and since guy # 10 said that there is and odd number of white hats, guy # 9 will know that he is wearing white and will say it. but if guy # 9 is wearing a black hat, he will see an odd number of white hats ( just like # 10 did ), and thus will know that he is wearing a black hat and will say it. no matter what # 9 answers, guy # 8 ( who heard guy # 10 and guy # 9 ) can now easily incorporate the color of hat on guy # 9 into the original answer of guy # 10. this will allow # 8 to know if he should see an odd or even number of white hats in front of him to determine his own hat color. the same thing repeats with # 7 - 1. and they all get it right except of course # 10, though he may get lucky. jan 18, 2003 jan 21, 2003 | wow, this one makes a lot of sense logically. great teaser. | jan 25, 2003 | it makes sense but i would never have came to that answer | jan 29, 2003 | what ' s wrong with simply saying the color of the hat of the person infront of you? same survival percentage. | jan 30, 2003 | in reply to \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5410221938647353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.295943"} {"text": "sense but i would never have came to that answer | jan 29, 2003 | what ' s wrong with simply saying the color of the hat of the person infront of you? same survival percentage. | jan 30, 2003 | in reply to \" asbestos ' \" comment. you would only save 50 % that way. if you say the color of the person in front of you ( lets say black ), he / she still has to say black not to get eaten ( regardless of what the color in front of them is ). so therefore the 3rd person in line will not know their own color since the person before them saved themselves and didn ' t necessarily speak the color of the next person. | feb 06, 2003 | nice teaser... but situation might mess up after the number 9 guess says his answer. and plus the monster might have put them on not white black white black... etc. | feb 07, 2003 | golfer, there ' s nothing wrong with the logic in this teaser. it will work no matter what arrangement of hats the monster uses. also, assumption # 1 states that person number 9 will not mess up. i must say that this is a terrific logic teaser in my opinion. | feb 11, 2003 | this was a great riddle with great logic. the best i could do was save a minimum of five depending on the arrangement of hats. | feb 15, 2003 | i think it was a bit long personally but it does all make sence so great teaser | feb 15, 2003 | the logic works well. actually, even if person 9 makes the wrong answer, the monster will eat that person, which would be a pretty strong indicator that they made the wrong decision. this could also be accounted for. the only person who need be correct is 10, the rest can be saved by their own logic. | feb 15, 2003 | wow, that was an exellent teaser! | feb 15, 2003 | another way to win is if the 10th guy tells everyone that \" white \" means your hat is the same color as the guy in front of you and \" black \" means your hat is a different color from the guy in front of you. therefore, the only two who have to rely on luck are the 1st and the 10th | feb 16, 2003 | this will not work pookie21. you need to say the colour of your hat in order not to get eaten. | feb 17, 2003 | awesome logic teaser, one of the best i have seen. i could only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5273000332301299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.297111"} {"text": "16, 2003 | this will not work pookie21. you need to say the colour of your hat in order not to get eaten. | feb 17, 2003 | awesome logic teaser, one of the best i have seen. i could only think of the 50 % solution, so i was going to stand and fight to the death. maybe dig a large spike filled covered hole behind the 10th person as a trap for the monster. but that is not really solving the teaser, it is a captain kirk type of solution. 8 ^ ) | feb 27, 2003 | this is by far the best teaser i ' ve read here. course, i just got here and am going thru the ' most popular list '. | btw, i came up with the even guys sacrifice by saying the color of the guy in front of thems color, like many of you. which would result in at least 50 % survival ( odds - wise more like 70 or 80 % ). think about it... however tyhe solution is brilliant! 90 % guaranteed, with 100 % possible. really cool puzzler! feb 28, 2003 | that ' s going straight to my favourites list... totally a great teaser. it was really fun n. n ; and really hard as well oo ;... i came up with some weird thing that was just a guess... nice brain btw. | apr 11, 2003 | boy, would i not wanna be the last person in line... | may 06, 2003 | wouldn ' t mind being the last guy. being the first guy is a problem. brilliant teaser! | jun 17, 2003 | my solution was that the last person would say black or white depending on how many times the colour changed in front of him. black for even no. of times and white for odd no. of times. from this each person could find out his own colour by seeing the no. of colour changes and deciding whether he is the same colour as the one in front. the given soln. is much simpler, though. | jul 02, 2003 | ya, i got this one. if you know anything about computers, this is the same concept as parity. the way i did it is that white means there are an even number of white hats, while black means odd. take 0 to mean even. great riddle | nov 15, 2003 | great logic! i loved the teaser. | jan 05, 2004 | a 3. 0 / 3. 0 teaser.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5485920845195535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.298172"} {"text": "an even number of white hats, while black means odd. take 0 to mean even. great riddle | nov 15, 2003 | great logic! i loved the teaser. | jan 05, 2004 | a 3. 0 / 3. 0 teaser. one of the best | jan 09, 2004 | thats a hard 1 | feb 01, 2004 | great teaser! | oct 31, 2004 | if the first guy yells out the color of the hat of the guy in front, he ' s got a 50 / 50 shot at guessing right for his own. from then on, everyone knows the color of their own hat. | nov 01, 2004 | oops - that won ' t work. | apr 10, 2005 | it ' s too long! | may 22, 2005 | that was a hard one for me. | may 23, 2005 i think i ' ve done a similar one a long time ago, but it involved 3 people, pink & purple hats, and a wall separating 2 people from the other person... jun 03, 2005 | the whole thing about and odd number of black and white hats deosn ' t make sense. if there are ten hats, and an odd number ( let ' s say 7 ) of white hats, then there are an odd number of black hats too ( 3 in this case ). what does the last guy yell if there are an even number of each? ( let ' s say 4 white and 6 black ). if there are an odd number, then it shouldn ' t matter what color he yells. | jun 04, 2005 | this is in response to ragsdaleam : | if you read the solution carefully, it doesn ' t suggest that you should communicate the color that has an odd number of hats, it suggests that you should communicate weather one specific color ( agreed upon in advance ) will be present in an odd amount or an even amount. in other words if we agreed that \" white \" means that there is an odd number of blacks, and \" black \" means that there is an even number of blacks, we will always be able to relate weather there is an even or odd number of black hats ( independent of how many white hats there are ). jun 04, 2005 | or you can have it done as it states in the solution, where all you are looking for is an indication of weather or not one of the colors is odd or even ( independent of how many hats of the other color there are ). to figure out what you have you just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5368465796203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.299041"} {"text": "as it states in the solution, where all you are looking for is an indication of weather or not one of the colors is odd or even ( independent of how many hats of the other color there are ). to figure out what you have you just gotta count. so in your example of 7 black and 3 white. if i know that there is an odd number of whites and i am the 9th guy. i can count what is ahead of me. i will either see 3 whites or 2 in front of me and if i see 2 then i have the third one. same logic for all consecutive players. | jun 06, 2005 | directly form your explanation of the answer : | \" the answer \" black \" will mean that there are an odd number of black hats that he sees. the answer \" white \" will mean that there are an odd number of white hats that he sees. \" so what would he say if there are an even number of both? jun 06, 2005 | you know, funny enough, you are right. i am surpirsed no - one noticed. the solution still works just needs to be rephrased : | the answer \" black \" will mean that there are an odd number of black hats that he sees. the answer \" white \" will mean that there are an even number of black hats that he sees ( zero black hats should be treated as an even number ). aug 10, 2005 | ragsdaleam, your logic is a little off. the tenth person can only see 9 hats, so theres no way that he can see both an odd number of black and an odd number of white hats. | mar 14, 2006 | yes, ever since ragsdaleam ' s comment on the fact that if there are 8 black, then there are 2 whites, everybody has been wrong. number 10 ' s hat color has nothing to do with the puzzle, because he can only see 9 hats. if he sees 3 black hats, then he will see 6 white hats, so he will say black, and therefore save his fellow native ' s, and maybe even his own life ( whether his hat happens to be black or not, he has a 50 / 50 chance ). | apr 20, 2006 | first of all i want to say that this was an excellent riddle. the answer given makes sense and is one solution to the problem, but i believe me and my colleagues have found an alternate solution which results in the same survival rate. check this scenario out : overnight we agree that when the monster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5543549859101401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.300011"} {"text": "was an excellent riddle. the answer given makes sense and is one solution to the problem, but i believe me and my colleagues have found an alternate solution which results in the same survival rate. check this scenario out : overnight we agree that when the monster asks the color of the hat of native # 10, he will call out the color of the person in front of him. from native # 9 onward we will use a code system, if you answer \" quickly \", that will mean that the color of the person in front of you is white, if you give a \" delayed \" answer, that will mean that the color of the person in front of you is black. in this way you can save a minimum of 90 % of the natives with a possible 100 % if the # 10 guy gets lucky. i think this is a less complex answer and it is simpler to understand. | apr 21, 2006 | for paragon83. your answer would be great actually if not for the \" assumption \" section of the teaser. points ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) have been clarified for that exact purpose. if the monstr suspects any such foul play the risk is that everyone will get eaten. | nov 15, 2007 | hehehe... i don ' t think that the poor natives will understand because they not even know what is odd and what is even. as you said earlier the solution must be simple so that the natives can understand easily. if some of them make a mistake....... the monster will be happy. | mar 10, 2010 | does the ansewer work if the monster uses 5 black and 5 white hats. it doesnt say that in the question | mar 10, 2010 | doesnt * the ansewer only work if he uses 5 of each? | jan 29, 2011 | again you can only assume that the monster doesn ' t pick that combination of hats | jan 22, 2012 | i have a solution that is slightly more optimal than the given one. it involves an arbitrarily high level of precision for the villagers, but given assumption 1 such strategies are valid. the strategy is as follows : | black hats represent 0. white hats represent 1. the last villager sees 9 hats, and thus 9 digits that represent a unique number in binary form. the 10th villager then waits exactly this many ( arbitrarily small ) time units from the time he is prompted to guess his color before giving an answer. all other villagers then have perfect information about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5484394541144428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.301013"} {"text": "that represent a unique number in binary form. the 10th villager then waits exactly this many ( arbitrarily small ) time units from the time he is prompted to guess his color before giving an answer. all other villagers then have perfect information about every villager ' s hat from 1 to 9. when it is each villager ' s turn to ' guess, ' they each wait the exact amount of time before giving their answer as did the first villager, so there is no distinction between answers and the monster has no reason to suspect foul play. the reason this solution is slightly more optimal is because it results in a higher probability of the 10th villager surviving. in the given solution, the 10th villager ' s answer is completely determined by the monster ' s configuration of hats, and cannot be changed. in my solution, the 10th villager can give the guess that is statistically favored ( or just a random guess ), thus ensuring a 95 % survival rate in all cases. apr 23, 2012 | this is definitely one of my all time favorites! i worked on this for days and ultimately came up with this overly complicated equation, that as it turns out simply meant that if there were an odd number of white hats # 10 would say white, and if there were an even number of white hats, he ' d say black. i didn ' t even realize that that was the answer i ended up with until i looked at the solution and read back over my answer. i ' m either dumb for a smart guy or smart for a dumb guy. or possibly just lucky for a dumb guy. | as for vecht ' s answer, what a creative solution! i tried to think of a way to make binary code work for me, but i just couldn ' t make it fit. although i think the given answer is a whole lot simpler. and # 10 ' s chances are 50 / 50 no matter what. no amount of statistical analysis will help, because the teaser states that the monster places the hats at random. no matter which color # 10 says, whether he says it because it imparts meaning to the others, or because he was guessing, he will still have a 1 out of 2 chance of getting it right as long as the hat placement was random. but anyway, kudos to sakirski for a killer logic puzzle! feb 22, 2013 | sakiriski, you are now one of my fave teaser - posters. i got the same solution as the answer ( yay! ) but i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5569174905418003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.301944"} {"text": "saint zachariasarticle free pass saint zacharias, english zachary ( born, san severino, duchy of benevento [ italy ] \u2014 died march 14 / 22, 752, rome ; feast day march 15 ), pope from 741 to 752. the last of the greek popes, zacharias was supposedly a roman deacon when he succeeded pope st. gregory iii in november / december 741. his pontificate was devoted to diplomatic relations with the lombard and frankish kingdoms and with the byzantine empire. he initiated a policy of conciliation with the lombards while endeavouring to dissuade their rulers, liutprand and rachis, from conquering the byzantine exarchate of ravenna. successful, he thus made peace with the lombards. he maintained amiable relations with the byzantine emperor constantine v copronymus, whom he advised to restore the veneration of icons. zacharias \u2019 s relations with the franks were similarly cordial, and his correspondence with st. boniface, the apostle of germany, shows how great his influence was on contemporary events in the frankish kingdom. in 741 he made boniface legate and charged him with the reformation of the whole frankish church. he supported the deposition ( 751 \u2013 752 ) of childeric iii, the last merovingian king, and authorized the frankish church to anoint pippin iii the short as king of the franks. zacharias \u2019 s action in the transference of the royal crown from the merovingians to the house of pippin ( carolingians ) began a new era for church and state by establishing the carolingian - papal alliance, which was to be of the greatest significance in future relations between pope and emperor and was of extreme importance to the theorists and controversialists of the investiture controversy ( 11th and 12th centuries ). the latter dispute concerned secular rulers \u2019 right to invest bishops and abbots, which right became one of the paramount aspects in the struggle for power between the papacy and the holy roman empire. zacharias is known especially in the east for his greek translation of the dialogues of pope st. gregory i the great. what made you want to look up \" saint zacharias \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3578264148917423, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.305725"} {"text": "as a gentle spring sun nudges away the bitterness of winter, only the wind moves over the once contested northern slopes of cemetery hill. some 140 years past however, the dark blanket of night slowly covered the field. on july 2, 1863, confederate soldiers of csa major general richard ewell ' s second corp advanced towards the union lines, the taking of this hill serving as their goal. red fire from federal and southern muskets flashed in the darkness as both sides fought an enemy they could barely see. as their foe gained the hill ' s crest, union cannoneers fought hand to hand, using anything they could grasp to protect their guns. despite the brief success of their bold advance, the confederates could not hold the ground they had struggled so hard to gain. in the dark, with the union reinforcements coming over from major general winfield s. hancock ' s 2nd corps now adding to the weight of northern fire, southern soldiers grudgingly backed down the hill. this ground would remain in union hands for the remainder of the conflict. confederate colonel isaac avery of the sixth north carolina led a portion of the initial advance, serving as brigade commander in place of general r. f. hoke who had sustained a wound at the battle of chancellorsville. he would lead his north carolinians forward, with hays ' louisiana tigers surging on his right. not long into the movement however, colonel avery fell from his horse, bleeding, shot through the neck as he led his tarheels forward up the hill. understanding the mortality of his wound, he scribbled a note which he handed to a subordinate. the note read only, \" tell my father i died with my face to the enemy. \" colonel godwin, who would assume command from the fallen avery, would describe the fighting, and the mortal wounding of their commander. \"... 8 p. m. on the next day, july 2,... the brigade moved forward to the as soon as the summit of the hill was gained, it was discovered that the batteries which we had been ordered to take were in front of hays ' brigade, and considerably to the right of our right flank. we continued to advance, however, under a terrific fire, climbed a rail fence, and still farther beyond descended into a low bottom, and dislodged a heavy line of infantry from a stone wall running parallel with our front. the enemy ' s batteries now enfiladed us, and a destructive fire was poured into our ranks from a line of infantry formed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3930045279174253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.311063"} {"text": "low bottom, and dislodged a heavy line of infantry from a stone wall running parallel with our front. the enemy ' s batteries now enfiladed us, and a destructive fire was poured into our ranks from a line of infantry formed in rear of a stone wall running at a right angle with our line of battle and immediately below the batteries. now ordered a change of front, and succeeded in wheeling the brigade to the right, a movement which none but the steadiest veterans could have executed under such circumstances. in swinging around, three stone walls had to be surmounted. the ground was rocky and uneven, and these obstacles prevented that rapidity of movement and unity of action which might have insured success. the men now charged up the hill with heroic determination, and drove the enemy from his last stone wall. in this charge, the command had become much separated, and in the darkness it was now found impossible to concentrate more than 40 or 50 men at any point for a farther advance. major tate, with a portion of the sixth north carolina regiment, aided by a small number of the ninth louisiana regiment, succeeded in capturing a battery on the right. no supports were at hand, and the approach of the enemy in overwhelming force compelled him to retire. the scattered fragments of the brigade now withdrew, and were reformed near the position which it had occupied through here i learned for the first time that our brigade commander ( col. isaac e. avery ), had been mortally wounded. in his death the country lost one of her truest and bravest sons, and the army one of its most gallant and efficient officers. \" major general jubal anderson early, the division commander, would also state in his official report his reasons for the lack of confederate success in retaining the advantages gained. \" these troops advanced in gallant style to the attack, passing over the ridge in front of them under a heavy artillery fire, and then crossing a hollow between that and cemetery hill, and moving up this hill in the face of at least two lines of infantry posted behind stone and plank fences ; but these they drove back, and, passing over all obstacles, they reached the crest of the hill, and entered the enemy ' s breastworks crowning it, getting possession of one or two batteries. but no attack was made on the immediate right ( general a. p. hill ' s command ), as was expected, and not meeting with support from that quarter, these brigades could not hold the position they had attained, because a very heavy force of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42541268610986593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.312177"} {"text": "raphael a. zoeller, ph. d. associate professor of physiology and biophysics b. s. university of maine ph. d. texas a & m university phone : ( 617 ) 638 - 4010 \u2022 fax : ( 617 ) 638 - 4041 cell and membrane biology lipids are not only structural units of membranes. they also participate in important cellular functions, serving as second messengers, hormones, pheromones and membrane anchors for proteins. although several \u201c active \u201d lipid species have been identified, there are many others that remain undiscovered. to identify functional roles for lipids, we develop mutant animal cell lines that are deficient in the biosynthesis of specific lipid species. using these mutants, we can determine what cellular processes are affected by the loss of the lipid, establishing a role for the lipid in that process. the mutants can also serve as tools for the isolation of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the lipid. most importantly, the study of these mutants leads to new biochemistry, not achievable through conventional approaches. plasmalogens : endogenous antioxidants. this \u201c subclass \u201d of phospholipids makes up approximately 18 % of the phospholipids in humans and they are enriched in certain cell types or tissues including macrophages, neutrophils, brain and heart. although their presence in mammalian tissue is well characterized, their role in cell function remained unclear. we developed a selection protocol to isolate mutant strains with defects in plasmalogen biosynthesis. using these mutant strains, we have identified two phenotypes that are tied to the loss of plasmalogens. first, the plasmalogen - deficient cells are hypersensitive to reactive oxygen species ( ros ) and this is reversed with the restoration of plasmalogens. this has lead to the suggestion that plasmalogens function as endogenous antioxidants. this may help to explain the rapid development of cataracts in the plasmalogen - deficient patients. the second phenotype associated with plasmalogen loss is a decrease in cholesterol transport. based on our findings using the mutants, we examined the possibility that plasmalogen levels could be increased in normal cells and if this would protect them under conditions in which ros are formed. we found that supplementation of human endothelial cells with a plasmalogen biosynthetic precursor, hexa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5511167555242029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.319051"} {"text": "that plasmalogen levels could be increased in normal cells and if this would protect them under conditions in which ros are formed. we found that supplementation of human endothelial cells with a plasmalogen biosynthetic precursor, hexadecylglycerol ( hg ) elevated plasmalogen levels 2 - fold and protected them from damage due to oxidants. importantly, this also protected these cells during chronic hypoxia, a physiologically relevant condition ( figure 1 ). this opens up the possibility of treatment of patients under conditions of chronic hypoxia such as pulmonary dysfunction. we are now attempting to determine the exact mechanism by which hg rescues these cells. mutants in global glycerolipid synthesis the control of glycerolipid biosynthesis, including triacylglycerols is an area of intense interest, particularly with concerns about obesity and diabetes. glycolysis is coordinated with and controls lipogenesis through mechanisms that are still poorly understood. we have developed a procedure for selecting mutants that are deficient in general glycerolipid biosynthesis in an effort to identify factors that are important for lipogenesis in animal cells. we have recently identified one mutant, named grod1, that is defective in the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine ( pe ), phosphatidylcholine ( pc ) ( figure 2 ). these cells are also defective in the synthesis of triacylglycerols. this phenotype is due to a severe reduction in the activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase 1 ( pap1 ). expression cloning of the gene responsible for this lesion has revealed a relationship between glycolysis and lipogenesis that was previously unknown. we are currently attempting to explain the mechanics of this relationship using the grod1 cells. we are also screening for additional, novel mutants with additional lesions in glycerolipid biosynthesis to identify additional factors regulating this process. nakahara k, ohkuni a, kitamura t, abe k, naganuma t, ohno y, zoeller ra and kihara a ( 2012 ) the sjogren - larsson syndrome gene encodes a hexadecenal dehydrogenase of the sphingosine 1 - phosphate degradation pathway. molecular cell 46 : 461 - 71. krawczyk sa, haller jf, fe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5121792397308008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.320078"} {"text": "larsson syndrome gene encodes a hexadecenal dehydrogenase of the sphingosine 1 - phosphate degradation pathway. molecular cell 46 : 461 - 71. krawczyk sa, haller jf, ferrante t, zoeller ra, corkey be. ( 2012 ) reactive oxygen species facilitate translocation of hormone sensitive lipase to the lipid droplet during lipolysis in human differentiated adipocytes. plos one, 7 : e349042012. haller jf, krawczyk sa, gostilovitch l, corkey be and zoeller ra ( 2011 ) glucose - 6 - phosphate isomerase deficiency results in mtor activation, failed translocation of lipin 1\u03b1 to the nucleus and hypersensitivity to glucose : implications for the inherited glycolytic disease. biochim biophys acta. 1812 : 1393 - 402. anbukumar, d. s., shornick, l. p., albert, c. j., steward, m. m., zoeller, r. a., neumann, w. l., and ford, d. a. ( 2010 ) chlorinated lipid species in activated human neutrophils : lipid metabolites of 2 - chlorohexadecanal. j lipid res. 51 : 1085 - 1092. haller, j. f., smith, c., liu, d., zheng, h., tornheim, k., han, g., carman, g. m. and zoeller, r. a. ( 2010 ) isolation of novel animal cell lines defective in glycerolipid biosynthesis reveals mutations in glucose - 6 - phosphate isomerase. j. biol. chem. 285 : 866 - 877. gaposchkin, d. p., farber, h. w. and zoeller, r. a. ( 2008 ) on the importance of plasmalogen status in stimulated arachidonic acid release in the macrophage cell line raw 264. 7. biochim biophys acta. 1781 : 213 - 219. zheng h, duclos ri jr, smith cc, farber hw, zoeller ra. 2006. synthesis and biological properties of the fluorescent ether lipid precursor 1 - o - [ 9 ' - ( 1 ' ' - p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5124349118908376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.320867"} {"text": "- 219. zheng h, duclos ri jr, smith cc, farber hw, zoeller ra. 2006. synthesis and biological properties of the fluorescent ether lipid precursor 1 - o - [ 9 ' - ( 1 ' ' - pyrenyl ) ] nonyl - sn - glycerol. j lipid res. 47 : 633 - 642. liu d, nagan n, just ww, rodemer c, thai tp, zoeller ra. 2005. role of dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens and nonether glycerolipids. j lipid res. 46 : 727 - 735 zoeller ra, grazia tj, lacamera p, park j, gaposchkin dp, farber hw. 2002. increasing plasmalogen levels protects human endothelial cells during hypoxia. am j physiol heart circ physiol. 283 : h671 - 679. zoeller ra, lake ac, nagan n, gaposchkin dp, legner ma, lieberthal w. 1999. plasmalogens as endogenous antioxidants : somatic cell mutants reveal the importance of the vinyl ether. biochem j. 338 : 769 - 776. department of physiology and biophysics boston university school of medicine 700 albany street boston ma 02118 - 2526 fax : ( 617 ) 638 - 4041", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5163954663849385, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.321393"} {"text": "background : august eigruber was gauleiter of oberdonau ( upper danube ), a region of austria, from 1939 - 1945. he was tried after world war ii for crimes against humanity, convicted, and hanged on 28 may 1947. the article was printed by a vienna newspaper that had asked him to discuss his political goals. the source : \u201c the most loyal son of the people, \u201d wiener neueste nachrichten, 29 may 1939, pp. 1 - 3. this is taken from a newspaper article available on anno, an austrian project to digitize a wide range of newspapers. the most loyal son of the people first, i would like to speak to a widely held but erroneous view some have that our gau was particularly prosperous and well - administered in the past. we inherited a bad legacy in upper austria. there was great poverty among the farmers in the alpine foothills and in the muhl district on the one hand, and miserable conditions in the bankrupt industrial areas on the other hand. the province \u2019 s economy was almost ruined. besides that, those areas dependent on tourism and commerce suffered from the artificial separation from the old reich [ germany ], which means that our first task today is to apply all our resources to make up as much as possible for the crimes of the past. various commissions have established the terrible conditions in the tenements housing the unemployed and those impoverished by taxation, which are heavy charges against former governments, regardless of whether they were led by so - called christian socialists, patriotic parties, or social democrats. security for the worker conscious of the idea of the people \u2019 s community that obligates us all, the national socialist state will totally abolish all unnatural ideas of class or social difference, along with the policy of playing the various classes off against each other. one could almost call this a spiritual renewal, a return to natural life, which now more than ever will open our homeland to recovery and reconstruction, leading to vast economic opportunities for gau oberdonau. our gau \u2019 s industrial and economic prospects are extraordinarily promising since the unique foundation of the hermann goering factory in linz. it will benefit not only factory workers, but will also open up a whole new field of endeavor for the province. a worker will no longer have to fear losing his job after a few weeks or months. he can spend his entire income, since national socialist leadership of the economy, state, and party will watch over developments to guarantee that his job is secure. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4603997533772627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.325031"} {"text": "a worker will no longer have to fear losing his job after a few weeks or months. he can spend his entire income, since national socialist leadership of the economy, state, and party will watch over developments to guarantee that his job is secure. the myths eagerly spread by jewish newspapers abroad that the workers are rooted in marxism have been proven completely false, as anyone with the ability and courage to see things as they are can easily realize. true, workers were misled by foreign agitation, but they never lost the internal connection to the strengths of their ethnicity, which is proven by the fact that they eagerly and in unison affirmed national socialism the moment the schussnigg dictatorship collapsed. now that the people is actually united we can turn to real growth, undistracted by earlier conflicts about ideology, organization, and power. we are particularly pleased now that the gau system has been implemented, and all the barriers of unnatural bureaucracy have fallen away. they were mostly in remote offices in vienna, which did not know the real conditions in the gaue, and perhaps did not even want to understand them. old austria, the federal state, suffered from this, as did the entire population of the ostmark. now that we have simplified administration, we have the opportunity to lead the gaue in a healthy way, directed toward the good of the whole german people, which is at the same time the good of the homeland. we can thus control was directly affects us, and what therefore falls within our ancient rights. go to the gauleiter page. go to the 1933 - 1945 page. go to the german propaganda home page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4788035659152052, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.325765"} {"text": "scientists uncover the genetic secrets that allow tibetans to thrive in thin air in the online edition of proceedings of the national academy of sciences, an international team has identified a gene that allows tibetans to live and work more than two miles above sea level without getting altitude sickness. a previous study published may 13 in science reported that tibetans are genetically adapted to high altitude. now, less than a month later, a second study by scientists from china, england, ireland, and the united states pinpoints a particular site within the human genome \u2014 a genetic variant linked to low hemoglobin in the blood \u2014 that helps explain how tibetans cope with low - oxygen conditions. the study sheds light on how tibetans, who have lived at extreme elevation for more than 10, 000 years, have evolved to differ from their low - altitude ancestors. lower air pressure at altitude means fewer oxygen molecules for every lungful of air. \" altitude affects your thinking, your breathing, and your ability to sleep. but high - altitude natives don ' t have these problems, \" said co - author cynthia beall of case western reserve university. \" they ' re able to live a healthy life, and they do it completely comfortably, \" she said. people who live or travel at high altitude respond to the lack of oxygen by making more hemoglobin, the oxygen - carrying component of human blood. \" that ' s why athletes like to train at altitude. they increase their oxygen - carrying capacity, \" said beall. but too much hemoglobin can be a bad thing. excessive hemoglobin is the hallmark of chronic mountain sickness, an overreaction to altitude characterized by thick and viscous blood. tibetans maintain relatively low hemoglobin at high altitude, a trait that makes them less susceptible to the disease than other populations. \" tibetans can live as high as 13, 000 feet without the elevated hemoglobin concentrations we see in other people, \" said beall. to pinpoint the genetic variants underlying tibetans ' relatively low hemoglobin levels, the researchers collected blood samples from nearly 200 tibetan villagers living in three regions high in the himalayas. when they compared the tibetans ' dna with their lowland counterparts in china, their results pointed to the same culprit \u2014 a gene on chromosome 2, called epas1, involved in red blood cell production and hemoglobin concentration in the blood. originally working separately, the authors of the study first put their findings together at a march 2009 meeting at the national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4879699672223823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.329769"} {"text": "\u2014 a gene on chromosome 2, called epas1, involved in red blood cell production and hemoglobin concentration in the blood. originally working separately, the authors of the study first put their findings together at a march 2009 meeting at the national evolutionary synthesis center in durham, nc. \" some of us had been working on the whole of tibetan dna. others were looking at small groups of genes. when we shared our findings we suddenly realized that both sets of studies pointed to the same gene $ mdash ; epas1, \" said robbins, who co - organized the meeting with beall. while all humans have the epas1 gene, tibetans carry a special version of the gene. over evolutionary time individuals who inherited this variant were better able to survive and passed it on to their children, until eventually it became more common in the population as a whole. \" this is the first human gene locus for which there is hard evidence for genetic selection in tibetans, \" said co - author peter robbins of oxford university. researchers are still trying to understand how tibetans get enough oxygen to their tissues despite low levels of oxygen in the air and bloodstream. until then, the genetic clues uncovered so far are unlikely to be the end of the story. \" there are probably many more signals to be characterized and described, \" said co - author gianpiero cavalleri of the royal college of surgeons in ireland. for those who live closer to sea level, the findings may one day help predict who is at greatest risk for altitude sickness. \" once we find these versions, tests can be developed to tell if an individual is sensitive to low - oxygen, \" said co - author changqing zeng of the beijing institute of genomics. \" many patients, young and old, are affected by low oxygen levels in their blood \u2014 perhaps from lung disease, or heart problems. some cope much better than others, \" said co - author hugh montgomery, of university college london. \" studies like this are the start in helping us to understand why, and to develop new treatments. \" the team ' s findings will be published online the week of june 7 in proceedings of the national academy of sciences.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5119775798758721, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.330802"} {"text": "even as a young organization, our work was effective and got noticed. cbf ' s earliest legal case, arguing for evaluating the environmental impacts of a nuclear power plant at calvert cliffs, was the first in the u. s. to be decided under the national environment policy act ( nepa ). the court ruling, now hailed as a landmark of u. s. environmental law, requires federal agencies to conduct detailed environmental review on proposed actions. the environmental protection agency, washington, d. c. photo by michael mccloskey. middle school students enjoy a headwaters to bay course on fox island. photo by tiffany granbert / cbf staff. cbf made bay - focused environmental education for school children and teachers a reality at an environmental education center on meredith creek near annapolis. this award - winning program expanded with the christening of cbf ' s first mobile canoe fleet, the acquisition of cbf ' s first and second residential island centers on great fox island and smith island, and the commissioning of a 42 - foot workboat for student trips in baltimore harbor. tidal wetland loss decreased by more than 90 percent after cbf pressed for strict enforcement of maryland ' s new tidal wetlands act. the construction of an oil refinery in hampton roads, virginia, was halted after cbf forced an environmental impact study that challenged the u. s. corps of engineers ' permit for the project. following the three mile island nuclear accident on the lower susquehanna river in pennsylvania, cbf prompted the nuclear regulatory commission to prepare and make public an environmental impact statement regarding the cleanup and to refrain from releasing accident - generated water into the river unless justified by the study. authorities denied the permit for a power plant location following cbf ' s opposition to the proposed site on the banks of the potomac river near one of the most important striped bass spawning areas in the mid - atlantic region.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.467877431596336, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.332827"} {"text": "- pdf ( 249 kb ) - full text with thumbnail figures - full text with large figures - cited by in scopus ( 23 ) - request permission - mixed - species malaria infections in humans trends in parasitology, volume 20, issue 5, 1 may 2004, pages 233 - 240 mayfong mayxay, sasithon pukrittayakamee, paul n newton and nicholas j white abstractmixed - species malaria infections are often not recognized or underestimated. in asia, surveys usually report that < 2 % of infections are mixed, whereas therapeutic studies in vivax or falciparum malaria have demonstrated a high prevalence ( up to 30 % ) of infection with the other malaria species during convalescence, suggesting covert co - infection. in epidemiological studies, a high prevalence of cryptic mixed - malaria species infection has been detected by sensitive pcr techniques. concurrently infecting malaria species are mutually suppressive with plasmodium falciparum tending to dominate plasmodium vivax, but p. vivax attenuating the severity of p. falciparum. there is evidence for some cross - species immunity. these interactions have important clinical and public health implications. abstract | full text | pdf ( 185 kb ) - plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale \u2013 the \u2018 bashful \u2019 malaria parasites trends in parasitology, volume 23, issue 6, 1 june 2007, pages 278 - 283 ivo mueller, peter a. zimmerman and john c. reeder abstractalthough plasmodium malariae was first described as an infectious disease of humans by golgi in 1886 and plasmodium ovale identified by stevens in 1922, there are still large gaps in our knowledge of the importance of these infections as causes of malaria in different parts of the world. they have traditionally been thought of as mild illnesses that are caused by rare and, in case of p. ovale, short - lived parasites. however, recent advances in sensitive pcr diagnosis are causing a re - evaluation of this assumption. low - level infection seems to be common across malaria - endemic areas, often as complex mixed infections. the potential interactions of p. malariae and p. ovale with plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax might explain some basic questions of malaria epidemiology, and understanding these interactions could have an important influence on the deployment of interventions such as malaria vaccines. abstract | full", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47357686170639846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.336597"} {"text": "plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax might explain some basic questions of malaria epidemiology, and understanding these interactions could have an important influence on the deployment of interventions such as malaria vaccines. abstract | full text | pdf ( 265 kb ) - the epidemiology of malaria in papua new guinea trends in parasitology, volume 19, issue 6, 1 june 2003, pages 253 - 259 ivo muller, moses bockarie, michael alpers and tom smith abstractpapua new guinea ( png ) is a patchwork of different ecological zones, inhabited by human populations of exceptional cultural and linguistic diversity. this results in complex variations in vector ecology and malaria epidemiology. malaria is the main cause of morbidity in many health facilities in lowland areas, but it is absent in much of the highlands. all four human malaria species occur, but endemicity varies widely, with plasmodium falciparum locally reaching holo - endemic levels that are rarely found outside sub - saharan africa. the high frequency of plasmodium vivax is an important difference to most african situations. png is therefore a prime location for studies of interactions between different parasite species, and of the biology of local human genetic adaptation and its implications for malaria morbidity and mortality. abstract | full text | pdf ( 709 kb ) copyright \u00a9 2003 elsevier science ltd all rights reserved. trends in parasitology, volume 19, issue 3, 144 - 149, 1 march 2003 human migration, mosquitoes and the evolution of plasmodium falciparum to date, coalescent analysis of the plasmodium falciparum genome sequence has failed to provide a unifying theory regarding the parasite ' s evolution. while a better understanding of the evolution of the malaria genome will undoubtedly clarify the current controversy, the importance of the parasite ' s interplay with both the human host and mosquito vector cannot be underestimated. changes in the population biology or ecology of either one of these species have consequences for malaria transmission and this was never more apparent than in the environmental changes brought about by the advent of agriculture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49356270071986597, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.337586"} {"text": "1. early in the novel, dora ' s aunt fran quotes from the science of a new life : \" it is almost impossible for a woman to read the current ' ' love and murder ' ' literature of the day and have pure thoughts, and when the reading of such literature is associated with idleness - as it almost invariably is - a woman ' s thoughts and feelings cannot be other than impure and sensual. \" how does reading shape dora ' s view of the world? how does her love of books play into her relationship with her father? with miss b.? 2. dora makes the following observation after attending her first birth : \" how a mother comes to love her child, her caring at all for this thing that ' s made her heavy, lopsided and slow, this thing that made her wish she were dead \u2026 that ' s the miracle. \" what do you think she meant? do you feel this is true? 3. folklore, home remedies, women ' s traditions, herbalism, and a belief in the divine feminine are all part of miss b. ' s way of life. she is determined to pass these things along to dora. does dora try hard enough to preserve them? should she let them go? in your own life, what traditions matter most to you ( and why )? 4. according to medical texts and advertisements of the early 1900 ' s, women who were prone to \" emotional behaviour \" were often labeled as hysterical. a poster in dr. thomas ' ' s office feeling anxious? tired? weepy? you are not alone. the modernization of society has brought about an increase in neurasthenia, greensickness and hysteria. symptoms of neurasthenia include : weeping, melancholy, anxiety, irritability, depression, outrageousness, insomnia, mental and physical weariness, idle talking, sudden fevers, morbid fears, frequent titillation, forgetfulness, palpitations of the heart, headaches, writing cramps, mental confusion, constant worry and fear of impending insanity. talk to your physician. he can help. do we see this kind of questioning today? are women ' ' s emotions still targeted by advertisers? 5. when archer asks dora to marry him, he tells her that \" love takes care of herself. \" dora chooses to say yes. what does dora ' s decision say about her situation and station in life? do you think she should have chosen to follow in miss b. ' '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552322506960261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.343256"} {"text": "him, he tells her that \" love takes care of herself. \" dora chooses to say yes. what does dora ' s decision say about her situation and station in life? do you think she should have chosen to follow in miss b. ' ' s footsteps 6. through a visit to dr. thomas ' s office, dora discovers that women ' s sexual pleasure ( specifically orgasm ) is considered to be a medical function ( or dysfunction ). ads of the time, such as the one for the white cross vibrator, reinforced this notion. how does dora come to terms with these ideas? what kinds of taboos, if any, surround women ' s sexuality today? 7. miss b. says this about mabel ' s home birth : \" the scent of a good groanin ' cake, a cuppa hot mother ' s tea and time. most times that ' s all a mama needs on the day her baby comes. \" she later says this to dr. thomas : \" science don ' t know kindness. it don ' t know kindness from cabbage. \" dr. thomas replies, \" science is neither kind nor unkind, miss babineau. science is exact. \" how do these statements show the differences between miss b. and dr. thomas? in moving the birthing experience from homes and birth houses to hospitals, what have women lost? what have they gained? 8. after dora discovers aunt fran ' s affair with reverend norton, she writes : \" he ' s been seeing her. he ' ' s noticed her so much that now she ' ' s his. \" why do you think dora decided to keep it a secret? should she have told someone? what would you have done? 9. dora says this about her mother : \" everything i ' ve learned from mother, every bit of her truth, has been said while her hands were moving. \" what does this say about her relationship with her mother? is this kind of communication still an important part of 10. the author includes ephemera from dora ' ' s life ( invitations, news articles, sections from the willow book, folk tales, advertisements, etc. ) throughout the novel. how did this affect your reading experience? do you have a favourite from them? 11. there are many mentions of birthing folklore and techniques, from groaning cake to mother ' ' s tea, from miss b. turning ginny ' ' s breech baby to quilling. what wives ' ' tales about pregnancy and birth have you heard? are there any that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41205837536303225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.344286"} {"text": "birthing folklore and techniques, from groaning cake to mother ' ' s tea, from miss b. turning ginny ' ' s breech baby to quilling. what wives ' ' tales about pregnancy and birth have you heard? are there any that you ' ' d swear by? 12. the sisters of the occasional knitters society support dora throughout the book ( keeping the secret of wrennie ' ' s birth, taking care of wrennie when dora goes to boston, meeting together for conversations and sisterhood ). what makes their friendship so strong? do you think friendships like that are still possible 13. mrs. ketch comes to her house for help, dora feels conflicted. given dora ' ' s history with mrs. ketch, why do you think she chose to assist her in helping her \" lose \" her baby? 14. maxine is unlike anyone dora has ever met before. boston is very different from scots bay. what do maxine and boston bring to dora ' ' s life? have you ever made a change in location or met someone who immediately changed your life? 15. in both the prologue and the epilogue, we see how, over time, life has changed in scots bay. other towns in other places have changed too - some have disappeared forever. what do you think we have gained with these changes? what have we lost? 16. after dora and hart become lovers, he talks of marriage and she refuses. why do you think she is so determined not to marry 17. in the epilogue, dora reflects on her past and what the birth house has meant to her and to the community. there is a sense of change, but also a sense of traditions preserved and lessons learned. what thoughts will you take away from the birth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45255742676180677, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.344999"} {"text": "03 - 13 - 2006, 01 : 30 am mammal extinct for 11 million years is... well.... not extinct washington ( ap ) - - it has the face of a rat and the tail of a skinny squirrel - - and scientists say this creature discovered living in central laos is pretty special : it ' s a species believed to have been extinct for 11 million years. the long - whiskered rodent made international headlines last spring when biologists declared they ' d discovered a new species, nicknamed the laotian rock rat. it turns out the little guy isn ' t new after all, but a rare kind of survivor : a member of a group until now known only from fossils. nor is it a rat. this species, called diatomyidae, looks more like small squirrels or tree shrews, said paleontologist mary dawson of pittsburgh ' s carnegie museum of natural history. dawson, with colleagues in france and china, report the creature ' s new identity in friday ' s edition of the journal science. the resemblance is \" absolutely striking, \" dawson said. as soon as her team spotted reports about the rodent ' s discovery, \" we thought, ' my goodness, this is not a new family. we ' ve known it from the fossil record. \" ' they set out to prove that through meticulous comparisons between the bones of today ' s specimens and fossils found in china and elsewhere in asia. to reappear after 11 million years is more exciting than if the rodent really had been a new species, said george schaller, a naturalist with the wildlife conservation society, which unveiled the creature ' s existence last year. indeed, such reappearances are so rare that paleontologists dub them \" the lazarus effect. \" another well - known example is the coelacanth, a primitive fish that existed before the dinosaurs and was thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago, until one was caught in 1938 off the coast of southern africa. \" it shows you it ' s well worth looking around in this world, still, to see what ' s out there, \" schaller said. the nocturnal rodent lives in laotian forests largely unexplored by outsiders, because of the geographic remoteness and history of political turmoil. schaller called the area \" an absolute wonderland, \" because biologists who have ventured in have found unique animals, like a type of wild ox called the saola, barking deer, and never - before - seen bats", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5103495112211647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.349367"} {"text": "history of political turmoil. schaller called the area \" an absolute wonderland, \" because biologists who have ventured in have found unique animals, like a type of wild ox called the saola, barking deer, and never - before - seen bats. dawson described it as a prehistoric zoo, teeming with information about past and present biodiversity. all the attention to the ancient rodent will be \" wonderful for conservation, \" schaller said. \" this way, laos will be proud of that region for all these new animals, which will help conservation in that some of the forests, i hope, will be preserved. \" locals call the rodent kha - nyou. scientists haven ' t yet a bagged a breathing one, only the bodies of those recently caught by hunters or for sale at meat markets, where researchers with the new york - based conservation society first spotted the creature. now the challenge is to trap live ones and calculate how many still exist to determine whether the species is endangered, dawson said. my guide / game tradelist - free guides ( just pay shipping ), updated may, 17th, 2006 what cag ' ers have to say about alonzomourning23 : pittsburghafterdark - \" representative of liberalism as a mental disorder \" bmulligan - \" nancyboy \", \" college bumpkin \" camoor - \" happy - head weenie \", \" morally bankrupt \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.486309183191721, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.350041"} {"text": "from pittsburgh, pennsylvania, usa : a friend of mine has had diabetes for almost 18 years. she wears an insulin pump and is in reasonably good control ( a1c ' s around 8. 0 - 8. 5 ). this past summer, she was having problems with her stomach - - terrible stomach aches that would prevent her from eating or getting sick when she did eat. after repeated tests, her doctor said that she has nerve damage to her stomach as a direct result from complications from diabetes. he said it was unpreventable due to the fact that she has had diabetes for so long. is it possible to get nerve damage to your stomach as a result of diabetes? could this be anything else? and would better control have prevented this? the condition you are describing is well established as a microvascular complication of diabetes. the stomach is involved and is called gastroparesis. the reason the stomach is involved is that the nerves the control the motility of the stomach are involved. when this occurs, there is abnormal emptying of the stomach. food contents remain in place for long periods of time causing post - meal nausea, fullness, vomiting, and discomfort. it also is very difficult for controlling blood sugars as it results in a mismatch between glucose levels and absorbed insulin levels. frequently what will happen is that patients will take their insulin before a meal, the food will not be absorbed right away, and the sugars fall to low levels around the meal. this is complicated by the late rise in glucose that occurs hours later. unfortunately, the stomach is not the only part of the gut involved with diabetic neuropathy. the colon and rectum can also be involved and lead to diabetic diarrhea, a very incapacitating condition where diarrhea occurs constantly with little relief. like all complications from diabetes, there appears to be a relationship between elevated blood sugars and the condition of gastroparesis. good control of blood sugars is the best insurance policy. original posting 30 nov 2003 posted to complications last updated : tuesday april 06, 2010 15 : 09 : 51 this internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. if you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional. this site is published by children with diabetes, inc, which is responsible for its contents. \u00a9 children with diabetes, inc. 1995 - 2013. comments and feedback.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43761015932342495, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.353349"} {"text": "| \u00ab back to article | alabama - coushattas seeking fair share of resources taken from their lands by kyle williams | july 20, 2012 | updated : july 20, 2012 8 : 50pm as chairman of the alabama - coushatta tribe of texas, i am responsible for educating others about the history of our tribe and the issues we are facing. the tribe ' s presence in the big thicket region of east texas dates all the way back to the days of spanish texas. since then, we have contributed in various ways to the well - being of our fellow texans. during the war for texas independence, for example, our forebears used the trails and forests of the big thicket to help gen. sam houston and his texian forces elude the advancing mexican army under santa anna. as a gesture of gratitude, houston later granted our tribe land in east texas - and promised that our rights would always be respected by texas. members of our community have also fought in the united states military in every conflict since world war ii - and some of these tribal members made the ultimate sacrifice fighting for freedom and america. since the 1960s, our tribe has helped educate kids from the surrounding area through our head start program. today, however, our tribe is in its own struggle to achieve independence and basic fairness. recently, we filed a lawsuit against the federal government. our objective in taking this legal action is straightforward : we seek to stop the federal government from allowing private companies to enter our aboriginal lands and exploit our natural resources for commercial purposes. the tribe has tried other avenues to obtain what is legally ours. twelve years ago, the u. s. court of federal claims ruled that the alabama - coushatta maintains aboriginal title to more than 5. 5 million acres in east texas. the court also held that the federal government failed in its obligation to protect our land from unauthorized use. finally, the court recommended that congress pay $ 270 million in damages to the tribe for the government ' s breach of its fiduciary duty. to date, congress has made no effort to compensate the tribe. meanwhile, the federal government continues to exercise control over our land, and continues to give others the right to mine and exploit other resources. added to that, these outside interests retain all lease payments, royalties and profits generated from their activities. more recently, courts and congressional inaction have denied the tribe the right to use our lands as other federally recognized communities are entitled to do under the law. deprived of this basic fairness and excluded from the benefits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39614437249599516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.358988"} {"text": ", royalties and profits generated from their activities. more recently, courts and congressional inaction have denied the tribe the right to use our lands as other federally recognized communities are entitled to do under the law. deprived of this basic fairness and excluded from the benefits of development activities on our lands, the tribe is facing an uphill battle to maintain basic services for its members. regrettably, many years of good faith efforts to resolve these various issues in austin and in washington, d. c., have yet to yield a positive result. which is why, earlier this year, we were compelled to file our complaint in federal court. it is critical to note that although the government ' s breaches of fiduciary duty have inflicted, and continue to inflict, harm on our tribe, the relief we are seeking in this complaint is quite modest. we are not seeking to recover possession of our ancestral lands. rather, if we prevail in court, it simply means that the federal government will be required to take the tribe ' s interest into account when it issues future permits or leases for the extraction of resources from our lands. in addition, the government will be required to provide us with a full accounting of the revenues it has collected by selling timber and issuing permits for oil and gas exploitation from our lands. as we have throughout our long history, the alabama - coushatta tribe takes pride in its relationships throughout east texas. we have always strived, and always will strive, to be good neighbors. after so many years of frustration and futility over this land rights issue, however, we were compelled to take this legal action. we simply could not continue to stand back and watch our property rights be ignored while federal agencies and their commercial partners exploit our land and resources. the complaint filed earlier this year seeks to force the federal government to follow the law. this, in turn, will help improve the quality of life for tribal members. williams is chairman of the alabama - coushatta tribal council.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4132543698774883, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.359842"} {"text": "table of contents what is session initiation protocol? components of sip what is the cisco sip ip phone? cisco sip ip phone connections connecting to the network connecting to power using a headset the cisco sip ip phone with a catalyst switch this chapter contains the following information about the cisco sip ip phone : \u2022 what is session initiation protocol? \u2022 what is the cisco sip ip phone? \u2022 cisco sip ip phone connections \u2022 the cisco sip ip phone with a catalyst switch what is session initiation protocol? session initiation protocol ( sip ) is the internet engineering task force ' s ( ietf ' s ) standard for multimedia conferencing over ip. sip is an ascii - based, application - layer control protocol ( defined in rfc 2543 ) that can be used to establish, maintain, and terminate calls between two or more end points. like other voip protocols, sip is designed to address the functions of signaling and session management within a packet telephony network. signaling allows call information to be carried across network boundaries. session management provides the ability to control the attributes of an end - to - end call. sip provides the capabilities to : \u2022 determine the location of the target end point \u2014 sip supports address resolution, name mapping, and call redirection. \u2022 determine the media capabilities of the target end point \u2014 via session description protocol ( sdp ), sip determines the \" lowest level \" of common services between the end points. conferences are established using only the media capabilities that can be supported by all end points. \u2022 determine the availability of the target end point \u2014 if a call cannot be completed because the target end point is unavailable, sip determines whether the called party is already on the phone or did not answer in the allotted number of rings. it then returns a message indicating why the target end point was unavailable. \u2022 establish a session between the originating and target end point \u2014 if the call can be completed, sip establishes a session between the end points. sip also supports mid - call changes, such as the addition of another end point to the conference or the changing of a media characteristic or codec. \u2022 handle the transfer and termination of calls \u2014 sip supports the transfer of calls from one end point to another. during a call transfer, sip simply establishes a session between the transferee and a new end point ( specified by the transferring party ) and terminates the session between the transferee and the transferring party. at the end of a call, sip terminates the sessions between all parties. conferences can consist of two or more users and can be established using multicast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5346820370568011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.381190"} {"text": "( specified by the transferring party ) and terminates the session between the transferee and the transferring party. at the end of a call, sip terminates the sessions between all parties. conferences can consist of two or more users and can be established using multicast or multiple unicast sessions. note the term conference means an established session ( or call ) between two or more end points. in this document, the terms conference and call are used interchangeably. components of sip sip is a peer - to - peer protocol. the peers in a session are called user agents ( uas ). a user agent can function in one of the following roles : \u2022 user agent client ( uac ) \u2014 a client application that initiates the sip request. \u2022 user agent server ( uas ) \u2014 a server application that contacts the user when a sip request is received and that returns a response on behalf of the user. typically, a sip end point is capable of functioning as both a uac and a uas, but functions only as one or the other per transaction. whether the endpoint functions as a uac or a uas depends on the ua that initiated the request. from an architecture standpoint, the physical components of a sip network can also be grouped into two categories : clients and servers. figure 1 - 1 illustrates the architecture of a sip network. note in addition, the sip servers can interact with other application services, such as lightweght directory access protocol ( ldap ) servers, a database application, or an extensible markup language ( xml ) application. these application services provide back - end services such as directory, authentication, and billing services. figure 1 - 1 sip architecture sip clients include : \u2022 phones \u2014 can act as either a uas or uac. softphones ( pcs that have phone capabilities installed ) and cisco sip ip phones can initiate sip requests and respond to requests. \u2022 gateways \u2014 provide call control. gateways provide many services, the most common being a translation function between sip conferencing endpoints and other terminal types. this function includes translation between transmission formats and between communications procedures. in addition, the gateway also translates between audio and video codecs and performs call setup and clearing on both the lan side and the switched - circuit network side. sip servers include : \u2022 proxy server \u2014 the proxy server is an intermediate device that receives sip requests from a client and then forwards the requests on the client ' s behalf. basically, proxy servers receive sip messages and forward them to the next sip server in the network", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5156477026376605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.382304"} {"text": "include : \u2022 proxy server \u2014 the proxy server is an intermediate device that receives sip requests from a client and then forwards the requests on the client ' s behalf. basically, proxy servers receive sip messages and forward them to the next sip server in the network. proxy servers can provide functions such as authentication, authorization, network access control, routing, reliable request retransmission, and security. \u2022 redirect server \u2014 receives sip requests, strips out the address in the request, checks its address tables for any other addresses that may be mapped to the one in the request, and then returns the results of the address mapping to the client. basically, redirect servers provide the client with information about the next hop or hops that a message should take and then the client contacts the next hop server or uas directly. \u2022 registrar server \u2014 processes requests from uacs for registration of their current location. registrar servers are often co - located with a redirect or proxy server. what is the cisco sip ip phone? cisco sip ip phones are full - featured telephones that can be plugged directly into an ip network and used very much like a standard private branch exchange ( pbx ) telephone. the cisco sip ip phone is an ip telephony instrument that can be used in voip networks. the cisco sip ip phone model terminals can attach to the existing in place data network infrastructure, via 10baset / 100baset interfaces on an ethernet switch. when used with a voice - capable ethernet switch ( one that understands type of service [ tos ] bits and can prioritize voip traffic ), the phones eliminate the need for a traditional proprietary telephone set and key system / pbx. the cisco sip ip phone complies with rfc 2543. figure 1 - 2 illustrates physical features of the cisco sip ip phone : figure 1 - 2 cisco sip ip phone physical features \u2022 lcd screen \u2014 desktop which displays information about your cisco sip ip phone, such as the time, date, your phone number, caller id, line / call status and the soft key tabs. \u2022 line or speed dial buttons \u2014 opens a new line or speed dials the number on the lcd screen. \u2022 footstand adjustment \u2014 adjusts the angle of the phone base. \u2022 soft keys \u2014 activates the feature described by the text message directly above on the lcd screen. \u2022 information ( i ) button \u2014 provides online help for selected keys or features and network statistics about the active call. this feature will be available in a future release. \u2022", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49066959693248746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.383266"} {"text": "activates the feature described by the text message directly above on the lcd screen. \u2022 information ( i ) button \u2014 provides online help for selected keys or features and network statistics about the active call. this feature will be available in a future release. \u2022 on - screen mode buttons \u2014 retrieves information about current settings, recent calls, available services, and voice mail messages. \u2022 volume buttons \u2014 adjusts the volume of the handset, headset, speaker, ringer and adjusts the brightness contrast settings on the lcd screen. \u2022 function toggles \u2014 includes these options : \u2013 headset and speaker \u2014 toggles these functions enabling you to answer the phone using a headset or speakerphone. \u2013 mute \u2014 stops or resumes voice transmission. \u2022 scroll key \u2014 enables you to move among different soft key options displayed on lcd screen. \u2022 dialing pad \u2014 press the dial pad buttons to dial a phone number. dial pad buttons work exactly like those on your existing telephone. \u2022 handset \u2014 lift the handset and press the dial pad numbers to place a call, review voice mail messages, answer a call, and so on. in addition to the physical features illustrated in figure 1 - 2, the cisco sip ip phone also provides the following : \u2022 an adjustable ring tone \u2022 a hearing - aid compatible handset \u2022 an integrated two - port ethernet switch that allows the telephone and a computer to share a single ethernet jack \u2022 a direct connection to a 10baset or 100baset ethernet ( rj - 45 ) network ( half - or full - duplex connections are supported ) \u2022 a large ( 4. 25 x 3 in. ) display with adjustable contrast \u2022 g. 711 ( u - law and a - law ) and g. 729a audio compression \u2022 ip address assignment \u2014 dynamic host configuration protocol ( dhcp ) client or manually configured via a local setup menu \u2013 configure ethernet port mode and speed \u2013 register with or unregister from a proxy server \u2013 specify a tftp boot directory \u2013 configure a label for phone identification display purposes \u2013 configure a name for caller identification purposes for each active line on a phone \u2013 configure a 12 - or 24 - hour user interface time display \u2022 in - band dual - tone multifrequency ( dtmf ) support for touch - tone dialing \u2022 out - of - band dtmf signaling for codecs that do not transport the dtmf signaling correctly ( for example, g. 729 or g. 72", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47643303480902777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.384251"} {"text": "ip phone user to request forwarding service from the network ( via a third party tool that enables this feature to be configured ). when a call is placed to the user ' s phone, it is redirected to the appropriate forward destination by the sip proxy server. \u2013 call hold \u2014 allows the cisco sip ip phone user ( user a ) to place a call ( from user b ) on hold. when user a places user b on hold, the 2 - way rtp voice path between user a and user b is temporarily disconnected but the call session is still connected. when user a takes user b off hold, the 2 - way rtp voice path is reestablished. \u2013 call transfer \u2014 allows the cisco sip ip phone user ( user a ) to transfer a call from one user ( user b ) to another user ( user c ). user a places user b on hold and calls user c. if user c accepts the transfer, a session is established between user b and user c and the session between user a and user b is terminated. \u2013 three - way calling \u2014 allows a \" bridged \" 3 - way call. when a 3 - way call is established, the cisco sip ip phone through which the call is established acts as a bridge, mixing the audio media for the other parties. \u2013 do not disturb \u2014 allows the user to instruct the system to intercept incoming calls during specified periods of time when the user does not want to be disturbed. \u2013 multiple directory numbers \u2014 allows the cisco sip ip phone to have up to six directory numbers or lines. \u2013 call waiting \u2014 plays an audible tone to indicate that an incoming call is waiting. the user can then put the existing call on - hold and accept the other call. the user can alternate between the two calls. \u2013 direct number dialing \u2014 allows users to initiate or receive a call using a standard e. 164 number format in a local, national, or international format. \u2013 direct url dialing \u2014 provides the ability to place a call using an email address instead of a phone number. \u2013 caller id blocking \u2014 allows the user to instruct the system to block their phone number or email address from phones that have caller identification capabilities. \u2013 anonymous call blocking \u2014 allows the user to instruct the system to block any calls for which the identification is blocked. \u2022 user - defined proxy routing the \" route \" attribute of the template tag in the dial plan template file can be used to indicate which proxy ( default, emergency, fqdn ) that the call should be initially routed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5027890244453809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.386360"} {"text": "the identification is blocked. \u2022 user - defined proxy routing the \" route \" attribute of the template tag in the dial plan template file can be used to indicate which proxy ( default, emergency, fqdn ) that the call should be initially routed to. for example, to configure an emergency proxy, specify value of the \" route \" attribute as \" emergency \". \u2022 backup sip proxy when the primary proxy does not respond to the invite message sent by the cisco sip ip phone after the configured number of retries, the cisco sip ip phone sends the invite to the backup proxy. this is independent from which proxy is defined in the \" route \" attribute in the dial plan template used. the cisco sip ip phone does not have to register with the backup proxy. all interactions, such as authentication challenges, with the backup proxy is treated the same as the interactions with the primary proxy. the backup proxy is only used with new invite messages. once the backup proxy is used, it is active for the duration of the call. the location of the backup sip proxy can be defined as an ip address in the default configuration file. see proxy _ backup and proxy _ backup _ port parameters in modifying the default sip configuration file in \" managing cisco sip ip phones \". \u2022 emergency sip proxy an optional emergency sip proxy can be configured with the \" route \" attribute of the template tag in the dial plan template file. see \" support of user - defined proxy routing \". when an emergency sip proxy is configured and a call is initiated, the phone generates an invite message to the address specified in the proxy _ emergency parameter. the emergency proxy is used for the call duration. the location of the emergency proxy can be defined as an ip address in the default configuration file. see proxy _ emergency and proxy _ emergency _ port parameters in modifying the default sip configuration file in \" managing cisco sip ip phones \". support of dns srv dns srv is the domain name server rr used to locate servers for a given service. sip on cisco ' s sip ip phones use dns srv query to determine the ip address of the sip proxy or the redirect server. the query string generated is in compliance with rfc2782, and prepends the protocol label with an underscore \" _ \" ; as in \" _ protocol. _ transport. \". the addition of the underscore reduces the risk of the same name being used for unrelated purposes. also in compliance with rfc 2782 and the draft - ietf - sip -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47370057417419664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.387507"} {"text": "_ \" ; as in \" _ protocol. _ transport. \". the addition of the underscore reduces the risk of the same name being used for unrelated purposes. also in compliance with rfc 2782 and the draft - ietf - sip - srv - 01 spec. is that the system can remember multiple ip addresses and use them properly. in the draft - ietf - sip - srv - 01 spec, it is assumed that all proxies returned for the srv record are equivalent such that the phone can register with any of the proxies and initiate a call using any other proxy. vad can be enabled or disabled with enable _ vad parameter. value 0 for disable, and value 1 for enable. see enable _ vad parameter in modifying the default sip configuration file in \" managing cisco sip ip phones \". three - way conferencing supports one phone conferencing with two other phones by providing mixing on the initiating phone. to set up a 3 - way conference call, see documentation on making conference calls in \" getting started with the cisco ip phone 7960 \". see release note for limitations. if the invite message contains an alert - info header, distinctive ringing is invoked, format of the header is \" alert - info : x \". \" x \" can be any number. this header is only received by the phone and is not generated by the phone. distinctive ringing is supported when the phone is idle or during a call. in the idle mode, the phone rings with a different cadence. the selected ringing type plays twice with a short pause in between. in call - waiting mode, two short beeps are generated instead of one long beep. note for information on how to use the standard telephony features and url dialing, refer to the getting started cisco ip phone 7960 and quick reference cisco ip phone 7960 documents. the cisco sip ip phone supports the following standard protocols : \u2022 domain name system ( dns ) dns is used in the internet for translating names of network nodes into addresses. sip uses dns to resolve the host names of end points to ip addresses. \u2022 dynamic host control protocol ( dhcp ) dhcp is used to dynamically allocate and assign ip addresses. dhcp allows you to move network devices from one subnet to another without administrative attention. if using dhcp, you can connect cisco sip ip phones to the network and become operational without having to manually assign an ip address and additional network parameters. the cisco sip ip phone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5320842016815803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.388659"} {"text": "to move network devices from one subnet to another without administrative attention. if using dhcp, you can connect cisco sip ip phones to the network and become operational without having to manually assign an ip address and additional network parameters. the cisco sip ip phone complies with the dhcp specifications documented in rfc 2131. by default, cisco sip ip phones are dhcp - enabled. \u2022 internet control message protocol ( icmp ) icmp is a network layer internet protocol that enables hosts to send error or control messages to other hosts. icmp also provides other information relevant to ip packet processing. the cisco sip supports icmp as it is documented in rfc 792. \u2022 internet protocol ( ip ) ip is a network layer protocol that sends datagram packets between nodes on the internet. ip also provides features for addressing, type - of - service ( tos ) specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and security. the cisco sip ip phone supports ip as it is defined in rfc 791. \u2022 real - time transport protocol ( rtp ) rtp transports real - time data ( such as voice data ) over data networks. rtp also has the ability to obtain quality of service ( qos ) information. the cisco sip ip phone supports rtp as a media channel. \u2022 session description protocol ( sdp ) sdp is an ascii - based protocol that describes multimedia sessions and their related scheduling information. the cisco sip ip phone uses sdp for session description. \u2022 simple network time protocol ( sntp ) sntp sychronizes computer clocks on an ip network. the cisco sip ip phones use sntp for their date and time support. \u2022 trivial file transfer protocol ( tftp ) tftp allows files to be transferred from one computer to another over a network. the cisco sip ip phone uses tftp to download configuration files and software updates. \u2022 user datagram protocol ( udp ) udp is a simple protocol that exchanges data packets without acknowledgments or guaranteed delivery. sip can use udp as the underlying transport protocol. if udp is used, retransmissions are used to ensure reliability. the cisco sip ip phone supports udp as it is defined in rfc 768 for sip signaling. for the cisco sip ip phone to successfully operate as a sip endpoint in your network, your network must meet the following requirements : \u2022 a working ip network is established. for more information about configuring ip, refer to cisco ios ip and ip routing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49827234527877046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.389667"} {"text": "cisco sip ip phone to successfully operate as a sip endpoint in your network, your network must meet the following requirements : \u2022 a working ip network is established. for more information about configuring ip, refer to cisco ios ip and ip routing configuration guide. \u2022 voip is configured on your cisco routers. for more information about configuring voip, refer to the cisco ios release 12. 1 multiservice applications configuration guide for the appropriate access platform. for more information about configuring sip voip, refer to the enhancements to sip for voip on cisco access platforms. \u2022 voip gateways are configured for sip. \u2022 a tftp server is active and contains the latest cisco sip ip phone firmware image in its root directory. \u2022 a proxy server is active and configured to receive and forward sip messages. cisco sip ip phone connections the cisco sip ip phone has connections for connecting to the data network, for providing power to the phone, and for connecting a headset to the phone. figure 1 - 3 illustrates the connections on the cisco sip ip phone. figure 1 - 3 cisco sip ip phone cable connections connecting to the network the cisco sip ip phone has two rj - 45 ports that each support 10 / 100 mbps half - or full - duplex ethernet connections to external devices \u2014 network port ( labeled 10 / 100 sw ) and access port ( labeled 10 / 100 pc ). you can use either category 3 or 5 cabling for 10 mpbs connections, but use category 5 for 100 mbps connections. on both the network port and access port, use full - duplex mode to avoid collisions. network port ( 10 / 100 sw ) use the network port to connect the phone to the network. you must use a straight - through cable on this port. the phone can also obtain inline power from the cisco catalyst switch over this connection. see the \" connecting to power \" section for details. access port ( 10 / 100 pc ) use the access port to connect a network device, such as a computer, to the phone. you must use a straight - through cable on this port. connecting to power the cisco sip ip phone can be powered by the following sources : \u2022 external power source \u2014 optional cisco ac adaptor and power cord for connecting to a standard wall receptacle. \u2022 ws - x6348 - rj45v 10 / 100 switching module \u2014 provides inline power to the cisco sip ip phone when connected to a catalyst 3500, 4000, or 6000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4128511572669512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.390757"} {"text": "for connecting to a standard wall receptacle. \u2022 ws - x6348 - rj45v 10 / 100 switching module \u2014 provides inline power to the cisco sip ip phone when connected to a catalyst 3500, 4000, or 6000 family 10 / 100basetx switching module. this module sends power on pins 1 & 2 and 3 & 6. \u2022 ws - pwr - panel \u2014 power patch panel provides power to the cisco sip ip phone which allows the cisco sip ip phone to be connected to existing catalyst 4000, 5000, and 6000 family 10 / 100basetx switching modules. this module sends power on pins 4, 5, 7, and 8. \u2022 ws - x4148 - rj45v \u2014 48 port 10 / 100 ethernet with inline power module for the catalyst 4006. \u2022 ws - x4095 - pem \u2014 voip dc power entry module for the catalyst 4006. \u2022 ws - x4608 - 2psu and ws - x4608 \u2014 external - 48v dc power shelf common equipment for the catalyst 4006 with two ac - to - dc psus and one empty bay for redundant option and the 110v 15a ac - to48v dc psu redundant option for the power shelf \u2022 ws - c3524 - pwr - xl - en \u2014 catalyst 3524 - pwr xl switch note only the network port ( labeled 10 / 100 sw ) supports inline power from the cisco catalyst switches. for redundancy, you can use the cisco ac adapter even if you are using inline power from the cisco catalyst switches. the cisco sip ip phone can share the power load being used from the inline power and external power source. if either the inline power or the external power goes down, the phone can switch entirely to the other power source. to use this redundancy feature you must set the inline power mode to auto on the cisco catalyst switch. next, connect the un - powered cisco sip ip phone to the network. after the phone powers up, connect the external power supply to the phone. using a headset the cisco sip ip phone supports a four or six - wire headset jack. specifically, the cisco sip ip phone supports the following plantronics headset models : \u2022 encore monaural h91 \u2022 encore binaural h101 the volume and mute controls will also adjust volume to the earpiece and mute the speech path of the headset. the headset activation key is located on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4328823994527734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.392710"} {"text": "##et models : \u2022 encore monaural h91 \u2022 encore binaural h101 the volume and mute controls will also adjust volume to the earpiece and mute the speech path of the headset. the headset activation key is located on the front of the cisco sip ip phone. note when using a headset, an amplifier is not required. however, a coil cord is required to connect the headset to the headset port on the back of your cisco ip phone 7960. for information on ordering compatible headsets and coil cords for the cisco ip phone 7960, see http : / / cisco. getheadsets. com or http : / / vxicorp. com / cisco. the cisco sip ip phone with a catalyst switch to function in the ip telephony network, the cisco sip ip phone must be connected to a networking device, such as a catalyst switch, to obtain network connectivity. the cisco sip ip phone has an internal ethernet switch, which enables it to switch traffic coming from the phone, access port, and the network port. if a computer is connected to the access port, packets traveling to and from the computer and to and from the phone share the same physical link to the switch and the same port on the switch. this configuration has these implications for the vlan configuration on the network : \u2022 the current vlans might be configured on an ip subnet basis, and additional ip addresses might not be available to assign the phone to a port so that it belongs to the same subnet as other devices ( pc ) connected to the same port. \u2022 data traffic present on the vlan supporting phones might reduce the quality of voip traffic. you can resolve these issues by isolating the voice traffic onto a separate vlan on each of the ports connected to a phone. the switch port configured for connecting a phone would have separate vlans configured for carrying : \u2022 voice traffic to and from the cisco sip ip phone ( auxiliary vlan ) \u2022 data traffic to and from the pc connected to the switch through the access port of the cisco sip ip phone ( native vlan ) isolating the phones on a separate, auxiliary vlan increases the quality of the voice traffic and allows a large number of phones to be added to an existing network where there are not enough ip addresses. for more information, refer to the documentation included with the cisco catalyst switch.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4308114583947881, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.393992"} {"text": "skin care help for teenagers according to the american academy of dermatology, teenagers from ages 12 to 17 are affected, at least occasionally, by acne. it is by far the most common skin complaint in this age group. acne at any level should be taken very seriously, especially by teenagers. moderate to severe scarring can become a problem in teenagers with untreated acne. in turn, the scars left behind can cause emotional pain and discomfort in social situations. your skin is the largest organ of your body. it protects and covers the body, is waterproof, bacteria proof, and it self - repairs when it is injured. your skin, hair and nails are a reflection of your state of health. skin is repairable, but is not replaceable, so take care of the skin you ' re in. expert opinions differ drastically depending upon what you read or hear. while one expert may believe diet plays a large role in people with skin problems, another may say that diet does not contribute at all. i am a registered esthetician in the state of california and i believe that diet does play a major role in how skin behaves. you must eat a balanced diet in order for your body to function properly. the old adage \" you are what you eat \" is true in my opinion. even doctors who believe that diet does not affect skin believe it is a good idea to avoid chocolate, french fries, or other food if it appears to keep your acne in check. our bodies must process everything we eat. all waste is not eliminated in the same manner and many things are eliminated through our skin. take garlic for example. if you eat a meal that is chock full of garlic, the next day the scent of garlic can often be smelled on your skin. brewers yeast is another example. brewers yeast is a rich source of the b - complex vitamins, which tend to have a very strong scent. many doctors and pharmacists recommend taking this product in high quantities during summer to avoid mosquito bites. b - vitamins are water soluble, so anything your body does not use will be eliminated through your skin or in your urine. even though you will not be able to detect the scent on your skin, mosquitoes have a keen sense of smell and they will stay off you because it. these two items are perfect examples of our body eliminating through our skin. in the same manner, many other foods can affect our bodies in the same way. drinking plenty of fluids is extremely important for healthy skin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4223884907231498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.402034"} {"text": "they will stay off you because it. these two items are perfect examples of our body eliminating through our skin. in the same manner, many other foods can affect our bodies in the same way. drinking plenty of fluids is extremely important for healthy skin. water is most important because it aids in the digestion and absorption of food. water is also responsible for carrying nutrients to the skin and waste away from the cells, as well as regulating body temperature. eating a low - fat diet is recommended for healthy skin. a diet high in fruits and vegetables is best since they are loaded with antioxidants which help to keep the skin supple and nourished. include regular exercise along with diet to increase blood flow to the skin. increased blood flow to the surface of the skin not only gives you the appearance of a healthy glow, it also helps clean and repair the skin tissues. another major culprit responsible for acne flare - ups is airborne grease. working in a fast food restaurant can be harder on your skin than eating at one. if you work at a fast food establishment there are steps you can take to help keep your skin clean and clear : if possible, wash your face a couple of times a day with a mild cleanser and warm water ( not hot ) to remove surface oils and dead skin cells. never scrub your skin hard, especially with an abrasive cleanser. one cause of acne is oily buildup, not dirt, so scrubbing hard won ' t help and can actually irritate the skin and further inflame your acne. if you do not have access to a sink, but still want to clean the oil from your face, there are several different face - cleansing cloths available on the market that you can use. shampoo your hair regularly. keep in mind to avoid oily shampoos, hair gels, and conditioners, as these products can transfer from your hair to your face during the day or at night while you sleep and cause problems with your skin. stop touching your face! many people touch their face continually during the day for many reasons. if you are studying, do not rest your hands on your face while you look down at your books. every time you touch your face you transfer all sorts of germs and bacteria from all the doorknobs, money, etc. that you have touched during the day. here is something a lot of people do not think of very often. if you use a telephone a lot, keep the receiver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4423439761778116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.403119"} {"text": "germs and bacteria from all the doorknobs, money, etc. that you have touched during the day. here is something a lot of people do not think of very often. if you use a telephone a lot, keep the receiver off your face. the dirt and germs that build up on the phone, along with the constant friction against your face, can cause breakouts in key areas such as the chin. if being on the phone all day is your job, see if your boss will spring for an inexpensive headset to help the problem. for the girls : never use oil - based makeup or other products. check the labels of everything you use and if oil is an ingredient, throw it away! look for products with non - comedogenic on the label. if you have oily skin and you use a pressed powder, be sure to look for one with oil control... and be sure to wash your powder pad often. for the boys : if you have started to shave your face, always use a sharp razor. old razors with dull blades will drag across your skin and cause rashes and irritation. do not think that just because you have oily skin you do not need to use a moisturizer. your skin can be oil rich, but moisture dry, so find a light moisturizer that works for you. you need to balance out the moisture levels in your skin. if it has enough moisture, the oil glands will not produce as much. if you spend a lot of time in the sun, be sure to wear an oil - free sunscreen, such as a gel or light lotion. gel and light lotion sunscreens will not aggravate your acne and will help you avoid skin cancer in your adult years. if you are currently seeing a dermatologist, some skin treatments can increase your skin ' s sun sensitivity, so be sure to wear your sunscreen if you are outside. talk to your doctor if you have questions about the treatment you are receiving and how it relates to sun exposure. something else to keep in mind regarding the sun and how it affects your skin : sunburn is your skins way of saying it has been injured, but so is a tan. when your skin browns or reddens, is using its defense mechanism by producing melanin. melanin acts as a protective biological shield against ultraviolet radiation. by doing this, your skin is trying to prevent sunburn damage that could lead to melanoma later in life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42553808719616193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.404152"} {"text": "ludwig van beethoven ( december 16, 1770 \u2013 march 26, 1827 ) was a german composer born in bonn who spent his musical career in vienna. a pivotal figure in the development of the romantic style, he is one of the most respected and influential composers of all time. in a career that spanned the transition from the classical period to the romantic period, beethoven made his mark in every major instrumental genre of his day, including the symphony, the string quartet, the piano sonata, and the concerto. beethoven ' s name is synonymous with classical music : it is his name which invariably first comes to mind when people are asked to name the archetypal composer. the reason for this is his unique combination of innovative genius, moral rectitude and high seriousness. beethoven was born into a bonn family of flemish descent. both his father johann and his grandfather ludwig were musicians at the court of the elector of cologne which was based in bonn. his father, a severe man who turned to drink as his career failed to blossom, married maria magdalena keverich in 1767 and ludwig was the first of their children to survive infancy. the young ludwig was taught music by his father but by the age of nine he had already outstripped his father ' s musical knowledge and was taken under the wing of christian neefe, organist at the bonn court, who gave him a conservative but thorough musical training. in 1783 neefe became director of both sacred and secular music at court and ludwig was appointed cembalist - in - orchestra, an unpaid post which gave him responsibility for rehearsing and conducting the opera band. the death of the elector max friedrich in 1784 led to a thorough reappraisal of the elector ' s establishment by his successor, max franz, and beethoven received a small stipend for his work ( together with his father, who was still in the choir ), while neefe ' s salary was halved. beethoven was already composing small works and beginning to come to terms with the demands of writing music. in 1787 he made a short trip to vienna, probably at the invitation of one of the nobles who admired beethoven ' s work and who had good connections in the austrian capital, for while there beethoven not only met and played for wolfgang mozart, but also for emperor joseph ii. whether mozart uttered the famous phrase : \" pay attention to him : he will make a noise in the world some day or other \", it is now impossible to say, but it is likely that the 16 - year - old beethoven made a considerable impression as franz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.486540340922561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.419710"} {"text": "uttered the famous phrase : \" pay attention to him : he will make a noise in the world some day or other \", it is now impossible to say, but it is likely that the 16 - year - old beethoven made a considerable impression as franz joseph haydn refers to a \" ludwig \" in a letter to a friend in vienna in june 1787 asking him what all the fuss was about. but 1787 was memorable for ludwig in more chilling ways : in july his much - loved mother died of consumption, the illness accelerated by her escalating alcoholism. in november of the same year his young sister died. during the following two years ludwig broadened his circle of friends to include count waldstein, a music - loving nobleman eager to help the young composer financially and spiritually, and the countess of hatzfield, the recipient of ludwig ' s dedication in his variations on vincenzo righini ' s venni amore. in 1788 the elector max franz reorganized his musical establishment, appointing anton reicha as its director and moving neefe to the position of pianist and stage manager. beethoven played second violin as well as keeping up his duties as organist. the new company performed most of the best operas of the day, including mozart ' s. son now overtook father both within the family and the court : with johann now an alcoholic and his singing voice gone, the family was so poverty - stricken that the elector decided to pay the greater part of johann ' s salary to young ludwig, thus ensuring that the family would at least eat and be clothed. at the age of 17 ludwig had become the sole reliable source of income for the beethoven family. the only other event of note between then and beethoven ' s departure for vienna in 1792 was a visit by haydn on his return from london, during which ludwig presented his funeral cantata, which was duly praised by the great man. in 1792, for reasons which remain obscure, the elector decided to finance beethoven ' s removal to vienna, there to study at bonn ' s expense. by this time beethoven had a group of nobles convinced of his musical worth, ( including count waldstein ) who \u2013 perhaps encouraged by haydn ' s praise \u2013 had helped inform the elector ' s decision. in november beethoven departed for the austrian capital, speeded on his journey by the entry by waldstein in his leaving album : \" dear beethoven, you are traveling to vienna in fulfillment of your long - standing wish \u2026 labor assiduously and receive mozart ' s spirit from the hands of haydn \". within weeks of his arrival, his father", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42162145920649025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.421104"} {"text": "quartets ( op. 18 ). later the same year his concerto for piano and orchestra no. 3 appeared. beethoven now turned from performance to concentrate on composition. he moved from prince lichnowsky ' s and took his first summer holiday in the country \u2013 a practice which was to become increasingly important to him in the future. the next five years contained the most extraordinary outpouring of masterpieces : his second symphony was published in 1804, but by then the eroica was well under way ( he had been mulling it over since 1798 ), while his ballet prometheus and the oratorio christ on the mount of olives had been premiered in 1801 and 1803 respectively. by this time beethoven had also experienced the vicissitudes of getting his music published in an accurate and acceptable form : his rages, brought on by the number of mistakes he found at proofing stage, became legendary, particularly when, in 1803, he found that one zurich publisher had not only amended idiosyncrasies in one of his piano sonatas, but had had the effrontery to add four bars to make one passage more palatable to a conservative ear. one later printed work that beethoven corrected received this tirade : \" i have passed the whole morning today \u2013 and yesterday afternoon \u2013 in correcting these two pieces, and am quite hoarse with stamping and swearing \". in early 1804 the third symphony was being prepared for publication. it had always privately been known as the \" napoleon bonaparte \" symphony \u2013 beethoven saw the great corsican as a force for freedom and the emancipation of the common man \u2013 but in may news filtered through to vienna of bonaparte ' s coronation as emperor. disgusted beyond measure, beethoven tore the title - page from his fair copy and substituted instead sinfonia eroica per festeggiore il souvenire d ' un gran uomo. prince lobkowitz having received the dedication and exclusive rights to its use, symphony no. 3, op. 55 ( \" eroica \" ) was to remain unpublished until 1806. it was characteristic of beethoven to be engaged upon more than one composition at a time. his restless creative energy would continually spill from one idea to another, one form of expression to another, so it is no surprise to find him working next on the opera fidelio and its possible production ( 1806, but destined to be shelved for the best part of a decade ) as well as the beautiful fourth piano concerto, the violin concerto, the fourth symphony and the beginning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43326060518687143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.423535"} {"text": "to find him working next on the opera fidelio and its possible production ( 1806, but destined to be shelved for the best part of a decade ) as well as the beautiful fourth piano concerto, the violin concerto, the fourth symphony and the beginning of the fifth symphony. yet all this was only the beginning of his ascendancy in the world of classical music, for there was much to come of equal merit. by this time beethoven was already aware of the distressing rate at which his hearing was deteriorating. in 1802 he wrote a statement \u2013 later dubbed the heiligenstadt testament \u2013 to his two brothers, karl and johann, in which he detailed his physical frailty and his attitude towards the death which he saw as alarmingly close, although in reality he still had 25 years to live. his hearing was long thought to be a casualty of hereditary syphilis, but more recent research has come down on the side of other non - venereal diseases of which beethoven himself had no knowledge and over which he had no control. by 1807, when in one concert he premiered symphonies 1, 2, 3 and 4, ( the program lasted over two and a half hours ), beethoven had difficulty in hearing the music. the following year ' s concert in vienna premiered the fifth and sixth symphonies, the choral fantasia, plus the last - minute addition of concerto for piano no. 4, and a couple of arias. beethoven himself was at the piano, but his deafness had reached the point where he could no longer properly follow the orchestra ' s tempo. the concert was given in december, the hall was bitterly cold and the performance so ragged as to be almost bizarre in places. yet his will prevailed : all the music was played, and he remained at the keyboard throughout. in 1809, with austrian exertions against napoleon at a fever - pitch, beethoven intimated that he would leave vienna for better - paid work elsewhere. the general consternation caused archduke rudolph, prince lobkowitz and prince kinsky to club together to pay beethoven a small but helpful annuity. though the composer made it clear that he would have preferred to have been made imperial kapellmeister, he remained in vienna. he not only stayed, but when the french bombarded the city in the autumn, he completed the composition of his fifth and last piano concerto, the emperor. he also wrote a piano sonata which he named les adieux when archduke rudolf ( a close friend as well as a patron ) left the besieged capital. the disastrous effect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4637584540375965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.424707"} {"text": "autumn, he completed the composition of his fifth and last piano concerto, the emperor. he also wrote a piano sonata which he named les adieux when archduke rudolf ( a close friend as well as a patron ) left the besieged capital. the disastrous effect of the napoleonic wars on the austrian economy meant that by the end of 1810 the true value of beethoven ' s annuity had shrunk to a tenth of its value. a reorganization of the austrian currency only made the position worse, but archduke rudolf continued to support beethoven, as did lobkowitz. but with kinsky he was less fortunate : the prince had removed to prague, dying in 1812 before making arrangements for beethoven ' s revised payments. undeterred, beethoven sued kinsky ' s heirs, and after three years of dogged legal action, secured not only a proper restitution of his annuity, but also payment in arrears. this success followed a year of triumphs, for 1814 had been in many ways a public culmination of beethoven ' s career : fidelio finally saw the light of day, his seventh symphony was premiered, and he was commissioned to write new music and mount concerts for the congress of vienna. two concerts were held, and beethoven was presented by the archduke to all the visiting royalty and potentates, including the empress of russia. from this point on beethoven ' s problems multiplied. a confirmed bachelor and a difficult man \u2013 who frequently fell out with friends and patrons \u2013 he nevertheless retained strong family feelings. when his brother karl died in 1815, leaving his nine - year - old son ( also named karl ) in ludwig ' s care, the composer entered into a long and vexatious dispute with the boy ' s mother, whom he detested. unfortunately, the boy held his mother in too great esteem to ever permanently take sides with beethoven. uncle ludwig spent the best part of three years in suits and counter - suits and in making arrangements for the education of the child \u2013 who proved a very ordinary boy \u2013 and it is no surprise that the sum total of his compositions during this period of stress was the three piano sonatas, op. 106, op. 109 and op. 110, plus a number of songs and arrangements. his finances strained ( prince lobkowitz ' s share of his annuity had ceased with the prince ' s death in 1816 ), his nerves in tatters, beethoven was prematurely aged by the exigencies of these years. nonetheless, by 1819 he had completed a commission to supply a mass for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4352411357904683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.426108"} {"text": "of his annuity had ceased with the prince ' s death in 1816 ), his nerves in tatters, beethoven was prematurely aged by the exigencies of these years. nonetheless, by 1819 he had completed a commission to supply a mass for the installation of archduke rudolf as archbishop of olmutz : this was his great missa solemnis. in the next few years he took up the task of completing a symphony in d minor which he had actually started in 1812 : as late as 1822 he finally came up with the idea of including schiller ' s ode to joy in a choral final movement. his ninth symphony, choral was at last taking on its final shape, and was completed in the summer of 1823. beethoven had originally planned to premiere it in berlin, but disgusted by the lack of interest in his new music occasioned by the \" rossini - fever \" then sweeping austria, premiered it instead in vienna. it was sufficiently successful to produce a second concert, but neither made a great deal of money after the substantial costs had been defrayed. beethoven was now anxious to make more money on account of the needs of his nephew, and his anxiety to take his fair share, or perhaps more than his fair share, led to conflicts with his erstwhile friends. that this anxiety was well - founded was borne out by the series of disasters perpetrated by nephew karl : in late 1824 he joined vienna university, but soon dropped out and moved to a polytechnic with the intention of learning a trade. by the end of 1825 this idea had also foundered and, seemingly without a path to tread, the young man tried to shoot himself. he even failed to do this properly, and was arrested by the police as an attempted suicide. within a few days he had been ordered out of vienna, joining the army soon after. he spent the latter part of 1826 with his uncle ludwig at the house of uncle johann, but this broke up in a series of ugly scenes and in december ludwig and karl returned to vienna. the journey was made in haste in the freezing cold and precipitated beethoven ' s final illness. he languished for four months, scarcely aided by the attentions of one of the few doctors in vienna still prepared to visit the rude and grumpy old man. composing was now beyond him, and although in 1824 - 25 he had written the last three string quartets \u2013 the famous op. 127, op. 130, op. 132 and grosse fuge, op. 133 \u2013 and had sketch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43476295611705434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.427132"} {"text": "its a very general and regular ways to use clause with column name to specifies the sort order used on columns returned in a select statement. order by columnname asc / desc i am also using the same method but do you know we can use column index ( integer representing the position of column name ) instead of specifying the name or column alias in a sql server order by expression. order by column _ index _ number asc / desc we can use both queries because both of these queries having the same results. let check both syntax and result too here i am going to query based on adventurework database example : - getting top 10 value from employee table based on employeeid in asc order select top 10 * from humanresources. employee order by employeeid asc output will be as given below : - when using column index instead of column name for same query note : - column index can be changed as 1, 2, 3, etc based on column name condition select top 10 * from humanresources. employee order by 1 asc then output will be same as given below : - reference link : - matt berseth articles [ ^ note : - order by clause is only clause where we can you use the ordinal position [ column numbers ], because it ' s based on the column ( s ) specified in the select clause. its generally recommended that to use column name instead of column number. but in some cases using column number can be useful like it can be used it in a dynamic sql where column names are unknown for getting practical way you can follow this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4298400180436527, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.434560"} {"text": "washington - march 24 - fifteen years after the exxon valdez ran aground on a reef in prince william sound, alaska, dumping 11 million gallons of crude oil, the bush administration has failed to learn important lessons about protecting fragile coastlines, landscapes and wildlife from oil development. the disaster dealt biological and economic shocks to the sound and its adjacent communities, none of which has fully recovered. \" the lingering images of oil drenched beaches and suffering wildlife should serve as a stark reminder to the bush administration of the consequences of america ' s dependence on oil, \" said carl pope, sierra club executive director. \" instead, the administration has pursued reckless policies that put america ' s pristine places at risk and failed to cut america ' s oil dependence by making vehicles go further on a gallon of gas. \" the biggest single step to cutting america ' s oil dependence and protecting our communities from the harmful effects of oil and pollution is by raising fuel economy standards to 40 miles per gallon within 10 years. taking this step would save enough oil to prevent more than 789 exxon valdez - size tanker trips every year. \" the bush administration has a choice : either lead america with a safe and clean energy future or allow corporate polluters to dictate our energy policy with disastrous consequences, \" said pope. in 1991, the ship ' s owner - now exxonmobil - reached a $ 900 million civil settlement with the federal government and alaska, but its obligations to the thousands of fishermen and others who suffered from the spill remain unresolved. bush administration policies continue to threaten alaskan communities and wildlands. these policies include : arctic national wildlife refuge : the bush administration continues to aggressively push for oil drilling in one of america ' s last great wilderness areas. just last week the administration ' s own energy information administration stated that oil drilling in the refuge would do next to nothing to actually meet america ' s energy needs. according to the report, \" assuming that world oil markets continue to work as they do today, the organization of petroleum exporting countries could countermand any potential price impact of anwr coastal plain production by reducing its exports by an equal amount. \" ( http : / / www. eia. doe. gov / oiaf / servicerpt / ogp / pdf / sroiaf ( 2004 ) 04. pdf ) bristol bay : in response to the exxon valdez spill president george h. walker bush put in place a moratorium on oil and gas development in bristol bay, ak. now, almost 15 years to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42531943213447837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.439042"} {"text": "##f ( 2004 ) 04. pdf ) bristol bay : in response to the exxon valdez spill president george h. walker bush put in place a moratorium on oil and gas development in bristol bay, ak. now, almost 15 years to the day president george w bush is lifting this moratorium to allow for full scale oil development in the bay ' s world - renown salmon habitat. chugach national forest : the 3, 500 miles of shoreline spanning prince william sound make up the biological heart of the chugach national forest. although the total harm done to fish and wildlife populations could not be precisely identified, the exxon valdez oil spill killed an estimated 250, 000 seabirds, 2, 800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles, up to 22 killer whales, and billions of salmon and herring eggs. crude oil still exists in surprising quantities on some prince william sound beaches and only 7 of 26 species have fully recovered. despite the delicate nature of the sound, the bush administration has removed nearly one million acres in the nellie juan wilderness study area through the chugach land management plan and has recently said it has plans to remove the chugach from the roadless rule. the chugach is 98 percent roadless and does not have a single acre of designated wilderness, leaving it vulnerable. without roadless protection, prince william sound may never fully recover. western arctic : the bush administration is continuing to press for full scale development of the western arctic region in alaska. ignoring sound science and the american public, the bush administration is seeking to turn over control of this area to oil companies like exxonmobil. as development proceeds the administration should recommend that some areas receive permanent protection. energy bill : the bush administration ' s energy policy makes oil and gas drilling the dominant purpose of our public lands. it also exempts oil and gas activities from such landmark environmental safeguards as the safe drinking water act and clean water act. in addition, it puts coastlines at risk by weakening individual states ability to manage oil and gas exploration and facilities. corporate average fuel economy ( cafe ) : cafe is the most successful oil - savings law ever passed by congress. the bush administration fought attempts to raise federal fuel economy standards and has even proposed regulatory changes that would weaken existing law. loopholes in the existing law cause the average fuel economy of new vehicles sold last year to fall below 1989 levels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46700513888097483, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.440075"} {"text": "omphalism is a school of thought ( titled after the philip henry gosse work omphalos ) which holds that the entire universe was created with the appearance of age, and thus no date of creation for the universe can be definitively proven. examples of omphalism : - the belief that our memories, experiences, and physical appearances were \" implanted \" into us at our creation, possibly at a time during what we imagine to be our own lifetimes. - that nature shows signs of growth, renewal and damage which were posited into being, rather than occurring \" naturally \". these include trees ( growth rings, fire scares ), mountains ( upheaval, erosion ), and animals ( offspring or supposed \" evolution \" ). - that starlight was \" already \" moving towards earth when god created it, thus disallowing accurate gauging of the universe ' s age. reception among philosophers omphalism has been declaimed by many creationists, as it appears to accuse god of deceit. the movement has been mocked by both creationists and evolutionist atheists as \" last thursdayism \", with the claim that the entire universe, with all the appearances of age and function, could very well have been created at some point in the past ( such as \" last thursday \" ). omphalism occupies a strange place in theology, as, while supporting the notion of god as an omnipotent being, who has provided us with all the signs of a growing, changing word to give our lives context and function ( in addition to instilling many humans with the love and faith of christ ), it does in fact appear to accuse god of deceit, since these emotions and sentiments can be said to be \" programmed \" into humans ex nihilo. it can thus be described as heretical.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5661243920767944, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.441905"} {"text": "the united states securities and exchange commission ( sec ) is a united states government agency having primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry / stock market. the sec was created by section 4 of the securities exchange act of 1934 ( now codified as 15 u. s. c. \u00a7 78d and commonly referred to as the 1934 act ). in addition to the 1934 act that created it, the sec enforces the securities act of 1933, the trust indenture act of 1939, the investment company act of 1940, the investment advisers act of 1940, the sarbanes - oxley act of 2002 and other statutes. christopher cox is the present chairman of the sec. to president george he was appointed by president george w. bush. president franklin delano roosevelt appointed joseph p. kennedy, sr., father of president john f. kennedy, to serve as the first chairman of the sec. for a full list of sec chairs and commissioners, see : securities and exchange commission appointees. he sees : assigned people of the commission of securities and interchange. the sec was established by the congress of the united states in 1934 like an independent one, an independent one, years of following quasi - judicial of the regulating agency near the excessive production caused depression of merchandise, the introduction of the consumer credit, and the great collapse of 1929. the main reason of the creation of the sec was to regulate stock - market and to prevent corporative abuses referring the offer and the sale with securities and the corporative spreading. the sec was given the energy to license and of regulating stock markets. at the moment, the sec is responsible to administer six important laws that they govern the industry of securities. they are : the act of the 1933 securities, the act of interchange of 1934 securities, the act of the contract of 1939 confidence, the act of company of 1940 investment, the act of the advisors of investment of 1940 and, more recently possible one, the sarbanes - oxley act of 2002. the enforcement authority given by congress allows the sec to bring civil enforcement actions against individuals or companies found to have committed accounting fraud, provided false information, or engaged in insider trading or other violations of the securities law. the sec also works with the agencies of the application of the penal right to also process individuals and to companies for the offenses that include a criminal violation. in order to reach their mandate, the sec makes fulfill the requirement statutory that the public companies put under quarterly and annual information, as well as other periodic reports. in addition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4959897087004219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.449615"} {"text": "common lisp the language, 2nd edition several kinds of numbers are defined in common lisp. they are divided into integers ; ratios ; floating - point numbers, with names provided for up to four different floating - point representations ; and complex numbers. x3j13 voted in march 1989 ( real - number - type ) to add the type real. the number data type encompasses all kinds of numbers. for convenience, there are names for some subclasses of numbers as well. integers and ratios are of type rational. rational numbers and floating - point numbers are of type real. real numbers and complex numbers are of type number. although the names of these types were chosen with the terminology of mathematics in mind, the correspondences are not always exact. integers and ratios model the corresponding mathematical concepts directly. numbers of type float may be used to approximate real numbers, both rational and irrational. the real type includes all common lisp numbers that represent mathematical real numbers, though there are mathematical real numbers ( irrational numbers ) that do not have an exact common lisp representation. only real numbers may be ordered using the <, >, < =, and > = functions. a translation of an algorithm written in fortran or pascal that uses real data usually will use some appropriate precision of common lisp ' s float type. some algorithms may gain accuracy or flexibility by using common lisp ' s rational or real type instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5161712326687707, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.454018"} {"text": "anti de - sitter space bubbles, filaments, voids and sheets condensed matter system cosmic microwave background deep field survey degrees of freedom grand unification theory heisenberg uncertainty principle hubble ' s law and constant intercommuting and loop production laws of thermodynamics nematic liquid crystal quantum field theory speed of light strong and electroweak forces surface of last scattering the great attractor theory of everything when dealing with geometries that take place within the universe, we deal not with conventional three - dimensional euclidean geometry, we have to adapt it to represent a four - dimensional spacetime. this results in what is known as a lorentzian manifold. within this geometry, we deal with three types of space, de - sitter space, anti de - sitter space and minkowski space. they are analogues of spherical, hyperbolic and euclidean space with regards to four - dimensional spacetime. this is a type of hypothetical particle of zero electrical charge that has come out of the framework of quantum chromodynamics. it is hypothesised that these were created during the very early universe. they have little mass and do not easily interact with normal matter. no experimental evidence for them exists as of yet, but they are one of the possible contenders for dark matter. a baryon is a category of subatomic particle which is composed of three quarks. this is opposed to a meson, which is composed of one quark and one antiquark. baryons include protons and neutrons and make up the majority of the mass of visible matter in the universe ( i. e. the mass of the universe that is not dark matter or dark energy ). they participate in the strong nuclear force. about thirteen billion years ago, the universe began in a gigantic explosion. every particle started rushing apart from every other particle in an early super - dense phase. the fact that galaxies are receding from us in all directions is a consequence of this initial explosion. projecting galaxy trajectories backwards in time means that they converge to a high - density state. this is one of the possible ends to the universe as we know it. cosmic inflation is expands the universe and gravitation brings matter together. depending on the density of the universe, one of these forces may overcome the other, or alternatively the universe may be of critical density, which would result in a \" flat \" universe. if the universe has a density higher than this critical density, then gravitation will eventually overcome the forces working to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6651551832242637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.510934"} {"text": "these forces may overcome the other, or alternatively the universe may be of critical density, which would result in a \" flat \" universe. if the universe has a density higher than this critical density, then gravitation will eventually overcome the forces working to expand the universe, and the matter in the universe would start to converge on other matter, until all the matter in the universe converges into a singularity. given that we now know that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, it now seems unlikely that this situation will arise. a black hole is a region of spacetime from which nothing can escape, even light. to see why this happens, imagine throwing a tennis ball into the air. the harder you throw the tennis ball, the faster it is travelling when it leaves your hand and the higher the ball will go before turning back. if you were able to throw it hard enough, it would never return ; the gravitational attraction will not be able to pull it back down. the velocity the ball must have to escape is known as the escape velocity. as a body is crushed into a smaller and smaller volume, the gravitational attraction it exerts increases, and the escape velocity required to overcome this gets bigger. things have to be thrown harder and harder to escape. eventually, a point is reached when even light, which travels at 186 thousand miles a second, is not travelling fast enough to escape. at this point, nothing can get out as nothing can travel faster than light. this is a black hole. black hole formation starts when a large star has burnt all its fuel, exploding into a supernova. what remains after the supernova collapses down into a neutron star, which is extremely dense. if the neutron star is too large, its gravity overwhelms its internal pressure and the star collapses to form a black hole. a blackbody is a theoretical construct that absorbs all radiation that strikes it. no known material absorbs all radiation - some is always reflected off of it. such a body would therefore appear completely black to all types of radiation spectrography. blackbody radiation is radiation emitted from the said theoretical construct, a perfect emission of radiation with 100 % efficiency. at a certain temperature, for example, the blackbody would radiate the maximum amount of energy for that temperature. it must emit this radiation across all possible wavelengths and frequencies and is must also absorb all possible wavelengths and frequencies, which means that it can emit radiation at infinite wavelength. named after indian physicist satyendra nath bose, these are particles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6050620468414825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.512979"} {"text": ". it must emit this radiation across all possible wavelengths and frequencies and is must also absorb all possible wavelengths and frequencies, which means that it can emit radiation at infinite wavelength. named after indian physicist satyendra nath bose, these are particles with full integer spin, i. e. 1, 2, 3. ( as opposed to fermions, which possess half integer spin ). there are two categories of fundamental boson ( bosons not composed of a combination of other particles ) ; gauge bosons, which mediate the fundamental forces of nature ; and scalar bosons, which are constituents of a scalar field, and include the elusive higgs boson. bosons can also be created from other particles whose spin totals an integer, for example, any meson. brane inflation uses fundamental object of string theory, called branes. in this theory, the universe is a three dimensional slide ( a brane ) in a high dimensional space ( the bulk ), which may also contain other branes. these slices of spacetime have mass and can attract each other by gravity, so two almost parallel branes separated by some distance will start moving towards each other. in brane inflation, the closer the two branes get to each other, the more the branes expand, giving rise to inflation. the process ends with the violent collision of the branes, leading to the copious production of radiation and relativistic particles. hence, the new brane resulting from the collision is filled with a hot plasma, which is the starting point of the standard big bang model. there is another prediction in the model : the collision is also accompanied by the production of cosmic strings. these are all types of large - scale structure formed from galactic distribution in the universe. galaxies form clusters and superclusters which arrange into sheets and filaments through the universe. between these sheets of galaxies, there is very low galaxy density, which leads to voids. these fill approximately 90 % of space. bubble nucleation is a form of first - order phase transition. a phase transition occurs when temperatures and densities increase such that matter changes its form and properties, such as in the very early universe, during the big bang. a simple analogy is water, which melts from ice to liquid, and then boils to gas as temperatures increase. for physicists, it is important to note that as the temperature increases, the symmetry of the matter increases. thinking this through, we know that gas is more symmetry than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6568821489824437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.514178"} {"text": "colour is a degree of freedom that allows quarks to exist together to form hadrons, such as protons or neutrons, in otherwise identical quantum states. this is necessary as otherwise they would be in violation of the pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two identical fermions may occupy identical quantum states simultaneously. comoving distance is the distance between two objects as it appears if the expansion of the universe is factored out. at any given time, it is equal to the proper distance, which is the actual distance between two objects, and will change over time due to the expansion of the universe. the comoving horizon is therefore the actual distance to the edge of what we can see at any given time. condensed matter systems deal with, as the name suggests, condensed matter. this includes matter in the liquid, solid, superconducting phases. condensed matter systems can be used to study the effects of phase transitions on matter. around 370, 000 years after the big bang, the temperature of the universe dropped sufficiently for electrons and protons to combine into hydrogen atoms : p + e = h. from this time onwards, radiation was effectively unable to interact with the background gas, so it has propagated freely ever since, while constantly losing energy as its wavelength is being stretched by the expansion of the universe. originally, the radiation temperature was about 3000 degrees kelvin ( i. e. approximately 3300 degrees celsius, 5000 degrees fahrenheit ), whereas today it has fallen to only 3k. observers detecting this radiation today are able to see the universe at a very early stage. photons in the cmb have been travelling towards us for over ten billion years, and have covered a distance of about a million, billion, billion miles. the cmb was discovered in 1964. these are one - dimensional ( that is, line - like ) objects which form when an axial or cylindrical symmetry is broken. strings can be associated with grand unified particle physics models, or they can form at the electroweak scale. they are very thin and may stretch across the visible universe. a typical gut ( grand unified theory ) string has a thickness that is less then a trillion times smaller that the radius of an hydrogen atom. still, a 10 km length of one such string will weigh as much as the earth itself! originally proposed by einstein as a modification to general relativity to result in a universe which would neither expand nor contract. he later famously called it his greatest mistake after hubble discovered that other galaxies were moving away", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6964831039208053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.517769"} {"text": "string will weigh as much as the earth itself! originally proposed by einstein as a modification to general relativity to result in a universe which would neither expand nor contract. he later famously called it his greatest mistake after hubble discovered that other galaxies were moving away from us using redshift. different values of the constant can be used to explain different scenarios in which the universe might contract or expand. given that we now know that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, physicists are now looking to the cosmological constant as a possible explanation. specifically, the cosmological constant may be related to the dark energy that pervades our universe, working against gravity to expand the universe. this states that the universe appears the same in every direction from every point in space. it asserts that our position in the universe - on the very largest scales - is in no sense preferred. there is considerable observational evidence for this assertion, including the measured distributions of galaxies and faint radio sources, though the best evidence comes from the near - perfect uniformity of the cosmic microwave background radiation. this means that any observer anywhere in the universe will enjoy much the same view as we do, including the observation that galaxies are moving away from them. it should be noted that this does not mean local structures will be different, i. e. local stars etc. will be different for different observers, but more that the physical laws which govern these observable phenomena will be the same and background effects across the universe will be equal. cosmology is the study of the large scale universe, its origins, evolution, laws and its eventual fate. whereas astronomy is concerned with objects within the universe, cosmologists are more concerned by the universe as a whole. the uk ' s national cosmology supercomputer. it is housed within the department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics, here in cambridge. having recently undergone its ninth iteration, it is the most powerful shared memory system in europe. it is available for use for both academic and non - academic users, and is part of the stfc ' s high - performance computing dirac facility. this reference to the density of our universe. matter density in the universe plays a critical role towards understanding what will happen to the universe in the future, specifically, whether it will continue expanding until perhaps the universe grows so cold that life is unsustainable, or that matter is literally ripped apart, or whether gravitation will eventually overcome expansionary forces and the universe will collapse in some big crunch. a universe with less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6520914762308265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.519030"} {"text": "continue expanding until perhaps the universe grows so cold that life is unsustainable, or that matter is literally ripped apart, or whether gravitation will eventually overcome expansionary forces and the universe will collapse in some big crunch. a universe with less than critical density will continue expanding at a forever accelerating rate, whereas a supercritical universe will invariably collapse. in the late 1990s, it was discovered that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. it is expected that due to gravity \u2019 s influence, bringing matter together, would slow down the acceleration of the expansion of the universe. therefore either whatever is responsible for this acceleration is not normal matter, or gravity must get weaker on large scales. this unknown physical phenomenon responsible for this acceleration is known as dark energy. to completely explain the acceleration then there isn \u2019 t only a little dark energy in the universe, there \u2019 s a lot of it. in fact, it must make up 74 % of the mass of the universe. dark matter must make up 22 % of the universe, with only 4 % of the universe being the matter that is currently known to us. there is strong evidence that the universe consists primarily of dark ( non - luminous ) matter, also that this matter is of an exotic, non - baryonic form. baryons are made up of three quarks, a type of elementary particle. baryons include protons and neutrons. a deep field survey is a galaxy survey which looks deeper into the sky than the average galaxy survey. because electromagnetic waves have a speed limit ( the speed of light ), the further away from us that we look, the further back in time we are looking, as the waves that are currently reaching us will have been radiated billions of years ago. hubble ultra - deep field, the deepest image of the universe that we currently have, shows us a time period corresponding to roughly 400 - 800 million years after the big bang. a degree of freedom, in physics ( as opposed to mathematics, which can have different meanings ), is a parameter that can help define the state of an object to differentiate it from others. a simple example would be charge amongst particles. some particles are charged, some are not, and as a result they behave differently. at a quantum level this becomes important because certain particles with the same values for their varying degrees of freedom ( i. e. spin, charge etc. ) cannot exist in the same place at the same time. an object which generates a magnetic field emanates that field from two opposite poles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5551252348203168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.520162"} {"text": "certain particles with the same values for their varying degrees of freedom ( i. e. spin, charge etc. ) cannot exist in the same place at the same time. an object which generates a magnetic field emanates that field from two opposite poles, an example of this would be a bar magnet, which has a north and south pole. each of these poles is a magnetic monopole. the magnet itself, having two of these poles, is a dipole. this is similar to an electric field, in which the field emanates from positive and negative charges. whereas in electricity, negative and positive charges can be easily isolated in the form of electrons and positrons, magnetic monopole particles have yet to be discovered. for example, when you break up a bar magnet, you do not isolate the two monopoles, you simply have two bar magnets half the size of the previous one. these are two - dimensional objects that form when a discrete symmetry is broken at a phase transition. a network of domain walls effectively partitions the universe into various ' cells '. domain walls have some rather peculiar properties. for example, the gravitational field of a domain wall is repulsive rather than attractive. when the source of a wave moves away from us, we observe a change of frequency of that wave. an example would be an ambulance or fire - truck - we hear a lower pitch in its siren once it has passed us by. this is the doppler - shift. it is not, however, limited to sound waves, but any kind of waves, including electromagnetic. ( b. 1879 d. 1955 ), was a german theoretical physicist who spent much of his career at the kaiser wilhelm institute for physics and princeton university. he is regarded as one of the greatest physicists of the 20th century, and indeed, one of the most academically brilliant minds of all time. awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1921, for his work on the photoelectric effect where he described photons as discrete packets, known as quanta. this was in direct conflict with previous, classical descriptions of physics which defined photons as wave. his theories are now the basis of modern physics. these theories, whilst too numerous to list here, include special relativity, which describes how relative motion can result in different laws of physics being experienced by different observers as well as the energy - mass equivalence relationship, e = mc2, and general relativity, which generalises special relativity with respect to gravity and incorporates this with newtonian laws of gravity to describe a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6559301991924396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.522195"} {"text": "in different laws of physics being experienced by different observers as well as the energy - mass equivalence relationship, e = mc2, and general relativity, which generalises special relativity with respect to gravity and incorporates this with newtonian laws of gravity to describe a how gravity is a geometry property of spacetime. when hitler came to power in 1933, he was on a trip to america and did not return to german, instead opting to become an american citizen. his warning to president roosevelt about the german research into nuclear weapons led to the eventual development of the atomic bomb, a weapon he later denounced and crusaded against. such was einstein ' s genius that upon his death his brain was removed for future study. an elementary particle carrying a negative elementary electric charge ( that is, the most fundamental electric charge, particles do not carry charge smaller than this ). a fermion with spin 1 / 2. it is a lepton and therefore is a constituent of matter, but does not participate in the strong nuclear force. it does interact with electromagnetism, gravitation and the weak nuclear force. energy unit equal to approximately 1. 6 x 10 - 19 joules. it is the amount of energy gained by the charge of one electron as it moves across a one volt electric potential difference. a period in time. in cosmology it is used to refer to different time periods in the chronology of the universe. these include the planck epoch ; the grand unification epoch ; the electroweak epoch ; the quark epoch ; the hadron epoch ; the lepton epoch ; and the photon epoch ( all of the epochs prior to the photon epoch occurred within the first 10 seconds of time! ). time periods after this include nucleosynthesis, recombination and reionization. this is the speed required for any object to break free of another objects gravitational field. for the earth, this is approximately 7, 000 miles per second. mathematically, it is described as the velocity at which the escaping object ' s kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy summate to zero. as the gravitational force exerted by an object on another object increases as the distance between the two decreases, the further away the escaping object is, the lower the escape velocity. for black holes, at the distance known as the event horizon, the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light, and therefore nothing can escape. eternal inflation refers to a series of models by which at least one region of the universe is undergoing inflation at any one point in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6709425164821683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.523398"} {"text": "the distance known as the event horizon, the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light, and therefore nothing can escape. eternal inflation refers to a series of models by which at least one region of the universe is undergoing inflation at any one point in time. due to the exponential increase in volume during these periods of inflation, it is theorised that at any given point the majority of the volume of the universe is still expanding. this creates a multiverse, whereby each expanding area of the universe appears, to be its own universe, and the beginning period of expansion equivalent to the big bang. in eternal inflation it is possible for these expanding areas of space to decay into a lower energy phase, resulting in inflation ceasing. named after euclid, a greek mathematician of the third century bc. it is a system of geometry based around the geometry of the three dimensions that we are all taught at school ; x, y and z. points within the system can be described by a set of cartesian coordinates. it is described by a system of postulates, or premises, for example, the parallel postulate, which states that \" if a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles \". in contrast to this is non - euclidean geometry, which deals with curved space. the event horizon is the boundary that marks the point where the escape velocity of a black hole exceeds the speed of light. once the event horizon has been crossed, nothing can escape from the black hole \u2019 s gravitational pull, not even light. exotic particles are those made up of theorised particles not currently part of the standard model. an example of this would be the heavier partners of the current set of particles that make up the standard model, that are described within the theory of supersymmetry. full title : the fermi national accelerator laboratory. located near chicago, il., it is a united states department of energy laboratory focussed on high - energy physics. until 2011, it house the tevatron particle accelerator, which until the opening of the large hadron collider at cern, the largest in the world. in 1995 work done at the tevatron led to the discovery of the top quark, one of the six different flavours of quark, and the most massive of them all. these are particles with half integer spin. this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6374564391480111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.524462"} {"text": "world. in 1995 work done at the tevatron led to the discovery of the top quark, one of the six different flavours of quark, and the most massive of them all. these are particles with half integer spin. this is opposed to bosons, which have full integer spin. only one fermion can occupy the same quantum state and space at any given time, this is known as the pauli exclusion principle, and does not apply to the other class of particles, bosons. elementary fermions ( those not composed of other particles ) are constituents of visible matter in the universe, and include electrons and quarks. particles composed of fundamental fermions, however, can have full integer spin and therefore can be classed as bosons. a ferromagnet is an object which exhibits the property of ferromagnetism. ferromagnetism is the strongest type of magnetism, and as such ferromagnets are the magnets that the average reader will be familiar with. they are the ones used in physics classes at school, they are the ones used to pick up scrap metal, they are the magnets on your fridge. ferromagnetism is the only type of magnetism that has the strength to produce a force that can be felt. a ferromagnet can be defined as a material that can exhibit a net magnetic moment in the absence of an external magnetic field. ( b. 1918 - d. 1988 ), was a physicist who spent most of his life working at the california institute of technology ( caltech ). also worked on the manhattan project at los alamos national laboratory, where he helped develop the atomic bomb. won the nobel prize in physics in 1965 for his work in quantum electrodynamics ( qed ). developed the path integral formulation that we use today, and developed an illustrative representation scheme for the behaviour of subatomic particles which has become known as feynman diagrams. caltech has a named chair of physics in his honour. outside of his life in physics, he also was a member of the panel that investigated the space shuttle challenge crash, and wrote two popular science books : \" surely you ' re joking, mr. feynman! \" and \" what do you care what other people think? \". there are four fundamental forces in nature. they are electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, the strong nuclear force and gravitation. the weak nuclear force is associated with radioactivity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6879776223787339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.525548"} {"text": "what do you care what other people think? \". there are four fundamental forces in nature. they are electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, the strong nuclear force and gravitation. the weak nuclear force is associated with radioactivity in unstable nuclei, specifically the decay of a neutron into a proton in the form of beta radiation. the gauge bosons that mediate the force are the w and z bosons. this interaction can cause quarks to change flavours. the strong nuclear force binds together quarks to form nucleons, in turn, it also acts to bind these nucleons together, forming atomic nuclei. the force is mediated by an exchange of gluons, which are a type of gauge boson. the charge associated with this force, analogous to the electric charge associated with electromagnetism, is the colour charge, of which there are three varieties ; red, green and blue. the mathematical theory describing the elementary particles interacting with this force, quarks and gluons, is known as quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ). at atomic levels, it is by far the strongest of all forces, but only interacts on a scale on the order of 10 - 15m, and therefore, whilst incredibly important for the formation of matter, does not play any observable role in day to day life. electromagnetism is a force associated with the electric charge associated with certain molecules. along with gravitation, is is one of the four forces that has a major noticeable effect on day to day human life. it manifests as two different fields electric fields and magnetic fields, although they are aspects of the same force and therefore interact with each other through electromagnetic induction. the gauge boson that mediates this force is the photon, which is also the quanta ( discrete packet ) of light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, such as infra - red radiation ( most thermal radiation ), x - rays, ultraviolet radiation etc.. gravitation is a force of attraction between two massive bodies. objects on earth are attracted to the earth via gravitation, why is why, when an apple falls from a tree, it falls down towards the earth, instead of in any other direction. gravitation also gives weight to objects, weight being the mass of an object multiplied by the gravitational force acted upon it by another object. gravitation on a universal scale is described by einstein ' s theory of general relativity, where it is described as being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6761282283657482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.526535"} {"text": "allows us to build up a three dimensional map of the sky, which allows us to gain insight into the large - scale structures within the universe. a gauge group is a set of gauge transformations which effect a system in similar manners. a gauge transformation is a transformation that acts on redundant degrees of freedom within a system, that is, it effects a property that does not really have any physical significance at the level at which the system operates. a gauge transformation which is globally symmetric effects all points of space in the same way. an example of this would be a transformation of voltage that states that voltage1 = voltage2 + c ( a constant ). if we substitute the left hand side of the equation with the right in classical equations dealing with electromagnetism, there is no difference in the outcome and therefore this will hold across any difference in voltage. if we impose a local symmetry on the gauge transformation, also known as gauge invariance, then these transformations become very significant. this is because the transformation holds true, but the transformation is now a function of the position in space and time. through introducing these conditions of gauge invariance into quantum equations, one can extrapolate that for particles that interact with fundamental forces, such as the electron, which carries electrical charge and is acted upon by electromagnetism, there is an underlying field which is also undergoing a gauge transformation. in the case of the electron, it is the electromagnetic field, which physicists were already aware of, however, gauge invariance has postulated the gluon field which is the basis for quantum chromodynamics, the theory which explains the strong nuclear force. this is the modern geometric description of gravity. it says that the gravitational force is related to the curvature of spacetime itself, i. e. to its geometry. to this end, it generalises einstein ' s theory of special relativity, and links it to newton ' s laws of gravity. unlike for non - gravitational physics, spacetime is not just an arena in which physical processes take place, but it is a dynamical field. the gravitational field at a fixed time can be described by the geometry of the three spatial dimensions at that time. these are gauge bosons which mediate the strong nuclear force, one of the fundamental forces. similar to the photons which mediate the electromagnetic force, gluons have no rest mass and so travel at the speed of light. although unlike photons, which whilst mediating the electromagnetic force, are themselves electrically neutral, gluons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.7345358167937688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.528812"} {"text": ". similar to the photons which mediate the electromagnetic force, gluons have no rest mass and so travel at the speed of light. although unlike photons, which whilst mediating the electromagnetic force, are themselves electrically neutral, gluons have charge associated with the strong nuclear force, or colour. there are 8 different colours of gluon. gluons are confined within hadrons, particles made up of quarks ( which have a colour charge ), and are limited in interaction to a distance of approximately 10 - 15 metres. see grand unified theory. in the aftermath of the big bang, the universe was extremely hot and extremely dense. at these energies, the laws of nature that we know were changed. the fundamental forces that we see in nature were unified - the universe was in a state of grand unification - it is only as the universe expanded and cooled that gravitation, electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces all ceased to be as one. electroweak theory describes the unification of the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism. a grand unified theory will marry up electroweak theory with the strong nuclear force, brining us closer to a unification of the four fundamental forces. gravitational waves are propagating disturbances in spacetime. the effect of a passing gravitational wave is to periodically stretch and compress space in the two directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation. the expected strain on the earth due to these disturbances, which can be caused by black holes merging, is very small, making detection extremely difficult. this is an as yet undiscovered particle that is believed to mediate the force of gravitation. much like the photon, which mediates the electromagnetic force and the gluon which mediates the strong nuclear force, it has no mass, and therefore travels at the speed of light. it has a spins quantum number of 2, and is the only massless particle with that spin number. it has zero electrical charge. experimentally, the graviton is incredibly difficult to observe, and is beyond the reach of current physics. the detection of gravitational waves may lead to some further information about gravitons, but these have not yet been detected. theories of quantum gravity are one of the largest standing issues in cosmology, and there are currently few mathematically consistent theories that can explain it. one of these theories is m - theory, which we believe to be the best explanation at this point in time. this is a type of blackbody radiation emitted by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6780133986432585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.529969"} {"text": "should contain at most one degree of freedom per planck area. within m - theory, the holographic principle suggests we are the shadows on the wall. the ' room ' is some larger, five - dimensional spacetime and our four - dimensional world is just the boundary of this larger space. if we try to move away from the wall, we are moving into an extra dimension of space - a fifth dimension. ( b. 1889 - d. 1953 ) was one of the main figures of astronomy in the 20th century. using the hooker 100 inch telescope at mount wilson observatory in california, discovered the galaxies are receding away from us and from each other via the changes in frequency that they exhibit - the shifting of frequency of electromagnetic emissions to the red end of the spectrum. this realisation was crucial as evidence for an expanding universe, which, if reversed, supports the notion of a big bang at the beginning of the universe. famously not awarded the nobel prize on the basis that at the time, research in astronomy was not eligible for the nobel prize in physics. hubble ' s law states that all objects in deep space ( i. e. galaxies ) are receding away from us and each other ( as can be seen by the fact that they are doppler - shifted ), and that the velocity of this recession is proportional to their distance away from the earth and other astral bodies. it is summarised mathematically by the equation : v = h0d, where v is the recession velocity, h0 is the hubble constant and d is the distance away from us that the body is. h0 has an approximate value of 70 kms - 1mpc - 1 ( kilometers per second, per megaparsec ), but a there is disagreement over its precise value. according to the theory of inflation, the early universe expanded exponentially fast for a fraction of a second after the big bang. a simple model for the expansion of the universe is to consider the inflation of a balloon. a person at any point on the balloon might consider himself or herself to be at the centre of the expansion, as all neighbouring points are getting further away. during inflation the universe expanded by a factor of about e60 = 1026. this number is a one followed by 26 zeros. it transcends normal political / economic discussions of inflation. this is a hypothetical particle and scalar field associated with the inflation of the universe that occurred moments after the big bang. it is theorized that this occurred because of a phase transition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6386564798020534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.532310"} {"text": "surfaces of spheres with the three geometry slicing the sphere in half. they can be used to calculate the quantum process of universe creation, which cannot be described using classical general relativity. they only usually exist for small three geometries, corresponding to the creation of a small universe. note that the concept of time does not arise in this process. universe creation is not something that takes place inside some bigger spacetime arena - the instanton describes the spontaneous appearance of a universe from literally nothing. once the universe exists, quantum cosmology can be approximated by general relativity so time appears. there are properties exhibited by cosmic strings. intercommuting refers to a process whereby strings exchange ends whenever they meet. a loop is produced whenever a string intercommutes with itself. although cosmic strings have not been detected, this process of intercommuting can be seen in certain liquid crystals. an interferometer is a machine that uses a process of wave interference to learn about the waves in question. that is, the waves are superimposed upon themselves to discover their properties. kaluza - klein theory is a theory that seeks to unify two of the four fundamental interactions ; gravitation and electromagnetism. a similar theory, electroweak theory, already unifies the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism. its proposals extend general relativity into five - dimensional spacetime. the si ( or base ) unit for temperature measurement. kelvin and celsius have the same magnitude scale, therefore you can transform one kelvin into celsius by adding 273. 16 to the number. whereas the celsius scale was created by dividing the difference in temperature between water freezing and boiling by one hundred and labelling the freezing point of water as 0, 0 kelvin is the point described by lord kelvin ( after whom the unit is named ) as \" infinite cold \", or absolute zero. this is the mechanism by which cosmic topological defects form during a phase transition. causal effects in the early universe can only propagate at the speed of light. this means that at a time t, regions of the universe separated by more than a distance d = ct can know nothing about each other. in a symmetry breaking phase transition, different regions of the universe will choose to fall into different minima in the set of possible states. topological defects are precisely the ' boundaries ' between these regions with different choices of minima, and their formation is therefore an inevitable consequence of the fact that different regions cannot agree on their choices. these are laws which define the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6924103526669372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.535795"} {"text": "the set of possible states. topological defects are precisely the ' boundaries ' between these regions with different choices of minima, and their formation is therefore an inevitable consequence of the fact that different regions cannot agree on their choices. these are laws which define the fundamental physical properties which characterize ) thermodynamic systems. these are temperature, energy and entropy ( a property that works systems towards equilibrium ). they are : the zeroth law : if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other also. the first law : heat and work are forms of energy transfer. this is the law of the conservation of energy. internal energy in a closed system may change if heat or work are transferred in or out of the system. the second law : the entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium almost always increases. that is, an isolated system will work towards thermal equilibrium. the third law : the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches zero. this is not, despite the name, a measure of time, but rather a measure of length. it is the length that light will travel in a vacuum in a year, that is 365. 25 days. its exact value is 9, 460, 730, 472, 580, 800 metres, but is approximately given by 9. 4607x1015m. this is calculated by multiplying the number of days ( 365. 25 ) by the number of seconds in each day ( 86, 400 ) and then multiplying that by the speed of light in a vacuum, which is 299, 792, 458 metres per second. in a mathematical function, the highest and lowest values of that function, over the domain of said function, are defined as the maximum or minimum points respectively. a local minimum or maximum value is defined by taking the highest or lowest value in the function over only part of the domain. an example of a function with several local minimum and maximums would be a graph of sin ( x ), which has no overall maximum or minimum value, but several local maximums and minimums of equal respective values. an object ' s ( in our context, an astronomical object ) brightness as measured by the flux, or intensity of electromagnetic radiation, that the object gives out. during the radiation era, shortly after the big bang, the universe consisted of free moving protons, neutrons and electrons and other particles, including helium ions. all radiation was absorbed by these free electrons, making the universe opaque", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6992101556275325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.536789"} {"text": "the object gives out. during the radiation era, shortly after the big bang, the universe consisted of free moving protons, neutrons and electrons and other particles, including helium ions. all radiation was absorbed by these free electrons, making the universe opaque. when the universe was sufficiently expanded the radiation could no longer interact with the electrons, causing the universe became transparent. this process is called decoupling, and it marked the beginning of the matter era. electrons, now no longer absorbing radiation, instead joined with ions to form neutral atoms. through gravity, these atoms clumped together, eventually forming stars, galaxies and other stellar bodies. these are zero - dimensional ( point - like ) objects which form when a spherical symmetry is broken. monopoles are predicted to be supermassive and carry magnetic charge. the existence of monopoles is an inevitable prediction of grand unified theories ( guts ) ; this is one of the puzzles of the standard cosmology. we have five consistent string theories that can describe both the forces and the matter in our universe. we do not, however, have the tools to explore the theories overall possible values of the parameters in the theories. over the past few years, however, we have been able to explore these theories more thoroughly, and we now believe that these five string theories are all different aspects of the same underlying theory : m - theory. m - theory goes beyond string theory, in that it predicts not ten, but eleven dimensions of spacetime. the theory could have as a fundamental object as a membrane, as opposed to a string, which would look like strings when curled up in the eleventh dimension. it is for this reason that the m in m - theory originally referred to a membrane. nowadays, however, the m doesn \u2019 t specifically refer to anything, and can stand for mystery, or \u201c mother of all \u201d, because m - theory is still largely unknown. vast clouds of interstellar dusk, hydrogen, helium and ionized gas. as the mass of a nebula grows due to the slight gravitational attracts of dust towards each other, the mass compacts enough to form stars. other material within the nebula, such as dust, can clump together to form planets and other planetary objects. originally, any large astronomical object was referred to as a nebula - other galaxies, in particular. a liquid crystal is a phase of matter which exhibits properties somewhere between those exhibited by a liquid and solid crystal. when viewed in high resolution, they can appear to be textured, as the molecules may be free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6975698645057733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.537789"} {"text": "nebula - other galaxies, in particular. a liquid crystal is a phase of matter which exhibits properties somewhere between those exhibited by a liquid and solid crystal. when viewed in high resolution, they can appear to be textured, as the molecules may be free to flow in a limited manner around, provided that they stay within a crystal like structure. liquid crystals are used extensively in televisions and computer screens. the nematic phase of a liquid crystal is temperature dependent. when in this phase, clamitic ( rod - like ) molecules align themselves individually roughly parallel to each other on their long - side axis, in a similar way to cigarettes in a package. the result of this is that the molecules are free - flowing within this directional order. in this phase, the crystals can show signs of intercommuting and loop production, which are properties expected to be exhibited by cosmic strings. a neutron star is formed from the collapse of a larger star which has undergone supernova. these stars, as the name suggests, are composed mostly of neutrons. neutron stars are extremely hot. they typically have masses between about 1 and 2 solar masses ( 1 solar mass is approximately 2x1030kg, which is about 333, 000 times the mass of the earth ), despite being somewhere on the order of 1015 smaller in radius than the sun, which makes them extremely dense. the more compact a neutron star is, the more likely it is to form a black hole. this occurs when the star ' s density become so great that the gravitational force it exerts on itself is greater than its internal pressure, causing a collapse into a black hole. this was developed in 1983 by stephen hawking and james hartle. describes a situation whereby the universe can spontaneously come into existence from literally nothing. once the universe exists, quantum cosmology can be approximated by general relativity so that time appears. a particle is a nucleon if it is a particle that forms an atomic nucleus. there are two nucleons : protons and neutrons. these are complicated manifolds which, like calabi - yau manifolds, may be the space in which six extra dimensions proposed by certain string theories are found within. the study of the universe up to around 10 - 11 seconds after the big bang. during this time, the electroweak and strong forces were unified in a grand unified phase, which quickly changed to separate out strong and the electroweak forces. further on in time the electroweak interaction separated to become electromagnetism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6826451021634714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.538866"} {"text": ". during this time, the electroweak and strong forces were unified in a grand unified phase, which quickly changed to separate out strong and the electroweak forces. further on in time the electroweak interaction separated to become electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force. it is possible to reach temperature regimes within this cosmology, allowing us to experimentally test theories. speculation, however, is still required within this time period. a mathematical approach to non - gravitational quantum theory, introduced by richard feynman of caltech. in the path integral approach, the probability that a system in an initial state a will evolve to a final state b is given by adding up a contribution from every possible history of the system that starts in a and ends in b. for this reason a path integral is often referred to as a ' sum over histories '. for large systems, contributions from similar histories cancel each other in the sum and only one history is important. this history is the history that classical physics would predict. for example, a system in the starting position of a ball on a non - symmetrical hill. the probability that the system will end up in the final position of the ball at the bottom of the hill on the side that is steepest is given by the summation of the probabilities of all paths that that ball could take, including going down the other side of the hill. for mathematical reasons, path integrals are formulated in a background with four spatial dimensions rather than three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. there is a procedure known as ' analytic continuation ' which is used to convert results expressed in terms of four spatial dimensions into results expressed in terms of three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. this effectively converts one of the spatial dimensions into the time dimension. this spatial dimension is sometimes referred to as ' imaginary ' time because it involves the use of so - called imaginary numbers. the path integral formulation of quantum gravity has many mathematical problems. it is also not clear how it relates to more modern attempts at constructing a theory of quantum gravity such as string / m - theory. however it can be used to correctly calculate quantities that can be calculated independently in other ways e. g. black hole temperatures and entropies. a phase transition is the change in properties and form of matter due to temperature changes. for example, water changes from solid ice to liquid water to gaseous steam or vapour. as temperature drops and phase transitions occur, the symmetry of the resulting matter is reduced - again, vapour is more symmetric than water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6868049740370727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.540816"} {"text": "due to temperature changes. for example, water changes from solid ice to liquid water to gaseous steam or vapour. as temperature drops and phase transitions occur, the symmetry of the resulting matter is reduced - again, vapour is more symmetric than water, which is more symmetric than ice. in terms of cosmology, when a phase transition in the early universe occurs, topological defects are formed. some of the symmetries that were broken in the early universe led to the four fundamental forces becoming discrete forces. at higher temperatures, they reunite in a unified state. the photon is an elementary particle. it is a gauge boson, in that it mediates one of the fundamental forces. in the case of the photon, it is the electromagnetic force. as mediators of the electromagnetic force, they allow us to see things through the visible light part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and are therefore often interchanged with \" light \". as they have no rest mass, they are able to travel at the fastest possible speed, which is know as the \" speed of light \" ( 299, 792, 458 metres per second ) in a perfect vacuum. their spin is 1 and no electrical charge. this is simply the planck length squared. given that the planck length is a fundamental unit of length, so too is the planck area a fundamental unit of area. this is the size of energy quanta ( discrete packets of energy ) in quantum mechanics - it is therefore the smallest amount of energy that anything can hold. it is the proportionality constant between the energy of a photon and the frequency of the associated electromagnetic wave, as denoted in the planck - einstein equation which links the two : e = hv, where v is frequency, h is planck ' s constant and e is energy. it ' s value is 6. 6260695729\u00d710\u221234 j. s this is the earliest period of time, from the beginning of time to 10 - 43 seconds after the beginning of time. during this period, the fundamental forces of nature were all unified due to the unimaginable temperature of the universe, and it is believed that gravity was as strong as the other forces ( it is now by far the weakest of the forces ). a very, very small unit of length. its precise value is 1. 61619997x10 - 35m. it is a base unit within the planck unit system and it is calculated using the speed of light, c, planck ' s constant, h and the gravitational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6989977833441636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.541932"} {"text": ". its precise value is 1. 61619997x10 - 35m. it is a base unit within the planck unit system and it is calculated using the speed of light, c, planck ' s constant, h and the gravitational constant, g. specifically, it is given by the square root of \u0127g / c3 where \u0127 is the reduced planck ' s constant, or planck ' s constant divided by 2\u03c0. it is the shortest measureable length in existence. to discuss length on scale shorter than this would be meaningless because it is a physical impossibility to measure below this length. a theory that could describe physical laws at this level would be of great use in the search for a theory of everything. this is the energy that exists in a body due to its position within a system. forces act upon the body to restore it to a lower energy state or configuration, this difference in the energy states is the potential energy. when the force acts upon the body, the energy held within the body is converted into some other form of energy, this occurs because the conservation of energy law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. an example of potential energy being converted into other energy would be in someone skydiving. the position of the person ( the body in the system ) in the system ( the earth ), i. e. being high up in the air in a plane, gives the person gravitational potential energy. once they leap from the plane, this gravitational potential is turned into kinetic energy as the person falls toward earth. once they have landed, their position, at the surface of the earth, means that they have lower amounts of gravitational potential energy, and they have been restored to a lower energy state. this is the theory that explains the strong nuclear force that is mediated by gluons between different quarks. the charge of this force is known as colour. the force, which occurs due to an exchange of these gluons, does not weaken over distance, as say gravity does, but rather remains constant, on the order of several thousand newtons. this means that at no point does any quark separate from another one, and so quarks can only be observed on a hadron level. this property is called confinement. another property within qcd is asymptotic freedom. this results in a very weak interaction between quarks and gluons during extremely high energy reactions. this is the study of cosmology at temperature regimes where all four fundamental forces were unified. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6678598080699779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.542932"} {"text": "qcd is asymptotic freedom. this results in a very weak interaction between quarks and gluons during extremely high energy reactions. this is the study of cosmology at temperature regimes where all four fundamental forces were unified. this unification, it is theorised, occurred from the big bang to some 10 - 43 seconds after the big bang. due to the temperatures involved all quantum cosmology is theoretical and highly speculative. quantum field theory is a framework that allows for the extension of quantum mechanics, which deals with individual particles, to field systems operating relativistically. quantum field theories have been used to describe how three of the four fundamental forces act, being mediated by and exchange of particles called bosons. the photon and the gluon, for example, are exchanged between electrons and quarks in the case of electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force respectively. with quantum field theory, these natural fields pervade an area of space. particles that mediate these fields, the gauge bosons associated with the field ( like the aforementioned photon with electromagnetism ), are quanta of these fields, that is, ripples in the field carrying small amounts of energy, other particles that act within the field, for example the electron within the electromagnetic field, are though of in a similar manner., albeit different ripples and excitations. these fields are of variable range. the colour field within the quantum chromodynamic field theory, for example, acts in a range between quarks within a nucleon. other fields, such as the electromagnetic field, are infinite in scope and range. the search for a theory of quantum gravity is the search for a theory that can explain the effects of the fundamental force of gravity as explained by general relativity at a quantum level, and marry these up with quantum mechanics, which is a series of models which explain the other fundamental forces ; the strong nuclear ; weak nuclear and electromagnetic forces. examples of quantum gravity include string theory, loop quantum gravity and m - theory. this phase transmission occurred approximately one millionth of a second after the big bang. this was when quark - gluon plasma underwent a phase transition, resulting in quarks forming into hadronic matter, i. e. nucleons. quintessence is a theory of dark energy, given to explain the acceleration of the universe \u2019 s expansion. it is a dynamic equation, resulting in an attractive or repulsive force depending on the amount of kinetic energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.7189768556829444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.543887"} {"text": "e. nucleons. quintessence is a theory of dark energy, given to explain the acceleration of the universe \u2019 s expansion. it is a dynamic equation, resulting in an attractive or repulsive force depending on the amount of kinetic energy relative to potential energy in the universe. as a repulsive force, it overcomes gravity \u2019 s attraction over large scales, resulting in an accelerated expansion. quintessence is hypothesised to have become repulsive approximately 10 billion years ago. this refers to a period of time from just after big bang to approximately 300, 000 years after its beginning. during this time, the universe consisted of free moving protons, neutrons and electrons and other particles. all radiation was absorbed by these free electrons, making the universe opaque. protons and neutrons were combining to form deuterium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen, and then helium, however, the temperature of the universe was so high that these existed as free ions in the plasma that was the universe. it was only when the universe was sufficiently expanded that the electrons no longer absorbed the radiation and instead joined with the ions to form neutral atoms. this forms the beginning of the matter era, in which we still exist. recombination was a time period, approximately 300, 000 years after the big bang, when electrons and protons bound to form atoms of hydrogen. before 300, 000 years had passed, the universe was still too hot for atoms for hydrogen to form. only after the universe had expanded sufficiently did the universe cool down sufficiently, making the formation of hydrogen possible. when the source of a wave moves away from us, we observe a change of frequency of that wave. an example would be an ambulance or fire - truck - we hear a lower pitch in its siren once it has passed us by. this is the doppler effect. it is not, however, limited to sound waves, but any kind of waves, including electromagnetic. this means that as an electromagnetic wave source is moving away from us, the frequency of the wave will decrease. as frequency and wavelength are inversely related, one goes up and the other goes down, the wavelength will increase. this shifts the wavelength closer to the red end of the spectrum ( this, when talking about the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, of course the wavelength may not be in the visible part ). this is redshift, and it is something we detect from far away galaxies and other electromagnetic sources. this leads us to the conclusion that the universe is expanding. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6216828559304016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.545067"} {"text": "electromagnetic spectrum, of course the wavelength may not be in the visible part ). this is redshift, and it is something we detect from far away galaxies and other electromagnetic sources. this leads us to the conclusion that the universe is expanding. these associate a scalar ( either a number, or a physical quantity ) value to every point in a space within the field. examples of scalar fields include pressure distribution, temperature variation, and gravitational fields. this is a point in spacetime where the curvature of spacetime becomes infinite. it is an area of extremely high density into which matter or light is attracted. singularities can be found both at the centre of black holes and on their own. inside a singularity, the laws of physics are distorted to the point that they are no longer applicable. spacetime is the concept of space and time being part of the same continuum. we use the typical three dimensions that are everyday and commonplace - the x, y and z dimensions used in geometry - ascribing a fourth dimension of time. this allows us to map out any event that takes place in the universe by a set of coordinates ; three of space to give us the location, and one of time to give us when the event occurred. this merging of time and space is important and must be accounted for, because relativity tells us that the observed rate of time passing changes with the respect to an objects velocity relative to the observer. gravitational fields can also change the passage of time. on quantum scales, therefore, it is important to account for time within theoretical frameworks, whereas in classical physics this is unnecessary. the structure of spacetime is detailed in einstein ' s theory of special relativity. this theory lays out the structure of spacetime. it draws on the principle of relativity as laid out by galileo, which states that there is no absolute state of rest, and that all motion is relative to other motion. there are two principles that are laid out in the theory ; that the laws of physics are the same for observers whose motion is uniform relative to each other and that the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of any relative motion. this means that with different relative velocities, observers will experience different physical laws. effects of these principles can be seen in various manners. one of the most interesting is time dilation. a clock that is sitting stationary in front of you will tick faster than a clock which is moving away from you. this is has been shown to be true for astronauts, who come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6741834435416101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.547887"} {"text": "in various manners. one of the most interesting is time dilation. a clock that is sitting stationary in front of you will tick faster than a clock which is moving away from you. this is has been shown to be true for astronauts, who come back from space younger than they would have been had they remained on earth. another well known consequence of the theory is the energy - mass equivalence relationship, as defined by the equation e = mc2, probably the most famous equation of all time. this states that energy and mass are interchangeable and are related by a function of the speed of light in a vacuum, c. the speed of light in a vacuum, c, is shown not to be just a speed that photons travel at, it is a key cosmological constant that is related to the nature of space and time. special relativity shows us that any object with rest mass cannot travel at the speed of light. the speed that photons, or indeed any particle with zero rest mass ( as energy and mass are equivalent as shown by the equation e = mc2, a particle that is travelling will have kinetic energy and therefore more mass than a particle at rest ), will travel at in a vacuum. its value is 299, 792, 458 metres per second ( ms - 1 ). as explained in the theory of special relativity, the speed of light is the fastest that any form of energy or information can travel in the universe. an intrinsic quantum property of particles that is defined by a spin number that can be either a whole integer ( 1, 2, 3 etc. ) or a half integer ( 1 / 2, 3 / 2, 5 / 2 etc. ), and can be positive or negative. it is a property that all particles exhibit, the sole known exception being the higgs boson, although other particles with zero spin, such as the inflaton, have been hypothesised. to an extent, it is easy to make an analogy of quantum spin with the classic rotational spin that we encounter in everyday life, for example with a spinning top. particles that are electrically charged, such as electrons or positrons, will generate a magnetic field through their spin, as movement of an electric charge will automatically generate magnetic fields. this analogy, however, only takes us so far. different spin quantum numbers can give us ideas as to the symmetry of these particles. a particle with zero spin looks exactly the same from all sides. a particle with spin will look different if rotated, but will regain its symmetry if it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6720859775846246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.548909"} {"text": "us so far. different spin quantum numbers can give us ideas as to the symmetry of these particles. a particle with zero spin looks exactly the same from all sides. a particle with spin will look different if rotated, but will regain its symmetry if it is rotated a certain number of time. in this instance, an analogy of a deck of cards is useful. consider any face card, these are symmetrical every time you spin them half way around, or 180 degrees. consider now the ace of spaces. this card, if places with the point of the space facing up as you look at it, will require a full 360 degree rotation until it looks the same again. a particle with spin 1 will act like an ace of spaces, requiring a full rotation, whereas a spin 2 particle will be symmetrical through 180 degree rotations. a half spin particle will require two rotations to be symmetrical. this kind of rotational symmetry does not have an analogue in the macroscopic world. crucially, whether a particle has half or whole integer spin tells us about how it reacts. particles with half integer spin, or fermions, obey a set of statistics known as fermi - dirac statistics. particles with whole integer spin, or bosons, obey a set called bose - einstein statistics. one of the key differences between these two sets of statistics is that those particles which obey fermi - dirac statistics are subject to the pauli exclusion principle. this states that particles may not occupy the same quantum state as each other. crucially, this means that you cannot make fermions of the same quantum state occupy the same space. this is why fermions are the particles which make up the matter of the universe. they include quarks, which combine to make protons and neutrons, and leptons, a set of particles that include electrons. bosons, which do not obey fermi - dirac statistics and are consequently not subject to the pauli exclusion principle, fulfill other roles, some mediate the fundamental forces of nature, these are the gauge bosons, and the higgs boson gives rise to mass in other particles. also known as the \u03bbcdm or lambda - cdm model, this is the best and most widely used model to explain the expansion of the universe, origins of the cosmic microwave background, nucleosynthesis of light elements and the formation of galaxies and large - scale structure. this is a set of mathematical tools that allow us to study thermodynamical properties, such as work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6593322772280581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.549986"} {"text": ", origins of the cosmic microwave background, nucleosynthesis of light elements and the formation of galaxies and large - scale structure. this is a set of mathematical tools that allow us to study thermodynamical properties, such as work, heat and entropy, of a large number of particles, allowing us to look at both atomic level and macroscopic level detail of the system. this allows us to explain thermodynamics in ways that apply to both classical and quantum physics, and allows us to extrapolate macroscopic predictions from microscopic properties. in the standard model of particle physics, particles are considered to be points moving through space, tracing out a line called the world line. to take into account the different interactions observed in nature, one has to provide particles with more degrees of freedom than only their position and velocity. these include mass, electric charge, colour ( which is the \u201c charge \u201d associated with the strong interaction ) and spin. this model was designed within a framework known as quantum field theory ( qft ), which allows us to build theories consistent with both quantum mechanics and the special theory of relativity. these theories describe with great success three of the four known interactions in nature : electromagnetism, the strong and weak nuclear forces. unfortunately, gravity, as described by einstein \u2019 s general relativity, does not fit into this scheme. string theory replaces these different particle types with a single fundamental building block : a \u201c string \u201d. these can be closed, like loops, or open, like a hair. as the string moves through time it traces out a tube or a sheet ( depending on whether it is closed or open ). this string is free to vibrate, and different vibrational modes of the string represent the different particle types, as difference modes are seen as different masses or spins. one mode of vibration, or \u2018 note \u2019, makes the string appear as an electron, another as a photon. there is even a mode describing the graviton, the particle carrying the force of gravity. this means we can make sense of the interaction of gravitons in a way we could not in qft. it is this ability of string theory to create a valid model that includes all four fundamental interactions that has dubbed it to be a \u2018 theory of everything \u2019. the problem is that there are five different versions of string theory. this is why we now look to m - theory, which has place for all five theories, as the greatest solution to our \u2018 theory of everything \u2019. as a point of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.7589366305655593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.551027"} {"text": "\u2019. the problem is that there are five different versions of string theory. this is why we now look to m - theory, which has place for all five theories, as the greatest solution to our \u2018 theory of everything \u2019. as a point of note, string theory predicts that spacetime has ten dimensions. although we only have three dimensions of space and one of time, we can assume that six of these dimensions are curled up very tightly, so that we may never be aware of their existence. having these so - called compact dimensions is very beneficial, as we can suggest that the degrees of freedom, such as electric charge of an electron, can simply arise as motion in the extra compact dimensions. there are four fundamental forces in nature. they are electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, the strong nuclear force and gravitation. the weak nuclear force is associated with radioactivity in unstable nuclei, specifically the decay of a neutron into a proton. when the temperature is hot enough, such as that of the universe shortly after the big bang, electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force will merge to form the electroweak force. the strong nuclear force binds together neutrons and protons inside nuclei. the mathematical theory describing the elementary particles in this theory, quarks and gluons, is known as quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ). theories that unify the strong nuclear force with electroweak theory are known as grand unified theories, of guts. a supercluster is a vast ( the are some of the largest structures in the universe ) grouping of smaller galaxy clusters and groups. they can span between several hundred million light years to over one billion light years. superclusters can contain galaxy bubbles, sheets, voids and filaments, which are smaller structures within the supercluster. nearly all galaxies are found within superclusters, and inbetween superclusters thee are usually large voids. our own supercluster, called the virgo supercluster, contains the local group, the virgo cluster and some 100 other galactic groups and clusters. its diameter is approximately 100 million light years. supergravity is a theory which follows on from supersymmetry. it is theorised that in the same way that photons mediate the electromagnetism, gluons the strong nuclear force and w and z bosons the weak nuclear force, so to does the as - yet undiscovered gravi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.7119016061214204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.552004"} {"text": "theorised that in the same way that photons mediate the electromagnetism, gluons the strong nuclear force and w and z bosons the weak nuclear force, so to does the as - yet undiscovered graviton the gravitational force. in supergravity, the graviton has a heavier superpartner whose spin differs by 1 / 2. so far, as with supersymmetry, there has been no observational evidence for supergravity. this is a very powerful stellar explosion that can quite often outshine galaxies. a star undergoes a supernova either when a very old massive star undergoes sudden gravitational collapse, releasing vast quantities of gravitational energy, or through the reignition of the nuclear fusion reaction in a degenerate star ' s ( such as a white dwarf or neutron star ) core. the explosion releases huge quantities of the star ' s matter, resulting in a supernova remnant. certain types of supernova have luminosities of known quantity, such that they can be used as ' standard candles ', which means that we can detect how far away the object is by comparing its known luminosity with our observed brightness. string theory states that all particles are representations of different vibrations on a fundamental building block ; a string. as a theory, it is able to describe the interactions of the particle that mediates gravitation : the graviton. in this way, and by being able to describe all other particles and interactions thereof, it is able to unite the four fundamental forces in nature, and is therefore a \u2018 theory of everything \u2019. the original string theory only described particles with integer spins, called bosons. these are the particles that mediate the fundamental forces, and include the photon, electron, gluon and graviton. the other class of particle, which have half integer spin, called fermions, were not described. these are particles that constitute matter as we know it, such as quarks and electrons. by introducing supersymmetry to bosonic string theory, we obtain a new theory that describes both the forces and the matter that make up the universe. this is superstring theory. there are three different superstring theories that have no mathematical inconsistencies. in two of them, the fundamental object is a closed string, whilst in the third, the string is open. by mixing the best aspects of bosonic string theory and superstring theory, we can create two other consistent theories of strings, heterotic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6922748614024523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.552981"} {"text": "of them, the fundamental object is a closed string, whilst in the third, the string is open. by mixing the best aspects of bosonic string theory and superstring theory, we can create two other consistent theories of strings, heterotic string theories supersymmetry is a theory which postulates that for every elementary particle, there is a more massive \" superpartner \" whose spin is different by 1 / 2. the theory comes about to solve mathematical difficulties related to quantum field theory and the reconciling of general relativity and quantum field theory. these inconsistencies arise because the higgs boson, a gauge boson whose interaction with other particles gives them mass, appears to gain large amounts of mass through interactions with itself. solving these inconsistencies would give physicists a way to marry quantum mechanics and gravity at the smallest scales. these superpartners are a possible candidate for dark matter. no superpartners have yet to be detected and no evidence exists as of yet to support supersymmetry. this is because in order to observe particles of this mass we need to use incredible amounts of energy, which so far we have been unable to generate. it is hoped that the large hadron collider at cern might detect evidence of supersymmetric particles. this is the set of points in space where decoupling occurred, approximately 380, 000 years after the big bang, at the right distance so that we are now seeing these photons reach us as part of the cosmic microwave background relic radiation. this occurs when a system in some state of symmetry moves into a different configuration, resulting in the loss of that symmetry. consider a ball on a hill. the ball is symmetrical. the hills is also symmetrical. if the ball is on top of the hill, the ball and hill in system are symmetrical. if the ball rolls down the hill, the ball and hill are individually still symmetrical, but the system of the ball and the hill is now asymmetrical. this is symmetry breaking. in a cosmological context, this happened as the universe cooled down after the big bang. as this occurred, elementary particles changed state in what is known as a phase transition. as this occurred, symmetry that previously was exhibited by these particles was broken. these symmetries are associated with different fundamental forces. this is why some particles are acted upon by these forces, and others not. these symmetries are restored at higher temperatures, however. these are a type of topological defect that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.7158663647492829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.553983"} {"text": "was broken. these symmetries are associated with different fundamental forces. this is why some particles are acted upon by these forces, and others not. these symmetries are restored at higher temperatures, however. these are a type of topological defect that is hypothesised to form when large symmetries are broken. they are unstable and prone to collapse. unlike certain other topological defects, such as magnetic monopoles, these are delocalized and occur over large areas. no evidence has been found of them as yet. this is a gravitational anomaly located in the centaurus supercluster. it is a localized concentration of mass of unknown origin that is equivalent to tens of thousands of galaxies. it mass is so large, that ( as the name suggests ) its gravitational attraction is altering the motion of galaxies and galaxy clusters in a region over hundreds of millions of light years across. in the aftermath of the big bang, the universe was extremely hot and extremely dense. at these energies, the laws of nature that we know were changed. the fundamental forces that we see in nature were unified - it is only as the universe expanded and cooled that gravitation, electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces all ceased to be as one. electroweak theory describes the unification of the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism. a theory of everything will marry up all the fundamental forces. the issue with this is that whilst quantum chronodynamics and the electroweak theory describe the strong and weak nuclear forces and electromagnetism on a well understood quantum basis, there is no consistent theory for describing gravity on such a basis. m - theory, and the associated string theories behind it are being explored as possible candidates. these are configurations of matter that form during matter phase transitions and symmetry breakings, such as occurred during the very early universe. they are configurations of matter in the old, symmetrical phase that remain stable in the new phase where the symmetry that was previously held is now broken. examples of these defects include monopoles, cosmic strings, domain walls and textures. within quantum field theory, particles may move from higher to lower energy states, such as occurred in the very early universe as the universe was expanding and thus cooling. these lower energy states, or vacuum states, may be different whilst possessing the same amount of energy. this means these states are degenerate. the particle, therefore, has a chance of falling into any of these degenerate vacuum states, unless there is something outside the system described here which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.686720262385684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.555051"} {"text": "| chief charles furlong | aklavik indian band / ehdiitat gwich ' in council po box 118 ph : ( 867 ) 978 - 2340 fax : ( 867 ) 978 - 2937 aklavik \u2013 \" place of the barren - land grizzly \" \u2013 was established in 1918 on the west shore of the peel river, not far from where the mackenzie river flows into the beaufort sea near the foot of the richardson mountains. the region is composed of three major physiographic regions : the mackenzie delta, the caribou hills and the anderson plains. aklavik is located at 68 ' 13 ' n latitude and 135 ' 00 ' w longitude. aklavik itself is located on a flat, muskeg - covered silt, hemmed in by the river and swamps and ponds, at the edge of the treelike. it is the most westerly community in the nwt and boasts a population of approximately 780 people. located in inuvialuktun, aklavik is 58 km by air west across the delta from inuvik and accessible by air and water \u2013 from dec. 15 to april 15 the frozen river supports a road while water crossings are possible for a portion of the remaining year. 90 % of travel to the remote region is therefore via air. the beaufort - delta self - government office was established in inuvik in october 1996 to negotiate a self governance agreement with the governments of canada and the northwest territories on behalf of the gwich \u2019 in and other aboriginal groups. this process continues today. aklavik was the site where the inuvialuit and the gwich \u2019 in ( dene ) traditionally met and sometimes clashed in their search for food and furs they utilized for sustenance and later, for trade. the community rapidly became the principal location for trapping, trading and transportation in the muskrat - rich mackenzie delta. hudson bay established a trading post at aklavik in 1912. a permanent settlement was located on the aklavik site shortly thereafter. a roman catholic mission was built, in 1926. although most inhabitants of aklavik continue to follow the traditional way of life \u2013 hunting, fishing and trapping, local retail businesses, transportation, arts and crafts, tourism and mineral and gas exploration have become a significant secondary economy to the community. facilities available include a community hall, school, curling rink, playground, a swimming pool, an outdoor rink, playfield, museum, community health centre, fire hall, and churches.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3984019482234277, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.560422"} {"text": "judy d. j. ellich daily american reporter the giant turn - of - the - century water meter displayed at the quemahoning reservoir \u2019 s family recreational area is \u201c symbolic of the immense impact that the dam has had in the region, \u201d said james greco, cambria somerset authority chairman. the 40 - foot - long pipe - like device measured the flow of billions of gallons of water to the johnstown steel mills for nearly 100 years without a single failure, he said at a dedication ceremony friday for the venturi meter historic display and museum. to produce one ton of steel, it took 271 tons of water. the museum houses photographs, documents and multimedia displays detailing the construction and history of the dam. greco called the displays the first generation. members of the cambria somerset authority, the owners of the que, hope that visitors will add to the display with more pictures and artifacts. on friday more than two dozen county officials and business representatives strolled down the hill from the pavilion where the dedication ceremony had been held. numerous families were setting up campsites nearby. adults and children laughed and called to each other as they frolicked in the roped - off water area or soaked up the sun on the small beach. \u201c on memorial day we counted 85 kids at one time in the water at the beach, \u201d greco said. last summer there were 15, 000 visitor days, and this year it looks like that number may be surpassed, he said. greco called projects like the meter and museum a \u201c critical draw \u201d for visitors to the historic and recreational area. greco and somerset county commissioner jim marker spoke at the dedication, along with john m. mcgrath, associate professor at the university of pittsburgh at johnstown, who produced the meter and museum multimedia display. in the early 1900s the venturi meter was used to measure the water flowing to johnstown \u2019 s mills. at that time it was the largest meter built on the east coast. it was designed to operate with no moving parts, he said. at its greatest diameter, the meter is as tall as the average american woman, or 64 inches. \u201c there are so many layers of history, \u201d mcgrath said of the reservoir. the six layers begin with the native americans, who named the area, which translated means \u201c the lick in the pines, \u201d he said. other layers include early settlers, steel mills and the building of a water resource for industrial and recreational growth and for increasing the quality of life for local residents with quality drinking water, he said. \u201c the last layer is probably the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42711994539237796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.565634"} {"text": "this week ' s sudden temperature dips served as a reminder that the summer garden party will be coming to an end soon enough. as we move into a fall, an upcoming forecast will have vegetable gardeners scrambling to pick their last tomatoes and peppers and hunker down for fall. except that hunkering isn ' t really necessary. some planting can mean fresh greens into december even if you don ' t have a greenhouse or cold frames. \" a fall garden is really bountiful, \" says niki hayden, who founded the boulder culinary gardeners. she describes herself as a \" low - tech gardener, \" meaning that she relies on the occasional use of row cover weighted down with rocks to protect on bitter cold nights. otherwise, though, she takes advantage of the natural hardiness of greens such as spinach, lettuce and arugula to carry her through the cooling temperatures. \" we tend to have more rain at this time of year than in mid - summer when it ' s so dry, \" she says. \" greens grow beautifully. we have fewer pests. it ' s much easier to have a beautiful greens garden. \" roland evans, who lives up fourmile canyon and saw two of his three greenhouses severely damaged in the fire, says he already has the remaining greenhouse planted. at 7, 400 feet, where he lives, such protection is necessary with temperatures that dip below freezing occurring earlier in the season than in lower elevations. however, he says the principle for figuring out what to plant in the fall is the same at all altitudes. \" pretend it ' s spring. that ' s the secret, \" he says. \" you start planting all your early spring vegetables. \" there are a few caveats. long - maturing spring - planted vegetables such as cauliflower won ' t have enough time to mature before the coldest weather strikes, but evans says you can plant sprouting broccoli. many greens thrive in cool weather ; spinach, for example, along with lettuces, needs cooler temperatures to germinate. ( evans \" tricks \" his spinach seeds by placing them in the freezer before planting. ) brassicas such as collard greens or kale even taste better after a frost, the dip in temperatures causes the plant to produce sugar as a natural defense, making the greens taste sweeter. evans says he has planted japanese greens, some of which are hardy to 0 degrees. in general, he advises, more bitter greens tend to be hardier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39760171034425656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.569796"} {"text": "temperatures causes the plant to produce sugar as a natural defense, making the greens taste sweeter. evans says he has planted japanese greens, some of which are hardy to 0 degrees. in general, he advises, more bitter greens tend to be hardier. he uses cold frames with layers of protection. while some seeds may go dormant, they will come back in early february, he says. \" you get a very early crop. \" many gardeners plant spinach in this way with the intent of letting it \" winter over, \" so that tender leaves grace their salad bowls in late february and early march. the trick at lower elevations can be keeping temperatures cool enough to get seeds to germinate and keeping tender plants cool on the odd 80 plus - degree day that might punctuate cooler weather. for this, hayden uses row covers on the seed beds and young plants and keeps them moist. she plants her seeds in rows, which is the best way to plant in a large garden, so that you won ' t step in planting areas and compress soil. for gardeners with raised beds or a long single row, sprinkling the tiny greens seeds can be a great and simple way to plant. mix the seeds with some dry compost or soil, using lots of seeds, and sprinkle over a thoroughly watered garden bed. cover with row cover and keep moist. as greens come up, thin plants, using the baby leaves in salads. after thinning, let larger plants mature, cutting off larger leaves as needed. hayden, who has grown as many as 23 types of lettuces in a season, says the sturdier types such as batavians and romaines are good for winter planting, although mesclun mixes also work well. she also generally plants about five varieties of spinach, and arugula, one of her favorite greens. kale, collards, turnip and mustard greens also do well. when a bitter freeze and / or snow threaten, hayden covers the plants with two layers of row cover and a plastic sheet weighted down with rocks. \" when it warms up the next week, you have saved the plants for another two to three weeks. \" the last week of december is a killer, \" she says. \" that ' s my demarcation. \" evans, with his greenhouse and cold frames can take plants through the winter. in addition to greens, he also plants some root vegetables such as carrots, beets and celeriac and covers them with mulch.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41773118566121015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.570925"} {"text": "this has proven to be a bad week for nasa rovers patrolling mars. nasa has several rovers on the surface of mars performing various missions including looking for water and existence of ice on the red planet. yesterday, nasa announced that it had lost communications with the phoenix lander and had no expectations of the lander surviving the inhospitable martian winter. despite the fact that the rover has been declared dead by nasa, the phoenix mission was a success and lasted longer than originally planned by nasa. today, nasa has announced that the spirit rover is also in jeopardy of failing. lack of sunlight hitting the solar panels of spirit is causing serious concern at nasa. according to scientists on the mission, spirit only produced 89 watt - hours of energy last weekend, which is half the amount of power the rover needs for full performance. the reason for the drop in power production is a massive dust storm that deposited martian dust on the solar panels and prevented sunlight form reaching them. spirit ' s mission began in 2003 when it was sent to the red planet to search for clues on past water on the surface of the planet. to help conserve power and prevent spirit from running its batteries dry, nasa instructed the rover to turn off several heaters designed to keep scientific instruments warm. the rover was also ordered to stop communicating with earth until thursday. nasa says that if it doesn ' t hear form spirit on thursday it will be extremely concerned. scientists hope spirit will make it, the dust storms over it position have abated. it ' s not known if the storm caused damage to any of the rover ' s instruments at this time or if the rover will be able to move again due to the dust on the panels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46109464278394907, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.572539"} {"text": "in the early ' 50s women prisoners still resided at raiford. in 1956 the state completed a prison for women at lowell. big pine key, copeland and loxahatchee road prisons and the gainesville work camp were among the other institutions established at that time. until 1957, responsibility for corrections in florida had been divided among three state agencies : agriculture, state institutions and the state road department. the laws related to administrating the penal system had last been codified in 1899, and over half the original sections remained unchanged. therefore, lawmakers adopted a new correctional code, which provided for the division of corrections, under the control of state institutions. avon park correctional institution opened and c. o. culver was appointed the first director of the division of corrections. by this time, lawmakers believed that prisons could provide useful opportunities for preparing people to return to society as law - abiding citizens. the system emphasized rehabilitation and self - improvement. inmates were expected to make good use of their time, accept that they made mistakes in their lives, and take academic and vocational courses to raise their earning potential after release. in the late fifties, the use of sweatboxes ended. florida state prison work camp was established. the state also saw the addition of a male unit at florida ci, apalachee ci west unit, marion ci and caryville work camp. what is now known as florida state prison was constructed with a new execution chamber in 1961. it was designed as a maximum - security prison to house adult male inmates at all custody levels and remains the same today. this facility became known as florida state prison and \" the rock \" was named union correctional institution. extra money creates extra problems in prison, so in the early sixties florida established prison canteens. the canteens helped to use up extra money in inmate pockets. they also provided visitors with refreshments. by the seventies canteen sales reached more than $ 1 million per year. canteens are still in use today. in 1963, a landmark u. s. supreme court decision put florida ' s prison system on the map. fifty - one - year - old drifter clarence gideon was arrested, charged, and convicted of breaking and entering a pool hall. gideon, without the assistance or benefit of counsel, was then sentenced to prison. he appealed to the u. s. supreme court, and in a far - reaching decision the court guaranteed those charged with a felony the right to an attorney, whether they could afford one or not. as a result of that ruling,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43932821076924833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.575607"} {"text": "from asparagus to zebra crossings, this is an indispensable commentary on modern life and behaviour. more information... the day on which a young girl was formally presented to the sovereign was considered one of the most important in her life. application to present a girl to the sovereign could only be made by someone - usually her mother, but not necessarily a relative - who had herself been presented to the sovereign. the procedure was quite complex. at the end of each year an announcement was made by the lord chamberlain of their majesties ' intention to hold courts on specified dates in the following year. those who desired to make presentations sent in applications on 1 january, or as soon as possible thereafter, simply stating that ' lady debrett desires their majesties ' gracious permission to attend one of the courts and present her daughter. ' if the request was granted, a summons card was sent out about three weeks before the court stating ' the lord chamberlain is commanded by their majesties to summon the marchioness of richmond to the court on such and such a date. ' presentations were always held at 10 pm. summons from the sovereigns were considered to be royal commands, and therefore had to be obeyed unless extreme circumstances - such as illness or death - intervened. on presentation, the debutante and her mother were ushered into the royal presence, and announced. the debutante stepped forward and made a low curtsy to both the king and queen, who each bowed in acknowledgment. she was then expected to exit, walking backwards, from the royal presence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.451146222250248, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.577333"} {"text": "as the usa deployed major forces to vietnam between 1965 and 1967, american politicians and military commanders were inspired by futuristic, space - age visions of how to fight the war. the problem, however, was that these visions often conflicted with each other and became rallying cries for opposing institutional lobbies. most modern armies are organized along similar lines, although there are local variations among nations and among the formal arrangements in peacetime and ad hoc groupings used for specific types of combat. the basic infantry fighting unit is the platoon, which consists of around 30 to 40 men. in the 1980s we witnessed a number of wars - for example the falklands conflict ( 1982 ), the israelis and pakistan, and the falklands themselves, where sovereignty is still a bone of contention between britain and argentina. individually these problems ( and there are many more worldwide ) pose very serious questions. the basic principle of tactics is to combine fire and maneuver so that the troops first \u2018 win the firefight \u2019 that is, neutralize the enemy, and then go on to overrun the enemy \u2019 s position. traditionally the idea has been for the ` base of fire \u2019 to be provided by a static force that keeps the enemy \u2019 s head [... ] an army \u2019 s ability to fight and win is conditioned by its training. what this in fact says is that victory will go to the side that can make the most intelligent combination of what was classically know as the three arms ; infantry, artillery and cavalry ( which today includes armored and air mobile forces ). it is almost axiomatic that a defensive position should incorporate at least some mobile elements to reinforce threatened points ; to make counter penetrations ( that is, to block holes that may develop ) ; to make counter - attacks ( in other words, to carry out a direct strike on the attacking enemy ) or to implement counter strikes. the western front in world war i has scarred the popular mind as the epitome of fruitless, static, attritional warfare. lines of trenches or strong points in depth, protected by barbed wire and covered by powerful artillery, resist every assault, with the attacker suffering devastating casualties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49594620625534636, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.580454"} {"text": "induced seismicity potential in energy technologies ( 2012 ) board on earth sciences and resources each report is produced by a committee of experts selected by the academy to address a particular statement of task and is subject to a rigorous, independent peer review ; while the reports represent views of the committee, they also are endorsed by the academy. learn more on our expert consensus reports. report in brief > > in the past several years, some energy technologies that inject or extract fluid from the earth, such as oil and gas development and geothermal energy development, have been found or suspected to cause seismic events, drawing heightened public attention. although only a very small fraction of injection and extraction activities among the hundreds of thousands of energy development sites in the united states have induced seismicity at levels noticeable to the public, understanding the potential for inducing felt seismic events and for limiting their occurrence and impacts is desirable for state and federal agencies, industry, and the public at large. to better understand, limit, and respond to induced seismic events, work is needed to build robust prediction models, to assess potential hazards, and to help relevant agencies coordinate to address them. - research has provided a better understanding of the factors that induce seismicity. although existing faults and fractures are generally stable, changes in subsurface pore pressure, for example due to the injection or extraction of fluid from earth ' s subsurface, may change the crustal stresses acting on a nearby fault and induce a seismic event. net fluid balance appears to have the most direct correlation to the magnitude of induced seismic events, thus, energy technology projects that maintain a balance between the amount of fluid injected and the amount withdrawn may induce fewer felt seismic events than technologies that do not maintain balance. - although the general mechanisms that create induced seismic events are well understood, scientists are currently unable to accurately predict the magnitude or occurrence of such events due to the lack of comprehensive data on the complex natural rock systems at particular energy development sites. predictions of induced seismicity at specific energy development sites will continue to rely on both theoretical modeling, and data and observations from measurements made in the field. - of all the energy - related injection and extraction activities conducted in the united states, only a very small fraction have induced seismicity at levels noticeable to the public ( that is, above magnitude 2. 0 ). different energy technologies typically use different injection rates and pressures, fluid volumes, and injection duration \u2014 factors that affect the likelihood and magnitude of an induced earthquake. - geothermal energy \u2014 the use of heat from the earth as an energy source \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5476062503487099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.586584"} {"text": "0 ). different energy technologies typically use different injection rates and pressures, fluid volumes, and injection duration \u2014 factors that affect the likelihood and magnitude of an induced earthquake. - geothermal energy \u2014 the use of heat from the earth as an energy source \u2014 usually attempts to maintain a balance between fluid volumes extracted for energy production and those replaced by injection, which reduces the potential for induced seismicity. however, site - specific characteristics can make a difference. for example, the high - pressure hydraulic fracturing undertaken to produce geothermal energy from hot, dry rocks has caused seismic events that are large enough to be felt. - conventional oil and gas development extracts oil, gas, and water from pore spaces in rocks in subsurface reservoirs. incidences of felt induced seismicity from conventional oil and gas development appear to be very rare. - shale formations may contain oil, gas, and / or liquids. shales have very low permeability that prevent these fluids from easily flowing into a well bore, and so wells may be drilled horizontally and hydraulically fractured to allow hydrocarbons to flow up the well bore. hydraulic fracturing to date has been confirmed as the cause for small, felt seismic events at one location in the world. the process of hydraulic fracturing a well as presently implemented for shale gas recovery does not pose a high risk for inducing felt seismic events. - tens of thousands of waste water disposal wells have been drilled in the united states to dispose of the water generated by geothermal and oil and gas production operations, including shale gas production. water injection for disposal has been suspected or determined a likely cause for induced seismicity at approximately 8 sites in the past several decades. however, the long - term effects of increasing the number of waste water disposal wells on the potential for induced seismicity are unknown, and wells used only for waste water disposal usually do not undergo detailed geologic review prior to injection, in contrast to wells for enhanced oil recovery and secondary recovery. - capturing carbon dioxide and developing means to store it underground could, if technically successful and economical, help reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. however, carbon capture and storage differs from other energy technologies because it involves the continuous injection of very large volumes of carbon dioxide under high pressure, and is intended for long term storage with no fluid withdrawal. the large net volumes of carbon dioxide that would help reduce global carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere may have potential for inducing larger felt seismic events due to increases in pore pressure over time ; potential effects of large - scale carbon capture storage projects require further research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5320411745731519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.587740"} {"text": "\u201c argentine cardinal jorge bergoglio ( left ) greeted crowds in rome \u2019 s st peter \u2019 s square today after his election as the catholic church \u2019 s new pope, francis, \u201d the bbc reports. \u201c the 76 - year - old from buenos aires is the first latin american and the first jesuit to be pontiff. \u201d the new pope should be \u201c a charismatic, missionary culture warrior, challenging the world \u2019 s democracies to rebuild their moral foundations, \u201d writes a leading observer. \u201c as an advocate for religious freedom in full and religious freedom for all, the new pope can help to strengthen civil society and its free institutions, which are both elementary schools of democracy and barriers against the encroachment of the leviathan state, \u201d says george weigel, author of evangelical catholicism and a board member of the national endowment for democracy : when conceived in strictly functional terms, democracy demeans itself, and the gears of democratic politics too often freeze, as we have seen in venues ranging from the u. s. congress to the greek parliament. democracy is more than the institutions of democracy ; it takes a certain kind of people, living certain virtues, to make democracy work. weigel appreciates that the church faces similar challenges to those facing an earlier generation and the need to \u201c forge a new catholic encounter \u201d with the realities of modern political and economic life, notes julianne dolan of the catholic university of america in washington, d. c. : weigel notes that vatican ii was built upon changes set in motion under the papacy of leo xiii ( 1878 - 1903 ). leo took over a church truly under siege \u2014 the italian risorgimento had overrun the papal states, making the pontiff a \u201c prisoner of the vatican. \u201d \u201c the rapidly expanding working class of an industrializing europe was leaving the church in large numbers, \u201d mr. weigel writes. \u201c european high culture was becoming increasingly secularized \u2014 indeed, hostile to biblical religion. \u201d leo didn \u2019 t respond in kind ; instead, mr. weigel suggests, he \u2026. pushed the church toward advocating religious freedom rather than relying on the sponsorship of governments. he reshaped catholic social teaching with his 1891 encyclical rerum novarum, which defined the rights of workers and the poor in an industrialized world. the new pope should promote a morally rigorous conception of democracy, writes weigel ( right ). \u201c can democracy \u2018 long endure \u2019 if democracies lack a critical mass of citizens who cherish the common good as well as individual freedom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4116040240173303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.591703"} {"text": "tragedy remembered : artifacts tell stories of life aboard the titanic \u00bb 35 items \u00ab on april 15, 1912, the rms titanic struck an iceberg and sank on her maiden voyage, leaving just over 700 survivors out of the more than 2, 000 people on board. now, 100 years after the sinking of the titanic, museum artifacts and pictures of the wreck help offer glimpses of life in 1912, and life aboard the titanic. related stories : prayers and silence mark titanic centenary the enduring titanic : life lessons gained from the tragedy titanic : the unsinkable cultural phenomenon free lunch : legacy of titanic ' s only utahn will be passed down for generations \u00bb 35 items \u00ab what you may have missed most popular across site - photo gallery : tornado rips oklahoma suburb - fire chief says search almost complete in... - ' tattooed mormon ' al fox shares her... - search for susan cox powell is over, west... - wright words : oklahoma tornado provides... - byu football : fan - developed software gives... - s. l. draws up airport plans - bodyguards allegedly beat up 2 fans who took... - frances monson, wife of lds prophet,... 66 - mitt romney talks irs, ap records,... 65 - mia love announces she ' s officially... 42 - journalists criticize obama... 37 - gop delegates reject changes to... 31 - s. l. draws up airport plans 30 - associated press ceo calls records... 23 - xango co - founder accuses partners of... 23", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3811309541137748, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.593289"} {"text": "2d games using silverlight - collision detection implementation this article shows how to implement collision detection in a microsoft silverlight game application. this is the second article in a series which will show how to create a complete working game ( a clone of the classic arkanoid game ). the first article in this series 2d games using silverlight - implementing the game loop introduced the possibility of writing 2d games using silverlight, an approach that has benefits when targeting all of the platforms : windows phone 7, windows phone 8 and windows 8 and internet browsers. the original article covered the creation of the game skeleton for a simple arkanoid clone called jailbreaker, and included the games loop and the game controllable loop. this article extends the game skeleton by adding collision detection. collision detection implementation strategy there are numerous strategies and algorithms for collision detection : broad detection phase, narrow detection phase, how to use dot production to estimate distance, etc. however it does not make sense to re - invent the wheel : for more complicated games there are open source physics engines, and for simple games like this there are often platform apis that can be used to help with collision detection. for this example we use the collision detection functionality built into the platform, along with a good understanding of the simple collision detection required for this game. considering the game environment : - there are few components with complex non - predictable movement - essentially just the club and ball. all other elements either stand still or fall in predictable manner - they do not collide. as a result we only need to consider a single object, the ball, for determining whether a collision has occurred. - we only need to consider collisions in three directions along the active object movement : forward, forward diagonal up, forward diagonal down. this limitation allows us to minimize number of tests required collision detection in the platform : - there is a helper class visualtreehelper in the platform that allows hit test on the component tree ( all visible components in silverlight application form a component tree hierarchy ) - there is a support for object animation based on storyboard that is suitable for steady moving objects - the game movement is based on screen refresh rate, which is not constant across devices. to make object speed the same on different devices / conditions we need to measure the refresh rate before calculation the object next position - during object movement, the object perception will be conducted on the next the object position because we are going to make the calculations in a hook to the screen refresh loop. new module in the project physicalbody the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5244573234426815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.598943"} {"text": "rate before calculation the object next position - during object movement, the object perception will be conducted on the next the object position because we are going to make the calculations in a hook to the screen refresh loop. new module in the project physicalbody the new class physicalbody is attached to a ui element statically created in xaml. it handles the element : - position update - object collision assessment - checking the class container extends to keep the element position inside the container also it accepts gameover and hitscores ( ) method delegates from the class container the position update is a simple increment of the current position based on the current body speed. note that the body speed defines the body direction according to the coordinate system : positive value is from left to right by x axis, and from top to bottom in y axis and negative value is in the opposite direction. object collision assessment this is the crucial part of the article. the collision detection is implemented in one function and follows the strategy we have declared above in the preceding sections. let us examine the code : private void assesscollision ( ) / / get bounding box and offset the box in movement direction on one step canvas canvas = ( canvas ) body. parent ; / / ( 1 ) for converting screen - to - control coordinates var transform = canvas. transformtovisual ( application. current. rootvisual ) ; / / for converting screen - to - control coordinates var origin = transform. transform ( new point ( canvas. getleft ( body ) + velocityx, canvas. gettop ( body ) + velocityy ) ) ; var boundingbox = new rect ( origin, new size ( body. actualwidth, body. actualheight ) ) ; / / ( 2 ) check whether there are element exist on the body ' s way / / in three directions : forward, forward - diagonal - up and forward - diagonal - down / / ( 3 ) use visualtreehelper helper class to walk through elements hierarchy tree / / ( 4 ) filter out all objects except shapes if ( iscollided ( visualtreehelper. findelementsinhostcoordinates ( new point ( boundingbox. right, boundingbox. bottom ), ( canvas ) body. parent ) ) | | iscollided ( visualtreehelper. findelementsinhostcoordinates ( new point ( boundingbox. right, boundingbox. y ), ( canvas ) body. parent ) ) | | iscollided (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5386118510437989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.599913"} {"text": "diseases of interest the following diseases have currently been defined by the department of homeland security and the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) for study at the national bio and agro - defense facility ( nbaf ) : - foot and mouth disease ( fmd ). viral disease of domestic and wild cloven - hoofed animals ; acute disease characterized by fever, lameness, and vesicular lesions on the feet, tongue, mouth and teats ; fmd is considered to be one of the most contagious, infectious diseases known ; cost estimates of an introduction of fmd in the u. s. are more than $ 37 billion. - classical swine fever ( csf ). wild and domestic swine are the only known natural reservoir ; widespread throughout the world and has the potential to cause devastating epidemics, particularly in countries free of the disease ; any outbreak of csf would have serious consequences for domestic and international trade of swine and swine products ; improved countermeasures are needed. - african swine fever ( asf ). infected animals have high mortality rates ; effective countermeasures are not available for infected animals ; no vaccines are available to prevent infection ; no treatment exists for asf and countermeasures need improvements. - rift valley fever ( rvf ). virus affects human beings and cloven - hoofed animals ( sheep, goats, cattle, camels, buffalo and deer ) ; suitable countermeasures to respond in the u. s. do not exist ; risk for establishment of endemic disease ; ranked as a major disease of concern with usda, dhs, and other stakeholders. - contagious bovine pleuropneumonia ( cbpp ). caused by an infective microorganism ( mycoplasma mycoides ) ; primarily affects cattle including european - bred cattle and zebu ; a related form can affect goats ; may survive for days in the environment ; no treatment available. - japanese encephalitis ( je ) virus. similar to st. louis encephalitis virus ; je virus is amplified in the blood of domestic pigs and wild birds ; the virus can infect humans, most domestic animals, birds, bats, snakes and frogs. - nipah virus. virus was discovered in 1999 ; causes disease in swine and in humans through contact with infectious animals ; mode of transmission between animals and from animals to humans is uncertain ( appears to require close contact with infected tissues or body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49161956815616564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.604099"} {"text": ". - nipah virus. virus was discovered in 1999 ; causes disease in swine and in humans through contact with infectious animals ; mode of transmission between animals and from animals to humans is uncertain ( appears to require close contact with infected tissues or body fluids ) ; caused respiratory disease and encephalitis in people in malaysia and singapore ; no drug therapies have yet been proven to be effective in treating nipah infection ; no countermeasures exist. - hendra virus. formerly called equine morbillivirus ; first isolated in 1994 ; the natural reservoir for hendra virus is still under investigation ; human beings and equines seem to be predominately affected ; caused respiratory and neurological disease in horses and humans in australia. the nbaf research mission will be based on current pathogen and disease risk assessments, subject to change as threats and risk assessments change. the nbaf research mission will be based on current pathogen and disease risk assessments, subject to modification as threats and risk assessments change. researchers would focus on developing tests to detect the diseases and countermeasures to prevent the disease. in some cases, we would be studying the disease itself to determine : - what mechanism it uses to enter the animal, - what type of cell the disease affects, - what effects the disease causes on the cells, - how to develop countermeasures to help the animal develop protection against the disease, and - how quickly the animal can become protected from the disease. by knowing what type of cell the disease affects we are able to develop a test to more accurately and quickly determine if the animal is suffering from that specific disease. nbaf is owned by the department of homeland security with the department of agriculture ' s agriculture research service ( usda - ars ) and animal plant health inspection service, veterinary services ( usda - aphis - vs ) as our primary partners. these same agencies are currently working in the plum island facility. the department of health and human services and other agencies may also have space in the facility, in case of some event where the researchers would wish for a particular agency \u2019 s assistance or an event dictates a particular agency needs additional assistance. the departments of homeland security and agriculture work cooperatively to set priorities regarding diseases to be researched. they use a variety of risk assessments, gap analysis and intelligence gathering in order to establish the priorities. ars functions to perform the early research and transition prospective candidates for countermeasure development to homeland security. the department of homeland security further develops these candidates and transitions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5118670143027668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.605178"} {"text": "in the 1980s and 1990s, congress began discussing medical savings accounts ( msas ) where any consumer could ( 1 ) pay for all medical expenses with tax - deductible dollars and ( 2 ) spend or save unlimited tax - advantaged amounts for current or future medical expenses. in 1996, congress created the archer medical savings accounts experiment, named after representative daniel archer who sponsored the msa amendment to hipaa, allowing a limited number of msas for a trial period. msa eligibility was severely restricted to up to 750, 000 self - employed taxpayers and, despite their enormous tax advantages, they were complex, and only 150, 000 msas were eventually opened before they were made obsolete by health savings accounts ( hsas ) in 2003. throughout 2003, with the existing msa legislation set to expire on december 31, the federal government debated new legislation to expand the msa experiment. the white house wanted universal health savings accounts, similar to iras, that could be opened by any u. s. taxpayer and pay for any medical expense including health insurance premiums. such an hsa could have become a universal employee, employer, and retiree health benefits vehicle. however, congress was greatly concerned about the budget implications of the white house request, particularly since the congress was also debating the medicare prescription drug, improvement, and modernization act ( mma ) which was expected to alone cost $ 400 billion over 10 years ( in 2005 the mma cost was later revised to $ 1. 2 trillion ). the end result was a watered - down version of health savings accounts ( hsas ), created via an amendment to the overhaul of medicare in the mma bill, and signed into law on december 8, 2003. importantly, the bill placed five restrictions on hsas, which combined to make hsas fall short of their potential. ( 1 ) only u. s. taxpayers already covered by highly restricted \u201c hsa - qualified \u201d health insurance plans could open health savings accounts. additionally, other supplemental insurance coverage by a spouse or employer could automatically disqualify taxpayers from making hsa contributions. this made most of the u. s. population ineligible for hsas until, and if, their employer modified their health benefit plan. ( 2 ) hsa funds generally could not be used to pay for health insurance premiums hsa funds could not be used to pay for health insurance premiums, except when the account owner was legally unemployed, on cobra, over age 65, or using hsa funds to pay for long - term care premiums. this kept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4611177127190147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.611043"} {"text": "premiums hsa funds could not be used to pay for health insurance premiums, except when the account owner was legally unemployed, on cobra, over age 65, or using hsa funds to pay for long - term care premiums. this kept hsas as supplements to a health benefits plan rather than as substitutes for an employer - sponsored health benefits plan. ( 3 ) taxpayers received tax - deductions only for \u201c contributions \u201d to their hsa and then received no further tax incentive ( or disincentive ) to take distributions. economically, this made hsa funds the \u201c money of last resort \u201d for taxpayers to use for current medical expenses. money in a hsa continues to appreciate and accumulates interest and / or dividends tax - free, and can be taken out at any time, tax - free, to reimburse a medical expense \u2014 even one that may have been incurred decades earlier. ( 4 ) total annual contributions to an hsa, regardless of the source, were capped. ( in 2013 this cap is $ 3, 250 for an individual and $ 6, 450 for a family. ) additionally, if employers contribute to their employees \u2019 hsa accounts, they had to do so equally without regard to each employee \u2019 s actual medical expenses. this destroyed the primary economic reason for small to mid - size employers to switch to hsa - qualified health plans : cost savings. by raising the annual deductible on a fully - insured employer - sponsored group health policy ( e. g. from $ 500 to $ 3, 500 ), an employer typically lower their annual premium by 30 - 50 %. however, so that employees do not incur higher out - of - pocket costs, the employer would have to contribute $ 3, 000 ( $ 3, 500 less $ 500 ) each year to each employee \u2019 s hsa regardless of whether they had any medical expenses. ( 5 ) employers could not restrict ( or, due to hipaa, even know ) what employees did with their hsa funds once the employer contribution was made. this prevented employers from designing hsa - powered programs coordinated with the objectives ( e. g. wellness, savings ) of their primary group health plan coverage. hsas thus became a \u201c black box \u201d for employers once their contributions were completed. thus, hsas could not be the universal health savings vehicle to help people afford health insurance, help pay for medical expenses, or enable employers to create more effective health benefit plans. instead, congress converted hsas into a healthcare retirement tool", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38777805185845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.613677"} {"text": "were completed. thus, hsas could not be the universal health savings vehicle to help people afford health insurance, help pay for medical expenses, or enable employers to create more effective health benefit plans. instead, congress converted hsas into a healthcare retirement tool, much like 401 ( k ) s or iras. hsas combine the benefits of both traditional and roth 401 ( k ) s and iras for medical expenses. taxpayers receive a 100 % income tax deduction on annual contributions, they may withdraw hsa funds tax - free to reimburse themselves for qualified medical expenses, and they may defer taking such reimbursements indefinitely without penalties. hsas are unique \u2014 \u201c iras on steroids \u201d \u2014 with triple tax advantages : a ) tax - deductible contributions, b ) tax - free accumulation of interest and dividends tax - free, ; and c ) tax - free distributions for qualified medical expenses. every u. s. taxpayer should have an hsa to save money for retirement healthcare expenses \u2014 even maximizing their hsa contributions before contributing to other retirement vehicles. hsas are not the optimal health benefit solution for employers, who : a ) want employees to have proper economic incentives today to stay healthy and reduce their current medical spending, b ) seek to reduce the ever - increasing cost of their group health benefits plan, or c ) are looking for an affordable replacement to a group health benefits plan altogether for either current or formerly ineligible employees. zane benefits, inc, a software company, helps insurance brokers, accountants, and employers take advantage of new defined contribution health benefits and private exchanges via its proprietary saas online health benefits software. zane benefits does not sell insurance. using zane \u2019 s platform, insurance professionals and accountants offer their clients a defined contribution health plan with multiple individual health insurance options via a private health exchange of their choice. learn more at http : / / www. zanebenefits. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45243557927639433, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.614683"} {"text": "link : added by : timeline of inventions. created by chuggington on oct 18, 2010 last updated : 10 / 19 / 10 at 07 : 52 am industrial revolution inventors has no followers yet. be the first one to model t ford, assembly line. important because this was an easier and faster way to travel and once again it is still a great invention. important because faster than a ship and cars couldnt cross the ocean. it also took alot less time getting to other places that were across the world or even just a few states away. important because it was used for very large ships. induction electric motor. important because it was used to help as a generator. phonograph, light bulb. important because without it we would constantly be stuck in the dark inside rooms or buildings and at night. candles gave very small portions of light. important because this was a newer, easier, and alot faster way to communicate with others from all over the world. this is also still a huge and great invention that is still being used. important because they need this in order to have telegraph communications. improves and markets howes sewing machine. important because obviously the other sewing machine needed some work to help it do more things and work faster. important because it was a faster process to make clothing for themselves. impotant because people eventually got tired of physically having to send letters, so they finally had a long distance transmission. regular steam boat service on the hudson river. important because i ' m sure people in that time needed way to get to places so he made it a regular thing. invented cotton gin, interchangable parts of musks. important because cotton has helped us make clothes and coats and other items we wear. this man invented the first reliable steam engine. important because the steam engine helps the modern day with some type of travel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4819676760910846, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.616894"} {"text": "- uploaded : jul 1, 2012 - hits : 332 agent orange is the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the u. s. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, operation ranch hand, during the vietnam war from 1961 to 1971. vietnam estimates 400, 000 people were killed or maimed, and 500, 000 children born with birth defects. a 50 : 50 mixture of 2, 4, 5 - t and 2, 4 - d, it was manufactured for the u. s. department of defense primarily by monsanto corporation and dow chemical. the 2, 4, 5 - t used to produce agent orange was later discovered to be contaminated with 2, 3, 7, 8 - tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, an extremely toxic dioxin compound. it was given its name from the color of the orange - striped 55 us gallon ( 208 l ) barrels in which it was shipped, and was by far the most widely used of the so - called \" rainbow herbicides \". during the vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the united states military sprayed nearly 20, 000, 000 us gallons ( 80, 000, 000 l ) of material containing chemical herbicides and defoliants mixed with jet fuel in vietnam, eastern laos and parts of cambodia, as part of operation ranch hand. the program ' s goal was to defoliate forested and rural land, depriving guerrillas of cover ; another goal was to induce forced draft urbanization, destroying the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, and forcing them to flee to the u. s. dominated cities, thus depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base and food supply. the us began to target food crops in october 1962, primarily using agent blue. in 1965, 42 percent of all herbicide spraying was dedicated to food crops. rural - to - urban migration rates dramatically increased in south vietnam, as peasants escaped the destruction and famine in the countryside by fleeing to the u. s. - dominated cities. the urban population in south vietnam nearly tripled : from 2. 8 million people in 1958, to 8 million by 1971. the rapid flow of people led to a fast - paced and uncontrolled urbanization ; an estimated 1. 5 million people were living in saigon slums. united states air force records show that at least 6, 542 spraying missions took place over the course of operation ranch hand. by 1971, 12 percent of the total area of south vietnam had been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4632065883530966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.621049"} {"text": ". 5 million people were living in saigon slums. united states air force records show that at least 6, 542 spraying missions took place over the course of operation ranch hand. by 1971, 12 percent of the total area of south vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended usda application rate for domestic use. in south vietnam alone, an estimated 10 million hectares of agricultural land were ultimately destroyed. in some areas tcdd concentrations in soil and water were hundreds of times greater than the levels considered \" safe \" by the u. s. environmental protection agency. overall, more than 20 % of south vietnam ' s forests were sprayed at least once over a nine year period. fair use notice : the material on this channel is provided solely for educational and informational purposes. it may contain copyrighted material, the use of which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. infringement of copyright is not intended. the material is made available to help educate people about health related issues. it is believed that this constitutes a ' fair use ' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in title 17, section 107 of the us copyright law. the material is distributed without profit to those who would like to use such material for research and educational purposes. fair use notice the use of the media material found on this channel is protected by the fair use clause of the u. s. copyright act of 1976, which allows for the rebroadcast of copyrighted materials for the purposes of commentary, criticism, and education. this site may contain copyrighted material whose use has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. users may make such material available in an effort to advance awareness and understanding of issues relating to civil rights, economics, individual rights, international affairs, liberty, science & technology, etc. we believe this constitutes a ' fair use ' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the us copyright law. in accordance with title 17 u. s. c. section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45952226394879936, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.621939"} {"text": "evolution and the nature of science institutes : lesson plans from cutting edge this website provides access to lesson plans published by the evolution and the nature of science institutes ( ensi ). based on 32 key ideas of scientific thought, the ensi program emphasizes the importance of teaching the nature of modern science before introducing the elements of evolution as an example of modern scientific thinking. this website features lessons in three categories - the nature of science, the origins of life, and evolution. lesson plans are organized into eight sections including an overview of concepts and objectives, logistics such as time, materials, and teaching preparations, and ready - to - use handouts and worksheets for students. these lessons are intended for use in any high school biology course, and may also be used in middle school and / or lower division university courses depending on slight modifications and the experience and level of students. intended for grade levels : type of resource : adobe acrobat reader cost / copyright : copyright 1999 by the evolution & the nature of science institutes. this material may be copied only for noncommercial classroom teaching purposes, and only if this source is clearly cited. dlese catalog id : serc - nagt - 000 - 000 - 000 - 391 this resource is part of ' creating effective web - based learning resources in the geosciences ' resource contact / creator / publisher : contact : dr jean beard evolution & the nature of science institutes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5437947590413964, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.623551"} {"text": "you are here : applications and projects earth observation center applications and projects projects : civil security - environment projects : land surface applications and projects : atmosphere according to the current plans of space agencies and satellite operators, in the course of the next two decades over 100 satellite - based instruments will be providing a wealth of data about the earth \u2019 s atmosphere from ground level up to the border to outer space. the spectrum extends from detecting trace gases and aerosols to clouds, precipitation and radiation to global measurement of temperature and wind. in parallel, powerful data communication and analysis systems will be established in order to make these data available in a standardized format and ready to use worldwide in near - real - time. anwendungen und projekte : atmosphare endorse is involved in the user - driven creation of so - called \u2018 downstream services \u2019 for the renewable energies sector of the european union \u2019 s global monitoring for environment and security ( gmes ) programme. based on the gmes services for land, atmosphere and security, specific applications will be developed together with users from the fields of solar energy, wind energy, distributed power networks, bioenergy and daylighting for buildings. the goal of the esa project aerosol _ cci, a climate change initiative, is to design consistent prototype algorithms for the production of long - term aerosol data sets from several european earth observation sensors. the project starts with an in depth analysis and comparison of the retrieval results for several existing algorithms. based on this analysis, elements of community algorithms and harmonized retrieval are then developed. topics of investigation are the different assumptions and approaches for modeling optical aerosol properties, how to deal with surface reflectance and its anisotropy, cloud masking, and the use of auxiliary data sets. within europe \u2019 s family of gmes ( global monitoring for environment and security ) projects, macc - ii ( monitoring atmospheric composition and climate, phase 2 ) deals with the atmosphere. dlr is in charge of the macc solar radiation service and the interface to macc - ii users. furthermore, dlr contributes satellite - based information on stratospheric ozone chemistry, tropospheric trace gases and aerosols. the sahara is a huge reservoir for the introduction of dust into the atmosphere, which can be carried as far as the americas in air currents. in the samum ( saharan mineral dust experiment ) project, the optical effects of mineral dust will be investigated in detail. a team of eight national institutes will take in - situ aerial as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5090777596922306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.627826"} {"text": "can be carried as far as the americas in air currents. in the samum ( saharan mineral dust experiment ) project, the optical effects of mineral dust will be investigated in detail. a team of eight national institutes will take in - situ aerial as well as remote sensing measurements and combine them with models to derive information on the spatial distribution and transport of these dust layers as well as their physical and chemical composition. - volcano monitoring ( promote and exupery ) volcanic eruptions not only endanger the local population, they can also have a negative effect on air traffic. because the eruption clouds of volcanoes threaten the functioning of airplane engines, operators of aircraft needs to be promptly informed about volcanic eruptions so that flight paths can be modified accordingly. virtual institute \" environmental research station schneefernerhaus \" ( ufs ) the environmental research station schneefernerhaus ( 2650 a. s. l. ) on the mountain zugspitze is an internationally linked center of competence for high altitude, climate and environmental research with focus on development, demonstration and operation of innovative technologies in the context of atmospheric and climate research, satellite validation, model verification, quality assurance for value added products ( e. g. in the framework of gmes ), analyses for the understanding of climate system processes, environmental and high altitude medicine, early detection of natural hazards, cosmic radiation and radioactivity. the ufs has the status of a global station within the global atmosphere watch programme ( gaw ) of the world meteorological organization ( wmo ). it is in addition part of the ndacc program and linked with the icsu / wmo world data center for remote sensing of the atmosphere ( wdc - rsat ), which is hosted by dfd. as part of the eu seventh framework program, the energeo project was established to devise a strategy for estimating the influence of the exploitation and use of energy resources on the environment and various ecosystems. this assessment will be based on models and remote sensing data. the strategy is to be demonstrated making use of pilot projects involving a variety of energy sources, including fossil fuels, biomass, solar energy and wind power. helmholtz alliance planetary evolution and life the helmholtz alliance is using an interdisciplinary approach to investigate the relationships between the formation of planets and the evolution of life. entire planets are included in the study, from their outer envelopes of magnetosphere and atmosphere to their core. beginning with earth, other planetary bodies in our solar system will also be studied, such as the earthlike", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5402003315687439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.628866"} {"text": "revised december 2012 this year ' s monitoring the future survey raises concerns about increases in drug use among the nation ' s teens, particularly the youngest. read the full description of percentage of u. s. 12th grade students reporting past month use of cigarettes and marijuana, 1975 to 2009. - daily marijuana use increased among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders from 2009 to 2010. among 12th graders it was at its highest point since the early 1980 ' s at 6. 1 %. this year, perceived risk of regular marijuana use also declined among 10th and 12th graders suggesting future trends in use may continue upward. - in addition, most measures of marijuana use increased among 8th graders between 2009 and 2010 ( past year, past month, and daily ), paralleling softening attitudes for the last 2 years about the risk of using marijuana. - marijuana use is now ahead of cigarette smoking on some measures ( due to decreases in smoking and recent increases in marijuana use ). in 2010, 21. 4 percent of high school seniors used marijuana in the past 30 days, while 19. 2 percent smoked cigarettes. - steady declines in cigarette smoking appear to have stalled in all three grades after several years of improvement on most measures. - after marijuana, prescription and over - the - counter medications account for most of the top drugs abused by 12th graders in the past year. among 12th graders, past year non - medical use of vicodin decreased from 9. 7 % to 8 %. however, past year non - medical use of oxycontin remains unchanged across the three grades and has increased in 10th graders over the past 5 years. moreover, past - year nonmedical use of adderall and over - the - counter cough and cold medicines among 12th graders remains high at 6. 5 % and 6. 6 %, respectively. - after several years of decline, current and past year use of ecstasy has risen among 8th and 10th graders. from 2009 to 2010, lifetime use of ecstasy among 8th graders increased from 2. 2 % to 3. 3 %, past year use from 1. 3 % to 2. 4 %, and current use 0. 6 % to 1. 1 %. this follows declines in perceived risk associated with mdma use seen over the past several years. - alcohol use has continued to decline among high school seniors with past - month use falling from 43. 5 % to 41. 2 % and alcohol binge drinking ( defined as 5 or more drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks ) declining from 25. 2 % to 23", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4524567924441645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.633700"} {"text": "study finds possible link between gene variation and teen binge drinking scientists in london have found a genetic variation that may play a role in binge drinking in teenagers, reuters reports. the two - phase study included mice and teenage boys. \u201c people seek out situations which fulfill their sense of reward and make them happy, so if your brain is wired to find alcohol rewarding, you will seek it out, \u201d lead researcher professor gunter schumann of king \u2019 s college institute of psychiatry in london said in a news release. the researchers found that a gene called rasgrf - 2 is important in controlling how alcohol stimulates the brain to release the brain chemical dopamine, which triggers feelings of reward. previous studies have suggested that this gene increases the risk for alcohol abuse, but the mechanism was unclear, the article notes. the researchers began by studying mice whose rasgrf - 2 gene was removed, to see how they would react to alcohol. the lack of the gene was found to significantly reduce alcohol - seeking activity in the mice. when the rodents did consume alcohol, the lack of the gene reduced the activity of dopamine - releasing activity in the brain, and limited any sense of reward. the scientists then analyzed brain scans of 663 teenage boys. they found when the boys were expecting a reward in a mental test, those with genetic variations in the rasgrf - 2 gene had more activity in the brain involved in dopamine release. this suggests people with the genetic variation release more dopamine when they anticipate a reward, and get more pleasure out of it, the researchers said. two years later, the researchers retested the boys, many of whom had begun drinking frequently. those with the gene variation drank more often than those without it. their findings appear in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47842077163353136, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.635640"} {"text": "\u2018 falling for orangutans \u2019, by jonathan stark. 27th november 2012 earlier this year, a group of durrell staff took part in a sponsored skydive over jersey to raise money for \u201c the tripa campaign \u201d, an initiative led by our esteemed ex colleague dr ian singleton who is now the conservation director for the sumatran orang - utan conservation programme. the idea to support this campaign was born during a visit i made to sumatra in may of this year when i had the opportunity to meet with ian and see the devastation of the tripa peat land forest for myself. tripa is one of just 3 remaining peat swamp forests on the west coast of aceh province, sumatra. in terms of area, these peat forests make up just 10 % of the viable remaining sumatran orang - utan habitat yet they are home to 30 % of the population making them vital for the survival of this species. as a peat swamp, the protection of tripa is also incredibly important for the regulation of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. estimates of the amount of carbon stored in tripa ' s three peat domes range from 50 to 100 million tons, an amount equal to the carbon emitted by the use of air conditioning in the whole of the united states in a year. with the destruction of the forest and the draining of the peat swamp comes the massive release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. in 1990 the forest of tripa covered 60, 000 hectares which is equivalent in area to the size of singapore while sustaining a population of 3, 000 orang - utan. since then much of tripa has been destroyed with over 250 concessions handed out to companies for the development of palm oil plantations. today forest covers just 15, 000 hectares and the population of orang - utan has plummeted to 200 individuals. tripa is part of the wider \u201c leuser ecosystem \u201d, which covers more than 2. 6 million hectares. it is one of the richest expanses of tropical rain forest in southeast asia and is the last place on earth where sumatran elephant, sumatran rhinoceros, sumatran tiger and sumatran orangutan are found within one area. the area provides water to nearly 4 million people living in aceh and it is of global importance to the conservation of biodiversity, as well as an important status symbol of aceh. fig. 3. the leuser ecosystem from above whilst in sumatra i was hoping to visit tripa with dr singleton but unfortunately he was suffering from extreme fatigue at the time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4448181171059307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.644651"} {"text": "the conservation of biodiversity, as well as an important status symbol of aceh. fig. 3. the leuser ecosystem from above whilst in sumatra i was hoping to visit tripa with dr singleton but unfortunately he was suffering from extreme fatigue at the time, brought on no doubt by the arduous work schedule he maintains. i therefore travelled with a group of socp staff including shayne mcgrath, a 29 year old new zealander who has been working alongside ian in challenging the illegal allocation of palm oil concessions in tripa and other areas within the borders of the leuser ecosystem. packed in tightly to one of ian ' s numerous pick - up trucks we left the socp office in allubele which is a small ramshackle village on the outskirts of tripa. soon we were speeding through mile after mile of mature palm oil estate deep into the heartland of what was once forest. after a while the horizon opened up as we entered an area of newly cleared land as the burning midday sun shone down. fig. 4. map showing the tripa region with the contested pt kalista allam concession in dark blue. what was a few months ago a riot of jungle had been replaced by line after line of freshly planted oil palm saplings on ground still charred from the clearance fires. this was the controversial concession granted to the company pt kalista allam. it was the illegal issue of this concession that had galvanised ian and his colleagues into taking action and hence \u201c the tripa campaign \" was born. with tripa so close to complete annihilation, forcing the government to rethink the sale of this 1500 hectare plot represented the final battle to protect what remained of this vital orang - utan habitat. we continued through the concession for another 15 minutes before arriving at a solitary fragment of forest which was set back perhaps 100 metres from the road. this patch, barely the size of a football pitch, had been spared the recent destruction and using a hand held gps shayne pinpointed its position within the boundary of an area supposedly protected by spatial planning laws. shayne explained that it was from this fragment just a few weeks earlier that a fully mature male orang - utan had found refuge and had been rescued by the socp team. this magnificent male was presently housed in socp ' s batu mbelin quarantine facility in the outskirts of medan awaiting relocation to jantho, one of socp ' s release sites in central aceh. fig. 5. fully flanged male orang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.462129760256178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.645940"} {"text": "in socp ' s batu mbelin quarantine facility in the outskirts of medan awaiting relocation to jantho, one of socp ' s release sites in central aceh. fig. 5. fully flanged male orang - utan rescued from tripa by socp fig. 6. the socp quarantine facility at batu mbelin in april 2012. within seconds of entering the forest patch it was to my amazement that we heard the kiss squeak vocalisation of a female orangutan up above. i looked up and her lithe silhouette hung suspended below the canopy, bobbing up and down as she rested on forest vines before disappearing amid a crash of breaking branches. i looked to the faces of the socp team and they appeared more dejected than surprised. \" looks like we need to sort out another rescue \" one replied. we continued onwards to see if we could get a better look but within a couple of minutes we heard another rustle of foliage, this time to our right, perhaps 50 metres away. knowing looks were passed between the socp team as we altered direction, moving through the thick undergrowth in the direction of the noise. to our amazement the mysterious form of a fully flanged male orangutan came in to view. with each limb spread - eagled he anchored himself to branch, vine and climber staring directly at us. he gave penetrating kiss squeak vocalisations while snapping off twigs from surrounding trees and throwing them in our direction. my mind darted back to dagu, our magnificent adult male at durrell and the life he may have lived. i couldn ' t help but think if he was unfortunate enough to be living in tripa at this time, then the security of durrell would be some kind of heaven. it was saddening to think that this was my first encounter with truly wild orang - utans, forced in to these increasingly tiny forest fragments as their habitat is destroyed all around them. at the same time i felt very aware that the only hope for these individuals was provided by ian singleton and the sumatran orangutan conservation programme. while there are a couple of other orangutan ngo ' s working in the region, socp is the only one that can respond to the clear and present danger individual orangutans find themselves in when the palm oil companies arrive. who would have thought a humble keeper from durrell could become the greatest hope for a species as magnificent and beguiling as the orang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4682876389359565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.646923"} {"text": "respond to the clear and present danger individual orangutans find themselves in when the palm oil companies arrive. who would have thought a humble keeper from durrell could become the greatest hope for a species as magnificent and beguiling as the orangutan. maybe it was at this point that i thought we should try and raise some money to help turn this situation around. when i returned to jersey i suggested the idea of a sponsored skydive to my colleagues at durrell. it was with no surprise that they were immediately enthusiastic about the idea and within a week or so we had 10 willing participants across 5 different departments willing to take a stand by \" falling for orangutans \". fig. 7. a promotional poster showing the skydiving team of 10 durrell staff. with the help of the marketing department we set up a justgiving fundraising page and each participant was encouraged to attract support from friends, colleagues and family. within about a month we had raised \u00a34, 200 between us. this, i am told is sufficient to run the campaign for 2 and a half months, ensuring ian can maintain individuals such as shayne in the field while paying the lawyer fees necessary to save tripa by the challenging the perpetrators in the courts of jakarta. so the day of the skydive came and as the first jumpers ; gordon and myself, arrived at the dilapidated portacabin of skydive jersey. following a 30 minute training session by a worryingly aged instructor we climbed into a van reminiscent of one of the rust heaps i had seen in sumatra. following a short journey we arrived at the air strip where we were introduced to the \" aeroplane \" which was supposed to break our god given right to terra firma. after a few adjustments to the gafa tape that held the wings on we were off, accelerating down the run way, a knot of apprehension tightening in our stomachs. this humble craft took flight and, slightly slower than anticipated, jersey unfolded below us into a patchwork of greens and browns. we headed over the sea and began climbing in a wide spiral up to the jumping height of 10, 000 feet. the wind screamed like a banshee and gordon was first to go, clamped firmly to his instructor - i couldn ' t bring myself to look as they shuffled towards the open door before falling away towards jersey. i kept my head up as instructed and took my position ready for the experience of a lifetime. arriving at the open door i looked skyward and after a short pause suddenly i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4508324735255388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.647931"} {"text": "to look as they shuffled towards the open door before falling away towards jersey. i kept my head up as instructed and took my position ready for the experience of a lifetime. arriving at the open door i looked skyward and after a short pause suddenly i was falling too. when i ' d opened my eyes i saw the shape of jersey below me. in honesty it was a rather tranquil experience that lasted just a few seconds. the instructor pulled the cord and suddenly we were floating down to ground. as we descended towards st aubins bay i could make out the gathering of durrell staff who were waiting by the slipway to greet us. fig. 8. colm sporting a rather fetching orang - utan costume. fig. 9. alberto and chris after their jump \u2013 smiles all round fig. 10. i think this was me fig. 11. eluned comes in to land. fig. 12. gordon on the final approach fig. 13. colm and will doing the \u201c mo \u201d fig. 14. where on earth is johnny!? fig. 15. colm takes the orang - utan mask off. the rest of the day was spent welcoming the rest of team back to solid ground. alberto, chris, will, colm and eluned landed safely and without incident. relatives and colleagues of johnny poole exchanged worry shrouded small talk while the sky darkened as day crept into night, wondering when the last of the jumpers would arrive. finally a johnny - like shape appeared up above. johnny had accepted the stealth mission, jumping in near darkness long after the sun had set and landing to cheers all around. unfortunately louise and sarah weren ' t able to jump that day as we ran out of time so their skydive will be postponed till early next year \u2013 so get your wallets ready! since the skydive the controversial pt kallista allam concession has been revoked, a historic first in the battle to save indonesia ' s forests. this is undoubtedly down to the efforts of socp and their partners. the hope of ian is that this victory will provide the necessary leverage to enforce forest laws across increasingly large tracts of indonesia. whilst these are just small steps along a long road to a coherent and sustainable land use policy in indonesia it \u2019 s certainly a start. looking back over all these events i think it is remarkable what durrell \u2019 s army can achieve when they put their mind to it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44206631608406255, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.648843"} {"text": "a song for saturday an easyenglish translation with notes ( about 1200 word vocabulary ) on psalm 92 words in boxes are from the bible. words in brackets, ( ), are not in the hebrew bible. the notes explain words with a * star by them. the translated bible text has yet to go through advanced checking. jesus said, \" thank you, father \". ( matthew 11 : 25 ) the jews ( people that were born from abraham, isaac and jacob and their children ) had a story that adam sang this song the day after god made him. the jews called that day the sabbath, the 7th day. we call it saturday. really, we do not know who the person was that wrote psalm 92. we call the person that wrote a psalm the psalmist. maybe it was after god had done something good for his people judah or israel. many bible students think that it was when king cyrus of persia beat king belshazzar of babylon. cyrus then sent the jews home to their own country. for 70 years, the babylonians had made them live in babylon. now they were free! study the psalm in 5 parts : \u00b7 verses 1 - 3 say that it is good to tell the * lord that he is great and to use music to do it. \u00b7 verses 4 - 6 say that god has done something good. you would have to be silly not to see it. \u00b7 verses 7 - 9 tell us that even if the enemy is strong, god will destroy them. \u00b7 verses 10 - 11 tell us that god has made the * psalmist very strong. and also that god has destroyed his enemies. \u00b7 verses 12 - 15 tell us that all * righteous people will be strong. verses 1 \u2013 3 : in this part there are two words for god and three words for things that make music. we call these things \" musical instruments \". they are the lute, harp and lyre. the psalm calls god \" lord \" and \" most high \". \" lord \" means that he is always alive. \" most high \" means that he is more important than anyone else is. in verse 2, \" do what you have promised \" suggests that god has done something good. verses 4 \u2013 6 : now the * psalmist says that god has done something good. the * psalmist is now very happy. only a silly man would not see what god has done. what god thinks is often hard to understand. only fools would not agree that grass and weeds grow everywhere. verses 7 \u2013 9 : grass and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4576520134240583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.652207"} {"text": ". the * psalmist is now very happy. only a silly man would not see what god has done. what god thinks is often hard to understand. only fools would not agree that grass and weeds grow everywhere. verses 7 \u2013 9 : grass and weeds grow everywhere! so do bad people. but god will destroy them and they will never come back again. really, they destroy themselves, as hosea 13 : 9 tells us. it says, \" you have destroyed yourselves ( yourselves means more than one yourself ) \". verses 10 \u2013 11 : here bible students think that the * psalmist was a leader of the people. if he wrote the psalm before babylon beat the * jews, then that leader was the king. they made people king by pouring special oil over them. we are not sure what the wild animal was. maybe it was a wild ox. an ox is a kind of cow. verses 12 \u2013 15 : now the * psalmist talks about righteous people. righteous is a word that means \" very, very good \". only god is really righteous. but god makes people that love him righteous too. it does not mean that they are good. it means that they love god and want to obey him. they will not be as grass and weeds that do not live long, verse 7. instead, they are as trees. they are as palm trees that produce fruit called \" dates \" ; and as the cedar tree which lives for centuries. \" the temple of our god \" in verse 13 is the same as \" the house of the * lord \". it was a special building where the people went to meet god. 1. count how many times me, my or mine come in the psalm. 2. how many times does \" * lord \" come in the psalm? 3. if you have a bible, read ezekiel 18. 4. learn to say psalm 92 : 8 by heart. ( this means without looking at the words. ) \u00a9 2001 - 2002, wycliffe associates ( uk ) this publication is written in easyenglish level a ( 1200 words ). visit our website :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49065128406454284, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.652952"} {"text": "poland has celebrated \" flag day \" on may 2nd since 2004. asked what it means, most poles shrug. some say it is a jingoistic gimmick to plug the gap between labour day, on may 1st, and the may 3rd anniversary of the polish - lithuanian commonwealth ' s 1791 written constitution, the first in europe. but ask polish veterans of the second world war, particularly those that served on the eastern front, and they will remind you of a neglected story. for in berlin on may 2nd 1945, polish troops clambered up berlin ' s iconic victory column, the siegessaule, to hoist their colours at the end of the battle for the german capital. hitler ' s corpse lay a few hundred metres away. it is the soviet flag fluttering atop the reichstag that people remember from that day, thanks partly to an iconic photograph. this is not unreasonable : the lion ' s share of the fight against nazi germany was undertaken by the peoples of the soviet union. but the contribution of the polish army to the battle for berlin was significant. it fielded up to 200, 000 troops, more than the combined american, british and canadian deployment at d - day. this was poland ' s largest battlefield deployment in the history of its military victories ( more soldiers were sent to fight in the 1939 battle of the bzura, in which the invading nazis defeated the poles ). the poles were greatly outnumbered by the 1. 5m soviet troops in the berlin \" defensive area \", a dense network of anti - tank obstacles, gun emplacements, trenches and bunkers. but they did make a tactically instrumental contribution to the fight : the polish 1st infantry division bailed out a halted soviet tank advance on the reichstag. the poles were later invited to the moscow victory parade, while the british and americans were shunned ( soviet leaders accused the western allies of conducting a strategy of bait and bleed throughout the war ). the polish army on the eastern front had been set up, with stalin ' s blessing, to rival its counterpart on the western front, backed by churchill. many of its commanders were russian plants, but most of its soldiers were former gulag inmates who had been deported from poland to siberia during the soviet occupation of 1939 - 1941. all the troops who took part in the battle of berlin, including holocaust survivors and former home army resistance fighters, wore polish uniforms, used the polish salute and swore an oath to poland alone. some witness testimonies state that the polish flag was raised before the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4803198225394242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.657677"} {"text": "troops who took part in the battle of berlin, including holocaust survivors and former home army resistance fighters, wore polish uniforms, used the polish salute and swore an oath to poland alone. some witness testimonies state that the polish flag was raised before the soviet one, possibly even a day earlier, making it the first allied victory banner to be raised in berlin at the end of the war. one version has it that the polish solider who raised it was shot dead by the soviets, who then pulled the flag down. if these accounts are true, they were soon covered up by soviet propaganda. the story of the polish flag in berlin helps illustrate several things : that poland did not surrender to germany ; that the polish army, contrary to the allegations of some, was neither ineffective or inept ; that many polish jews did not passively accept their fate at the hands of the nazis ; that poland did not collaborate with germany ( although some traitors did ). the story also serves as a reminder that poland ' s war heroes, normally associated with the london - based government - in - exile, were vastly outnumbered by poles who fought under soviet high command, willingly or otherwise. some poles might also like to consider that if the battle of berlin was their countrymen ' s finest hour, then it should also be shared with, among others, the ordinary people of russia who did so much to bring an end to nazi tyranny.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4393816620449621, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.658679"} {"text": "ecu faculty, students work to authenticate wright brothers artifact ( apr. 22, 2008 ) when the wright brothers moved to kitty hawk to follow the wind more than a century ago, they brought limited household supplies. their thoughts seemed to be focused more on glider materials at first than basic goods to get their \u201c camp \u201d established. one of the crates that shipped supplies to \u201c w. wright, elizabeth city, north carolina \u201d is believed to have been recycled by the wrights to create the top of a wooden kitchen table, which resurfaced last month in kitty hawk. a leading wright brothers authority, dr. larry tise, and several of his students at east carolina university have worked since that time to analyze and authenticate the history of the small wooden table. the table will be shown publicly for the first time april 24 at the wright brothers national memorial site in kill devil hills. it will be presented during a public program at 7 p. m., when tise and his students will discuss their research and findings on the little known secret flights of the wright brothers at kitty hawk in may 1908. tise, the wilbur & orville wright distinguished professor of history in the thomas harriot college of arts and sciences, is author of the 2005 work, \u201c hidden images : discovering details in the wright brothers \u2019 kitty hawk photographs 1900 - 1911. \u201d in that book, tise used modern computer technology to magnify and examine small areas of the black and white photos made by the wright brothers to document their life and quest for flight while conducting experiments at kitty hawk. tise admitted he was skeptical when he was first contacted about the table by a kill devil hills resident, but after close examination and further study, he said he is positive it is the same table shown in 1902 photographs of the wright brothers \u2019 living quarters. how ron ciarmello, an outer banks jeweler, came to own the table is almost unbelievable : he answered a classified ad earlier this year. a self - described aviation enthusiast, ciarmello said he spotted the ad and called the telephone number. the person selling the table said her family had it for about a century and had used it through the years in the family laundry room and as a utility table in a family - operated barber shop. the family was moving and had decided to sell it. ciarmello in his own research located a photo with the table in it on the library of congress website. ciarmello contacted tise after seeing his book at the wright brothers national memorial gift shop and finding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4217267393745176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.665674"} {"text": "moving and had decided to sell it. ciarmello in his own research located a photo with the table in it on the library of congress website. ciarmello contacted tise after seeing his book at the wright brothers national memorial gift shop and finding that the book contained a second image of the table. tise asked ciarmello to send him digital images of the table. \u201c when i saw the photos, i was 70 percent sure it was the table, but i wanted to see it in person, \u201d tise said. tise travelled to kitty hawk and met ciarmello at the home of bill harris, whose grandfather welcomed the wright brothers to the outer banks in 1900. \u201c bill has vast knowledge of the families in the area for the past century, which was quite helpful. we examined and studied the table for almost three hours. the more we looked, the more we decided this could not be a fluke, \u201d tise said. the table consists of three \u201c convincing \u201d components : the legs are from a pre - existing writing table and the top is made from the sides of a shipping crate and two remnants of ash rib material used by the wrights to build their gliders. \u201c the different types of wood combined with the shipping label, a distinctive exposed nail that can be seen in the photos which is in the same place in the table, it was exciting to put all the evidence together, \u201d tise said. the way the shipping crate has been addressed to wilbur wright was consistent with others that had been documented previously by tise. as for the future of the table, ciarmello said he would like for it to be permanently displayed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45384798900795603, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.666695"} {"text": "children \u2019 s play and early number knowledge recent research at u. c. berkeley \u2019 s institute of human development ( ihd ) suggests that children \u2019 s early number knowledge comes about because as children play with objects, they spontaneously set up correspondences between sets and they track what happens as set sizes change. they seem to understand correspondence and simple arithmetic quite well when they actually play with objects. however, they find it quite difficult to look at object sets and try to judge whether sets are of the same size or not. when children solved number problems in the active method, they succeeded up to three times more frequently than they did when they solved the same problems in the passive method. in the active method tasks, their responses to the correspondence problems were nearly perfect, whereas in the passive method correspondences the children responded correctly only about half of the time. when children solved addition and subtraction problems, they were similarly more successful in the active method than in the passive method. one explanation for these differences is that the active method more closely mimics the sort of \u201c number play \u201d that young children do when they sort objects, when they set up tea parties, when they arrange for each of their friends to have a toy, and so on. these are examples of naturally occurring correspondences. and importantly, these all involve the children \u2019 s actions upon the objects. it is also interesting to note that these early number abilities do not associate directly with children \u2019 s ability to count sets of objects. the children in these studies were younger than three years. they sometimes knew some number words, and perhaps could recite the counting sequence up to five or so, but they were not particularly good at saying how many objects were in front of them. and yet they could solve problems that look remarkably like object based arithmetic when they could act upon the set materials. add your own comment today on education. com workbooksmay workbooks are here! we ' ve got a great round - up of activities perfect for long weekends, staycations, vacations... or just some good old - fashioned fun! get outside! 10 playful activities - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - why is play important? social and emotional development, physical development, creative development - 10 fun activities for children with autism - test problems : seven reasons why standardized tests are not working - bullying in schools - a teacher ' s guide to differentiating instruction - first grade sight words list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5313466968623198, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.670097"} {"text": "underage drinking : start talking before they start drinking you are the most powerful influence on your child \u2019 s behavior underage drinking can have serious consequences. you can protect your children from the risks associated with drinking by maintaining open communication and expressing a clear, consistent message about alcohol. building a close relationship with your kids will encourage them to come to you for help in making decisions that impact their health and well - being. this guide provides facts and practical advice on how to talk with your children about underage drinking. it helps you create household rules to support your values. society gives children mixed messages about alcohol. make sure that your children get their information from the best resource available what you need to know many kids start drinking in middle school. 1 > one out of every two 8th graders has tried alcohol. 2 > more kids use alcohol than use tobacco or illicit drugs. 3 > more children are killed by alcohol than all illegal drugs combined. 4 > children who begin drinking alcohol before the age of 15 are 5 times more likely than those who start after age 21 to develop alcohol problems. 5 > the chances of becoming dependent decrease by 14 % for each year of delay in the onset of alcohol use. 6 alcohol and judgement the teenage brain is still developing. alcohol can impair the parts of the brain that control the following : 7 > motor coordination. this includes the ability to walk, drive and process information. > impulse control. drinking lowers inhibitions and increases the chances that a person will do something that they will regret when they are sober. > memory. impaired recollection and even blackouts can occur when too much alcohol has been consumed. > judgement and decision making capacity. drinking may lead young people to engage in risky behaviors that can result in illness, injury, and even death. 8 alcohol use among youth is strongly correlated with violence, risky sexual behavior, poor academic performance and other harmful behaviors. 10 > children who start drinking before age 15 are 12 times more likely to be injured while under the influence of alcohol and 10 times more likely to be in a fight after drinking, compared with those who wait until they are 21. 11 > alcohol use by teens is a strong predictor of both sexual activity and unprotected sex. 12 > a survey of high school students found that 18 % of females and 39 % of males say it is acceptable for a boy to force sex if the girl is high or drunk. 13 > teens who use alcohol have higher rates of academic problems and poor performance than non - drinkers. 14 > among eighth -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4303566078235256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.674383"} {"text": "females and 39 % of males say it is acceptable for a boy to force sex if the girl is high or drunk. 13 > teens who use alcohol have higher rates of academic problems and poor performance than non - drinkers. 14 > among eighth - graders, higher truancy rates are associated with greater rates of alcohol use in the past month. 15 illicit drug use > more than 67 % of young people who start drinking before the age of 15 will try an illicit drug. children who drink are 7. 5 times more likely to use any illicit drug, more than 22 times more likely to use marijuana, and 50 times more likely to use cocaine than children who never drink. 16 > when young people drink and get into a car, they tend to make poor decisions that impact their safety. 17 > traffic crashes are the number one killer of teens and over one - third of teen traffic deaths are alcohol - related. 18 \u201c what parents may not realize is that children say that parental disapproval of underage drinking is the key reason they have chosen not to drink. \u201d charles curie, samhsa administrator u. s. department of health and human services you have more influence over your children than you may realize. kids spend a lot of time with friends, television, music and magazines. but they are also tuned in to you. your words and actions impact them in many ways every day. > research studies indicate that children are less likely to drink when their parents are involved in their lives and when they and their parents report feeling close to each other. 20 > you can influence your children \u2019 s behavior by observing the rules of a moderate drinker or by not drinking. 21 > your older children also influence their younger brothers and sisters. older siblings \u2019 alcohol use can influence the alcohol use of younger siblings in the family, particularly for same sex siblings. 22 for adults who choose to drink, moderation is defined as no more than one drink per day for women and no more than two drinks per day for men. 23 reprinted with the permission of the national mental health information center. add your own comment today on education. com workbooksmay workbooks are here! we ' ve got a great round - up of activities perfect for long weekends, staycations, vacations... or just some good old - fashioned fun! get outside! 10 playful activities - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - why is play important? social and emotional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45157438400437167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.675409"} {"text": "in this lesson, our instructor evren edler gives an introduction to tempo operations. he starts by discussing tempo events, enable conductor, tempo change and option click. he then moves on to snap to bar and tempo operations : constant, linear, parabolic, s - curved, scale, stretch, & pencil tool. graphic tempo editor : to view the tempo operations, click the little arrow in the tempo ruler. tempo events are visible when the conductor icon is enabled on transport window. tempo change : in order to make tempo changes, we need to always enable the \u201c conductor \u201d icon in the transport window. once we type the changes on certain cars, we can drag the \u201c tempo change \u201d icon in the tempo ruler up to go faster or drag down to slow down. option click : gets rid of tempo changes in a similar way we work with our markers or we can select the tempo change icons and delete them by delete / backspace key or clearing them under edit menu or short cut of ( com b ). tempo operations : we can also apply tempo changes to a time selection using the tempo operations under the event menu. there are 6 - sub menu you will see under tempo operations. pencil tool : you can draw in the new tempo events, replacing existing ones, using the pencil tool the free hand tool lets you draw freely by moving the mouse, producing a series of steps that depends on the tempo edit density settings. parabolic & s - curve tools lets you draw the best possible curve to fit your freehand drawing, again producing a series of steps that depend on the tempo edit the triangle, square & random pencil tool cannot be used to create tempo events! lecture slides are screen - captured images of important points in the lecture. students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48238611578320123, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.677484"} {"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. the carotid arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood to the brain. when these arteries are healthy, the brain gets all the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function well. if the carotid arteries are damaged, however, it can greatly increase your chances of stroke. this is a sudden loss of brain function caused by a lack of blood flow. in a healthy carotid artery, the inside of the artery wall is smooth and open. but health problems such as high blood pressure can damage the artery wall and make it rough. this allows plaque ( fatty deposits ) to build up in the artery wall. blood clots may also form on the plaque. if pieces of plaque or blood clot ( called emboli ) break off, they can flow in the blood until they get stuck in a small blood vessel in the brain. this blocks blood flow to a portion of the brain, causing a stroke. below are common symptoms of stroke. call 911 right away if you have any of these symptoms! prompt treatment for a stroke is vital. the longer you wait to get medical help, the more damage a stroke can do. sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or trouble understanding sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination sudden, severe headache with no known cause a tia is a \u201c ministroke. \u201d it \u2019 s a serious warning sign of a larger stroke. tias occur when an artery supplying the brain is temporarily blocked. this causes stroke symptoms that last from a few seconds to a few hours. never ignore any stroke symptoms. call 911 right away!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4513634472322121, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.680239"} {"text": "what is an organ transplant? an organ transplant replaces a failing organ with a healthy organ. a doctor will remove an organ from another person and place it in your body. this may be done when your organ has stopped working or stopped working well because of disease or injury. not all organs can be transplanted. organs most often transplanted include : more than one organ can be transplanted at one time. for example, a heart and lung transplant is possible. not everyone is a good candidate for an organ transplant. your doctor or a transplant center will do tests to see if you are. you probably are not a good candidate if you have an infection, heart disease that is not under control, a drug or alcohol problem, or another serious health problem. if your tests show you are a good candidate, you are put on a waiting list. it may be days, months, or years before a transplant takes place. how successful is an organ transplant? organ transplants have been done in the united states since the 1950s. the procedure is always improving, and transplants are more successful today than ever before. organ transplant success depends on : how do you prepare for an organ transplant? first, you ' ll need to have blood and tissue tests done that will be used to match you with a donor. this is because your immune system may see the new organ as foreign and reject it. the more matches you have with the donor, the more likely your body will accept the donor organ. you ' ll need to take care of your health. continue to take your medicines as prescribed and get regular blood tests. follow your doctor ' s directions for eating and exercising. you also may want to talk with a psychiatrist, psychologist, or licensed mental health counselor about your transplant. to learn more about what happens, talk to someone who has had a transplant. your transplant center or doctor can give you the name of someone who is willing to share his or her experience with you. you may have to wait days, months, or years for your transplant. be patient, and ask your doctor what you can do while you ' re waiting. what can you expect afterward? after a transplant, many people say they feel better than they have in years. what you can and can ' t do will depend on the type of transplant you had, other health problems you have, and how your body reacts to the new organ. you will have to take daily antirejection medicines for the rest of your life to prevent your immune system from rejecting the new organ. you will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46927985049543286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.685824"} {"text": "transplant you had, other health problems you have, and how your body reacts to the new organ. you will have to take daily antirejection medicines for the rest of your life to prevent your immune system from rejecting the new organ. you will need less of these medicines as time goes by. because these antirejection medicines weaken the immune system, you may have to stay away from large crowds for a while and stay away from people who have infections. be sure you talk to your doctor before you take any nonprescription medicines, such as cold remedies. these medicines may cause problems with your antirejection medicines. you will also have regular checkups and blood tests to see how well your new organ is working. depression is common after an organ transplant. if you think you may be depressed, get help. the earlier depression is treated, the more quickly you will feel better. you may need to make some lifestyle changes to keep your new organ healthy and strong. this can include eating healthy foods, getting regular exercise, and getting enough sleep. your doctor can help you plan any needed changes. keeping in touch with your transplant coordinator and your local primary doctor, taking your medicines, going to your doctor appointments, and making lifestyle changes are all important. who can be an organ donor? most people can be organ donors. if you are interested in donating an organ, contact the united network for organ sharing ( unos ) at 1 - 888 - 894 - 6361 or go online at www. unos. org to get more information and to locate the nearest transplant center. many people choose to donate an organ upon their death. but a person can donate certain organs while he or she is still living. these people are called \" living donors. \" emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45921484995097867, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.686772"} {"text": "everybody knows the most famous vacation destination in europe. but rimini, or better ancient ariminum, is also a city of art with over 22 centuries of history. rimini is a roman city and certainly not just any old city, but one of the most important of ancient rome. the official date of its founding is 268 bc when the senate of rome sent 6000 colonists to establish a new settlement there which took the name of the river marecchia ( ariminus ). in the beginning it was a strategic settlement. then ( 90 bc ) it became a \u201c municipium \u201d, and finally a blossoming city of the roman empire, with a grand forum ( piazza tre martiri ), two central streets - the cardo maximus ( via garibaldi and iv novembre ) and the decumanus maximus ( corso d \u2019 augusto ) \u2013 and triumphal monuments : the tiberus bridge and augustus \u2019 s arch. and let \u2019 s not forget a rarity : the surgeon \u2019 s domus, a unique medical clinic from the ancient roman world, miraculously still intact in 2011 ad. among the great works decided upon by the senate of rome, there are the two roman roads : the via flaminia and the via emilia. the first connects rome to rimini and ends at augustus \u2019 s arch. the via emilia starts at the tiberus bridge and runs 100 km to piacenza. it is a delight to walk among these historic places where cars are not allowed and every five minutes you run into a monument. to begin to get to know roman rimini, you must begin at augustus \u2019 s arch, the most ancient of the surviving roman arches. located in a strategic position \u2013 marking the end of the via flaminia \u2013 it was commissioned by emperor augustus in 27 bc. the tour continues with the tiberus bridge. one of the most noteworthy roman bridges still around, began by augustus in 14 ad and completed by tiberus in 21 ad, it is impressive because of its architectonic design, the size of its structures and the building technique used. not many people know it, but this city also had a large amphitheater \u2013 only the coliseum was larger \u2013 that was always crowded and held more than 12, 000 spectators, with only 1800 seats not covered. here a convent and other buildings were built. today, only the ruins of the amphitheater on the side nearest the sea are visible. guided tours of the site are organized by the city museum. the grand finale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3555006267463976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.691375"} {"text": "with only 1800 seats not covered. here a convent and other buildings were built. today, only the ruins of the amphitheater on the side nearest the sea are visible. guided tours of the site are organized by the city museum. the grand finale of the tour must not be missed : a stop in piazza ferrari at the little rimini pompei, the archeological site called the surgeon \u2019 s domus. this exceptional archeological find was discovered right here : it held the most complete surgical toolset from the roman era found to date. first visitors will be astonished by the 700 square meter archeological area in which the working instruments of a surgeon who worked inside a house of ariminum in the 3rd century, used in part for practicing medicine and as a pharmacy, were found. an excavation that the architectonic work protects and emphasizes available for all passersby to see. the structure is set into the urban space around it, integrating itself into the garden of piazza ferrari. on the inside there is a system of transparent walkways, suspended over the ancient structures, making it easier to visit them. luck would have it that the domus is located right next to the museum, which makes up an important part of the tour of this site. the city museum houses, in fact, the exceptional surgical instruments found in the domus. for tourist information :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.38995661064022535, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.691924"} {"text": "heroes of faith - part eight frank w. dowsett ( australia ) joshua and the walls of jericho we have completed our studies of the faith which led to the formation, establishment, and guaranteed continuance of god \u2019 s kingdom on earth. we then studied what we might refer to as a \u2018 cameo \u2019 of israel \u2019 s then future history, through the faith of the patriarchs, followed by the faith of israel \u2019 s first deliverer, moses. in proceeding to hebrews 11 : 30 - 32, we read of nine specific instances of faith, involving both people and events, each illustrating the faithfulness of god, and particularly the reward for obedience to god \u2019 s commands : \u201c by faith the walls of jericho fell down, after they were compassed about seven days. by faith the harlot rahab perished not with them that believed not, when she had received the spies with peace. and what shall i more say? for the time would fail me to tell of gideon, and of barak, and of samson, and of jephthae ; of david also, and samuel, and of the prophets. \u201d this obedience constituted doing that which was in accord with god \u2019 s divine will and purposes. as we read in 1 john 5 : 14 - 15 : \u201c and this is the confidence that we have in him, that, if we ask any thing according to his will, he heareth us : and if we know that he hear us, whatsoever we ask, we know that we have the petitions that we desired of him. \u201d i cannot stress too strongly the fact that god never has, and never will, grant us requests which are opposed to, or at variance with, his divinely ordained will and purpose. he is not going to change the course of history just to pander to our petty desires. the first of these nine incidents of faith relates to the fall of jericho, as recorded above : \u201c by faith the walls of jericho fell down, after they were compassed about seven days. \u201d now what was so important about the walls of jericho? what part had they in the exhibition of faith? the setting is given to us in joshua 5 : 13 - 15 : \u201c and it came to pass, when joshua was by jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man over against him with his sword drawn in his hand : and joshua went unto him, and said unto him, art thou for us, or for our adversaries? and he said,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4223190137562516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.707999"} {"text": "eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man over against him with his sword drawn in his hand : and joshua went unto him, and said unto him, art thou for us, or for our adversaries? and he said, nay ; but as captain of the host of the lord am i now come. and joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto him, what saith my lord unto his servant? and the captain of the lord \u2019 s host said unto joshua, loose thy shoe from off thy foot ; for the place whereon thou standest is holy. and joshua did so. \u201d there are a few very important aspects recorded in this statement. firstly, as joshua was approaching jericho, he met a man who had a drawn sword in his hand. the fact that the sword was drawn, indicated an act of warfare. so we can readily understand the import of joshua \u2019 s question as to whose side the man was on. this was soon put to rest when the man replied that he was \u201c the captain of the host of the lord \u201d. but who then in actual fact was this man? let us turn to the account in revelation 19 : 9 - 10 ; \u201c and he ( that is, the angel of chapter 18 verse 1 ), saith unto me, write, blessed are they which are called unto the marriage supper of the lamb. and he saith unto me, these are the true sayings of god. and i fell at his feet to worship him. and he said unto me, see thou do it not : i am thy fellow servant, and of thy brethren that have the testimony of jesus : worship god : for the testimony of jesus is the spirit of prophecy. \u201d in the above incident, john was very quickly corrected by the angel when he was about to fall on his face before him as an act of worship. but when we read the account regarding joshua, there was no such command given! quite the contrary. \u201c and the captain of the lord \u2019 s host said unto joshua, loose thy shoe from off thy foot ; for the place whereon thou standest is holy... and joshua did so. \u201d does this ring any bells in our mind? it should. an exactly similar incident happened many years earlier with moses. we read in exodus 3 : 2 - 6, and 13 - 14 ; \u201c and the angel of the lord appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush : and he looked, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4159735854013329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.708981"} {"text": "happened many years earlier with moses. we read in exodus 3 : 2 - 6, and 13 - 14 ; \u201c and the angel of the lord appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush : and he looked, and, behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. and moses said, i will now turn aside, and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt. and when the lord saw that he turned aside to see, god called unto him out of the midst of the bush, and said, moses, moses. and he said, here am i. and he said, draw not nigh hither : put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground. moreover he said, i am the god of thy father, the god of abraham, the god of isaac, and the god of jacob. and moses hid his face ; for he was afraid to look upon god. \u201d \u201c and moses said unto god, behold, when i come unto the children of israel, and shall say unto them, the god of your fathers hath sent me unto you ; and they shall say to me, what is his name? what shall i say unto them? and god said unto moses, i am that i am : and he said, thus shalt thou say unto the children of israel, i am hath sent me unto you. \u201d the one who met joshua was no other than the lord god of israel, the great i am!!! in joshua 6 : 1 - 2 we find that israel, under the leadership of joshua, had already laid siege to jericho : \u201c now jericho was straitly shut up because of the children of israel : none went out, and none came in. and the lord said unto joshua, see, i have given into thine hand jericho, and the king thereof, and the mighty men of valour. \u201d so what was the problem? victory was already assured. but the greatest obstacle to this victory was the wall! and it was this wall of protection around the city that became the focal issue of the entire incident. we should clear up one very important point at this juncture. why was the destruction of jericho so necessary to god \u2019 s plans? well firstly, jericho was situated upon land that had been promised by god to israel. secondly, israel at that time dwelt in gilgal, on the plains of jericho, close to the city. joshua 5 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4091774961835034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.709987"} {"text": "to god \u2019 s plans? well firstly, jericho was situated upon land that had been promised by god to israel. secondly, israel at that time dwelt in gilgal, on the plains of jericho, close to the city. joshua 5 : 10 - 11 reveals : \u201c and the children of israel encamped in gilgal, and kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the month at even in the plains of jericho. and they did eat of the old corn of the land on the morrow after the passover, unleavened cakes, and parched corn in the selfsame day. \u201d the fact that they were eating old and parched corn clearly points to the fact that they were having a hard time. thirdly, jericho was occupied by the people such as canaanites, etc., whom god had commanded to be utterly and totally destroyed, because of the ungodly, and anti - god effect they had upon god \u2019 s israel people. we read in joshua 24 : 11 : \u201c and ye went over jordan, and came unto jericho : and the men of jericho fought against you, the amorites, and the perizzites, and the canaanites, and the hittites, and the girgashites, the hivites, and the jebusites ; and i delivered them into your hand. \u201d these people were a major impediment to the fulfilment of god \u2019 s promise of inheritance to his israel people, and had to be removed. and herein, we are given a very, very, important message. god will always remove anything, or anyone, who becomes a source of danger to the outworking of his divine plans and purposes! we only need to read isaiah 43 : 4, and 54 : 17 to realise the truth of this statement : \u201c since thou wast precious in my sight, thou hast been honourable, and i have loved thee : therefore will i give men for thee, and people for thy life. \u201d \u201c no weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper ; and every tongue that shall rise against thee in judgment thou shalt condemn. this is the heritage of the servants of the lord, and their righteousness is of me, saith the lord. \u201d one thing we should never forget is that when it comes to israel, god is a very jealous god. he will brook no interference with his relationship with his people, and will do anything and everything to protect that relationship, even to inflicting se", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40227709700131775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.710950"} {"text": "one thing we should never forget is that when it comes to israel, god is a very jealous god. he will brook no interference with his relationship with his people, and will do anything and everything to protect that relationship, even to inflicting sever punishment upon the people of israel themselves for disobedience. any violation of his holy law on our part always results in punishment and disaster, as witnessed by our present precarious position in the world. this entire incident was a demonstration of this principle. let us read of it in joshua 24 : 11 - 25 : \u201c and ye went over jordan, and came unto jericho : and the men of jericho fought against you, the amorites, and the perizzites, and the canaanites, and the hittites, and the girgashites, the hivites, and the jebusites ; and i delivered them into your hand. and i sent the hornet before you, which drave them out from before you, even the two kings of the amorites ; but not with thy sword, nor with thy bow. and i have given you a land for which ye did not labour, and cities which ye built not, and ye dwell in them ; of the vineyards and oliveyards which ye planted not do ye eat. now therefore fear the lord, and serve him in sincerity and in truth : and put away ( he gods which your fathers sewed on the other side of the flood, and in egypt ; and serve ye the lord. and if it seem evil unto you to serve the lord, choose you this day whom ye will serve ; whether the gods which your fathers sewed that were on the other side of the flood, or the gods of the amorites, in whose land ye dwell : but as for me and my house, we will serve the lord. and the people answered and said, god forbid that we should forsake the lord, to serve other gods ; for the lord our god, he it is that brought us up and our fathers out of the land of egypt, from the house of bondage, and which did those great signs in our sight, and preserved us in all the way wherein we went, and among all the people through whom we passed : and the lord drave out from before us all the people, even the amorites which dwelt in the land : therefore will we also serve the lord ; for he is our god. and joshua said unto the people, ye cannot serve the lord : for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46241899951340254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.712736"} {"text": "drave out from before us all the people, even the amorites which dwelt in the land : therefore will we also serve the lord ; for he is our god. and joshua said unto the people, ye cannot serve the lord : for he is an holy god ; he is a jealous god ; he will not forgive your transgressions nor your sins. if ye forsake the lord, and serve strange gods, then he will turn and do you hurt, and consume you, after that he hath done you good. and the people said unto joshua, nay ; but we will serve the lord. and joshua said unto the people, ye are witnesses against yourselves that ye have chosen you the lord, to serve him. and they said, we are witnesses. now therefore put away, said he, the strange gods which are among you, and incline your heart unto the lord god of israel. and the people said unto joshua, the lord our god will we serve, and his voice will we obey. so joshua made a covenant with the people that day, and set them a statute and an ordinance in shechem. \u201d we will never read a more definitive statement of cause and effect. and if we think that god is going to change his mind and go easy on this present generation of his people, then we are sadly mistaken. but having made this promise to god at that time, one obvious fact remained. the wall was still there! the enemy were still protected by a seemingly impenetrable barrier. shades of today. we look at the enemy in our midst, and all around us, and wonder how on earth we can ever get rid of them. how is victory ever going to be possible in our present circumstances? and that is where faith steps in. but first let us realise that \u201c faith without works is dead \u201d. before real faith can operate, especially on a national scale, it must be preceded by national repentance. we are not speaking here of acts of individual faith. the faith of which we are speaking here is one of national proportions. so how was this mighty victory achieved? how was this seemingly impenetrable barrier to be removed? the main reason for the success of the operation was not the priests, nor the people nor the trumpets. it was the presence of the ark of the covenant. we read in joshua 6 : 6 - 11 : \u201c and joshua the son of nun called the priests, and said unto them, take up the ark of the covenant, and let", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47969261958987197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.714131"} {"text": "the trumpets. it was the presence of the ark of the covenant. we read in joshua 6 : 6 - 11 : \u201c and joshua the son of nun called the priests, and said unto them, take up the ark of the covenant, and let seven priests bear seven trumpets of rams \u2019 horns before the ark of the lord. and he said unto the people, pass on, and compass the city, and let him that is armed pass on before the ark of the lord. and it came to pass, when joshua had spoken unto the people, that the seven priests bearing the seven trumpets of rams \u2019 horns passed on before the lord, and blew with the trumpets : and the ark of the covenant of the lord followed them. and the armed men went before the priests that blew with the trumpets, and the rereward came after the ark, the priests going on, and blowing with the trumpets. and joshua had commanded the people, saying, ye shall not shout, nor make any noise with your voice, neither shall any word proceed out of your mouth, until the day i bid you shout ; then shall ye shout. so the ark of the lord compassed the city, going about it once : and they came into the camp, and lodged in the camp. \u201d the presence of this ark of the lord signified the presence of the lord god of israel for victory. and in israel \u2019 s hands, it also signified defeat of the enemy at their hands. the success of the rest of the \u2018 ritual \u2019, if we could so name it, was utterly dependant on the presence of the lord, without which the great miracle could never have been achieved. so what was the full extent of what happened? we read in the verses preceding the above extract, that there were to be seven priests, with seven trumpets. they, with the entire army, were to march around the walls for seven days. but on the seventh day, they were to encompass the city seven times. \u201c and the lord said unto joshua, see, i have given into thine hand jericho, and the king thereof, and the mighty men of valour. and ye shall compass the city, all ye men of war, and go round about the city once. thus shalt thou do six days. and seven priests shall bear before the ark seven trumpets of rams \u2019 horns : and the seventh day ye shall compass the city seven times, and the priests shall blow with the trumpets. and it shall come to pass, that when they make a long blast with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474978955064365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.715449"} {"text": "seven priests shall bear before the ark seven trumpets of rams \u2019 horns : and the seventh day ye shall compass the city seven times, and the priests shall blow with the trumpets. and it shall come to pass, that when they make a long blast with the ram \u2019 s horn, and when ye hear the sound of the trumpet, all the people shall shout with a great shout ; and the wall of the city shall fall down flat, and the people shall ascend up every man straight before him. \u201d this process had never before been heard of, and it was the peoples \u2019 unswerving obedience to this unheard of command which constituted the faith which resulted in the victory. it formed the ultimate example of the principle set forth in acts 2 : 1, where all the people were \u201c in the one place with one accord. \u201d i have often stated in discussing miracles, how god performs so many of them by employing natural processes of scientific fact. god never waves a \u2018 magic wand \u2019. he utilises normal everyday processes in a manner that we mortals never seem to realise, much less use. but that \u2019 s to be expected, as only he can use the elements to accomplish his requirements, whether for good, or for punishment. in this incident, he used the science of vibration and sound. the constant marching around the walls, with a break between each encompassing, commenced a vibration pattern within the foundations of the walls, which were then given time to settle. each circling added to this settling process. but finally, on the seventh day, the breaking up of the foundations was magnified by the intensity of seven perambulations. i \u2019 ve personally experienced earthquakes when living in new guinea. the tremors occur at intervals from each other, and each tremor compounds the effects of the previous tremors. finally, if they continue long enough, a volcanic eruption takes place. i \u2019 m sure that the ordinary israelites were not too well aware of this situation. then we have the added situation that as they completed the final encirclement, \u201c all the people shall shout with a great shout. \u201d the effect of sound is still being recognised today, especially in the area of medicine, where certain conditions involving internal stones are literally smashed up by the use of sound waves. i well remember, many years ago, seeing the notice on the organ in the sydney town hall informing the organist never to play a particular note with certain nominated organ voices, as this could risk shattering the windows. and i \u2019 m sure that we have all heard of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46489146499887074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.716627"} {"text": ", many years ago, seeing the notice on the organ in the sydney town hall informing the organist never to play a particular note with certain nominated organ voices, as this could risk shattering the windows. and i \u2019 m sure that we have all heard of singers shattering glass with their high notes. so we see that god was simply using normal scientific means to achieve his purposes. nevertheless, it was totally outside the experience and knowledge of those days. one is reminded of the statement in i thessalonians 4 : 16 : \u201c for the lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of god : and the dead in christ shall rise first. \u201d obviously, christ \u2019 s return is not going to be very silent, nor secret as so many theologians would have us believe. what then is the lesson in this for us today? remember that the walls of jericho fell under the terms of the old covenant, using the power of that covenant. but our present adversary, babylon, will fall just as surely as a result of the establishment by our lord jesus christ of his new covenant which he made at calvary. as we are informed in revelation 18 : 2, 9 - 10, and 21 : \u201c and he cried mightily with a strong voice, saying, babylon the great is fallen, is fallen, and is become the habitation of devils, and the hold of every foul spirit and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird. \u201d \u201c and the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication and lived deliciously with her, shall bewail her, and lament for her, when they shall see the smoke of her burning, standing afar off for the fear of her torment, saying, alas, alas that great city babylon, that mighty city! for in one hour is thy judgment come. \u201d \u201c and a mighty angel took up a stone like a great millstone, and cast it into the sea, saying, thus with violence shall that great city babylon be thrown down, and shall be found no more at all. \u201d it was the combined obedience and faith of joshua and the people of israel whom he led which achieved the overthrow of the enemy at jericho. the walls of protection surrounding the city had no chance whatsoever against the \u201c power of faith \u201d combined with the \u201c power of god almighty \u201d. and the command is as pertinent today as it was in those far off days, as recorded in revelation 18 : 4 ; \u201c and i heard another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49128841677492574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.718745"} {"text": "chance whatsoever against the \u201c power of faith \u201d combined with the \u201c power of god almighty \u201d. and the command is as pertinent today as it was in those far off days, as recorded in revelation 18 : 4 ; \u201c and i heard another voice from heaven, saying, come out of her, my people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues. \u201d obedience and faith go hand in hand. by obedience we are rescued from judgment. by faith we qualify for reward and blessing. \u201c now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. for by it the elders obtained a good report. \u201d in a world so inundated with sin and evil of every conceivable kind, it can be very difficult to imagine how we could ever see things change. but through the examples left to us by our forefathers, we can, by faith, see in our spirit the substance of those things for which we hope, and recognise the evidence of what is not obvious to the natural eye and mind. let us never cease from our efforts to be ranked amongst those who obtain a good report. never doubt in the dark, what god has revealed in the light. back to archive contents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4976314027015896, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.719334"} {"text": "nephila jurassica : the biggest spider fossil ever found spiders are small arthropods, famous for their elasticity, strength and web - making abilities. for some people, spiders are not welcome in the home ; as soon as they see one crawling on the ceiling, the first thought that comes to mind is to swat it at once. but spiders predate us humans by a long way. and while sometimes spiders are tiny creatures, a team of scientists has discovered the largest spider fossil ever in a layer of volcanic ash in ningcheng county, inner mongolia, china. the research was carried out by paleontologist professor paul selden, of the university of kansas, with his team. named nephila jurassica, this 165 - million - year - old fossil is 2. 5 cm in length and has a leg span of almost 9 cm. it is currently the largest known fossilized spider, and is from the family known as nephilidae, the largest web - weaving spiders alive today. according to research published online in the 20th april, 2011 issue of biology letters, this prehistoric spider was female and shows characteristics of the golden orb weaver. widespread in warmer regions, the golden silk orb weavers are well - known for the fabulous webs they weave. females of this family weave the largest orb webs known. \" when i first saw it, i immediately realized that it was very unique not only because of its size, but also because the preservation was excellent, \" said chungkun shih, study co - author, and a visiting professor at capital normal university in beijing, china. according to a press release : \u201c this fossil finding provides evidence that golden orb - webs were being woven and capturing medium to large insects in jurassic times, and predation by these spiders would have played an important role in the natural selection of contemporaneous insects. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4446195116259241, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.721456"} {"text": "research project search engineering students win with online game may 17, 2008 - a team of ohio university engineering and technology students won an honorable mention from the environmental protection agency for their online environmental game designed to improve public awareness of chemical exposure, the university announced. the russ college of engineering and technology students competed in the 4th annual national sustainable design expo from april 20 - 22 at the national mall in washington, d. c. nearly 60 teams represented colleges and universities across america. the chemical exposure awareness game, funded by a $ 10, 000 epa grant, is played in the online virtual world second life. modeled on monopoly, the game exposes players to various daily chemicals to teach positive and negative effects. players also are encouraged to strive for more sustainable lifestyles. the expo was the second phase of the epa ' s people, prosperity and the planet, p3, competition. the first phase, for which the team won the grant, asked teams to demonstrate how they planned to research and develop innovative designs to address challenges to sustainability. associate professor of computer science chang liu and professor of civil engineering tiao chang led students ying zhong, yanhui fang, en ye and jourdan siemer in developing the game. \" our team was the only computer game to compete in the expo, \" zhong said in an ou news release. \" our game was very popular at the expo, especially with children. \" \" students waited in lines to play our p3 game, \" liu said. \" i think this was evidence that our team had made progress toward the goal of improving chemical awareness though engaging programming. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5135761444764505, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.723563"} {"text": "winters in western new york are generally cloudy, cold and snowy... but are changeable and include frequent thaws and rain as well. snow covers the ground more often than not from christmas into early march, but periods of bare ground are not uncommon. over half of the annual snowfall comes from the \" lake - effect \" process and is very localized. lake - effect snow occurs when cold air crosses the relatively warm lake waters and becomes saturated, creating clouds and precipitation downwind. the location of these snowbands is determined by the direction of the wind. due to the prevailing winds, areas south of buffalo receive much more lake - effect snow than locations to the north. the lake snow machine can start as early as mid november, peaks in december, then virtually shuts down after lake erie freezes in mid to late january. the area does not experience many heavy general ( synoptic scale ) snows, because large scale storm systems usually pass well to the east. spring comes slowly to the buffalo area. the ice pack on lake erie does not usually disappear until mid april and the lake remains chilly through most of may. as the prevailing flow is southwesterly, areas near the lake are often as much as 20 degrees colder than inland locations. fortunately, the cool lake waters act as a strong stabilizing influence, so areas near the lake shore, including the city of buffalo, experience more sunshine and fewer thunderstorms than inland areas. the cool air from the lake also retards the growing season, but this diminishes the threat of damaging late spring frosts. the average date of the last frost is near the end of april in the buffalo metro area, but in mid may well inland. summer is pleasant in the buffalo area. sunshine is plentiful, temperatures are warm, and humidity levels are moderate. rainfall is adequate, but it shows an overnight maximum, so it is seldom a problem for outdoor activities. the stabilizing effect of lake erie continues to inhibit thunderstorms and enhance sunshine in the immediate buffalo area through most of july. the lake also modifies the extreme heat that approaches from the ohio valley. there usually are periods of uncomfortably warm and humid weather during summer, but an average of only three 90 degree readings makes conditions more bearable than at most other locations. august usually turns a bit more showery and humid as the lake is warmer and loses its stabilizing influence. in fact, a good nighttime thunderstorm or two is often a feature of late summer in buffalo. overall though", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42542633232727717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.726595"} {"text": "earth from space : bloom - filled baltic this envisat image captures blue - green algae blooms filling the baltic sea, which is roughly 1600 km long, 190 km wide and has a surface area of about 377 000 sq km. ' algae bloom ' is the term used to describe the rapid multiplying of phytoplankton, microscopic marine plants that drift on or near the surface of the sea. floating freely in the water, phytoplankton are sensitive to sunlight and local environmental variations such as nutrient levels, temperature, currents and winds. the blooms seen here are due to favourable conditions \u2013 lots of sunshine, little wind and an increase of nutrients from run - off following the ice season \u2013 in the area over the past weeks. although algae blooms are a normal and essential phenomenon, they can be harmful to humans and animals when they produce toxic substances, occur too often or last too long, depleting the concentration of oxygen in the water. due to the toxicity of some phytoplankton and marine algae species, it is important to monitor blooms so that fishermen, fish farmers and public health officials know about such events as soon as possible. while individually microscopic, the chlorophyll that phytoplankton use for photosynthesis collectively tints the surrounding ocean waters, providing a means of detecting these tiny organisms from space with dedicated ' ocean colour ' sensors, like envisat ' s medium resolution imaging spectrometer ( meris ). algae blooms impact the ability of radar sensors, such as the advanced synthetic aperture radar on envisat, to detect oil spills because their presence produces a similar dampening effect on the water \u2019 s surface. it is important, therefore, for agencies such as the european maritime safety agency, which monitors european waters for oil spills, to know when algae blooms appear to warn satellite image analysts. visible in the image ( clockwise from bottom left ) are parts of germany, sweden, estonia ( top right ), latvia, lithuania, the russian territory of kalingrad and poland. also visible are the swedish islands of gotland and oland ( middle ) and the danish island of bornholm ( lower left ). meris acquired this image on 11 july 2010 at a resolution of 300 m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5290818147109589, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.732032"} {"text": "president konstantinos stephanopoulos head of government : prime minister konstantinos simitis foreign minister : georgios papandreou area : 132, 000 km2 population : 10, 964, 020 ( 2001 ) gdp per capita : 11, 974 \u20ac gdp growth : 4. 1 % ( 2001 ) constitution - domestic politics greece became a parliamentary republic in 1974 following a referendum that abolished the monarchy. the president is elected for a five - year term and has a largely ceremonial role. legislative power lies with the single - chamber parliament of 300 members elected by universal direct suffrage for a four - year term. the april 2000 general election was marginally won by the panhellenic socialist movement ( pasok ). it was the first time in decades that a party had won three consecutive national elections. prime minister costas simitis has pledged to continue the policy of economic reconstruction, as the government endeavours to tackle unemployment, enhance investment conditions and improve the country \u2019 s infrastructures. through systematic efforts, greece has succeeded in significantly strengthening its previously unstable economy, enabling participation in emu as of january 2001. both the rate of inflation and the budget deficit have been brought within the limits stipulated in the maastricht treaty. although the contribution of the primary sector to gdp has declined in recent years, the sector is still the largest in the eu, accounting for 8. 5 - 10 % of gdp, well above the eu average of around 2. 5 %. in recent years, industry has contributed 22 - 24 % of gdp. the services sector accounts for over 70 % of gdp. greece \u2019 s efforts to achieve economic decentralisation have been greatly facilitated by infrastructure improvements financed under the public investment program as well as the eu \u2019 s community support frameworks. the focus of greek foreign policy is on political and economic cooperation in the eu, membership of nato and cooperation with its balkan neighbours. greece wishes to further strengthen its already leading role in the economic development of the balkan region and strongly supports the integration of the balkan states in existing european structures. relations with turkey have been the main foreign policy issue for many years. the close neighbours have long been at odds over territorial disputes in the aegean and the divided island of cyprus. the greek government has initiated a process of confidence - building with turkey and although business cooperation has been strengthened and diplomatic contacts have become much more frequent, disagreement remains unresolved in certain key areas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4367311526108895, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.734572"} {"text": "but experts now believe the words \u201c essere amato amando \u201d reveal a doomed love story. a manager at penrhyn castle, near bangor, north wales, deciphered the inscription \u2013 italian rather than latin \u2013 as \u201c to be loved while loving \u201d. historians believe the words were scratched on the glass by lovelorn teenager lady alice douglas - pennant. we knew the room had been lady alice \u2019 s bedroom. so it was fair to assume the writing was hers and we began to dig in a story that bears striking similarities to the novel lady chatterley \u2019 s lover, her father, industrialist and tory mp lord penrhyn, banished her to a tower for falling in love with a gardener. during her time in solitary confinement around 1880, she is said to have scratched out the message as a memento of her love. the national trust \u2013 which runs the 19th century neo - norman castle \u2013 is indebted to italian - born education manager resi tomat for solving the riddle. house steward clare turgoose said : \u201c we knew the room had been lady alice \u2019 s bedroom. so it was fair to assume the writing was hers and we began to dig. \u201c the story goes that lord penrhyn forced her to stay in the nursery to keep her away from her love. \u201d lady alice, who became an artist, never married and died in 1939.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4851319086769471, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.740493"} {"text": "meningitis and septicemia last updated on saturday, 11 december 2010 17 : 36 meningitis is an infection of the lining around the brain and spinal cord. septicemia is a blood poisoning by the same germ. both can develop very rapidly into life - threatening conditions. although children are now being vaccinated against one form of meningitis, the infection can be caused by the other bacteria as well, so it is vital that all parents know the signs. see detailed section on septicemia here : www. familyhealthguide. co. uk / septicemia. html signs of meningitis signs of septicemia ( see detailed section on septicemia ) other signs in babies tense or bulging fontanel ( soft spot on the scalp ) blotchy skin pale complexion refusing to eat high pitched or moaning cry irritable when picked up stiff body with jerky movement or else floppy and lifeless difficult to wake or lethargic symptoms can appear in any order and not every child gets all the symptoms. if you are worried about someone who is ill, or your child has some of these symptoms, seek medical help immediately. the rash is the most telltale sign of meningitis / septicemia and ' the tumbler test ' is the best way to identify the rash. press a glass tumbler firmly against the rash. if you can see the rash through the glass then get medical help immediately ( it is harder to see on dark skin so check paler areas ). do not wait for the rash. it may be the last symptom to appear, and in some cases it may not even appear at all.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48036773888064854, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.747139"} {"text": "this report updates and extends the fao global study world agriculture : towards 2010, issued in 1995. it assesses the prospects, worldwide, for food and agriculture, including fisheries and forestry, over the years to 2015 and 2030. it presents the global long - term prospects for trade and sustainable development and discusses the issues at stake in these areas over the next 30 years. in assessing the prospects for progress towards improved food security and sustainability, it was necessary to analyse many contributory factors. these range from issues pertaining to the overall economic and international trading conditions, and those affecting rural poverty, to issues concerning the status and future of agricultural resources and technology. of the many issues reviewed, the report concludes that the development of local food production in the low - income countries with high dependence on agriculture for employment and income is the one factor that dominates all others in determining progress or failure in improving the food security of these countries. the findings of the study aim to describe the future as it is likely to be, not as it ought to be. as such they should not be construed to represent goals of an fao strategy. but the findings can make a vital contribution to an increased awareness of what needs to be done to cope with the problems likely to persist and to deal with new ones as they emerge. the study can help to guide corrective policies at both national and international levels, and to set priorities for the years ahead. the world as a whole has been making progress towards improved food security and nutrition. this is clear from the substantial increases in per capita food supplies achieved globally and for a large proportion of the population of the developing world. but, as the 1995 study warned, progress has been slow and uneven. indeed, many countries and population groups failed to make significant progress and some of them even suffered setbacks in their already fragile food security and nutrition situation. as noted in the 2001 issue of the state of food insecurity in the world, humanity is still faced with the stark reality of chronic undernourishment affecting over 800 million people : 17 percent of the population of the developing countries, as many as 34 percent in sub - saharan africa and still more in some individual countries. the present study predicts that this uneven path of progress is, unfortunately, likely to extend well into this century. findings indicate that in spite of some significant enhancements in food security and nutrition by the year 2015, mainly resulting from increased domestic production but also from additional growth in food imports, the 1996 world food summit target of halving the number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48851198223817505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.754845"} {"text": "into this century. findings indicate that in spite of some significant enhancements in food security and nutrition by the year 2015, mainly resulting from increased domestic production but also from additional growth in food imports, the 1996 world food summit target of halving the number of undernourished persons by no later than 2015 is far from being reached, and may not be accomplished even by 2030. by the year 2015 per capita food supplies will have increased and the incidence of undernourishment will have been further reduced in most developing regions. however, parts of south asia may still be in a difficult position and much of sub - saharan africa will probably not be significantly better and may possibly be even worse off than at present in the absence of concerted action by all concerned. therefore, the world must brace itself for continuing interventions to cope with the consequences of local food crises and for action to remove permanently their root causes. nothing short of a significant upgrading of the overall development performance of the lagging countries, with emphasis on hunger and poverty reduction, will free the world of the most pressing food insecurity problems. making progress towards this goal depends on many factors, not least among which the political will and additional resource mobilization required. the importance of these factors was reaffirmed in the declaration of the world food summit : five years later, unanimously adopted at the summit in june 2002 in rome. the study also foresees that agricultural trade will play a larger role in securing the food needs of developing countries as well as being a source of foreign exchange. net cereal imports by developing countries will almost triple over the next 30 years while net meat imports might even increase by a factor of almost five. for other products such as sugar, coffee, fruit and vegetables the study foresees further export potential. how much of this export potential will materialize depends on many factors, not least on how much progress will be made during the ongoing round of multilateral trade negotiations. developing countries ' farmers could gain a lot from lower trade barriers in all areas, not only in agriculture. in many resource - rich but otherwise poor countries, a more export - oriented agriculture could provide an effective means to fight rural poverty and thus become a catalyst for overall growth. but the study also points at potentially large hardships for resource - poor countries, which may face higher prices for large import volumes without much capacity to step up production. numerous studies that assessed the impacts of freer trade conclude that lower trade barriers alone may not be sufficient for developing countries to benefit. in many developing countries, agriculture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4717873207234454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.756137"} {"text": ", which may face higher prices for large import volumes without much capacity to step up production. numerous studies that assessed the impacts of freer trade conclude that lower trade barriers alone may not be sufficient for developing countries to benefit. in many developing countries, agriculture has suffered not only from trade barriers and subsidies abroad but has also been neglected by domestic policies. developing countries ' producers may therefore not benefit greatly from freer trade unless they can operate in an economic environment that enables them to respond to the incentives of higher and more stable international prices. a number of companion policies implemented alongside the measures to lower trade barriers can help. these include a removal of the domestic bias against agriculture ; investment to lift product quality to the standards demanded abroad ; and efforts to improve productivity and competitiveness in all markets. investments in transportation and communication facilities, upgraded production infrastructure, improved marketing, storage and processing facilities as well as better food quality and safety schemes could be particularly important, the latter not only for the benefit of better access to export markets, but also for reducing food - borne diseases affecting the local population. on the issue of sustainability, the study brings together the most recent evaluation of data on the developing countries ' agricultural resources, how they are used now and what may be available for meeting future needs. it does the same for the forestry and fisheries sectors. the study provides an assessment of the possible extent and intensity of use of resources over the years to 2030 and concludes that pressure on resources, including those that are associated with degradation, will continue to build up, albeit at a slower rate than in the past. the main pressures threatening sustainability are likely to be those emanating from rural poverty, as more and more people attempt to extract a living out of dwindling resources. when these processes occur in an environment of fragile and limited resources and when the circumstances for introducing sustainable technologies and practices are not propitious, the risk grows that a vicious circle of poverty and resource degradation will set in. the poverty - related component of environmental degradation is unlikely to be eased before poverty reduction has advanced to the level where people and countries become significantly less dependent on the exploitation of agricultural resources. there is considerable scope for improvements in this direction and the study explores a range of technological and other policy options. provided such improvements in sustainability are put in place, the prospects point to an easing of pressures on world agricultural resources in the longer term with minimal further buildup of pressures on the environment caused by agricultural practices. i conclude by reiterating the importance of developing sustainable local food production and of rural development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4725267453733499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.757276"} {"text": "curriculum for addiction professionals > competency 1 : introduction to fasd > 6b. terminology and prevalence rates : prevalence competency 1 : introduction to fasd fetal alcohol spectrum disorders : terminology and prevalence rates, continued experts are unsure exactly how many individuals in the united states have an fasd. studies by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) have reported prevalence rates of fas alone from 0. 2 to 1. 5 cases per 1, 000 births across various populations. 15 - 18 other studies using a variety of methods have produced estimates ranging from 0. 5 to 2. 0 cases per 1, 000 live births. 19, 21 such rates are comparable with or above other common developmental disabilities such as down syndrome or spina bifida. 22 studies of a variety of populations may yield even higher fas prevalence estimates. for example, some native american communities with high levels of alcohol use have fas rates as high as 3 to 5 per 1, 000 children. 21 - 24 some experts estimate that an fasd occurs in 10 in 1, 000 live births. 21 thus, of 4 million infants born each year, an estimated 40, 000 will be born with because of the challenges of establishing accurate and timely prevalence information, the number of cases of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders could be greater than current data indicate. these challenges include : - lack of specific and uniformly accepted diagnostic criteria. only recently have diagnostic guidelines been published for fas. no uniform guidelines exist for other types of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. thus, health providers are hampered in their efforts to screen and identify individuals with an fasd. - fas diagnosis is based on clinical examination of features, but not all children with fas look or act the same. because each symptom has a broad range of possible diagnoses, a clinician might miss or misdiagnose an fasd. for instance, physicians are aware of the high prevalence of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorders but might not link attention problems to an fasd. - lack of knowledge and misconceptions among primary care providers. few know about the full range of neurobehavioral symptoms that result from prenatal exposure to alcohol. few know about the full range or progressive nature of the neurobehavioral symptoms that result from prenatal exposure to alcohol.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43212483548232183, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.760045"} {"text": "forestwatch systems offer a nighttime benefit no lookout could provide. their sleepless cameras scan the horizon day or night, and their near - infrared capability means that they are capable of localizing flame fronts not visible to the human eye through the smoke and haze. this allows forestwatch operators to spot smoke plumes in hazy conditions before flames are even visible. and since fire dispatch centers typically operate 24 / 7, alerts from forestwatch systems allow these dispatchers to quickly mobilize a response, with the added benefit that they can zoom in on an incident to determine precise size and location of a blaze, greatly aiding an incident commander \u2019 s size - up of the fire before resources are dispatched. unlike a lookout tower, an evs camera can display images anywhere there is an available computer via the internet. this gives first responders unparalleled capabilities, allowing them to monitor an incident as they approach in case the situation changes. with the ability to pan / tilt / zoom any camera in the network, an incident commander can slew a camera over to a specific location, zoom in on something, and determine the best course of action to quickly knock down the fire. the military uses the term \u201c force multiplier \u201d to signify how technology can increase the effectiveness of available assets. forestwatch is a force multiplier, in that it allows incident commanders to allocate just enough of their limited firefighting resources to an incident, keeping enough in reserve for other emergencies. by having cameras strategically located, they can cut down on the unknowns associated with responding to an incident as well. in an era of budget cuts and firefighter layoffs, forestwatch systems allow a fire agency to do more with fewer resources. another feature of the evs equipment is the ability to archive data from an incident for use in prosecution of arsonists. with date / time stamping on each frame of video from an evs camera, law enforcement can provide incontrovertible evidence at trials of arson suspects, something no lookout tower could ever do! and the same record - keeping capabilities can also be used to collect fire data for comparison with historical fire regime condition class information, a useful feature when trying to assess the effectiveness of a fire agency \u2019 s policies in an era of climate change. douglas forest protective association ( dfpa ), headquartered in roseburg, or, has deployed dozens of wildfire camera systems across the state. their dispatch center is state - of - the - art, with monitors able to quickly switch from one trouble spot to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48156962943033427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.763947"} {"text": "protective association ( dfpa ), headquartered in roseburg, or, has deployed dozens of wildfire camera systems across the state. their dispatch center is state - of - the - art, with monitors able to quickly switch from one trouble spot to another and convey up - to - the - minute information to firefighters as they respond to an incident. what started out as a small operation for a limited area has now expanded to include many locations spanning a large swath of the state. melvin thornton, the dfpa district manager, had this to say about the system : \u201c we have been very pleased with the forestwatch system and evs \u2019 s response to issues when they develop. they listen to our needs and then work to solve the issue or to improve efficiency. \u201d and evs also customizes systems to the customer \u2019 s specifications. \u201c an example where evs took an idea and made it work was incorporating lightning strike data onto our maps so the operators would know where active lightning was occurring, helping to find fires earlier, \u201d said thornton. \u201c the forestwatch 3 software provides more than just detection capabilities, it provides fire managers an immediate view of the fire, location, and it \u2019 s potential to increase. then we use that information to prioritize fires during periods of multiple fire events. \u201d for more information on forestwatch, visit http : / / www. evsolutions. biz. summary of envriovision solutions systems features - high - powered 35x optical zoom lens - 15 - mile visual range ( with zoom ) - 18 preset views per 360 - degree rotation - high stability in windy conditions effective low - light level performance at night - the ability to switch to a near ir ( infrared ) mode during the day to see further in hazy or smoky conditions - the ability to switch back from \u201c night shot \u201d to color at night with long exposure mode active - geo - referencing is a key advantage due to the impact it has on making the algorithms \u201c range aware \u201d - results in better detection - lower false - alarm rates - improved situational awareness when dispatching resources to known locations - can overlay stored daytime images onto live night image for better context and interpretation of how the fire propagates at night", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4688509359269337, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.765277"} {"text": "the egg matrix creating a ubiquitous information architecture and designing across devices the egg matrix is a tool for planning content, features, and scenarios when creating an information architecture that will exist across multiple devices and touch points. where did the idea come from? in college, i had an environmental design professor who described the field as such : architecture is the profession that designs the shell or the structure of the built environment. interior design is the profession that designs the interactions and spaces inside that built environment. landscape architecture is the profession that designs the space outside this structure. environmental design encompasses all three, studying our interactions with the built environment, how we move through it, how we move around it, how we integrate with the natural environment, and so on. i always had the idea of an egg in my head, in part because he described architecture as being like a shell of sorts, and partially because we talked a lot about animal habitats and homes. environmental design is a human - centered design discipline that covers our physical surroundings. it considers the shared ecology between places and spaces, interiors and exteriors, the mechanic and the organic. many of the same principles and ideals carry over into the digital space. when the digital world spills over into the physical world when we design for digital spaces today, it \u2019 s no longer safe to assume that the majority of our users will access our information from a similar static setup in an office or home. digital information travels freely now between devices, locations, and online and offline habitats. in fact, it \u2019 s nearly impossible to know the context or situation that surrounds each of our users. it also seems likely that even before we have mastered the art of designing across desktop and mobile platforms, we will find ourselves creating spaces in cars, kiosks, mirrors, table tops, refrigerators, and many other devices. there is no set of rules that tells us how to create the right mix of content and features so that our users will have a seamless experience whenever and wherever they access our information. the egg matrix the egg matrix is my attempt to create a tool for cataloging the different forces that should be considered when determining the architecture, features, and overall design of a multi - device experience. my hope is that it is flexible enough to be applicable to topical challenges, like designing for mobile vs desktop spaces, but that it also will encompass future needs, such as television or in - car apps. the concept is simple. there is a subset of the experience ( the egg ) that you can directly control. you are responsible for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5459992823252774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.770781"} {"text": "for mobile vs desktop spaces, but that it also will encompass future needs, such as television or in - car apps. the concept is simple. there is a subset of the experience ( the egg ) that you can directly control. you are responsible for the structure, the content, the messaging, and the interaction that goes into your design. there are also two equally important forces at play that contribute to the experience and overall success of what you \u2019 ve designed. there is the internal composition of the user ( the yolk ) and the extrinsic environment that the experience takes place in ( the nest ). you might be able to influence certain aspects of both areas, and you might be able to design around certain scenarios, but you \u2019 ll never be responsible for the creation of these realms. by breaking each area down into individual factors, you \u2019 ll be able to create a better model for your structure. i \u2019 ve broken each field out into the initial factors that i thought were most crucial, but there is certainly room for expansion, refinement, and feedback. start with a single node of content, and build out from there. what features are needed to interact with that content? how often is the content accessed by the user? what possible contexts might the user be in when accessing the content? what belief systems might he or she be bringing to the experience? the breakdown currently is as follows : the nest covers environment, location, context, and locomotion. the egg covers message, content, task, frequency, urgency, privacy, intimacy, tracking, and measurement. the yolk covers motivations, needs, desires, and knowledge. you may find yourself creating multiple columns for a single content node to cover the array of possible touch points or devices your users might encounter. i included a section called \u201c messaging. \u201d this may relate to a marketing campaign, a company brand message, or a common slogan. it \u2019 s important the spaces you design don \u2019 t contradict the messaging being broadcast to users. i \u2019 ve also included fields for noting tracking and measurements. these are for listing how you plan to measure the experience and what measurement points you \u2019 re going to look for. how do you know if the model is working? like any other model, it has to be put into action and tested. fortunately, this \u201c model \u201d can be tested in several ways. you can gather feed and ask questions of users. you can create a prototype to test. when you \u2019 re satisfied with the performance of a prototype, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5399550074557043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.771959"} {"text": "fort healthcare diabetes education program through a multi - disciplinary team of healthcare professionals knowledgeable in all aspects of diabetes care, the diabetes self - management education program is an excellent way to : fort healthcare \u2019 s diabetes education program is recognized by the american diabetes association, assuring that you receive the best, most up - to - date diabetes management information. fort healthcare diabetes education classes are presented through group and individual sessions, and educational information is also shared through ongoing support and outreach through free monthly presentations of the diabetes education series offered at fort memorial hospital. the diabetes education series welcomes anyone to attend, whether you or a family member or friend is affected by diabetes, or just for interested parties. talk with your physician about attending the fort healthcare diabetes education series. for more information, contact the diabetes educator at ( 920 ) 568 - 5247, or via email at firstname. lastname @ example. org or email @ example. com. what is diabetes? virtually all food a person eats is converted into glucose before it enters the blood stream. with the help of insulin produced by the pancreas, glucose is taken into cells to be used as energy. type 1 diabetes develops when the pancreas becomes unable to produce insulin because the immune system destroyed the beta cells of the pancreas. type 2 diabetes, representing 90 to 95 percent of all cases, is typically caused by a decrease in insulin production, and the cells becoming less efficient at using insulin ( insulin resistance ). although the pancreas continues to produce insulin, it is not enough to keep blood glucose levels in check. type 2 diabetes is more likely to be inherited than type 1. risk factors include obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. gestational diabetes is high blood sugar ( diabetes ) that starts or is first diagnosed during pregnancy. pregnancy hormones can block insulin from doing its job. when this happens, glucose levels may increase in a pregnant woman ' s blood. pre - diabetes means your blood sugar level is above normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49707133104462076, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.780253"} {"text": "stem3 places an emphasis on personal finance and financial literacy. our goal is to equip our students with the knowledge to not only manage their personal finances but to understand the broader financial system and successfully navigate the many decisions we must make as productive citizens on a daily basis. finances are one of the most common barriers to enrolling and remaining in higher education. with improved financial literacy, students and families will better understand the positive impact that higher education can have on their financial future. they \u2019 ll also have a better understanding of the tools and resources available to find an appropriate education path, create a financial plan to get to college, and stay in college. read more : http : / / www. educationcents. org / about - us / about - education - cents. aspx # ixzz20wxh0dgl stem3 makes use of the curriculum developed by collegeinvest, part of the colorado department of higher education. the curriculum is developed based on national standards set forth by the federal government via the federally funded jump $ tart coalition. the goal is to develop competencies in six categories, including : financial responsibility and decision making, income and careers, planning and money management, credit and debt, risk management and insurance, and saving and investing. we actively encourage our students to participate in our personal finance and financial literacy program ; however, we do not require any students to spend time and effort on the subject. we do give service credit for participating in this part of our program and completing one module per academic year is required to qualify for a stem3 academic scholarship. if you have questions about our personal finance and financial literacy program then please contact shaun loveless at 970 - 247 - 7521 or you can e - mail him at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4822882479441985, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.784731"} {"text": "question : i ran a virus scan and my program turned up a bunch of things it labeled \" third - party \" cookies. what are these? answer : when you visit most websites, they place cookies on your browser. these are small bits of data that store your site settings for future visits. this is why you don ' t have to constantly log into facebook any time you browse to a new facebook page. those are first - party cookies. third - party cookies are when an advertiser or other third - party service on a site places a cookie. these can often be related to advertising tracking, so it ' s best to opt out of them in your browser. try a service like selectout. q : i bought a new computer to replace my 6 - year - old desktop. should i just throw out the old one? a : no, no and no! computers contain hazardous materials that make it dangerous to just throw them out. instead, you could try recycling it with help from a site like earth911. it will tell you where you can take it and any special considerations. of course, you could give it to a friend or family member that needs a pc, too. just remember to completely wipe your personal information.. q : i just gave my teenage daughter her first cell phone. what can i do to make sure she ' s not visiting any adult sites with it? a : if she does most of her surfing on the house ' s wi - fi, you can use opendns. it filters content at your network router so it protects her from inappropriate sites no matter what gadget she surfs on. if she starts using her gadget ' s 3g or 4g connection to circumvent those blocks, you can download a filtering browser like bsecure. on iphones, however, apple doesn ' t have an official way to change the default browser from safari. you should have a chat with your daughter and make sure she knows what sites are appropriate. q : i keep seeing online that people recommend buying solid - state hard drives instead of conventional drives. what ' s the point? a : a solid - state drive is a little brick of flash memory, like a large usb drive. ssds can make a laptop faster, lighter and more energy efficient. the catch is they can raise the price of a laptop $ 200 to $ 300 and they usually don ' t offer a lot of storage. if you want a performance boost and don ' t store too many large files on your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5189518589495854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.788899"} {"text": "the topic of using blogs in education is nothing new. one thing i have noticed over the years is that many teachers use blogs in basic ways, such as posting a question ( s ) and having the students respond / answer. this is good from time to time, but a blog can be so much more than that. a blog can by one of the most dynamic teaching tools a teacher could have. it can be a review tool, learning tool, creating tool, collaboration tool, a sharing tool or all of them. with this post, i want to give some useful tips and ideas that can be used to make a dynamic blog. so, let \u2019 s go. - the silent review : the silent review video is something i started this past year. this is a video that my students and i make together. as you will see in the video, it is such a simple way to review, but a very helpful one. the video can be posted on your blog for the students to access easily and watch leading up to the test. the attached video is a review over greek mythology. ( be sure the students \u2019 answers are the correct ones! ) - wsg live! my blog is called water for sixth grade, so at the end of each unit, i have a wsg live! review event. this review tool allows me to study with the students the night before the test. i am at my computer at my home, and they are on theirs at their homes. ( how often can a student review with the teacher the night before? ) for 30 - 45 minutes, i go online and with my blog, ask my students questions on my wsg live! post. we discuss the material we have been studying together. i take off comment moderation which allows the students to answer my questions and have their responses post immediately. this is a great way to review interactively. - prezi online collaboration : i am sure you are all familiar with prezi. so let \u2019 s take prezi and combined it with our blog. i posted a prezi on my blog that could be edited by anyone. i told my students that sometime over the next week, they were to add anything they know or learned about our topic ( ancient egypt ). at the end of the week, we had a ton of things posted. the next step was to take what was added to the prezi and organize it into topics such as \u201c nile river \u201d or \u201c pyramids \u201d or \u201c religioni. \u201d this forced the students to do some thinking as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4969898347130295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.793424"} {"text": "a ton of things posted. the next step was to take what was added to the prezi and organize it into topics such as \u201c nile river \u201d or \u201c pyramids \u201d or \u201c religioni. \u201d this forced the students to do some thinking as to which category each piece of info went into. - keep it fresh : there is a multitude of tools that can be used through your blog. create a comic on pixton to help students learn / review in a more fun way. have the students post a thought / comment on wall - wisher. have the students create an imaginary conversation between them and someone of their choice about a topic. post some online flashcards for them with flashcardmachine. hold a debate on your blog, which allows everybody to have a voice, instead of just one kid getting called on. share student work, post interesting videos. the possibilities are endless! keep in mind, you want your blog to be something that the students want to go to. so don \u2019 t \u201c over blog \u201d but try to keep new and useful / interesting things going. start building momentum and remind / show the students how helpful it can be. soon, the students will \u201c buy in \u201d to your blog and jump on board. and when that happens, you shall have a dynamic blog. my name is dan klumper and i live and teach in brandon, sd. i have taught 6th grade social studies for the past six years. i am originally from worthington, mn. i attended augustana college in sioux falls, sd. i have a passion for technology in education because i believe it can make a huge impact on today \u2019 s students. thank you. twitter : @ danklumperemail : daniel. klumper @ k12. sd. us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5004658712814043, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.794162"} {"text": "what is a retrofit? main entry : ret \u00b7 ro \u00b7 fit pronunciation : \\ \u2019 re - tro - \u2019 fit, \u2018 re - tro - \u2019 fit \\ function : transitive verb 1 : to furnish ( as a computer, airplane, or building ) with new or modified parts or equipment not available or considered necessary at the time of manufacture 2 : to install ( new or modified parts or equipment ) in something previously manufactured or constructed 3 : to adapt to a new purpose or need 4 : to save a lot of money on energy costs! 5 : to update your current lighting system innovation and continuous improvement in the field of lighting have given rise to tremendous energy - saving opportunities. lighting is an area in which there is enormous energy - efficient potential, starting at the design stage by incorporating modern energy - efficient lamps and luminaries. following responsible operational practices also can significantly reduce associated energy costs. lighting is not only a very high priority when considering facility retrofitting, but also is a high - return, low - risk investment. by installing new lighting technologies such as dimmers, photo sensors, occupancy sensors, and timers, facilities can reduce the amount of electricity consumed and energy costs associated with lighting. there are several types of energy efficient lighting and affordable lighting technology : compact fluorescents lights, light - emitting diodes ( leds ), and lighting controls. below are a few examples of energy - saving opportunities with efficient lighting! \u2022 installation of energy - efficient fluorescent lamps in place of conventional fluorescent lamps for example converting to t8 or t5 lamps from t12 lamps. \u2022 installation of compact fluorescent lamps ( cfls ) in place of incandescent lamps. \u2022 installation of high pressure sodium ( hps ) lamps for applications where color rendering is not critical. metal halide lamps should also be considered when correct color is important. \u2022 installation of led exit signs to replace incandescents. \u2022 installation of high frequency ( hf ) electronic ballasts in place of conventional ballasts. \u2022 installation of occupancy sensors, an inexpensive way to ensure that unused lights do not remain on. \u2022 installation of microprocessor - based controllers. \u2022 installation of photocells, devices that automatically detect the natural light level in a room and adjust the intensity of the artificial light accordingly. \u2022 replacing incandescent wall lights and exit sign lighting with cfl or led - lit units will not only save a considerable amount of energy, it also will significantly reduce labor costs associated with changing light bulbs,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5970938860671406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.799393"} {"text": "you are invited to join us for our monthly bird banding program at the gcbo hq in lake jackson. licensed bird banders and gcbo research associates robert and kay lookingbill will be banding at the sanctuary on a regular basis. birds are captured for banding in very fine nylon nets known as \" mist nets \" because they are almost invisible in the environment. captured birds are weighed and measured and their species, sex, and age are recorded. each is fitted with an aluminum leg band with a unique number provided by the u. s. fish & wildlife service and released unharmed. if the bird is captured again, the band provides the link to retrieve this history, which then provides important information on the routes used by migrating birds, their longevity, and general physical condition. the purpose of the project is to establish baseline data for the gcbo property on both resident and migratory bird populations. about half of the 34 - acre headquarters tract is old growth columbia bottomland hardwood forest. the remaining acreage is partially cleared woodland with the larger trees remaining, the new constructed wetland, and the edges of buffalo camp bayou. banding will allow us to obtain information about the physical condition of migrants at this intermediate location between the coast and the bottomland forests lying well inland. both coastal woodlots and inland bottomland forests are known to be extremely important stopover habitats for nearctic - neotropical migrants that move through the gulf of mexico region. birds that are captured for banding can provide valuable information about their relative physical condition. fat deposits, which provide the fuel necessary for the arduous undertaking of the twice annual travel of hundreds to thousands of miles, can be estimated by examining handheld birds. recently arrived migrants generally exhibit little or no fat, as their fuel \" tank \" is depleted by the long flights they have just finished. the importance of stopover habitat to migrants is that it provides them with both shelter and a source of rapid replenishment of the fat reserves necessary to continue migration. in addition, bird banding is an excellent form of public outreach and education. the public is invited to attend the regular banding sessions which are scheduled for the third saturday in each month. please check our website for any last minute changes in the monitoring dates. funding for this program has been generously provided by a grant from the u. s. fish and wildlife service texas coastal program office in clear lake, texas and conocophillips sweeny refinery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47538877953396275, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.802581"} {"text": "historical books & maps search tips historical books & maps last and first name search - when you search both first and last name fields, the search results contain historical books and maps where the surname is \" near2 \" the first name. - the search engine automatically finds all of the first and last name occurrences that are within two words of each other in the historical books and maps archive. - when you search both first and last name, it helps the search engine find occurrences of middle names or initials in the old books and maps archive. - the \" near2 \" search command isn ' t order specific. this means that your historical books and maps search will retrieve the person ' s name irrespective of how it is ordered : the last name then the first name or the first name then the last name. - the historical books and maps search default is intended to return the maximum occurrences of the relative ' s name you are seeking to find. - if the ancestor ' s name you are researching is popular, like jones, try narrowing your search with some of the options such as location, date range, and keyword. this will create a more targeted query and help the search engine find the specific jones you are searching for ( see below ). advanced search tips for the historical books & maps database - there are two keyword search boxes to help target your search for historical books and maps : - \" include keywords with search \" box and \" exclude keywords from search \" box ( see below ). - use the date search box for a specific date or date range of the historical books and maps you are looking for. how to search historical books & maps with keywords and quotation marks - all historical books and maps queries are full - text keyword searches against ocr - generated ascii text. the complete texts of the old books and maps are scanned against your search query to locate matches. - use the \" include keywords with search \" box and / or \" exclude keywords from search \" box, to expand or narrow your old books and maps search. - enclose key phrases in quotation marks, such as \" abraham lincoln \" in the \" include \" keyword box to narrow the historical books and maps search to the specific name rather than using the last / first name search that returns search results that match abraham near2 lincoln. - if a large number of names are returned for your historical books and maps archive query, narrow your search by entering names or places that you do not want included in your results into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41719369524513344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.807232"} {"text": "name search that returns search results that match abraham near2 lincoln. - if a large number of names are returned for your historical books and maps archive query, narrow your search by entering names or places that you do not want included in your results into the \" exclude \" box. searching historical books & maps with boolean operators - you can search the historical documents database using boolean operators like and, or, adjx ( order specific ), nearx ( order non - specific ) and wildcards ( such as \"? \" and \" * \" ). expand or narrow your historical books and maps queries - by clearing populated search fields to expand your query, or by filling in empty search fields to narrow your search query. you can display historical books and maps results in a multitude of ways, such as : - best matches ( this is the historical books and maps database search default ). - oldest items ( based on book and map publication dates ). - newest items ( based on book and map publication dates ). - once the search default is changed, the current selection will remain the default until it is changed again. searching historical books & maps by date range - if you know the specific date of the historical book or map you are looking for, use the \" date \" search box : - enter a specific date or a date range & mdashseveral date formats are accepted. - examples : july 4, 1807, or 1807 - 1876, or july 1807 - november 1876. search for old historical books & maps using colonial english variant spellings many of the historical books and maps in the archives database are extremely old, so these searches must account for colonial english. - in several colonial english texts, the long \" s \" character was nearly identical to the \" f. \" - if you are looking for old historical books and maps on words containing the letter \" s, \" use the \"? \" for \" s. \" - note : this can occur whether it is the first letter, a letter within a word, or at the end of a word. - the double \" s \" in keywords like missouri should be replaced with two wildcards in historical books and maps searches. old historical books & maps colonial english query examples : | modern spelling | | colonial spellings | | suggested search | - in old colonial american books and maps, type was set was by hand and printers often didn ' t always have all the type pieces needed to correctly spell a word. these limitations resulted in letters sometimes being omitted from words, or letters that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43520375528940414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.808250"} {"text": "search | - in old colonial american books and maps, type was set was by hand and printers often didn ' t always have all the type pieces needed to correctly spell a word. these limitations resulted in letters sometimes being omitted from words, or letters that looked similar being used in their place. - several of these old books and maps did not use standard spellings. - here are a few examples of conventions that were common in old american books and maps : - examples of interchanging the use of the letters \" i \" and \" y \" : - adjoining - adjoyning - pennsylvania - pensilvania or penfilvania - rails - rayls - use of name variants : smith or smythe - use of \" e \" in word endings : chesapeake or chesapeak - dropping the letter \" h \" : philadelphia or philadelpia - examples of irregular vowel usage : - clerk - cleark - color - colour - delaware - deleware - elijah - elifha - israel - ifreal - ifral - jehovah - javovah - examples of adding the letter e to word endings : - brown - browne - chesapeake - chefopeak or chefopeake - clark - clarke - highways - highwayes colonial american books & maps search notes : - use wildcards such as the question mark \"? \" or the asterisk \" * \" in your colonial books or maps searches. - a question mark is a single - character wildcard and an asterisk is a multi - character ( allows for up to 5 characters ) wildcard.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4580902828934601, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.808832"} {"text": "l a b s a f e t y the national association of biology teachers recognizes the importance of laboratory activities using human body samples and has developed minimum safety guidelines to minimize the risk of transmitting serious disease. ( \" the use of human body fluids and tissue products in biology, \" news & views, june 1996. ) these are summarized below : the mouthwash method of dna isolation does generate liquid waste ; however, the risk of spreading an infectious agent is much less likely than from natural atomizing processes, such as coughing or sneezing. several elements further minimize any risk of spreading an infectious agent that might be present in mouthwash samples : consent and confidentiality student particpation in this experiment raises real - life questions about the use of personal genetic data : there is concensus that a human dna sample should be obtained only with the willing consent of a donor, who understands the purpose for which it is being collected. thus, the experiments should be explained ahead of time and students given the option to refrain from participating. ( some teachers may wish to have parents sign a consent from, such as those filled out for a field trip. ) there is also consensus that a dna sample be used only for the express purpose for which it is collected. thus, student dna samples should be thrown away after completing the experiments in this unit. ( in fact, the cheek cell samples are not stable enough for long term storage. ) the alu pv92 insertion and mt control region polymorphisms used in these experiments were specifically selected because they are phenotypically neutral. neither locus encodes a protein, nor has any known relationship to disease states, sex determination, or any other phenotype. even though there is no chance of disclosing phenotypic information about the experimenters, all student polymorphism data stored at our allele server and sequence server sites are anonymous. online submission forms identify students only by number and have no entry fields for personal identifiers. we recommend that each student select a four - digit personal identification number ( pin ) and label their experiment with this number. under this system, there is no chance that a student can ever be linked to his / her sample in the database. alternately, students can be assigned a sequential number, with no permanent key maintained by the teacher. all polymorphisms are inherited in a mendelian fashion and can give indications about family relationships. the pv92 polymorphism has an inherently low information content \u2013 usually there are at least several parental genotypes that could account for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5535372045118354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.812616"} {"text": "about harry burrard sir harry burrard, 1st baronet ( 1 june 1755 \u2013 17 october 1813 ) was a british general during the peninsular war. after woolwich burrard joined the royal artillery, the 60th foot and the 1st foot guards, seeing combat in the american revolution and the revolutionary wars. he was captured during a raid on the bruges canal in 1798. he led the 2nd brigade during the 1799 anglo - russian campaign in holland, fighting at the battles of bergen, egmont and castricum. in 1807, he commanded the 1st division at the siege of copenhagen. sir harry burrard had long since passed his prime when he took over the british army in portugal from sir arthur wellesley in 1808. wellesley was one of the most junior lieutenant - generals in the british army, so for reasons of protocol, a more senior officer had to be placed above him. burrard stopped wellesley ' s pursuit of general jean - andoche junot after vimeiro. it was his only real order during his one day in command of the army. he was replaced the next day by an equally cautious sir hew dalrymple who began negotiations with junot which led to the infamous convention of cintra. recalled to london for an inquiry into the treaty, burrard was placed in retirement from active duty. he was nicknamed betty by his troops. the burrard inlet was named after his cousin, also named sir harry burrard ( 1765 \u2013 1840 ), by george vancouver in june 1792. one of burrard ' s sons was killed at the battle of corunna and another died in the breach at the siege of san sebastian. he appears in naomi novik ' s fifth temeraire novel, victory of eagles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37258094894817717, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.815453"} {"text": "1852 vuillemin map of spain and portugal description : an uncommon and extremely attractive 1852 map of iberia or spain and portugal by a. vuillemin. the map covers all of spain and portugal from france to the mediterranean sea and includes the balearic islands of ibiza, majorca, and minorca. throughout, the map identifies various cities, towns, rivers and assortment of additional topographical details. as this map was drawn the spanish prime minister juan bravo murillo was dismissed form office. liberal sentiments within spain were growing rapidly, leading to the progressive biennium, in which the progressive party tried to replace the conservative liberalism of the moderate party and advocated radical liberalism. the map features a beautiful frame style border. prepared by a. vuillemin for publication as plate no. 16 in the 1852 maison basset edition of atlas illustre destine a l ' enseignement de la geographie elementaire. date : 1852 ( undated ) source : barbie du bocage, j. d., atlas illustre destine a l ' enseignement de la geographie elementaire, ( paris : maison basset ) 1852. cartographer : alexandre vuillemin ( 1812 - 1880 ) was a cartographer and an book editor based in paris, france. despite a prolific cartographic career, much of vuillemin ' s life is shrouded in mystery. what is known is that his studied under the prominent french auguste henri dufour ( 1798 - 1865 ). vuillemin ' s most important work his detailed, highly decorative large format atlas illustre de geographie commerciale et industrielle. click here for a list of rare maps from alexandre vuillemin. cartographer : jean denis barbie du bocage ( 1760 - 1825 ) and his son jean - guillaume barbie du bocage ( 1795 - 1848 ) were french cartographers and cosmographers active in paris during late 18th and early 19th centuries. the elder barbie du bocage, jean denis, was trained as a cartographer and engraver in the workshops of mapmaking legend j. b. b. d ' anville. at some point jean denis held the post of royal librarian of france and it was through is associations with d ' anville that the d ' anville collection of nearly 9000 maps was acquired by french ministry of foreign affairs. the younger barbie du bocage, jean - guillaume, acquired a position shortly afterwards at the ministry of foreign affairs and, in time, became its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40996031823365886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.818046"} {"text": "lisbon, mar 22 ( ips ) - the huge impact of the economic crisis on male employment in portugal has led to a sharp increase in the proportion of women who have become the main breadwinners in their families. but that has not translated into progress towards equality. \" today there is more male unemployment than female, because the crisis has especially affected the civil construction industry, \" said analia torres, a professor at the technical university of lisbon ' s higher institute of social and political sciences. \" with less economic activity in that industry, which traditionally employs men, the male unemployment rate has climbed, while in sectors that generally employ women, unemployment grew much less, \" torres said in an interview with ips. the european commission expects unemployment in portugal to reach 17. 3 percent in 2013. but opposition parties and trade unions project a rate of 24 percent. professor analia torres at the technical university of lisbon ' s higher institute of social and political sciences. credit : mario queiroz / ips the gap between the figures is explained by the thousands of people who have stopped registering at the government employment centres or have moved abroad, mainly to other european countries or to the former portuguese colonies of brazil, angola, mozambique or macau. among those who only have a primary school education, \" the woman always earns less than the man, \" torres said. \" and as the educational level increases, the difference between the incomes of men and women grows. a woman with a doctorate earns much less than a man ( with the same degree ). \" in areas like education and health, where women earn 20 percent less than men, it is men who are most often laid off \" because they are more expensive. \" another factor that puts women in the position of bringing home the bacon \" is that many remunerated activities carried out by women are in the informal economy, undeclared or unskilled work, such as cleaning or babysitting in the homes of the well - off, \" the academic said. in portugal, the 1961 - 1974 colonial war in the country ' s overseas territories in africa \u2013 angola, guinea - bissau and mozambique \u2013 \" led to large numbers of women replacing men ( in the workplace ), \" torres said. since then, \" the idea of the working woman who helps support her family has remained in place, \" she added. during the war, portugal maintained a permanent force of 220, 000 military troops \u2013 an enormous figure compared to a population at the time of 8. 8 million ( 10. 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39891716425848445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.823667"} {"text": "woman who helps support her family has remained in place, \" she added. during the war, portugal maintained a permanent force of 220, 000 military troops \u2013 an enormous figure compared to a population at the time of 8. 8 million ( 10. 6 million today ). in the 1960s, one million people from portugal moved abroad for economic reasons or to avoid being sent to war in africa. women, torres said, \" took on a central role in a country with very few men of working age. \" nevertheless, \" the predominant sexism persisted, and men continue to make a show of unacceptable machismo today, \" she said. \" by refusing to help do things around the home on the argument that \u2018 i am a man, i don ' t do that kind of work ', which also causes serious domestic violence problems, men show that the sexist culture is still in place. \" women are sometimes the target of violence, often with tragic results, because many men \" base their masculinity on their wage - earning power, even though both men and women have been working and supporting the family for a long time now in portugal, \" torres added. between january and november 2012, 30 women were killed in portugal by their partners or ex - partners, according to umar, one of the largest women ' s organisations in the country. that makes portugal the country with the largest number of femicides \u2013 gender - related murders \u2013 in the european union, in proportion to the population. but \" working is also a kind of insurance against machismo, in the sense of women being aware that they are making a living and don ' t need men, \" torres said. sociologist and researcher sofia aboim of the university of lisbon ' s institute of social sciences said that in the last eight years, the proportion of couples in which the woman is the main breadwinner has risen from two to 16. 5 percent. it is \" obvious \" that many men \" have suffered a strong blow to their self - esteem, because their masculinity is traditionally associated closely with supporting the family, \" she wrote in the newspaper publico about the conclusions of a study on the subject. aboim said this situation was seen especially in couples with low levels of education and in older couples, especially between the ages of 51 and 65. but torres said discrimination against women is also deeply rooted among more educated segments of the population, even though \" there are many women with excellent educations - teachers and professors, for instance. \" in general", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41977272705974394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.824784"} {"text": ", especially between the ages of 51 and 65. but torres said discrimination against women is also deeply rooted among more educated segments of the population, even though \" there are many women with excellent educations - teachers and professors, for instance. \" in general, \" the highest - level posts are filled by men, even though, for example in the academic world, studies show that there is no difference in the production of research or articles. but women are not heads of institutes and are not on the boards of universities, with very few exceptions, \" she said. one big exception is the centre for judicial studies, which provides training for future judges and prosecutors. because the centre accepts lawyers on the basis of competitive examinations, \" 80 percent of those who have been accepted for training as magistrates in the last decade were women, because they scored higher than men. \" the problems plaguing portugal affect everyone, \" but in the crisis, women face greater difficulties, aggravated in cases in which their husbands are unemployed, because they still have to take everything on their shoulders. \" the worst thing about this government ( of conservative prime minister pedro passos coelho ) is its complete insensitivity and indifference towards the plight of the people, \" torres said. this is especially serious in portugal and other countries where sexism is predominant, she said, because \" if a woman has work and her partner does not, she continues to do the housework, unlike what occurs in other places, where men participate in the housework when they are unemployed. \" \u00a9 inter press service ( 2013 ) \u2014 all rights reservedoriginal source : inter press service latest news headlines read the latest news stories : - u. s. strategy on water, development a \u201c major advance \u201d wednesday, may 22, 2013 - stressed ecosystems leaving humanity high and dry tuesday, may 21, 2013 - organic cooperative proves that agriculture can prosper in cuba tuesday, may 21, 2013 - indigenous brazilians learn to fight for the right to food tuesday, may 21, 2013 - seeking justice for dictatorship victims \u2013 two continents apart tuesday, may 21, 2013 - tackling crime takes on import as urban populations rise tuesday, may 21, 2013 - q & a : guantanamo ' has no right to exist ' tuesday, may 21, 2013 - unfpa focuses on contraception for 222 million in developing world tuesday, may 21, 2013 - caribbean farming gets its roots wet tuesday, may 21, 2013 - zimbabwe \u2019 s ruling party militias spread fear of voting tuesday, may 21, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41536911495775025, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.825906"} {"text": "gnu mix development kit ( mdk ) mix is donald knuth ' s mythical computer as described in his monumental work the art of computer programming. as any of its real counterparts, the mix features registers, memory cells, an overflow toggle, comparison flags, input - output devices, and a set of binary instructions executable by its virtual cpu. you can program the mix using an assembly language called mixal, the mix assembly language. so, what ' s the use of learning mixal? the mix computer is a simplified version of real cisc computers, and its assembly language closely resembles real ones. you can learn mix / mixal as an introduction to computer architecture and assembly programming : see the mdk documentation for a tutorial on mix and mixal. mdk ( mix development kit ) offers an emulation of mix and mixal. the current version of mdk includes the following applications : - mixasm a mixal compiler, which translates your source files into binary ones, executable by the mix virtual machine. - mixvm a mix virtual machine which is able to run and debug compiled mixal programs, using a command line interface with readline ' s line editting capabilities. - gmixvm a mix virtual machine with a gtk + gui which allows you running and debugging your mixal programs through a nice graphical interface ( see screenshots ). - mixguile a guile interpreter with an embedded mix virtual machine, manipulable through a library of scheme functions. - mixal - mode. el an emacs major mode for mixal source files editing, providing syntax highlighting, documentation lookup and invocation of mixvm within emacs ( since version 22, mixal - mode is part of the standard emacs distribuition ). - mixvm. el an elisp program which allows you to run mixvm within an emacs gud window, simultaneously viewing your mixal source file in another buffer. using the mdk tools, you ' ll be able to - write, compile and execute mixal programs, - set breakpoints and run your programs step by step, - set conditional breakpoints ( register change, memory change, etc. ), - collect execution timing statistics, - trace executed instructions, - inspect and modify the mix registers, flags and memory contents at any step, - simulate mix input - output devices using the standard output and your file system. the user ' s manual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5372144355442621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.828859"} {"text": "how to use bitmap in turbo c + + this simple program explain you about how to use bitmap in turbo c + +. note : before running this program you have to copy one file in your \" bgi \" directory. that file either you have to download from the net or i will provide you. the file name is \" svga256. bgi \". copy this file at your \" tc \\ bgi \\ \". your tc path. i am not able to attach this file because the file extension is not supported.. if you need this file, i will provide you. 1 ) you have to use the bitmap structure, there is no need to change anything in this structure. just copy this structure in one of the. cpp file like \" bitmap. cpp \". char type ; / * magic identifier * / unsigned long size ; / * file size in bytes * / unsigned short int reserved1, reserved2 ; unsigned long offset ; / * offset to image data, bytes * / extern a header, header1 ; unsigned long size ; / * header size in bytes * / unsigned long width, height ; / * width and height of image * / unsigned short int planes ; / * number of colour planes * / unsigned short int bits ; / * bits per pixel * / unsigned long compression ; / * compression type * / unsigned long imagesize ; / * image size in bytes * / unsigned long xresolution, yresolution ; / * pixels per meter * / unsigned long ncolours ; / * number of colours * / unsigned long importantcolours ; / * important colours * / extern b infoheader, infoheader1 ; 2 ) in the main file i mean the file which contain the \" main \" function write this code. / / this global function is used for the resolution of the bitmap. you can set the return value either 1, 2 or 3. for me 3 is the best combination. int gd = detect, md, a ; initgraph ( & gd, & md, \" c : \\ \\ tc \\ \\ bgi \" ) ; / / path may be different in your computer. / / suppose you have one show function which read the bitmap from the disk. then this show function looks like this. / / here you have to define the path of the bitmap file. like according to this example i have to open one board1. b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43180845083423025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.833566"} {"text": "show function which read the bitmap from the disk. then this show function looks like this. / / here you have to define the path of the bitmap file. like according to this example i have to open one board1. bmp file. so write you bitmap file path here. unsigned char ch ; file. read ( ( char * ) & header, 14 ) ; / / this is the header part of the bitmap. it always looks like same. don ' t change the content hear. the value remains 14 here. file. read ( ( char * ) & infoheader, 40 ) ; / / this is another part of the bitmap, here also the value remains same like 40 here. unsigned int i ; if ( palettedata ) / / if memory allocated successfully / / read color data / / don ' t change the code here because i have done some shifting here. its working fine. outp ( 0x03c8, 0 ) ; / / tell dac that data is coming for ( i = 0 ; i < 256 * 3 ; i + + ) / / send data to svga dac for ( i = 0 ; i < infoheader. height ; i + + ) / / this for loop is used to display the bitmap. file. read ( & ch, 1 ) ; / / here ch reads the color of your bitmap. putpixel ( xcor + j + +, ycor + infoheader. height - i - 1, ch ) ; / / xcor and ycor are the x and y cordinates. it depends upon you. / / another way to display the bitmap is. suppose i have another show1 ( ) function. this is simple as compare to previous show function. file. seekg ( 54, ios : : beg ) ; / / its remains same. means value always remains 54 file. seekg ( 256 * 4, ios : : cur ) ; / / its remains same means value always remain 256 * 4. for ( int i = 0 ; i < 40 ; i + + ) / / here 40 shows the height of the bitmap. it may be differ it depends upon the size of your bitmap. for ( int j = 0 ; j < 36 ; j + + ) / / here 36 shows the width of the bitmap. it may be differ it depends upon the size of your bit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4673118992307519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.834548"} {"text": "it will take tens of billions of dollars to repair the damage wrought by superstorm sandy. but scientists who study climate change say repair is not enough. as the climate warms, ice sheets and glaciers will melt, raising the sea level. that means coastal storms will more likely cause flooding. so new yorkers, local politicians and scientists face a tough decision : how to spend limited funds to defend themselves from what climate experts call \" the new normal. \" new york city faces the atlantic ocean like a chin waiting to be hit, and sandy stepped up and whacked it. and there will be more storms like sandy. \" storms today are different, \" says jane lubchenco, who heads the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, which includes the national weather service. \" because of sea level rise, the storm surge was much more intense, much higher than it would have been in a non - climate changed world. \" even garden - variety storms may someday heave water up to your doorstep. so the question now is : how to prepare for the next big one? some things are a given. you can see this as you drive through staten island ' s shore neighborhoods. many of these houses are a coin toss above sea level. sandy knocked one - story bungalows off their foundations and flooded the rest. repair crews go from house to house, cutting up soggy flooring and hauling away debris. green and yellow stickers on the front doors tell a story : yellow means the house isn ' t habitable ; green means it ' s ok. marit larson, with the city ' s parks and recreation department, says most of the ok ones were built after the late 1990s, when building codes changed. \" zoning codes required that no utilities were in the basement, \" she says. \" electrical and gas, heating whatever utilities they had, had to be built on the second floor. \" in between houses you can see wetlands tall reeds and twisted trees in standing water. larson says normally they slow runoff from rainstorms. but sandy ' s 10 - foot - high surge overwhelmed them. \" just simply the amount of water that came in and inundated these people ' s property that couldn ' t be held back by these wetlands, \" larson says. she says wetlands could be useful for future storms, however, if you put them in the right place and make them big enough. along a beach, for example, wetlands help blunt the energy of incoming waves. but you need more. at this beachfront community, the beach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3999645829928388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.840123"} {"text": "useful for future storms, however, if you put them in the right place and make them big enough. along a beach, for example, wetlands help blunt the energy of incoming waves. but you need more. at this beachfront community, the beach is flat and narrow not much help. sand dunes and sea walls engineer franco montalto of drexel university says it could be \" nourished \" built up with sand or sediment to create dunes that hold back the water. \" and the evidence seems to be that places that had rehabilitated beaches suffered less damage than places that didn ' t, \" montalto says. for years, the army corps of engineers has built sand dunes along east coast beaches. although many got swept away by sandy, they ' re relatively cheap to rebuild. it ' s the kind of defense that montalto calls \" green infrastructure. \" he says the green strategy has multiple benefits. \" you know, a beach nourishment project could have value in terms of protecting houses, it could add habitat and could sort of enhance the value of this beach, \" montalto says. new york is seeking about $ 10 billion to prepare for the next big storm. some experts, like montalto, say you get more bang for your buck with a \" distributed \" defense dunes, wetlands, bigger stormwater culverts, even urban parks that slow down the flow of water. they ' re cheaper and designed to fit the needs of a particular community. but city officials are contemplating plans to build huge sea walls across the mouths of the hudson and east rivers, for example, and even one from new jersey to new york. each would cost $ 6 billion or more. klaus jacob, a geoscientist at columbia university ' s lamont - doherty laboratory in new york, is skeptical about sea walls. \" the only thing that barriers do is prevent storm surges, \" he says. \" now that ' s wonderful. it would have taken care of sandy and will take care of future storm surges up to a point. \" that point being when sea levels rise enough to push a storm surge over the top of the sea wall. since no one knows how high levels will go, a sea wall could become obsolete in a few decades. moreover, a sea wall is open most of the time to let traffic through. so as the ocean rises, it will raise the river level, too. \" so now we have barriers. the sea level rise still goes wherever it wants to go,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44484116062048173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.841132"} {"text": "moreover, a sea wall is open most of the time to let traffic through. so as the ocean rises, it will raise the river level, too. \" so now we have barriers. the sea level rise still goes wherever it wants to go, \" he says. jacob isn ' t against sea walls, but he says the city needs to figure out ways to live with higher sea levels and flooding, even if that means abandoning some flood zones. cynthia rosenzweig, a climate scientist at nasa ' s goddard institute for space studies, says most new yorkers have reached a tipping point on the subject of climate change. \" the evidence is indeed piling up that climate change is no longer something that is happening in future decades, and everyone ' s eyes are glazing over as the scientists are talking about it, \" she says. rosenzweig co - authored a report that looked at the costs and benefits of preparing the city for climate change. it calculated that $ 1 of prevention saves $ 4 in future repairs. \" if we ' re going to be having this much damage again and again, our whole economy of our region will not be able to survive, \" she says. and as former new york mayor ed koch once said, \" new york city is where the future comes to rehearse. \" copyright 2012 national public radio. to see more, visit http : / / www. npr. org /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4018138365069852, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.841672"} {"text": "what if each new fragrance we test was actually leeching away our brain \u2019 s processing power? that \u2019 s the first thing i thought when i read an article on salon. com reporting the findings of dr. eric spangenberg, an environmental psychologist and the dean of washington state university \u2019 s college of business. dr. spangenberg carried out a study in a home - goods store in switzerland and two others with his undergraduates in the us to compare the effects of three olfactive environments : unscented, scented with orange, and scented with a more complex blend of orange, basil and green tea ( the two scents both tested as similarly pleasant ). it turns out the single - note scent was the only one to make a difference : in the swiss store, customers spent 20 percent more, while the undergraduates solve more computerized anagrams more quickly. no - scent and complex scent environments yielded identical results. it would make sense that a pleasant scent, if it is compatible with the environment, would drive customers to linger in a store and therefore be exposed to more temptations. it \u2019 s also quite possible that the smell of oranges lifts the mood of students solving anagrams, therefore enhancing their intellectual performance because they \u2019 re less stressed out. when i reached out to dr. spangenberg to discuss these issues, this is what he answered : \u201c our interpretation of fluency theory suggests that it is either, as you suggest, increased affect for the simple scent and therefore they are in a better mood, or the scent enhances cognitive capacity ( and isn \u2019 t too complex and therefore taking up processing capacity ). it could be some combination of both explanations which would help explain why we found no difference in response behaviors between complex and no - scent, and simple scent was better ( significantly ) that both of those conditions. \u201d the processing fluency theory he refers to is \u201c the ease with which information is processed in the human mind \u201d ( according to wikipedia ). it seems that \u201c high fluency is subjectively experienced as positive \u201d : in other words, we feel good when we can suss something out easily. in this theory, fluency has a bearing on what we find beautiful based on symmetry, familiarity, etc. this would explain why the orange - basil - tea, though as pleasant as the orange, doesn \u2019 t produce the same effect when people experience it without being aware of it. their brains are actually using up processing resources to identify the notes \u2013 a bit like a background program slowing other software down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5330678789462595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.846016"} {"text": "- tea, though as pleasant as the orange, doesn \u2019 t produce the same effect when people experience it without being aware of it. their brains are actually using up processing resources to identify the notes \u2013 a bit like a background program slowing other software down. because the fragrance itself becomes a problem to be solved, they are less engaged by other stimuli ( buying napkins or solving anagrams ). it \u2019 s like a nagging, subconscious \u201c i \u2019 ve got it on the tip of my tongue \u201d feeling. this may be why i, for one, refrain from testing a new fragrance \u2013 or even from wearing fragrance at all \u2013 when i \u2019 m about to tackle a tricky intellectual task. as though i needed to shut the \u201c background program \u201d, the floating attention required to turn my impressions of a fragrance into words as i experience it over the hours. but on the other hand, floating attention \u2013 as opposed to knitted - brow, \u201c pick out the notes \u201d sessions over blotters \u2013 is usually what yields the most creative results. it \u2019 s when i forget the fragrance that i find the words. they pop up while i \u2019 m performing some mindless activity like walking or taking a shower. which is where processing fluency must kick in : i \u2019 ve trained the smell = > words paths in my brain, so the connection happens spontaneously when i \u2019 m not trying to force it. all perfume lovers are familiar with that eureka moment. this makes me wonder whether it \u2019 s possible that some fine fragrances, despite their complexity, achieve a harmony that makes people process them fluently without even being aware of it. not necessarily because they are simple, figurative and / or familiar, but because somehow their olfactory forms make as much sense as the smell of oranges, echoing proportions, or achieving the same relationship between their notes, as something produced by nature. perhaps that is the key to the success of some original fragrances \u2013 as opposed to copycats : people perceive these proportions subconsciously and respond to their harmony. it ' s also possible that becoming more fluent in the language of scent, dedicated perfume lovers may experience the pleasurable feelings procured by fluent processing more frequently. in that case, though testing different scents drains some of our brainpower, we \u2019 d be benefitting because this fluent processing would subtly enhance our mood, and maybe even our cognitive capacities. that \u2019 s probably not something that can be tested in labs, but it \u2019 s a damn sight more reassuring than to think all those vials around my computer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5601207226715568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.847113"} {"text": "top online resources for homework help from atlases to study guides, these recommended websites will help students ace their assignments. by miriam myers does your child ' s math homework have you stumped? does he need help with a science project? direct him online to the growing number of homework help websites to help him find answers to his burning questions. such resources range from reference sites to those staffed by experts. a site may have teachers or professionals your child can email to ask a question. if she has a question about the planets, she can find an expert astronomer. help your child check the site to see when she can expect an answer \u2014 it may take a few days or weeks. reference sites range from atlases to encyclopedias. they are a place your child can go to access information to help answer their questions. if your child is doing research on sea animals, he can use a reference online such as an almanac or an encyclopedia to help complete his homework and develop his research skills. check your local library ' s website too. some, like the boston public library, offer reference material as well as online help from real people. to access the online help features, you may need to enter your library card number. there are websites that are subject and grade level specific. some sites give free advice, while others charge a fee. help your child learn that it ' s important to evaluate the source of any information she gets online and show her how to find the \" about us \" section of a site. inform your child that these sites are tools to help her answer questions and that she will need to cite and acknowledge others ' work correctly. the following sites will assist you in finding resources to help your child successfully complete his homework assignments. while these sites are for kids, it is always a good idea to supervise your child while he is online. fact monster : homework center this kid - friendly site from information please, a pearson education company, sorts information by subjects, homework skills, reference sources and tools. find information on how to write a research paper and how to cite sources. browse the almanac and find an interactive periodic table or click on the atlas to find country, state and city profiles. this website, created by an elementary school teacher, has compiled a list of homework help, reference resources, and search engines for kids. you can do a search or click through the topics to find information about subjects, such as insects or the history of toys. education world : study skills and homework help this site for teachers lists several homework resources. check", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4417388158171843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.850289"} {"text": "floating gardens ( mexico, bangladesh ) floating gardens extend the growing area of rural communities where land is scarce. they are built by piling mud on top of anchored reeds in the water to construct a fertile bed for growing vegetables. the method is both cheap and sustainable. the method dates from pre - hispanic times in mexico, when the aztecs constructed chinampas or floating gardens in the canals of lago texcoco. the gardens became one of the most productive farming systems ever developed. by the time the conquistadors came, the area of xochimilco had become a rich agricultural district where many of the city ' s flowers, fruits and vegetables were grown. the gardens still produce flowers, fruits and vegetables today, and have become a favourite spot for both locals and tourists alike. floating gardens are amongst the options promoted to support the lives of the rural poor bangladesh. crops produced include kang kong ( leafy vegetables ), okra ( lady ' s finger ), gourd, brinjal ( aubergine ), pumpkin, and onions. when the rafts decay they are broken up and used as compost. a new raft is prepared for the next crop. the lives of once destitute families have been transformed by cultivating floating vegetable gardens on the brahmaputra waters. as one farmer put it : \u201c this has made a great difference to my life. now i have enough food in the floods and i can give some to help my relatives as well \u201d. training on the construction and use of floating gardens is provided by practical action and gono unnayan kendro ( guk ), a local ngo. green growth opportunities in the greater mekong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4603237726307967, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.852037"} {"text": "walruses in greenland the walrus with its large body and highly distinctive tusks is easily recognisable. its tusks can grow up to 50 centimetres ( 20 inches ) in length and are used by the walrus as a useful tool, for example when hauling itself up onto an ice floe. the tusks are also used in self - defence when killer whales or polar bears attack the walrus, which can be up to 3 metres ( 10 feet ) in length and weigh 1000 kg ( 2, 200 lbs ). where to find walruses walruses are seen on land and along the coast throughout east greenland, in particular between 63\u00b0 and 81\u00b0 n. in north greenland the davis strait, baffin bay and the thule district are the best places to see walruses. in west greenland - where the walrus does not venture onto land - they can be seen from sisimiut and north towards the thule district. considering that greenland ' s coastline is more than 44, 000 km ( 27, 500 miles ) in length, walruses are relatively few in number. forage for food walruses generally stay close to the edge of the sea ice or on drifting ice floes where the depth of the sea is less than 100 metres ( 330 feet ). here it can dive to pick up mussels and molluscs, which make up its chief sources of nutrition, and it is thought that it uses its tusks to scrape the seabed looking for food. hunting for walruses for the inuits the walrus has always been an important animal to hunt, and one which was also particularly dangerous to meet in a kayak. its beautiful tusks have afforded it respect in greenlandic myths and legends, but also almost cost it its existence due to intensive hunting by foreign companies which began as early as the 17th century. in 1952 the walrus became a fully protected species, and since that time populations have gradually recovered. today quota - based hunting of the walrus takes place in greenland ' s hunting districts, and the export of souvenir products from the walrus requires a cites certificate, which can be obtained from tourist offices or in souvenir shops.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4042056745435415, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.854197"} {"text": "griffin hospital and the valley school districts ( shelton, ansonia, derby, oxford, and seymour schools, including emmett o \u2019 brien technical ), are committed to promoting the health of the valley community and to combating childhood obesity. the valley initiative to advance health & learning in schools ( vitahls ) brings together griffin hospital, the yale - griffin prevention research center, and the 5 valley school districts to develop, implement, evaluate, and sustain a valley - wide school - based childhood obesity prevention program to reduce the prevalence of obesity in students in grades pre - k \u2013 12. - to reduce the prevalence of obesity and to promote the health, wellbeing, and academic readiness of students enrolled in the 5 valley school districts. - to develop a comprehensive and sustainable obesity prevention initiative that focuses on nutrition and physical activity for children in grades pre - k \u2013 12. - to extend the health promotion efforts to include parents / family and school staff. objectives of the vitahls initiative - to create an obesity prevention initiative designed to increase nutrition knowledge and healthy eating and increase physical activity within and outside of the school day - to create and support a health promoting environment within the school setting. - to create programs / activities that can be easily incorporated into, and with minimal disruption, to the school day - to include policy, environmental / structural and educational components - to create programs / activities that are sustainable over time with little to no budget impact on schools, and / or - to secure funding to support any program related costs - to include and encourage participation at all levels \u2013 students, parents, family, teachers, staff - to increase community awareness of obesity and health related risks - be communicated and promoted effectively - to evaluate the impact of the vitahls initiative - to demonstrate improvement in the health of students by - reducing the prevalence of obesity - reducing the average number of sick days per student griffin gala 2012 : dr. david katz dr. katz talks about the desperate need for the vitahls program, and what needs to be done to combat the childhood obesity epidemic. examples of abc for fitness\u00a9 ( activity bursts in the classroom ) mrs. card ' s abc for fitness\u00a9 ( activity bursts in the classroom ) todd howes ' sports galore abc for fitness\u00a9 ( activity bursts in the classroom )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46869885348742235, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.856695"} {"text": "the battle was the royal navy ' s last battleship action, against the last major surface threat to the fraught russian convoy route between scotland and murmansk via iceland. each convoy had three layers of protection : a close escort of destroyers, intermediate cover by cruisers and the distant support of battleships of the home fleet, commanded by admiral sir bruce fraser. the germans ' occupation of norway enabled them to threaten passing convoys with aircraft, u - boats and surface ships separately or simultaneously, which made the route uniquely dangerous for the allies even without the appalling weather. grand admiral karl donitz, commander of the german navy, persuaded a reluctant hitler in december 1943 to sanction a new surface foray against the russian convoys. rear - admiral erich bey left the altenfjord in north norway in the scharnhorst, escorted by five destroyers. admiral fraser had anticipated the move as he organised the distant cover for one westbound and two eastbound convoys aboard his flagship duke of york. intermediate cover was provided by vice - admiral robert burnett ' s three cruisers, including hms norfolk, on which lieutenant - commander pollock was gunnery officer. german aerial activity and a flurry of signals, deciphered at bletchley park, revealed that the scharnhorst was about to come out and attack eastbound convoy jw 55b. fraser raced eastward from iceland. he hoped to catch the germans between burnett to the north - east and himself to the south - west while the threatened convoy was diverted away from the scene. the cruisers sighted the scharnhorst on the morning of december 26 and opened fire. pollock ' s shooting was the best, enabling the norfolk to score a few hits before the heavily armoured scharnhorst, several knots faster, drew away for a second pass at the convoy. but burnett remained between her and her target, leading to a second clash in which the norfolk lost a gun turret. none the less the cruisers conveniently caused the scharnhorst to turn towards the duke of york, approaching at top speed. fraser ' s flagship sighted her just after 4pm. he surprised the germans when he opened fire at six miles, the start of a big - gun duel that lasted 90 minutes. a torpedo attack by destroyers finally slowed the scharnhorst sufficiently to enable the duke of york and the cruisers to surround her and hammer home their final salvoes. only 36 out of nearly 2, 000 german sailors survived. pollock was born in altrincham, cheshire, in 1916, into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4342072363259133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.861011"} {"text": "berkeley lake - the term \" summer camp \" usually conjures images of outdoor play and physical activity. however, these assumptions are false when it comes to camp invention, a summer day camp focused on hands - on education. the nationally acclaimed camp is a weeklong program for rising first - through sixth - graders that combines science and creativity to open up kids ' minds and broaden their horizons. camp invention uses hands - on activities that teach kids to use their imaginations to invent solutions to problems. the camp consists of five modules to help accomplish this feat. these modules, or classes, encourage kids to take apart used appliances, and then recycle the different parts to create something new. each module focuses on something different, and the focus ranges from transportation to alien invasion. the unique idea for camp invention was developed by the national inventors hall of fame in 1990. the camp began as a summer program taking place in two elementary schools, but has since grown to reach more than 800 schools in 46 states. in georgia, camp invention takes place at several elementary schools throughout the summer. at berkeley lake elementary school, students and staff friday finished a successful week at camp invention. director kathy bentley said the camp concentrates on bringing the participants creative, problem - solving experiences that don ' t involve homework, tests or worksheets. \" the kids think of things in different ways here, \" bentley said. \" they have fun with the hands - on activities. \" in the \" wild blue y ' under \" module, campers created different modes of transportation. sixth - grader parker cutler, and her team, the \" motorgirlz, \" were trying to invent a rolling car that would be faster than the other team ' s creations. to make their car, the girls and their fellow campers were using supplies from a large table of appliance parts. \" we get to use our imagination for these projects, \" cutler said. cutler ' s friend, fifth - grader hayley williams, agreed. \" you can create anything you want, \" williams said. \" there are no limits. \" the motorgirlz collectively decided heavier cars rolled faster, so were determined to create a heavy, unique car. \" the teacher gives you a general idea about the project, \" cutler said. \" but you get to make whatever you want. \" just down the hall, in the \" i can invent module, \" third - grader olivia johnson was surrounded by appliance parts as she concentrated on creating a robot. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4695749827868433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.866270"} {"text": "said. \" but you get to make whatever you want. \" just down the hall, in the \" i can invent module, \" third - grader olivia johnson was surrounded by appliance parts as she concentrated on creating a robot. \" i want to make a robot that can cook, \" johnson said. \" so he can help my mom cook when she is too tired. \" johnson was using the cover pieces from a portable cd player for the robot ' s head, and the case of a graphic calculator as one of the robot ' s arms. johnson said her favorite part of camp is taking appliances apart. \" you get to see things you never knew about, \" johnson said. third - grader blake davis was also working hard on his own invention. davis was trying to create a shocking device. camp invention has stringent safety regulations, so none of the supplies davis used in his device carry an electric charge. however, davis used his imagination to overcome his creation ' s physical short comings. \" this is to shock annoying people, \" davis said, as he described his invention. at camp invention, participants also get a taste of forensic science as they investigate a pretend crime scene. in the \" solve it \" module, campers are encouraged to be detectives and discover who stole an inventor ' s log. \" the kids get really serious and are very observant, \" bentley said. \" they focus on putting information together. \" jack kraus, a second - grader, said the crime scene investigation was his favorite part of camp invention. \" i like finding out different clues, \" kraus said. with it ' s unique approach, it ' s no surprise camp invention continues to grow and attract more campers. \" the program appeals to a wide range of kids, \" bentley said. \" everyone can be successful at camp invention. \" most people don ' t expect summer camp to be a haven of knowledge and scientific discovery. but then again, most people don ' t usually expect science and learning to be so much fun. when asked about her favorite part of camp invention, fifth - grader sarah krix couldn ' t decide. \" i can ' t choose, \" krix said. \" it ' s all fun and i like everything about it. \" camp invention is clearly breaking the mold for both science and summer camps alike. todd bentley, a staff member at camp invention, said he loves seeing the kids be inventive and create new things. when asked to describe camp invention,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4722629223602383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.867792"} {"text": "| create time | listen carefully and attentively | be honest | be a credible source | communicate clearly | have reasonable expectations | empathize with your child every parent grapples with the \" best \" way to respond to those difficult questions that inevitably pop up as children get older. it is often hard to develop an explanation that will provide accurate information and be appropriate to your child ' s age and maturity level. and let ' s face it \u2014 sometimes certain questions are just plain uncomfortable. yet parents are the best resource a child has \u2014 and experts agree that developing an established pattern of open communication right from the start can give your son or daughter a healthy base of security and the ability to make sound decisions in the future. but, if parents communicate the message that \" you can ' t talk to me about that, \" children will seek their answers elsewhere. there is no magic answer for every question your son or daughter asks. but, here are some guidelines that can help you address these questions with confidence. establish a habit of open communication at the beginning of your child ' s life. even before she can properly phrase a question, explain things to her constantly. simply hearing language encourages vocabulary and communication. children ' s first questions often consist of two words such as \" go bye - bye? \" or \" more cookie? \" instead of responding with a simple \" yes \" or \" no, \" respond with an explanation using full sentences. for example, in response to the question \" go bye - bye? \" you might say, \" yes, it ' s time to go to the store. we need to pick up some food for dinner. do you want to help mommy? \" frequent dialogue throughout these formative years will encourage healthy communication patterns. in addition, children learn that parents are a resource for having their questions answered. stop what you are doing, look her in the eye, and focus on what your child is saying and asking. children will be drawn to whomever they perceive as taking an interest in them. if they sense that their parents don ' t have time, are not interested, or are uncomfortable answering their questions, they will find their answers elsewhere. amanda, age 16, states, \" i hate it when i ask my mom a question and she just keeps working on her computer. i get mad at her and she tells me she ' s still thinking, and she ' ll get back to me. but she never does. \" in addition to carefully focusing on the question, also take note of what they are not asking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44930625945386604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.875120"} {"text": "computer. i get mad at her and she tells me she ' s still thinking, and she ' ll get back to me. but she never does. \" in addition to carefully focusing on the question, also take note of what they are not asking. this can be helpful in understanding them better. listen carefully and attentively a child ' s innocence is often reflected through her questions. questions like \" where do babies come from? \" and \" is grandpa going to die? \" are questions that deserve an honest answer, yet many adults are tempted to give false or vague answers in an effort to protect the child from the truth. children are seeking to make sense of their world. even though the reality of life is sometimes difficult for anyone to face, giving children false information only confuses their sense of reality and creates distrust. eventually they will be faced with the truth. consider their age, experience, and maturity. then, present them with an honest and developmentally appropriate answer. do not be afraid to say \" i don ' t know the answer to that question \" when it is the most honest response. then discuss how you can explore the answer together. balancing the truth and your child ' s stage of development can be a challenge. children learn best when they can base new information on existing knowledge. therefore, when you are answering your child ' s question, consider what is already familiar to her. this can be a guide as you explain the answer. be a credible source to be effective, you need to be a credible source. if your child is asking questions about topics like sex and drugs, be sure you are well informed. your advice will be most credible in the eyes of your child when you give them accurate and current information. do not just rely on your own experiences and / or personal assumptions. investigate the facts. if you need time to do this, be honest with your child and let her know that you need to get more information. children will respect your perspective more when they know it is based on facts and that you care enough to invest time in them as well as their questions. janelle, a mother of two girls, morgan, age 6 and elli, age 8, learned this lesson first hand. at age 6, morgan approached her mother with the question \" what is a rapist? \" she thought carefully, then responded by telling her that a rapist is someone who touches you where you do not want to be touched. morgan seemed satisfied with this explanation. the following morning as morgan was saying goodbye to her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4960251487984493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.876226"} {"text": "is a rapist? \" she thought carefully, then responded by telling her that a rapist is someone who touches you where you do not want to be touched. morgan seemed satisfied with this explanation. the following morning as morgan was saying goodbye to her mother, she said \" bye mommy, i hope no one rapes your eyes today. \" at that point janelle realized that her explanation was not clear and had been misunderstood. over the next several months, janelle began explaining the difference between healthy and unhealthy sexual experiences. with this as a background, janelle was able to give a more clear explanation of a rapist. it is tempting to give vague explanations when we are unsure of what children know and understand. begin by asking the child what she thinks the answer is. this can help guide parents in giving a more clear explanation. have reasonable expectations children need time to process information. sometimes the questions they ask trigger a great deal of emotion and parents become eager for the child to respond in a certain way to the advice they have given. when the child feels pressure to conform, she will often respond with resistance. it is best to offer suggestions and further questions instead of giving orders. empathize with your child growing up is difficult. a child ' s perspective is often very different than a parent ' s perspective. take time to consider the child ' s point of view. think about her individual temperament, circumstances, relationships, and other factors. all of these issues affect the child ' s development. children need to feel that they are understood, even when they cannot understand themselves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5194455296480962, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.877025"} {"text": "part 4 - darwinists ' methods of deception of the world - 5 10. darwinists try to use the similarities between monkeys and humans we have already mentioned that darwinism is based on a most simplistic logic and tends to account for life in a most superficial and facile way. as a result, one of darwinists ' most important propaganda tools are monkeys. due to various aspects of their anatomical characteristics, monkeys really are created to be similar to be humans. these similarities are something that deceive most darwinists, and thus lead them to mislead others. in order to be able to make use of the similarity between humans and monkeys, darwinists look at a monkey and emphasize various aspects of its behavior, such as use of tools or ability to learn. the aim is to supposedly legitimize the famous darwinist deception that humans are descended from apes and cause people to form that impression. once some people have been exposed to such conditioning, and go to the zoo or watch a documentary about monkeys, they develop a specific opinion along those lines. so influenced do they become by this darwinist deception that they are easily able to believe that a living thing they see could easily turn into human being \" if it grew a bit, shaved off its fur and ate better food. \" a few technical similarities laid the foundation for successful darwinist conditioning. programs about monkeys that have learned various primitive forms of behavior similar to those in human beings appear again and again on darwinist tv stations and internet sites. some viewers who see what a monkey can do when trained, and who have little knowledge of darwinism, come to possess a completely erroneous perspective because of the darwinist conditioning they are subjected to. intelligent behavior exhibited by monkeys is shown over and over again in order to strengthen the propaganda regarding these creatures being man ' s supposed earliest forebears. yet this is just another darwinist deception. it is true that monkeys do have some characteristics that resemble those in humans. but this does not alter the fact that humans and monkeys are two completely different entities. by allah ' s leave, so long as there are monkeys in this world they will never be anything other than monkeys. no matter how much they are trained they will never turn into humans with characteristics such as the ability to think, perceive, interpret, foresee, behave intelligently, make judgments, act in a planned and conscious manner or speak. no matter how much they repeat their efforts, monkeys will never be able to design airplanes, build skyscrapers, write poems or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5048992132929022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.908911"} {"text": ", perceive, interpret, foresee, behave intelligently, make judgments, act in a planned and conscious manner or speak. no matter how much they repeat their efforts, monkeys will never be able to design airplanes, build skyscrapers, write poems or study human beings in the laboratory. no matter how much training they receive, they will never be able to design a project, or produce a superior civilization through reflection and planning. this is because a monkey is an entity with the anatomical features specially bestowed on it by allah, but bereft of the ability to speak and, most importantly, bereft of the human consciousness, of mind and soul. the fact it has a few abilities is definitely not proof of the claim that it is the ancestor of man. in making these claims, darwinists try to make forget the main difference between humans and monkeys. man is an entity capable of saying \" i am, \" who is aware of his own existence and why he is created, who is capable of reflecting on the reason for his existence and of making judgments. for that reason, man is a totally different entity to other life forms. compared with this, anatomical similarities and abilities have only a minor differential capacity. a conscious entity, aware of its own existence and capable of saying \" this is me, \" cannot be accounted for in any materialist terms. no materialist account can explain a supposed transition from a life form unconscious and unaware of its own existence into one with a soul and aware of its existence. darwinists can produce as much false evidence for this unscientific account as they wish ( and all the fossils so far produced have been fraud ), but they will never be able to account for the human soul and consciousness. that is what darwinists do not wish to speak of and that inflicts total despair on them as they speak of the co - called evolution of man and try to impose a whole series of false skulls as evidence for this. in addition to all this, there are other living things that display far more intelligent characteristics than monkeys, whose abilities darwinists imagine are the greatest form of evidence. crows, bees, beavers and termites sometimes behave far more intelligently than monkeys, and behave in a way that requires far more ability. for that reason, this claim based on ability and skills is totally misleading. first and foremost, darwinists need to account for what makes human beings human ; how they are affected by what they see and hear, how they think about these, use reason, possess feelings such as respect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5309841493651415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.910120"} {"text": "based on ability and skills is totally misleading. first and foremost, darwinists need to account for what makes human beings human ; how they are affected by what they see and hear, how they think about these, use reason, possess feelings such as respect, love and loyalty, and possess a soul that enables them to make decisions and judgments. this mindset, that believes in the absolute existence of matter and that regards human consciousness as simply a collection of neurons, is totally speechless in the face of the existence of the soul. for a long time now, darwinists have been working on the origin of consciousness and on imaginary evolution ; or, to put it another way, they have been producing propaganda methods on the subject. but since it is impossible for them to account for matter with a concept that has no material existence, or even to produce an alternative interpretation, they make no claims on that subject at all. indeed, the origin of consciousness, the soul that makes human beings human, belongs to allah. allah has bestowed this as a blessing from himself, and in this way has made humans different to other life forms. the darwinist deception is speechless and baffled on this matter. allah reveals in the qur ' an that he creates man from his own spirit : he who has created all things in the best possible way. he commenced the creation of man from clay ; then produced his seed from an extract of base fluid ; then formed him and breathed his spirit into him and gave you hearing, sight and hearts. what little thanks you show! ( surat as - sajda, 7 - 9 ) an intelligent crow crows from the species corvus moneduloides living on new caledonia in the pacific islands are far superior to chimpanzees when it comes to making tools. researchers investigating crows in their natural habitat on the island of new caledonia in 2003 concluded that the knowledge of tools these animals employed revealed a \" technological progress \" handed down between generations and individuals. the final example of this miraculous behavior is the behavior of a crow called betty studied in a laboratory in oxford university. betty turned a metal rod into a tool by bending it, with no outside intervention. when her beak was unable to reach food at the bottle of a deep bowl, she found a metal rod for herself in the laboratory and bent the end, turning it into a hook. she was then easily able to extract the food. there is one very important point here that really amazed scientists ; betty was able to realize how the length and flexibility of a material she had never encountered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5470901324011508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.911188"} {"text": "and bent the end, turning it into a hook. she was then easily able to extract the food. there is one very important point here that really amazed scientists ; betty was able to realize how the length and flexibility of a material she had never encountered before would be of use to her. she managed to bend that flexible material in a manner entirely appropriate to her needs. when scientists wishing to establish whether this achievement of betty ' s was the work of coincidence tested the crow, she achieved the same success 9 times out of 10. the scientists stated that despite tiny betty ' s brain she exhibited a level of intelligence far higher than that of chimpanzees. the bbc, which maintains its darwinist prejudices, commented that \" betty has put our closest relatives to shame. \" betty is just one of many birds capable of \" intelligent \" behavior. much research into this is going on is the scientific world. ( for details see, the miracle of talking birds by harun yahya ) these all reveal that evolutionist claims about chimpanzee behavior are largely for propaganda purposes. all comments based on the intelligence of chimpanzees, and claims of a family link between human beings and chimpanzees, are obviously false. 11. darwinists try to spread their visual conditioning and bewitchment you have probably seen this in all darwinist publications. for years, they attempted to portray nebraska man as the most important evidence for evolution. a familiar picture accompanies the articles written about this fictitious creature. an ape - man with a slight stoop, with his wife, habitat, the weapons he used for hunting etc. etc. so detailed is the picture that people have developed a sufficient mental image of this mythical entity. the darwinist aim has been achieved for readers with little opportunity to do their own research and with little knowledge of the subject. readers unaware of the darwinist deception have easily been convinced of the existence of an ape - man living with his family in a primitive environment. but this is not true. the fictitious entity known as nebraska man was based on a single tooth. as we have already described in detail, the tooth in question belonged to a wild pig. in other words, a conviction formed by conditioning people with visual stimuli was produced on the basis of a molar tooth belonging to a wild pig. images of the mythical family of nebraska man were then produced in some way from this pig tooth. to put it another way, enormous cheating went on, and people were blatantly lied to. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5232284691341667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.913114"} {"text": "a molar tooth belonging to a wild pig. images of the mythical family of nebraska man were then produced in some way from this pig tooth. to put it another way, enormous cheating went on, and people were blatantly lied to. this method of conditioning is still going on. pictures of fish starting to move from the sea onto dry land and whose fins are gradually turning into legs are total figments of the imagination. darwinists use the same methods in order to make people believe in such a passage, which is devoid of any evidence. placing a series of monkeys gradually becoming more and more erect and turning into humans alongside such reports in scientific journals or web sites carrying this deception makes it possible for the issue to be equated with evolution. shown this report and accompanying visual indoctrination, any reader may perceive this as part of, or even evidence for evolution. most of the time they do not even read the words in the reports, but these pictures reminiscent of evolution remain in their memories. the same people are subjected to the same conditioning from pictures of evolution placed alongside reports about cloning or the human genome project, but which actually have nothing to do with it. the impression is given that any scientific progress in the human genome project is actually scientific proof of evolution. this fraudulent visual conditioning is a typical element of darwinist propaganda. it is one of the most frequently employed psychological conditioning techniques. the fact remains, however, that elaborate reconstructions based on a fossil skull are just works of art that if nothing else, certainly reflect the imaginative powers of different artists. just as in the example of nebraska man. this had absolutely nothing to do with science. not anything to do with evolution. all that is happening is fraudulent indoctrination rather than the production of any scientific evidence. jonathan wells summarized this darwinist fraud : this remarkable set of drawings shows clearly how a single set of fossil bones can be reconstructed in a variety of ways. someone looking for an intermediate form to plug into ape - to - human sequence could pick whichever drawing seems to fit best. the reason why darwinists can perpetrate such fraud so easily is that they can take fossils of extinct life forms, shape them as they wish, and give them whatever appearance they so choose. darwinists use these reconstructions they manufacture so intensively that a book about evolution many volumes in size could be filled with these false pictures alone. indeed, these reconstructions may be the only materials in the possession of a museum of natural history. they show people these false pictures and models", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.546800633020131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.914204"} {"text": "manufacture so intensively that a book about evolution many volumes in size could be filled with these false pictures alone. indeed, these reconstructions may be the only materials in the possession of a museum of natural history. they show people these false pictures and models over many years and give the impressions that the subject really once existed. of course, many people who visit such museums may not admit to the possibility that everything exhibited in a museum of natural history, with official backing and supervised by professors and scientists, is actually a lie and a fraud. they may be affected in this way by what they see and form the opinion that such a mythical life form, with a tiny head, a huge jaw, a stooped gait and a body covered in hair must indeed once have existed. many people there will not know, and will never investigate, that the subjects of these false statues and pictures never lived at all, that they are completely fraudulent, that not a single fossil remain exists to corroborate them and that, on the contrary, the fossil record totally refutes them. the conditioning they are subjected to is so powerful, and the people supporting it so eminent, that even questioning its veracity may seem utterly illogical to them. but in this way, they are constantly deceived, and a mendacious environment is created. when people go to museums of natural history, they are generally shown such false models or drawings rather than the fossils themselves. darwinists cannot produce fossils, because all fossils belong to perfectly formed entities. all fossils show that life forms millions of years ago were perfectly and fully formed. moreover, fossils also show that present - day life forms were around millions of years ago, and have never changed since. this is why fossils, which should be a paleontology museums ' sole reference material, are left out of the equation. since all fossils prove the fact of creation, darwinists kept all the 300 million - plus fossils that had been found hidden away. they never put them on show or displayed them for people. darwinists also use various scientific magazines as tools for visual conditioning. since darwinist journals cannot provide any scientific evidence, they concentrate on propaganda instead. as a requirement of this propaganda, they regard it as sufficient to use striking cover designs, the colors used on the cover and inside pages, the photographs chosen and the language employed in order to send the desired message to the reader. the spell concealed under this mask ensures that the person reading the magazine will be influenced by its visual appearance and the photos within it,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5058721134847538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.915366"} {"text": "the cover and inside pages, the photographs chosen and the language employed in order to send the desired message to the reader. the spell concealed under this mask ensures that the person reading the magazine will be influenced by its visual appearance and the photos within it, and hugely impressed by the strange, almost mystical latin terminology employed in it. every opportunity, from advertising to movies, from music clips to song lyrics, cartoons, books and newspaper and magazine articles are used to prevent this spell from being broken. the aim is for people to memorize certain words and cliched sentences and be familiarized with certain images. every moment of people ' s lives are filled with the fictitious transitional stages between monkeys and man, mendacious images of transitional fossils, and fraudulent reconstructions of primitive humans. there is huge concentration on this in newspapers and magazines, great or small, in the form of a single word of much more comprehension. the aim is to prevent the effect of the darwinist spell on people being broken. the language deliberately developed against creation, and what they foolishly imagine to be a mocking attitude, are also intended to complete the effect of this spell. the reason for all the jokes, articles, talk and cartoons about belief in allah ( surely allah is beyond that ) is to familiarize people with darwinist indoctrination. this unpleasant spectacle, intended to eliminate any tendency in people towards belief in allah and to lay the foundation for darwinism in their minds, is part of the dajjal ' s stratagem. but this spell has at last been broken. the supporters of the dajjal fail to understand the position in which they find themselves. there can be no question of people continuing to believe in the theory of evolution once they have been told, just one time, of all the evidence that disproves darwinism. that is why, as in all their propaganda techniques, darwinists resort to complicated verbiage, latin terminology and visual conditioning. but all it takes is to tell the true facts just one time, using a very simple form of language, to reveal the evidence that demonstrates the invalidity of darwinism. even someone who has been exposed to a lifetime of darwinist conditioning can never continue to believe in the lie that is darwinism in the face of these irrefutable facts, because he now knows the truth. all it takes is for someone in a pitch dark room to see the sun behind the drapes for just a second. no matter how dark the room he is in, it will no longer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.549245659289032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.916425"} {"text": "be strong, and that behaving unjustly can benefit him, will constantly suffer the pains of these unpleasant misconceptions. the moral vice he exhibits rebounds against him. the physical and psychological damage inflicted by living in an environment where nobody loves anybody else, where nobody makes sacrifices for anyone else, where nobody protects or watches over anybody else and where there is no justice, love or compassion wears his life away. in short, the darwinist inculcation of irresponsibility is not, as some people imagine, something that makes their lives easier, but rather and on the contrary makes their lives ugly and unpleasant and inflicts material and spiritual suffering. this can be better realized when one considers the social collapse going on in many western countries. believing in darwinism may seem rather more acceptable for some people who prefer not to think about all this. because some people may have a predisposition to take things easy, imagining this will \" simplify \" their lives. most people see nothing wrong in thinking of themselves as irresponsible beings descended from animals. and that is what darwinism does, literally equating human beings with flies or insects. the evolutionist and paleontologist stephen jay gould summarizes this way of thinking : humans represent just one tiny, largely, fortuitous, and late - arising twig on the enormously arborescent bush of life. 179 the bus posters supported by the atheist richard dawkins in various countries are a clear and explicit instance of the ugly propaganda in question. the posters backed by dawkins indoctrinate people with atheism and thus foolishly advise people to \" enjoy life free of any responsibilities. \" this call may seem quite realistic to someone who does not think too deeply, and he will quickly receive the darwinist conditioning in question. everything is set out so simplistically that such a person will be unaware of the error he has fallen into and how he has been deceived. the fact is that these posters constitute a great fraud and a grave error. even if one does not believe, one still sees the proofs of allah ' s sublime existence all the time and one still lives the destiny appointed by allah, whether one wishes to or not. the proofs of faith are everywhere \u2013 for people who can truly see and think. people can only achieve happiness and enjoy what they experience through faith and love of allah. of course allah, who creates the delights of this world as a blessing, will bestow most of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5251492858536562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.919415"} {"text": "everywhere \u2013 for people who can truly see and think. people can only achieve happiness and enjoy what they experience through faith and love of allah. of course allah, who creates the delights of this world as a blessing, will bestow most of the beauty and joy of these blessings on those who love him most and who are closest to him. since unbelievers forget that it is allah who bestows blessings and pleasures, they imagine they can attain happiness by living irresponsibly and without restraint. but the fact is that living heedless of allah, in an unrestrained and irresponsible manner, always inflicts stress, troubles and sorrows on them. blessings have always turned into afflictions and pleasures to be enjoyed have always ended in disappointment. since these people are unable to reflect on the beauty of being close to, and believing in, allah and since they fail to comprehend that allah bestows all blessings, they imagine they can succeed by the use of such false propaganda techniques. but the fact is that they cannot live pleasant and peaceful lives, and neither can they influence the people around them. ( the bus posters espoused by dawkins attracted a great deal of criticism in many countries. bus drivers in european countries such as finland boycotted them because of the extreme reactions they attracted, bus companies decided not to use the posters, and they were also torn up by members of the public. ) as a result, the posters in question were banned in many places. 180 ) another place where this conditioning is carried out on an intensive basis is schools. biology, a university text book, teaches students that in learning about the \" nature of life \" they must always bear in mind that \" evolution is random and not designed \". 181 students reading the university text book life : the science of biology encounter the following passage : \" darwinian world view \" means accepting not only the processes of evolution, but also the view that... evolutionary change is not directed toward a final goal or state. \" 182 there can be no doubt that an education system that teaches the lie that man came into being by chance, as the result of blind and unconscious coincidences means regarding the poisoning of young minds by ideas that encourage anarchy, conflict, slaughter and selfishness as legitimate, and people receiving such indoctrination can be directed as desired. for example, the error taught to students in douglas futuyma ' s text book evolutionary biology is this : futuyma ' s unscientific statement continues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5440291273658063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.920433"} {"text": ", and people receiving such indoctrination can be directed as desired. for example, the error taught to students in douglas futuyma ' s text book evolutionary biology is this : futuyma ' s unscientific statement continues : but this is all a deception. human beings are not freed from their responsibilities by regarding everything as simple and unconscious. and it is impossible for a feeling of avoiding one ' s responsibilities to make people happy. once people cast off this feeling, they will not suddenly enjoy earthly pleasures or at once be freed from all their worries. there is a very important truth that atheists and darwinists either do not know, or refuse to admit : allah creates all things. it is also allah who creates blessings and pleasures in this world. and it is therefore allah who bestows the sensation of enjoying earthly pleasures and a pleasant life. if allah so wishes he can make a person suffer the worst unhappiness and torment in the midst of all blessings and in great plenty and abundance. no matter how much a person may strive to have unlimited enjoyment of all delights, it is still allah who bestows pleasure and happiness on him. one of atheists ' and darwinists ' gravest errors is that they ignore this reality. everyone who thinks he has no responsibilities is also searching for love, comfort and security, just like everyone else. but he will possess none of these in a society made up of individuals like himself. throughout his life, the irresponsible person tries to forget that he will one day die. but he is in fact constantly in the shadow of death. he sees the deaths of people around him and constantly witnesses sickness and accidents. even the death of an insect will remind him of the death he is trying to get away from. no matter how much he tries to deny the fact of death, the fear of it will eventually enfold his entire body. he grieves for people around him who die and, according to his own beliefs, just cease to exist. he begins to find it impossible to deny that his own body cannot withstand the ravages of time, and that death is drawing closer all the time. far from comforting him, denying the fact of death will bring with it fear, stress and worry. living irresponsibly in fact opens the door to all troubles and difficulties. a person who fails to properly appreciate that everything is under allah ' s control will be terrified of the future. a person who fails to appreciate that all profit and loss lies with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.530298358279575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.921712"} {"text": "who fears allah knows he will have to account for himself to him and cannot live in violation of his conscience. nobody who fears allah can harm anyone else, display poor moral values, or regard human beings as random entities. someone who trusts allah knows that it is allah who creates him, preserves him and gives him his daily bread, health and strength and knows he can ask these things from him alone. someone who fears allah knows that he is subject to an auspicious destiny created by allah, that he is solely tested in this world, and that his real life will be the one appointed for him by allah in the hereafter. for that reason, they constantly strive in this world. they know that are responsible to allah, that they must render account to him, and that allah does not create them to be unfettered and irresponsible. for them, blessings are means for rejoicing, and it is only believers who can properly appreciate and enjoy blessings. people imagine that they will achieve satisfaction when they enjoy unlimited pleasures. but this lack of restraint leads people to become tired of, and even disgusted with, blessings. the delights they expected to enjoy suddenly turn into afflictions and burdens. but the state of mind that loves blessings from allah and enjoys them because allah created them is very different. someone who lives in that way enjoys extraordinary delight. and by allah ' s leave, the reward for living in that awareness is a pleasant life in this world and the hereafter. allah reveals in verses that : yes, the friends of allah will feel no fear and will know no sorrow : those who believe and show piety, there is good news for them in the life of this world and in the hereafter. there is no changing the words of allah. that is the great victory! ( surah yunus, 62 - 64 ) 13. darwinists inculcate the lie that \" darwinism does not conflict with belief in allah \" materialism represents the basis of darwinism. according to the error of materialism, matter is eternal and there is no power greater than matter. to put it another way, materialism denies the existence of a sublime creator above matter who rules the entire universe and keeps it under his constant control. ( surely allah is beyond that. ) the sole reason for the endeavor to prop up darwinism, put forth with the assumption that matter is the only absolute reality, and for all the deceptions and frauds perpetrated for that purpose, is to try to prevent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49336410224332994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.924931"} {"text": "beyond that. ) the sole reason for the endeavor to prop up darwinism, put forth with the assumption that matter is the only absolute reality, and for all the deceptions and frauds perpetrated for that purpose, is to try to prevent acceptance of the fact that an almighty and sublime creator brought all things into being. darwinists have pursued that objective for the last 150 years and struggle hard to retain it. and that is the only reason for the adoption of darwinism as a false religion. but this fact is generally kept concealed, because for people to know it would prevent large masses of people from feeling any sympathy for darwinism. in particular, it will have a negative impact on people who believe in and respect allah. the fact that darwinism is a theory opposed to belief in allah attracted criticism from religious circles in darwin ' s time, and the theory was not easily adopted by people of the day. it began being adopted as a result of darwinist conditioning and propaganda. people who are currently taught in schools that human beings are descended from apes, and that dinosaurs grew wings and took to the air, generally imagine the theory of evolution to be a harmless one. they are unaware of the true face of the theory. they do not know that it is this perverse theory, devoid of any scientific foundation, that lies at the root of irreligion, dictatorial regimes, degeneration, terror and the martyrdom of so many troops in turkey. darwinists also try to conceal the true face of the theory they espouse. that is why they propagate the lie that darwinism is not incompatible with religion, in order to mislead the masses of people who believe in allah, to supposedly portray darwinism as harmless and to gain support from those people, as well. they believe that by these means they can win supporters and weaken the intellectual struggle against the theory of evolution. despite being exceedingly illogical and inconsistent, the lie of \" evolutionary creation \" they propagate to that end is secretly supported and raised by darwinists at every available opportunity. to that end they even resort to the deception that darwin was himself a devout religious believer. the atheist and darwinist richard dawkins admits the existence of a darwinist lobby serving that very purpose as follows : but the fact is that evolution is in no way compatible with religion. even though darwinists do not themselves believe in allah, and make a god out of chance ( surely allah is beyond that ), are totally opposed to the fact of creation and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5449603129519143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.926114"} {"text": ": but the fact is that evolution is in no way compatible with religion. even though darwinists do not themselves believe in allah, and make a god out of chance ( surely allah is beyond that ), are totally opposed to the fact of creation and are engaged in a struggle against it, they suddenly become the greatest exponents of the false concept that allah created the universe through evolution. yet because of their blind devotion to materialism, darwinists never accept belief in allah. being a darwinist means rejecting belief in allah. the only reason why someone supports this pagan religion, devoid of any scientific evidence, that deifies chance, is to be able to deny the existence of allah ( surely allah is beyond that ). and there is nothing that darwinists will not do to turn people away from belief in allah. that is why people must always be on their guard against this deception! in his documentary expelled : \" no intelligence allowed, \" which explains how darwinism is a false religion based on indoctrination, the journalist larry witham makes the following statement : so even though darwinists definitively oppose belief in allah, they still play this unpleasant trick on people. but the people who believe in this nasty deception fail to consider the fact that almighty allah is certainly powerful enough to create all things by a variety of means. had he wished, our lord could have created living things by way of evolution. but he did not. all living things came into being on earth in a single moment, created from nothing. not a single verse of the qur ' an points to evolution. according to the qur ' an, the universe and all living things were created by allah commanding them to \" be! \" allah has revealed, with all the divine religions he has sent to man, that he created the entire universe, that he created it with a single command and that he creates in the form he wishes. indeed, when we look at the evidence on earth, we see that creation took place just as described in the qur ' an. the fossils of all life forms are perfect. they emerged suddenly, with perfect appearances, and never changed thereafter. living things never changed over millions of years. there is no chance of life emerging from inanimate matter. it is impossible for even a single protein to form spontaneously. the idea of extraordinarily complex life forms turning into one another is totally unscientific. there is no mechanism that can endow a life form with new, beneficial information. science has revealed with incontrovertible and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5255327816154161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.927377"} {"text": "spontaneously. the idea of extraordinarily complex life forms turning into one another is totally unscientific. there is no mechanism that can endow a life form with new, beneficial information. science has revealed with incontrovertible and certain evidence that all living things possess a glorious complexity, right down to their proteins and even atoms, that they appeared in a single moment and that they never turned into one another. therefore, the idea that allah created through evolution is a monstrous lie, and part of the darwinist deception. ( for detailed information on the subject, see, harun yahya, why darwinism is imcompatible with the qur ' an ) everything created is evidence of allah ' s infinite might. allah tells us of this sublime creation in many verses of the qur ' an : [ allah is ] the originator of the heavens and earth. when he decides on something, he just says to it, ' be! ' and it is. ( surat al - baqara, 117 ) the likeness of ' isa in allah ' s sight is the same as adam. he created him from earth and then he said to him, ' be! ' and he was. ( surat al - ' imran, 59 ) it is he who created the heavens and the earth with truth. the day he says ' be! ' it is. his speech is truth. the kingdom will be his on the day the trumpet is blown, the knower of the unseen and the visible. he is the all - wise, the all - aware. ( surat al - an ' am, 73 ) our word to a thing when we desire it is just to say to it ' be! ' and it is. ( surat al - nahl, 40 ) does he who created the heavens and earth not have the power to create the same again? yes indeed! he is the creator, the all - knowing. his command when he desires a thing is just to say to it, ' be! ' and it is. ( surah ya sin, 81 - 82 ) modern - day science shows the invalidity of the materialist - evolutionist claim. contrary to what the theory of evolution maintains, the evidence of every piece of creation that surrounds us proves that there is no room for chance in the universe. if any evidence were found on earth that allah uses evolution as his instrument in creating, and if allah had revealed such a thing in the qur ' an, then people would of course at once", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5432209649206445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.930433"} {"text": "proves that there is no room for chance in the universe. if any evidence were found on earth that allah uses evolution as his instrument in creating, and if allah had revealed such a thing in the qur ' an, then people would of course at once sign up to and espouse the idea that \" our lord created through evolution. \" but allah reveals in the qur ' an that he creates with the command \" be! \" and there are no verses suggestive of creation through evolution. moreover, there is most definitely not a single piece of scientific evidence for evolution. the facts are therefore clear. every detail emerging from an investigation of the earth and sky, and all living things, is proof of the great might and power of allah. all living things came into being from nothing at our almighty lord allah ' s command. allah certainly has no need of natural causes in order to create. ( surely allah is beyond that. ) this is the most important point that darwinists need to grasp. allah reveals in one verse that : what about the one who argued with ibrahim about his lord, on the basis that allah had given him sovereignty? ibrahim said, ' my lord is he who gives life and causes to die. ' he said, ' i too give life and cause to die. ' ibrahim said, ' allah makes the sun come from the east. make it come from the west. ' and the one who was an unbeliever was dumbfounded. allah does not guide wrongdoing people. ( surat al - baqara, 258 ) those who seek to suggest that allah creates through evolution also have to account for how the djinn and angels were created. these people are silent when the issue of the creation of the djinn and angels is raised. allah reveals the creation of djinn and angels in verses : we created mankind out of dried clay formed from fetid black mud. we created the jinn before out of the fire of a searing wind. ( surat al - hijr, 26 - 27 ) praise be to allah, the bringer into being of the heavens and earth, he who made the angels messengers, with wings \u2013 two, three or four. he adds to creation in any way he wills. allah has power over all things. ( surah fatir, 1 ) those who maintain that man and living things came into being through evolution are of course unable to account for angels, created from light, and djinn, created from fire, in terms of evolution. for people who fail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5195414237084709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.931533"} {"text": "surah fatir, 1 ) those who maintain that man and living things came into being through evolution are of course unable to account for angels, created from light, and djinn, created from fire, in terms of evolution. for people who fail to appreciate the might of allah, who do not realize that allah is unfettered by any natural causes, and who deny that our lord creates all things by telling them to \" be! \" the existence of angels and djinn does away with all their false claims. because the existence of djinn and angels reveals this reality ; since djinn and angels were not created through evolution, neither was man. those people who blindly espouse darwinism can never account for the staff of the prophet moses ( pbuh ) turning into a snake, as described in the qur ' an, or a bird fashioned from a piece of clay by the prophet jesus ( pbuh ) coming to life. almighty allah describes how the prophet moses ' ' ( pbuh ) staff turned into a snake in these verses : he said, ' it is my staff. i lean on it and beat down leaves for my sheep with it and have other uses for it. ' he said, ' throw it down, moses. ' he threw it down and suddenly it was a slithering snake. ( surah ta ha, 18 - 20 ) we revealed to moses, ' throw down your staff. ' and it immediately swallowed up what they had forged. ( surat al - a ' raf, 117 ) at allah ' s command, the wooden staff the prophet moses ( pbuh ) used to lean on suddenly turned into a living, multiplying, feeding and fully formed snake. by allah ' s choosing, a piece of wood instantaneously turned into a snake. this totally eradicates the claim that the qur ' an contains evidence for evolution. our lord reveals in this verse how, by his choosing, the prophet jesus ( pbuh ) turned a bird he fashioned from a piece of clay into a living bird : remember when allah said, ' ' jesus, son of mary, remember my blessing to you and to your mother when i reinforced you with the purest spirit so that you could speak to people in the cradle and when you were fully grown ; and when i taught you the book and wisdom, and the torah and the gospel ; and when you created a bird - shape out of clay by my permission, and then breathed into it and it became a bird by my permission ; and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4869998724391624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.932654"} {"text": "fully grown ; and when i taught you the book and wisdom, and the torah and the gospel ; and when you created a bird - shape out of clay by my permission, and then breathed into it and it became a bird by my permission ; and healed the blind and the leper by my permission ; and when you brought forth the dead by my permission ; and when i held back the tribe of israel from you... \" ( surat al - ma ' ida, 110 ) the bird made from clay by the prophet jesus ( pbuh ) suddenly, by allah ' s leave and at his choosing, turned into a living, fully formed and flawless bird with wings, capable of flying, reproducing and feeding. this creation from nothing is a great miracle that darwinists can never account. and it is also proof that all living things on earth are created. all this reveals a manifest reality. darwinists, who claim that evolution does not conflict with belief in allah, are trying to inflict a huge deception on devout believers and are seeking to take improper advantage of their faith. darwinism is one of the greatest dangers to, and opponents of, belief in allah today. darwinism is the most wide - ranging and effective snare of the dajjal, who is engaged in a direct campaign against faith in allah. true believers in allah must realize this danger and engage in intensive intellectual activities against it. supporting this danger by regarding it as harmless merely strengthens it and supports a perilous movement engaged in a struggle against belief in allah. it must not be forgotten that darwinism is a false and perverse pagan religion whose sole aim is to lead people to irreligion. 177 michael j. behe, darwin ' s black box : the biochemical challenge to evolution, free press, p. 233 178 jonathan wells, the icons of evolution, january 2003, p. 202 179 ibid., p. 209 181 miller and levine, biology 182 pirves, orians, heller ve sadava, life : the science of biology 183 jonathan wells, the icons of evolution, january 2003, pp. 190 - 191 184 ben stein, expelled \" no intelligence allowed \", 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080066908657257, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.933589"} {"text": "about the hawaiian luau lu ' au weren ' t always called lu ' au. until the mid - 1800s small get - togethers were called pa ' ina and large banquets \u2014 the equivalent of today ' s lu ' au \u2014 were referred to as ' aha ' aina. these root words mean, among other things, \" gathering \" ( ' aha ) and \" eating \" ( ' aina ). local records show much has changed since the days of the ancient lu ' au. women and men are allowed to eat together, which was forbidden in hawai ' i before the hawaiian culture ' s system of kapu ( taboos ) was eliminated in 1819. women are also allowed to eat foods that were once denied them, such as bananas, coconuts, pork, turtle and several types of fish. the lyrical hula dance \u2014 now referred to as the ancient, or kahiko, style of hula \u2014 was once accompanied with chants ( mele ) to honor the gods. today it is performed for entertainment and to remember the ways of old. a more modern style, called ' auana, has become popular since the 1970s, when a renaissance of native hawaiian culture began. both styles are performed at lu ' au, and commercial events often showcase tahitian and samoan dance styles as well. tahiti and samoa are believed to be ancestral homelands of the hawaiians. although some lu ' au menus have evolved to include sushi, teriyaki chicken, chinese manapua buns and the ubiquitous macaroni salad, traditional lu ' au food is served at many events. authentic dishes include : - kalua pork ( an entire pig roasted underground in a handmade pit called an imu oven ) - lomi lomi salmon ( diced with tomatoes and onions, like a salsa ) - chicken long rice ( transparent noodles ) - huli - huli ( barbequed ) chicken - haupia ( coconut custard ) - laulau ( pork, chicken or fish wrapped and steamed in ti leaves ) - poi ( taro root mashed with water into a pale purple paste ) as christianity swept through hawai ' i in the 19th century, the lu ' au lost its pagan roots and became more commonly a chance to relax and enjoy family and friends with good food and music. this spirit prevails in nearly every aspect of life in hawai ' i. one of the most dutifully observed local rituals is the \" baby lu ' au, \" a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42445158970358665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.937587"} {"text": "to relax and enjoy family and friends with good food and music. this spirit prevails in nearly every aspect of life in hawai ' i. one of the most dutifully observed local rituals is the \" baby lu ' au, \" a grand celebration staged on a child ' s first birthday. lu ' au are also held for graduations, class reunions, and other important events. - $ 859 + waikoloa beach marriott resort & spa : 3 nights w / air and free hertz convertible, minivan, jeep or suv! kids 17 & younger stay free. - take a relaxing sunset dinner cruise. - dolphin encounter, guided snorkel, and underwater scooter ride with dolphin quest hawaii - $ 1, 245 + mauna kea beach hotel : 3 nights w / air and free hertz convertible, minivan, jeep or suv! plus kids 17 & younger stay free. - aston shores at waikoloa - $ 179 - get a bird ' s eye view of kilauea volcano! big island helicopter tours from $ 196 - you must do a luau! fire knife dancers, hula dancers, mai tais, lots of food, and more! pick one here. - soar over the kona coast on a parasailing adventure. - aston waikoloa colony villas - $ 207 - from $ 1145 - 6 nights island hopping : big island & maui w / air, hotel & breakfast. spend 3 nights in each island. hawaiian airlines : special offers - splash into summer at aston hotels from $ 99! - find your flippers \u2026 dive into great deals on hawaii packages, hotels and cruises! - save 25 % on your maui condo when you add a car to your reservation! - na pali coast, waimea canyon, and - $ 775 + hawaii trips w / air & free convertible, suv or minivan - over 35 oahu attractions & activities, 1 low price! save up to 55 % now! - royal experience package at royal kona resort from $ 229 / nt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43783885773684855, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.938342"} {"text": "rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata is a rare, severe, inherited disease. the main features are limb shortening, bone and cartilage abnormalities visible on x ray, abnormal facial appearance, severe mental retardation, profound psychomotor retardation, and cataracts. skeletal abnormalities can be seen prenatally. most affected persons die in infancy. no treatments are available. rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata ( rcdp ) is caused by an abnormal protein in a part of the cell called the peroxisome. the inside of the cell contains compartments ( called \" organelles \" ) that perform specific functions. the peroxisome functions in many metabolic processes, especially those involving lipids ( fats ) and hydrogen peroxide. multiple peroxisomes are in almost every human cell. rcdp is one of many peroxisomal disorders, as well as a metabolic disorder. three other conditions are also called \" chondrodysplasia punctata. \" these conditions are different from rcdp. they have almost the same name because it describes a feature that is present in all four conditions. however, the causes, features, and patterns of inheritance of the other chondrodysplasia punctata conditions are different from those of rcdp. rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata is an autosomal recessive condition. this means that it occurs in both males and females, and often affects people who have no family history of the condition. humans have two copies of every gene, one maternally and one paternally inherited. autosomal recessive conditions occur when a person has two abnormal copies of the same gene. people who have one abnormal copy and one normal copy of a particular gene are unaffected ; they are called \" carriers. \" an affected person has inherited two abnormal rcdp genes, one from each carrier parent. the risk for the carrier parents to have another affected child is then 25 % with each pregnancy. in 1997, the gene that causes rcdp was identified. the gene is called pex7 and it is on chromosome 6. fifteen genes involved in the synthesis of peroxisomes have been identified in humans. these genes are called pex genes, and the proteins they code for are called peroxins. disorders caused by abnormalities of peroxin proteins are often called \" peroxisomal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4614927243439513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.948099"} {"text": "the synthesis of peroxisomes have been identified in humans. these genes are called pex genes, and the proteins they code for are called peroxins. disorders caused by abnormalities of peroxin proteins are often called \" peroxisomal biogenesis \" disorders. the pex7 gene codes for a peroxisomal component that helps transport other important proteins into the peroxisome. the proteins to be transported contain a signal, called \" pts2 \" ( peroxisome targeting sequence 2 ) that is recognized by the receptor on the peroxisome. when pex7 is abnormal, the receptor that usually recognizes and helps transport the pts2 proteins is abnormal. thus, the abnormality of this one receptor has a cascade effect on many other proteins. rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata is quite rare. it occurs in fewer than 1 / 100, 000 births. the incidence of peroxisomal biogenesis disorders is approximately 1 / 50, 000 births ; rcdp accounts for fewer than one fifth of these. signs and symptoms \" rhizomelic \" refers to shortening of the bones near the center of the body ( the bones of the thighs and upper arms more so than the bones of the forearms and lower legs ). \" chondro \" refers to cartilage and \" dysplasia \" to abnormal development. \" punctata \" refers to specific abnormalities seen on radiological studies such as x ray. the ends of the bones near joints appear to be spotted. the spots represent dense, abnormal cartilage. the spots are also called \" punctate calcifications. \" other abnormalities include frozen joints ( called contractures ), abnormal facial features, cataracts, hearing loss, severe mental retardation, and profound psychomotor retardation. people with rcdp may also have other bone abnormalities, small heads, coarse and sparse hair, and dry, red skin. the proximal shortening of the bones causes short stature, which is apparent before birth. growth after birth is retarded as well. the rhizomelic shortening is severe, and occurs to the same degree on both sides of the body. the stippling ( spotting ) of the bones mainly involves the ends of the bones near the hip, knee, elbow, and shoulder. \" severe \" mental retardation describes cognitive deficits worse than those of typical down syndrome. some researchers have described degeneration of brain tissue after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5450143628956058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.949104"} {"text": "the bones mainly involves the ends of the bones near the hip, knee, elbow, and shoulder. \" severe \" mental retardation describes cognitive deficits worse than those of typical down syndrome. some researchers have described degeneration of brain tissue after birth. researchers are not sure of the reason for this ; it may be due to toxic effects of excess phytanic acid. cataracts are symmetrical and occur in both eyes. the abnormal facial features have been called \" koala bear facies. \" facial features include a broad forehead and a saddle nose. a subset of people with rcdp do not have some of the typical symptoms, such as shortening of proximal bones and / or severe mental retardation. the diagnosis in these individuals was confirmed to be rcdp. therefore, the spectrum of features in rcdp is variable ; although suspicion of rcdp is raised by the physical and radiographic features, the diagnosis is made by laboratory testing. people with rcdp have very specific biochemical abnormalities, i. e. abnormal levels of particular substances in bodily fluids. these abnormalities are due to the underlying defect in the peroxisome. the specific abnormalities are : 1 ) deficient plasmalogen synthesis with very low plasmalogen levels in red blood cells, 2 ) inability to process ( oxidize ) phytanic acid leading to elevated levels of phytanic acid in the blood, and 3 ) an unprocessed form of peroxisomal thiolase. phytanic acid levels are normal at birth and increase to at least ten times normal by one year of age. some experts recommend that confimatory studies be performed on cells obtained by skin biopsy. the biochemical studies diagnostic of rcdp can be performed prenatally on cells obtained by chorionic villus sampling ( cvs ) or amniocentesis. cvs is usually performed at 10 \u2013 12 weeks of pregnancy and amniocentesis is usually performed after 15 weeks of pregnancy. rcpd may be suspected in a fetus based on ultrasound findings. each feature of rcdp is seen in many other conditions, for example rhizomelic limb shortening is seen in other conditions that cause dwarfism. chondrodysplasia punctata is seen in many inherited conditions but can also be caused by prenatal exposure to the anticoagulant drug, warfarin. doctors who specialize in diagnosing rare genetic conditions use subtle differences between the symptoms of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5148891562929255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.950121"} {"text": "two years of life. however, exceptions have reported in the medical literature. individuals who lived past the age of 10 years have been reported. for atypical, mildly affected patients, prognosis is variable. scientists ' understanding of peroxisomal disorders, and of the peroxisome itself, increased enormously in the last five years. developing effective treatments of rcdp is a great challenge. but having a better understanding of the underlying cause is the first step. this has also increased awareness of rcdp, probably leading to more accurate diagnoses and higher clinical suspicion. a correct diagnosis is critical in providing accurate recurrence, prognosis, and prenatal diagnosis information. bennett, ruth. \" workshop looks into the challenges, causes of dwarfism. \" the oregonian ( july 7, 1999 ). hedley, lisa abelow. \" a child of difference. \" new york times magazine 147 ( october 1997 ) : 98 - 99. footsteps institute for rare diseases. 624 martin luther king way, tacoma, wa 98405. ( 253 ) 383 - 0985 or ( 888 ) 640 - 4673. email @ example. com. international patient advocacy association. 800 bellevue way ne, suite 400, bellvue, wa 98004. ( 425 ) 462 - 4037 or ( 310 ) 229 - 5750 or ( 800 ) 944 - 7823 x4037. firstname. lastname @ example. org. < http : / / www. vanpelt - ipaa. com >. national organization for rare disorders ( nord ). po box 8923, new fairfield, ct 06812 - 8923. ( 203 ) 746 - 6518 or ( 800 ) 999 - 6673. fax : ( 203 ) 746 - 6481. < http : / / www. rarediseases. org >. rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata ( rcp ) family support group. 137 25th ave., monroe, wi 53566. \" genetics tutorial and diagnosis information. \" greenberg center for skeletal dysplasias. johns hopkins university. < http : / / www. med. jhu. edu / greenberg. center / greenbrg. htm >. gould, stephen j. \" the peroxisome website. \" john hopkins university school of medicine. < http : / / www. peroxisome. org >. michelle que", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47750724165121167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.952322"} {"text": "autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) involve a wide range of clinical diagnoses, including - asperger syndrome ( a mild form of autism ) - childhood degenerative disorder - pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( pdd - nos ) although the severity of the symptoms that occur with each of these disorders will be different, all asds result in specific impairments. these are commonly seen in three specific areas : - social interaction - language and communication - engagement in repetitive behavior the centers for disease control and prevention estimates that about one in every 88 children have an asd ( cdc, 2012 ). the term autistic behavior is used to describe the actions of a child with an asd. doctors do not know for certain what causes autistic behavior. genetics may play a role. research examining the brains of children with autism has shown abnormalities in several different regions. environment may also play a part in the development of autism. exposure of the fetus to certain toxins or viruses may increase the chances of developing autism. autism may also be passed down through families. if an identical twin has autism, there is a 90 percent chance that his or her twin will have the disorder. families with a child who has autism have a one in 20 chance of having another child with autism. even though this is only a five percent risk, it is higher than the risk for families that do not have a child with autism ( ninds, 2012 ). for unknown reasons, boys are significantly more likely to have autism. studies show that one in 54 boys is diagnosed with an asd, while only one in 252 girls suffer from an asd ( cdc, 2012 ). many people believe that autistic behavior is caused by vaccines. the link between vaccines and autism has received much media attention in recent years. however, there is no evidence that suggests that childhood immunizations cause autism. if you are concerned about this issue, talk with your doctor. the symptoms of autistic behavior vary depending on your specific diagnosis. the most common feature of autistic behavior is difficulty with social interaction. infants and children who display this behavior may : - not respond when their names are called - avoid eye contact - not respond appropriately to social cues, such as someone being angry or upset - engage in self - injurious behavior, such as biting - engage in repetitive behaviors, such as rocking back and forth as autistic children grow, they may develop problems in other areas, including language and communication. children with asds typically learn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47409330109438086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.956706"} {"text": "in self - injurious behavior, such as biting - engage in repetitive behaviors, such as rocking back and forth as autistic children grow, they may develop problems in other areas, including language and communication. children with asds typically learn to speak later than children without the disorder. in addition, children with asds : - may refer to themselves by name instead of using pronouns such as \u201c i \u201d or \u201c me \u201d - will not know how to play with other children - appear disinterested when being engaged by other children or adults - may not smile or respond to others - may have specific interests or habits that are more important to them than interacting with others - may have sensitivity to loud sounds or bright lights autistic behavior can be diagnosed by your doctor. infants typically reach developmental milestones by certain ages. examples include : - babbling by 12 months - gesturing and pointing by 12 months - saying single words by 16 months - saying two - word phrases by 24 months if your child does not develop these behaviors or has other symptoms of autism, your doctor may order additional tests. tests will be used to rule out other health problems and may include : - hearing tests ( to rule out a hearing problem may cause similar behaviors ) - blood tests ( to look for lead toxicity, which may cause similar behaviors ) your doctor may also screen your child for autism using the checklist for autism in toddlers ( chat ) or the autism screening questionnaire. your doctor may refer you to a developmental psychologist for further evaluation. this specialist can provide you with a more accurate diagnosis. treatment for autistic behavior will depend on the severity of the symptoms. young children diagnosed with an asd are typically provided with early intervention services. these can include : - occupational therapy - social skills training - physical therapy - speech - language therapy in some cases, your doctor may recommend medication to control certain behaviors. these might include : - risperidone for irritability and aggression - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) to stabilize mood - methylphenidate, a stimulant treatment may also include changes in diet. gluten has been postulated to be associated with certain autistic behaviors. there is no evidence to support this reasoning ; however removing gluten from the diet may reduce symptoms of asds. treatment works best when it is tailored to meet the needs of the individual with autism. the long - term outcome for a child with autistic behavior is better today than it was a generation ago.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41956682925882893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.958983"} {"text": "parents are often shocked when i tell them that pediatricians think it \u2019 s a bad idea for children to watch tv before age 2. surveys tell us about 40 % of infants are watching some sort of video by age 5 months, and by age 2 the number rises to 90 %. early brain development to answer these questions we have to return briefly to the child \u2019 s developing brain. kids \u2019 brains grow profoundly during the first 3 years of life, with the brain tripling in mass in just the first 12 months. the stimuli children experience during this period profoundly influence brain development. images on screens behave in ways that differ dramatically from those in the real world. because we \u2019 re all steeped in the visual language of screens, it \u2019 s easy to forget those differences until we think about them. imagine a ball in real life and a ball on tv. infants are developing 3 - dimensional vision. the world of the screen exists in 2 dimensions, so the ball is just a flat, shaded circle. if you roll a ball across the floor it proceeds in a single motion, slowing gradually until it stops. the same action on tv is broken up \u2014 you see the ball leave someone \u2019 s hand, then there \u2019 s a shot of it in motion, then a picture of the ball at rest. if your infant wants to grab a ball in real life he \u2019 ll lunge for it, grasp at it, or crawl after it. the stuff on the screen just disappears, to be replaced by other stuff ; you can never get your hands ( or mouth ) on it. infants may stare at the bright colors and motion on a screen, but their brains are incapable of making sense or meaning out of all those bizarre pictures. it takes 2 full years for a baby \u2019 s brain to develop to the point where the symbols on a screen come to represent their equivalents in the real world. because of this confusion, children up to age 3 learn better from the real world than they do from any screen, especially when it comes to language. they do seem to learn a little more if they \u2019 re watching in the company of a person who is talking to them about what they \u2019 re seeing, in the same way you would while looking at a picture book. where ' s the harm? so sure, babies and toddlers don \u2019 t get anything out of watching tv, but if they seem to like it, where \u2019 s the harm? if a little tv is what it takes for you to get dinner on the table, isn \u2019 t it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4917556004289782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.965068"} {"text": ", babies and toddlers don \u2019 t get anything out of watching tv, but if they seem to like it, where \u2019 s the harm? if a little tv is what it takes for you to get dinner on the table, isn \u2019 t it better for them than, say, starving? yes, watching tv is better than starving, but it \u2019 s worse than not watching tv. good evidence suggests that screen viewing before age 2 has lasting negative effects on children \u2019 s language development, reading skills, and shortterm memory. it also contributes to problems with sleep and attention. if \u201c you are what you eat, \u201d then the brain is what it experiences, and video entertainment is like mental junk food for babies and toddlers. the problem lies not only with what toddlers are doing while they \u2019 re watching tv ; it \u2019 s what they aren \u2019 t doing. specifically, children are programmed to learn from interacting with other people. the dance of facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language between a toddler and parent is not only beautiful, it \u2019 s so complex that researchers have to record these interactions on video and slow them down just to see everything that \u2019 s going on. whenever one party in this dance, child or parent, is watching tv, the exchange comes to a halt. a toddler learns a lot more from banging pans on the floor while you cook dinner than he does from watching a screen for the same amount of time, because every now and then the 2 of you look at each other. just having the tv on in the background, even if \u201c no one is watching it, \u201d is enough to delay language development. normally a parent speaks about 940 words per hour when a toddler is around. with the television on, that number falls by 770! fewer words means less learning. toddlers are also learning to pay attention for prolonged periods. toddlers who watch more tv are more likely to have problems paying attention at age 7. video programming is constantly changing, constantly interesting, and almost never forces a child to deal with anything more tedious than an infomercial. after age 2 things change, at least somewhat. during the preschool years some children do learn some skills from educational tv. well - designed shows can teach kids literacy, math, science, problem - solving, and prosocial behavior. children get more out of interactive programs like dora the explorer and sesame street when they answer the characters \u2019 questions. educational tv makes the biggest difference for children whose homes are the least intellectually stimulating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43655983820288985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.966145"} {"text": "dogs can be trained to use a certain area set aside for elimination. they \u2019 re less fussy than cats about what materials you use to absorb the waste, so you could put old newspapers, paper litter, clay, or another absorbent material in the bottom of the pan. no matter what material you decide to use, use it consistently. at first, you may want to leave the litter a little dirty, because dogs tend to go back to a place where they have gone before. for the same reason, clean the carpet whenever your dog has an accident, to be sure she doesn \u2019 t return to the same spot. most of all, be patient and consistent. develop a schedule of feeding, playing, walking, and sleeping, which will keep your dog on an elimination schedule as well. learn the times when she will generally have to go : after eating, after waking up and, for puppies, about every 20 - 30 minutes when they are awake and playing. watch for the cues your dog gives before urinating, like sniffing and circling, and place her in the pan when you see her getting ready to go. praise her when she uses the pan. different dogs learn at different rates, so it may take a few days of accidents before your pet learns to use the pan. eventually, though, with gentle persistence, she can learn to use the litter box consistently. remember, though, the pan is not meant to replace trips outside, but to supplement them. your dog still needs to go outside for exercise and fresh air every day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4112007637186646, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.967900"} {"text": "- hhmi news - scientists & research - janelia farm - science education - resources & publications browse all resources by typeanimation ( 3 ) book / manual ( 4 ) cd ( 1 ) classroom activity ( 12 ) college course ( 6 ) curriculum ( 11 ) game ( 1 ) kit ( 1 ) lab ( 9 ) lesson plan ( 5 ) publication ( 23 ) software ( 3 ) tutorial ( 5 ) video ( 24 ) website ( 47 ) wiki ( 2 ) by topicbiochemistry ( 14 ) biodiversity ( 3 ) bioengineering ( 3 ) bioethics ( 3 ) bioinformatics ( 8 ) biology ( 104 ) biotechnology ( 9 ) cell biology ( 3 ) chemistry ( 17 ) earth science ( 1 ) ecology ( 9 ) engineering ( 1 ) evolution ( 10 ) general science ( 15 ) genetics ( 29 ) genomics ( 13 ) immunology ( 2 ) infectious diseases ( 1 ) life science ( 65 ) mathematics ( 9 ) medicine ( 6 ) microarrays ( 5 ) microbiology ( 3 ) molecular biology ( 34 ) neuroscience ( 7 ) physics ( 5 ) plants ( 2 ) professional development ( 35 ) research methods ( 12 ) science communication ( 2 ) systems biology ( 1 ) by grade levelk - 16 ( 1 ) 4 - 8 ( 1 ) k - 5 ( 6 ) medical school ( 6 ) k - 3 ( 2 ) k - 8 ( 2 ) k - 12 ( 9 ) 6 - 8 ( 18 ) 9 - 12 ( 52 ) college ( 101 ) graduate ( 21 ) number sense : a 1st and 2nd grade math event this curriculum, developed by the science education partnerships program at oregon state university, contains all the tools a teacher or administrator needs to organize a family math program at an elementary school. using the powerpoint presentation and timing guide available online, the speaker ( a teacher or volunteer ) leads student - parent pairs through a series of games and activities designed to develop students ' number sense and strategies for addition and subtraction. the math event focuses on listening to students ' mathematical thinking and helping parents understand how they can tailor the games to their child ' s ability level. at the end of the event, parents take home handouts, which are also available in spanish, for playing simple card games, building number sense and nurturing a \" mathematically powerful student. \" the curriculum includes templates for the games and a check - off list for organizing the event, which can be held in individual or multiple classrooms during the school day or in the evening.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5360239028580083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.971781"} {"text": "greenhouse gas emissions in the 1990s could have been underestimated by billions of tonnes, throwing doubt on some of the maths behind the kyoto protocol, research by australian and international scientists suggests. the research team measured real - world changes in the amount of co2 building up in the atmosphere against the amount of gases that each country said it emitted. and, like a jigsaw puzzle with one or two missing pieces, the picture did not quite match. ' ' the simplest explanation is there has been an underestimate in the accounting of about 7 per cent through that early period in the 1990s, ' ' said the lead researcher, roger francey, an honorary fellow at the csiro. ' ' the increase in co2 in the atmosphere doesn ' t reflect the reported emissions. this may be because the methodology for getting national emissions was far less developed than today, and only really developed for a few countries, so they were relying much more on estimates. ' ' if confirmed, the findings would carry some potentially good news about the rate of climate change : if emissions were higher in the 1990s, then they have not been increasing at quite such a steep rate to reach today ' s level. it would mean emissions have been rising more steadily for the past three decades, at the middle range of predictions by intergovernmental panel on climate change, rather than surging up since 2000. the group ' s findings are contained in a paper published on monday in the journal nature climate change. although an error of 7 per cent in estimated emissions is within the stated level of uncertainty, it still means that emissions equivalent to about four times the size of australia ' s annual greenhouse output had somehow been ' ' lost ' '. the accounting method is made even more complicated by the performance of ' ' carbon sinks ' ' which absorb large but varying amounts of carbon out of the atmosphere. ' ' when they were adding up all the emissions from around the world back then \u2026 it ' s understandable that there might have been significant errors, ' ' said the head of the csiro ' s changing atmosphere group, paul fraser. ' ' exactly how that may have happened, it ' s hard to know \u2026 what it shows is that the ipcc estimates of more recent times have got it about right. ' '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47027972186297295, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.974273"} {"text": "nature and hinduism are so entwined that it is quite impossible to think about one without the other. the need for an ecological balance is stressed in the vedas and upanishads and this message is repeated in the ramayana, mahabharata, gita, puranas and in the messages of hindu saints. mother nature is worshipped in hindu religion. but for majority of hindus, worship is confined to temples and homes and thus they are equal contributors in global warming, pollution and emissions. - one should not destroy the trees. ( rig veda samhita vi - 48 - 17 ) - plants are mothers and goddesses. ( rig veda samhita x - 97 - 4 ) - trees are homes and mansions. ( rig veda samhita x - 97 - 5 ) - sacred grass has to be protected from man ' s exploitation ( rig veda samhita vii - 75 - 8 ) - plants and waters are treasures for generations. ( rig veda samhita vii - 70 - 4 ) earth, in which lie the sea, the river and other waters, in which food and cornfields have come to be, in which lives all that breathes and that moves, may she confer on us the finest of her yield. earth, in which the waters, common to all, moving on all sides, flow unfailingly, day and night, may she pour on us milk in many streams, and endow us with lustre. ( from the atharva veda - hymn to the earth - bhumi - sukta ) may those born of thee, o earth, be for our welfare, free from sickness and waste, wakeful through a long life, we shall become bearers of tribute to thee. earth my mother, set me securely with bliss in full accord with heaven, o wise one, uphold me in grace and splendor. ( from the atharva veda - hymn to the earth - bhumi - sukta ) - earth, atmosphere, sky, sun, moon, stars, waters, plants, trees, moving creatures, swimming creatures, creeping creatures all are hailed and offered oblations. ( taittiriya samhita i - 8 - 13 ) - one should protect the habitation. ( rig veda samhita vi - 71 - 3 ) - waters as friends of man give full protection to his progenies. ( rig veda samhita vi - 50 - 7 ) - one shall take care of quadrupeds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4487201322531079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.982074"} {"text": "( rig veda samhita vi - 71 - 3 ) - waters as friends of man give full protection to his progenies. ( rig veda samhita vi - 50 - 7 ) - one shall take care of quadrupeds. ( taittiriya samhita iv - 4 - 10 ) - one shall be auspicious to animals. ( taittiriya samhita ii - 3 - 14 ) - one shall not find fault with animals. ( chandogya upanishad ii - 18 - 2 ) - waters represent splendor. ( atharva veda samhita iii - 13 - 5 ) - waters bear off all defilements and cleanse people. ( vajasaneya samhita iv - 2 ) - whoever injures the essence of food, kine or steeds is a robber who sinks both himself and his offspring into destruction. ( rig veda samhita vii - 104 - 10 ) - offerings are dedicated to waters of wells, pools, clefts, holes, lakes, morasses, ponds, tanks, marshes, rains, rime, streams, rivers and ocean. ( taittiriya samhita vii - 4 - 13 ) - there was only water in the beginning. ( brihadaranyaka upanishad v - 5 - 1 ) - waters and herbs should have no poison. ( rig veda samhita vi - 39 - 5 ) - waters are to be freed from defilement. ( atharva veda samhita x - 5 - 24 ) - waters cleanse humanity from the evil of pollution committed by it. ( atharva veda samhita xii - 2 - 40 ) - waters are healing and they strengthen one to see great joy. ( taittiriya samhita vii - 4 - 19 ) the mahabharata says that ' even if there is only one tree full of flowers and fruits in a village, that place becomes worthy of worship and respect. \u2019 \u2018 no religion, perhaps, lays as much emphasis on environmental ethics as does hinduism. it believes in ecological responsibility and says like native americans that the earth is our mother. it champions protection of animals, which it considers also have souls, and promotes vegetarianism. it has a strong tradition of non - violence or ahimsa. it believes that god is present in all nature, in all creatures, and in every human being regardless of their faith or lack of it. \u2019 dr. david frawley we hindus are always proud", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46776328900900876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.983076"} {"text": "strong tradition of non - violence or ahimsa. it believes that god is present in all nature, in all creatures, and in every human being regardless of their faith or lack of it. \u2019 dr. david frawley we hindus are always proud to hear others praise our culture. we publish them, discuss them in social circles but rarely follow the unparalleled teachings in our scriptures. lord ganesha, holy cow, worship of mountains, worship of nagas ( snakes ), tulsi and the numerous other plants and animals that form part of hindu worship are nothing but messages incorporated by wise hindu saints to teach us that we humans are part of nature and not outside it and above it. the hindu concept of brahman, the supreme soul, suggests that all animate and inanimate and all born and yet to be born are part of brahman. therefore an imbalance in a particular part will affect all other parts. the supreme being then finds out a method to transform that defective part. since brahman is present in all, it is easy to transform. and we humans might term such a transformation as the end or death or total annihilation. for the supreme soul, it is a small repair work carried out by a minute virus. mother nature is not dependent on human beings but human beings are. ancient seers knew it and therefore they worshiped nature. modern humans termed it as animism and replaced it with more refined worships. and the result of such a refined worship... \u2018 in our arrogance and ignorance we have destroyed the environment of this planet. we have polluted the oceans, we have made the air unbreathable, we have desecrated nature and decimated wildlife. but the vedantic seers knew that man was not something apart from nature, and, therefore, they constantly exhort us that, while we work for own salvation, we must also work for the welfare of all beings. \u2019 karan singh only a people \u2019 s movement can save the earth from destruction. we are armed with wise teachings of our saints. now what we need is its implementation. courtesy : quotes from vedas as found in the articles of dr. s kannan and dr. karan singh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5356138901200113, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.983954"} {"text": "cleopatra, queen of egypt and lover of julius caesar and mark antony, takes her life following the defeat of her forces against octavian, the future first emperor of rome. cleopatra, born in 69 b. c., was made cleopatra vii, queen of egypt, upon the death of her father, ptolemy xii, in 51 b. c. her brother was made king ptolemy xiii at the same time, and the siblings ruled egypt under the formal title of husband and wife. cleopatra and ptolemy were members of the macedonian dynasty that governed egypt since the death of alexander the great in 323 b. c. although cleopatra had no egyptian blood, she alone in her ruling house learned egyptian. to further her influence over the egyptian people, she was also proclaimed the daughter of re, the egyptian sun god. cleopatra soon fell into dispute with her brother, and civil war erupted in 48 b. c. rome, the greatest power in the western world, was also beset by civil war at the time. just as cleopatra was preparing to attack her brother with a large arab army, the roman civil war spilled into egypt. pompey the great, defeated by julius caesar in greece, fled to egypt seeking solace but was immediately murdered by agents of ptolemy xiii. caesar arrived in alexandria soon after and, finding his enemy dead, decided to restore order in egypt. during the preceding century, rome had exercised increasing control over the rich egyptian kingdom, and cleopatra sought to advance her political aims by winning the favor of caesar. she traveled to the royal palace in alexandria and was allegedly carried to caesar rolled in a rug, which was offered as a gift. cleopatra, beautiful and alluring, captivated the powerful roman leader, and he agreed to intercede in the egyptian civil war on her behalf. in 47 b. c., ptolemy xiii was killed after a defeat against caesar ' s forces, and cleopatra was made dual ruler with another brother, ptolemy xiv. julius and cleopatra spent several amorous weeks together, and then caesar departed for asia minor, where he declared \" veni, vidi, vici \" ( i came, i saw, i conquered ), after putting down a rebellion. in june 47 b. c., cleopatra bore a son, whom she claimed was caesar ' s and named caesarion, meaning \" little caesar. \" upon caesar ' s triumphant return to rome, cleopatra and caesarion joined him there. under the auspices of negotiating a treaty with rome, cleopatra lived discretely in a villa that caesar owned outside the capital. after caesar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40683836001343826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.988990"} {"text": ", meaning \" little caesar. \" upon caesar ' s triumphant return to rome, cleopatra and caesarion joined him there. under the auspices of negotiating a treaty with rome, cleopatra lived discretely in a villa that caesar owned outside the capital. after caesar was assassinated in march 44 b. c., she returned to egypt. soon after, ptolemy xiv died, likely poisoned by cleopatra, and the queen made her son co - ruler with her as ptolemy xv caesar. with julius caesar ' s murder, rome again fell into civil war, which was temporarily resolved in 43 b. c. with the formation of the second triumvirate, made up of octavian, caesar ' s great - nephew and chosen heir ; mark antony, a powerful general ; and lepidus, a roman statesman. antony took up the administration of the eastern provinces of the roman empire, and he summoned cleopatra to tarsus, in asia minor, to answer charges that she had aided his enemies. cleopatra sought to seduce antony, as she had caesar before him, and in 41 b. c. arrived in tarsus on a magnificent river barge, dressed as venus, the roman god of love. successful in her efforts, antony returned with her to alexandria, where they spent the winter in debauchery. in 40 b. c., antony returned to rome and married octavian ' s sister octavia in an effort to mend his strained alliance with octavian. the triumvirate, however, continued to deteriorate. in 37 b. c., antony separated from octavia and traveled east, arranging for cleopatra to join him in syria. in their time apart, cleopatra had borne him twins, a son and a daughter. according to octavian ' s propagandists, the lovers were then married, which violated the roman law restricting romans from marrying foreigners. antony ' s disastrous military campaign against parthia in 36 b. c. further reduced his prestige, but in 34 b. c. he was more successful against armenia. to celebrate the victory, he staged a triumphal procession through the streets of alexandria, in which he and cleopatra sat on golden thrones, and caesarion and their children were given imposing royal titles. many in rome, spurred on by octavian, interpreted the spectacle as a sign that antony intended to deliver the roman empire into alien hands. after several more years of tension and propaganda attacks, octavian declared war against cleopatra, and therefore antony, in 31 b. c. enemies of octavian rallied to antony", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3984838288642757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.989924"} {"text": "spectacle as a sign that antony intended to deliver the roman empire into alien hands. after several more years of tension and propaganda attacks, octavian declared war against cleopatra, and therefore antony, in 31 b. c. enemies of octavian rallied to antony ' s side, but octavian ' s brilliant military commanders gained early successes against his forces. on september 2, 31 b. c., their fleets clashed at actium in greece. after heavy fighting, cleopatra broke from the engagement and set course for egypt with 60 of her ships. antony then broke through the enemy line and followed her. the disheartened fleet that remained surrendered to octavian. one week later, antony ' s land forces surrendered. although they had suffered a decisive defeat, it was nearly a year before octavian reached alexandria and again defeated antony. in the aftermath of the battle, cleopatra took refuge in the mausoleum she had commissioned for herself. antony, informed that cleopatra was dead, stabbed himself with his sword. before he died, another messenger arrived, saying cleopatra still lived. antony had himself carried to cleopatra ' s retreat, where he died after bidding her to make her peace with octavian. when the triumphant roman arrived, she attempted to seduce him, but he resisted her charms. rather than fall under octavian ' s domination, cleopatra committed suicide on august 30, 30 b. c., possibly by means of an asp, a poisonous egyptian serpent and symbol of divine royalty. octavian then executed her son caesarion, annexed egypt into the roman empire, and used cleopatra ' s treasure to pay off his veterans. in 27 b. c., octavian became augustus, the first and arguably most successful of all roman emperors. he ruled a peaceful, prosperous, and expanding roman empire until his death in 14 a. d. at the age of 75.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38149449738695346, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.990668"} {"text": "there are three basic ways to navigate around a map within the viewer : - the home button zooming in or out of the map will make the contents of the map bigger or smaller within the viewer. if you are using windows operating system, and have a mouse with a scroll - wheel ( like this one ), you can simply use the middle mouse wheel for zooming in and out. otherwise, you can use either the zoom in or out buttons at the right edge of the viewer...... or you can zoom in by double - clicking with the left mouse button. if you are using windows operating system, you can zoom out by double - clicking while holding down on the control key ( ctrl ) on your keyboard. panning is the vertical ( up / down ) or horizontal ( left / right ) movement of the map within the viewer. to pan around in a map image you can either use the directional pan buttons at the right edge of the viewer...... or you can use your mouse by clicking and holding down on a spot with your left mouse button and then moving the mouse to drag the image in a given direction. located in the center of the directional pan buttons ( see above ), clicking the home button will zoom and position the map so that the whole thing fits within the viewer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4476276052703715, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.992117"} {"text": "the trees around your house provide similar services in your neighborhood that trees do in a forest. to learn more about the environmental benefits of trees in urban and suburban environments, you can use various tree benefit calculators based on i - tree. i - tree is a software suite, from the u. s. forest service, that consists of tools that calculate the value of trees in urban areas and your home. a tree \u2019 s value is expressed in terms of services it provides and the value of these services. this information helps communities strengthen the structure and management of their urban forests as well as advocacy efforts to build and preserve urban forests. by determining what services trees can provide for urban ecosystems, people can increase environmental quality and livability of urban areas. use one of the following calculators to determine the monetary value of individual trees on your property. mobile app : http : / / value. m. davey. com / the simplest calculator, for a quick estimate of the value of one tree. ( requires flash and will not work in firefox or google chrome ) the most up - to - date and accurate calculator, that also allows you to see the value of multiple trees. ( requires flash, and works in most non - mobile browsers ) sponsored by itree.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43189621102681586, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:04.996686"} {"text": "june 16, 2005. doctors have a lot to learn when it comes to dealing with patients who are blind, according to an occupational therapist working in tcd who is herself blind. bethan collins, writing in forum, the journal of the irish college of general practitioners, says anecdotal evidence suggests a lack of awareness among gps and a lack of assertiveness among blind people can create many of the communication difficulties that exist between the two groups. ms collins gave the example of one blind person who when attending a gp, was told by the doctor : \" there ' s a seat over there \", following which the doctor ( presumably ) pointed to the seat. the patient then asked where the seat was and the doctor replied - \" over there \" again trying to point the seat out to the blind patient. the patient then pointed out to the doctor that he was blind but again the doctor pointed to the seat and told the patient it was \" over there. \" according to the article, the consultation continued with a number of further faux pas, culminating in the doctor saying to the patient : \" i ' m giving you this prescription \", holding the prescription out without putting it into the blind patient ' s hand. prior to the consultation, the doctor ' s receptionist had been told that the patient was blind, according to the article. ms collins said an important element in promoting good communication between doctors and blind and visually impaired patients is the doctor giving adequate descriptions to the patient. for example, doctors explaining to the blind patient what will be done before a physical examination ; and giving clear verbal descriptions if the patient is required to perform specific movements or actions, rather than the doctor simply saying \" do this \", and gesturing. practice staff, according to the article, should offer an elbow to the blind person entering the surgery. for those patients who do not want to make physical contact, practice staff, according to the article, should also clearly tell them of obstacles in their way when entering the surgery. ms collins said blind people are calling for more awareness, particularly among professional groups such as doctors, of the needs of blind people. she said if information about guiding, access to information and more accurate conceptions of blindness were readily available, the current communication issues would be a thing of the past. source url : http : / / www. irishhealth. com /? level = 4 & id = 7693. end of article. any further reproduction or distribution of this article in a format other than a specialized format, may be an infringement of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46211693487617667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.000730"} {"text": "this article was originally published in the january / february 1998 issue of home energy magazine. some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content. | back to contents page | home energy index | about home energy | home energy magazine online january / february 1998 regulating ventless heaters the gas industry defends unvented heaters, pointing out that they are allowed by 42 state building codes in the united states, and that they are widely used in europe. mike calderrera of the gas appliance manufacturers association says the heaters have safety measures intended to guard against dangerous combustion products. every heater since 1980 has been required to have an oxygen depletion sensor ( ods ), calderrera says. this has certainly improved safety. today ' s products are built to satisfy all the requirements of the ansi safety standard. ken maitland, director of engineering at the california - based gas appliance maker fireplace manufacturers incorporated ( fmi ), says, i believe as an engineer that they ' re safe, if designed correctly and the ods is installed. the safety features are widely proclaimed by the vent - free alliance ( vfa ), a coalition of members of the gas appliance manufacturers association. nice & warm, a booklet published by the vfa, says that the consumer product safety commission ( cpsc ) data show no documented deaths due to emissions associated with the use of an ods - equipped vent - free gas heating appliance since 1980. sandy weisner of medford, oregon, is not soothed by these assurances. she installed an fmi ventless heater in 1996, and soon after developed symptoms of carbon monoxide ( co ) poisoning. she installed a co alarm, which sounded as soon as she used her unvented fireplace. she went to the doctor and found that the levels of carbon monoxide in her blood were 30 times normal concentrations. she has since been lobbying her state ' s code bodies to ban the heaters. many building scientists are harshly critical of the gas industry ' s safety claims. while every brochure, video, and web site about unvented heaters relates their safety to the ods, greg traynor, formerly an indoor air quality researcher at lawrence berkeley national laboratory, says there is almost no correlation between oxygen depletion and increased pollutant concentrations. there ' s no way you ' re ever going to get the ods to go off unless you have a way oversized heater in a tiny room, he says. in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4961435888805064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.007439"} {"text": "no correlation between oxygen depletion and increased pollutant concentrations. there ' s no way you ' re ever going to get the ods to go off unless you have a way oversized heater in a tiny room, he says. in a 1983 department of energy study, traynor and six other researchers, including mike apte ( author of unvented heaters : drainless sinks? he, sept / oct ' 96, p. 9 ) found that the heaters pose a potential threat to the health of occupants of houses where such appliances are used. meanwhile, a new study from the university of connecticut reports that co can cause permanent brain damage without any single traumatic poisoning. oregon, however, is like most other states where the devices are allowed. legislatures and code officials are reluctant to outlaw the vent - free heaters, for lack of conclusive evidence that they are harmful. as of march 1996, only eight states and eight canadian provinces prohibited the appliances, and codes are steadily becoming more accommodating. the tide turning? today, unvented heaters are being carefully scrutinized in california and new york. after contentious legislative battles in those states, both states ' health officials are seeking reliable sizing guidelines. they hope that by sizing the heaters correctly for the amount of ventilation in a house and for the local climate, they can keep the heaters from hurting anyone. with these developments on the horizon, in march, 1996, the gas research institute ( gri ) released what it hoped would be universally acceptable sizing guidelines. in 1997, the gri guidelines were nominated for incorporation into the ansi national safety standard for unvented gas heaters, z21. 11. 2. these proposed guidelines have turned into a lightning rod for criticism. the gri guideline has been criticized for flawed assumptions and weak science. for example, one indoor air quality researcher with the california air resources board ( carb ) says, the report assumes that a loose house has one air change per hour ( ach ), while a tight house has 0. 35 ach. but 0. 35 ach is probably about average for the good new houses being built in california today, and we often see houses much tighter than this. tom greiner ( author of the case of the co leak : solving the mysteries of carbon monoxide exposure, he nov / dec ' 97, p. 21 ) adds, no attention whatever is paid to a ' worst - case ' or even a less than favorable [ ventilation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.526091406593585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.008701"} {"text": "of the case of the co leak : solving the mysteries of carbon monoxide exposure, he nov / dec ' 97, p. 21 ) adds, no attention whatever is paid to a ' worst - case ' or even a less than favorable [ ventilation ] scenario. the gas industry traditionally uses worst - case scenarios, and then adds additional safety factors when designing equipment or developing standards. greiner also criticizes the gri assumption that the heaters will be used at most four hours at a time. he cites a homeowner who uses an unvented heater all the time, but calls it a supplemental heater because it heats only part of the house. ken giles of the consumer product safety commission ( cpsc ) agrees. in the burn belt of the south, he says, unvented heaters have traditionally been used as primary heat for many homes without central heaters. the cpsc recommends that indoor heaters not be used while residents are asleep, and produces safety brochures encouraging homeowners to use co alarms. the new york state research and development authority ( nyserda ) produced a peer - reviewed critique of the gri standard. among other things, it criticizes the gri ' s indoor air quality guideline of 0. 5 ppm ( parts per million ) for nitrogen dioxide. no international, federal, or state guidelines that have been adopted are as high as 0. 5 ppm. if an air quality guideline of 0. 25 ppm is used for nitrogen dioxide, air quality will quickly reach unacceptable levels for homes in climates with more than 2, 000 heating degree - days. some such climates include mild santa barbara, california ; st. louis, missouri ; and washington, d. c. the nyserda report also criticized the gri ' s science. the heater sizes recommended, it says, are larger than the heater sizes which were used to calculate indoor air contaminant levels. potential moisture problems are cited by stuart brooks, an architect with energy design associates incorporated of eagle river, alaska. in his eight years at the alaska energy programs office and since then in private practice, he has encountered several unvented heaters. they do create a large condensation problem for houses here in the anchorage area, as well as carbon shadowing on walls and ceilings, he says ( see black stains in houses : soot, dust, or ghosts, p. 15 ). while the vent - free alliance ' s video vent - free iaq research states that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5506947228594594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.009649"} {"text": "as well as carbon shadowing on walls and ceilings, he says ( see black stains in houses : soot, dust, or ghosts, p. 15 ). while the vent - free alliance ' s video vent - free iaq research states that a humidity level of 60 % is desirable, brooks says that in very cold weather, more than 40 % continuous relative humidity is almost a surefire level of condensation problems. icing on windows, not just condensation, becomes a problem. it is too early to tell whether criticisms of the proposed ansi standard will affect california ' s and new york ' s sizing guidelines. but regardless of what guidelines eventually prevail, one source familiar with california ' s indoor air quality politics points out, it ' s dubious whether sizing standards could be enforced. after all, the heaters are sold as do - it - yourself retrofits at large retailers nationwide. when customers buy and install their units, they may use whatever size they feel fits their needs. crisis or annoyance? for all the problems, there is no epidemic of deaths caused by unvented heaters. even a harsh critic at carb says the current standards, combined with the ods, are likely to prevent fatalities. the vent - free alliance claims that such heaters have caused no fatalities since the ods was first required in the early 1980s. the consumer products safety commission logged over 15 co poisoning events, including 10 fatalities, from unvented gas heaters between december 1994 and january 1997. some of the poisonings were clearly caused by new heaters, but it is unclear whether the fatalities were caused by pre - ods heaters. some manufacturers have experimented with including co detectors with their unvented heaters, but this is not even being considered as part of the revision to the ansi standard. weisner still suffers from reduced stamina and dizziness that were not present before her poisoning. however, because she was not seriously disabled, she has been unable to find an attorney willing to sue fmi. they think the prospective award would be too small to pay the necessary expert witnesses. but with millions of unvented heaters now installed nationwide, she feels it ' s only a matter of time before more people are poisoned. it could have been my grandchildren, she adds. | back to contents page | home energy index | about home energy | home energy can be reached at : email @ example. com - first page - previous page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5136022235751712, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.010653"} {"text": "\" i couldn ' t care if i never had sex again \" \" forget the sex, i just wish i had some energy \" \" i do it for him, not for me \" \" i love him, but i just don ' t want to have sex with him \" \" it ' s all just too much, i ' d rather get a good night ' s sleep \" these comments are repeated by thousands of women every day of the week, sometimes to doctors, sometimes to friends, sometimes to partners. women provide a far more complex sex hormonal picture than men, with three hormones contributing to the overall makeup of the hormonal balance. women produce oestrogens, progesterone and testosterone. the ovaries produce the bulk of the oestrogens during the years leading up to the menopause and substantially less post - menopause. progesterone is produced once ovulation has taken place during the menstrual years. progesterone ceases to be produced when ovulation stops at the menopause. testosterone in women is predominantly produced by the ovaries. it is produced on a continual basis and testosterone production declines with age from year twenty onwards. testosterone is vital in the preservation of bone, for its positive effect on libido and maintenance of energy levels. - reduced libido - unexplained fatigue - lack of concentration - emotional mood changes typify the symptoms of testosterone deficiency in women. supplementing small amounts of testosterone in women experiencing symptoms of testosterone deficiency results in increased energy, libido and sexual response. in the last decade there has been increasing interest in administering low doses of testosterone to pre - and postmenopausal women, particularly to help with loss of libido. the use of testosterone to manage low libido in women has extensively been reviewed in the medical literature for decades.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4648446605777712, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.013610"} {"text": "what teaching style do you favor? how do you present material in your class? when i was student teaching ( many years ago now ), i recall that we were required to observe another teacher in our supervising teacher \u2019 s department. i observed the man who happened to be chosen teacher of the year for his school by his colleagues. actually, it was probably my supervising teacher who recommended i observe him. matter of fact, i also observed the department head, who was an intimidating woman, both to her colleagues and students ( she required english department members to hand in lesson plans, and i recall after one particularly didactic department meeting, the other english teachers clustered in the parking lot to \u201c discuss \u201d the meeting ). the teacher of the year \u2019 s class was taking a notebook check the day i observed. he apologized for not being \u201c up in front of the room, \u201d but also added that he wasn \u2019 t up in front of room a lot because he \u201c really didn \u2019 t believe in that. \u201d what he was trying to say is that he viewed his role as a teacher as that of a facilitator or coach. in other words, he favored a constructivist approach to teaching. the department head was definitely more of a direct instructor. when i observed her class, she was standing in front of it, speaking. she called on students to provide answers. one thing i like about wiggins and mctighe is that they see value in various approaches to teaching ; however, what they emphasize is that a good teacher needs to figure out when each approach is best. this can be difficult, however, because of our biases as teachers : teachers who love to lecture do too much of it ; teachers who resist it do too little. teachers who love ambiguity make discussions needlessly confusing. teachers who are linear and task - oriented often intervene too much in a seminar and cut off fruitful inquiry. teachers who love to coach sometimes do too many drills and overlook transfer. teachers who love the big picture often do a poor job of developing core skills and competence. ( 242 ) the most important quotation of the chapter, at least in my view, is that \u201c [ w ] hen choosing instructional approaches, think about what is needed for learning, not just what is comfortable for teaching \u201d ( 242 ). teachers tend to use one instructional approach at the expense of all others, and to be honest, i have seen some hostility among teachers regarding this issue. teachers who prefer direct instruction tend to see teachers who favor constructivism as ir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47017114492841655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.018420"} {"text": "\u201d ( 242 ). teachers tend to use one instructional approach at the expense of all others, and to be honest, i have seen some hostility among teachers regarding this issue. teachers who prefer direct instruction tend to see teachers who favor constructivism as irresponsible, unknowledgeable, lazy, and at worst, dangerous. it is not unheard of to hear that constructivists are the downfall of education as we know it, and don \u2019 t you know, education was so much better before these hippie yahoos came along and changed it all. on the other hand, i see constructivists characterize teachers who favor direct instruction as dour, boring, and punitive. in other words, they are the entire reason why kids hate school, and if they just weren \u2019 t teaching, why think of all we could change! in fact, i think we call all admit there are times when we want to learn things ourselves using a constructivist approach, and i don \u2019 t know about you, but i have certainly listened to some fascinating lectures. the point of the chapter is not necessarily to advocate one method of instruction over another, but to emphasize that what method you choose needs to be based upon what your desired results are. all of a sudden the necessity for backward design \u201c clicks. \u201d how can you figure out whether lecture or a socratic seminar would be best if you don \u2019 t know what you want the students to understand? in the words of bob the nutrition unit designer, \u201c what is the best use of our limited time together? \u201d this should be the mantra of teachers planning instruction. the two pages of formative assessment techniques are well worth some study ( 248 - 249 ). i like the index card summary idea. one of my colleagues uses hand signals with good results. actually, her approach is slightly different from that of the book. she asks students to hold up one finger for one answer, two for another, and three for a third. it \u2019 s a very quick way to engage all the students and see who understands and who doesn \u2019 t. i tend to rely too much on discussion, which means if you talk a lot in class, i know what you know. i need to utilize methods of \u201c hearing \u201d from silent students more often ( and not necessarily calling on them more often, although that would help ; students are sometimes intimidated and afraid to say \u201c i don \u2019 t get it \u201d ). i want to put a question box in my room, too. i think i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043411458838809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.019431"} {"text": "it ' s been 22 years since the house of commons voted unanimously to eradicate child poverty in canada by 2000. all parties supported the motion and it appeared that we were finally on the right track to ensuring that no child ever had to grow up hungry or homeless again. however, a new report from campaign 2000 reveals that over two decades later 639, 000 children are still living in poverty. that ' s one in 10 children. aboriginal children are in an even worse situation, with a shocking one in four children who are living on reserves below the poverty line. what ' s more alarming is that one in three children who live in poverty have at least one parent working full time. if the number of canadians still fighting to make ends meet isn ' t disturbing enough, the costs associated with poverty certainly are. estimates currently say that poverty costs canada a minimum of $ 24 billion a year, with 20 per cent of all health care costs directly attributed to poverty. look at it this way, a child born into poverty has a greater chance of dying in infancy and, if he or she lives, is likely to have a lower birth weight and more disabilities. as they grow, they will suffer from poor nutrition and poor health. they ' ll miss more days of school and slowly, but surely, fall further and further behind at significant cost to society. if we can solve the problem early, and prevent children from growing up in poverty in the first place, the savings both financially and in the quality of life they will go on to have will be dramatically increased. that is why i am calling on this government to finally bring forth a viable long term national strategy to eliminate poverty in canada. the strategy must focus on what the national council of welfare refers to as the investment model. instead of paying to make a person ' s life marginally better in the short term, we must invest in long term solutions. as they put it, the current spending model we use is \" like getting half a dose of antibiotics and having your infection ease up for a little while only to have it return worse than it was before. \" we cannot continue on that path. in fact we are not that far away even with current expenditures. the latest report from the national council of welfare states that canada currently faces a $ 12 billion poverty gap. that $ 12 billion annually is what it would take to make sure every canadian was above the poverty line. although this might mean more money upfront, the payoffs in terms of savings long term greatly out weight the initial costs because we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4207799204646049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.022201"} {"text": "since its establishment, the people ' s republic of china ( prc ) has worked vigorously to win international support for its position that it is the sole legitimate government of all china, including hong kong, macau, and taiwan. until the early 1970s, the republic of china government in taipei was recognized diplomatically by most world powers and the un. after the beijing government assumed the china seat in the united nations in 1971 ( and the roc government was expelled ) and became increasingly more significant as a global player, most nations switched diplomatic relations from the republic of china to the people ' s republic of china. japan established diplomatic relations with the prc in 1972, following the joint communique between the governments of japan and the people ' s republic of china ; the united states followed in 1972. the number of countries that have established diplomatic relations with beijing has risen to 165, while 24 maintain diplomatic relations with the republic of china ( taiwan ). both the prc and roc make it a prerequisite for diplomatic relations that a country does not recognize and conduct any official relations with the other party. after its founding, the prc ' s foreign policy initially focused on solidarity with the soviet union and other communist countries. in 1950, the prc sent the people ' s liberation army into north korea as \" volunteers \" to help north korea halt the un offensive that was approaching the yalu river. after the conclusion of the korean conflict, the prc sought to balance its identification as a member of the soviet bloc by establishing friendly relations with pakistan and other third world countries, particularly in southeast asia. in 1962, the prc had a brief war with india over a border dispute. in the 1960s, beijing competed with moscow for political influence among communist parties and in the developing world generally. following the 1968 soviet invasion of czechoslovakia and clashes in 1969 on the sino - soviet border, chinese competition with the soviet union increasingly reflected concern over china ' s own strategic position. in late 1978, the chinese also became concerned over vietnam ' s efforts to establish open control over laos and cambodia. in response to the soviet - backed vietnamese invasion of cambodia, the prc fought a war with vietnam ( february - march 1979 ). chinese anxiety about soviet strategic advances was heightened following the soviet union ' s december 1979 invasion of afghanistan. sharp differences between the prc and the soviet union persisted over soviet support for vietnam ' s continued occupation of cambodia, the soviet invasion of afghanistan, and soviet troops along the sino - soviet border and in mongolia - - the so - called \" three obstacles \" to improved sino - soviet relations. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4755667271734413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.034737"} {"text": "union persisted over soviet support for vietnam ' s continued occupation of cambodia, the soviet invasion of afghanistan, and soviet troops along the sino - soviet border and in mongolia - - the so - called \" three obstacles \" to improved sino - soviet relations. in the 1970s and 1980s the prc sought to create a secure regional and global environment for itself and to foster good relations with countries that could aid its economic development. to this end, the prc looked to the west for assistance with its modernization drive and for help in countering soviet expansionism, which it characterized as the greatest threat to its national security and to world peace. the prc maintained its consistent opposition to \" superpower hegemonism, \" focusing almost exclusively on the expansionist actions of the soviet union and soviet proxies such as vietnam and cuba, but it also placed growing emphasis on a foreign policy independent of both the u. s. and the soviet union. while improving ties with the west, the prc continued to closely follow the political and economic positions of the third world non - aligned movement, although the prc was not a formal member. in the immediate aftermath of tiananmen crackdown in june 1989, many countries reduced their diplomatic contacts with the prc as well as their economic assistance programs. in response, the prc worked vigorously to expand its relations with foreign countries, and by late 1990, had reestablished normal relations with almost all nations. following the collapse of the soviet union in late 1991, the prc also opened diplomatic relations with the republics of the former soviet union. the foreign relations of the people ' s republic of china draws upon traditions extending back to china in the qing dynasty and the opium wars, despite china having undergone many radical upheavals over the past two and a half centuries. the goal of the foreign policy within the people ' s republic of china is to create a strong, independent, powerful, and united china which is a great power within the world. chinese foreign policy experts believe that in achieving this goal, they are not pursuing any hegemonic or war - like ambitions and are sometimes very perplexed that others may see china ' s motives in this way. nevertheless, many actions taken by the chinese government in its relations with other countries as well as its rapidly developing military capacities belie this perplexity. in sharp contrast to the former soviet union and the united states, recent chinese foreign policy has not been devoted to advancing any higher international ideological interests such as world communism and are generally cynical about the motives of nations, particularly the united states, who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49575844503144195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.035800"} {"text": "##ity. in sharp contrast to the former soviet union and the united states, recent chinese foreign policy has not been devoted to advancing any higher international ideological interests such as world communism and are generally cynical about the motives of nations, particularly the united states, who claim that they are motivated by higher goals such as spreading freedom, democracy and justice. this cynicism partially comes from chinese thinking in which ideology is secondary to advancing national interest. in this sense, chinese foreign policy makers may be seen to adhere to the realist rather than the liberal school of international relations theory. while this cynicism strikes many as selfish, others have pointed out that the \" selfish \" nature of chinese foreign policy has made chinese foreign policy extremely flexible and also prevents china from involving itself in the affairs of other nations on ideological grounds. still others point out that in an era of increasing scarcity such selfishness will breed international altercations. in much of the 20th century, chinese foreign policy was based on a sense of victimhood ( of centuries - long western and japanese colonialism ) and a determination to fight back perceived humiliations. at the start of the 21st century, there appears to be a shift in chinese foreign policy and calls from within china to reduce its victim mentality ( \u5fc3, shouhaizhe xintai ) and recognize that with a generation of economic growth, that china has begun to fulfil its ambitions of becoming a great power once again and should adopt a great power mentality ( \u5927 \u56fd \u5fc3, daguo xintai ) to use its power responsibly and optimistically. these ideas form part of the new security concept which is china ' s vision for the post - cold war era in which nations interact economically and diplomatically for mutual benefit and avoid forming exclusive alliances and / or blocs. modern foreign policy in recent years, china ' s communist leaders have been regular travelers to all parts of the globe, and the prc has sought a higher profile in the un through its permanent seat on the united nations security council and other multilateral organizations. closer to home, the prc has made efforts to reduce tensions in asia ; it has contributed to stability on the korean peninsula, cultivated a more cooperative relationship with members of the association of southeast asian nations ( asean ) ( brunei, myanmar, indonesia, laos, malaysia, philippines, singapore, thailand, vietnam ), and participated in the asean regional forum. in 1997, the asean member nations and the people ' s republic of china, south korea and japan agreed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5032234518315671, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.037047"} {"text": ") ( brunei, myanmar, indonesia, laos, malaysia, philippines, singapore, thailand, vietnam ), and participated in the asean regional forum. in 1997, the asean member nations and the people ' s republic of china, south korea and japan agreed to hold yearly talks to further strengthen regional cooperation, the asean plus three meetings. in 2005 the \" asean plus three \" countries together with india, australia and new zealand held the inaugural east asia summit ( eas ). china has improved ties with russia. president putin and president jiang, in large part to serve as a counterbalance to the united states, signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation in july 2001. the two also joined with the central asian nations of kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, and uzbekistan to found the shanghai cooperation organization ( sco ) in june 2001. the sco is designed to promote regional stability and cooperate to combat terrorism in the region. relations between india and china have also improved considerably. after years of competition, china and india are finally starting to collaborate in several economic and strategic areas. both countries have doubled their economic trade in the past few years and china is expected to become india ' s largest trading partner by 2008. the two countries are planning to host joint naval exercises to strengthen defense partnership. in 2003, china and india settled a major border dispute through dialogue. china recognized sikkim as a part of india while india recognized tibet as part of the prc. however, the dispute over aksai chin and arunachal pradesh and china ' s military aid to pakistan, india ' s arch - rival, continues to plague sino - india relations. the prc has a number of border and maritime disputes, including with vietnam in the gulf of tonkin, with a number of countries in the south china sea, as well as with japan. beijing has resolved many of these disputes, notably including a november 1997 agreement with russia that resolved almost all outstanding border issues and a 2000 agreement with vietnam to resolve some differences over their maritime border, though disagreements remain over some islands in the south china sea. during the late 1990s and early 21st century, chinese foreign policy appeared to be focused at improving relations with russia and europe in order to counterbalance the united states. this strategy was based on the premise that the united states was a hyperpower whose influence could be checked through alliances with second tier powers such as russia or the european union. this assessment of united states power was reconsidered after the united states intervention in kosovo, and as the 20th century drew to a close, the discussion among thinktan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45512370802249275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.038165"} {"text": "be checked through alliances with second tier powers such as russia or the european union. this assessment of united states power was reconsidered after the united states intervention in kosovo, and as the 20th century drew to a close, the discussion among thinktanks in china involved how to reorient chinese foreign policy in a unipolar world. this discussion also occurred in the context of china ' s new security concept which argued that the post - cold war era required nations to move away from thinking in terms of alliances and power blocs and toward thinking in terms of economic and diplomatic cooperation. the shift away from a balancing strategy could be seen in china ' s actions after the september 11, 2001 attacks, the united states invasion of iraq, and the accession of hu jintao. although there were some initial fears that american intervention in afghanistan and iraq would lead to an increase in american power and the encirclement and tighter containment of china, the actual consequence was a shift in focus by the united states to the middle east, which resulted in a desire to avoid crises in east asia. after the september 11, 2001 attacks, the blue team in the united states which argued that china was the largest security threat to the united states became much more muted. china was instrumental at brokering talks with north korea over its nuclear program, and in 2003, there was a concerted effort by china to improve relations with the asean nations and form a common east asian market. these foreign policy efforts have been part of a general foreign policy initiative known as china ' s peaceful rise. much of the new diplomatic activity appears to be the result of a change in china ' s self - image. with the accession of the fourth generation of chinese leaders, china appears to be seeing itself less as a victimized developing nation, but rather more as an assertive but responsible regional power. in 2005, there has been talk of the european union lifting its arms embargo, however the united states has objected to this.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5346432842693386, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.039014"} {"text": "from husky to avalanche : may - - mid - august 1943 although trident did not settle the role the mediterranean was to play in long - range european strategy, the need for deciding the size, timing, and direction of immediate operations in the mediterranean became urgent. one effect of trident was to speed preparations for the invasion of sicily. by the close of the conference, operational planning for husky was taking final shape. the germans had at last been defeated in tunisia, and the allied headquarters in algiers could turn its full attention to sicily. pantelleria had been accepted as an intermediate objective, an ad hoc, or modified, husky had been rejected, and a full - scale operation had been projected in accord with a plan developed by general eisenhower ' s staff. the final outline plan for sicily, approved by the ccs on 13 may during the trident meetings, provided for british and american assaults against southern and southeastern areas of the island. on 22 may, while the ccs were still at the conference, general eisenhower confirmed 10 july 1943 as d day. 1 early in its planning for husky, general eisenhower ' s combined planning staff had concluded that the most important need was to capture suitable airfields and ports to maintain the armies after the landings. by early may general eisenhower and his deputy, general alexander, had decided to concentrate the assault against the southeastern group of airfields and to seize catania, palermo, and other important ports later on. as usual, the landing craft bottleneck presented a problem. the outline plan called for eight seaborne assaults on approximately a hundred miles of coast line extending from just below syracuse around the southeast tip of the island to the west as far as licata. british troops were to assault the southeast coast, u. s. troops to land farther west in the vicinity of gela and licata. general eisenhower chose 10 july, which occurred in the second quarter of the moon, as the target date offering sufficient light during the early period of the night for parachutists ' landings and complete darkness after midnight for the naval force operations. 2 with the objectives and timing definite, the tempo of preparations for launching the campaign was stepped up both in washington and abroad. as a part of the advance planning for husky, the british arranged for a body, made to appear to be that of a british courier, to be washed ashore on the spanish coast. in the corpse ' s pouch were plans for an attack upon greece under the code name husky and for a second attack in the western mediterranean. according to the planted information, only a fein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42910747734479043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.086051"} {"text": "a british courier, to be washed ashore on the spanish coast. in the corpse ' s pouch were plans for an attack upon greece under the code name husky and for a second attack in the western mediterranean. according to the planted information, only a feint would be made against sicily. the germans in due course received word of the body and the plans and reinforced the peloponnesus and sardinia. 3 the close of the tunisia campaign led to a radical change in the situation in italy. the defeat in north africa convinced many italian leaders that italy should get out of the war, but hitler remained adamant in his determination to fight both the russians and the anglo - americans. with their hopes for a political settlement quashed, the italians were placed in a precarious position. their military weakness made them acutely aware of the dangers of attempting to break their alliance with germany, for swift retaliation might follow. on the other hand, they wanted to stop fighting. as they wavered between scilla and charybdis, they aroused the suspicion of hitler. on 20 may he decided to take no chances and directed the german staff to prepare a plan for german control of northern italy in the event of italy ' s defection. by mid - june, the german commanders in italy concluded that italian morale was hopeless and that little could be expected in the way of resistance unless german forces were brought in. the italian military staff conceded the truth of the german position by permitting and requesting german aid. as german troops entered italy in increasing numbers during june and the early days of july, the italians ' freedom of action decreased. thus, on the eve of husky, german forces controlled the northern approaches to italy and were firmly ensconced around rome. if the italians defected, the german commanders would be in a position to evacuate their forces from the south to a defensive line along the northern apennines. were the italians to continue the fight, the germans contemplated defending all of italy. all signs pointed to an allied attack upon sicily, but the germans were forced to be prepared for a number of eventualities. the next move depended upon the allies - - and the italians. 4 the uncertainty in the relations between the two european axis partners was not unwelcome to the allies, but the german reinforcement of italy and sicily was hardly encouraging. to the allies, husky represented months of preparation. it developed as a unique combined undertaking, involving mounting, assembling, and supplying assault forces from tour widely separated areas - - the united states, the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4500691796752418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.088408"} {"text": "of italy and sicily was hardly encouraging. to the allies, husky represented months of preparation. it developed as a unique combined undertaking, involving mounting, assembling, and supplying assault forces from tour widely separated areas - - the united states, the united kingdom, the middle east, and north africa. it required the organization and dispatch of one task force from the united states, the assembly in the theater of a gigantic allied armada, and the launching of an ambitious amphibious operation. husky also represented the first large - scale allied venture in airborne operations. to maintain equal status between u. s. and british forces, special arrangements for command and administration were required. in the process, husky ushered in an experiment in military government for occupied enemy territory. all of these experiences were to furnish valuable precedents for the management and conduct of subsequent combined operations. the preparation and execution of this whirlwind campaign, which lasted only thirty - nine days ( 10 july - 17 august 1943 ), pointed up the fact that much operational planning hitherto performed in washington was shifting to large theater headquarters. the development of the replacement system and of the standing operating procedure for convoy loading and dispatching troops to the field made much of the work of operations officers in washington routine and automatic. at the same time the tendency for an increasing number of general marshall ' s plans and operations assistants to go overseas to serve on the theater headquarters staff as observers, liaison officers, planners, and active participants in the operation became even more marked. 5 the chief army planner, general wedemeyer, during a tour of extended temporary duty in the north african theater, joined general patton ' s staff and at the latter ' s request analyzed the entire operational plan for husky. wedemeyer went so far as to ask for and receive command of a regiment and participated in the initial fighting in sicily. 6 this leaven of practical experience with amphibious operations, needless to say, was to serve the washington army headquarters in good stead in subsequent planning for the highly operational phase of the war. while some of its representatives were busily engaged in theater planning, the washington army headquarters completed arrangements for dispatching the 45th infantry division and the 82d airborne division. 7 the combat - loaded 45th division was a task force in miniature, for whose preparation the washington headquarters had already had intensive experience in mounting and moving the western task force for torch. the 82d airborne arrived in the north african theater in may, followed a month later by the 45th division. general marshall ' s operations staff examined general eisenhower '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4524531987014442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.091587"} {"text": "washington headquarters had already had intensive experience in mounting and moving the western task force for torch. the 82d airborne arrived in the north african theater in may, followed a month later by the 45th division. general marshall ' s operations staff examined general eisenhower ' s troop lists in terms not only of available units, ships, and escorts but also of the effect on other prospective operations, particularly on the build - up in the european theater for the projected cross - channel operation. 8 the contrast in the totals of american strength divided between north africa and the united kingdom in the summer of 1943 drove home the need to hold the line so far as possible and to use troops already in the mediterranean for husky. by 1 july 1943, just ten days before husky was launched, the strength of u. s. forces in the north african theater was estimated by the washington planners at over 528, 000, while u. s. strength in the united kingdom was only about 160, 000. 9 meanwhile, replacements had to be sent to the active theater, and the war department took steps to correct deficiencies in the replacement training program in the zone of interior. it opened replacement depots on both coasts, increased capacities for training infantry and field artillery replacements, augmented training periods, and made provision for more small unit training. 10 to match british arrangements, the war department also took a significant step in organizing u. s. forces for husky. learning of the apparent british intention to designate general montgomery ' s eastern task force for husky as an army, general hull, then acting assistant chief of staff, opd, suggested on 13 may to marshall the advisability of designating general patton ' s western task force - - then set up as a corps - - also as an army. general hull was concerned lest world opinion conclude that american contribution to husky was much less than that of the british - - a conclusion contrary to the facts in the case. general marshall thereupon conferred with field marshall dill, who confirmed the british intention. at the same time, the war department operations staff learned of general eisenhower ' s favorable disposition to hull ' s proposal. as a result, on 17 may the chief of staff cabled general eisenhower that the designation of general patton ' s force for husky was to be the u. s. seventh army. 11 general montgomery ' s eighth army comprised seven divisions, while general patton ' s seventh army was given six divisions - - the 1st, 3d, 9th, and 45th infantry divisions, the 2d armored, and the 82d airborne. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45547388749036793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.094949"} {"text": "seventh army. 11 general montgomery ' s eighth army comprised seven divisions, while general patton ' s seventh army was given six divisions - - the 1st, 3d, 9th, and 45th infantry divisions, the 2d armored, and the 82d airborne. the 9th and part of the 82d airborne were to be held in reserve in north africa ; the rest were to, be used in the first assault. 12 the seventh army became \" the first united states field army to operate as a unit in the war. \" 13 to provide fighter cover, a major problem in the operation, general eisenhower had decided to subject the island of pantelleria, almost equidistant from tunisia and sicily, to a heavy allied bombardment well in advance of the assault on sicily. before an amphibious assault, the severe air attacks were supplemented by naval bombardment. the island surrendered after a few rounds of small arms fire were exchanged with the landing forces on 11 june. next day lampedusa, a smaller island some distance to the south, also fell. these attacks marked the first successful allied effort to conquer enemy territory principally by air action. 14 a month later, on 10 july, the allied ground forces went ashore in sicily. u. s. troops participated in the assault on the south coast of sicily as the western task force ( seventh army ), the attacks coinciding with those launched by the eastern task force ( eighth army ) on the southeast end of sicily with british forces from the middle east, tunisia, and the united kingdom. making the assaults for the americans were three reinforced infantry divisions - - the 1st, 3d, and 45th - - and the 2d armored division. the 1st and 3d infantry and the 2d armored divisions were mounted from north african bases. the 45th, trained amphibiously in the united states, had spent five weeks at sea and required a brief conditioning in north africa before its participation in the initial assault. airborne operations were carried out by the 82d airborne division before and after these landings - - not without some unfortunate mishaps. 15 though the seventh army encountered bad weather conditions, the landings on the whole came off without serious opposition. the remarkable performance of the celebrated dukw - - a product of american ingenuity - - in unloading over the beaches solved the problem of large - scale supply until suitable ports were captured. 16 soon the ports of licata, syracuse, and augusta were seized. on 22 july, elements of the u. s. 2d armored and 3d divisions, moving with great speed, met at the outskirts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4158595551608556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.097122"} {"text": "scale supply until suitable ports were captured. 16 soon the ports of licata, syracuse, and augusta were seized. on 22 july, elements of the u. s. 2d armored and 3d divisions, moving with great speed, met at the outskirts of palermo, and palermo surrendered without resistance. early in the morning of 17 august, patrols of the u. s. 3d division entered messina not far in advance of patrols from the british eighth army. the campaign was over. in the closing days of the operation the strength of the u. s. and. british army forces in sicily was almost evenly balanced - - 168, 427 american and 168, 268 british. 17 at casablanca, seven months before, the combined chiefs of staff had set as the objectives of the sicily campaign : to make the allied lines of communication in the mediterranean more secure ; to divert as much german strength as possible from the soviet front during the critical summer period ; and to intensify pressure on italy. general eisenhower ' s conclusion was, \" the operation achieved all these and much more. \" 18 the invasion of sicily, accompanied by heavy bombing on the italian mainland - - especially of the marshaling yards in the rome area on 19 july - dealt crushing blows to italian morale and led directly to the overthrow of the fascist regime. 19 on 25 july king victor emmanuel announced the resignation of mussolini and charged marshal pietro badoglio with the task of forming a new government. italy had taken the first step toward withdrawing from the war against the allies. 20 aside from their effect on italy, air attacks from mediterranean bases served as a prelude and warm - up for the five groups of b - 24 ' s that were withdrawn from husky on 20 july, the day after the attack on rome, in order to prepare for a raid on the ploesti oil refineries in rumania on 1 august 1943. ploesti, with its rich resources of natural oil of great importance to the german war machine, had long been a favorite target in u. s. military planning. its special attraction was the prospect of slowing up german operations on the eastern front and thereby offering immediate help to the ussr. shortly after pearl harbor, american planners had studied the possibility of bombing ploesti, and in the late spring of 1942 an ineffective attempt - - by a special air group under col. harry a. halverson - - had been made by aaf planes from the middle east. 21 in the spring of 1943 a new plan had been developed by the air staff in washington - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4262676266205951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.100870"} {"text": "- - by a special air group under col. harry a. halverson - - had been made by aaf planes from the middle east. 21 in the spring of 1943 a new plan had been developed by the air staff in washington - - a project for a low - level mass attack based on bengasi. general arnold and his planners heartily supported the plan, which was presented at trident and approved by general eisenhower and the ccs early in june. 22 in order not to deprive husky of bomber support, it was agreed by all that the north african air force should provide only two groups of b - 24 ' s for the operation ( known successively as statesman, soapsuds, and tidalwave ) and that the remainder should be obtained by transferring two groups of b - 24 ' s ( the 93d and 44th ) from the eighth air force and temporarily diverting one group ( the 389th ) scheduled to move to the united kingdom. 23 arriving in the mediterranean at the end of june and beginning of july 1943, these groups joined the 376th and 98th groups. the raid on ploesti of 1 august was not a complete success. the loss of men and planes was heavy - - 532 ( dead, prisoners, missing, or interned ) of the 1, 726 airmen and 54 of 177 planes, 41 of them in action. much damage was inflicted on ploesti ' s refining and cracking installations, reducing the production of lubricating oils, but the germans soon repaired the damage. aaf historians, analyzing the results after the close of hostilities, have concluded that \" though the over - all damage was heavy it was not decisive. \" 24 planning post - husky operations the progress of husky inevitably raised anew the question that had been left in suspense at trident - - what was to be the next strategic move? should large - scale activity in the mediterranean be closed down, and resources and strength be husbanded for the major operations in northwest europe? the conferees had agreed to eliminate italy, but how, where, and when had been left undecided. should the allies cross the strait of messina and seize the toe of italy? should they capture the heel at taranto, or possibly land higher up the west coast? or should they limit themselves to occupying sardinia, as the u. s. chiefs of staff had favored? churchill, who had come to trident with his heart set on an invasion of the italian mainland, was disappointed in the vagueness of the agreement on italy. 25", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4484662995509548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.103019"} {"text": "limit themselves to occupying sardinia, as the u. s. chiefs of staff had favored? churchill, who had come to trident with his heart set on an invasion of the italian mainland, was disappointed in the vagueness of the agreement on italy. 25 as he confided somewhat later to general jan christian smuts : not being satisfied with this, i requested the president [ at the close of trident to send general marshall with me to north africa and there upon the spot to convince eisenhower and others that nothing less than rome could satisfy the requirements of this year ' s before he left washington, churchill explained to roosevelt that he would feel awkward in discussing post - husky policy with the allied staff in the theater without the presence of a high - ranking american representative, lest he be charged with having exercised \" undue influence. \" obviously, if he could persuade marshall - - the strongest and most influential american military protagonist of an early cross - channel operation as well as the theater commanders to back an invasion of italy after sicily, the prime minister would have gone a long way toward realizing his immediate goal in the mediterranean. at the president ' s request, general marshall agreed to defer a trip to the southwest pacific in order to accompany the prime minister and his staff. 27 the transaction between the president and the prime minister prompted marshall ' s rueful remark,. that \" he [ marshall ] seemed to be merely a piece of baggage useful as a trading point. \" 28 algiers conference, 29 may, june 1943 a series of meetings with general eisenhower and other high - ranking allied military leaders in the mediterranean followed at algiers in the week of 29 may - 3 june 1943. among those present were generals sir harold alexander, sir bernard l. montgomery, and sir alan brooke, air chief marshal sir arthur tedder, maj. gen. walter b. smith, brig. gen lowell w. rooks, and general sir hastings l. ismay. toward the close of the week general handy, assistant chief of staff, opd, who had been on a tour of the overseas theaters, arrived at algiers to join the chief of staff at the meetings. churchill and marshall acquainted eisenhower with the trident decisions, explored with him the progress of the husky preparations and the implications of the projected cross - channel operation ( roundhammer ) for mediterranean operations after husky, and exchanged views with him on the merits of various possible post - husky operations. at the outset general eisenhower expressed the view that if the allies were going to knock out italy, they should do so immediately after husky with all available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4210263869972255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.106521"} {"text": "mediterranean operations after husky, and exchanged views with him on the merits of various possible post - husky operations. at the outset general eisenhower expressed the view that if the allies were going to knock out italy, they should do so immediately after husky with all available means. if husky proved to be an easy undertaking, the allies should go directly into italy rather than to any of the mediterranean islands. 29 the prime minister drew on all his eloquence to reaffirm the position he had supported at trident. he insisted that he had no desire to interfere with a cross - channel attack projected for 1944, but he wanted to take full and immediate advantage of all opportunities offered by the capture of sicily. his \" sincere wish and hope \" was that the united states and great britain could go directly from husky into italy. he declared that \" his heart lay in an invasion of southern italy. \" to churchill, the choice of southern italy over sardinia represented the difference between \" a glorious campaign and a mere convenience. \" 30 in reply, general marshall emphasized that he was not arguing against the broad commitment made at trident to aim at the fall of italy but, he stated, the allies would have to select the particular operation in the mediterranean to follow husky with great care in order to ensure that it be based on a close calculation of requirements and of actual conditions to be faced. the \" ball \" and \" toe \" of italy were only a small part of the mainland, and operations on the mainland might, in the final analysis, result in great drains on allied shipping and other resources. before a decision could be reached on post - husky operations, it would be necessary to estimate german reaction to husky in order to determine general dwight d. eisenhower and general marshall during the algiers conference, 3 june 1943. whether there would be real resistance to an allied landing in southern italy, whether the germans would withdraw to the po, whether the germans could organize and handle the italians effectively, and what readjustments they would make on the soviet front. the information could be secured, in general marshall ' s opinion, after the initial phases of husky were completed. 31 general marshall thus continued to show the cautious attitude of the u. s. military staff toward large - scale ground operations in the mediterranean. pending the outcome of husky, he recommended that the commander in chief, allied forces, prepare for various mediterranean operations. the logical approach, lie suggested, was to set up two forces, each with its own staff - - one to train for an operation against sardinia and corsica, the other for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4327461654509064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.109229"} {"text": "that the commander in chief, allied forces, prepare for various mediterranean operations. the logical approach, lie suggested, was to set up two forces, each with its own staff - - one to train for an operation against sardinia and corsica, the other for an operation against the mainland of italy. when the husky situation became sufficiently clear to make a decision on the next step, the necessary air strength and vital resources could be assigned to the force carrying out the plan adopted. as a result of general marshall ' s recommendations, general eisenhower modified the view lie lead first offered. he would designate two separate headquarters, each with its own staff, to plan post - husky operations. one would plan for operations against sardinia and corsica ; the other for operations against the mainland of italy, particularly the toe and the ball. if sicily collapsed quickly, he would cross the strait of messina and seize a bridgehead on the mainland. 32 the conference ended, as it had begun, without a clear - cut decision on post - husky operations. the conferees simply concluded that general eisenhower should send his recommendations to the ccs during the early phases of husky. in effect, as the prime minister summed it up at the close of the meetings, \" post - husky would be in general eisenhower ' s hands. \" the prime minister had to take what comfort he could from his impression that all were agreed that italy be eliminated from the war as soon as possible, and if differences arose over the particular course of action recommended by general eisenhower, they would be settled between the two governments. general marshall had won his way on postponing a final decision. 33 decision to undertake avalanche meanwhile, in washington general marshall ' s planning assistants kept one eye on the progress of husky, the other on post - husky planning. in examining recommendations for mediterranean operations after sicily, they took the same cautious stand marshall had taken against allied embroilment in large - scale ground action in italy. their yardstick was the likely effect of any mediterranean operation on the main effort in northwestern europe. one recommendation to which they objected was that advanced on 3 july by general arnold for invading italy in the fall of 1943 in order to occupy the ravenna - ancona area. arguing purely from the air point of view, the air forces chief dwelt on the advantages of gaining a base area in northern italy from which the german controlled industrial centers of southern europe could be bombed, thus supplementing the combined bomber offensive from the united kingdom and paving the way for an invasion of the continent., on the other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4761521037073883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.120532"} {"text": "the advantages of gaining a base area in northern italy from which the german controlled industrial centers of southern europe could be bombed, thus supplementing the combined bomber offensive from the united kingdom and paving the way for an invasion of the continent., on the other hand, alternative operations - - against sardinia, corsica, or the iberian peninsula - - promised only limited results for air operations. 34 the army planners objected that should the enemy offer strong resistance after husky, a sufficient number of allied divisions and adequate means would not be available to occupy the northern portion of the italian boot. it was their hope, however, that the measures finally adopted to eliminate italy would yield a base area for broadening air operations against german - controlled europe35 in fact, so important did they consider this aim that they were opposed to allocating u. s. heavy bombers to turkey - - then suggested by the british joint staff mission in washington - - on the ground that the airplanes could be more effectively used in operations based on italy. 36 the army planners also raised objections to a concomitant recommendation of the british chiefs of staff that the allies occupy the toe and ball of italy. in presenting their proposal, the british declared that \" all means at our disposal \" should be used to eliminate italy from the war, and thereby contain as large a german force as possible in the mediterranean. 37 col. george a. lincoln of the war department ' s operations staff argued that the toe and ball had little military value in themselves. if the axis powers chose to resist, a commitment of limited allied forces available against italy would not necessarily afford the best method of containing german forces in the mediterranean or of bringing about the collapse of italy. on the other hand, air operations from sicily, sardinia, and corsica might pave the way for the later disintegration of italy. in any event, the seven divisions scheduled for transfer from the mediterranean to the united kingdom must be sent. a major operation in italy must be avoided so long as there was a \" reasonable \" chance of executing overlord. a realistic decision by the ccs on post - husky plans, colonel lincoln concluded, must be based on general eisenhower ' s appraisal of axis reaction to husky and of probable axis reaction to a post - husky operation, on a reliable estimate of resources remaining after husky, and, above all, on over - all strategic considerations. 38 pending the response to husky and the final decision on post - husky operations, the army planners heartily approved the flexible concept of operations embodied in general eisenhower ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4614536583761167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.122934"} {"text": "resources remaining after husky, and, above all, on over - all strategic considerations. 38 pending the response to husky and the final decision on post - husky operations, the army planners heartily approved the flexible concept of operations embodied in general eisenhower ' s unfolding plans against sardinia, corsica, southern italy, and various combinations thereof. in this theater planning, the seizure of the toe or ball of italy was to be followed by an overland advance to occupy the heel and thence northward to capture naples. to ensure that post - husky mediterranean actions would not become extended, the army planners sought to keep the wherewithal limited to that already allocated to the area, exclusive of planned withdrawals for other operations. on the other hand, the british were anxious to increase the means and strength available to general eisenhower for an invasion of the italian mainland in force. success of the initial assaults on sicily soon began to bring the interrelated questions of objectives, resources, and timing to a head. at first the vital resource in immediate question was combat loaders. at the close of june general eisenhower had asked for the retention of nine combat loaders that trident had not definitely allocated to other theaters. within a week after the initial landings the british urged that general eisenhower to be given a free hand in respect to shipping - - especially combat loaders - - the resulting loss to be absorbed by bolero or the pacific. the army planners resisted. they called for general eisenhower to adjust his projected requirements for combat loaders for post - husky operations to those remaining in the mediterranean after the withdrawals for bolero, bullfrog ( operation against arakan coast, burma ), and the pacific were met - - as originally planned. in a meeting of the ccs on 16 july general marshall forcefully backed his planners ' point of view on the distribution of resources, observing that losses of combat loaders in the initial husky operations had been slight. 39 up to this point general marshall ' s attitude toward an invasion of italy had been a cautious \" wait and see. \" he now proposed that a bold amphibious attack on naples be seriously considered. presumably his stand was influenced - - in part at least - - by a 15 july report from his intelligence staff on the exploitation of husky. g - 2 indicated that italian combat power had deteriorated to the point where the allies could assume calculated risks in dealing with italy. to exploit their advantage, the allies would be justified in taking prompt action against the italian mainland. g - 2 recommended the naples area as the most promising target for an allied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45505003984657955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.125529"} {"text": "deteriorated to the point where the allies could assume calculated risks in dealing with italy. to exploit their advantage, the allies would be justified in taking prompt action against the italian mainland. g - 2 recommended the naples area as the most promising target for an allied invasion and called for studies to be made of an operation to capture naples and then move on to rome. 40 reasoning along the same lines, the chief of staff suggested on 16 july that the ccs consider launching an amphibious attack on naples after husky on the ground that if the husky outlook continued favorable the allies would be justified in taking a bolder move and \" some reasonable risk in this direction. \" 41 sir john dill took up marshall ' s suggestion at once, and on the same day the ccs cabled general eisenhower their acceptance of his current strategic concept for post - husky planning purposes and their interest in the possibilities of an amphibious operation against naples in lieu of an attack on sardinia. 42 in london churchill received the report of general marshall ' s 16 july proposal to the ccs with \" evident. delight. \" secretary of war stimson, then on a visit to the united kingdom, was greatly disturbed to find, in the course of conversations with the prime minister on 17 july, that churchill interpreted marshall ' s support of a bold move against naples as an endorsement of his whole italian policy. stimson hastened to point out that marshall had probably proposed the naples operation only as a short cut designed to hasten \" the completion of the italian adventure \" so that there would be no danger of interference with preparations for the cross - channel operation. on 19 july the secretary, talking with marshall via transatlantic telephone, asked for a clarification of views. he reported his impression that the prime minister, subject to his \" very strong desire \" for a march on rome, was sincere in his promise to support overlord. stimson informed marshall of the assumption he had made regarding marshall ' s position - - that marshall had suggested the move against naples in order to hasten the drive on rome, permit more time for the cross - channel operation, and preclude the danger of a long, slow march \" up the leg \" that might eliminate the cross - channel operation altogether. the chief of staff reassured the secretary of war : \" you are absolutely correct. this is exactly what we are after. \" 43 on 22 july stimson told churchill of his talk with marshall and confirmed his interpretation of marshall ' s support of avalanche ( code name for attack on the naples area ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4733390002364071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.127680"} {"text": "you are absolutely correct. this is exactly what we are after. \" 43 on 22 july stimson told churchill of his talk with marshall and confirmed his interpretation of marshall ' s support of avalanche ( code name for attack on the naples area ). he made clear that marshall and his staff were as firmly in favor of the cross - channel operation as ever. 44 thus it appears that general marshall ' s proposal of 16 july signified no sudden new interest on his part in extended, large - scale ground action on the italian mainland. far from supporting a departure from the fundamental strategy hitherto espoused by the army staff, he was seizing on the possibility of the naples attack as a device to gain all the advantages of a position in italy - - as far north as rome - - as quickly and as cheaply as possible, thereby ensuring rather than impeding the success of overlord. whatever marshall ' s reasons, the possibility of bolder action in the mediterranean found british staff circles no less enthusiastic than the prime minister. 45 in washington and in the theater, planning for post - husky operations henceforth took avalanche seriously into account. 46 on 18 july general eisenhower requested the approval of the ccs to carry the war to the italian mainland immediately after the capture of sicily. in the light of the current state of italian morale this appeared to him to be the best course to achieve the twin objectives of forcing italy out of the war and of containing the maximum german forces. his planners, he pointed out, were re - examining the proposition of an assault on naples. 47 on 20 july, on the basis of a message drafted in the war department, the ccs cabled their approval. 48 once more the british raised the question of augmenting general eisenhower ' s resources - this time to ensure completely the success of avalanche. on 19 july - - and more definitely on the 21st - - they proposed that nothing be moved out of the mediterranean until eisenhower had stated his requirements for the proposed invasion of the mainland. acknowledging that a stand - fast policy might delay scheduled operations in the pacific and indian oceans, they felt that the elimination of italy from the war would be worth the price. to some extent the british proposal affected combat loaders. since those slated for the pacific and bolero - sickle had already left, burma operations in all likelihood would suffer the most. the main items in immediate question now appeared to be aircraft - - bombers and troop carriers and possibly also destroyers. to the british, the situation called for immediate and even unila", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4384148360770489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.133346"} {"text": "available in the mediterranean for offensive operations after husky than had been thought possible. the operation against naples as then conceived was no longer a \" calculated risk. \" a timely operation against the mainland at naples would greatly strengthen the hand of the new italian government in freeing itself from its german partner. in view of the developments during the previous twenty - four hours, it appeared to marshall that late august, then considered the time when a \" fleeting opportunity \" to invade the italian mainland would occur, was much too late. observing that 60, 000 men over and above the trident agreement would be available for post - husky operations, the jcs adopted the same arguments before the gcs. to the british, the jcs voiced particular concern over the progress of preparations for operations in burma. current successes in the mediterranean had, they asserted, by no means eliminated the need for the burma operations already agreed upon. 53 on 26 july the ccs agreed that general eisenhower should plan to mount avalanche as soon as possible with resources already available to him. some carrier - borne air support, however, would be made available to him for that operation from british sources. 54 over and above the exceptions already made, the americans remained reluctant to retreat from their original decision not to send reinforcements from the united states for avalanche or any other post - husky mediterranean operation. nor did they want the scheduled withdrawals from the mediterranean for other operations interrupted. to make up for the weaknesses in long - range fighters for the avalanche landings, the british themselves actually allotted four of their escort carriers and a light fleet carrier and gave general eisenhower three of their bomber squadrons scheduled for early departure from the theater. 55 on 26 july general eisenhower, meeting with his staff in tunis, ordered the preparation of two alternative plans for operations against the mainland of italy : buttress ( invasion of calabria ) and avalanche. on 27 july he cabled the ccs that a decision as to which of these plans should be put into effect should be possible in a few days - - as soon as the military significance of the recent political changes in italy had become sufficiently clear56 on 28 july he in \u201a formed the ccs that the availability of shipping and landing craft made the launching of a formal avalanche by 9 september 1943 a definite possibility. to exploit the situation immediately in the event of a complete collapse of italy, his staff was also preparing an ad hoc avalanche of about one division. he emphasized the difficulty of the air problem in avalanche - - the lack of bases close enough to provide fighter cover for the initial assault and the need to neutralize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4771120687759752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.137537"} {"text": "collapse of italy, his staff was also preparing an ad hoc avalanche of about one division. he emphasized the difficulty of the air problem in avalanche - - the lack of bases close enough to provide fighter cover for the initial assault and the need to neutralize enemy airpower and disrupt enemy lines of communication. he stressed the need for haste in husky in order to secure the necessary airfields and a \" reasonable bridgehead \" in the buttress area and thereby prevent the germans from transferring their reserves directly to the scene of a landing in avalanche. 57 on 2 august general eisenhower confirmed the fact that a lodgment would be required in the buttress area before a bold stroke such as avalanche could be attempted. 58 he had still to determine the exact character of the landing on the toe. the choice now lay between two planned operations - - buttress and baytown ( an operation across the strait of messina near reggio ) as the forerunner of avalanche. while the final decision was to be postponed until the time of the next big anglo - american conference, quadrant, the breaching of the continent via the \" soft underbelly \" was close at hand. table of contents previous chapter ( 6 ) * next chapter ( 8 ) 1. ( 1 ) eisenhower rpt, sicilian campaign, pp. 1011. ( 2 ) chs. ii and iii, above. ( 3 ) msg, eisenhower to wd for ccs, etc., 22 may 43, cm - in 15551 ( 24 may 43 ), naf 224, item 1b, exec 3. 2. eisenhower rpt, sicilian campaign, pp. 10 - 11. 3. for an interesting account of this deception, see hon. ewen montagu, the man who never was ( philadelphia, j. b. lippincott company, 1954 ). 4. for an account of german and italian plans and preparations for italy during the pre - husky period, see smyth, sicilian campaign and the surrender of italy. 5. for a summary of the role of war department staff officers overseas from 1943 onward, see cline, washington command post, ch. xv. 6. ( 1 ) pets ltr, wedemeyer to handy, 4 jul 43, with tab 16 in abc 381 husky ( 1943 ), 1 - b. ( 2 ) pers ltr, patton, cg seventh army, to marshall, 18 jul 43, with tab 16 in abc 381 husky ( 1943 ), 1b. ( 3 ) pers ltr, eisenhower to marshall, 21", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44852906643269924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.139378"} {"text": "b. ( 2 ) pers ltr, patton, cg seventh army, to marshall, 18 jul 43, with tab 16 in abc 381 husky ( 1943 ), 1b. ( 3 ) pers ltr, eisenhower to marshall, 21 jul 43, case 38, book 11, exec 9. ( 4 ) for a discussion of general wedemeyer ' s participation in husky, see cline, washington command post, pp. 296 - 99. 7. ( 1 ) bigot - husky msg ( originator opd ), marshall to fortune algiers, 3 jun 43, cm - out 1397. ( 2 ) bigot - husky msg ( originator opd ), marshall to fortune algiers, 5 jun 43, cm - out 2250. ( 3 ) msg ( originator opd ) marshall to eisenhower, 1 jun 43, cm - out 300. all in item 6, exec 3. ( 4 ) bigot - husky msg, eisenhower to opd ( attn north african theater sec ), 31 may 43, cm - in 16 ( 1 jun 43 ), item 7, exec 3. ( 5 ) ltr, maj gen troy h. middleton, cg 45th div, to opd, 31 jul 43, sub : comments and recommendations, 45th div task force, opd 371 eto, 106. ( 6 ) ch. ii, above. 8. bigot - husky msg ( originator opd ), marshall to eisenhower, 29 may 43, cm - out 12639, item 8, exec 3. 9. memo, col alexander d. reid, chief european sec theater gp opd, for gen handy, gen hull, and col bessell, 23 jul 43, sub : effect of torch and subsequent diversions upon bolero, paper 36, item 1c, exec 3. colonel reid noted that, based on casablanca figures, u. s. strength for 1 july 1943 had been projected irk the united kingdom at 456, 000 and in nato at 407, 700, thereby indicating the build - up in nato in excess of that in the united kingdom even more sharply. 10. memo, handy, acofs opd, for cofs, 6 aug 43, sub : replacements for 1st infantry div, case 59, book 11, exec 9. 11. bigot msg, fortune via afhq algiers to middle east for force 545, force 343,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.476291851414449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.140930"} {"text": "cofs, 6 aug 43, sub : replacements for 1st infantry div, case 59, book 11, exec 9. 11. bigot msg, fortune via afhq algiers to middle east for force 545, force 343, war office, wd, etc., 12 may 43, case 12, item 1c, exec 3. ( 2 ) memo, hull, actg acofs opd, for cofs, 13 may 43, sub : br twelfth army, case 9, item 1c, exec 3. ( 3 ) msg ( originator opd ), marshall to eisenhower, 15 may 43, cm - out 6885. ( 4 ) msg, marshall to eisenhower ( info copy opd ), 17 may 43, cm - in 10837. ( 5 ) msg ( originator opd ), marshall to eisenhower, 17 may 43, cm - out 7288. 12. ( 1 ) co hq bull no. 1 / 1, london, october 1943, \" notes on the planning and assault phase of the sicilian campaign by a military observer, \" opd 381 eto, 217. ( 2 ) memo, ferenbaugh for acofs opd, 29 sep 43, sub : brief of the hist rcd, provisional corps, seventh u. s. army, for the period 15 july to 20 august 1943, opd 381 africa, 151. 13. eisenhower rpt, sicilian campaign, p. 32. 14. a detailed discussion of the operation and significance of the air attack on pantelleria and lampedusa is contained in craven and cate, aaf ii, pp. 419 - 34. see also samuel eliot morison, history of united states naval operations in world war ii, ii, operations in north african waters, october 1942 - june 1943 ( boston, little, brown and company, 1950 ) ( hereafter cited as morison, operations in north african waters ), p. 279. 15. ( 1 ) memo, r. a. meredith, hq agf, for cgs second, third, and fourth armies, etc., 31 jan 44, sub : amphibious operations against sicily, opd 381 eto, 251. ( 2 ) opd brief of rpt of operation of ii corps in the sicilian campaign, incl to memo, ferenbaugh for handy, 13 oct 43, sub : rpt of operation of ii corps in the sicilian campaign, opd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4442431499014494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.147370"} {"text": "2 ) opd brief of rpt of operation of ii corps in the sicilian campaign, incl to memo, ferenbaugh for handy, 13 oct 43, sub : rpt of operation of ii corps in the sicilian campaign, opd 381 eto, 130. ( 3 ) notes covering observations prior to and during husky operations, gen wedemeyer [ 1 aug 43 ], case 35, book 11, exec 9. ( 4 ) opd brief of rpt comdr center attack force on operation husky, 30 aug 43, opd 381 eto, 77. ( 5 ) pers itr, eisenhower to marshall, 17 aug 43, case 37, item 1c, exec 3. 16. the dukw, a 21 / 2 - ton amphibian truck, soon popularly known as the \" duck, \" was used to move cargo from ship to shore, and later moved in simultaneously with assault troops, thereby increasing the mobility of attacking forces. 17. ( 1 ) msg, 15th army gp to war ( info copy opd ), 21 aug 43, cm - in 15816. ( 2 ) strength of forces in sicily, 10 aug 43, based on msg, cm - in 15816 ( 21 aug 43 ), case 91, book 11, exec 9. 18. eisenhower rpt, sicilian campaign, p. 31. 19 the decision to bomb the marshaling yards of rome was taken only after careful consideration by the allied authorities. military as well as political considerations determined it. rome was not only the capital of fascist italy, it was also the center of the italian system of communications. the decision and the operation are discussed in : ( 1 ) craven and cate, aaf ii, pp. 463 - 65, 479 ; ( 2 ) dwight d. eisenhower, crusade in europe ( new york, doubleday and company, inc., 1948 ), pp. 168 - 69 ; ( 3 ) churchill, hinge of fate, pp. 828 - 29 ; ( 4 ) smyth, sicilian campaign and the surrender of italy. 20. a full discussion of the role of the u. s. army in the planning and execution of the sicilian campaign is to be presented in smyth, sicilian campaign and the surrender of italy. 21. the halverson project ( halpro ) is discussed in matloff and snell, strategic planning : 1941 - 42, pp. 139, 141, 246 - 47, 250. 22. ( 1 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.460494495296651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.149226"} {"text": "the surrender of italy. 21. the halverson project ( halpro ) is discussed in matloff and snell, strategic planning : 1941 - 42, pp. 139, 141, 246 - 47, 250. 22. ( 1 ) min, 83d mtg ccs, 13 may 43. ( 2 ) opd brief, title : notes... meetings ccs, 19 may 43, tab 2, folder 1, item 10, exec 5. ( 3 ) min, 3d mtg held at gen eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 3 jun 43, official trident conf book. ( 4 ) memo, wedemeyer for cofs, 8 jun 43, sub : operations of red air force subsequent to soapsuds, paper 16, item 1c, exec 3. 23. the prime minister, with his usual sensitivity to the use of appropriate code names, liked the change in code name from soapsuds to the more elegant tidalwave. so did the president. \" may they grow bigger and better, \" he declared to the prime minister in late june ( msg no. 296, president to prime minister, 28 jun 43, wdcsa eto ( super secret ) ). 24. this brief account of the ploesti raid is based largely on craven and cate, aaf ii, 477 - 84. quote is from p. 483. see also eisenhower, crusade in europe, pp. 160 - 61. 25. churchill, hinge of fate, p. 810. 26. msg, prime minister to gen smuts, 16 jul 43, quoted in churchill, closing the ring, p. 36. 27. min, 6th mtg ccs at the white house, trident, official trident conf book. 28. quoted by stimson, in stimson and bundy, on active service, p. 428. 29. ( 1 ) min, 1st mtg held at gen eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 29 may 43, official trident conf book. ( 2 ) general eisenhower ' s willingness to go directly to italy aroused fears among some of the american planners lest the allies be committed to a major operation in the mediterranean before the jcs had an opportunity to pass on it. informal memo, l. j. l. [ lt col lawrence j. lincoln ] for gen wedemeyer, and appended \" summary minutes of meetings - eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 29 may 43, \" with ccs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4880923794235169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.150670"} {"text": "on it. informal memo, l. j. l. [ lt col lawrence j. lincoln ] for gen wedemeyer, and appended \" summary minutes of meetings - eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 29 may 43, \" with ccs 223 in abc 384 post - husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. 30. ( 1 ) min, 2d mtg held in gen eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 31 may 43. ( 2 ) min, 1st mtg held in gen eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 29 may 43. both in official trident conf book. 33. min, 3d mtg held at gen eisenhower ' s villa, algiers, 3 jun 43, official trident conf book. the algiers conference is treated from the viewpoint of two of the principal participants in eisenhower, crusade in europe, pp. 166 - 68, and churchill, hinge of fate, pp. 816 - 30. 34. jps 223, 3 jul 43, title : comparison of various post - husky operations in relation to allied air capabilities. 35. opd brief, title : notes... 83d mtg jps, 7 jul 43. comparison of various post - husky operations in relation to allied air capabilities ( jps 223 ), with jps 223 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. 36. ( 1 ) memo, handy, acofs opd, for dcofs, 3 jul 43, sub : heavy bomber squadrons for hardihood ii. ( 2 ) opd draft itr, dcofs for air marshal sir william l. welsh, br joint staff mission, incl to memo, handy for dcofs, 3 jul 43, sub : heavy bomber squadrons for hardihood ii. both with jps 169 / d in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i 37. ccs 268 / 1, 6 jul 43, title : post - husky operations north african theater. 38. opd brief, title : notes... 10lst mtg ccs, 9 jul 43, post - husky operations north african theater ( ccs 268 / 1 ), with ccs 268 / 1 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. opd action officer was col. g. a. lincoln. 39. ( 1 ) opd brief, title : notes... 102d mtg ccs, 16 jul 43, post - \" husky \" operations north african theater (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4729230980658646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.151844"} {"text": ". opd action officer was col. g. a. lincoln. 39. ( 1 ) opd brief, title : notes... 102d mtg ccs, 16 jul 43, post - \" husky \" operations north african theater ( ccs 268 / 2 ), with ccs 268 / 2 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. ( 2 ) min, 102d mtg ccs, 16 jul 43. 40. memo, gen strong, acofs g - 2, for cofs, 15 jul 43, sub : \" husky \" exploitation, case 15, book 10, exec 8. 41. min, 102d mtg ccs, jul 43. 42. msg, ccs to eisenhower and br cos, usfor, london, 16 jul 43, cm - out 6683, fan 165 ( info copy opd ). 43. ( 1 ) tel conv, sw and gen marshall, 9 : 05 a. m., 19 jul 43, paper 2, book 11, exec 9. ( 2 ) incl to ltr, stimson to hopkins, 4 aug 43, no sub, sw files, white house, 36. the inclosure contains stimson ' s report to the president of his overseas trip in july. 44. incl to ltr, stimson to hopkins, 4 aug 43, no sub, sw files, white house, 36. a detailed discussion of stimson ' s negotiations and conclusions drawn from his visit to england in the summer of 1943 is contained in : ( 1 ) stimson and bundy, on active service, pp. 429 - 38, and ( 2 ) rudolph a. winnacker, the mediterranean versus the channel, 1943, draft ms, ocmh files. 45. for the british staff views see : ( 1 ) ccs 268 / 6, 21 jul 43 title : post - \" husky \" operations north african theater ; and ( 2 ) j. p. ( 43 ) 265, rpt by br joint planning staff war cabinet for br cos, 21 jul 43, title : the exploitation of \" husky \", with ccs 268 / 3 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. the british joint planners here recommended avalanche in place of an operation against the heel ( musket ) as \" a sounder and more decisive operation. 46. general marshall ' s staff planners, keeping the chief of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44876754525557694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.153253"} {"text": "14 may 43 ), i. the british joint planners here recommended avalanche in place of an operation against the heel ( musket ) as \" a sounder and more decisive operation. 46. general marshall ' s staff planners, keeping the chief of staff alert to studies exploring his proposal, followed the progress of negotiations between the ccs and general eisenhower. for an example of the staff planners ' briefing function, see memo, opd for cofs, 17 jul 43, sub : \" husky \" exploitation, with jcs 417 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. opd action officer was colonel roberts. the memo referred to a study of a naples operation being conducted by the jwpc. the study is contained in jcs 417, 19 jul 43, title : rapid exploitation of \" husky. \" 47. actually, general eisenhower and afhq planners had long been impressed with the desirability of promptly seizing the port of naples, but they had been considering the project as the culmination of an overland advance from the south, in exploitation of buttress and goblet ( operations against the toe of italy to capture reggio on the calabrian peninsula, and against the ball of italy near crotone, respectively ). hitherto they had not considered a direct assault upon naples feasible because of such problems as the anticipated shortage of landing craft and insufficient fighter cover for the operation. see : ( 1 ) bigot - husky msg, eisenhower to wd for ccs, and to war office for br cos, 30 jun 43 ( info copy opd ), cm - in 434 ( 1 jul 43 ) ; ( 2 ) smyth, sicilian campaign and the surrender of italy, ch. ii, \" preliminary planning of attack on italy ; \" pp. 32 - 33 ; and ( 3 ) allied force headquarters, supreme allied commander ' s dispatch, italian campaign, 3 sep 43 - 8 jan 44 ( hereafter cited as eisenhower rpt, italian campaign ), p. 12. 48. ( 1 ) min, 69th mtg cps, 20 jul 43. original draft of message was submitted by colonel roberts of opd, acting army planner in the absence of gen wedemeyer during husky. ( 2 ) min, 97th mtg jcs, 20 jul 43. ( 3 ) msg, ccs to eisenhower, 20 jul 43, fan 164, cm - out 8200 ( info copy opd ). 49. ( 1 ) ccs 268", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4532601353152757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.154760"} {"text": ", 97th mtg jcs, 20 jul 43. ( 3 ) msg, ccs to eisenhower, 20 jul 43, fan 164, cm - out 8200 ( info copy opd ). 49. ( 1 ) ccs 268 / 3, 19 jul 43 ; ccs 268 / 6, 21 jul 43 ; and ccs 268 / 8, 24 jul 43. all entitled post - husky operations. ( 2 ) for a detailed discussion of the logistical debate and preparations in connection with planning for the invasion of italy, see richard m. leighton and robert w. coakley, global logistics and strategy, 1943 - 45, ms draft chapter, \" the invasion of italy, \" ocmh files. 50. colonel roberts served in the military intelligence division in 1941 and on temporary duty with the army forces in the cbi in early 1942. he joined the strategy section of opd in july 1942. 51. ( 1 ) col robert ' s draft reply to ccs 268 / 6, 22 jul 43, with ccs 268 / 6 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. ( 2 ) his conclusions were echoed in the jps report to the jcs - jcs 421, 23 jul 43, title : post \" husky \" operations north african theater. both papers were drawn up as suggested replies of the jcs to the british chiefs ' proposal ( ccs 268 / 6 ). 52. min, 103d mtg ccs, 23 jul 43. 53. ( 1 ) min, sp mtg gcs, 26 jul 43, with ccs 268 / 9 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. ( 2 ) min, sp mtg jcs, 26 jul 43, with ccs 268 / 8 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. ( 3 ) ccs 268 / 9, 25 jul 43, title : post - \" husky \" operations north african theater. ccs 268 / g was a memo by the u. s. jcs. 54. ( 1 ) min, sp mtg gcs, 26 jul 43, with ccs 268 / 9 in abc 384 post husky ( 14 may 43 ), i. ( 2 ) bigot - avalanche msg, ccs to eisenhower, 26 jul 43, cm - out 10374, fan 175 ( info copy opd ). 55. churchill, closing the ring, p. 38. 56. bigot msg, eisenhower to ag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4841379664897888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.155579"} {"text": "substance abuse & mental health data archive this study is maintained and distributed by the substance abuse & mental health data archive ( samhda ). samhda is supported by the substance abuse & mental health services administration ( samhsa ), center for behavioral health statistics and quality ( cbhsq ), formerly the office of applied studies. national survey on drug use and health, 2002 ( icpsr 3903 ) alternate title : nsduh 2002 principal investigator ( s ) : united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies summary : the national survey on drug use and health ( nsduh ) series ( formerly titled national household survey on drug abuse ) measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the united states. the surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the follow... ( more info ) this data is freely available. warning : this study is over 150mb in size and may take several minutes to download on a typical internet connection. united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies. national survey on drug use and health, 2002. icpsr03903 - v4. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2013 - 03 - 07. doi : 10. 3886 / icpsr03903. v4 persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr03903. v4 this survey was funded by : - united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies ( 283 - 98 - 9008 ) scope of study summary : the national survey on drug use and health ( nsduh ) series ( formerly titled national household survey on drug abuse ) measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the united states. the surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the following drug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44697218467128863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.168661"} {"text": ", estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the following drug classes : marijuana, cocaine ( and crack ), hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives. the survey covers substance abuse treatment history and perceived need for treatment, and includes questions from the diagnostic and statistical manual ( dsm ) of mental disorders that allow diagnostic criteria to be applied. the survey includes questions concerning treatment for both substance abuse and mental health related disorders. respondents are also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, health care access and coverage, illegal activities and arrest record, problems resulting from the use of drugs, and needle - sharing. questions introduced in previous administrations were retained in the 2002 survey, including questions asked only of respondents aged 12 to 17. these \" youth experiences \" items covered a variety of topics, such as neighborhood environment, illegal activities, gang involvement, drug use by friends, social support, extracurricular activities, exposure to substance abuse prevention and education programs, and perceived adult attitudes toward drug use and activities such as school work. several measures focused on prevention related themes in this section. also retained were questions on mental health and access to care, perceived risk of using drugs, perceived availability of drugs, driving and personal behavior, and cigar smoking. questions on the tobacco brand used most often were introduced with the 1999 survey and have been retained through the 2002 survey. demographic data include gender, race, age, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, job status, veteran status, and current household composition. subject terms : addiction, alcohol, alcohol abuse, alcohol consumption, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, controlled drugs, depression ( psychology ), drinking behavior, drug abuse, drug dependence, drug treatment, drug use, drugs, hallucinogens, heroin, households, inhalants, marijuana, mental health, mental health services, methamphetamine, prescription drugs, sedatives, smoking, stimulants, substance abuse, substance abuse treatment, tranquilizers geographic coverage : united states date of collection : unit of observation : individual universe : the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the united states aged 12 and older,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49511179952984186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.169812"} {"text": ", the data producer used data substitution and deletion of state identifiers and a subsample of records in the creation of the public use file. previously published estimates may not be exactly reproducible from the variables in the public use file due to the disclosure protection procedures that were implemented. the setup and dictionary files for stata are designed to be compatible with statase, version 8. this is a large data file requiring that approximately 250 megabytes of random access memory be allocated to stata. operations within stata, including conversion of the ascii data to stata format, are likely to be slow. analysts may wish to download subsets of data from the samhda data analysis system ( das ) for use with stata. since 1999, the survey sample has employed a 50 - state design with an independent, multistage area probability sample for each of the 50 states and the district of columbia. sample : multistage area probability sample for each of the 50 states and the district of columbia since 1999. a coordinated five - year sample design was developed for 1999 through 2003. although there is no overlap with the 1998 sample, the design facilitates overlap in the first - stage units ( area segments ) between each two successive years in the five - year design. this design increases the precision of estimates in year - to - year trend analysis. the sample is stratified on multiple levels, beginning with states. eight states are considered large sample states and contribute approximately 3, 600 respondents per state. the remaining states are sampled to yield 900 respondents per state. the second level of stratification divides states into field interviewer ( fi ) regions. the third level of stratification divides fi regions into area segments consisting of adjacent census blocks. these area segments were used as the primary sampling units. dwelling units in area segments were listed in a standardized order and were selected by systematic sampling. field interviewers visited each sample address to determine dwelling unit eligibility, to list all eligible persons at the address, and to conduct interviews. each respondent who completed a full interview was given a $ 30 cash payment. persons were selected from the address roster using a handheld computer. to improve the precision of estimates, the sample allocation process targeted five age groups : 12 - 17, 18 - 25, 26 - 34, 35 - 49, and 50 and older. the size measures used in selecting the area segments were coordinated with the dwelling unit and person selection process so that a nearly self - weighting sample could be achieved in each of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47298621456761103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.172013"} {"text": "25, 26 - 34, 35 - 49, and 50 and older. the size measures used in selecting the area segments were coordinated with the dwelling unit and person selection process so that a nearly self - weighting sample could be achieved in each of the five age groups. the sample design included approximately equal numbers of persons in the 12 - 17, 18 - 25, and 26 and older age groups. the achieved sample for the 2002 nsduh was 68, 126 persons. the public use file contains 54, 079 records due to a subsampling step used in the disclosure protection procedures. minimum item response requirements were defined for cases to be retained for weighting and further analysis ( i. e., \" usable \" cases ). these requirements, as well as full sampling methodology, are detailed in the codebook. weight : due to various adjustments, such as those for nonresponse and poststratification, the 2002 nsduh sample design is not self - weighting. analysts are advised to use the final sample weight when attempting to use the 2002 nsduh data to draw inferences about the target population or any subdomains of the target population. all estimates published in samhsa reports ( such as the results from the 2002 nsduh ) are weighted using the final analysis weight for the full sample. for the public use file, the corresponding final sample weight is denoted as analwt _ c, with the \" c \" denoting confidentiality protection. this sample weight represents the total number of target population persons each record on the file represents. note that the sum of analwt _ c, over all records on the data file, represents an estimate of the total number of people in the target population. mode of data collection : audio computer - assisted self interview ( acasi ), computer - assisted personal interview ( capi ) response rates : the study yielded a weighted screening response rate of 91 percent and a weighted interview response rate for the computer assisted interview ( cai ) of 79 percent. extent of processing : icpsr data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. icpsr also routinely creates ready - to - go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. in addition to these procedures, icpsr performed the following processing steps for this data collection : - performed consistency checks. - created online analysis version with question text. - checked for undocumented or out - of - range codes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49278151465220066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.173413"} {"text": "the data. in addition to these procedures, icpsr performed the following processing steps for this data collection : - performed consistency checks. - created online analysis version with question text. - checked for undocumented or out - of - range codes. original icpsr release : 2004 - 02 - 05 - 2013 - 03 - 07 the 2002 nsduh public - use data file has been updated to include 17 new variables related to respondent drug use, mental health treatment, and geography. please view table 4 of the codebook for more information on these variables. - 2006 - 10 - 26 the data producer resupplied the data file and codebook documentation. thirty - three variables were modified, 20 variables were dropped, and 118 new variables were added. some of these changes were to correct for data errors, but most of these changes were done to provide consistency with the 2004 nsduh study. of these changes, the most important change to note is that two study design variables ( verep and vestr ) were revised to provide consistency with the 2004 study, which collapsed the strata in order to maximize the number of people in each replicate. - 2004 - 02 - 24 variable nrch17 _ 2 ( recoded # r ' s children under 18 in household ) was replaced to correct a coding error. - list all ~ 279 citations associated with this study - view citations for the entire series most recent publications use any of the notification links to add this study to your rss feed ; you will then receive notification if the study is substantively updated. - citations exports are provided above. export study - level metadata ( does not include variable - level metadata ) if you ' re looking for collection - level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our metadata records page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49442143462776006, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.174146"} {"text": "medical foods policy and regulatory developments global policy and regulatory medical foods developments - codex alimentarius was created by fao and who in 1963 to develop food standards and guidelines, as well as related texts such as codes of practice under the joint fao / who food standards programme. the codex alimentarius commission aims to protect consumer health, ensure fair trade practices, and promote coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non - governmental organizations. - the codex committee on foods for special dietary uses agreed to develop guidelines on labeling and claims for medical foods in 1980 and accepted the offer of the united states to prepare a set of proposed draft guidelines for consideration at the next session in 1982. report of the twelfth session of codex committee on foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 81 / 26. - the draft guidelines on labeling and claims for medical foods prepared by the united states were discussed at the 1982 meeting. report of the thirteenth session of codex committee on foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 83 / 26. - the draft guidelines on labeling and claims for medical foods prepared by the united states were also discussed at the 1985 meeting. report of the fourteenth session of the codex committee on foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 85 / 26. - the committee developed a standard instead of a guideline in 1987 and agreed to use \u201c foods for special medical purposes \u201d instead of \u201c medical foods. \u201d the proposed draft standard was submitted for step 3 comment. report of the fifteenth session of codex committee on foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 87 / 26. - the proposed draft standard was submitted to the 1989 session of the codex alimentarius commission for adoption as a draft standard. report of the sixteenth session of the codex committee on nutrition and foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 89 / 26. - the committee decided essential information for health professionals should be on the label but was not necessary for consumer labeling. report of the meeting of intergovenmental working groups ( cx / fsdu 87 ) and report of the sixteenth session of the codex committee on nutrition and foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 89 / 26. - medical foods were to be labeled in accordance with the codex \u2019 s \u201c general standard for the labelling of and claims for foods for special dietary uses. \u201d codex alimentarius committee on codex general standard for labeling of and claims for foods for special dietary uses ( 1985 ). - certain additional provisions were required for labeling medical foods. specifically, medical foods must label the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4323267142743118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.185604"} {"text": "foods for special dietary uses. \u201d codex alimentarius committee on codex general standard for labeling of and claims for foods for special dietary uses ( 1985 ). - certain additional provisions were required for labeling medical foods. specifically, medical foods must label the energy value and the content of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, and if applicable, amino acids or essential fatty acids. osmolality and acid - base balance, where appropriate, must also be on the label. report of the sixteenth session of the codex committee on nutrition and foods for special dietary uses, alinorm 89 / 26. national policy and regulatory medical foods developments - defines a \u201c food for special dietary use \u201d as a food that has been specially processed or formulated to meet the particular requirements of a person : ( a ) in whom a physical or physiological condition exists as a result of a disease, disorder, or injury ; or ( b ) for whom a particular effect, including but not limited to weight loss, is to be obtained by a controlled intake of food. 9. 9 foods for special dietary use [ division 24, fdr ] - compiles european union rulings and resources relating to foods for special medical purposes. - vitamin - mineral amendments, pub. l. no. 94 - 278 ( 1976 ) - prohibited the fda from classifying vitamin and mineral supplements as drugs based solely on their combinations or potency, unless drug claims were made. the legislation also incorporated fda \u2019 s 1941 definition of special dietary use into the food, drug, and cosmetic act. - federal food, drug, and cosmetic act, pub. l. no. 75 - 717, \u00a7 201 ( f ), ( g ), 52 stat. 1040, 1041 ( 1938 ), as amended 21 u. s. c \u00a7 321 ( f ), ( g ) ( 1982 ) - medical foods were regulated as drugs prior to 1972 according to federal food, drug, and cosmetic act, 21 u. s. c. 321 ( g ) ( 1 ) ( b ). - orphan drug act, pub. law. 97 - 114 ( 1983 ) - congress amended orphan drug act to formally define a medical food in 1988 ; reaffirmed in 1992, and again in 1996. - nutrition labeling and education act of 1990 and subsequent amendments give the fda authority to require nutrition labeling of most packaged foods regulated by fda and requires all nutrient claims and health claims meet fda regulations. the legislation incorporated the definition of medical foods from the federal food, drug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.508442548931437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.186693"} {"text": "labeling and education act of 1990 and subsequent amendments give the fda authority to require nutrition labeling of most packaged foods regulated by fda and requires all nutrient claims and health claims meet fda regulations. the legislation incorporated the definition of medical foods from the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act and exempted medical foods from nutrition labeling, health and nutrient claim requirements, and identified five criteria characteristics of medical food ( 21 cfr 101. 9 ( j ) ( 8 ) ). fda incorporated the statutory medical food definition of this act into 21 u. s. c. 343. fda provided guidance on medical foods indicating that section 101. 9 ( j ) ( 8 ) exempted medical foods from nutrition labeling, nutrient content claims, and health claim regulations if the product is : - specially formulated and processed product for the partial or exclusive feeding of a patient by means of oral intake or enteral feeding by tube ; - intended for the dietary management of a patient who, because of therapeutic or chronic medical needs, has limited or impaired capacity to ingest, digest, absorb, or metabolize ordinary foodstuffs or certain nutrients, or who has other special medically determined nutrient requirements, the dietary management of which cannot be achieved by the modification of the normal diet alone ; - provides nutritional support specifically modified for the management of the unique nutrient needs that result from the specific disease or condition as determined by medical evaluation ; - intended to be used under a medical physician \u2019 s supervision ; and - intended only for a patient receiving active and ongoing medical supervision wherein the patient requires medical care on a recurring basis for, among other things, instructions on the use of the medical food. - medical foods equity act of 2011 ( s. 311 and h. 1311 ) have been introduced and referred to committee to provide coverage for medically necessary food under federal health programs and private health insurance. united states department of health and human services food and drug administration - fda provided guidance on medical foods in 1997. - fda announced a new proposed regulations ( anpr ) in 1996 but withdrew a couple years later. - exempted foods for the use solely under medical supervision to meet nutritional requirements for specific medical conditions from certain labeling requirements. 21 c. f. r. \u00a7 \u00a7 101. 9, 101. 9 ( h ) ( 3 ), ( 4 ) - in 1991, fda published in the federal register information on what a medical food is and the distinctive nutritional and medical supervision requirements of medical foods. - fda contracted to develop enteral products with high nutritional efficacy to improve tissue repair and shorten convale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46015776170387496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.187781"} {"text": "- in 1991, fda published in the federal register information on what a medical food is and the distinctive nutritional and medical supervision requirements of medical foods. - fda contracted to develop enteral products with high nutritional efficacy to improve tissue repair and shorten convalescence during world war ii and to address needs of the aerospace program for easily consumable, low residue, high calorie dietary products. fisher k, et al. a review of foods for medical purposes. fda contract no. 223 - 75 - 2090 june 1977 ; as noted in hattan dg & mackey dr. a review of medical foods : enterally administered formulations used in the treatment of diseases and disorders. food drug cosm. l. j. 44 ; 479 - 501 ( 1989 ). - fda implemented a compliance program for medical foods in 1988, requiring all products to be manufactured according to current good manufacturing practice regulations. - fda expressed during rulemaking in 1973 on vitamin and mineral dietary supplements that the commissioner recognized medical foods as foods. 38 fed. reg. at 2152. - fda reclassified medical foods as \u201c foods for special dietary use \u201d to encourage product development in 1972. 37 fed reg. at 18, 230. - fda defined foods for \u201c special dietary uses \u201d in 1941. 21 c. f. r. \u00a7 105. 3 non - government developments & reports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4570784747979028, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.188429"} {"text": "climate clinic : libdem conference professor kevin anderson : point of no return without immediate action, catastrophic and irreversible climate change is surely on its way. that is why december ' s summit in copenhagen is so important monday 21 september 2009 the importance of the international climate summit to be held in copenhagen later this year cannot be over - emphasised ; 2009 is literally a make - or - break year in terms of climate - change negotiations. after almost two decades of increasingly heated debate on how to tackle climate change, and notwithstanding the current recession, emissions of global greenhouse gases \u2013 from energy use, agriculture, deforestation and industrial processes \u2013 are rising at a faster rate now than they have done throughout our history. as we enter the second decade of this new millennium, the international community is faced with a very clear and stark choice : to cut emissions urgently and radically, or to lock the next and future generations into \" dangerous climate change \". for far too long now, scientists, politicians, the media and the public, while broadly accepting the science and implications of climate change, have stubbornly refused to acknowledge the scale of rising emissions. so while the rhetoric of low - carbon action has been notched up year after year, the reality is that collectively we have been on a high - carbon binge. unfortunately, most of the emissions we have put into the atmosphere over the 17 years since the earth summit in rio and the 12 years since the start of the kyoto process, will remain there for another century \u2013 added to, year on year, by our increasingly carbon - profligate lifestyles. it is this cumulative nature of emissions, whereby the concentration of greenhouses gases builds up in the atmosphere, combined with our abject failure even to curtail emissions ' growth rate, that has brought us to this political tipping point. either our politicians step up to the plate in copenhagen and agree to implement an immediate reversal in emissions trends, or we consciously accept a continued and rapid build - up of emissions in the atmosphere with all the implications that entails. we no longer have the luxury of lengthy negotiations such as those associated with the kyoto protocol. as for the scale of reductions necessary, again here we have all been party to downplaying the severity of the issue and are now faced with the consequences of this delusion. in this regard i and my colleagues in the scientific community are particularly responsible. for too long we have, with notable exceptions, been reluctant to spell out clearly the true implications of our analysis, instead couching our conclusions as challenging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069967673839788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.194899"} {"text": "of this delusion. in this regard i and my colleagues in the scientific community are particularly responsible. for too long we have, with notable exceptions, been reluctant to spell out clearly the true implications of our analysis, instead couching our conclusions as challenging but politically palatable. however the scientific climate congress held in copenhagen earlier this year, as a prelude to the political event in december, witnessed a sea - change in attitude among many in the scientific community. the message to policy - makers, businesses and the public is unambiguous. radical reductions are needed now to give us even a small chance of avoiding the 2\u00b0c threshold between \" acceptable \" and \" dangerous \" climate change. putting this into everyday language, the wealthy, oecd, nations need to reduce their total emissions by at least 40 per cent by 2020, including emissions from aviation and shipping, and without buying emission reductions from poorer nations. complete decarbonisation of the oecd ' s energy system needs to be in place by 2030. however these figures may be massaged, such reduction rates are incompatible with the current framing of economic growth. new low - carbon technologies are available, but for them to dominate our energy system will take at least two decades, time we simply don ' t have, as in the interim our emissions continue to build up in the atmosphere. only once our energy system is carbon - free and our meat - eating substantially curtailed can we again consider seriously having a growing economy \u2013 provided it can be reconciled with the other demands of sustainability. however, even such draconian reductions by the oecd nations leave only limited opportunities for the poor and less - wealthy nations to continue to increase their emissions. consequently, while emissions in these nations will rise as their welfare improves, this rise needs to be kept to a minimum through comprehensive low - carbon technologies and policies. ultimately, all nations across the globe will need to establish carbon - free societies over the coming few decades, completely counter to the rapid emission growth we have experienced since 2000. while much of this rise has been driven by the newly industrialising nations of china and india, the problem to which they are now contributing is one caused by our emissions and to which we still are a major contributor. according to the department of food and rural affairs ( defra ), absolute uk emissions have risen by 18 per cent since 1990, and show no clear of signs of bucking this trend in the near term. the recent and much - heralded us waxman - markey bill requires no reductions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5278388948690731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.197735"} {"text": "( defra ), absolute uk emissions have risen by 18 per cent since 1990, and show no clear of signs of bucking this trend in the near term. the recent and much - heralded us waxman - markey bill requires no reductions by the us even by 2017, and only four per cent by 2020, half that of japan ' s eight per cent target. russia and new zealand have no 2020 goals and the eu ' s target, though ambitious relative to others, is not comprehensive, allows for significant buy - out from poorer nations, and even then falls far short of what would be necessary to meet its own 2\u00b0c commitments. against this backdrop of a failure by any nation or region to demonstrate meaningful leadership, copenhagen looks also doomed to failure. but this isn ' t an option. it has to succeed, driving home at least 40 - per - cent cuts by 2020 from the world ' s wealthy countries and putting the poor and less - wealthy nations on to a low - emission - growth pathway. we have all the necessary policy tools and technologies to rise to this challenge. what we need now is political integrity, scientific candour, a public and business community that acknowledges they are part of both the problem and solution, and a press that resists the temptation for polemic headlines instead of honest reporting. professor kevin anderson is research director, tyndall centre for climate change the heat is on : the un estimates a rise in the global average temperature of between 1. 8 and 4\u00b0c over the coming century. anything over 2\u00b0c is likely to be catastrophic for the world from the blogs there are more empty shops on our high streets than ever before, says another report into the state... the guard has changed at old trafford for the first time in 26 years. meanwhile, down the road, the... there is a good many moments in the second episode of this psychological thriller that deserve refle... the opening titles squeal \u2018 never can say goodbye \u2026 \u2019. oh lord how i wish i could heave this series off... - 1 gay couple beaten in park urge mps to moderate language on gay marriage - 2 swedes set up ' ultimate viking movie ' - 3 after woman sells virginity for $ 780, 000, here are the results of our prostitution survey - 4 far - right french historian, 78 - year - old dominique venner, commits suicide in notre dame in protest against gay marriage - 5 ' it was just like the movie twister ' : man survives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4713628729371699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.199333"} {"text": "this page is now located at an updated please update your bookmarks! the new address is posted below. you will be redirected to the new page in just a few seconds. catharine cox miles ( may 20, 1890 - october 11, 1984 ) - stanford university ( b. a., 1911 ) - stanford university ( m. a. in german language and literature, 1913 ) - stanford university ( ph. d., 1925 ) - under lewis terman - spent a year at the university of jena and the university of berlin ( 1914 ) - instructor to full professor, the college of the pacific ( 1915 - 1920 ) - chief psychologist for the central mental hygiene clinic in cincinnati general hospital, the children \u2019 s hospital, and the diagnostic center of the veterans bureau ( 1925 - 1927 ) - research associate to terman on the project leading to the construction of the terman - miles m - f test at stanford university ( 1927 - 1932 ) - clinical professor of psychology, yale university ( 1932 - 1953 ) - sole - authored volume 2 of terman ' s genetic studies of genius - calculated iq estimates for 301 historic geniuses - estimated the correlation between iq and eminence - assessed 67 character traits for 100 historic geniuses - determined the early mental and physical health of 282 geniuses ideas and contributions catharine cox entered the stanford \u2019 s graduate program in psychology about the time that her mentor terman was beginning his ambitious longitudinal study of intellectually gifted children. because this project did not afford her with the suitable opportunity for a dissertation subject, she proposed a complementary investigation. whereas terman \u2019 s inquiry was psychometric and prospective, cox would conduct a study that was historiometric and retrospective. in particular, she would estimate iq scores for highly eminent but deceased creators and leaders and then show that these scores correlated with eminence measures that j. m. cattell ( 1903 ) had previously provided. just one year after publishing the stanford - binet intelligence scale terman ( 1917 ) had already shown how an iq score might be computed for a historical figure, in his case assigning an iq of near 200 to francis galton. cox \u2019 s approach was extremely conscientious and methodical. using more than 3, 000 biographical sources she carefully compiled developmental histories for 301 geniuses, and then she and a team of independent raters \u2013 including terman and florence goodenough \u2013 used these data to derive the iq estimates. in addition, she showed that estimated iq correlated with achieved eminence. furthermore,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5295875240127258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.204908"} {"text": "301 geniuses, and then she and a team of independent raters \u2013 including terman and florence goodenough \u2013 used these data to derive the iq estimates. in addition, she showed that estimated iq correlated with achieved eminence. furthermore, for a subset of 100 geniuses she computed ratings on 67 character traits. on the basis of these scores she was able to conclude that motivation, determination, and persistence were also critical to high achievement. the resulting doctoral thesis was sufficiently impressive that terman had it published as volume 2 in his genetic studies of genius. not only was this the only volume that did not involve the longitudinal study of his \u201c termites, \u201d but it is also the only volume that did not include terman as an author or co - author. at 842 printed pages, it can easily be considered the most ambitious historiometric investigation ever published. moreover, many of her key findings have been replicated in subsequent research. unfortunately, cox was soon diverted from this work by ( a ) her collaboration with terman on a masculinity - femininity measure and ( b ) her marriage to walter miles ( a recent widower with two teenagers ). she also started publishing under her married name miles rather than cox. however, a decade later she returned to the historic geniuses that were the subject of her thesis. miles and wolfe ( 1936 ) specifically scored the geniuses on early mental and physical health. their aim was to show that intellectual giftedness was also positively associated with both mental and physical well - being. cox. c. ( 1926 ). the early mental traits of three hundred geniuses. stanford, ca : stanford university press. miles, c. c. ( 1928 ). a human clock. journal of general psychology, 1, 602 - 603. miles, c. c., & terman, l. m. ( 1929 ). sex difference in the association of ideas. american journal of psychology, 41, 165 - 206. miles, c. c. ( 1931 ). the otis s - a as a fifteen - minute intelligence test. personnel journal, 10, 246 - 249. miles, c. c. ( 1931 ). individual mental hygiene. in b. s. dyment ( ed. ). health and its maintenance ( pp. 159 - 192 ). stanford univ. : stanford univ. press. miles, c. c., & miles, w. r. ( 1932 ). the correlation of intelligence scores and chronological age from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5174334065329026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.205919"} {"text": "health and its maintenance ( pp. 159 - 192 ). stanford univ. : stanford univ. press. miles, c. c., & miles, w. r. ( 1932 ). the correlation of intelligence scores and chronological age from early to late maturity. american journal of psychology, 44, 44 - 78. miles, c. c ( 1934 ). influence of speed and age on intelligence scores of adults. journal of general psychology, 10, 208 - 210. miles, c. c. & wolfe, l. s. ( 1936 ). childhood physical and mental health records of historical geniuses. psychological monograph, 47, 390 - 400. miles, c. c. ( 1938 ). intelligence and social adjustment. mental hygiene, 22, 544 - 566. terman, l. m., & miles, c. c. ( 1936 ). sex and personality. new haven, ct, us : yale university press. rogers, k. b. ( 1999 ). the lifelong productivity of the female researchers in terman \u2019 s genetic studies of genius longitudinal study. gifted child quarterly, 43, 150 - 169. sears, r. r. ( 1986 ). catharine cox miles ; 1890 - 1984. american journal of psychology, 99, 431 - 433. simonton, d. k. ( 2009 ). the \" other iq \" : historiometric assessments of intelligence and related constructs. review of general psychology, 13, 315 - simonton, d. k., & song, a. v. ( 2009 ). eminence, iq, physical and mental health, and achievement domain : cox \u2019 s 282 geniuses revisited. psychological science, 20, 429 - 434. written by prof. dean keith simonton, university of california - davis, with contributions by meihua qian, indiana university. home | interactive map | alphabetic index | time hot topics | map - pdf | references | contributors | comments for further information please contact content questions : dr. jonathan plucker ( jonathan. plucker at uconn. edu ) 16 may 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5580835305473457, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.206715"} {"text": "townships are a product of indiana \u2019 s early history, and indiana is one of 20 states that currently has some form of township government. a township in the indiana refers to a small geographic area, ranging in size from 6 to 54 square miles ( 15. 6 km\u00b2 to 140. 4 km\u00b2 ), with 36 square miles ( 93 km\u00b2 ) being the norm. a civil township is a unit of local government. township government powers in indiana have grown to the point that it is difficult to discern the differences between townships, cities and villages. there are, however, significant differences that are important to the people charged with administering township affairs and deciding township policies. townships and counties are statutory units of government, having only those powers expressly provided or fairly implied by state law. cities and most villages are vested with home rule powers, meaning they can do almost anything not prohibited by law. state laws authorize townships to perform a wide variety of functions and state laws specify details for performing these functions. township trustees are elected officials, but many are volunteers, too, who help make their communities better places to live. by far the largest single group of elected officials in indiana, township trustees govern 1, 008 townships covering every part of the state. like most elected officials, the township trustee serves a four - year term and many township trustees work at other jobs in addition to serving their constituents. assisting the township trustee in managing this very localized form of government is a three - member township board. among its duties are the adoption of the annual budget, serving as a board of finance, and approving township contracts. indiana law requires that the township trustees provide essential services to the residents and businesses of the township. because of its \" grassroots \" structure, the township trustee system is designed specifically to quickly meet the needs of the individual in an emergency. the ita is the only township organization that provides legislative services to the 1008 townships. our lobbyists meet with law makers on a daily basis while the legislature is in session. the ita insures that all proposed legislation is studied to assess its impact township government. the ita is the only association from local government that testifies on proposed bills that impact townships. members of the state legislature come to the ita when they have questions about township government. | < prev | | next > |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4561142075318909, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.209396"} {"text": "( last updated on : 09 / 11 / 2011 ) districts of orissa bring out the diverse nature of the state. orissa lies in the eastern coast of india and is renowned for its temples spread across the state. the famous ones are lingaraja temple, jagannath temple, and the sun temple of konark or the ` black pagoda `. the holy cities of puri are situated here. it is also the home to several sun drenched beaches. bhubaneshwar is the capital of the state, which is a famous temple city and handicraft centre. an ancient classical dance form odissi originated in this state. the state is divided into thirty districts. is located in central orissa spread over an area of 6, 347 sq. km. this district is one of the top revenue generating states of orissa. the district is rich in wildlife and also has vast deposits of coal. it is also the home to big industries such as the national aluminium company limited ( nalco ), national thermal power corporation ( ntpc ), mahanadi coal field limited ( mcf ), fertilizer corporation of india ( fci ), and talcher thermal power station ( ttps ). the major attractions in the district are tikarpada, darjan falls, satkosia wildlife sanctuary, kapilas hills. is a paradise for all nature lovers. the region has substantial deposits of graphite, quartz and quartzite, bauxite, and manganese. it is the homeland of the kutia, binjhals, khond tribe, and ganda tribesmen. lying on the northwest of the gandhamardan hills, this hill is a major attraction in the district. other tourist attractions in the district include hirapur, jogisarada and patnagarh baleswar district is spread over an area of 3, 706 sq. km. the district has vast stretches of paddy fields. major tourist attractions of the district are remuna, chandaneswar, and the sun drenched chandipur and talasari beach. the district headquarters is at baleswar, which is the home to the defence research development organization ( drdo ). baragarh district is located in the western part of orissa spread over an area of 5, 832 sq. km. agriculture is the backbone of the economy and the main crops produced here are rice, pulses, and oil - seeds. fruits such as mango, citrus, papaya, guava,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3879464524404461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.218480"} {"text": "good revenue for the district. the district also has a number of largescale industries like the nilachal refractories, utkal asbestos ltd, orissa polyfibres ltd, and shakti sugar. dhenkanal is famous for the balbhadra temple built in the 18th century. the tribal community dominates gajapati district. the district headquarters is located at paralakhemund. it is spread over an area of 3, 056 sq. km. the vamsadhara and mahendratanaya are the major rivers flowing through the district. gajapati is well known for its cane and bamboo handicraft works. in some parts of gajapati granite stones are also found. has rich deposits of manganese, monazite, sand, and talc. it covers an area of 8, 033 sq. km. with the district headquarters at chhatrapur. the district is covered with dense green forests which have exotic wildlife. ganjam is also famous for horn works, silver works, and spinning mills. jagatsinghpur district is spread over an area of 1, 759 sq. km. with district headquarters at jagatsinghpur. paradeep, a major port of the state is located in this district. it is an ideal tourist destination because of the several sun - drenched beaches. has its headquarters in the town of jajpur, which is an important pilgrimage destination. the district is situated on the banks of the baitarani river spread over an area of 2, 885 sq km. it has rich mineral deposits and many industries and mines are situated here. some of the places worth visiting are ashokajhar, langudi hill, gokarnika, mahavinayak, chandikhol, patharajpur, ratnagiri and shri siddheswar temple. is situated in the western part of the state and is one of the most industrialized and urbanized districts in the state. jharsuguda is rich in mineral wealth especially coal and is also an important commercial center. the kharasrota, birupa, and ib rivers flow through the district. this renders the plains fertile, which contribute to the agrarian economy. rice, wood and leather is some of the major products of the district. has the district headquarters in the town of bhawanipatna. it is an industrial district and some of the industries located here are western sugar and chemical industries ltd, konark grow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4059383367185024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.220557"} {"text": "leather is some of the major products of the district. has the district headquarters in the town of bhawanipatna. it is an industrial district and some of the industries located here are western sugar and chemical industries ltd, konark growers cooperative spinning mills ltd, and kesinga and orissa regional cooperative oil seed growers union ltd. the region also has rich mineral deposits of graphite, manganese, iron, and quartz. ravanadhara waterfall, and hot water spring banshakela are some of the major attraction in the district. is nearly covered with forests and mountains. the region has substantial deposits of graphite, manganese, coal, bauxite, china clay, limestone, and semi precious stones. daringbadi a hill station in the district, belghar sanctuary and the putudi waterfalls are some of the major attraction in the district. is spread over an area of 2, 546 sq km. the bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary and national park at bhitarkanika and the crocodile research farm at dangamal are some of the prime interests in the district. keonjhar district is a green land of scenic beauty with rich mineral deposits. the district is home to many industries. keonjhar district has vast deposits of iron, manganese and chrome ores. it is an important pilgrimage destination because the shrines of siddha jagannath, siddha kali, and panchabati are located here. sitabinj is located at a distance of 30 km. from keonjhar is noted for the ancient fresco paintings on a rock shelter called ravan chhaya. is spread over an area of 2, 889 sq. km. and is famous for its cottage industries. the major attractions of the district are barunai hill, chilika ( barkul ), hirapur and nandankanan sanctuary. bhubaneswar, the capital of orissa, comes within khordha district. is located in the southern part of orissa and the district headquarters is at koraput. dense virgin forests, cascading waterfalls, flashing springs and green meadows characterize the district. it has vast deposits of manganese, mica and graphite. the beautiful duduma, bagra and khandahati waterfalls are bestowed on koraput. cereal crops are cultivated in the district. is located in the southern part of the state and half of the district is covered with forests. the tribal and the marginalized communities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44362894958789223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.221656"} {"text": "and the ramchandi beach. the historic sun temple at konark and the chilka lake are also popular tourist destinations. is dominated by the tribal population mainly the kondhas and the souras. the region has vast deposits of mineral resources like bauxite, graphite, manganese, quartz and gemstones. the main industries of the region are ferro manganese factory, ferro silicon factory, paper mill and sugar factory. sambalpur district is bestowed with exotic wildlife, lush green forests, captivating waterfalls and enchanting array of hills. the district is famous for its textiles, varied tribal life, colourful dances and festivals and exquisite historical monuments. the major attractions of the district are ushakothi wildlife sanctuary, the leaning huma temple that is dedicated to lord shiva sonpur district has the district headquarters at sonpur and is located in the western part of orissa. it is spread over an area of 2, 284 square km and is famous for its handloom and handicraft products. is located in the north - western part of orissa and is dotted with lofty peaks, virgin forests and rocky terrain. it is spread over an area of 9, 942 sq. km. with its headquarters in the town of sundargarh district. it is an important industrial district and also has vast reserves of mineral resources like iron - ore, limestone, manganese, dolomite, and fire clay. the places worth visiting in the district are darjeeng, ghogar, khandadhar, mandira, and miriglotah.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36606090528644847, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.223745"} {"text": "hot topics : more iron reduces risk of severe pmswomen who get a little more than the recommended daily amount of iron in their diets may be less likely to get a more severe form of premenstrual syndrome, according to a u. s. study. by : reuters, inforum women who get a little more than the recommended daily amount of iron in their diets may be less likely to get a more severe form of premenstrual syndrome, according to a u. s. study. researchers writing in the american journal of epidemiology followed about 3, 000 women over 10 years and found that those who consumed more than 20 milligrams per day of iron sources were 30 to 40 percent less likely to develop pms than women who got less of the mineral. \u201c most previous studies of pms have focused on effective treatments and factors that differ between women who have pms and those who don \u2019 t, \u201d said lead author elizabeth bertone - johnson, from the university of massachusetts in amherst. \u201c we were interested in looking further at some specific minerals, \u201d she added, noting that her team had previously studied the relationship between vitamin intake and pms. for the study, the researchers limited their analysis to pms in which symptoms such as breast tenderness, bloating, depression and anxiety are so severe they \u201c substantially impact life activities and social relationships. \u201d that type of pms affects between 8 percent and 15 percent of u. s. women, they wrote. the study was based on data from a large ongoing study of u. s. nurses, who were between the ages of 25 and 42 years old in 1989, and it focuses on 3, 025 women who did not have pms in 1991. each woman completed three food questionnaires sent to them over the next 10 years, which asked how often they were eating 131 different types of foods and supplements. the researchers then compared the diets of the 1, 057 women who went on to develop severe pms during the study period to the diets of the 1, 968 women who did not. overall, eating a diet that provided about 22 mg of iron every day was linked to a 33 percent decrease in a woman \u2019 s risk of developing pms during those 10 years, compared to the women who ate the least amount of iron \u2013 about 10 mg. the recommendations are 18 mg of iron per day. even greater iron consumption was tied to an even larger drop in risk for pms, but some of the women were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45784674116401236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.230204"} {"text": ", compared to the women who ate the least amount of iron \u2013 about 10 mg. the recommendations are 18 mg of iron per day. even greater iron consumption was tied to an even larger drop in risk for pms, but some of the women were eating diets with too much of the mineral. \u201c i think our message \u2013 based on these data \u2013 is meeting the ( recommended daily amount ) for iron seems to have a significantly lower risk of pms, \u201d said bertone - johnson. \u201c we don \u2019 t want to recommend women take the upper limit ( of 42 mg ) because of potential adverse consequences. \u201d women in the study with the highest iron intakes tended to get most of the mineral from non - meat sources. the u. s. institute of medicine, which sets recommended dietary allowances for nutrients, points out that iron consumed from meat and poultry sources is more easily processed in the body, and that people who get their ion only from a vegetarian diet might want to consume as much as twice the recommended amount. bertone - johnson said that while the research can \u2019 t prove iron prevents pms, they suspect the mineral may have something to do with the production of serotonin, a molecule that plays a role in many processes in the body and in the brain. iron is necessary for the body to manufacture serotonin, they write. \u201c our advice from this study is pretty similar to what we \u2019 ve taken from previous work.... not focusing on any one nutrient per se, just make sure your diet is balanced and you \u2019 re meeting the ( recommended daily amount ) on your own vitamins, \u201d bertone - johnson said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4330508427257098, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.230884"} {"text": "september 14, 2009 by claire mccarthy, m. d. boston children ' s hospital none of us wants a child of ours to get cancer. it ' s a terrible thought unthinkable, even. so a vaccine that prevents cervical cancer sounds wonderful. we give it to our daughters, and there ' s one less thing for us to worry about as they grow up. the problem is, it ' s not quite that simple. most cases of cervical cancer are caused by the human papillomavirus, or hpv. hpv is the most common sexually transmitted illness ; over a lifetime, the risk of catching any kind of genital hpv is 75 - 90 %. cervical cancer rates aren ' t nearly that high, though. that ' s because our immune systems are generally pretty good at getting rid of hpv. there are about a hundred different strains of the virus ; 15 of them are known to cause cancer. four strains 16, 18, 31, and 45 cause 80 % of the cancer we see. gardasil, the most common hpv vaccine, protects against only two of the cancer - causing strains. while i am a proponent of the hpv vaccine ( my eldest daughter has received all three doses ), i think it ' s important that parents know all the facts as they decide whether or not to vaccinate their daughters. back to top how common is cervical cancer? more than 11, 000 women are diagnosed every year with cervical cancer. it used to be one of the most common causes of cancer deaths in u. s. women. but between 1955 and 1992, the death rate went down by 74 %. that ' s because of the papanicolau test, or pap smear as it ' s generally called. this test, in which some cells are removed from the surface of the cervix and checked for any signs of cancer, allows doctors to catch the cancer early. when caught early, cervical cancer has a 5 - year survival rate of 92 %. back to top how good is the vaccine? the vaccine seems to do a really good job at protecting against strains 16 and 18 of the virus. in a study published in 2007, precancerous lesions on the cervix caused by 16 and 18 decreased significantly in girls who had received the vaccine. this is great, of course, but there is some fine print to the study that is worth knowing : - while the vaccine significantly decreased precancerous lesions caused by these two strains, overall the vaccine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4441655912591654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.236232"} {"text": "significantly in girls who had received the vaccine. this is great, of course, but there is some fine print to the study that is worth knowing : - while the vaccine significantly decreased precancerous lesions caused by these two strains, overall the vaccine only decreased the total number of precancerous lesions by 17 % that ' s because cancer is caused by other types than 16 and 18. - the vaccine did a good job of preventing grade 2 precancerous lesions. but it didn ' t appear to have an effect on the more serious grade 3 lesions, and 40 % to 50 % of grade 2 lesions get better by themselves. - while it wasn ' t enough to be statistically significant, scientists noted in the study that they were seeing more lesions caused by other types of hpv than they would normally see. this raises the concern that if we protect against strains 16 and 18, other types will increase in numbers to take their place. back to top promising results, but we need more studies there has only been one big study published that looked at the vaccine ' s effectiveness. ( interestingly, it was a year after the vaccine was licensed. ) it only followed young women for three years. ninety - three percent of the women were already sexually active. scientists believe that to be most effective, the vaccine should be given before any possible exposure to hpv namely, before becoming sexually active. ( while the manufacturer says that the vaccine can be given through age 26, the american cancer society doesn ' t see any benefit to giving it after age 18. ) studies in younger girls ( 9 - to 12 - year - olds ), for whom the vaccine is recommended, have measured the vaccine ' s effectiveness using blood tests to check for antibodies to 16 and 18. antibodies are special proteins that can weaken or kill the viruses. ( girls in this age group don ' t usually have pelvic exams. ) we think that the antibodies are a sign of protection against cancer, but we don ' t know for sure. and we don ' t know if the vaccine will still protect them at mid - life, when cervical cancer is usually diagnosed. it ' s particularly important that parents realize that their daughters will still need regular pap smears throughout their lives. other strains of hpv can cause cancer, and because we don ' t know how long the vaccine ' s immunity will last, getting tested regularly is crucial. the whole issue of whether or not to vaccinate has been further clouded by revelations that merck, the company that makes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4653181393133747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.237798"} {"text": "cancer, and because we don ' t know how long the vaccine ' s immunity will last, getting tested regularly is crucial. the whole issue of whether or not to vaccinate has been further clouded by revelations that merck, the company that makes the vaccine, funded vaccine education provided by some professional organizations. this doesn ' t mean that it wasn ' t good, accurate education but it does make many people uncomfortable. but despite all of this, i still had my eldest daughter vaccinated. why? - it offers her some protection against cervical cancer, and i ' ll take whatever protection my daughter can get. while i ' ve told her time and time again that she ' ll need regular pap smears in her lifetime, i have no real control on whether she gets them ; she ' ll be a grown - up then, in charge of her own life and health. - there wasn ' t a whole lot of time to wait for more data on the vaccine, given that it ' s most effective when given before girls become sexually active. my daughter was starting high school when she got the vaccine ; by senior year, two - thirds of american teens are sexually active, and many start before then. i talk to her lots and lots about that, too, but as a parent one needs to be a little realistic sometimes. - it appears safe, or at least as safe as any other vaccine. sure, we need years probably to be certain. but what we know as of now is reassuring. the most common side effect appears to be fainting, which is why it ' s a good idea to have girls sit and be observed for awhile after getting the vaccine. it ' s taking a chance, yes. but the reality is that medicine isn ' t always clear. it ' s often more art than science. science, too, has a way of evolving ; we learn new things every day that change how we think. as patients and as parents of patients, all we can ever do is learn as much as we can, weigh the risks and benefits, and with the help of our doctor, make our best choice. back to top claire mccarthy, m. d., is an assistant professor in pediatrics at harvard medical school, an attending physician at children ' s hospital of boston, and medical director of the martha eliot health center, a neighborhood health service of children ' s hospital. she is a senior medical editor for harvard health publications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4652366115873029, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.238877"} {"text": "tall fescue ( festuca arundinacea schreb. ) is a perennial forage grass that is now found growing in much of the southern half of iowa. its introduction was primarily for forage but is now also commonly used in turf, athletic fields, and soil erosion management applications. tall fescue has a lot of favorable traits. it is persistent, adapted to a variety of soil conditions, is compatible in mixtures with other grasses and legumes, can be harvested as hay or grazed, and has a march through early november growing season, making it the grass of choice for use in \" stockpiled \" or \" fall - saved \" forage for winter grazing pastures. unfortunately, much of the tall fescue growing in iowa contains an internal fungus called an endophyte that produces alkaloids that can cause physiological problems in animals eating the forage. cool - season forage grasses, including tall fescue, produce only one set of seedstems with their spring growth. clip them in late may or early june. tall fescue is best identified by stiff, dark green leaves, with deeply grooved upper leaf surfaces and shiny, smooth lower leaf surfaces. edges of the leaf blades have fine, sharp barbs ( serrated ). ( stephen k. barnhart ) the fungus is present in stems, seedheads, and the leaf sheath that wraps the stem. alkaloids are found throughout the plant but in lower concentration in leaf blades and highest in the stems, seedheads, and seed. the presence of the endophyte is actually a benefit to the plant. some of the alkaloids contribute to the plant ' s stress tolerance, vigor, and ability to resist diseases and insects. the undesirable alkaloid ( s ), including the ergovaline type, function as blood vessel restrictors in the animal and can be detrimental to livestock production and reproduction. a first step in managing the tall fescue endophyte is to clip seedheads in early june to prevent animal ingestion of the plant parts with the highest concentration of alkaloids. clipping seedheads is also the first step in a more comprehensive stand eradication and renovation. additional intermediary fescue management steps are to introduce legumes into the stand and move livestock to nonfescue fields during the hottest summer months. testing for the presence of the endophyte in existing stands is also a useful management practice that can indicate what percentage of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45166357362444576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.241489"} {"text": "how to manage pests uc pest management guidelines there are usually no symptoms of bacterial canker on seedlings ; however, on young plants symptoms consist of poor growth and temporary wilting of branches. lower leaves yellow and shrivel, but symptoms may not show until flowering. on mature plants there are two kinds of symptoms, those resulting from systemic infections ( i. e., the bacteria enter the vasculature and invade much of the plant ) and those resulting from secondary infections ( i. e., the bacteria cause local infections of leaves, stem, and fruit ). in systemic infections of mature plants, leaflets of the oldest leaves curl, yellow, wilt, and finally turn brown and collapse ( known as firing ). sometimes, one side of a leaf is affected. plants grow poorly and wilt. pith of stems becomes yellow and later reddish brown, especially at the nodes, and has a mealy appearance. the pith may later become somewhat hollow. in advanced infections, cankers may or may not form at the nodes. light and later dark streaks may develop on stems. branches break off easily. plants may die. in secondary infections, infection of the margins of leaves is common. lesions are dark brown to almost black. round to irregular spotting of leaves also occurs. fruit may be spotted, especially near calyx. on fruit bacterial canker symptoms appear as yellow to brown spots, slightly raised, surrounded by a persistent white halo ( \" bird ' s eye spot \" ). spots are usually about 0. 125 inch ( 3 mm ) in diameter. vascular tissue under the calyx scar and leading to seeds that may be brown. in california, the source of the pathogen is probably seed and transplants, although local contamination within greenhouses is a potential source. in california, the pathogen only overwinters in the soil when the previous crop residue is not thoroughly incorporated and does not decompose. in colder climates, the bacterium may overwinter on undecomposed plant residue. tomato is the most important host of the pathogen. several nightshades, including perennial nightshade ( solanum douglasii ), black nightshade ( s. nigrum ), and s. triflorum, are naturally infected. pepper and eggplant can be successfully artificially inoculated, but they are probably not important in the epidemiology of the disease on tomato. it is not known how long the bacterium can persist on nightshade. in california, economic losses in direct - seeded fields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45773312344200673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.247747"} {"text": "successfully artificially inoculated, but they are probably not important in the epidemiology of the disease on tomato. it is not known how long the bacterium can persist on nightshade. in california, economic losses in direct - seeded fields are probably very uncommon. during unusually wet weather, however, secondary spread from frequent vine - training, cultivation, or other operations may cause extensive leaf loss. canker probably occurs at a low incidence in many direct - seeded fields but almost always goes unnoticed. seed contamination with only a few bacterial cells, apparently below the level of detection, can result in relatively high numbers of infected transplants. for that reason, certified seed reduces the chances of infections, but is no guarantee of contaminated - free seed. a seedlot contaminated with very few infested seeds can cause serious problems in a greenhouse. when the seed germinates, the bacteria enter the seedling through small wounds in the cotyledon, probably through broken trichomes. the bacteria move systemically through the xylem from which it invades the phloem, pith, and cortex. in a highly conducive environment, like a greenhouse, bacteria on the surface of infected plants are then splashed to surrounding plants during overhead irrigation. this kind of spread accounts for the occurrence of groups of plants or trays in the greenhouse and subsequent rows of infected transplants in the field. during planting, which invariably causes wounds, transplants may also be infected after an infected plant is handled, especially if the plants are wet. secondary spread occurs in splashing water, on contaminated equipment, during clipping, cultivation, or vine training operations, and other activities. in the field, such spread usually only results in local infections, i. e., leaf, stem, and fruit spots. in the greenhouse, these sources can lead to local and systemic infections. in the field, the pathogen will survive indefinitely in tomato tissue. once that tissue has decomposed in the ground, however, the bacteria will die because they are notsoil inhabitors. thus, it is very important to turn under infected plant residue at the end of the season. once that residue decomposes, the bacteria will die and the field does not pose a problem for subsequently plantings. it is prudent, however, to rotate to another crop for at least one season to assure that the tomato residue is completely gone. in research trials, bacteria have survived as long as 10 months on contaminated wooden stakes. hence, in the greenhouse it may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.457468466842759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.248828"} {"text": "prudent, however, to rotate to another crop for at least one season to assure that the tomato residue is completely gone. in research trials, bacteria have survived as long as 10 months on contaminated wooden stakes. hence, in the greenhouse it may be extremely important to disinfest the surface of benches and equipment to prevent spread to subsequent trays of transplants. in fields of more mature plants, disinfesting equipment is not as critical because any spread to other plants would probably result in local, and not systemic, infections. it is cautious, however, to wash equipment that has been through a heavily infested field. surface disinfectants include bleach solutions ( 0. 5 to 1 % calcium hypochlorite ) and physan, among other products. planting clean transplants is the most important control measure. vigilantly monitor seed fields and implement strict quality control measures. assay seed should for detectable levels of contamination and discard lots if the bacterium is found. it may be prudent to soak all seed for 30 minutes in a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid ( the final concentration of hydrochloric acid should be 1. 1 % with a ph of 0. 9 ). alternatively, seed could be soaked in 130\u00b0f water for 25 minutes. in the greenhouse, potting mix and flats should be steamed or washed with a 1 % solution of calcium hypochlorite. empty greenhouses between crops of transplants to allow time to disinfest benches, irrigation hoses, etc. overhead water pressure should be low to prevent wounding. copper applications may be necessary to reduce the efficient, yet unnoticeable spread between plants. in the field, special measures may have to be taken once canker has been identified. do not work fields when the foliage is wet. frequent field operations at the wrong time can result in spread of the disease throughout the entire field. unless the number of infected plants is small, it may do more harm than good to try to remove the symptomatic plants. copper applications offer limited benefits because systemic infections cannot be affected and localized infections ( the most probable scenario if other precautions are taken ) pose a small economic threat. during wet weather, however, bactericides may be justified. at the season ' s end, incorporate all plant tissue. tissue that remains on the surface and doesn ' t decompose is a real risk to subsequent tomato crops. once the tomato residue decomposes, however, can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46392613015946593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.250047"} {"text": "international partnership launched to promote conservation efforts for threatened marine species 29 october 2003 | news story iucn - the world conservation union, gland, switzerland, 29 october 2003. iucn ' s species survival commission ( ssc ) is joining forces with the perry institute for marine science to help protect the world ' s oceans through research, and the development and promotion of conservation efforts for threatened marine species. as the threat of extinction increases for a wide variety of marine species, the alliance between the florida - based perry institute and the iucn / ssc will support critical scientific efforts to identify threatened marine species worldwide. prioritization for conservation of these species is promoted through ssc ' s specialist groups and other conservation organizations. currently, the ssc marine specialist groups focus on cetaceans, seals, sirenians, marine turtles, sharks, groupers and wrasses, and coral reef and caribbean fishes. threatened marine species, identified by these and additional ssc experts, will be included in the iucn red list of threatened species, the world ' s most authoritative and comprehensive list of species at risk of extinction. \" as the number of marine additions to the iucn red list of threatened species increases each year, it is essential that conservation organizations team up to pool their resources and knowledge. this new partnership is an extremely welcome step towards implementing ssc ' s marine programme priorities, which work to prevent the wave of extinctions in the marine realm, \" said ssc chair, david brackett. \" it is clear that international cooperation is a key to success in world - wide marine conservation efforts, \" says dr. john marr, executive director of the perry institute for marine science. \" we are very grateful to have gained support for this from mr. and mrs. john h. perry, jr., active members of the perry institute ' s board of trustees, who have awarded a $ 75, 000 grant for the first year of this partnership. \" in addition to fostering scientific and conservation efforts on behalf of marine species, the collaboration between the perry institute and the species survival commission will also focus on distilling and disseminating scientific information for a range of audiences. other goals include developing technical resources on extinction and endangerment in marine species, participating in policy processes that affect the management of marine species, and assisting in marine protected area planning efforts. to coordinate this partnership, the perry institute has hired amie brautigam, who has spearheaded ssc ' s marine programme planning effort in recent years. she brings a breadth of experience to the effort, having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4326562306352723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.254070"} {"text": "assisting in marine protected area planning efforts. to coordinate this partnership, the perry institute has hired amie brautigam, who has spearheaded ssc ' s marine programme planning effort in recent years. she brings a breadth of experience to the effort, having worked on international threatened species issues for over 20 years, and will be working from washington, dc. \" we are very excited about the positive impacts resulting from this partnership, \" said roger mcmanus, ssc executive committee ' s marine focal point, and board chairman of the perry institute for marine science, whose work on worldwide marine conservation has earned international acclaim. \" through cooperative efforts we can learn more about preserving our marine environments and provide tools that will help others do the same. \" for more information contact : ssc marine programme perry institute for marine science tel : + 1 202 - 363. 5675 perry institute for marine science tel : + 1 561 - 741 - 0192, extension 117 about the perry institute for marine science the perry institute for marine science, a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) not - for - profit organization based in florida since 1970, is dedicated to enhancing understanding of the wider caribbean region ' s marine environment by supporting and conducting high quality marine research and education programs in order to provide solutions to people and our oceans. this is accomplished through concentrating on critical marine issues, such as increasing populations of commercial and recreational fisheries, improving and protecting coral reef ecosystems, and studying the causes and consequences of natural and human impact on the oceans. visit www. cmrc. org for additional information. about iucn - the world conservation union founded in 1948, iucn brings together 73 states, 107 government agencies, 755 non - governmental organizations, 35 affiliates, and approximately 10, 000 scientists and experts from 181 countries in a global conservation partnership. its mission is to influence, encourage, and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. the species survival commission, with 120 specialist groups, brings together more than 7, 000 scientists, resource managers, and conservation practitioners worldwide, who collaborate on a myriad of projects. visit www. iucn. org for additional information. the species survival commission is the custodian of the iucn red list of threatened species ( see www. iucnredlist. org ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43057312491044625, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.255009"} {"text": "protecting yourself from cybercrime ( bpt ) - gone are the days when hackers were the weekend enthusiasts you tolerated on the golf course, when viruses were the things that gave you the flu or a cold, and phish was a popular jam band who served as the inspiration for your favorite flavor of ben and jerry ' s. with the rise of the internet and electronic devices has come the rise of cyber - related crime. cybercrime, as it is called, is defined as a criminal activity using computers or other electronic devices to victimize people, organizations or businesses. \" despite a global recession, improved security and international crackdown efforts, cybercrime has thrived over the last decade, growing by double digits year after year, \" says clint kirkwood, a professor of criminal justice at argosy university, orange county and 28 - year veteran and retired commanding officer of the vice section of the narcotics division of the detroit police department. while estimates of the cost of cyber crime to businesses and the private sector vary, a 2011 publication released by javelin strategy and research, the annual cost of identity theft alone was $ 37 billion. \" today, some of the most successful criminals do not have to leave the comfort of their own homes to pull off crimes bigger than ever. all they need is an internet connection, a little tech savvy and a lot of bad will, \" says kirkwood. the internet crime complaint center received more than 300, 000 complaints in 2011, which included such crimes as fbi - related scams, identity theft, advance fee fraud and a host of romance, work - from - home, auto auction, loan intimidation and other scams. \" since the take - off of social networking and the paperless way of conducting business, cyber - based criminal activity has skyrocketed in many corners of the world, \" says gary gonzales, a professor in the criminal justice program at argosy university, san diego and police detective in his 16th year of service with the san diego police department. \" criminals are masking themselves as potential customers, clients or even professionals to lure innocent people into a web of deception and greed. from copyright infringement and cyber bullying to child pornography and spamming, the impact is enormous. \" knowing the threats you face online and the tools available to help you keep a watchful eye is critical in protecting yourself in the digital world. there are simple precautions that computer, mobile phone and other digital users can take to ensure their safety. do not open emails / attachments from unknown or suspicious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5584647925823704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.260052"} {"text": "available to help you keep a watchful eye is critical in protecting yourself in the digital world. there are simple precautions that computer, mobile phone and other digital users can take to ensure their safety. do not open emails / attachments from unknown or suspicious sources, nor answer email messages that ask for your personal information. \" the widows of nigerian generals desperately seeking your financial assistance and notifications that you ' ve won a european lottery are obvious scams but some email fraud can be much more difficult to distinguish, \" says arabinda banerjee, senior vice president of technology infrastructure at a leading bank in tampa, florida and faculty member at argosy university, tampa. \" in general, if it seems too good to be true or requires you to send money in to receive a reward, be sure to avoid it. emails with vague but feel - good subject lines like ' congratulations! ' or the name of a friend and the message ' has shared a picture / video ' can be malicious emails, even when apparently sent out by one of your friends. \" do an internet search using the term ' scam ' and some of the key words from the message, advises banerjee. if it ' s a known scam, you ' ll likely see it pop up in your search engine results. invest in a good anti - virus software and firewall, the experts suggest. while this will not guarantee 100 percent protection, they will definitely reduce your risk greatly. be sure that any wifi connection you are using to conduct financial business is locked and protected and any stores you are making purchases from are reputable. in addition, be sure to monitor your financial accounts monthly to determine any fraudulent charges and report suspicious activity immediately. change your passwords frequently and create passwords that are difficult to guess. do not use the same id / password in all websites. while keeping track of multiple logins and passwords may be an inconvenience, it ' s a necessary protection against hackers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4744742288996172, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.260816"} {"text": "[ jahsonic. com ] - [ next > > ] related : ego - individual - person - self consciousness - self medication - self injury - self - referentiality - identity - the total, essential, or particular being of a person ; the individual : an actor ' s instrument is the self ( joan juliet buck ). - the essential qualities distinguishing one person from another ; individuality : he would walk a little first along the southern walls, shed his european self, fully enter this world ( howard kaplan ). - one ' s consciousness of one ' s own being or identity ; the ego : for some of us, the self ' s natural doubts are given in mesmerizing amplification by way of critics ' negative assessments of our writing ( joyce carol oates ). - one ' s own interests, welfare, or advantage : thinking of self alone. - immunology. that which the immune system identifies as belonging to the body : tissues no longer recognized as self. - - american heritage dictionary in philosophy, the self is the idea of a unified being which is the source of an idiosyncratic consciousness. moreover, this self is the agent responsible for the thoughts and actions of an individual to which they are ascribed. it is a substance, which therefore endures through time ; thus, the thoughts and actions at different moments of time may pertain to the same self ( see john locke ' s theory of consciousness as the basis of personal identity ). as the notion of subject, the \" self \" has been harshly criticized by nietzsche at the end of the 19th century, on behalf of what gilles deleuze would call a \" becoming - other \". to another person, the self of one individual is exhibited in the conduct and discourse of that individual. therefore, the intentions of another individual can only be inferred indirectly from something emanating from that individual. the particular characteristics of the self determine its identity. - - http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / self _ % 28philosophy % 29 [ feb 2006 ] the self is a key construct in several schools of psychology. usages differ between theorists and fields of study, but in general the self refers to the conscious, reflective personality of an individual. the study of the self involves significant methodological problems, especially concerning consciousness. some of these are taken up in philosophy of mind and metaphysics. a psychological school of thought focused on the self was originally proposed by heinz kohut ( 1913 - 1981 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6011442849263395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.266315"} {"text": "john mahrer, an immigrant from prague, opened a brewery in nanaimo, a coal mining centre and port that is located north of victoria on vancouver island. when the brewery amalgamated with the union brewery in 1891, mahrer became its manager and master brewer. mahrer was on the nanaimo city council for eight years and belonged to several charitable organizations as well as the city ' s band. john and louise mahrer ' s home and the nanaimo opera house, which john built, were the centres of nanaimo ' s cultural life at the time. a decorative shield is placed over the mantle, symbolizing the breastplate of the high priest of the temple in jerusalem. evelyn toban donated this ornament to congregation schara tzedeck in honour of the ninetieth birthday of harry toban. as schara tzedeck ' s president in the 1940 ' s, harry toban led the synagogue ' s move from heatley street in vancouver ' s east end neighbourhood of strathcona to oak street in fairview neighbourhood, south vancouver. a special menorah with eight lights ( plus an additional one that lights the others ) is used during the holiday of hannukah. hanukiahs come in all shapes, sizes, and materials. the hand, also called a hamsa, is a typical sephardic decorative symbol, meaning protection from the evil eye. this hanukiah is lit using oil and wicks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4505296619179186, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.269496"} {"text": "188. 688. 01 global sustainability & health seminar students and faculty discuss the causes, consequences, and implications of key global environmental challenges that we are facing and that are likely to become more challenging over time. specifically addresses how land use ( e. g., patterns of urban growth and suburban sprawl ), energy use, food production and distribution, water use, and population growth are causing climate change, ecosystem degradation, biodiversity losses, species extinctions, and other resource depletion, and how all this is in turn is a threat to human health as individuals, in communities, and globally. focuses on discussion and not lectures and will utilize a mix of movies, guest discussants, and student directed discussions. this seminar will prepare students to : 1 ) define the aspects of land use, energy use, food production and distribution, water use, and population growth that contribute to environmental degradation. 2 ) analyze how peak petroleum ( aka \" after peak oil \" ), political obstacles, economic interests, and federal indebtedness influence how we address these issues. 3 ) define how the \" drivers \" in # 1 above cause climate change, ecosystem degradation, species losses, biodiversity losses, and other resource depletions. 4 ) begin to develop an analytic framework for how we should address these issues to prevent the major health risks they present. - thursday 12 : 00 - 1 : 20 global environment and public health, 180. 611. 01", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5448320280134943, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.271032"} {"text": "caroline apprend a nager elle prend des lecons de in a coordinate plane, the points ( 2, 4 ) and ( 3, - 1 ) are on a line. which of the following must be true? 1. the line crosses the x - axis. 2. the line passes through ( 0, 0 ). 3. the line stays above the x - axis at all times. 4. the line rises from the lower left to the upper right.... x = 2 is that right ms. sue? i will spell algebra correctly from now on thanks for your help. solve the equation 15 ( x + 3 ) = 75 sorry mr. reiny i could not find the page where i had asked the question on sunday when i went back to look, thanks for the link and the answer. please show me step by step how to make a table of solutions for the equation, and then use the table to graph the equation. y = 2x - 1 who was the best president make a table of solutions for the equation, and then use the table to graph the equation. just graph one of them. y = 2x - 1 how do i make one, may i use microsoft excel? sorry mr. reiny, i guess i should of figured that out since you are so smart at doing the math problems. i do not have an option key on my windows 7 keyboard but i bet there is another way i can do the underline thing. thanks again for taking time out of your day to help us ma... thanks reiny, you assumed correct, how did you get the line under the greater than sign? you are a very smart and kind woman to have been such a great help, thanks! for further reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5049178800827236, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.272646"} {"text": "minnetonka, minn. - - backpacks are lighter this year for ninth graders at minnetonka high school. \" i have most of my textbooks in ibooks, \" said 9th grader rachel marks. that not only makes her load lighter, marks can highlight text and digitally assemble all of her notes in an ibook, something she can ' t do in a school textbook. it ' s just one aspect of a pilot program minnetonka high school unveiled this year - - to put ipads in the hands of students. \" we ' ve long believed in technology as an accelerator of learning, \" explained julie carter, executive director of technology for minnetonka public schools. the district has been digitizing its curriculum for the past decade, and was looking for a way to put that information in the hands of students. laptops had drawbacks, including price, so when the ipad came along, minnetonka took notice, and developed a plan that hinged on a key requirement. \" identifying a group of students that we could work with to have a controlled experiment where we could see, ' how does the technology change the learning experience for students? ' \" said carter. minnetonka started by issuing ipads to half the 9th grade class, and using the other half of the class to compare. teachers quickly noted some changes for the ipad group. \" student engagement, \" said english teacher sara martinson. \" they seem to be more involved in what they are doing. \" the district also saw fewer d ' s and f ' s in the ipad group, as well as fewer late and missing assignments. armed with that information, the district proceeded to give ipads to the other half of the ninth grade. now, teachers are incorporating the ipad into daily use. science teacher drew danner says it doesn ' t work for everything, but many applications are proving useful for students, including one that allows students to take tests and have their results recorded in real time. \" now they can go back on their practice tests or their quizzes and they can look at, ' hey, i need to work on this certain set of problems, ' \" said danner. danner is also able to plug important dates and assignments into students ' google calendars, which they can pull up on their ipads anytime they want. students ' work is saved in \" the cloud \" so if an ipad should break, or be lost, the work is accessible from any computer or internet device. carter says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40414556148847913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.275513"} {"text": "golden flowers and solid spines are amongst the features of this beautiful cactus. shipped with pot & special compost for cacti. at present, our english web site version is incomplete, to see all our available plants, go on : cacti are a large family of plants called cactaceae. they are xerophytic plants, that is, they are adapted to dry environments - their tissues have reserves to undergo long droughts without any issue. their habitat goes from the south of the usa to the south of latin america, passing through mexico, a country where cacti are extremely abundant. they grow as much at sea level as high in the mountain, up to 3500 meteres high. recognizing a cactus is not challenging. they usually have a certain density of prickles on their body, placed along an increasing number of ribs. this said, cacti raises very variable shapes - the ball and the column being the most famous. they can also be flattened, climbing or tree - shaped. the spines can be minute and flexiblee, or thick and tough... all the combinations exist. size is another astonishing aspect of cacti. although there are dwarf species - less than 2 cm as adult plants -, most of them become large plants, from tens of centimeters to more than 20 meters high for the tallest cylindrical cacti! in cultivation, such dimensions are rarely attained. before that, the specimens divide, produce plantlets. the cespitose species create large bundles. beautiful in hotpots! finally, a word about their flowering. sometimes tremendously large and disproportionated to the plant itself, cacti flowers are among the most beautiful in the plant kingdom. very vividly coloured, they must attract all the pollinisators around... in wildernesses. insects have to locate them. this is why the flowers somestimes outreach 25 cm in diameter! our selection of cacti is composed of varied plants. their spine systems, colors and shapes makes them attractive. also, they are easy to grow. from the dense white wool of mammillaria bocasana var. multilanata to the pink prickles of echinocereus rubispinus, you will find your bliss! here are the general rules you must follow when growing cacti. for further information about one of the species, please read their specific cards. - full sun to partially shaded sunlight. some species, notably those not having a high spine density, don", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42462763589645053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.280390"} {"text": "here are the general rules you must follow when growing cacti. for further information about one of the species, please read their specific cards. - full sun to partially shaded sunlight. some species, notably those not having a high spine density, don ' t like direct sun. if sunburns appear, put your cactus in a more shadowy place. inside, light is usually too weak. a cactus lacking sunlight quickly languishes. - the temperature must be comprised between 0 and 50\u00b0c. don ' t pay attention do it between spring and autumn, but in winter, don ' t let them freeze ( but there are exceptions ). in winter, a cool period - below 15\u00b0c - is required for dormancy. it will trigger blooming and enhance growth. - cacti don ' t like to live in a humid atmosphere, especially if it ' s for a long time, and if the air is not brewed. therefore, don ' t grow them in a confined stuffy place. - the soil must be sufficiently draining. use a mix of compost, sand and pozzolana. such a soil is available in our shop here : mix for cactus. - watering is a crucial point. a popular belief says cacti must not be watered, or very rarely and not abundantly in any case. this is utterly wrong. this idea comes from the fact that cacti can live without any water for a long time. indeed, their biology enables them to achieve that. but this is at the detriment of their growth, and of their general health. a well - watered cactus is vigorous and bloms after its dormancy. so, it is necessary to water abundantly in summer, once a week, with calcareous - free water preferably. in spring and autumn, water every 3 weeks or once a month. make sure the soil is completely dry before watering again. in winter, don ' t bring any water. - fertilizer must be brought with parsimony, once a month, in summer. product number : 0 price : 0. 00 \u20ac mulhouse ( 68, france ), april 14th and 15th schoppenwihr ( 68, france ), april 28th and 29th nancy ( 54, france ), may 5th and 6th autrey ( 88, france ), may 19th and 20th bezouotte ( 21, france ), may 12th and 13th l ' isle - sur - le - doubs ( 25, france ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3871225998205817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.281309"} {"text": "shots - health blog thu november 17, 2011 bird flu research rattles bioterrorism field scientists and security specialists are in the midst of a fierce debate over recent experiments on a strain of bird flu virus that made it more contagious. the big question : should the results be made public? critics say doing so could potentially reveal how to make powerful new bioweapons. the h5n1 virus has been circulating among birds and other animals in recent years. it ' s also infected about 500 people. more than half died. but this dangerous virus has not caused widespread human disease because, so far, sick people haven ' t been very contagious. if the virus evolves to spread as easily between people as seasonal flu, however, it could cause a devastating global pandemic. so in an attempt to stay ahead of h5n1, scientists have been tweaking its genes in the lab to learn more about how this virus works, and what it is capable of. in september, one scientist made a stunning announcement. at a flu conference held in malta, he said he ' d done a lab experiment that resulted in bird flu virus becoming highly contagious between ferrets \u2014 the animal model used to study human flu infection. it seemed that just five mutations did the trick. news of the results raised red flags for dr. thomas inglesby, a bioterrorism expert and director of the center for biosecurity of the university of pittsburgh medical center. \" it ' s just a bad idea for scientists to turn a lethal virus into a lethal and highly contagious virus. and it ' s a second bad idea for them to publish how they did it so others can copy it, \" says inglesby. no science journal has published the information yet. and inglesby hopes none of them do. biology research usually has a culture of openness. scientists report their methods and results so others can repeat their work and learn from it. inglesby agrees that ' s the way to go the vast majority of the time. but not this time. \" there are some cases that i think are worth an exception to that otherwise very important scientific principle, \" he says. \" i can only imagine that the process of deliberating about the publication of these findings is quite serious. \" the researcher who presented these findings at the science meeting is virologist ron fouchier, of the erasmus medical center in the netherlands. npr has learned that his work is now under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4822256506585556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.285981"} {"text": "opium poppy - history originsthe opium poppy was first grown in the western mediterranean, in the region of southern france and italy. there are archaeological finds in that area dating to about 4000 bc. the opium poppy was probably first grown for food. the seed is rich in edible oil - always a precious resource. poppy cultivation spread to central europe and to the aegean by 1000 bc. the opium poppy was not known in ancient mesopotamia, and was probably not known in ancient egypt. however, by roman times opium poppy had spread to egypt. both roman and greek physicians did much to spread knowledge of opium ' s medical uses. the islamic worldopium flourished in the arab world, as in islam opiates were not proscribed in the same way as alcohol. in the 7th century, the islamic cultures of western asia had discovered that the most powerful narcotic and medicinal effects could be obtained by igniting and smoking the poppy ' s congealed juices. the history of opium poppy use is relatively recent in south asia. arab trade and the expanding world of islam are assumed to have introduced knowledge of the opium drug to the indian subcontinent by the 12th century. the first records of its cultivation appear in the 15th century and refer to malwa as a centre of production. the sanskrit words ahiphena and the hindi afin are derived from the arabic word ofyun to denote opium. european impactthe advent of the europeans had a significant impact on the future of the opium poppy in india. by the 16th century the portuguese noted that opium was an article of trade from india. portuguese merchants carried indian opium through macao into china. the dutch now introduced smoking opium in a tobacco pipe to the chinese. under the mughal empire the poppy was extensively grown and became an important article of trade with china and other eastern countries. fine opium was derived from the poppies cultivated in the fertile alluvial plains of the ganges. the narcotic was a favourite of the mughal emperors. by the late 16th century opium was made a state monopoly. with the decline of the mughals the state lost its hold on the monopoly and the production and sale of opium was controlled by merchants in patna. in 1757, the british east india company which had by that time assumed the responsibility for the collection of revenues in bengal and bihar, took over this monopoly. in 1773 the governor - general, warren hastings, brought the whole of the opium trade under the control of the government. | fleet of opium ships sailing up the ganges in the 19th century. | the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41225796913768775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.290889"} {"text": "bengal and bihar, took over this monopoly. in 1773 the governor - general, warren hastings, brought the whole of the opium trade under the control of the government. | fleet of opium ships sailing up the ganges in the 19th century. | the opium warsin the late 18th century the british east india company was expanding its sphere of influence in india and also looking to redress britain ' s unfavourable balance of trade with china. the chinese had become addicted to opium consumption ; the imperial court had banned its use and import, but large quantities were still being smuggled into the country. india was an economy rich with cotton and raw silk and agricultural products for exports such as sugar cane, indigo and opium. the mughal empire had given it a stable framework for trade, and after their decline the british began to profit from its circumstances. to facilitate profitable export to china and cheap import to britain, vast tracts of land were given over to poppy cultivation and by the 1790s the east india company had the monopoly of the opium trade. the poppy growing was mostly confined to three centres : patna opium from bihar, benaras opium from uttar pradesh and malwa opium from central india. the chinese authorities attempted to suppress the smuggling of opium which was debilitating the country and reversing its formerly favourable balance of trade. their confiscation and destruction of illegal opium sparked the first opium war in 1839. british warships defeated the chinese who signed the treaty of nanking paying a huge indemnity and ceding hong kong to the british. a second opium war was fought in 1856 when the french and british combined to bring the chinese to heel and opium import in china was thus legalised. not until 1910 did the opium trade between china and india cease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4167359885077416, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.291598"} {"text": "in kansas and throughout the northern midcontinent area, excepting parts of oklahoma and arkansas, definition of the lower limit of pennsylvanian rocks is one of the most evident in the rock succession ( fig. 3 ). not only are the types of sedimentary rocks on opposite sides of the boundary very dissimilar generally, but there is evidence of pre - pennsylvanian erosion of the underlying strata and varyingly prolonged break in sedimentation. the basal pennsylvanian rocks rest on different parts of the mississippian succession, from high in the system down to the bottom - most beds, and at many places, both at the outcrop in missouri and in the subsurface of kansas and nebraska, the pennsylvanian overlaps on to pre - mississippian rocks. the oldest pennsylvanian deposits in most of this territory are clearly much younger than rocks classed as belonging to the system elsewhere. accordingly, there is no problem in marking the base of pennsylvanian strata in the kansas region. figure 3. diagrammatic east - west section of rocks in kansas showing prominent unconformity at base of the pennsylvanian system. the section, drawn on the base of the kansas city group as a datum, shows essential conformity of succession from pennsylvanian into permian parts of the section. ( after moore, am. assoc. petroleum geologists ; data from section by betty kellett, kansas geol. soc., 1932. ) a larger version of this figure is available. definition of the boundary between rocks classed as pennsylvanian and permian in the kansas region has led to much debate and disagreement. ulrich ( 1911, p. 376, pl. 26 ) proposed to avoid the difficulty by not recognizing permian at all and by defining as pennsylvanian all of the rocks between mississippian and triassic. this procedure might be defended on the basis of the stratigraphic succession in the midcontinent area, but it is evidently unsuited to world - wide application. because beds having pennsylvanian and permian fossils lie parallel and are seemingly conformable in kansas and adjoining states, attempts to define the base of the permian in this area have been based chiefly on study of fossils. consideration has been given also to lithologic features and the desirability of selecting a convenient cartographic datum. judgment has been generally expressed that any adopted boundary is measurably arbitrary. the general tendency during the 90 years since permian deposits were first recognized in kansas and in north america as a whole has been to lower", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.504418291041334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.300029"} {"text": "a convenient cartographic datum. judgment has been generally expressed that any adopted boundary is measurably arbitrary. the general tendency during the 90 years since permian deposits were first recognized in kansas and in north america as a whole has been to lower the boundary farther and farther ( fig. 4 ). figure 4. placement of the pennsylvanian - permian boundary in kansas. asterisks denote papers in which special consideration is given to the problem of stratigraphic classification. ( after moore, am. assoc. petroleum geologists. ) mainly on account of the first appearance of the presumed permian guide fossils callipteris conferta and other plants at the horizon of the wreford limestone in central kansas, the lower permian boundary was drawn at the base of the wreford limestone by adams, girty, & white ( 1903 ), prosser ( 1902, 1905 ), haworth & bennett ( 1008 ), and others. owing, however, to the very evident lithologic and faunal similarity of beds extending for a considerable distance below and above the wreford limestone, the base of the cottonwood limestone, about 125 feet below the wreford, originally chosen by prosser ( 1895 ) as the basal boundary of the permian, came later to be adopted generally. one reason for selection of this line seems to have been the fact that the cottonwood is a persistent and distinctive stratigraphic datum that at a relatively early date had been traced entirely across kansas into nebraska and oklahoma. on the basis of discovery of species of \" schwagerina \" ( pseudoschwagerina ) in the neva limestone, about 40 feet below the cottonwood limestone, beede & kniker ( 1925 ) judged that the base of the permian should be lowered to the base of the neva limestone. this conclusion was reached from an extensive examination of paleontological characters in russian and other sections of the world, from which it appeared that the zone of \" schwagerina \" marks the introduction of marine faunas which are considered generally characteristic of permian time. one of the distinctive fusulinids of the lower permian, as previously defined in kansas, is \" pseudofusulina \" ( paraschwagerina ). because this fossil and various other invertebrates which are typical of lower permian as previously defined range downward to the americus limestone, 150 feet below the cottonwood limestone, and because lithologic features of beds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48632688062115914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.301307"} {"text": "paraschwagerina ). because this fossil and various other invertebrates which are typical of lower permian as previously defined range downward to the americus limestone, 150 feet below the cottonwood limestone, and because lithologic features of beds below the cottonwood to a horizon at least as low as the americus are much more closely similar to overlying beds than to those of the wabaunsee group, below, moore ( 1932 ) concluded that if the cottonwood and neva are classifiable as permian, the lower boundary of the permian rocks in kansas should be placed at least as low as the base of the americus limestone. placement of the pennsylvanian - permian boundary at this horizon had previously been proposed by beede ( 1909, 1914 ) ( fig. 4 ). in the course of detailed stratigraphic studies and mapping of beds belonging below the americus, evidence of the existence of a stratigraphic break comparable to the disconformities which separate the desmoinesian, missourian, and virgilian divisions of the pennsylvanian system, was discovered and traced from southeastern nebraska to northern oklahoma ( moore & moss, 1934 ). this disconformity belongs just above the brownville limestone but in places depressions are carved into upper wabaunsee strata reaching more than 100 feet below the horizon of the brownville. work by newell and others in oklahoma indicates that the horizons of this disconformity can be followed southward to the vicinity of the arbuckle mountains. accordingly, this boundary, about 275 feet below the cottonwood limestone, has been designated as the line of division between pennsylvanian and permian ( moore, elias & newell, 1934 ). evidence supporting the definition of this line as the lower boundary of rocks classed as permian in the northern midcontinent area lies in conditions observed in western texas where wolfcampian beds, containing \" pseudoschwagerina \" and \" pseudofusulina \", rest with strong angular unconformity on upper pennsylvanian beds ( king, 1934 ). a detailed review of the fluctuating placement of the pennsylvanian - permian boundary in the kansas region and in the north - central texas and trans - pecos texas areas has been published by moore ( 1940 ) ( fig. 4 ). since the revision based on finding the disconformity just above the brownville limestone, the pennsylvanian - permian boundary has been drawn uniformly by geologists of kansas, nebraska, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46269540549038646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.303291"} {"text": "this small little bird about the size of a chicken has somehow managed to significantly grow in popularity in the recent years. i am talking about the kiwi bird, the flightless bird that has become a symbol and nickname for new zealanders all over the world. these birds are unusual and have certain characteristics that are not very common, like being nocturnal, having nostrils at the end of their beaks, and having an extremely developed sense of smell that enables them to detect food. they are also quite strange because they lay the largest egg in relation to their body size of any bird species worldwide. they are also cute and fuzzy, which has led to many people wanting to have one as a pet. while keeping kiwi birds as pets is not a great idea, there are other ways in which you can have one : making a pompom kiwi craft that you can take anywhere with you is a start! not to mention how much fun will you have by making it. in order to make an adorable pompom kiwi, you will need an orange craft foam, such as sticky back foam. however, ordinary foam and glue works just as good. you will also need wiggle eyes and, naturally, glue. you should start by cutting two feet shape from the orange foam, which you should then stick to the pompom so they act as a base. then, you need to glue a triangle of orange foam that will serve as the eyes. you also need to glue to wiggle eyes to the front of the pompom and there you go! now you have your own kiwi toy. if your children love the kiwi bird, not only can you make them a pompom craft, but you can also download and print kiwi posters that they can put in the room. with the internet being at the tip of your fingers, finding such printables is very easy. once you go online, you will come across kiwi posers, booklets, animal jigsaws, posters, writing paper, coloring pages, and even frames. your children will be extremely happy with their brand new, customized school items. this will also give them the chance to learn more about the kiwi bird and maybe raise awareness among children regarding the importance of protecting this bird. they need to understand that the kiwi bird is endangered, so they cannot keep one as a pet. instead, they can play with their pompom kiwi craft all they want!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4029259883481815, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.305991"} {"text": "the snowy owl ( bubo scandiacus ) is a large owl of the typical owl family strigidae. the snowy owl was first classified in 1758 by carolus linnaeus, the swedish naturalist who developed binomial nomenclature to classify and organize plants and animals. the bird is also known in north america as the arctic owl or the great white owl. until recently, it was regarded as the sole member of a distinct genus, as nyctea scandiaca, but mtdna cytochrome b sequence data ( olsen et al. 2002 ) shows that it is very closely related to the horned owls in the genus bubo. typical female, korkeasaari ( finland ) this yellow - eyed, black billed white bird is easily recognizable. it is 53 - 65 cm ( 20 - 26 inches ) long with a 125 - 150 cm ( 50 - 60 in ) wingspan. also, these birds can weigh anywhere from 1. 8 - 3 kg ( 3. 5 - 6. 6 lbs ). the adult male is virtually pure white, but females and young birds have some dark scalloping ; the young are heavily barred, and dark spotting may even be predominate. its thick plumage, heavily - feathered feet, and coloration render the snowy owl well - adapted for life north of the arctic circle. snowy owl calls are varied, but the alarm call is a barking, almost quacking krek - krek - krek - krek ; the female also has a softer mewling pyee - pyee - pyee - pyee or prek - prek - prek. the song is a deep repeated gawh. they may also clap their beak in response to threats or annoyances. while called clapping, it is believed this sound may actually be a clicking of the tongue, not the beak. young owl on the tundra at barrow alaska the snowy owl is typically found in the northern circumpolar region, where it makes its summer home north of latitude 60 degrees north. however, it is a particularly nomadic bird, and because population fluctuations in its prey species can force it to relocate, it has been known to breed at more southerly latitudes. during the last ice age, there was a central european paleosubspecies of this bird, bubo scandiacus gallicus, but no modern subspecies are recognized. this species of owl nests on the ground, building a scrape on top of a mound or boulder. a site with good visibility, ready access", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44871945274238045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.312342"} {"text": "##species of this bird, bubo scandiacus gallicus, but no modern subspecies are recognized. this species of owl nests on the ground, building a scrape on top of a mound or boulder. a site with good visibility, ready access to hunting areas, and a lack of snow is chosen. gravel bars and abandoned eagle nests may be used. breeding occurs in may, and depending on the amount of prey available, clutch sizes range from 5 to 14 eggs, which are laid singly, approximately every other day over the course of several days. hatching takes place approximately five weeks after laying, and the pure white young are cared for by both parents. both the male and the female defend the nest with their young from predators. some individuals stay on the breeding grounds while others migrate. snowy owls winter south through canada and northernmost eurasia, with irruptions occurring further south in some years. they have been reported as far south as texas, georgia, the american gulf states, southern russia, northern china and even the caribbean. between 1967 and 1975, snowy owls bred on the remote island of fetlar in the shetland isles north of scotland, uk. females summered as recently as 1993, but their status in the british isles is now that of a rare winter visitor to shetland, the outer hebrides and the cairngorms. hunting and diet this powerful bird relies primarily on lemmings and other rodents for food, but at times of low prey density, or during the ptarmigan nesting period, they may switch to juvenile ptarmigan. as opportunistic hunters, they feed on a wide variety of small mammals and birds such as meadow voles and deer mice, but will take advantage of larger prey, frequently following traplines to find food. some of the larger mammal prey includes mice, hares, muskrats, marmots, squirrels, rabbits, prairie dogs, rats, moles, and entrapped furbearers. birds include ptarmigan, ducks, geese, shorebirds, ring - necked pheasants, grouse, american coots, grebes, gulls, songbirds, and short - eared owls. snowy owls are also known to eat fish and carrion. most of the owls ' hunting is done in the \" sit and wait \" style ; prey may be captured on the ground, in the air or fish may be snatched off the surface of bodies of water using their sharp talons. each bird must capture roughly 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4203380378266361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.313314"} {"text": "the owls ' hunting is done in the \" sit and wait \" style ; prey may be captured on the ground, in the air or fish may be snatched off the surface of bodies of water using their sharp talons. each bird must capture roughly 7 to 12 mice per day to meet its food requirement and can eat more than 1, 600 lemmings per year. snowy owls, like many other birds, swallow their small prey whole. strong stomach juices digest the flesh and the indigestible bones, teeth, fur, and feathers are compacted into oval pellets that the bird regurgitates 18 to 24 hours after feeding. regurgitation often takes place at regular perches, where dozens of pellets may be found. biologists frequently examine these pellets to determine the quantity and types of prey the birds have eaten. when large prey are eaten in small pieces, pellets will not be produced. though snowy owls have few predators, the adults are very watchful and well equipped to defend against any kind of threats towards them or their offspring. during the nesting season the owls face arctic foxes and swift - flying jaegers and must be very careful not to leave their eggs unattended. environmental conditions also cause local threats of food shortages, but their ability to be mobile permits them to move to areas were supplies may be more sufficient. human activities probably pose the greatest danger to these birds, through collisions with power lines, fences, automobiles, or other structures that impose on their natural habitat. now, canadian provincial and territorial regulations have introduced prohibitions of killing of these birds in all parts of canada, where they are most abundant, but the owls are still used for certain study programs. this species is an extremely important component to the food web in the tundra ecosystem and during its visits to the south, the snowy owl may play a useful role in the natural control of rodents in agricultural regions. in popular culture - steve ( voiced by jonathan katz ), the therapist who helps jimmy the penguin with his love life in farce of the penguins is a snowy owl. - the o rly? owl is a snowy owl. - in the 1994 film, dumb and dumber, lloyd christmas ( jim carrey ) accidentally kills an icelandic snowy owl with the cork of a bottle by launching it. - the snowy owl is the official bird of quebec. - the snowy owl was depicted on the 1986 series canadian $ 50 note. - a snowy white owl named \" gamma \" is the mascot of the fraternity phi gamma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4360684403754333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.314694"} {"text": "of a bottle by launching it. - the snowy owl is the official bird of quebec. - the snowy owl was depicted on the 1986 series canadian $ 50 note. - a snowy white owl named \" gamma \" is the mascot of the fraternity phi gamma delta. - the snowy owl is a familiar in the popular online game, kingdom of loathing. - in the harry potter series by j. k. rowling, harry ' s owl, hedwig, is a snowy owl. - although female, hedwig is played by a male owl in the harry potter movies because males are more thoroughly white, lacking the barring of females. - queen siv ' s servant myrrthe from the \" guardians of ga ' hoole \" book series was a snowy owl. so were borron and barran, madame plonk, and the rogue smith of silverveil. - a snowy owl is the logo of the cigar brand white owl. - the inuit name for the snowy owl is \" ookpik \", \" okpik \" or \" ukpik \" - okpik, a cold - weather adventure program for the boy scouts of america - abe okpik, an inuvialuit who was instrumental in helping inuit obtain surnames - the snowy owl is one of many animals featured in the 2002 game impossible creatures - a snowy owl is featured prominently on the cover painting of canadian rock band rush ' s 1975 album fly by night. a live owl appears on the cover of rush ' s 1981 live album exit... stage left, referencing fly by night.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4488281744320143, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.315333"} {"text": "ganglion ( gang - lee - on ) cysts are the most common type of soft tissue mass that form under your skin. most commonly, ganglions are seen on the backside of the wrist and fingers, but they can also develop on your shoulder, elbow, and knee. ganglions form when tissues surrounding certain joints become inflamed and swell up with lubricating fluid. in some cases, cysts can increase in size when the tissue is irritated and often can disappear spontaneously. although these masses, which can be painful or painless, sometimes grow, they ' re not tumors or cancerous. the cause of ganglions is not always clear, however, conditions such as rheumatoid ( rue - mah - toyd ) arthritis ( arth - rye - tis ) have been associated with these cysts. occupational factors can also play a role in the development of ganglions. those occupations that require you to overuse certain joints, such as your wrist and fingers, pose a risk for developing ganglion cysts. a physician recognizes most ganglion cysts during physical examinations, but sometimes x - rays are used to confirm the diagnosis. a procedure called ' aspiration, ' or the draining of the contents of the cyst, may be required to distinguish the differences from other causes of swelling. other treatments for cysts can consist of rest or splinting the affected joint. if the cyst continues to reoccur, a surgeon can remove it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4568618648168304, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.317579"} {"text": "a hotlist of lincoln links an internet hotlist on lincoln links created by web master, mrs. matherly lincoln elementary school | social studies lincoln elementary school students enjoy exploring the internet. their teachers create new and interesting projects using several links. the links below are a preview of some of the links used by students. please email me if any of the links are broken or are unavailable. the internet resources - america ' s story - meet amazing americans, jump back in time, explore the states, join america at play, see, hear and sing - be fire smart - - carolyn lesser home page - learn about author carolyn lesser, who will be visiting clinton schools in october. - earth day - funschool - - earth day - pbs kids - - earth day - primary games - - earth day - the kidz page celebration for the kids - - fire prevention activities for kids - - get netwise - internet safety tips for parents and kids. - gettysburg address live webcast - to honor abraham lincoln ' s 200th birthday! - harvest day - corn facts and fun websites - - helpful games - educational games for children in school welcome to helpfulgames! we have educational games that kids at school think are fun while they learn their skills. learning should be fun! choose a category from below for suggestions on fun and helpful games for children in elementary school. - internet saftey quiz - - mouse practice links - - mr. anker ' s tests for 3rd grade - activities for math, reading, language, etc - mr. ankers tests for 2nd grade - activities for math, reading, language, etc - qtopia - mrs. campbell ' s class - qtopia is an online learning platform that offers thousands of ready - to - use activities, motivating games, avatar features, online homework access with automatic grading, in - classroom review modes, and the ability for educators to use ' as is ' or completely customize the learning experience - sample practice isat tests for students - - spelinng city - - spelling city - dolch site words - - spelling city - mrs. bostic - - spelling city - mrs. donaldson ' s class - - spelling city - mrs. howell ' s class - - spelling city - stith ' s class - - welcome to the web. - learn about the internet, how to use it, web browsers and more. - 50 states - - abraham lincoln online. org - great information about our 16th president. includes photo tours of lincoln places, quiz, frequently asked questions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4308105450226638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.326646"} {"text": "the web. - learn about the internet, how to use it, web browsers and more. - 50 states - - abraham lincoln online. org - great information about our 16th president. includes photo tours of lincoln places, quiz, frequently asked questions by students, speeches, current events about lincoln preservation. - all about world geography - - american memory timeline - this timeline covers important events in american history. beginning with the establishing of our country going through to the nation after world war ii. - at home in the heartland - learn what it was like to live in illinois during the 1700s, 1800s, and early 1900s. - aviation - - ben ' s guide to u. s. government for kids - great site to learn about our government through games, photos, activities. - children ' s encyclopedia of women - excellent biographies with pictures, timeline, important dates in women ' s history and research sources. created by third and fourth grade students at pocantico hills school in sleepy hollow, ny. - daniel boone - - france - - firstgov for kids - this site provides links to federal kids ' sites along with some of the best kids ' sites from other organizations all grouped by subject. great information and interactive games! - geo spy - - henry ford and model t - - houghton mifflin harcourt textbooks - social studies - - illinois facts - - illinois state informaton - - interactive maps - - kids web japan - lots of information about japan. - lewis and clark - go west across america with lewis and clark - lewis and clark trail - travel the trail - louisiana purchase - - martin luther king biography - - martin luther king scavenger hunt - - martin luther king speeches - - mcgraw - hill time links - communities - - multimedia biographies - excellent site from hartcourt school - nces - search for schools, colleges, and libraries - - net state. com - information on the state symbols, flags, state almanacks and more. - pioneers - learn about the pioneer life - test your geography knowledge - geography quizzes - time for kids - - u. s. interactive maps - - westward expansion - learn about the westward expansion - white house 101 - our presidents, fun facts, first pets - a hotlist on search engines - student safe search engines. - brain pop jr. - this website has science, math, reading & writing, social studies, health, and games. - discovery channel puzzlemaker - when printing your puzzle go to file, click print, and click on pages from 1 to 1, then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44901010885456033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.327784"} {"text": "pop jr. - this website has science, math, reading & writing, social studies, health, and games. - discovery channel puzzlemaker - when printing your puzzle go to file, click print, and click on pages from 1 to 1, then you may print by clicking ok. - discovery school for kids - links, current events, and more. - edmodo - - enchanted learning - excellent site for information - google - - groundhog day - activities for groundhog day - harcourt school - this site contains great activities to go along with your science book. also awesome activities in math and social science. - houghton mifflin harcourt textbooks - choose your textbook and subject : reading / language arts ; mathematics, science, social science and spelling - interactive white board activites - - learn to read - - macmillan / macgraw - hill textbooks - choose your textbook and subject : math, reading, language arts, social studies, and science - microsoft office online clip art - great for power point projects!! - online encyclopedia - - rebecca sitton spelling activities 3rd grade - - rebecca sitton spelling activities - 2nd grade - - scholastic computer lab favorites - 50 one - step learning activities - 15 - 30 minutes each - scoot pad - scootpad is the ultimate way to master math and reading skills. self - paced and personalized practice keeps kids engaged & challenged. - the scholastic network - where children love to learn and learn to grow. - topmarks education - teaching resources, interactive resources, worksheets, homework exam and revision help. great site!! - web school - variety of activities and subjects. - world almanac for kids - great web site to learn about the world, our nation, and our states. - yahooligans - - a - z animals - great site to get facts for animals. - all about frogs - - animal classification hangman game - - ant facts - - ant research - - build - a - prairie - great interactive website - dinosaur links - - dinosaur times - explore the era of dinosaurs and organize them into appropriate time periods - dinosaurs - lots of information on dinosaurs and fun games to play. - dinosaurs information - - division to multiply - great site to learn about mitosis. - enature ; the national audobon society - this site contains comprehensive information on animals, insects, habitats, plants, and more. great site for those mammal or insect reports. - earth day activities - games and activities for earth day - ecosystem information - - edupic graphical resource -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49074665523823735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.330001"} {"text": "society - this site contains comprehensive information on animals, insects, habitats, plants, and more. great site for those mammal or insect reports. - earth day activities - games and activities for earth day - ecosystem information - - edupic graphical resource - information and pictures of flower, plant, plant cell, simple machines, etc. - enchanted learning - - forces and magnets - - grade 2 dinosaur webquest - - kids astronomy - planet research - kids health for kids - very good information explaining health issues to children. also learn about the systems of the body. - living things - - natural history notebooks - - nutrition cafe - where nutrition info is fun! - ocean oasis field guide - photos, information about marine life and plants. - penguins - - penguins around the world - - puffins - - recycle city - great site to learn about recycling through games, activities, and information. - skeletal system - - solar system - information on the nine planets - steve spangler science experiments - - the learning planet - various learning games for kids. - the weather channel - find up - to - date weather information for the local area or somewhere you are interested. - uncover lizards and snakes - learn the story of squamates and reptiles in this science explorations unit - weather concentration - - weather wiz kids - this website is especially for kids to allow them to learn more about the fascinating world of weather. - who zoo - list of animals with facts and pictures. - who zoo wild - list of animals with facts and pictures. - abcya. com - abcya. com is the leader in free educational kids computer games and activities for elementary students to learn on the web. all children ' s educational computer activities were created or approved by certified school teachers. all educational games are free and are modeled from primary grade lessons and enhanced to provide an interactive way for children to learn. grade level lessons incorporate areas such as math and language arts while introducing basic computer skills. - bang on time - read the time in words and then stop the clock when the hands are in the matching position. - basketmath interactive - this site has practice in many different areas of math. - cool math - great website for games! - counting money hotlist - - draggable math - a great program to use on the starboard! - fractions - list of fraction websites - fun 4 the brain - lots of fun activities for math. addition, subtraction, etc. - fun brain measurement activity - learn more about measures. - funbrain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4904045047573086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.331275"} {"text": "to use on the starboard! - fractions - list of fraction websites - fun 4 the brain - lots of fun activities for math. addition, subtraction, etc. - fun brain measurement activity - learn more about measures. - funbrain - - geometric shapes and tanagrams - - geometry - 2nd grade - egames - robopacker - geometry - interactive tangrams - - geometry - perimeter and area - - geometry - symmetry - level 3 - volume1 - - geometry - tanagrams - - geometry - 2nd grade - icy slides, flips, and turns - home school math - great activities for area and perimeter. - ixl - 3rd grade math skills - numbers and comparing, place value, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fractions, graphs, measurement, etc. - ixl - math practice site - practice makes perfect, and ixl makes math practice fun. with unlimited math questions in more than 1, 000 topics, students improve their skills and confidence and always have new challenges to meet. - interactive clock - mrs. jenkins found this website! - lemonade stand ii - - map math - - math facts - - math play - at math play you can find a wide variety of fun games that you can play online. most games are suitable for elementary and middle grades. they are organized by grade level, content, and game type. - math word problems - - math - grade 2 - addition, subtraction and multiplication - mr. wolf ' s interactive math games - - multiplication quizzes online - - multiplication. com - this site contains the techniques, tips, and secrets used by master teachers! - place value activities - - primary games - math - - robo packer game - - shodor interactivate - interactive activies in math and science - stop the clock five - army time - drag the five digital times to the correct analog clock. then press stop the clock to record your time. - stop the clock three - drag the five digital times to the correct analog clock. then press stop the clock to record your time. - think central math - - virtual manipulatives : fraction tiles - fraction tiles are a good way for students to explore and understand how parts make up a whole. teachers and parents can utilize this resource when giving a lesson on fractions with students. content by web master, mrs. matherly, kmatherly @ cusd15. k12. il. us last revised fri apr 19 6 : 56 : 26", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5260464506700553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.332221"} {"text": "systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) lupus erythematosus ( le ) is a disorder that may involve only the skin ( cutaneous le ), or it may involve many parts of the body, including the kidneys ( systemic le, also known as sle ). sle affects people of all ages. females are affected more often than males. young women represent a large group of sle sufferers. the cause of sle is not clearly understood. an abnormal immune system from genetic and / or environmental factors may be responsible. kidney involvement is significant in sle, but not all patients suffer from it. the extent to which the kidneys are affected by sle is variable and involvement may also change over time. kidney involvement is not always serious. only one in five cases is severe. sle symptoms and signs of kidney involvement there are many different symptoms of sle. common ones include joint pain and swelling, skin rashes, fever, and also signs of kidney involvement. kidney involvement may be detected with urine testing, e. g. protein in the urine. on other occasions, it may be discovered because of swelling or high blood pressure. sometimes, it may present itself in abnormal blood tests during follow - up. symptoms of kidney failure occur in the later stages of kidney damage. unfortunately, the degree of kidney disease may be more advanced than is apparent from the other signs of sle. available treatments for sle kidney disease treatment depends on the degree of damage. your doctor may need to determine this with tests including urine, blood, or even with a kidney biopsy. in mild cases, treatment may be the same as for those patients with sle who do not have kidney disease. however, in more severe cases, treatment with drugs like prednisone, azathioprine, or cyclophosphamide may be required. if blood pressure becomes high, then medication for high blood pressure is important. if the kidneys fail, then dialysis or a kidney transplant are treatments that are available. a transplanted kidney is seldom affected by sle. with treatment, the outlook for sle patients with kidney problems improves over the years. even serious cases may improve, become stable, or be cured, although monitoring must continue to detect flare - ups of the disease. pregnancy and sle kidney disease pregnancy is an important question for young women with sle kidney disease. before pregnancy is considered, you should consult your doctor. your doctor will discuss with you the risks involved, taking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4900321524049914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.335030"} {"text": "scientists have discovered ancient pockets of water, which have been isolated deep underground for billions of years and contain abundant chemicals known to support life. scientists have developed a new valve \u2014 made from zirconia \u2014 used to restore vocal function for patients with throat cancer. it lasts eight times longer than silicone valves. a new design tool interprets hand gestures, enabling designers and artists to create and modify three - dimensional shapes using only their hands as a \" natural user interface \" instead of keyboard and mouse. carbon aerogels can absorb organic solvents and oils up to 106 to 312 times its own weight because of its high porosity and hydrophobility. this makes it an ideal candidate for cleaning up oil spills. scientists have reported the development of an \u201c exceptionally \u201d effective new retardant that works in two ways and appears to be safer and more environmentally friendly. announcements at google ' s sixth annual conference for software developers included new features for online games, maps and search, a new music - streaming service and enhancements to its google plus social network, including tools for sharing and enhancing photos. engineers have combined layers of flexible materials into pressure sensors to create a wearable heart monitor thinner than a dollar bill. researchers have found that the key to purple bacteria \u2019 s light - harvesting prowess lies in highly symmetrical molecules. colorful vegetables are promoted as key to a healthy diet, but white vegetables, especially potatoes, shouldn ' t be forgotten. the navy, for the first time, launched an unmanned aircraft the size of a fighter jet from a warship in the atlantic ocean. a surprising new report questions public health efforts to get americans to sharply cut back on salt, saying it ' s not clear whether eating super - low levels is worth the struggle. a new report assesses the state of high - field magnet science, engineering and technology in the u. s. and finds it very strong. tuber processing giant j. r. simplot co. asked the u. s. government to approve five varieties of biotech potatoes that resist browning and are designed to produce lower levels of potentially cancer - causing acrylamide when fried. nanometer - scale alloys possess the ability to emit light so brightly they could have potential applications in medicine. researchers are considering the brain \u2019 s superior ability to send electrical signals along massively parallel channels : if a supercomputer was like a brain it would learn, adapt, hypothesize and then suggest answers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5323386021953741, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.341407"} {"text": "right of privacy : access to personal information the right of privacy has evolved to protect the ability of individuals to determine what sort of information about themselves is collected, and how that information is used. most commercial websites utilize \" cookies, \" as well as forms, to collect information from visitors such as name, address, email, demographic info, social security number, ip address, and financial information. in many cases, this information is then provided to third parties for marketing purposes. other entities, such as the federal government and financial institutions, also collect personal information. the threats of fraud and identity theft created by this flow of personal information have been an impetus for right of privacy legislation requiring disclosure of information collection practices, opt - out opportunities, as well as internal protections of collected information. however, such requirements have yet to reach all segments of the marketplace. 15 u. s. c. \u00a7 45 charges the federal trade commission ( ftc ) with preventing \" unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce. \" in matters of privacy, the ftc ' s role is one of enforcing privacy promises made in the marketplace. several additional laws form the foundation on which the ftc carries out this charge : the privacy act of 1974 ( 5 u. s. c. \u00a7 552a ), the gramm - leach - bliley act ( 15 u. s. c. \u00a7 \u00a7 6801 - 6809 ), the fair credit reporting act ( 15 u. s. c. \u00a7 1681 et seq. ), and the children ' s online privacy protection act ( 15 u. s. c. \u00a7 \u00a7 6501 - 6506 ). the privacy act of 1974 ( 5 u. s. c. \u00a7 552a ) protects personal information held by the federal government by preventing unauthorized disclosures of such information. individuals also have the right to review such information, request corrections, and be informed of any disclosures. the freedom of information act facilitates these processes. the fair credit reporting act ( 15 u. s. c. \u00a7 1681 et seq. ) protects personal financial information collected by consumer reporting agencies. the act limits those who can access such infomation, and subsequent amendments have simplified the process by which consumers can obtain and correct the information collected about themselves. the ftc also actively enforces prohibitions on fraudulently obtaining personal financial information, a crime known as \" pretexting. \" the children ' s online privacy protection act ( 15 u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4936014436536759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.348369"} {"text": "obtain and correct the information collected about themselves. the ftc also actively enforces prohibitions on fraudulently obtaining personal financial information, a crime known as \" pretexting. \" the children ' s online privacy protection act ( 15 u. s. c. \u00a7 \u00a7 6501 - 6506 ) allows parents to control what information is collected about their child ( younger than 13 years old ) online. operators of websites that either target children or knowingly collect personal information from children are required to post privacy policies, obtain parental consent before collecting information from children, allow parents to determine how such information is used, and provide the option to parents to opt - out of future collection from their child. however, despite the rights described above, other participants in the marketplace are not bound by law to develop similar protections and disclosure practices. rather, in the remainder of the marketplace, the ftc encourages a voluntary regime of protecting consumer privacy. in two reports to congress ( 1998, 2000 ) though, the ftc found that most sites falling outside of the jurisdiction of the established right of privacy laws do not adequately inform consumers about collection practices, nor do the majority of sites adequately protect the privacy of visitors ' personal information. it appears that the voluntary regime is insufficient, and the prospect of further right of privacy legislation in the area of access to personal information is very real.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4901926596599011, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.349075"} {"text": "introduction for the teacher to prepare yourself spiritually to teach this lesson, please read and ponder the following : the holy ghost is a member of the godhead, along with heavenly father and jesus christ. he is a personage of spirit ( see d & c 130 : 22 ). the mission of the holy ghost is to testify of the father and the son and of the truth of all things ( see 3 nephi 11 : 36 ; moroni 10 : 5 ). he can also guide us to make righteous choices and comfort us ( see d & c 31 : 11 ). the way the holy ghost speaks to us is described in the scriptures as a \u201c still small voice \u201d ( see 1 kings 19 : 11 \u2013 12 ). begin with a gathering activity. for ideas, see page 3. invite a child to give the opening prayer. tell the children that you are going to sing a song about heavenly father. sing or say the words to the first verse of invite the children to say \u201c spirit. \u201d tell them that another name for the spirit of god is the holy ghost. invite the children to say \u201c holy ghost. \u201d explain that the holy ghost helps us know that heavenly father loves us. tell the children that when we do what is right, the holy ghost helps us know we made a good choice. invite the children to join you as you role - play doing things that are right. for example : it \u2019 s the right thing to go to church. let \u2019 s pretend to walk to church ( swing arms as you walk in a circle ). repeat with other examples, such as sharing a toy, helping mother sweep the floor, and so on. explain that the holy ghost can also help us when we are afraid. tell the following story : one day there was a bad storm outside david \u2019 s house. there was loud thunder ( have children cover their ears ) and lots of wind ( have children blow to mimic the wind ) and rain ( have children mimic the rain with their fingers ). david was afraid. his mother told him that when she is afraid she prays to heavenly father ( show the picture on page 30 ). david and his mother prayed that heavenly father would keep them safe. then david felt safe and happy. his mother said that heavenly father had sent the holy ghost to give him those feelings so he wouldn \u2019 t be afraid. invite the children to say \u201c holy ghost. \u201d share your testimony of the holy ghost. this could include a simple, brief experience from your own life when you were guided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.523654565688971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.352636"} {"text": "the holy ghost to give him those feelings so he wouldn \u2019 t be afraid. invite the children to say \u201c holy ghost. \u201d share your testimony of the holy ghost. this could include a simple, brief experience from your own life when you were guided by the holy ghost. invite a child to give the closing prayer. for the illustration activity : copy the illustration on page 31 for each child. for the cube game : copy the illustration on page 31 and color it if desired. cut along the solid lines and fold along the dotted lines. tape or glue the tabs to make a cube. form a circle with the children and recite the following activity verse : tell the children that jesus taught in the scriptures that the holy ghost will teach us. open the bible to john 14 : 26 and read, \u201c the holy ghost \u2026 shall teach you all things. \u201d invite the children to repeat the phrase with you, a few words at a time. display the illustration on page 31 and give each child a copy of the illustration. point to the picture of the church building and explain that the holy ghost helps us know that going to church is the right thing to do. invite the children to point to the church building on their copies. repeat for the other illustrations. roll the cube you made. read the caption on the top of the cube, and have the children repeat it with you. then have the children do some simple actions to go with the picture. when the side with the words \u201c the holy ghost helps me \u201d comes up, tell the children that the holy ghost helps us know when we \u2019 ve done something good. repeat, giving each child a turn to roll the cube.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4782414080335051, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.353364"} {"text": "a guide to some of the best resources for teaching about american indians, including lesson plans, articles, websites, and field trip opportunities. planning a unit on american indians and not sure where to start? we \u2019 ve assembled a guide with lesson plans, articles, and the very best websites available on the internet to help you teach about america \u2019 s first people. don \u2019 t miss the field trip opportunities from discover nc! - guides for teachers - student readings and multimedia - lesson plans - best practices - field trips - teaching about north carolina american indians - this web edition is drawn from a teachers institute curriculum enrichment project on north carolina american indian studies conducted by the north carolina humanities council. resources include best practices for teaching about american indians, suggestions for curriculum integration, webliographies, lesson plans about north carolina american indians, and audio recordings of cherokee language and folklore. - intrigue of the past - lesson plans about the fundamental concepts, processes, and issues of archaeology, as well as essays for the teacher with detailed information about four periods in north carolina \u2019 s ancient history. - native carolinians - readings for students on the archaeology and history of north carolina before europeans arrived, including a discussion of how our understanding of north carolinia \u2019 s first peoples continues to evolve. - we have a story to tell : native peoples of the chesapeake region - republished with permission from the smithsonian institution \u2019 s national museum of the american indian, this edition explores historical and current issues faced by the indians of the chesapeake bay, and includes a student project that uses primary sources to engage students with one of three issues faced by chesapeake indians \u2014 the effects of treaty - making, the denial of civil rights, and the importance of legal recognition. - the tuscarora war and cary \u2019 s rebellion - in early 18th century north carolina, clashes between cothis chapter explores the fate of the native peoples of eastern north carolina, analyzes their conflicts with colonists, presents the words of both sides, and discusses what happened to them after 1720. - fort dobbs and the french and indian war in north carolina - from fort dobbs state historic site, a brief history of the fighting between colonists and cherokee during the 1750s and 1760s. includes photos from a reenactment. - the rutherford expedition - the cherokee sided with the british in the war for independence, and north carolina revolutionaries attacked cherokee villages. led by general griffith rutherford, they burned villages and destroyed crops and food supplies. developed by the north carolina office of archives and history, primary sources, an overview essay,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4611657444608884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.363421"} {"text": "the british in the war for independence, and north carolina revolutionaries attacked cherokee villages. led by general griffith rutherford, they burned villages and destroyed crops and food supplies. developed by the north carolina office of archives and history, primary sources, an overview essay, and maps tell the story. - cherokee removal and the trail of tears - primary sources and an overview essay tell the story of the cherokee \u2019 s forced removal from their homeland by the u. s. army, including cherokee attempts to resist and the establishment of the eastern band. - the removal of the cherokee indians - this lesson allows students to assess the influence of the trail of tears. students will read a brief history of the cherokee indians, past and present. they will watch the unto these hills video and read excerpts from native americans and government officials during the indian removal. students will write an essay supporting or opposing the indian removal act. ( grades 9 - 12 ) - not \u201c indians, \u201d many tribes : native american diversity - students will heighten their awareness of native american diversity as they learn about three vastly different native groups in a game - like activity using archival documents such as vintage photographs, traditional stories, photos of artifacts, and recipes. ( grades 3 & 5 ) - native american cultures across the u. s. - this edsitement lesson discusses the differences between five native american tribes within the u. s. students will learn about customs and traditions such as housing, agriculture, and ceremonial dress for the tlingit, dine, lakota, muscogee, and iroquois peoples. ( grades k - 2 ) - traditions and languages of three native cultures : tlingit, lakota, & cherokee - students learn about the environment, history, language, and culture of the tlingit, lakota, and cherokee. ( grades k - 2 ) north carolina indians - native carolinians \u2014 lessons from \u201c two worlds : educator \u2019 s guide \u201d - this collection of lesson plans, activities, and additional materials for teachers accompanies the native carolinians chapter of the north carolina digital history textbook. the chapter discusses what we know about the first residents of north carolina. lesson plans and activities explore theories of migration, religious views, agricultural practices, and the distinct cultures of the mountains, piedmont, and coast. ( grade 8 ) - cherokee relocation - using primary sources from the documenting the american south collection, students will investigate the boundaries of the cherokee lands set for north carolina after the revolutionary war. ( grade 8 ) - a comprehensive study of north carolina indian tribes - students will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46693527642201405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.364909"} {"text": ") - cherokee relocation - using primary sources from the documenting the american south collection, students will investigate the boundaries of the cherokee lands set for north carolina after the revolutionary war. ( grade 8 ) - a comprehensive study of north carolina indian tribes - students will apply their research skills of gathering and validating information to study the eight state recognized american indian tribes of north carolina in order to create an honors u. s. history project. students then will create a comprehensive study of those tribes to be compiled into a notebook to be copied and shared with the eighth grade teachers of north carolina history in our county. ( grades 11 & 12 ) - first americans of north carolina and the united states - this lesson will use shared reading, center time, hands - on projects, and journal writing to help learners discover facts about first americans, particularly those in the region that is today north carolina, while at the same time developing their english language skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. ( grade k ) - north carolina place names - this lesson contrasts and compares the names that native americans living in north carolina gave to their villages and places with the names that european and other settlers gave to theirs. ( grade 8 ) more lesson plans browse our collection for additional lesson plans about american indians. - edward s. curtis \u2019 s the north american indian - this site presents the 2226 photographs taken by edward s. curtis for his work the north american indian. included are images of tribes from great plains, great basin, plateau region, southwest, california, pacific northwest, and alaska. - who stole the tee pee? an online exhibit of the national museum of the american indian - historical artifacts from the national museum of the american indian and art by contemporary native americans is utilized to explore changes and the causes of changes in native american cultures since the 1900s. this website asks what happened to the traditions of native americans, offers a look beyond cliches about indians, and looks at native americans as artists, as a community, and as individuals. - american indians and the natural world - an introductory exploration into the cultures of the tlingit, the hopi, the iroquois, and the lakota tribes of native americans. north carolina indians - the museum of the native american resource center - the exhibits on display at this museum include prehistoric tools and weapons, 19th century lumbee artifacts, contemporary indian art and items which represent native americans from all over north america. - the lumbee tribe - this official site of the lumbee indian tribe of north carolina provides the history of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4845594260463254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.366205"} {"text": "tools and weapons, 19th century lumbee artifacts, contemporary indian art and items which represent native americans from all over north america. - the lumbee tribe - this official site of the lumbee indian tribe of north carolina provides the history of the tribe with a timeline of events as well as information on the culture of the tribe including religion, way of life, language, education, and more. - museum of the cherokee indian - official site of the museum of the eastern band of cherokee indians in north carolina. - town creek indian mound - this site provided by the north carolina division of archives and history contains information about visiting town creek, a section on montgomery county and the vicinity, a native american cultural synopsis, and a section on the pee dee culture. - roanoke revisited heritage education program - this resource from the national park service \u2019 s fort raleigh site includes a wealth of information on roanoke. of particular interest is unit four, which offers detailed accounts of native american life in the 1580s, covering such topics as towns, dwellings, transportation, agriculture, hunting and fishing, cooking, religion, and dress. - family stories from the trail of tears - the sequoyah research center offers this collection of narratives collected by the wpa in the 1930s, most of which share stories of the trail of tears that were handed down from parents and grandparents. several of these accounts are from north carolina and all present a rare first - hand glimpse into the experience of indian removal from a native perspective. - never that far : lumbee men and world war ii - this site from unc - pembroke offers oral history interviews with lumbee veterans of the second world war. sources like this one provide an excellent opportunity to integrate american indian history with the larger story of u. s. history in a seamless way. video requires realplayer. browse our collection for additional websites about american indians. - teaching about thanksgiving - resources and activities to help you bring historical accuracy, cultural sensitivity, and a broader context to discussions about the quintessentially american holiday. - teaching about native american issues - this resource from understanding prejudice provides teachers with some do \u2019 s and don \u2019 t \u2019 s for teaching about american indians thoughtfully and respectfully. - getting the \u201c indian \u201d out of the cupboard : using information literacy to promote critical thinking - by rhonda harris taylor and lotsee patterson, this article from the teacher librarian : the journal of school library professionals acknowledges the impossibility of screening all of the cultural references to american indians that our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.462678088484236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.367356"} {"text": ": using information literacy to promote critical thinking - by rhonda harris taylor and lotsee patterson, this article from the teacher librarian : the journal of school library professionals acknowledges the impossibility of screening all of the cultural references to american indians that our students will encounter and provides some useful ideas for teaching students the critical thinking skills necessary to filter out biased or stereotypical assumptions about american indians and argues that this approach, combined with exposure to american indian resources from a native perspective, can help students come to a more genuine and accurate appreciation of american indian history. - north carolina \u2019 s first colonists : 12, 000 years before roanoke - this article, by stephen r. claggett of the office of state archaeology in the north carolina state historic preservation office, provides an overview of north carolina \u2019 s prehistory as well as an introduction to archaeological methods and their uses for unearthing the ancient past of our state. - hanging rock state park - students will learn about the sauratown mountains and the saura indians for which the mountains were named at hanging rock state park. ranger led programs are available for class field trips which correlate to the north carolina curriculum for 5th through 8th grades. - oconaluftee indian village - a model of a cherokee indian village from over 250 years ago with guides in native costume to answer questions and explain their heritage. - indian museum of the carolinas - this native american museum features the indians of the past, present day indian groups and indians of north america. - meherrin indian tribe - attend a pow - wow and see demonstrations of meherrin indian culture through dance, a drum competition, pottery, and beading. more field trips for more field trip options by county, use the interactive map in discover nc!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4890643174822523, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.368201"} {"text": "easyli done! series tutorials all easyli done! series tutorials are designed to accomplish specific tasks on a step - by - step basis! two computers together to share files using a crossover cable to setting up a secured wireless network connection, these online tutorials are extremely easy to follow. although all tutorials were put together with the novice user ( beginner ) in mind, advanced users will find a few tricks to put to use also, such as ' how to force windows to shutdown ' when it just won ' t shutdown normally. before downloading or using any content or software on this site, please read the end user license agreement did you know? if you access the internet without having a firewall turned on, your computer could be attacked by hackers, viruses, spyware and adware. you should at least have a software - based firewall installed on your computers and turned on, before making the connection to the internet. the best internet protection you can get for computers is a hardware - based firewall, also known as a router. routers hide your computers from the internet by implementing network address firewalls provide excellent protection against many viruses, adware, hackers, spyware and malware programs, by preventing those types of malicious programs from being able to automatically download themselves from the internet onto computers. malicious programs are able to infect computers that do not have a firewall installed on them, by scanning the computers for open ports, and once an open port is found, the malicious program automatically downloads itself onto that computer through that open port. firewalls block open ports and prevent malicious programs from being able to get into computers. did you know? firewalls can block you from accessing the internet! firewalls are great, but if not properly configured, they can cause many problems. for instance, games that used to work fine begin to start crashing ( freezing ) the computer, problems sending and receiving e - mail begin to surface, and problems viewing web pages ( ' the page cannot be displayed... ', ' cannot find server... ' ) if you are experiencing problems after installing the mcafee personal firewall plus, walkthrough the tutorial below and learn how to configure the firewall so that it does not cause any further problems on your computer or network of computers. follow the steps below to configure the mcafee personal firewall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5084183032287852, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.370651"} {"text": "challenges to india \u2019 s patent regime : pharma industry the works of the founder of the states, law givers tyrant destroyers and heroes cover but narrow spaces, and endure but for a little time, while the work of the inventor though of less pomp is felt everywhere and last forever. ( francis bacon ) a patent is an exclusive right granted to a person who invented a new article or an improvement of an existing article or a new process of making an article. it consists of an exclusive right to manufacture the new article invented or manufacture an article according to the invented process for a limited period. object of patent law : the object of granting a patent is to encourage and develop a new technology and industry. an inventor may disclose the new invention only if he is rewarded, otherwise he may work it secretly. thus the theory upon which the patent system is based upon is that the opportunity of acquiring exclusive rights in an invention stimulates technical progress in four ways : \u2022 that it encourages research and invention \u2022 that it induces an inventor to disclose his discoveries instead of keeping them as trade secret ; \u2022 that it offers the reward for the expenses of developing invention to the stage at which they are commercially practicable ; and \u2022 that it provides an inducement to invest capital in new lines of production which might not appear profitable if many competing producers embark on them simultaneously ; value of patent system : some controversy exists as to precise extent of the contributions made by the patent system to the economic development of a country. but the adoption of some kind of the patent production for inventions in all most all countries, and the ever increasing number of applications for patents received by the patent offices in all industrially advanced countries is an indication of the universal recognition of the value of the patent system. most of the inventions and discoveries made in technology in all fields are published in the patents specifications field in the patent offices of different countries. a world wide exchange of technical information has been made possible only by the publications of such patent specifications. in a sense patents have assumed an international character. the increasing number of applications for patents from foreigners received in almost all countries in recognition of fact. attempts are being made from time to time by international associations for the protection of individual property and to introduce more and more uniformity and harmonization among national patents systems. the international convention for the protection of industrial property ( paris convention ) and gatt and trips agreement are examples of attempts at harmonization of the law of patents & other forms intellectual property. main provisions associated with trips agreement the trips consistent indian patent law addressed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5765632057204344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.383066"} {"text": "the international convention for the protection of industrial property ( paris convention ) and gatt and trips agreement are examples of attempts at harmonization of the law of patents & other forms intellectual property. main provisions associated with trips agreement the trips consistent indian patent law addressed three important issues relating to patent of products : i ) adoption of definition of \u201c pharmaceutical substance \u201d ; ii ) exclusion of \u201c mere discovery of a new form of known substance \u201d and \u201c new use for a known substance \u201d ; and ( iii ) protecting the interests of those who are already producing the products which may be granted patent protection in the new regime. the patent regime adopted in trips by the developed countries is somehow of the capitalists nature and it prioritizes the profit motive over the social responsibilities. in continuation to these discrepancies, trips also rule out any discrimination between the technological sectors and advocates the same protection for all the technological inventions fulfilling the criteria. even after the acceptance of the trips agreement, the following five major areas still controversial for both the parties to the trips : 1 ) iprs and access to medicines, 2 ) iprs, community property rights and indigenous knowledge, 3 ) iprs and biodiversity, 4 ) iprs, biotechnology and agriculture, 5 ) ipr policy and trade. there is no doubt that \u201c product patent regime \u201d have spurred the r & d for diseases - notably, those with the lucrative potential market in the industrialized world. however, trips has failed and will continue to fail to stimulate sufficient r & d for diseases that primarily affect poor countries. trips had forced all the developing countries to switch over to product patent regime from process patent regime and hence, restrict the access of the cost effective essential medicines to their people. challenges to patent regime in india india enjoys several strengths amongst others developing and least developing countries, particularly, in case of the production of the food grains and drugs, and proudly hosts world cheapest pharma industries. even with these impressive facts, one billion indians, spend the same amount on medical drugs per year as seven million men and women in switzerland. the amount spent on drugs here in india roughly corresponds to the profit made by a single pharma mnc \u201c novartis \u201d in a typical year. these figures are enough to reflect the dying conditions of the public health services in india. it is now almost a well established fact that trips provisions have already started affecting a person \u2019 s human right to access health services ( india and the wto ) hiv / aids alone have caused death of about 3 million people in 2002, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5140646677616694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.384287"} {"text": "india. it is now almost a well established fact that trips provisions have already started affecting a person \u2019 s human right to access health services ( india and the wto ) hiv / aids alone have caused death of about 3 million people in 2002, including 60000 children. around 5 million new patients were victimized by it. around 95 % of the 42 million aids victims are the people living in developing countries. only 3 lakh of the 60 lakh advance stage patients of hiv have access to life saving medicines in third world countries. these figures and facts are clearly indicating the adverse effects of trips provisions in the form of restriction on access to essential medicines to the poor people and diminishing possibilities of introduction of new drugs for their diseases. the indian patents ( amendment ) act, 2005 ( the act ) introduced product patents in india and marked the beginning of a new patent regime aimed at protecting the intellectual property rights of patent holders. the act was in fulfilment of india \u2019 s commitment to world trade organization ( wto ) on matters relating to agreement on trade related aspects of intellectual property rights ( trips agreement ). as part of its wto - trips regime obligations under articles 70. 8 and 70. 9, india created the \" mail - box \" to withhold patent applications which had pharmaceutical products as a subject - matter. what was unveiled as a provisional measure was the transitional system of \" exclusive marketing rights \" to ensure the interests of domestic manufacturers who mainly survived on off patenting and reverse engineering of patent able bulk drugs and formulations for a long time. in the last years of the regime, grant of two major yet controversial emr ' s to novartis and eli lily showed how the entire system shook up the domestic manufacturer who waged a litigative battle in response to the first simulation of the post - product patent industry scenario in india. this not only lay threadbare as to how the grant mechanism was liberal, draconian and absolutist in the eyes of the indian manufacturer. the focus which the policy makers lost in connecting quality control regulations with grant process of marketing rights was the bureaucratic red tape surrounding the operation of provisions in the drugs and cosmetics act, 1940 and the way clinical trials were conducted in india litigation battle : novartis sues india the letter and spirit in which india transitioned into the new patent regime has been put to litmus test by novartis which sued india with the institution of a writ petition before the high court of judicature at madras. several countries praised india", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4661988078763104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.385444"} {"text": "the letter and spirit in which india transitioned into the new patent regime has been put to litmus test by novartis which sued india with the institution of a writ petition before the high court of judicature at madras. several countries praised india \u2019 s contribution to life saving drugs and requested novartis not to challenge. however, novartis filed its case with indian court at chennai and sought patentability of its product gleevac filed under emr provisions on the grounds alleging : ( i ) illegality in procedure adopted and also the text of 3 ( d ) of the act which was in violation of article 27 ( 1 ) and 27 ( 2 ) of trips agreement ; ( ii ) arbitrariness by the controller general of patents & designs, chennai and ignoring rationality underlying articles 253 and 51 ( c ) of the indian constitution whereby national laws are required to be harmonized with international treaties ; ( iii ) provision relating to discovery of \u201c new form \u201d contained in 3 ( d ) is illogical and against the concept of patents which encourages innovation and intervention by rewarding the person associated with such acts beneficial for society ; ( iv ) deliberate incorporation after approval of its product gleevac under the earlier prevailing emr provisions resulted in disturbing the level playing field laid under the act in compliance with conditionality under trips agreement. the technical expert group on patent law issues with mr. mashelkar as it \u2019 s chairman ( mashelkar committee ) submitted its report to the government of india on its terms of reference which favoured incremental modifications / innovations for qualifying for the grant of patent as new chemical entities ( nce ). several ngos opposed the case filed by novartis and urged the doctors and medical professionals to boycott its products in india. the indian court rejected the plea of novartis on patent of gleevac for violation of trips agreement. this patent case is considered to be a threat to developing nations and the treatment of aids patients will be seriously impaired if novartis ultimately succeeds in obtaining favourable award on its patent matter from the higher courts in india revival of yoga and impact of baba ramdev baba ramdev revived pranayama which acts as the best medicine involving rhythmic control of breath through bodily exercises and awakens divine powers essential for curing disease and enabling creation of \" disease free society - medicines free world \". yoga pranayama & the ayurvedic & herbal medicines used at baba ramdev \u2019 s yoga camps have scientifically proved to provide cure for most of the diseases including : ( i ) control &", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5042562623971047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.386668"} {"text": "free society - medicines free world \". yoga pranayama & the ayurvedic & herbal medicines used at baba ramdev \u2019 s yoga camps have scientifically proved to provide cure for most of the diseases including : ( i ) control & cure of hiv / aids by improving the cd4 ( t - helper lymphocytes ) cell count of the people affected by aids ; ( ii ) control and cure of cancer ; ( iii ) diabetes ; ( iv ) hypertension ; and ( v ) depression. baba ramdev \u2019 s increasing popularity and the immense pressure exerted by the powerful global pharma lobby has made india seriously consider revising : the drugs and cosmetic act, 1940 and drugs and magic remedies act, so that good men like baba ramdev are prevented from claiming that indian traditional medicine can cure diseases like hiv / aids, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure etc. the health ministry issued notices to over 80 organizations including the high - profile ashram of baba ramdev and also instructed them to stop claiming curing serious diseases like aids and cancer. generic pharmaceutical manufacturing 1. when the mailbox applications are cleared and patents awarded, newly - introduced generics in the indian market may have to be withdrawn. this, for example, is why indian brands of \u201c tadalafil \u201d have disappeared from the shelves. and, newer antipsychotic, antidepressant, antiepileptic and other drugs will be permitted to be marketed only by the patent holder. costs to the patient will then inevitably rise. 2. new drugs that emerge in the international arena will be available to indian patients only from the patent holder. again, the cost is almost certain to be high. rise in drug prices and access to medicines for the poor while discussing the post - 2005 healthcare scenario, one of the major concerns among all stakeholders is the issue of the impact of the emerging product patent regime on drug prices in india and other developing countries, which did not permit patenting of drugs per se under their earlier legislations. the general impression is that drugs which are under patents are expensive compared to generic products and once the product patent regime is in place, they will be unaffordable to the majority of countries of the developing world and as a consequence their healthcare status will be seriously affected. high prices of patented drugs affect not only the patients in developing countries, but also in the developed world based on these premises, it would therefore appear that if society wants new and better life - saving drugs, the price to pay for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4965378952456428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.387732"} {"text": "be seriously affected. high prices of patented drugs affect not only the patients in developing countries, but also in the developed world based on these premises, it would therefore appear that if society wants new and better life - saving drugs, the price to pay for that would be unaffordable to most of the patients who need them. even for the pharmaceutical companies, the costs for r & d on new drugs have been accepted as unaffordable, under their present structure, leading to a spate of mergers and acquisitions during the last two decades, some recent studies indicate that such a strategy is also not paying off, partly since, the larger the corporation, the greater the challenge to remain creative, make decisions and cut down the gestation period for moving r & d programmes from concept to the market. competition from china indian pharmaceutical industry is expected to face competition from the chinese pharmaceutical industry as china is known for its cheap manufacturing capabilities. chinese government has introduced several initiatives in providing boost to its pharmaceutical industry and there are trends indicating increased investments by global mncs. the advantages of chinese pharmaceutical industry to that of indian pharmaceutical industry include : ( i ) better data protection mechanism ; ( ii ) favourable domestic pricing issues ; ( iii ) chinese government \u2019 s strong commitment to pro - industry policies ; and ( iv ) existence of a strong patent regime. more than 20 major mnc pharmaceutical companies have already established their manufacturing and r & d facilities in china and are also associated with carrying out drug discovery and phase i - ii clinical trials related activities. mncs like sanofi aventis, merck etc., are likely to establish r & d facility in china. the case ruling against novartis is expected to change the plans of the swiss pharma giant who may seriously consider reorienting its investment plans in india that may benefit china with its increased investments in pharmaceutical business. new initiatives and measures for protection and promotion the several initiatives and measures taken by the indian government for providing the required support, boost and encouragement for indian pharmaceutical industry include : ( i ) permitting 100 % foreign direct investment ( fdi ) for manufacture of drugs and pharmaceuticals provided the activity does not attract compulsory licensing or involve use of recombinant dna technology and specific cell / tissue targeted formulations ; ( ii ) tax incentives under the income tax act, 1961 for in - house r & d. ; ( iii ) life saving vaccines exempted from excise duty ; ( iv ) clinical trial of new drugs exempted from service tax to make india a preferred destination for drug testing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46568849909923243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.388766"} {"text": "the income tax act, 1961 for in - house r & d. ; ( iii ) life saving vaccines exempted from excise duty ; ( iv ) clinical trial of new drugs exempted from service tax to make india a preferred destination for drug testing ; ( v ) anti - aids drugs and life saving vaccines exempted from excise duty to encourage companies like cipla ; ( vi ) all drugs and materials used in clinical trails to be provided customs and excise duty exemption ; ( vii ) companies in knowledge - based pharmaceutical business to be provided equity support ; ( viii ) customs duty reduced to 5 % on 10 anti - aids and 14 anti - cancer drugs ; and ( xix ) duty on certain life saving drugs, kits and equipment reduced and such drugs are also exempted from excise duty and countervailing duty. the new patent regime in india touched the hornets \u2019 nest and has raised several contentious issues relating to right to health of the people, which is in conflict with the economic right of patent holders. it is also likely to restrict access of allopathic medicines to only the affluent, affordable and more privileged class of people in india and other countries in the immediate future. the institutions associated with enforcement and protection of right to health of human beings whilst upholding the rights of patent holders are faced with the daunting task and challenge of devising ways and means for fulfilling their defined, designed and desired roles so that the conflict in rights pertaining to rights of intellectual property owners and the right to health of human beings is minimized whilst balancing the prevailing hierarchy of human rights for achieving the social and economic objectives. 1. ( india and the wto : the development agenda by : deepika m. g ) 2. available at http : / / www. patentoffice. nic. in / ipr / patent / patent _ 2005. pdf 3. patent regime in india : sashi sharma. 4. novartis ag vs. union of india and others. wp no. 24749 of 2006 filed before h. c of madras 5. ( available at www. swamiramdevyoga. com ) 6. ( available at indian journal of psychiatry ) 7. ( impact of new patent regime and price. by. dr. m. d nair ) the author can be reached at : email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45909975582180584, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.389632"} {"text": "scientists are still debating the phylogeny of cervus elaphus. nowak ( 1999 ) lists 7 subgenera and 10 species in the genus cervus and ludt et al. ( 2004 ) mention at least 22 known subspecies which occur in the holarctic. however, some of these subspecies have been recently contested by genetic studies. ludt et al. ( 2004 ) suggested in a study using mitochondrial dna that western red deer and eastern red deer comprise individual species. he further subdivided the western red deer into four subgroups : comparative analysis of behavior and acoustic communication of bukhara deer ( pereladova, 1985 - 2009 ) allowed to point out, that according to behavioral characteristics bukhara deer differs seriously from other red deer subspecies. it is closest to the group of indian and chinese deer and even to the sika deer ( cervus nippon ). this is completely in accord with the latest genetic studies ( ludt e. a., 2004 ) which states that there is \u201c a very high probability for the existence of two different species of red deer with three subspecies in asia and america ( eastern red deer ) and four subspecies in eurasia ( western red deer ) and additional one or two primordial subspecies in central asia ( tarim group : cervus elaphus yarkandensis, cervus elaphus bactrianus ). the origin of the genus cervus seems to be in central asia near today \u2019 s hindu kush \u201d. it is quite probable that kashmir stag \u2013 hangul \u2013 cervus elaphus hangul \u2013 also belongs to this group, but it had not been included in the investigation. it is a group, which differs both from eastern and western deer. the subspecies cervus elaphus bactrianus is considered part of a major systematic group described as relatively primitive and seriously endangered ( nowak 1999 ). this group appears to have given rise to both the red deer to the west and the wapiti to the north and east ( nikolskii, 1984, pereladova, 2004 ; nowak 1999 ). | skull length | | 390 mm | | tail length | |? cm | | antler weight | | 3, 4 - 5, 5 kg cervus elaphus bactrianus, the bukhara deer, is a relatively small deer. the skull length is only about 390 mm. its 5 - pronged velvet coated antlers, considered primitive compared with other subspecies of ce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4802990886136456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.403978"} {"text": "cervus elaphus bactrianus, the bukhara deer, is a relatively small deer. the skull length is only about 390 mm. its 5 - pronged velvet coated antlers, considered primitive compared with other subspecies of cervus elaphus, weigh only between 3, 4 and 5, 5 kg ( measured from cast antlers ). the subspecies is sexually dimorphic \u2013 meaning that males and females differ in their external appearance. in general, cervus elaphus bactrianus has a white rump patch, a short yellowish - brown tail that is lighter in color along its sides, and dark dorsal body hair. are usually a uniform gray in warmer seasons but in winter some individuals can develop a dark neck, face, chest, belly and legs with a sandy gray body. the under portion of the coat is usually paler. males also possess a short neck mane. possess no neck mane and are uniformly colored \u2013 generally lighter than the males \u2013 but have reddish hair on top of their heads and the dorsal portion of the neck. females also have a dark narrow strip down the front of their legs and whitish lips and chin. are spotted although adults can have light spots in their coats during the summer months. like other artiodactyla, the first digit is absent from each foot, the third and fourth digits are well developed and bear the weight of the animal, and the second and fifth digits are small. when bukhara deer are introduced to unusual mountain habitats of the same arid zone ( ramit, tajikistan ), or regularly artificially fed in wildlife management areas ( karatchingil, kazxakhstan ) morphological characteristics of the subspecies seriously change ( higher weight up to 30 - 40 % \u2013 true both for the body - weight and for antlers ; stronger developed front legs \u2019 girdle \u2013. after secondary translocation ( from ramit and karatchingil to natural habitats ) deer \u201c return \u201d to their usual morphological parameters. bactrian deer are partial to riparian forests called tugais in arid regions which include stands of tamarix, elaeagnus, poplar, hippophae, communities of phragmites and erianthus. these 0, 5 - 1 kilometer wide areas of woody and shrubby thickets are found along desert rivers. in winter and early spring, deer may move into desert and semi - desert habitats to feed on shrubs ( e. g. haloxylon sp. ). compared to others of the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4637537660484358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.405075"} {"text": "woody and shrubby thickets are found along desert rivers. in winter and early spring, deer may move into desert and semi - desert habitats to feed on shrubs ( e. g. haloxylon sp. ). compared to others of the same species, bactrian deer live in warmer and more arid environments. for instance, precipitation in bactrian deer habitat is usually lower than 200 mm per year and air temperatures in the summer often exceeds 45\u00b0c ( 113\u00b0f ). because cervus elaphus bactrianus have such narrow habitat preferences, there is little opportunity for individuals to disperse to other areas when their habitat is threatened. when introduced to unusual mountain habitats of the same arid zone ( ramit, karatag, sarykhosor \u2013 tajikistan ) they easily get used to mountain valley habitats ( willows, wild fruit forests ), although for 2 - 3 generations the adaptation process included a high level of traumas ( e. g. broken legs as a result of quick movement on the slopes ) and changes of morphology ( see above ). in winter only males manage to survive in the conditions of snow cover \u2013 while females and sub adults concentrate in the lower parts of the valleys and need additional feeding. bukhara deer is very conservative in the use of territory. they form small discrete groups with the sexes usually remaining separate for most of the year \u2013 typically males stay single, females with newborns / subadults, rather often \u2013 2 - 3 females with posterity together. herd size observed outside of the rut is usually between 4 - 7 individuals. although in woodlands, bukhara deer diet includes grasses, sedges and shrubs, tree shoots to a minor extent. like all species in the family cervidae, bactrian deer have a four - chambered, ruminant stomach and lack a gall bladder. it is regular, that bukhara deer diet is very limited most of the year ( e. g. when inhabiting reeds brushes ). differently from other red deer subspecies, which use branches up to 15 mm thick, bukhara deer eat only branches up to 5 mm. in september males start to visit sites where home - ranges of a number of female groups are bordering or even overlapping, and form a lek. bukhara deer is the only true deer subspecies for which a true lek is shown. normally rutting period starts end of august with the peak of rut on mid september. second half of september males join the females and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4627510708308693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.406181"} {"text": "a lek. bukhara deer is the only true deer subspecies for which a true lek is shown. normally rutting period starts end of august with the peak of rut on mid september. second half of september males join the females and regularly leave the lek for the daytime following females to their home ranges. during this period lek aggregations including a number of males with their female groups ( typically 1 - 3 for bukhara deer ) are regularly seen in the daytime and confused to be just a mixed herds or large harems of other subspecies. differently to other deer bukhara deer stags are less aggressive even during the rutting period ( towards subadults first of all ), continue grazing in the daytime during all reproductive period. usually the rutting season ends by the end of september - beginning of october. all varieties of this dynamics are connected with various abnormalities of the population density and structure. the ability to outperform other males depends on body and antler size, fighting prowess, and roaring ability. nevertheless, usually various modifications of rutting calls allows to avoid direct battles. typically rather young stags of equal strength fight physically ( often in presence of a mature stag with his harem group, and mature stags prevent serious fighting by special types of roaring. ) and this fights are more like tournament. males have a unique rutting call, which differs both from the low density noisy calls in series ( up to 12 - 15 short signals in each ) of western deer and from single long tonal rutting calls of eastern and american deer. bukhara deer rutting calls are either single or organized in short series ( 3 - 5 ) and each signal includes both low - frequency noisy component and high - frequency tonal component, independently modulated. different modifications of the rutting calls are used in various situations. besides that bukhara deer ( both males and females ) frequently use an alarm - call - single barks, organized in series. after the rutting period males separate from females and groups ( or single animals ) return to their home ranges. | gestation period | | 240 - 262 days | | young per birth | | one | | sexual maturity | | 1, 5 and 2, 5 years | | life span | | 12 - 15 years | bactrian deer reach maturity between 1, 5 and 2, 5 years of age and a female is likely to produce several young at a rate of one per year through her lifespan. calves are usually born around late spring.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4905398958884733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.407172"} {"text": "12 - 15 years | bactrian deer reach maturity between 1, 5 and 2, 5 years of age and a female is likely to produce several young at a rate of one per year through her lifespan. calves are usually born around late spring. males leave the mother at 2 - 3 years, but maximum maturity is attained at 4 - 7 years. estimated generation length : in the wild, few individuals of cervus elaphus survive more than about 12 - 15 years, but a captive british female red deer has lived for more than 27 years. it was unusual for bactrian deer to migrate, especially in good habitat conditions. depending on geographical location, deer were shown to move either several hundreds of meters or only 2 - 3 kilometers while searching for food during a twenty - four period. however, in the 19th century, a seasonal migration of a bactrian deer population was recorded. in the winter, the recorded population left the tugai forests of the syr - darya river, which flows through southern kazakhstan, eastern uzbekistan, and northwestern tajikistan, to reside in the neighboring haloxylon deserts, returning the following summer. in addition, non - periodical migrations of the deer were observed during major spring and summer river floods and fires such as those caused by reed burnings. besides that, in case of high population density and high number of young stags, their migrations are provoked by adult stags ( pushing younger ones away from the leck \u2013 mid september ) and that is the major way of the initial expanding of the area inhabited by the deer. therefore, while bactrian deer populations demonstrate a tendency to remain within defined areas, they are able to migrate outside these localized regions in search of more food or better habitat. overall, 30 to 50 % of all populations have been shown to migrate every year and cross national borders. historically the major predator for the bukhara deer was turanian ( caspian ) tiger \u2013 extinct from nature since 1958 - 1962. besides that wolf \u2019 s press on the deer population is important. jackal ( and fox ) can sometimes kill a newborn deer \u2013 just some hours after the birth, but usually the baby is successfully protected by the mother, and jackals can only sometimes use rests of the wolf \u2019 s prey. there are some bukhara deer in the zoo ' s and in askania - nova zapovednik ( ukraine ), but as we have checked in many cases those are hybrids with other red deer subspecies \u2013 and it is difficult to be sure that captive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4449975560778651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.408343"} {"text": "some bukhara deer in the zoo ' s and in askania - nova zapovednik ( ukraine ), but as we have checked in many cases those are hybrids with other red deer subspecies \u2013 and it is difficult to be sure that captive - bred zoo animals are really bukhara deer. now there are pen groups of bukhara deer in : the last two pen groups ( zarafshan and turkestan ) are developed in the frame of wwf project for reintroduction in zarafshan and syrdaria river valleys accordingly ; 2 - 3 releases already took place, additional planned. badai - tugai group was established during deer reintroduction in badasi - tugai. now wild population in the site exceeds 300 animals, and deer from pens can be used for additional reintroduction projects in the suitable riparian forests in the amudaria delta and former bottom of the aral sea. cervus elaphus bactrianus is a subspecies of red deer occurring in central asia \u2013 in river valleys of turkmenistan, uzbekistan, kazakhstan, tajikistan and afghanistan. historically it inhabited all river vallies of amudaria and syrdaria, as well as murgab and tedjen to the west ( turkmenistan ), zaravshan, various minor rivers \u2013 and ily to the east ( map 1 ). in the 1960 ' s many populations went extinct including those found in the river valleys of syr darya, tedjen, murgab, and illi, and at the lower reaches of the amu darya. some populations were partially restored in the 1970 ' s through reintroduction programs and was introduced in some new sites ( see \u201c conservation \u201d chapter ) and resulted in total number around 900 deer total in 13 - 15 independent populations. ( map of species distribution in 1989 ). by the end of 1999 total number of bukhara deer dropped dramatically to less then 350 animals total in the central asian countries of the fsu, no data on the species numbers in afghanistan ). since 2000 the numbers are increasing in all sites ( see \u201c conservation \u201d chapter ), and according to the census 2009 there were 1450 deer in wild populations and reintroduction is on - going in three sites ( syrdaria, zerafshan and ily ). the syr darya and amu darya river basins line the border between afghanistan and uzbekistan and afghanistan and tajikistan. bactrian deer populations remaining in northern afghanistan most likely exist in these borderlands. the last", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4564428856606142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.409273"} {"text": "about 350 \u2013 400 deer in central asia in 1999 when the project started and the results of the 2006 census showed that now about 1000 deer live here. deer reintroduction was initiated in 3 sites, which had been inhabited by these animals till the middle of the previous century. the political result is the memorandum and action plan of understanding on bukhara deer conservation that was signed in the frame of bonn convention by all four range states. as a native floodplain forest, the area of tigrovaya balka needs regular floods for normal existence and development. natural floods are prevented by an artificial regime of water use ( system of dams and dikes ), so water needs to be given to the forest artificially once a year. in order to prevent flooding of fields and settlements, surrounding the forest area, a system of dykes need to be reconstructed around the forest, and it is necessary to dig a canal from the river around the forest. previously some system of canals existed, but now they don \u2019 t function at all. there were three extremely dry years in central asia one after another, and the forest stated to degrade because of lack of water and high level of salination. now we have the second wet year running, and there was a hope for forest rehabilitation. but this didn \u2019 t happen as riparian forests don \u2019 t need just humidity, but flooding - to take cumulated salts out of the soils. the main goal of the project is to conserve and restore the tugai ecosystem in the tigrovaja balka area in tajikistan, providing a model for sustainable management of freshwater ecosystems in the amudarya river basin, which includes tajikistan, uzbekistan and turkmenistan \u2013 one of the two major watersheds of central asia. in order to facilitate socio - economic development of local communities and to restore the unique ecosystem of riparian forests, a range of measures are required, including normalizing water patterns in the ecosystem and the surrounding agricultural lands through implementing water - saving technologies in agriculture. the long - term goal of the project is to provide the foundation for integrated river basin management and nature protection in the middle stretch of the syrdaria river basin, providing a model for sustainable development. the bukhara deer - was seriously threatened already in 1960 - th, first of all \u2013 because of habitat destruction. the history of the first phase of bukhara deer restoration included special protection in existing and specially established nature reserves, reintroduction and introduction in new sites ( such as mountains of ramit in tajikistan. as a result, by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4772803627986417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.411531"} {"text": "of habitat destruction. the history of the first phase of bukhara deer restoration included special protection in existing and specially established nature reserves, reintroduction and introduction in new sites ( such as mountains of ramit in tajikistan. as a result, by 1989 there were about 900 bukhara deer totally in all groups, with potential for population growth up to 4000 \u2013 5000 animals. after the break of the former soviet union only 350 bukhara deer rested in all populations throughout the area - as a result of poaching. since 1999 wwf carries out a project on bukhara deer restoration. the very first funding was provided by lhi ( 5 th. usd ) in 1999, major funding is provided by wwf netherlands ( ~ 50 th. a year for 4 countries ) with some additional support from for tajikistan ( deer habitats restoration ) from minnesota zoo and disney fund. since 2007 important funding for tajikistan and kazakhstan is provided by mfa / wwf norway. the activities include technical support to the nature reserves, still inhabited by bukhara deer, anti - poaching activities, reintroduction in suitable sites in the limits of historical area, ecological education / local communities involvement, etc. all restoration activities are accompanied by species monitoring. measures on population sustainable management are based on in - depth analysis of the ecology, social behavior of bukhara deer. as a result of the scientifically - based approach to the species restoration important successful results in the subspecies restoration achieved. total bukhara deer number increased from 350 in 1999 to 1450 in 2009, successful reintroduction on - going in three sites ; possibilities for reintroduction in additional sites investigated, activities in one additional site started.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4573238654704977, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.412310"} {"text": "aids dementia complex ( adc ) can occur in people with. adc results in changes in multiple neurologic areas : adc is a common nervous system complication of late - stage hiv infection. hiv destroys white blood cells vital to the immune system. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. it is not clearly understood how hiv infection causes adc. risk factors that increase your chances of having adc include : symptoms usually develop slowly and worsen over time. they are grouped into stages : walking, balance, and coordination require a great deal of effort at this stage. if you have any of these symptoms, do not assume they are due to adc. these symptoms may be caused by other conditions. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. tests may include : talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include : anti - hiv drugs are often used to treat adc. your doctor will create a medicine plan that is right for you. these drugs are often given in combination. other medicines may be used along with antiretroviral therapy to treat symptoms of adc. these may include : adc occurs in people with hiv. ways to help reduce the risk of getting hiv include : american foundation for aids researchhttp : / / www. amfar. org / national association of people with aidshttp : / / www. napwa. org / aids committee of torontohttp : / / www. actoronto. org / canadian aids societyhttp : / / www. cdnaids. ca / aids dementia complex. ebsco patient education reference center website. available at :. updated february 28, 2012. accessed november 21, 2012. aids dementia complex. project inform website. available at :. updated january 2011. accessed november 21, 2012. aids dementia complex. university of california at san francisco website. available at :. accessed november 21, 2012. hiv - associated dementia. ebsco dynamed website. available at :. updated february 10, 2012. accessed november 21, 2012. luo x, carlson ka, wojna v, et al. macrophage proteomic fingerprinting predicts hiv - 1 - associated cognitive impairment. meehan ra, brush ja. an overview of aids dementia complex. am j alzheimers dis other demen. nicholas mk, lukas r, van besein k. textbook of neurological surgery. 6th ed. philadelphia, pa : lippincott", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4678090199393937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.418457"} {"text": "home to endangered black condors nesting in iconic volcanic rocks, california ' s pinnacles national monument is set to become america ' s newest national park. the park ' s spectacular pinnacles are half of an eroded volcano. the matching half lies 195 miles ( 314 kilometers ) to the southeast, on the other side of the san andreas fault. the 1976 discovery of the 23 - million - year - old split volcano provides a unique geologic marker of offset along the fault. president theodore roosevelt established pinnacles national monument in 1908, to preserve its massive monoliths and wildlife. the giant spires are now a popular rock climbing destination. rounded knobs and pinnacles rise above condor gulch in pinnacles national monument. weathering of volcanic rock gives rise to the park ' s unique landscape. rhyolite cliffs near the falls along the condor gulch trail in pinnacles national monument. rhyolite is a volcanic rock similar to granite in composition ( mostly the minerals quartz and feldspar ). a landsat satellite image of california ' s pinnacles national monument, set to become america ' s newest national park. the image was snapped in june 2008, when vegetation in the arid landscape was yellow and brown. the san andreas fault is the linear feature crossing the northeast corner of the image, just beyond the park boundary. hawkins peak as seen from the condor gulch trail in pinnacles national monument in california. rocks in the high pinnacles area formed from explosive - style volcanic eruptions. pinnacles form when erosion at the surface removes weathering material before it can form soil, leaving the rocks exposed. this pattern is common in semi - arid regions with mediterranean climates like california ' s coast ranges, home to pinnacles national monument. a north - facing view from the high pinnacles toward balconies cliffs in the distance in california ' s pinnacles national monument. the formerly horizontal rock layers have been tilted by geologic forces. bear gulch cave in pinnacles national monument consists of passages between large boulders of volcanic tuff. the giant blocks and boulders of volcanic rock that cover the creek bed ( creating the cave ) may have collapsed from the slopes above during rockfalls and landslides. a condor stretches its wings at sunset in pinnacles national monument. the camera trap and scale helps park biologists monitor the health of the endangered birds. a condor eyes a hidden camera at pinnacles national monument. the camera is located near a feeding site for the condors. the california park is a release site for the endangered birds, and there are 32 free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40182346845142175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.421303"} {"text": "learn to catch more fish there are many tips and tricks if you ' re looking to learn to catch more fish, from checking water temperature and currents to knowing what insect hatch is on. learning to catch more fish can be challenging and rewarding at the same time. one thing is certain though ; you ' ll need to practice, practice, practice. - learn to catch more fish by fishing with a mentor. if you have a buddy who constantly brings home largemouth or smallmouth bass, ask to tag along on one of his fishing expeditions. pay attention to the type of bait he uses and ask him about the benefits of artificial flies or real bait, such as blood worms. ask him to explain how to know which bait to use - generally, the bait selected matches the natural food in the water at the time. - learn to find the spots where fish generally reside. fish like to be sheltered so you might find a lot of fish living in the nestled tree roots off the shoreline or hiding near some underwater brush. learn the topography of the area you ' re fishing so that you know where the deeper spots are - larger fish like deeper water. - check online sites for tips of catching more fish. there are many, many online sites which can explain the merits of the right equipment, such as the correct fishing rod and tackle to use for catching different fish. - go out and fish at different times of the day and be aware of your surroundings. check the temperature and watch the currents as you cast your fishing line. if you catch a fish, there ' s probably more at the same spot, at the same time of day, and with similar climate surroundings so repeat your actions. - learn to catch more fish by just being patient. don ' t expect to read some online site, buy all the fancy equipment, and head out to the lake the next day to get your quota of trout. that ' s not going to happen. just cast your line and be patient. spend a few hours enjoying your fishing time. as someone once said \" the fishing was great - the catching just wasn ' t so good. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.38280308841844585, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.423744"} {"text": "written by jonny williamson lubricants are used across many industries throughout the world, predominantly to cool tools and parts from overheating and breaking by reducing friction and carrying away debris. industrial processes such as drilling, turning, grinding, cutting and milling all benefit from lubricants, often made from 90 percent mineral oils. there are a number of drawbacks to using mineral oils ; it isn \u2019 t an ideal way to dissipate heat caused by friction, it is flammable and it does carry some health concerns, not to mention the fossil oil comes from a finite resource. the safe use, handling and eventual disposal of mineral oil lubricants can amount to a constant drain on a manufacturers finances, so a global focus has been on finding an alternative. + more from manufacturing digital - web elements manufacturers need in the digital age - mas reports shows uk manufacturing is on the rise - manufacturers need more government support says survey researchers from the fraunhofer institute for process engineering and packaging ivv, in the german town of freising, have carried out two tests where lubricating oils were replaced with water. dr. michael menner, a fraunhofer researcher, said : \" at ivv here in freising, we have been looking at the issue of cooling lubricants for some considerable time. in two projects, supported by the federal ministry of education and research, we have successfully replaced oil with water. \u201d to enable the water to act as a sufficient lubricant, additives were added to better simulate the performance of oil. another researcher, andreas malberg, who also worked on both studies, commented : \u201c the additive is a biopolymer, a product you can buy wherever you want. \u201d malberg was not able to state the name of the exact biopolymer employed by the researchers, but what is known is that it acts as a thickening agent. the standard viscosity of water is 1mpa, but the addition of the agent raises it to 40mpa, similar to that of oil. the further addition of a water - soluble additive enabled the enhanced water to have the extra benefit of providing anti - corrosive properties. aside from the water - based lubricant having a much lower environmental impact, components and machines which use the lubricant are easier to clean, health and safety concerns are eliminated, and the cost of companies having to convert is relatively inexpensive, the alternative lubricant has already won the german raw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5538760704470794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.426740"} {"text": "yes - of course it does. without \" random \" in front choice is an attribute with no object. i didn ' t actually do it, but thats what would happen - \" choice is not defined blahblah \" is that the same as saying its not a \" global namespace \"? i ' d have to consult a reference book to be 100 % sure. i ' m not certain how a pure object oriented language treats namespaces compared to a procedural language ( ie, c + + is both procedural and oop - i need to do a review for example, in c + + you explicitly state your namespaces - in 99 % of cases students do this by adding a line ' using namespace std ; ' ( std = standard ) near the top of their file, which is frowned upon with most real projects. by doing this they don ' t have to put the namespace std in front of functions defined in std. cout < < \" hello \" < < endl ; / / prints hello std : : cout < < \" hello \" < < std : : endl ; / / prints hello now say you have a special cout function that prints ascii numbers instead of the letters to the console. you can define a namespace in your file called manta and do this.... manta : : cout < < \" hello \" < < std : : endl ; / / prints 90 88 96 96 99 ( just guessing the ascii values ) in practice, namespaces are used in procedural languages to avoid name clashes. when a project gets large enough, you start running out of good descriptive variable names, so it is better to create seperate namespaces and reuse these descriptive names instead of resorting to complicated naming gyrations. \" it looks to me like random might be a static class with static methods, hence, no need to instantiate anything. \" yes - a very good way to say it. how come the texts don ' t say that? got me - maybe i should write a book. this is just what i think is happening... i ' d have to consult python. org to be sure. do java and c + + have modules? please describe or give a definition to me for that. no. java has the following.... packages - groups of related classes form a package. example : javax. swing is the package for the swing classes example : java.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5261957579040162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.430539"} {"text": "modules? please describe or give a definition to me for that. no. java has the following.... packages - groups of related classes form a package. example : javax. swing is the package for the swing classes example : java. lang contains the core classes of the java language classes - you know what these are.... math is a class containing fields and methods related to math jbutton is a class for instantiating a button in swing and you can create your own packages.... there are a few rules for doing this. in c + +, which supports both procedural and oop, the main library is called the stl - standard template library, which uses the namespace std like i showed you above. instead of using a package, c + + has a keyword called friend - imo, friends are the most unfriendly thing i ' ve seen in any language and i much prefer java ' s use of packages. my language class didn ' t cover python - c + +, java, ada, lisp, fortran, prolog, cobol and some others - here is what one of the tutorials says... you can use a module to organize a number of python definitions in a single file. < snip > a package is a way to organize a number of modules together as a unit. python packages can also contain other packages. so python has both modules and packages where it looks like a module is a related to group of classes and functions, and a package is a related group of modules and other packages. here is a link that i think will explain it in detail.... i plan on reading it later tonight.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5571927354384231, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.431167"} {"text": "- functions of water in the body - diverticulosis and diverticulitis - cuts of beef - food label - see all - anatomy of a whole grain - reading food labels - recipe makeover : morning glory muffins - pyramid or plate? explore these healthy diet options - video : honey crusted chicken - video : pineapple chicken stir - fry - video : hearty turkey chili - video : apple berry cobbler - see all - slide show : your guide to spices - slide show : guide to beans and legumes - slide show : guide to portion control for weight loss - slide show : guide to a high - fiber diet - see all slide show : guide to gourmet saltby mayo clinic staff beyond your grandmother ' s table salt many varieties of gourmet salt are finding a place in the kitchens of both everyday cooks and top chefs. salt occurs naturally around the world as the mineral halite and in seawater and saline ( saltwater ) lakes. all salt contains a mix of sodium and chloride. salt may also naturally contain small amounts of other minerals, giving it variations in taste. but salt is processed and refined in many different ways, resulting in different textures and colors as well as tastes. whichever type of salt you enjoy, do so in moderation. limit sodium to less than 2, 300 milligrams a day \u2014 or 1, 500 milligrams if you ' re age 51 or older, or if you are black, or if you have high blood pressure, diabetes or chronic kidney disease. next slide - iodized salt, sea salt or kosher salt, oh my! american dietetic association. http : / / www. eatright. org / media / blog. aspx? id = 4294968231 & blogid = 269. accessed aug. 12, 2011. - sodium. american heart association. http : / / www. heart. org / heartorg / gettinghealthy / nutritioncenter / healthydietgoals / sodium - salt - or - sodium - chloride _ ucm _ 303290 _ article. jsp. accessed aug. 12, 2011. - duyff rl. american dietetic association complete food and nutrition guide. 3rd ed. hoboken, n. j. : john wiley & sons ; 2006. - nelson jk ( expert opinion ). mayo clinic, rochester, minn. aug. 12, 2011. - dietary guidelines for americans, 2010. u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47803644131728473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.433502"} {"text": "meaning of business and profession business simply means any economic activity carried on for earning profits. according to sec 2 ( 3 ) business is \u201c any trade, commerce, manufacture or any adventure in the nature of trade commerce and manufacture \u201d. any transaction with a motive of selling at profits included under this concept. it is not necessary that there should be a series of transaction in a business and it should be carried on permanently. profession is an occupation requiring purely intellectual skills or manual skills controlled by the intellectual skill of the operator. e. g. lawyer, doctor, engineer etc. so profession refers to those activities where the livelihood is earned by the persons through their intellectual or manual skill. the following income shall be chargeable to income - tax under the head profits and gains of business or profession, 1 ) the profits and gains of any business or profession which was carried on by the assessee at any time during the previous year 2 ) any compensation or other payment due to or received by any person in connection with a business or profession 3 ) income derived by a trade, professional or similar association from specific services performed for its members 4 ) profits on sale of a license granted under the imports ( control ) order, 1955, made under the imports and exports ( control ) act, 1947 ( 18 of 1947 ) ; ] 5 ) cash assistance ( by whatever name called ) received or receivable by any person against exports under any scheme of the government of india ; ] 6 ) any duty of customs or excise re - paid or re - payable as drawback to any person against exports under the customs and central excise duties drawback rules, 1971 ; ] 7 ) value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into money or not, arising from business or the exercise of a profession ; 8 ) any interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called, due to, or received by, a partner of a firm from such firm : 9 ) any sum received under a key man insurance policy including the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy. \u2026 read more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4947354764168975, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.435669"} {"text": "grief is a collection of feelings that everyone experiences when there are losses in their lives. grief is not the same as depression. it can come from any type of loss. the loss of a relationship can cause feelings of grief. many people grieve when they realize that they have lost some of their physical abilities due to agin... mcphersonsentinel - mcpherson, ks updated mar. 15, 2013 @ 10 : 52 am updated mar. 15, 2013 @ 10 : 52 am \u00bb social news grief is a collection of feelings that everyone experiences when there are losses in their lives. grief is not the same as depression. it can come from any type of loss. the loss of a relationship can cause feelings of grief. many people grieve when they realize that they have lost some of their physical abilities due to aging, injury or disease. some may grieve over past friendships or even when they retire and lose their identity as a worker. the most common cause for grief is the death of a spouse, child, parent, friend or pet. when someone very close to you dies it may initially feel as if you will never be happy again. you may experience many emotions including anger, anxiety, loneliness, guilt, helplessness and sadness. sometimes people report feeling numb at first. all of these feelings are normal. you may even have good and bad days when you are grieving. it is normal to have times of laughter and happiness during the grieving process. sometimes grief can turn into depression or what is referred to as \" complicated grief. \" if grief turns into depression, the feelings of despair and emptiness become constant. loss of motivation, hopelessness, fatigue, withdrawal, and difficulty concentrating are also signs of depression. people with complicated grief get stuck in the feelings and don ' t move on, deny the death, become preoccupied with the person who died, or avoid things related to the person. completing the grief process is important because it can help you to recognize and adapt to the reality of the loss and to live a healthy life without the person who died. there is no right way to grieve or a set time to complete it. all losses are unique and reflect the quality of the relationship with the deceased, the characteristics of the griever, prior experiences with loss, and the circumstances of the loss. a loss that occurs as a result of a prolonged illness will be different from the grief resulting from a sudden death. grief from a sudden death may be more intense since there has been no opportunity to prepare for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5369156582569655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.438907"} {"text": "loss, and the circumstances of the loss. a loss that occurs as a result of a prolonged illness will be different from the grief resulting from a sudden death. grief from a sudden death may be more intense since there has been no opportunity to prepare for the loss. grief resulting from the death of a child is different than that from death of a parent. some people try to avoid the painful feelings of grief by keeping very busy and pretending that they are all right. failure to address the feelings that come with the normal grieving process can prolong the grief process and possibly lead to depression later. the grief process involves recalling a collection of memories and stories about the person that died. it may involve talking and writing about the good and bad memories about your time with the person. it is common to have regrets about things that you believe you should have said or done and you will need to let go of them. grieving means allowing yourself to acknowledge, experience, and release the many feelings that occur when you lose someone. grief recovery can be defined as acceptance of the death of a loved one and return to your previous healthy level of functioning. a sign that you have completed the grief process may be the ability to increasingly choose happiness and smile when you remember the person. just as an injured body gradually weaves itself back in a whole, death of a loved one tears at the spirit but grieving allows it to heal. david gannon, ph. d., psychological and family consultants, canton, ohio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.534183140643835, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.439681"} {"text": "this article is - freely available bacterial bio - resources for remediation of hexachlorocyclohexane pilot plant of industrial and microbiological processes ( proimi ), conicet, av. belgrano y pasaje caseros, 4000 tucuman, argentina natural sciences college and miguel lillo institute, national university of tucuman, miguel lillo 205, 4000 tucuman, argentina north university of saint thomas aquines, 9 de julio 165, 4000 tucuman, argentina biochemistry, chemistry and pharmacy college, national university of tucuman, ayacucho 471, 4000 tucuman, argentina these authors contributed equally to this work. * author to whom correspondence should be addressed. received : 6 september 2012 ; in revised form : 29 september 2012 / accepted : 17 october 2012 / published : 15 november 2012 abstract : in the last few decades, highly toxic organic compounds like the organochlorine pesticide ( op ) hexachlorocyclohexane ( hch ) have been released into the environment. all hch isomers are acutely toxic to mammals. although nowadays its use is restricted or completely banned in most countries, it continues posing serious environmental and health concerns. since hch toxicity is well known, it is imperative to develop methods to remove it from the environment. bioremediation technologies, which use microorganisms and / or plants to degrade toxic contaminants, have become the focus of interest. microorganisms play a significant role in the transformation and degradation of xenobiotic compounds. many gram - negative bacteria have been reported to have metabolic abilities to attack hch. for instance, several sphingomonas strains have been reported to degrade the pesticide. on the other hand, among gram - positive microorganisms, actinobacteria have a great potential for biodegradation of organic and inorganic toxic compounds. this review compiles and updates the information available on bacterial removal of hch, particularly by streptomyces strains, a prolific genus of actinobacteria. a brief account on the persistence and deleterious effects of these pollutant chemical is also given. keywords : organochlorine pesticides ; \u03b3 - hexachlorocyclohexane ; bioremediation ; streptomyces genus article statisticsclick here to load and display the download statistics. notes : multiple requests from the same ip address are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5012352250296805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.442865"} {"text": "pesticides ; \u03b3 - hexachlorocyclohexane ; bioremediation ; streptomyces genus article statisticsclick here to load and display the download statistics. notes : multiple requests from the same ip address are counted as one view. cite this article mdpi and acs style alvarez, a. ; benimeli, c. s. ; saez, j. m. ; fuentes, m. s. ; cuozzo, s. a. ; polti, m. a. ; amoroso, m. j. bacterial bio - resources for remediation of hexachlorocyclohexane. int. j. mol. sci. 2012, 13, 15086 - 15106. alvarez a, benimeli cs, saez jm, fuentes ms, cuozzo sa, polti ma, amoroso mj. bacterial bio - resources for remediation of hexachlorocyclohexane. international journal of molecular sciences. 2012 ; 13 ( 11 ) : 15086 - 15106. alvarez, analia ; benimeli, claudia s. ; saez, juliana m. ; fuentes, maria s. ; cuozzo, sergio a. ; polti, marta a. ; amoroso, maria j. 2012. \" bacterial bio - resources for remediation of hexachlorocyclohexane. \" int. j. mol. sci. 13, no. 11 : 15086 - 15106.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5076288903538264, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.443350"} {"text": "on special report, bret baier promoted unnamed studies \" showing \" that \" the earth is actually cooling. \" however, climate experts reject the idea that relatively cooler global temperatures during the past 10 years are any indication that global warming is slowing or does not exist. on the may 8 edition of fox news ' special report, host bret baier claimed that \" with a number of studies now showing there has been no global warming over at least the last 10 years, and that the earth is actually cooling now, environmentalists are looking to rebrand their message. \" baier then cited a new york times article that reported that environmental group ecoamerica is trying to \" find new ways to frame environmental issues and so build public support for climate change legislation and other initiatives \" but did not assert or in any way suggest that such efforts were in response to \" global cooling \" studies. indeed, baier did not cite any specific studies showing that the earth is \" cooling, \" and climate experts reject the idea that the relatively cooler global average temperatures in several of the past 10 years are any indication that global warming is slowing or does not exist. as media matters for america has repeatedly shown, global warming deniers in the media often misleadingly cite the fact that the average global temperature in 2007 and 2008 was cooler than it was in 1998. however, scientists have identified a long - term warming trend spanning several decades and attribute recent relatively cooler temperatures to normal climate variability - - including short - term variations in climate because of events like el nino and la nina. according to the u. k. met office hadley centre website, in order to identify long - term climate trends, the world meteorological organisation \" requires the calculation of averages for consecutive periods of 30 years, \" chosen \" as a period long enough to eliminate year - to - year variations. \" in a february 11 op - ed in london ' s guardian, vicky pope, the head of climate change advice at the met office, explained that claims about the pace of global warming require more than 10 years of data, \" since natural variations always occur on this timescale. \" she continued, \" 1998 was a record - breaking warm year as long - term man - made warming combined with a naturally occurring strong el nino. in contrast, 2008 was slightly cooler than previous years partly because of a la nina. despite this, it was still the 10th warmest on record. \" from the may 8 edition of fox news ' special report with bret baier : baier : and with a number of studies now showing there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4927005749322757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.447739"} {"text": "there are different ways in which the terms medical grade or pharmaceutical grade can be perceived, particularly when referring to honey. most manuka honey that is sold in retail stores is table grade. however, some might refer to active manuka honey as medical grade to differentiate it from inactive honey. another perception of medical grade honey pertains to honey ( usually manuka honey ) that has been gamma irradiated, classifying it as sterile. referring to honey ( manuka or otherwise ) as being sterile can be somewhat confusing. the term sterile is defined as being free of germs or microorganisms. despite the fda \u2019 s refusal of recognizing honey of any kind as being antimicrobial, scientific evidence suggests that it is. however, the potential for botulism spores in some honeys makes gamma irradiation a process that some feel is necessary in order to refer to it as being truly sterile. since honey is heat - sensitive, gamma irradiation is the only way to sterilize it without diminishing its properties. however, it is unclear as to whether or not it is necessary to sterilize honey. the presence of botulism in honey is harmless to individuals over the age of 1 year old. infants under the age of 12 months old have not yet fully developed their immune system, and therefore, cannot ward off these spores. some might say that the only purpose of gamma irradiating honey is to make it safe for infants to ingest. although, doctors who may want to use manuka honey for wounds seem to get a warm and fuzzy feeling when using a product that they consider to be sterile. either way, the use of manuka honey that has not been gamma irradiated on wounds or for other conditions has been found to be perfectly safe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4939064664504435, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.452731"} {"text": "gum disease ( cont. ) in this article how can gum disease be prevented? gum disease can be reversed in nearly all cases when proper plaque control is practiced. proper plaque control consists of professional cleanings at least twice a year and daily brushing and flossing. brushing eliminates plaque from the surfaces of the teeth that can be reached ; flossing removes food particles and plaque from in between the teeth and under the gum line. antibacterial mouth rinses can reduce bacteria in the mouth that cause plaque and gum disease, according to the american dental association. other health and lifestyle changes that will decrease the risk, severity, and speed of gum disease development include : despite following good oral hygiene practices and making other healthy lifestyle choices, the american academy of periodontology says that up to 30 % of the americans may be genetically susceptible to gum disease. and those who are genetically predisposed may be up to six times more likely to develop some form of gum disease. if anyone in your family has gum disease, it may mean that you are at greater risk as well. if you are more susceptible to gum disease, your dentist or periodontist may recommend more frequent check - ups, cleanings, and treatments to better manage the condition. get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43590122963232947, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.454227"} {"text": "from our 2012 archives young puzzle - solvers may be tomorrow ' s engineers latest healthy kids news friday, march 2 ( healthday news ) - - playing with puzzles when they ' re 2 to 4 years old can help children develop better spatial skills, a new study indicates. spatial skills refers to the ability to think about objects in three dimensions. university of chicago researchers examined the interaction between 53 pairs of children and parents, and found that children who played with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age had better spatial skills when they were 54 months old. the researchers also found that : higher - income parents tended to encourage their children to play with puzzles more often ; boys played with more complicated puzzles than girls ; and parents of boys used more spatial language during children ' s puzzle play and were more engaged in puzzle play than the girls ' parents. \" the children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate and translate shapes, \" psychologist susan levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children, said in a university news release. she noted that this type of ability is an important predictor of children choosing science, technology, engineering and math courses, degrees and careers later in life. the study was published online in the journal developmental science. \" further study is needed to determine if the puzzle play and the language children hear about spatial concepts is causally related to the development of spatial skills - - and to examine why there is a sex difference in the difficulty of the puzzles played with and in the parents ' interactions with boys and girls, \" levine said. - - robert preidt copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. source : university of chicago, news release, february 2012 get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.535616813300719, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.456309"} {"text": "sudden dietary changes, weaning, cold, drafts, dampness, dust, high levels of ammonia, poor ventilation in general, and the mixing of widely divergent age groups all play a role in respiratory disease in groups of animals. stress and mixing of animals from several sources should be avoided or minimized. establishing individual animal identification, making accurate clinical and postmortem diagnoses, and maintaining a record system of diagnosis and treatment are important to minimize or control outbreaks of pneumonia. transportation over long distances is another stress factor that plays a major role in the pathogenesis of respiratory infections in large animals. immunization can help control respiratory infection. however, control may be compromised by improper timing, use of ineffective or inappropriate vaccines, or overwhelmingly negative management practices. in most cases, severe insults to the natural defenses cannot be reversed later by therapeutic agents and biologicals. the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract contain lymphoid follicles that exchange cells with other parts of the body. however, most of the lymphocytes in the respiratory lining produce only iga, whereas the cells in the lymph nodes of the respiratory tract produce igm and igg. depending on the agent involved, various cell - and antibody - mediated immune responses occur in the respiratory tract and include opsonization, agglutination, immobilization, neutralization of toxins and viruses, blockage of adherence to cells, lysis, and chemotaxis. variation in the type of immune response occurs because of age, species, and the means to respond to specific virulence mechanisms of the pathogens involved. species vary in the type of immune response available at different sites in the respiratory tract. large antigen droplets may immunize the upper tract with iga, but small replicating particles may be necessary to immunize the lower tract. to develop adequate antibody levels to protect the lungs, repeated doses of antigen plus adjuvant, or a replicating antigen, are often necessary. these results are seldom achieved under field conditions ( eg, many field trials using respiratory vaccines in cattle have not demonstrated statistically significant efficacy ). environmental management is an essential part of therapy in allergic respiratory diseases. for example, clinical signs in horses with heaves ( recurrent airway obstruction ) or cattle with hypersensitivity pneumonitis may be effectively controlled by preventing exposure to molds present in hay. last full review / revision march 2012 by ned f. kuehn, dvm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5032336353485002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.459388"} {"text": "- a. identify two constellations and the north star in the night sky. - b. make a pinhole planetarium and show three constellations. - c. visit a planetarium. - d. build a model of a rocket or space satellite. - e. read and talk about at least one man - made satellite and one natural one. - f. find a picture of another planet in our solar system. explain how it is different from earth. this elective is also part of the world conservation award. - a. learn how to read an outdoor thermometer. put one outdoors and read it at the same time every day for two weeks. keep a record of each day ' s temperature and a description of the weather each day ( fair skies, rain, fog, snow, etc. ). - b. build a weather vane. record wind direction every day at the same hour for two weeks. keep a record of the weather for each day. - c. make a rain gauge. - d. find out what a barometer is and how it works. tell your den about it. tell what relative humidity means. - e. learn to identify three different kinds of clouds. estimate their heights. - f. watch the weather forecast on tv every day for two weeks. describe three different symbols used on weather maps. keep a record of how many times the weather forecast is correct. - a. build a crystal or diode radio. check with your local craft or hobby shop or the nearest scout shop that carries a crystal radio kit. it is all right to use a kit. - b. make and operate a battery powered radio, following the directions with the kit. - a. wire a buzzer or doorbell. - b. make an electric buzzer game. - c. make a simple bar or horseshoe electromagnet. - d. use a simple electric motor. - e. make a crane with an electromagnetic lift. - a. help an adult rig and sail a real boat. ( wear your pfd. ) - b. help an adult repair a real boat or canoe. - c. know the flag signals for storm warnings. - d. help an adult repair a boat dock. - e. with an adult on board, and both wearing pfds, row a boat around a 100 - yard course that has at least two turns. demonstrate forward strokes, turns to both sides, and backstrokes. - a. identify five different kinds of aircraft, in flight if possible,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48743353157714736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.472659"} {"text": "both wearing pfds, row a boat around a 100 - yard course that has at least two turns. demonstrate forward strokes, turns to both sides, and backstrokes. - a. identify five different kinds of aircraft, in flight if possible, or from models or photos. - b. ride in a commercial airplane. - c. explain how a hot - air balloon works. - d. build and fly a model airplane. ( you may use a kit. every time you do this differently, it counts as a completed project. ) - e. sketch and label an airplane showing the direction of forces acting on it ( lift, drag, and load ). - f. make a list of some of the things a helicopter can do that other kinds of airplanes can ' t. draw or cut out a picture of a helicopter and label the parts. - g. build and display a scale model airplane. you may use a kit or build it from plans. 7. things that go - a. with an adult ' s help, make a scooter or a cubmobile. know the safety rules. - b. with an adult ' s help, make a windmill. - c. with an adult ' s help, make a waterwheel. - d. make an invention of your own design that goes. 8. cub scout band - a. make and play a homemade musical instrument - cigar - box banjo, washtub bull fiddle, a drum or rhythm set, tambourine, etc. - b. learn to play two familiar tunes on any musical instrument. - c. play in a den band using homemade or regular musical instruments. play at a pack meeting. - d. play two tunes on any recognized band or orchestra instrument. - a. do an original art project and show it at a pack meeting. every project you do counts as one requirement. here are some ideas for art projects : cub scout art belt loop # 2, or pin # 2, # 4, # 5, # 6, # 7, # 8, # 9, # 10, or # 11 - mobile or wire sculpture - acrylic painting - watercolor painting - clay sculpture - silk screen picture - b. visit an art museum or picture gallery with your den or family. cub scout art pin # 1 - c. find a favorite outdoor location and draw or paint it. cub scout art belt loop # 2 or pin # 11 cub scout art pin # 11 - a. make a simple papier - mache mask. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5105859530357076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.473557"} {"text": "art pin # 1 - c. find a favorite outdoor location and draw or paint it. cub scout art belt loop # 2 or pin # 11 cub scout art pin # 11 - a. make a simple papier - mache mask. - b. make an animal mask. - c. make a clown mask. cub scout art pin # 7 - a. practice holding a camera still in one position. learn to push the shutter button without moving the camera. do this without film in the camera until you have learned how. look through the viewfinder and see what your picture will look like. make sure that everything you want in your picture is in the frame of your viewfinder. - b. take five pictures of the same subject in different kinds of light. - 1. subject in direct sun with direct light. - 2. subject in direct sun with side light. - 3. subject in direct sun with back light. - 4. subject in shade on a sunny day. - 5. subject on a cloudy day. - c. put your pictures to use. - 1. mount a picture on cardboard for display. - 2. mount a picture on cardboard and give it to a friend. - 3. make three pictures that show how something happened ( tell a story ) and write a one - sentence explanation for each. - d. take a picture in your house. - 1. with available light - 2. using a flash attachment or photoflood ( bright light ) 12. nature crafts this elective is also part of the world conservation award. - a. make solar prints of three kinds of leaves. - b. make a display of eight different animal tracks with an eraser print. - c. collect, press, and label ten kinds of leaves. - d. build a waterscope and identify five types of water life. - e. collect eight kinds of plant seeds and label them. - f. collect, mount, and label ten kinds of rocks or minerals. - g. collect, mount, and label five kinds of shells. - h. build and use a bird caller. - a. learn and show three magic tricks. - b. with your den, put on a magic show for someone else. - c. learn and show four puzzles. - d. learn and show three rope tricks. - a. with an adult, help take care of your lawn or flower beds or help take care of the lawn or flower beds of a public building, school, or church. seed bare spots.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48148013544505164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.474678"} {"text": "- d. learn and show three rope tricks. - a. with an adult, help take care of your lawn or flower beds or help take care of the lawn or flower beds of a public building, school, or church. seed bare spots. get rid of weeds. pick up litter. agree ahead of time on what you will do. - b. make a sketch of a landscape plan for the area right around your home. talk it over with a parent or den leader. show which trees, shrubs, and flowers you could plant to make the area look better. - c. take part in a project with your family, den, or pack to make your neighborhood or community more beautiful. these might be having a cleanup party, painting, cleaning and painting trash barrels, and removing weeds. ( each time you do this differently, it counts as a completed project. ) - d. build a greenhouse and grow twenty plants from seed. you can use a package of garden seeds or use beans, pumpkin seeds, or watermelon seeds. 15. water and soil conservation this elective is also part of the world conservation award. - a. dig a hole or find an excavation project and describe the different layers of soil you see and feel. ( do not enter an excavation area alone or without permission. ) - b. explore three kinds of earth by conducting a soil experiment. - c. visit a burned - out forest or prairie area, or a slide area, with your den or your family. talk to a soil and water conservation officer or forest ranger about how the area will be planted and cared for so that it will grow to be the way it was before the fire or slide. - d. what is erosion? find out the kinds of grasses, trees, or ground cover you should plant in your area to help limit erosion. - e. as a den, visit a lake, stream, river, or ocean ( whichever is nearest where you live ). plan and do a den project to help clean up this important source of water. name four kinds of water pollution. 16. farm animals - a. take care of a farm animal. decide with your family the things you will do and how long you will do them. - b. name and describe six kinds of farm animals and tell their common uses. - c. read a book about farm animals and tell your den about it. - d. with your family or den, visit a livestock exhibit at a county or state fair. - a. with the help of an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47715463902715916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.475644"} {"text": "and tell their common uses. - c. read a book about farm animals and tell your den about it. - d. with your family or den, visit a livestock exhibit at a county or state fair. - a. with the help of an adult, fix an electrical plug or appliance. - b. use glue or epoxy to repair something. - c. remove and clean a drain trap. - d. refinish or repaint something. - e. agree with an adult in your family on some repair job to be done and do it. ( each time you do this differently, it counts as a completed project. ) 18. backyard gym - a. build and use an outdoor gym with at least three items from this list : - 1. balance board - 2. trapeze - 3. tire walk - 4. tire swing - 5. tetherball - 6. climbing rope - 7. running long jump area - b. build three outdoor toss games. - c. plan an outdoor game or gym day with your den. ( this can be part of a pack activity ). put your plans on paper. - d. hold an open house for your backyard gym. there is something about this elective that is different from any other. that is this rule : whenever you are working on the swimming elective, you must have an adult with you who can swim. - a. jump feetfirst into water over your head, swim 25 feet on the surface, stop, turn sharply, and swim back. - b. swim on your back, using the elementary backstroke, for 30 feet. - c. rest by floating on your back, using as little motion as possible, for at least one minute. - d. tell what is meant by the buddy system. know the basic rules of safe swimming. - e. do a racing dive from edge of pool and swim 60 feet, using a racing stroke. ( you might need to make a turn. ) - a. in archery, know the safety rules and how to shoot correctly. put six arrows into a 4 - foot target at a distance of 15 feet. make an arrow holder. ( this can be done only at a district / council day or resident or family camp. ) - b. in skiing, know the skier ' s safety and courtesy code. demonstrate walking and kick turn, climbing with a side step or herringbone, a snowplow stop, a stem turn, four linked snowplow or stem turns, straight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4728219024514421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.476601"} {"text": "b. in skiing, know the skier ' s safety and courtesy code. demonstrate walking and kick turn, climbing with a side step or herringbone, a snowplow stop, a stem turn, four linked snowplow or stem turns, straight running in a downhill position or cross - country position, and how to recover from a fall. - c. in ice skating, know the safety rules. from a standing start, skate forward 150 feet ; and come to a complete stop within 20 feet. skate around a corner clockwise and counterclockwise without coasting. show a turn from forward to backward. skate backward 50 feet. - d. in track, show how to make a sprint start. run the 50 - yard dash in 10 seconds or less. show how to do the standing long jump, the running long jump, or high jump. ( be sure to have a soft landing area. ) - e. in roller skating ( with conventional or in - line skates ), know the safety rules. from a standing start, skate forward 150 feet and come to a complete stop within 20 feet. skate around a corner clockwise and counterclockwise without coasting and show a turn from forward to backward. skate backward 50 feet. wear the proper protective clothing. - f. earn a new cub scout sports pin. ( repeat three times with different sports to earn up to three arrow points. ) cub scout badminton pin - a. take part in a council - or pack - sponsored, money - earning sales program. keep track of the sales you make yourself. when the program is over, add up the sales you have made. - b. help with a garage sale or rummage sale. this can be with your family or a neighbor, or it can be a church, school, or pack event. 22. collecting things - a. start a stamp collection. you can get information about stamp collecting at any u. s. post office. - b. mount and display a collection of emblems, coins, or other items to show at a pack meeting. this can be any kind of collection. every time you show a different kind of collection, it counts as one requirement. - c. start your own library. keep your own books and pamphlets in order by subject. list the title, author, and subject of each on an index card and keep the cards in a file box, or use a computer program to store the information. - a. look up your state on a u. s. map. what other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47045934760585606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.477674"} {"text": "list the title, author, and subject of each on an index card and keep the cards in a file box, or use a computer program to store the information. - a. look up your state on a u. s. map. what other states touch its borders? - b. find your city or town on a map of your state. how far do you live from the state capital? - c. in which time zone do you live? how many time zones are there in the u. s.? - d. make a map showing the route from your home to your school or den meeting place. - e. mark a map showing the way to a place you would like to visit that is at least 50 miles from your home. 24. american indian life - a. american indian people live in every part of what is now the continental united states. find the name of the american indian nation that lives or has lived where you live now. learn about these people. - b. learn, make equipment for, and play two american indian or other native american games with members of your den. be able to tell the rules, who won, and what the score was. - c. learn what the american indian people in your area ( or another area ) used for shelter before contact with the europeans. learn what american indian people in that area used for shelter today. make a model of one of these shelters, historic or modern. compare the kind of shelter you made with the others made in your den. 25. let ' s go camping - a. learn about the ten essential items you need for a hike or campout. assemble your own kit of essential items. explain why each item is \" essential. \" - b. go on a short hike with your den, following the buddy system. explain how the buddy system works and why it is important to you to follow it. tell what to do if you are lost. - c. participate with your den in front of the pack at a campfire. - d. participate with your pack on an overnight campout. help put up your tent and help set up the campsite. - e. participate with your den in a religious service during an overnight campout or other cub scouting event. - f. attend day camp in your area. - g. attend resident camp in your area. - h. earn the cub scout leave no trace award. | | the official source for the information shown in this article or section is : | bear handbook, 2003 edition ( bs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43688761492669004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.479625"} {"text": "builders of wooden railway cars... and some of other stuff canada car & manufacturing company toronto steel, iron & railway works company, ltd the canada car & manufacturing company was given birth by the toronto steel, iron & railway works company, ltd. the latter was founded in the mid 1860s by two toronto stock brokers and financial agents, john l. blaikie and william alexander. it produced mainly signals and track appliances. one piece of its stationary steam engines was manufactured by william hamilton & sons \u2019 st. lawrence foundry. through the years blaikie invented a number of articles and processes useful to the railway industry, but by the early 1870s the company \u2019 s revenues were declining and they were looking for other fields of opportunity. in 1872, blaikie and alexander were approached by a group interested in establishing a railway car factory using their works as a basis. blaikie and alexander would receive stock in the new enterprise in exchange for title to their factory. there was just one little problem. their factory had been built on five acres of military reserve land, and their lease would expire in just eight years. a longer lease would have to be negotiated if the deal was to be worthwhile. and the negotiations would be complicated by the fact that in 1870, the province of ontario had purchased the reserve from the dominion with the intent of building a new central prison. car factory or prison, which was it to be? in the usual manner of business and political negotiations ( and ashdown goes through all the details ), the car factory needed the facilities, and the authorities needed an activity for their convicts. after long and sometimes contentious negotiations, the final agreement was that \u2014 1. the car company would employ as many prisoners as the prison could provide, up to a maximum of 260. 2. the car company would provide training in the various trades required. 3. the car company could use the manufacturing facilities being constructed as part of the prison. 4. the government would provide heat, light, power, water, tracks and offices at the prison. 5. the government would build stipulated iron - mongering equipment and facilities at the prison. 6. the car company might utilize prison space for storing lumber and other material. 7. the car company was not limited to the construction of railway cars. it was 1871 before agreement was reached, and construction of the prison commenced, and october of 1873 before it was finished and the workshops turned over to the car company. during this time a great deal of renegotiation was carried on, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3960610329021626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.484953"} {"text": ". it was 1871 before agreement was reached, and construction of the prison commenced, and october of 1873 before it was finished and the workshops turned over to the car company. during this time a great deal of renegotiation was carried on, and the car company ended up building and installing much of the track and machinery promised by the government. since the prison workshops would be connected to the car factory by only a road and a railroad track, the general plan was for the prisoners to build the trucks and woodwork for the cars at the prison and for the final assembly to be done in the car factory itself. the factory was thus set up to be primarily an assembly and finishing area. work continued during this time on the car factory itself, and was largely completed by the summer of 1873. it formally opened in february 1874 as the canada car & manufacturing company, ltd. unfortunately, during the several years of construction, and with the prisoner labor not yet available, the company lost several large orders for cars. it opened, however, with a substantial order for platform cars ( flat cars ) for the great western railway and promise of a substantial order for trucks from the intercolonial railway, which was about to change its tracks from broad gauge to standard. it would be june, however, before prison labor would be available. for much greater detail about this fascinating endeavor, see \u2014 ashdown, dana william. iron & steam ; a history of the locomotive and railway car builders of toronto. toronto, on : robin brass studio, 1999. 09 april 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.397293324733875, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.485641"} {"text": "the future of medicine : improve healthcare with gadgets doctors and nurses are turning to tablets and smartphones to aid their everyday work, as a new generation of medical professionals lean on gadgets to make healthcare more efficient and cost - effective. the future of mhealth is our series that explores opportunities and challenges of mhealth, which aims to put widespread access to healthcare within the reach of those who need it most. mobile devices are proving instrumental for a growing number of healthcare professionals. smartphones and tablets are progressing beyond ways for doctors and nurses to check in during a busy day, and becoming part of the very fabric of healthcare delivery. healthcare professionals use gadgets to consult with patients, manage workflow, get alerts from other healthcare players and soon will perform research and diagnose conditions with them as well. mobile technology is also being integrated into the training of nurses and doctors, ensuring the next generation of medical workers will be connected to devices playing key roles in patient care. managing communication and workflow with mobile devices a new nursing initiative at a major boston - area hospital underscores how deeply mobile devices are being integrated into medical professionals ' work. massachusetts general hospital is rolling out the voalte communications system this year, allowing nurses to receive voice calls, alarms and text messages about patient status, medications, emergencies, schedule changes and other events. by turning smartphones into instant communication and remote monitoring devices, systems like voalte ' s allow nurses to streamline work and prioritize notifications according to urgency and priority, wasting less time and effort as they care for multiple patients. doctors increasingly turn to smartphones, rather than tried - and - true pagers, to communicate, leading insurers and regulators to develop targeted mobile communications initiatives. for example, aetna insurance sends mobile alerts to doctors about patient care and claims, while the u. s. food and drug administration is seeking a developer for a mobile app that will alert medical personnel to drug reactions during public health crises. doctors are also using their devices to reach out to patients, forwarding test results, answers to questions and other information instantly, rather than waiting to receive and return a message. as the demands on doctors ' time increase, mobile devices will continue to expand their role in healthcare to fill the communications gap, especially as patients themselves become increasingly connected. putting health information at hand, no textbook required many academic programs also integrate smartphones and tablets in curricula, releasing medical and nursing students from the burden of memorizing mountains of data. instead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4448459358969867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.492565"} {"text": "gap, especially as patients themselves become increasingly connected. putting health information at hand, no textbook required many academic programs also integrate smartphones and tablets in curricula, releasing medical and nursing students from the burden of memorizing mountains of data. instead, medical training is retooling its focus to teach future nurses and doctors how to find, access and process reliable information, rather than stressing rote memorization. a january new york times article highlighted the trend in nursing, describing how incorporating mobile technology in nursing programs and healthcare settings prepares nurses to deliver more effective patient care. the trend does not mean nurses and doctors are less capable or responsible, but rather underscores the exploding volume of information needed to perform medical jobs and recognizes no one person can mentally stay on top of it all. mobile devices can alleviate this problem, putting access to the latest information at professionals ' fingertips. advances in graphic displays and touchscreens allow healthcare personnel to access even the most complex, detailed medical texts on a mobile device. for example, harrison ' s principles of internal medicine, the \" bible \" of medical textbooks, recently became available for the ipad, complete with instructional videos and searchable text and medical illustrations. harrison ' s weighs in at over 4, 000 pages and contains a level of minute detail that made it previously impossible to put it on any e - reader device. ipad advances, coupled with a digital publishing platform created for science and medicine, led a team to reconstruct the resource from the ground up, allowing every healthcare professional to easily find valuable information, without traveling back to their bookshelf to access it. vetting the best apps for health with the rise of mobile devices with healthcare professionals, medicine is now a prime market for advertisers and app developers. app stores are full of \" healthcare \" offerings for both consumer and professional audiences, but busy doctors don ' t have time to weed through the hype to find the ones that are truly effective, or search for health apps among dozens of unrelated tools. as a result, doctors and healthcare organizations will increasingly turn to outside experts to find the apps and tools best suited to their needs. happtique, an offshoot of greater new york hospital association ventures, built an app store for hospitals and doctors. its pilot prgram involved eleven major new york hospitals. now, the company aims to create a \" gold standard \" for all medical apps and plans to create a set of criteria by which it will judge health applications, building a standards program around those criteria within the next six", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4829875004709153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.493634"} {"text": "involved eleven major new york hospitals. now, the company aims to create a \" gold standard \" for all medical apps and plans to create a set of criteria by which it will judge health applications, building a standards program around those criteria within the next six months. doctors will use happtique to find the best apps for their own use, as well as identify those that are safest and best for their patients. hospitals that wish to offer a set of custom healthcare apps to personnel will also be able to do so via happtique. reportedly, there are 23, 000 medical apps for ios and android devices alone, so the company faces a giant task ahead. however, as the need for trustworthy apps grows, happtique and its future rivals will refine their techniques to cull the best apps for physicians and other healthcare professionals as competition in the app curation field heats up. distraction, privacy remain hurdles smartphones and tablets are making doctors and nurses more reachable than ever before and also helping to streamline and focus their work for maximum benefit. however, a constantly buzzing phone could also distract in a field that demands intense focus. according to a study in the journal of medical internet research, phone calls, e - mails and face - to - face interactions interrupt doctors nearly five times an hour and mobile devices can potentially steal even more focus from patients. so far, there isn ' t much evidence that mobile devices have directly led to patient harm. however, as mobile use increases in healthcare, doctors will need to create balance between constant connectedness and the need for single - minded focus on patients. doctors will need to keep patient privacy and confidentiality in mind, as well, especially if they text patients or access medical records on an unsecured device. smartphones are a convenient, quick way to answer questions and relay information, but aren ' t always the most secure channel. doctors, nurses and the healthcare systems that employ them can expect to answer to both patients and regulators about their privacy measures as mobile health continues its forward march. \u2666 categories : news desk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46502657687429055, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.494659"} {"text": "palazzo grassi - venice the precise circumstances concerning the building of the palace are little - known. it is supposed that work began in 1740, or more probably in 1748, for which date a text mentions excavation work and the preparation of foundations. the grassi family, originally from chioggia, had bought a patch of land in a magnificent location. its trapezoidal form offered the added advantage of providing a long facade on the canal. the architecture of palazzo grassi is attributed to giorgio massari who had built the large church of the gesuati on the zattere, and that of the pieta on the riva degli schiavoni. this was the last palace to be erected in venice before the fall of the rupublic. the palace is currently considered to be a high value location for exhibitions. painting and sculpture form the francois pinault collection will feature a focused selection of 16 international artists whose work engages with supposedly \" traditional \" art practises - yet subject both painting and sculpture to constant conceptual revisions and ever - evolving techniques. the works can be admired until the 5th november 2007. the structure gives visitors optional tour guides, aimed to study the artist and his work but, above all, to read and analise the artistic image. palazzo grassi bookshop is managed by skira, and the merchandising includes a personalised moleskine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39742284765733615, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.496032"} {"text": "bilberry fruit has been used in traditional european medicine for nearly one thousand years. due to its tannin content, it is used internally to treat acute diarrhea, particularly in children, and externally to treat mild inflammation of oral mucous membranes. bilberry is used as a component in a few astringent tea preparations. fruit preparations are used to treat microcirculatory disorders, which include varicose veins, atherosclerosis, venous insufficiency, and degenerative retinal conditions, such as macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts. possible mechanisms of action for its effects on ophthalmic conditions include its ability to protect against the breakdown of rhodopsin ( retinal purple ), a light sensitive pigment located in the rods of the retina, and its ability to regenerate rhodopsin. it may also provide vasoprotection by decreasing capillary fragility and permeability. several human clinical studies have been found in the literature investigating possible new uses for bilberry, particularly visual dysfunctions, including those caused by impaired microcirculation and diabetes mellitus. bilberry fruit preparations have been investigated for their effects on vision acuity in dim light, on patients with pigmentary retinitis when taken with beta - carotene, on night vision in normal subjects, on patients with diabetic retinopathy when taken in combination with beta - carotene, on patients with significant hemeralopia ( diminished vision in bright light ), on patients with macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal inflammation, or retinitis pigmentosa, and on patients with progressive myopia. additional studies also investigated bilberry ' s effects on the progression of cataract formation in patients. bilberry fruit extracts may offer relief for vascular disorders including capillary weakness, venous insufficiency, and hemorrhoids. it is also used as a secondary treatment for spasmodic colitis. bilberry fruit contains high concentrations of tannins, substances that act as both an anti - inflammatory and an astringent. the latter quality in particular may help wounds heal more quickly. bilberry is believed to help people with diarrhea by reducing the intestinal inflammation associated with the condition. a close relative of the cranberry, bilberry fruits contain flavonoid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5268631356726357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.504162"} {"text": "in particular may help wounds heal more quickly. bilberry is believed to help people with diarrhea by reducing the intestinal inflammation associated with the condition. a close relative of the cranberry, bilberry fruits contain flavonoid compounds called anthocyanidins. flavonoids are plant pigments that have excellent antioxidant properties. this means that they scavenge damaging particles in the body known as free radicals and have been shown to help prevent a number of long - term illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, and an eye disorder called macular degeneration ( a disease of the retina that can lead to blindness ). anthocyanidins found in bilberry fruits may also be useful for people with vision problems. during world war ii, british fighter pilots reported that bilberries improved their nighttime vision and helped them quickly adjust to darkness. today, it is believed that anthocyanidins may help protect the retina, the nerve layer that lines the back of the eye and sends nerve impulses to the visual areas of the brain. studies conducted suggest that the anthocyanidins contained in bilberry fruit preparations improve symptoms of a variety of visual disturbances including nearsightedness, cataracts, and macular degeneration. the anthocyanidins of bilberry have considerable pharmacologic activity. they are especially used as anti - aging substances. these bitter compounds inhibit collagen destruction, scavenger free radicals, reduce capillary permeability, increase bloods circulation to peripheral blood vessels and the brain, reduce inflammation and pain and relieve muscle spasms. it is one of the most popular over - the - counter drugs in europe. it is so effective that a single dose it said to improve one \u2019 s night vision within hours. it has traditionally been used to treat poor night vision, bruising, capillary fragility, varicose veins, poor circulation, raynaud \u2019 s disease, circulation complications due to diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, gout and periodontal disease. this herb is becoming more important to the aging populations of the world. this fruit and its extracts have marvelous anti - aging properties. bilberry was first studied for its effects on poor night vision. indeed, regular use of the fruit results in quicker adjustment to darkness and glare and improved visual acuity both at night and in bright light during the day. bilberry may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49157892339630505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.505243"} {"text": "bilberry was first studied for its effects on poor night vision. indeed, regular use of the fruit results in quicker adjustment to darkness and glare and improved visual acuity both at night and in bright light during the day. bilberry may be useful in the prevention and treatment of glaucoma since it strengthens connective tissue and prevents free radical damage. in the control of diabetes short term, one \u2019 s blood sugar is lowered and long term, one \u2019 s circulatory system is preserved. connective tissue is not destroyed and capillaries function more normally. in other chronic degenerative diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, the inflammation and pain are reduced while damage to connective tissue is kept to a minimum. this is an important fruit to add to one \u2019 s daily diet. blueberries and black currant fruit may also be as useful as bilberry but not yet as popular for their medicinal properties. uses : bilberries are a dried fruit you ' ll want to keep handy in your cupboards to use in small quantities often. though it is less juicy than most dried berries, we add bilberries to many food recipes as we would any other dried fruit ( hot cereals, sauces, some rice dishes, meat dishes, vegetable dishes, stir - fry, waffles and pancakes, etc. ). of course, they make a great addition to just about any tea recipe. they can be used to benefit men, women ( including before, during or after pregnancy, and nursing ) and children. they can be used as often as you would like. voice of experience : when a more plump and juicy dried berry is desired, we soak ( reconstitute ) these bilberries in water over night. of course, any liquid of choice could be used in place of water. storage : bilberries should be kept in an airtight container and stored in a dark, dry, and cool place. refrigeration or freezing is great, but not necessary. questions? : check out frequently asked questions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49114686410164143, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.506155"} {"text": "botanical name : viburnum rafinesquianum common name : downy arrowwood click on an image to enlarge height : 10 - 12 ' spread : 5 - 6 ' habit / form : open and spreading growth rate : medium zone : 5 - 7 cultural requirements : full sun to part shade and moist, well drained soil ; will tolerate some dryness. may be hard to locate in nurseries. ornamental characteristics : clusters of creamy white flowers in spring ; dark blue black fruit in autumn ; burgundy fall color. uses in the landscape : specimen, shrub border. native to midwest - native shrubs of the midwest 48 % a native plant is considered to be a species that existed in the midwest prior to the arrival of european settlers, as opposed to a naturalized plant, which has been introduced into a new habitat by human influence. native shrubs are part of the... - viburnums for the home landscape 48 % viburnums for the home landscape tough, adaptable shrubs available in many sizes and forms to fit small or large properties several selections available with wonderfully fragrant flowers heavy fruiting varieties attract wildlife to the... - shrubby cinquefoil 48 % botanical name : potentilla fruticosa common name : shrubby cinquefoil updated 11 / 2012 height : 1 - 4 ' spread : 2 - 4 ' habit / form : mounded growth rate : fast zone : 2 - 6 cultural requirements : grow in full sun for maximum flower production ;... - virginia creeper 48 % botanical name : parthenocissus quinquefolia common name : virginia creeper * updated 11 / 2012 form leaf fall leaf * given the right conditions, these vines can be aggressive and control may be... - boston - ivy 48 % botanical name : parthenocissus tricuspidatacommon name : boston - ivy updated 11 / 2012click on an image to enlarge. form leaf fall leaf attachment : clinging with holdfasts habit / form : climbing... - intermediate sized deciduous shrubs ( 5 - 8 feet ) 45 % intermediate - sized deciduous shrubs for the home landscape generally grow 5 - 8 feet tall plants with multiple stems arising from a common crown at ground level or single - stemmed plants that begin branching at a point near the ground lose their...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4384822545623769, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.508672"} {"text": "here are my instructions to make homemade yogurt. don ' t know about yogurt maker but i would imagine after you make it up, just pour it in the maker and incubate. homemade yogurt contains more vigorous cultures than store - bought. it can be made without special equipment, using cow \u2019 s milk, goat \u2019 s milk, or soy milk. homemade yogurt may be slightly thinner than store - bought yogurt. you can add dried milk powder if you want firmer yogurt ( see variation ). although i have specified temperatures in the instructions, a thermometer is not necessary when making yogurt. methods for determining if ingredients are at the correct temperature are explained as well. 3 1 / 2 cups milk 1 / 2 cup plain yogurt with live cultures or 1 packet freeze - dried culture pour milk into a heavy - bottomed pan. warm over medium heat until milk just starts to boil ( about 180\u00baf ). remove from heat. cool milk to approximately 105\u00baf to 120\u00baf. at that temperature, you should comfortably be able to immerse your finger in it. to help the milk cool, you can fill your sink with cold water to below the level of the top of the pan. place pan in sink and stir milk with a whisk. when milk is at correct temperature, whisk in yogurt or culture. pour into very clean quart - size jar and cover tightly. yogurt must incubate in a warm place, undisturbed, for five to ten hours. possible places include an oven with a pilot light, on a heating pad, wrapped in an electric blanket, or in a thermos. i have found a cooler to be very reliable. partially fill a cooler with water that is warm but in which you can comfortably immerse your hand ( about 120\u00baf ). place jar in cooler. water should come to just below the top of the jar. close cooler. no matter which incubation method you choose, let the yogurt sit undisturbed for about 5 hours. then check the yogurt periodically. make sure the temperature is not too hot ( which will kill the cultures ) or too cold ( yogurt won \u2019 t set ). check the firmness of the yogurt. when it feels firm to the touch, it is done. refrigerate yogurt for at least 12 hours before you try it. don \u2019 t despair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42151523205142166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.511119"} {"text": "what is bipolar disorder? bipolar disorder, or manic depression, is a medical illness that causes extreme shifts in mood, energy, and functioning. these changes may be subtle or dramatic and typically vary greatly over the course of a person \u2019 s life as well as among individuals. over 10 million people in america have bipolar disorder, and the illness affects men and women equally. bipolar disorder is a chronic and generally life - long condition with recurring episodes of mania and depression that can last from days to months that often begin in adolescence or early adulthood, and occasionally even in children. most people generally require some sort of lifelong treatment. while medication is one key element in successful treatment of bipolar disorder, psychotherapy, support, and education about the illness are also essential components of the treatment process. what are the symptoms of mania? mania is the word that describes the activated phase of bipolar disorder. the symptoms of mania may include : - either an elated, happy mood or an irritable, angry, unpleasant mood - increased physical and mental activity and energy - racing thoughts and flight of ideas - increased talking, more rapid speech than normal - ambitious, often grandiose plans - risk taking - impulsive activity such as spending sprees, sexual indiscretion, and alcohol abuse - decreased sleep without experiencing fatigue what are the symptoms of depression? depression is the other phase of bipolar disorder. the symptoms of depression may include : - loss of energy - prolonged sadness - decreased activity and energy - restlessness and irritability - inability to concentrate or make decisions - increased feelings of worry and anxiety - less interest or participation in, and less enjoyment of activities normally enjoyed - feelings of guilt and hopelessness - thoughts of suicide - change in appetite ( either eating more or eating less ) - change in sleep patterns ( either sleeping more or sleeping less ) what is a \" mixed \" state? a mixed state is when symptoms of mania and depression occur at the same time. during a mixed state depressed mood accompanies manic activation. what is rapid cycling? sometimes individuals may experience an increased frequency of episodes. when four or more episodes of illness occur within a 12 - month period, the individual is said to have bipolar disorder with rapid cycling. rapid cycling is more common in women. what are the causes of bipolar disorder? while the exact cause of bipolar disorder is not known, most scientists believe that bipolar disorder is likely caused by multiple factors that interact with each other to produce a chemical imbalance affecting certain parts of the brain. bipolar disorder often runs in families, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5255350077804944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.520241"} {"text": "? while the exact cause of bipolar disorder is not known, most scientists believe that bipolar disorder is likely caused by multiple factors that interact with each other to produce a chemical imbalance affecting certain parts of the brain. bipolar disorder often runs in families, and studies suggest a genetic component to the illness. a stressful environment or negative life events may interact with an underlying genetic or biological vulnerability to produce the disorder. there are other possible \" triggers \" of bipolar episodes : the treatment of depression with an antidepressant medication may trigger a switch into mania, sleep deprivation may trigger mania, or hypothyroidism may produce depression or mood instability. it is important to note that bipolar episodes can and often do occur without any obvious trigger. how is bipolar disorder treated? while there is no cure for bipolar disorder, it is a treatable and manageable illness. after an accurate diagnosis, most people can achieve an optimal level of wellness. medication is an essential element of successful treatment for people with bipolar disorder. in addition, psychosocial therapies including cognitive - behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, family therapy, and psychoeducation are important to help people understand the illness and to internalize skills to cope with the stresses that can trigger episodes. changes in medications or doses may be necessary, as well as changes in treatment plans during different stages of the illness. it is useful to know whether the \" mood stabilizing medication \" prescribed has been approved by the fda for use in bipolar disorder : medications for mania : currently fda approved : lithium ( eskalith or lithobid ), divalproex sodium ( depakote ), carbamazepine ( tegretol ), olanzapine ( zyprexa ), risperidone ( risperdal ), quetiapine ( seroquel ), ziprasidone ( geodon ), aripiprazole ( abilify ) at least one adequate well controlled study with positive data : haloperidol ( haldol ) medications for bipolar depression : currently fda approved : combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine ( symbyax ) also at least one adequate well controlled study with positive data : quetiapine ( seroquel ) and lamotrigine ( lamictal ) medications for preventing ( or delaying ) recurrence : currently fda approved : lithium ( eskalith or lithobid ), lamotrigine ( lamictal ), olanzapine ( zyp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4596551508880885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.521430"} {"text": "depakote. depakote may also produce sedation and gastrointestinal distress, but these side effects often resolve during the first six months of treatment, or with dose adjustment. another dose - related side effect is weight gain, and rare liver and pancreatic function problems may develop while taking depakote. however, depakote is generally well - tolerated, and is now prescribed far more often then lithium. recent controlled trials indicate that the combination of depakote and lithium is more effective in preventing relapse and recurrence than treatment with lithium alone. lamictal ( lamotrigine ), another anti - convulsant, is effective in the treatment of acute depression in bipolar i and ii and in promoting remissions between episodes. for most people, lamictal has a very tolerable side effect profile. rarely, this medication can cause a rash serious enough to cause a medical emergency. the risk of this one potentially serious side effect can be reduced by starting with a low dose and going slowly in increasing the dose. use of antidepressants standard antidepressant medications ( those approved for the treatment of unipolar depression ) have not yet been proven effective for bipolar depression. although the evidence supporting their use for bipolar depression is limited to small or less rigorous studies, these medications remain the most commonly used treatment for bipolar depression. the data from larger studies finds neither evidence of benefit nor evidence that these agents cause large numbers of depressed patients to switch into mania. use of antipsychotic medications as mood stabilizers to control acute episodes, antipsychotic medications may be used alone ( monotherapy ), or added to anti - convulsant medications ( combination therapy ). medication guidelines now recommend the combination of these two medications as most effective for acute manic episodes. because the older typical antipsychotic medications run the risk of causing permanent movement disorder, and have been associated with depression when used over the long term, the new atypical antipsychotics are now preferred for this purpose. all the new atypicals are effective in the treatment of acute and mixed mania. olanzapine ( zyprexa ) and risperidone ( risperdal ) are fda - approved for this purpose. finding the right preventive / maintenance medicine is an art informed by science and your own observations. not all medicines that work in the acute phase of mania are as strong in preventing the next episode, so this is an area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43137447404281093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.523542"} {"text": "- approved for this purpose. finding the right preventive / maintenance medicine is an art informed by science and your own observations. not all medicines that work in the acute phase of mania are as strong in preventing the next episode, so this is an area to explore. side effects of the atypicals are different than with first - generation antipsychotics ( such as haldol ), although sedation, weight gain, and risk of diabetes are problems associated with many of the new antipsychotics. clozapine and olanzapine, both effective antipsychotics and mood stabilizers, offer the most risk in this area. weight gain is a serious clinical concern related to all atypical antipsychotics, and to anti - convulsants as well. not only can weight gain lead to adult onset also known as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, but being overweight is also now the leading cause of medication non - adherence. doctors advise weekly monitoring of weight in the early stages of taking these medications, along with regular exercise and healthy diets, and people must be willing to make lifestyle changes to maintain optimal health. the fda has noted an association between all atypical antipsychotics and the risk of diabetes. as the science develops in this area, it will continue to inform medicine choices for the person that best reflect their risks and benefits. reviewed by ken duckworth, md, october 2006 read about treatments and supports for mental illness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4249023743188435, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.524131"} {"text": "about nevada agricultural statistics nevada agricultural statistics located in reno, nevada is the nevada field office of usda \u2019 s national agricultural statistics service ( nass ). nass is the official statistical agency of the united states department of agriculture with the mission to serve the united states, its agriculture, and its rural communities by providing meaningful, accurate, and objective statistical information and services. nevada agricultural statistics operates with assistance and cooperation from the nevada department of agriculture and the college of agriculture, natural resources, and biotechnology of university about nevada agriculture agriculture often goes largely unnoticed behind the glare of casinos and tourist attractions in nevada, and most of it cannot be seen from the interstate highways. farming and ranching, however, provide a cornerstone to the economies of many of nevada \u2019 s rural communities and greatly enhance the aesthetics of life near the urban areas. farming is concentrated in valleys where water is available for irrigation, while vast rangelands and mountains provide grazing for livestock. range livestock production is predominate in nevada with well over half of the farms raising cattle or sheep. the highest concentrations of cattle are in the northern part of the state. cow - calf operations are most common type of operation and elko county ranks among the leading counties in the nation in number of beef cows. northern nevada is also home to the vast majority of the sheep. dairying is a growing industry in the state, as is the manufacture of dairy products. the dairies are concentrated in the vicinity of the large market centers of las vegas and reno. horses are big business in nevada, both for work and pleasure. swine production is limited and most producers market locally. other livestock enterprises, including goats, emu, and llama, are becoming more common. nevada \u2019 s high desert climate is very well suited to the production of high quality alfalfa hay and alfalfa hay accounts for over half of the total value of crops produced in the state. much of the alfalfa is marketed to dairies in california and a significant quantity is exported overseas. a variety of other high value crops are gaining in importance to nevada agriculture. potatoes, onions, garlic, grain, and seed crops contribute greatly to the total value of production. across nevada lie valleys rich in agricultural resources : most unseen from the interstate highways.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4241986180669131, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.529042"} {"text": "by patrick j. kiger the creators of jousting intended it as test of martial prowess and character, but math and physics also seem to play a significant role. in 2002, erik m. berg and roger l. lampe, who at the time were undergraduate science students at worcester polytechnic institute, wrote this paper in which they mathematically modeled the collision of two jousters and analyzed how the a number of different variables \u2014 ranging from the size of the knights and the muscular strength of their grip of their saddles, to the velocity their horses achieve \u2014 influence the outcome. berg and lampe found that one critical factor is the alignment of a knight \u2019 s lance, and the location and angle at which it strikes the opponent \u2019 s shield or armor. a straight - on blow that hits an opponent in the center of the torso is likely to bend his upper body directly backward. that sort of strike could shatter a lance, if the collective mass and velocity exceed the wooden shaft \u2019 s tolerance for bending. in order to unhorse an opponent and win more points, however, a knight probably needs for his lance to strike at to one side and at an angle in that direction. if delivered with sufficient force, that type of impact will cause the opponent to rotate to one side as well as backward, and create a greater strain upon his grip on his saddle and horse. the ideal target for a knight, they concluded, is the upper left part of the opponent \u2019 s armor, just far enough away from the pivot point of the opponent \u2019 s spine to achieve the maximum torque, but not so far toward the edge that the lance would strike a glancing blow off the armor and not achieve a solid hit. but another key factor in determining a victor is how strongly the knight holds on to his own horse while scoring a hit with his lance. if a knight doesn \u2019 t have a strong enough grip on his horse, when his lance strikes the opponent, he may end up being knocked out of the saddle himself. finally, assuming that both knights have a similar grip on their horses and both score hits, the critical factor seems to be who strikes first. if the black knight \u2019 s lance makes contact with the gray knight first, the gray knight will be twisted and pushed back when his lance hits the black knight. that will weaken the gray knight \u2019 s position atop his horse, and increase the chance that he will be the one who hits the ground. cookies are very small text files that are stored on your computer when you visit some websites. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5042439090992071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.532307"} {"text": "boy or girl? a simple blood test in mothers - to - be can answer that question with surprising accuracy at about seven weeks, a research analysis has found. though not widely offered by u. s. doctors, gender - detecting blood tests have been sold online to consumers for the past few years. their promises of early and accurate results prompted genetics researchers to take a closer look. they analyzed 57 published studies of gender testing done in rigorous research or academic settings \u2014 though not necessarily the same methods or conditions used by direct - to - consumer firms. the authors say the results suggest blood tests like those studied could be a breakthrough for women at risk of having babies with certain diseases, who could avoid invasive procedures if they learned their fetus was a gender not affected by those illnesses. but the study raises concerns about couples using such tests for gender selection and abortion. couples who buy tests from marketers should be questioned about how they plan to use the results, the study authors said. the analyzed test can detect fetal dna in mothers ' blood. it ' s about 95 percent accurate at identifying gender when women are at least seven weeks ' pregnant \u2014 more than one month before conventional methods. accuracy of the testing increases as pregnancy advances, the researchers concluded. conventional procedures, typically done for medical reasons, can detect gender starting at about 10 weeks. the new analysis, published in wednesday ' s journal of the american medical association, involved more than 6, 000 pregnancies. the testing used a lab procedure called pcr that detects genetic material \u2014 in this case, the male y chromosome. if present in the mother ' s blood, she ' s carrying a boy, but if absent, it ' s a girl. tests that companies sell directly to consumers were not examined in the analysis. sex - detection tests using mothers ' urine or blood before seven weeks of pregnancy were not accurate, the researchers said. senior author dr. diana bianchi, a reproductive geneticist and executive director of the mother infant research institute at tufts medical center in boston, called the results impressive. she noted that doctors in great britain are already using such testing for couples at risk of having children with hemophilia or other sex - linked diseases, partly to help guide treatment decisions. the research indicates that many laboratories have had success with the test, but the results can ' t be generalized to all labs because testing conditions can vary substantially, said dr. joe leigh simpson, a genetics professor at florida international university. he was not involved in the study. simpson noted that using gender - detection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43912607013143273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.538651"} {"text": "test, but the results can ' t be generalized to all labs because testing conditions can vary substantially, said dr. joe leigh simpson, a genetics professor at florida international university. he was not involved in the study. simpson noted that using gender - detection blood testing for medical or other reasons has not been endorsed by guideline - setting medical groups and some experts consider it experimental. dr. lee shulman, chief of clinical genetics at northwestern memorial hospital in chicago, said the testing \" isn ' t ready for prime time. \" he said his hospital doesn ' t provide the blood tests, and doesn ' t offer more conventional techniques, including amniocentesis, to women who have no medical reason for wanting to know their baby ' s gender. \" i would have a lot of difficulties offering such a test just for gender identification. gender is not an abnormality, \" shulman said. \" my concern is this is ultimately going to be available in malls or shopping centers, \" similar to companies offering \" cute \" prenatal ultrasound images. recent research found that increasing numbers of women in india who already have daughters are having abortions when prenatal tests show another girl, suggesting that an indian ban on such gender testing has been ineffective. the expense of marrying off girls has contributed to a cultural preference there for boys. evidence also suggests that china ' s limits on one child per couple and traditional preference for male heirs has contributed to abortions and an increasingly large gender imbalance. there ' s very little data on reasons for u. s. abortions or whether gender preferences or gender - detection methods play a role, said susannah baruch, a policy consultant for the generations ahead, an advocacy group that studies genetic techniques and gender issues. consumer genetics inc. a santa clara, calif. - based company sells an \" early gender \" blood test called \" pink or blue \" online for $ 25 plus $ 265 or more for laboratory testing. it boasts of 95 percent accuracy, using a lab technique its scientists developed from the type of testing evaluated in the new analysis, said terry carmichael, the company ' s executive vice president. carmichael said the company sells more than 1, 000 kits a year. he said the company won ' t test blood samples unless women sign a consent form agreeing not to use the results for gender selection. the company also won ' t sell kits to customers in china or india because of fears of gender selection, he said. medical techniques that can detect gender include amniocentesis, usually done at around 16 weeks, using a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4381917941850811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.540856"} {"text": "anybody who has ever opened a guidebook to birds or plants is familiar with the range maps showing where a particular species lives. precise ranges are well known for organisms that are well - studied, such as birds and trees in north america and europe.. in the tropics and for harder to observe organisms, in contrast, we don ' t always know exactly where the organisms live. we understand what limits species ranges and what defines range edges for only a small handful of organisms. we do know climate can play a large role in determining range limits, but other factors such as soils and competing organisms also play roles. due to the computer revolution in biology, it has now become commonplace to build correlational models that link the range of a species to commonly measured ( and easily available ) climate variables like mean annual temperature. these models are used extensively to provide predictions about where poorly known species live. they are also increasingly being used to make predictions about where species will live in the future under a rapidly changing climate. yet there is awareness that these models could be greatly improved if we did some hard thinking ( using our biological knowledge ) and some hard work ( using gis skills ) to develop a state - of - the - art set of environmental indices / metrics that affect organisms. this working group proposes to develop such a state - of - the - art compilation of environmental factors likely to have a strong impact on species ranges. the goal is to share this compilation with the research community at large, and to use the information to explore what factors are actually the most important and most predictive in determining where a species lives. we will integrate state - of - the - art data and tools including weather station data, satellite remote sensing data and marine buoys in order to create a set of freely available, consistently formatted and scaled environmental data \" layers \" easily usable in gis - based analyses. we will also develop a guide book for practitioners documenting best practices. in this way we hope to greatly improve our ability to know where poorly studied species live, and to predict where species will live in the future under climate change. more information about this research project, and participants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4819724508463455, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.543299"} {"text": "research shows starter fertilizer phosphorus not needed for soils testing ' very high ' for phosphorus december 12, 2007 media contact : dr. deanna osmond, department of soil science, college of agriculture and life sciences, n. c. state university, firstname. lastname @ example. org or 919. 515. 7303 ( this story, with a photo, is also available at : stormwater runoff from agricultural lands that have been excessively fertilized with phosphorus ( p ) can pollute our drinking water. but research results by north carolina state university soil scientists show that by applying only nitrogen ( n ) in the fertilizer they add when they plant their crops, farmers not only can slowly decrease the amount of phosphorus that shows up in soil tests, but can also reduce their phosphorus fertilizer application costs. \" overall, using only starter nitrogen fertilizer would produce yields similar to those achieved with nitrogen and phosphorus starter fertilizer in soils that test very high for phosphorus, \" says dr. deanna osmond, professor and north carolina cooperative extension leader in n. c. state university ' s soil science department. osmond and research associate sheri cahill conducted the research. cooperative extension agents and dr. david hardy, state agriculture and consumer services department ( ncda & cs ) soil testing section chief, assisted them. \" producers can reduce the cost of phosphorus fertilizer application and slowly decrease the amount of phosphorus in the soil as determined by the soil testing procedure by applying only nitrogen in their starter fertilizer. this will save money and help the environment at the same time, \" says osmond, a watershed, soil fertility and nutrient management specialist. in 2003, more than 48 percent of soil samples submitted to ncda & cs ' s soil testing laboratory tested \" very high \" in soil p, she says. ( although 2003 data are the most recent available, soil test data tend to remain relatively stable over time. ) \" as soil test phosphorus increases, off - site phosphorus loss increases through erosion, soluble phosphorus runoff or leaching, \" osmond says. osmond and cahill studied north carolina coastal plain, piedmont and mountain sites that ncda & cs ' s 2007 records indicated contained very high soil test phosphorus. the researchers sought to determine if, when used on soils testing very high in p, starter - p fertilizer would affect the growth of corn ( zea mays l. ) at 38 study locations and cotton ( gossypium spp. ) at 13 study locations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44250396966083094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.548206"} {"text": "if, when used on soils testing very high in p, starter - p fertilizer would affect the growth of corn ( zea mays l. ) at 38 study locations and cotton ( gossypium spp. ) at 13 study locations, 12 of those on the coastal plain. they treated the test plot soils with starter - n and - p fertilizers, using 32 pounds of n and 13. 4 pounds of p per acre ( n + p ) or by using 32 pounds of n fertilizer per acre alone, both applied to the top of the soil in a band near the seed. they exactingly repeated the treatments four times. on the day of planting, technicians or county extension agents took soil samples from each plot and sent them to ncda & cs ' s agronomic division soil testing laboratory for analysis. the researchers measured n and p concentration in early - season plant tissue, how many days it took the corn to display silk and for the cotton ' s earliest blooms to show, as well as yields for both crops during the growing season. while results showed that corn yield was greater in the mountains than the coastal plain or piedmont, and cotton yield was greater in the coastal plain than in the piedmont, there were no differences between the n only and n + p corn and cotton treatments within each region. moreover, the data indicated no yield differences resulted from the different treatments, osmond and cahill say. art latham, 919. 513. 3117 or email @ example. com posted by dave at december 12, 2007 02 : 38 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4609342118126379, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.548840"} {"text": "every coin has two sides uncovering the model minority myth what group comes to mind when you read the following : top of the class, high test scores, and hard working? if you guessed asian americans, you are seeing the power of the \u201c model minority \u201d stereotype. it is true that asian americans, examined statistically as a single group, have in many ways done extraordinarily well. among the major racial and ethnic minority groups in the u. s., asian americans have the highest rate of college degree attainment, the highest number of advanced degrees, and the highest percentage of workers in high - skill occupations. because of this success, some have held asian americans out as the defining example of what it means to achieve the american dream, declaring asian americans as the \u201c model minority. \u201d yet, if we take a closer look at the numbers, they reveal a more complex side to this remarkable story. without question, the model minority myth has camouflaged the unique history and socioeconomic characteristics of widely - differing asian american and pacific islander communities. in particular, it has hidden the widespread challenges facing southeast asian and pacific islanders in the public education system. this month we explore the dropout crisis through the eyes of three sisters who attend mckinley high school in hawaii, which has the highest percentage of asian pacific islanders in the country. nea members in hawaii point to cultural and language barriers in the classroom as well as prejudice and unrealistic expectations as contributors to the academic hurdles faced by asian pacific islander students and the high school \u2019 s 15 percent dropout rate. the myth that all asian americans are high - achievers can be detrimental because it fails to address those students who need help, support, and focused resources to succeed. team nea, to continue to allow these challenges to go unnoticed and unaddressed would be irresponsible and perilous to a community that is seeking our help. in response, we are urging a number of initiatives to improve api achievement. they include expanding the research on apis by disaggregating the data and experiences of each ethnicity. this will lead to the creation of support services and instruction where they are most needed. nea also supports federal policies to ensure schools have more capacity to serve english - language learners and to ensure that there is more outreach to api parents, including bilingual support. providing every child, regardless of race, income or ethnicity, with a quality education is a basic right that our public schools and policymakers must deliver. to make this happen, we must provide all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5354633346928849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.552441"} {"text": "when reference is made to the value of a property, generally fair market value is meant. market price is what one might get from the sale of the property in terms of money. sometimes value and price are the same, most particularly when there is no compulsion to buy or sell. under other circumstances, there might be a wide difference between the market value of a property and the actual sale price. the appraiser must be careful to consider normal buyers and sellers attitudes for the type of property appraised. the appraiser is estimating actual market value not theoretical value. the immobility of real estate makes it unique. theoretically, there are no two parcels exactly alike and therefore no means of making a total comparison between properties. circumstances of one buyer and one seller affect the sale price of a specific property, whereas the actions of many buyers and sellers of similar type properties determine the going rate for the sale or exchange of property on the open market. among the various types of value that have been designated from time to time are book value, tax value, market value, cash value, capital value, speculative value, par value, true value, exchange value, reproduction value, physical value, replacement value, insurance value, investment value, rental value, face value, depreciated value, leasehold value, sound value, sales value and cost value. the real estate broker should be concerned mostly with the concept of fair market value, or simply market value, for this is the basis upon which most property is generally bought and sold.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49883341837318795, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.554088"} {"text": "redundancy : basic information if you are just looking for an agreement if you have reached this page looking for draft letters for a redundancy situation, you can find them at redundancy. this article is based on the employment relations act 1996 ( era ). this article will be useful to both employers and employees. it discusses the rights and responsibilities of both parties. being made redundant \" is sometimes used as a euphemism for being dismissed. this is wrong. neither in law nor in the english language does \" redundancy \" mean losing a job or being sacked. \" redundant \" means \" superfluous, excessive redundancy is a reason for dismissal and is not itself dismissal. in particular it is not unfair dismissal although a dismissal \u201c by reason of redundancy \u201d may be unfair dismissal if the facts warrant it. the 1965 redundancy payments act gave the statutory right to \" redundancy pay \" to employees dismissed by reason of redundancy and since then the expression has become a common part of general language. quite separately from any right he may have to statutory redundancy pay, an employee may, if his service agreement so provides, be entitled to contractual redundancy pay. in this article, we concern ourselves only with statutory redundancy pay. redundancy involves dismissal and as with any other dismissal, it is essential for the employer to go through the statutory disciplinary / dismissal procedures introduced in october 2004. failure to do so will result in the redundancy dismissal being automatically unfair dismissal, with the consequences which automatically follow. definition of redundancy redundancy has two different meanings for the purposes of uk employment law. one derives from uk legislation and the other from european law. according to the employment relations act 1996 : an employee who is dismissed shall be taken to have been dismissed by reason of redundancy if the dismissal is attributable wholly or mainly to the fact that : - the employer has ceased, or intends to cease either to carry on the business for the purpose of which the employee was employed, or to carry on the business in the place where the employee was employed. - the requirements of that business either for employees to carry out work of a particular kind or at a particular place, have ceased or diminished, or are expected to cease or diminish. a dismissal by reason of redundancy is, on the face of it, fair. whether such a dismissal is in fact fair or unfair will then turn on whether the tribunal considers that the employer acted reasonably in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48668301170157313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.563223"} {"text": "expected to cease or diminish. a dismissal by reason of redundancy is, on the face of it, fair. whether such a dismissal is in fact fair or unfair will then turn on whether the tribunal considers that the employer acted reasonably in treating the redundancy \" as a sufficient reason for dismissing the employee \". basic calculation of redundancy pay statutory redundancy pay is calculated according to a formula set out in era 1996. the application of the formula is : - half of one week ' s pay for each full year worked between his 18th and 22nd birthday ; - one week ' s pay for each year worked between 22nd and 41st birthday ; - one and a half week ' s pay for each year worked after 41st birthday. only the most recent 20 years are taken into account for the purposes of this calculation if a long service employee is being dismissed. service before age 18 is not taken into account. a week ' s pay for those on a fixed salary is assessed by reference to pay in the final week of employment. for those on variable pay there are special rules based on the average weekly pay of the previous 12 weeks. statutory redundancy pay entitlement is in addition to contractual entitlements. a redundant employee is fully entitled to his proper notice of dismissal or pay in lieu and any other payments to which he may be entitled pursuant to contract, as well as to statutory redundancy pay. full time to part time for avoidance of doubt, this note is to confirm that it is possible, although not common, that in law a change from full time employment to part time employment can count as a dismissal by reason of redundancy followed by re - engagement on new terms. the question depends on whether on the facts of any particular case the statutory definition of redundancy is satisfied. whether the dismissal in such a case is or is not unfair dismissal is a separate question. there is a fine line between a situation where the employee ' s new job is the same as his original full - time job saves that certain terms and conditions of employment have been altered. this is for the tribunal to decide. service before a person ' s 18th birthday does not count for statutory redundancy pay calculations. this is one of the few differences between calculations of basic award on unfair dismissal and of statutory redundancy pay. similarly, an employee made redundant after his 65th birthday does not qualify for statutory redundancy pay. an employee who unreasonably refuses reinstatement, or an offer of suitable alternative employment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4682192049157198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.564610"} {"text": "unfair dismissal and of statutory redundancy pay. similarly, an employee made redundant after his 65th birthday does not qualify for statutory redundancy pay. an employee who unreasonably refuses reinstatement, or an offer of suitable alternative employment, in either case to be available within four weeks of his dismissal, will not be entitled to statutory redundancy pay. however, if an employer has alternative work available but does not offer it to the redundant employee, the redundancy dismissal of that employee may well be unfair dismissal entitling the employee to compensation greater than he would get as redundancy pay. civil servants / public officials crown and civil servants are not eligible for statutory redundancy pay. however, their terms and conditions of service usually give those equivalent or better rights - these are contractual not statutory rights. local authority staff and other public sector employees who are not civil servants are eligible for statutory redundancy pay under normal rules and are eligible for special treatment under local government regulations. special provision is made to preserve statutory redundancy pay rights of public sector employees, including local authority staff, if their employment is transferred from one public sector employer to another as they cannot take the benefit of the associated employer rules which apply in the private sector. members of the armed forces are not entitled to statutory redundancy pay. selection for redundancy unfair dismissal compensation has a normal absolute maximum of $ 65, 200 as of 1st february 2005. thus an employee who has been made redundant may well seek grounds for claiming that his redundancy dismissal was unfair dismissal. improper selection for redundancy is one such ground. another relevant factor for newer employees is that the qualifying period of continuous employment for unfair dismissal claims, normally one year since june 1999 and sometimes zero, is less than the two year period required for redundancy pay claims. selection of employees for redundancy can be unfair on general grounds or because statute so provides. employers are well advised to keep careful records so that, if necessary, they can demonstrate to an employment tribunal that redundancy selection was fairly and properly handled. redundancy dismissal is automatically unfair dismissal if the selection for redundancy was : - for any of the reasons specified in era 1996 ; - related to trade union activity / membership. acas advisory booklet on \" redundancy handling \" contains a section on \" selection criteria \". this booklet should be carefully studied in any situation in which questions relating to proper selection for redundancy may arise. sometimes, redundancy can be unfair because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44425525045737446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.565826"} {"text": "advisory booklet on \" redundancy handling \" contains a section on \" selection criteria \". this booklet should be carefully studied in any situation in which questions relating to proper selection for redundancy may arise. sometimes, redundancy can be unfair because it might have been more appropriate to select a different employee. there are many different answers relating to the different circumstances involved and therefore employers should think thoroughly through their decisions when selecting an employee for redundancy. written details of payment on making a redundancy payment an employer has a legal duty to give the employee a written statement showing how it was calculated. an employer who does not do this can be penalised in two ways : - he will be committing a criminal offence and risks a fine ; - there is a possibility that the employee will plead that the money paid to him was not statutory redundancy pay and therefore the tribunal will make the employer pay a second time. related documents : redundancy please note that the information provided on this page : - does not provide a complete or authoritative statement of the law ; - does not constitute legal advice by net lawman ; - does not create a contractual relationship ; - does not form part of any other advice, whether paid or free. contact us about this article if you have any questions about this article that we don ' t answer in the text above, please contact us and let us know how we can help. we aim to reply within 24 hours. leave feedback about this page if you have noticed a bug or a mistake on this page, or just want to give us feedback, we ' d love to know. nothing is too small or too big. send your message on this feedback page. redundancy packprice \u00a318. 00 format available : read more letter to employee representatives : proposed collective redundancyprice \u00a35. 00 format available : read more redundancy procedure checklistprice \u00a35. 00 format available : read more redundancy confirmation letterprice \u00a35. 00 format available : read more letter to employees : requesting voluntary redundancyprice \u00a35. 00 format available : read more what our clients say about us... \" first class. written in accessible english - consistently to \" you \" and rendered down to the true essentials. saved a great deal of time! \" \" easy to use website, good value for money, easy to edit and easy to understand document. \" \" great site, so effective, gives you what you need when you need it, no waiting around. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.471361243893052, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.566896"} {"text": "lyon, france \u2014 smoking is associated with an increased risk for multiple sclerosis ( ms ), according to jonathan salzer, md, from the department of neurology at umea university in sweden, and colleagues, who reported their study findings at the 28th congress of the european committee for treatment and research in multiple sclerosis ( ectrims ). they found that elevated cotinine levels in serum and plasma samples drawn a median of nine years prior to disease onset were associated with a 50 % increased risk for ms. the effect was only evident in those under a median age of 26. 4. the association, the researchers said, became slightly stronger when excluding users of smokeless tobacco. dr. salzer and colleagues sought to investigate the effects of laboratory - defined tobacco use on the risk for ms using prospectively collected biobank blood samples. their nested case - control study was performed in northern sweden, and used two population - based biobank cohorts to identify blood samples collected before ms onset. levels of cotinine, a recognized biochemical marker for tobacco use, were measured using an immunoassay. self - reported questionnaire data on tobacco use were collected retrospectively. the researchers found that elevated cotinine levels ( \u226510 ng / ml ) were associated with a significantly increased risk for ms ( odds ratio, 1. 5 ). this association was most pronounced in young individuals ( below median age at blood sampling, < 26. 4 years ). no dose - response effect was evident. the findings were replicated by retrospective smoking questionnaire data. \u2014 glenn s. williams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4522962526912218, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.568666"} {"text": "gbms are the most common and most malignant of the primary cns neoplasms, representing 15 % to 20 % of these tumors. approximately half of all astrocytomas are gbms. gbm is the most common supratentorial neoplasm in adults. gbms usually occur in patients over 50 and are unusual in patients under 30. like anaplastic astrocytomas, gbms can occasionally be found at any age ; anaplastic astrocytomas and gbms are among the four most common primary brain tumors in infants and children under 2 years of age. various symptoms occur with gbm, including seizure, focal neurological deficits, and stroke like syndromes. the first symptom of a brain tumor of any type can be a headache, since these tumors act as masses within the boney skull and thus cause increased pressure in the brain. the headache associated with a brain tumor, is frequently worse in the morning and is accompanied by vomiting. other symptoms of a brain tumor can include seizures, weakness or numbness of a side or part of the body, or such subtle symptoms such as changes in mood, thinking or general state of well being. sometimes increased pressure in the brain can cause blurred, double, or lost vision. if a patient has any of the above symptoms, without any obvious explanation, further work - up is warranted. these tumors can be seen best by magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) since the degree of detail is much greater than that provided by ct scans. as with other tumors and most particularly with any of the gliomas, once a mass is confirmed by any of the imaging techniques, the diagnosis needs to be established by a biopsy of the mass. the biopsy is usually done in conjunction with aggressive resection of the tumor. the biopsy identifies the particularities of the tumor and differentiates it from other types of masses, such as infection. along with primary cns lymphoma, gbms have the worst prognosis of all primary brain tumors. gbms disseminate early, rapidly, and widely. central nervous system spread is common, but distant metastasis is rare. in selecting the treatment of high grade malignant astrocytomas, it should be kept in mind that the following three ( 3 ) statistically independent factors affect the length of survival : 1 ) age at the time of diagnosis, 2 ) histological features ( grade of the tumor and additional characteristics such as mitotic index ), and 3 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5081282293141632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.574493"} {"text": "that the following three ( 3 ) statistically independent factors affect the length of survival : 1 ) age at the time of diagnosis, 2 ) histological features ( grade of the tumor and additional characteristics such as mitotic index ), and 3 ) performance status ( the level of the patient ' s older patients with high grade malignant brain tumors, who are in poor neurological condition at the time of surgery, do less the primary initial therapy is to gain control of the increased intracranial pressure ( icp ). often times, these patients have significant brain swelling, in addition to the presence of and as a consequence of the tumor. pre - treatment with a course of high dose intravenous steroids, may well improve the condition of the patient prior to surgery. in some cases, this may mean a strategic delay of surgical intervention for three ( 3 ) to seven ( 7 ) days. the wait can be rewarded by a far better initial outcome. aggressive surgical excision of the tumor is advocated in most patients. the goal is to reduce the maximum amount of the tumor. in some cases this may mean an extensive frontal or temporal lobectomy. when tumor is within the middle or posterior portions of the temporal lobe, the parietal or anterior or middle occipital lobe, an aggressive internal decompression of the tumor is warranted. it is imperative to understand that there are surgical limitations in the removal of these \" infiltrative \" tumors because they \" spread \" along the interconnecting fiber pathways ( tracts ) of the brain. as such, these tumors can rarely be entirely removed there are some advanced technologies that currently assist in the extent of resection. the ability of the surgeon to \" visualize \" tumor is somewhat limited. magnification of vision, intraoperative ultrasound imaging, intraoperative mri scanning and intraoperative fluorescence techniques ( see below ) are a few of the adjunctive technologies that may be available to assist maximum resection, while limiting the risk of injuring adjacent functioning fluorescence is one of the most advanced concepts for the surgical management of an infiltrative brain tumor and the only method that permits the neurosurgeon to visually identify the tumor that infiltrates brain tissue. this technique ( developed primarily in europe ) involves the ingestion of a medication ( 5 - aminolevulinic acid or \" ala \" dissolved in water ) that is taken up in certain molecules of the tumor which when subjected to a special violet - blue light beamed through the neurosur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5584790899829606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.575518"} {"text": "involves the ingestion of a medication ( 5 - aminolevulinic acid or \" ala \" dissolved in water ) that is taken up in certain molecules of the tumor which when subjected to a special violet - blue light beamed through the neurosurgical operating microscope actually ( \" lights up \" ) glows. once \" seen \" under the neurosurgical operating microscope, the surgeon can remove the fluorescent portion by using any of several methods. the neurosurgeons of neurosurgical consultants firmly believe that aggressive resection of the tumor, is the first definitive step in the treatment of these tumors. the surgeon may choose to reserve a small part of the tumor for tissue culture in the laboratory followed by sensitivity testing against various chemotherapeutic agents. it can be helpful to know beforehand, if a certain drug has any or limited effectiveness against this particular tumor, in this particular patient. these additional technologies have helped to improve outcomes. we now routinely culture the tumor and subject it to sensitivity testing against various chemotherapy agents prior to initiating chemotherapy. radiation therapy continues to have an important place in the treatment of most of these patients and is the standard adjunct therapy against which other treatments are compared. refinements have been made that make this treatment less toxic than in previous years. for most patients, this will be the second major treatment option, in a comprehensive therapeutic program. chemotherapy is the third arm of this comprehensive effort to prolong and maintain a high quality of life. traditional management has been to use \" standard \" forms of chemotherapy. currently there are some unconventional chemotherapeutic alternatives that offer considerable hope for improved quality and length of survival. one of our has utilized these newer medications such as temodar ( temozolamide ), avastin ( bevacizumab, an anti - angiogenesis agent ) and cpt - 11, either alone ( or more commonly ) in combination or with other drugs, to produce encouraging results. additional information regarding these treatments is available at the in some tumor cases we choose to place a special chamber called an \" ommaya reservoir \" under the scalp, with an attached catheter residing in the \" bed \" of the tumor, after resection has been completed. this permits the neuro - oncologist to instill chemotherapeutic medications directly into the tumor bed. this is a far more effective methodology than placing \" chemotherapy wafers in the tumor bed. there are several treatment concepts that have considerable interest. perhaps the most attractive is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5186747994317263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.576557"} {"text": "there are several different types of hearing aids to choose from. the type of hearing aid that you need depends on the amount of hearing loss that you have. some hearing aids are more appropriate for adults than children. traditional hearing aids are removable. newer models can be surgically implanted in the ear. hearing aids differ greatly in size, style, and cost. your doctor will help you select the most appropriate one for you. removable hearing aids are categorized as : behind - the - ear ( bte ) hearing aids behind - the - ear ( bte ) hearing aids consist of a component that is worn behind the ear and a earmold that fits inside of the outer ear. the hearing aid is made of hard plastic. bte hearing aids are most appropriate for people with mild to profound hearing loss. newer open - fit bte hearing aids have a small component that is worn behind the ear and a tube that is inserted into the ear canal. an open - fit bte is helpful for people that experience earwax buildup. in - the - ear ( ite ) hearing aids in - the - ear ( ite ) hearing aids are placed inside the outer ear. they may include a telecoil that helps with hearing telephone conversations. ite hearing aids are most appropriate for adults with mild to severe hearing loss. canal hearing aids in - the - canal ( itc ) hearing aids are custom made to fit inside the ear canal. completely - in - canal ( cic ) hearing aids are inside the ear canal and virtually hidden. canal hearing aids are most appropriate for adults with mild to moderately severe hearing loss. surgically implanted hearing aids include : middle ear implant ( mei ) a middle ear implant ( mei ) is a device that is surgically attached to the bones in the middle ear. the mei causes the bones to move and send greater vibrations to the inner ear structures. bone - anchored hearing aid ( baha ) the bone - anchored hearing aid ( baha ) is surgically attached to the bone behind the ear. the baha transmits amplified vibrations to the inner ear structures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43957733607517324, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.579797"} {"text": "signaling & cueing survey responses show that the various signals successful teachers use to get and hold students ' attention to directions, information, and tasks are considered an important part of getting students motivated. the following list of recommendations can help you accomplish these goals. 1. getting students ' attention. review the following list of what teachers say to get students to listen to their directions and circle those that seem most applicable to your grade level and personal style. i need to see everyone ' s eyes looking at me. - 1, 2, 3. eyes on me. - when i see everyone ' s eyes, i ' ll know you ' re ready to begin. - stop, look and ( in unison ) listen. - eyes on me, ears listening, mouth closed, feet quiet, seat on rug. 2. get students back on task. memorize at least three of the following questions teachers ask to redirect student attention to the assigned task. - are you with me? - can i help? - having trouble? - are you doing your job? - can you repeat my directions? 3. review other ways teachers get or redirect student attention to the assigned task. circle those that appear most appropriate for your grade level and personal style. - counting forwards or backwards from five. - beginning a rhythmic clap that the students finish or imitate. - giving a particular student \" the eye \" ( an intense stare with head tilted and one eyebrow raised ). - raising one hand with outstretched fingers and saying, \" give me five \" ( each finger representing a listening or working expectation ). - \" excuse me! \" - \" i want to see everyone seated, lips closed, bodies quiet. \" - \" mouth! chair! hands! eyes! \" - \" this is your first and last warning \" ( of impending consequences ). 4. rate yourself. on a 10 - point scale, score your behavior on the following kinds of body language successful teachers commonly associate with on - task student behavior. ask a colleague to swap observational ratings on the same items. - displays confident body posture ( e. g., standing tall, feet planted solidly on the ground ). - uses a strong voice. - moves vigorously around the room. - uses many hand and facial gestures of approval and disapproval. - is highly vigilant, constantly scanning the room. - shows energetic and enthusiastic facial expressions. when students become familiar with your signals that you want their attention, you will be able to quickly draw their focus to you, and minimize behavioral problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4599721726200523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.582532"} {"text": "virtopsy : the virtual autopsy multi - slice computed tomography ( msct ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), when used with 3 - d imaging technology, create vivid images of the interior of the human body. dr. richard dirnhoter and dr. michael thali and thier team of specialists at the university of bern ' s institute of forensic medicine, switzerland are using these new imaging technologies to develop \" virtopsy \" \u2014 a bloodless and minimally invasive \" virtual autopsy \" procedure to examine bodies for causes of death. virtopsy detects internal bleeding, bullet paths, and hidden fractures hard to find in a traditional autopsy. the msct and mri aid in picturing fracture patterns, bone and missile fragmentation, brain contusion, 3 - d bullet localization, gas embolism, and blood aspiration to the lung. unlike traditional autopsy, virtopsy does not destroy human tissue. it can be used when religious beliefs prohibit, or families object to, the cutting open of the body. the developers of virtopsy do not envision the procedure as a replacement for traditional autopsy but as a tool to be used in cases where dissection of the body is not feasible or where forensic evidence is particularly hard to visualize.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5609473328807837, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.583969"} {"text": "the nobel prize in physics 1906 joseph john thomson was born in cheetham hill, a suburb of manchester on december 18, 1856. he enrolled at owens college, manchester, in 1870, and in 1876 entered trinity college, cambridge as a minor scholar. he became a fellow of trinity college in 1880, when he was second wrangler and second smith ' s prizeman, and he remained a member of the college for the rest of his life, becoming lecturer in 1883 and master in 1918. he was cavendish professor of experimental physics at cambridge, where he succeeded lord rayleigh, from 1884 to 1918 and honorary professor of physics, cambridge and royal institution, thomson ' s early interest in atomic structure was reflected in his treatise on the motion of vortex rings which won him the adams prize in 1884. his application of dynamics to physics and chemistry appeared in 1886, and in 1892 he had his notes on recent researches in electricity and magnetism published. this latter work covered results obtained subsequent to the appearance of james clerk maxwell ' s famous \" treatise \" and it is often referred to as \" the third volume of maxwell \". thomson co - operated with professor j. h. poynting in a four - volume textbook of physics, properties of matter and in 1895 he produced elements of the mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism, the 5th edition of which appeared in 1921. in 1896, thomson visited america to give a course of four lectures, which summarised his current researches, at princeton. these lectures were subsequently published as discharge of electricity through gases ( 1897 ). on his return from america, he achieved the most brilliant work of his life - an original study of cathode rays culminating in the discovery of the electron, which was announced during the course of his evening lecture to the royal institution on friday, april 30, 1897. his book, conduction of electricity through gases, published in 1903 was described by lord rayleigh as a review of \" thomson ' s great days at the cavendish laboratory \". a later edition, written in collaboration with his son, george, appeared in two volumes ( 1928 and 1933 ). thomson returned to america in 1904 to deliver six lectures on electricity and matter at yale university. they contained some important suggestions as to the structure of the atom. he discovered a method for separating different kinds of atoms and molecules by the use of positive rays, an idea developed by aston, dempster and others towards the discovery of many isotopes. in addition to those just mentioned, he wrote the books, the structure of light (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5437562748443183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.588065"} {"text": "separating different kinds of atoms and molecules by the use of positive rays, an idea developed by aston, dempster and others towards the discovery of many isotopes. in addition to those just mentioned, he wrote the books, the structure of light ( 1907 ), the corpuscular theory of matter ( 1907 ), rays of positive electricity ( 1913 ), the electron in chemistry ( 1923 ) and his autobiography, recollections and reflections ( 1936 ), among many other publications. thomson, a recipient of the order of merit, was knighted in 1908. he was elected fellow of the royal society in 1884 and was president during 1916 - 1920 ; he received the royal and hughes medals in 1894 and 1902, and the copley medal in 1914. he was awarded the hodgkins medal ( smithsonian institute, washington ) in 1902 ; the franklin medal and scott medal ( philadelphia ), 1923 ; the mascart medal ( paris ), 1927 ; the dalton medal ( manchester ), 1931 ; and the faraday medal ( institute of civil engineers ) in 1938. he was president of the british association in 1909 ( and of section a in 1896 and 1931 ) and he held honorary doctorate degrees from the universities of oxford, dublin, london, victoria, columbia, cambridge, durham, birmingham, gottingen, leeds, oslo, sorbonne, edinburgh, reading, princeton, glasgow, johns hopkins, aberdeen, athens, cracow and philadelphia. in 1890, he married rose elisabeth, daughter of sir george e. paget, k. c. b. they had one son, now sir george paget thomson, emeritus professor of physics at london university, who was awarded the nobel prize for physics in 1937, and one daughter. from nobel lectures, physics 1901 - 1921, elsevier publishing company, amsterdam, 1967 this autobiography / biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series les prix nobel. it was later edited and republished in nobel lectures. to cite this document, always state the source as shown above. for more updated biographical information, see : thomson, joseph john, recollections and reflections. g. bell and sons : london, 1936. j. j. thomson died on august 30, 1940. copyright \u00a9 the nobel foundation 1906 mla style : \" j. j. thomson - biography \". nobelprize. org. 22 may 2013 http : / / www. nobelprize. org / nobel _ prizes / physics / laureates / 1906 / thomson - bio. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5887030316942523, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.589061"} {"text": "basic 220 volt circuits 220 volt circuits ( aka 230 volt, or 240 volt ) are used to supply power to appliances which draw high currents such as clothes dryers, ranges, ovens, cook - tops, heaters, air conditioners, rotary phase converters, and water heaters. parts of a 220 circuit no matter what appliance you are wiring for, any 220 circuit has three elements : 1 ) the breaker panel connections. 2 ) the supply wire. 3 ) the terminal connection, which can be either a special receptacle or a direct connection to an appliance. for any appliances rated over 300 volt - amps ( which includes almost everything 220 ) there must be either a means of disconnect at the appliance or a breaker lock permanently installed in the panel so that a service man can insure his own safety. ( nec article 422. 31 ) \" means of disconnect \" can include a pigtail which can be unplugged from a receptacle, a disconnect device ( often used for hvac equipment ) or a unit mounted switch which has a clearly labeled off position. appliances which are in a direct line of site of and in the same room as the breaker panel are exempt from this requirement. any time that you are working with aluminum wire, you must coat all connections with conductive grease such as ideal brand noalox. failure to do so will result in a connection failure due to corrosion, and a hazardous condition which could result in fire or electrical shock. breaker panel connections important safety note : main panels cannot usually be de - energized by turning off breakers. only qualified personnel should work on main electrical panels. a simple mistake can result in death or injury. all 220 circuits connect to the breaker panel through a double pole breaker ( or equivalent fuse ). double pole breakers often look like a pair of single pole breakers that are stuck together - because that is exactly what they are. 220 equipment will actually function if it is connected by way of two single pole breakers, but it wouldn ' t be safe or up to code, because in the event of a fault one breaker might trip causing the appliance to stop working, but it would still be energized by the other breaker. so double pole breakers are designed to trip both sides simultaneously. the amp ratings of breakers should never exceed the amp rating of either the wire, appliance, receptacle, or disconnect used in the circuit. the 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49247435179166993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.593163"} {"text": "other breaker. so double pole breakers are designed to trip both sides simultaneously. the amp ratings of breakers should never exceed the amp rating of either the wire, appliance, receptacle, or disconnect used in the circuit. the 2 line voltage wires which are feeding the 220 circuit connect to the double pole breaker in the panel. both of these wires should be either black or red for their entire exposed length inside of the breaker panel. these wires can be colored with paint, tape, or perm marker to comply with this code. ground and neutral connections all modern 220 circuits will also have a ground wire which is identified by either green insulation or by being bare metal with no insulation. the ground wire connects to the ground bar. some 220 circuits will also have a white insulated neutral wire which connects to the neutral bar, or to the combined neutral / ground bar. wire for 220 circuits the wire requirements for 220 volt circuits are pretty much the same as for any other circuit - it must be of the proper type for the place that it is being used, it must have sufficient volt - amp capacity, and it must have the correct number of conductors. proper color coding would also be nice, but isn ' t a big deal because the exposed lengths of the conductors ( in the main panel and in the terminal device ) can be colored with paint, tape, or permanent marker. if you are wiring for a dryer, range, or any other 220 - 110 combo appliance you must use a four conductor wire with an insulated neutral and a separate ground such as x - 3 - wg. if you are wiring for straight 220 equipment such as a water heater then you can use a three conductor wire such as x - 2 - wg. the amp rating of the wire should never be less than that of the circuit breaker that is used. you can find a handy wire application / amp rating chart on this page. note : you can no longer install 3 wire range or dryer circuits - you must install 4 wire systems for ranges and dryers. if you already have a 3 wire range or dryer then don ' t worry, your old appliance can be made compatible with a 4 wire system by installing a 4 wire pigtail on it. then when you buy a new appliance it will plug right in to your new 4 wire system. connecting the terminal connections on a 220 system aren ' t all that different than installing any other appliance, fixture or receptacle except that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4333119996311181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.594145"} {"text": "lincoln and native americans how lincoln was friends with native americans and insights into some instances in his life that shows his ability to understand their culture. run time 03 : 08 vietnam war 1 after wwii, ussr bewared of arms warfare against usa because their political viewpoints were dissimilar. america was not successful in educating the vietnamese \u2019 about freedom. the lifestyles of two countries were too different - typical character of american culture is liberty, freedom, democracy ; typical character of vietnamese culture is ceremony, ritual, and conservative. it was a civil war in vietnam ; they were just a combatant of the learn french - dans le metro, part 1 ( on the subway ) in this video the instructor recites various words that are associated with the subway in french. for beginning and intermediate learners. the words appear at the bottom of the screen as they are recited. what education do i need to become a chef? find out the education requirements of chefs from an experienced chef. the chef explains that the education required to become a chef starts with sanitation and safety classes, and it graduates to basic cooking skills and specialty cooking skills. how to become a sous chef in this video an experienced chef explains the job of a sous chef. he explains that sous chefs are the direct contact for the rest of the cooks and workers in the kitchen, and they work directly under the executive chef. how to make sushi chef desiree and three kids helpers show how make sushi rolls. they use rice, nori, crab, cucumber, cilantro, and avocado to make them. the chef demonstrates the technique for filling and rolling the sushi. how to make graham cracker crust for egg nog cheese cake in this part a baker demonstrates on how to make graham cracker crust for egg nog cheese cake. she shows how to ground up graham crackers in a food processor until fine. where to sell pokemon cards the owner of a card trading store talks about where to sell pokemon cards from his store. he explains that the cards can be sold at local card shops that deals in non - sports cards, but the best bet is to sell them on the internet on a web site like craigslist. com. he also talks about how to donate pokemon cards to a children ' s hospital. how to price football trading cards in this clip learn to price football trading cards. a card trading store owner explains that the first place to start is with the beckett price guide, which is published every other month. also explained is how the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4704733290332168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.599215"} {"text": "s hospital. how to price football trading cards in this clip learn to price football trading cards. a card trading store owner explains that the first place to start is with the beckett price guide, which is published every other month. also explained is how the condition of a football card can affect its value. how to grow a lemon tree from seeds this clip gives useful information and tips on growing a lemon tree from a seed. first thing to do is to cut open a lemon and find the seeds. the lemon tree should grow with well - drained soil that is kept moist. what items can i put in a compost pile? a farmer explains that almost any plant or animal can be put into a compost pile, with some examples including flowers, corn husks and grass. corn cobs or bones or wood can be used in compost piles but they take a long time to decompose. setting up a compost pile - part 1 this is part 1 of setting up a backyard compost pile. the narrator explains how to use leaves to make compost. supplies needed are rabbit food, measuring tape, wire snips, gloves, pitch fork, leaves, and wire fencing. the clip shows a step by step demonstration on how to set up the compost pile in a backyard, which is called a form of, \" black gold, \" ( 8 : 37 ) exponent property review in this video, the instructor reviews 5 different exponent properties : sum / difference, product, quotient, power, and integral / rational. he begins by defining each property and providing simple examples of each. he then goes through different exponent problems that require the use of various properties in order to solve them. invertebrate fossils - lesson 16 - part 7 of 7 invertebratefossils - lesson 16 - part 7 of 7 is a lesson in which the presenter talksabout the history of the study of fossils. he introduces the audience to the story of \" the lyingstones \u201d and beringer \u2019 s study of fossils and the famous beringer fossilhoax. invertebratefossils - lesson 16 - part 7 of 7 is a lesson in which the presenter talksabout the history of the study of fossils. he introduces the audience to the story of \" the lyingstones \u201d and beringer \u2019 s study of fossils and the famous beringer fossilhoax. how they train : luge time ' s sean gregory gets pushed down an ice track as he follows olympic hopeful erin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4738936082967898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.600309"} {"text": "the story of \" the lyingstones \u201d and beringer \u2019 s study of fossils and the famous beringer fossilhoax. how they train : luge time ' s sean gregory gets pushed down an ice track as he follows olympic hopeful erin hamlin while she trains for the games in vancouver. crohns disease module 8 : going to school learn what to do if youre not feeling well or wondering whether or not to tell classmates why you may be missing class. this module will address the following questions : how do we make a school aware of the illness? who do we work with to make an accommodation plan? dealing with controversial issues this program examines how social studies teachers in any grade level can encourage open and informed discussions with their students while dealing with controversial issues. topics range from stereotypes and gender \u2013 based discrimination to the conflict in the middle east. through clearly identifying issues, listening to multiple perspectives, and formulating personal positions, teachers can explore a variety of strategies that can be used to teach challenging issues such as these in thei learning as synaptic change this module presents researchers investigating the structural changes involved in learning. research conducted at the pasteur institute in paris shows that the learning process involves the formation of new brain connections and the elimination of others. other researchers dispel the myth of brain loss in aging, present evidence of changes at the cellular level, and revi perception : inverted vision the peculiar image inversion process that takes place in the normal visual system is examined in this module. the program traces the experiences of an art student who volunteers to wear lenses that invert her visual world, connecting the adaptation process she undergoes with how the visual system functions. graphic animations reinforce understanding of the mechanism invo waves, beaches and coasts this program shows the dynamic interaction of two geologic agents : rocky landmasses and the energy of the ocean. aspects of waves \u2014 their types, parts, movement, and impact on the shore \u2014 are illustrated. the program also covers shoreline characteristics, currents, sea barriers, tides, and how the greenhouse effect could impact sea level and coastal lands.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5649263946257215, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.601254"} {"text": "how to draw arms on a cartoon girl in this clip the arms are added to the character. step - by - step narration by artist danny page. english captions. ( 2 : 15 ) teaching kids about money values this how - to video gives parents ideas about how to teach kids about money values and what amount each coin and dollar represents. this is demonstrated by showing how to add the sum of the coins and dollars on a worksheet. ( 1 : 35 ) treating dyslexia. part of the series : dyslexia. treating dyslexia begins with early diagnosis and teaching at the mastery level, where a student masters a grade level of materials before pursuing the next level. ( 3 : 11 ) how to secure a wireless internet connection wireless connection should be secured so that only authorized people can access the network. find out how most wireless configuration utilties are browser - based - go to a specific web address and you will be able to access the settings. how to set up your home network the first step in setting up a home network is obtaining a router, running tests for connectivity, connecting the router to the dsl or cable modem and connecting the computer. learn about following the manufacturer ' s instructions to configure a router. computer networking tutorial - 5 - osi model data link layer this is an informative video on the data link layer of the osi model. run time 05 : 37. ten things i hate about you / taming of the shrew this is a clip from the film remake of the the shakespeare play starring heath ledger. he is serenading julia stiles ' character and can be used in a unit on persuasion or changes in plot. electrical systems current ( sv ) how does current work? find out as this teacher from dallas, texas, helps you learn. this video is in lecture format - with the teacher speaking into the camera and a dry erase board behind her. she focuses much of her time on the formulas for currents and amps. some key words include : matter, positive charge, negative charge, repel, attract, electron, coulombs, current, flow, and amp. run time 04 : 00. after oersted ' s 1820 discovery that electric currents create magnetism, it was obvious that in some way magnetism should be able to create electric currents. the discovery of electromagnetic induction, in 1831, by michael faraday and joseph henry was one of the most important of the 19th century, not only scientifically,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.524018405769885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.605633"} {"text": ", it was obvious that in some way magnetism should be able to create electric currents. the discovery of electromagnetic induction, in 1831, by michael faraday and joseph henry was one of the most important of the 19th century, not only scientifically, but also technologically, because it is the means electromagnetic induction makes it easy and natural to generate alternating current. use of transformers makes it practical to distribute ac over long distances. although nikola tesla understood all this, thomas edison chose not to, and thereby hangs a tale. alternating current circuits obey a differential equation identical to the harmonic oscillator resonance equation how does a solenoid work? a solenoid works by having electricity flow through its copper wire that is provided by a power supply and a switch. learn how a solenoid becomes a magnet when electricity is supplied to it with information from a science teacher in this video. what is an electrical inverter? an electrical inverter is a device that can create an alternating current from a direct current, allowing the current to go backwards and forwards instead of in only one direction. find out how an electrical inverter works from a science teacher in this voltage and current, part 1 this video describes voltage, the potential difference or \" pressure \" that pushes electric charges through conductors. the kidney and nephron this is an overview of how the nephrons in the kidney filter blood and re - absorb water and other molecules. mr. khan uses computer software ( with different colors for clarification and emphasis ) to illustrate his points. sal khan is the recipient of the 2009 microsoft tech award in education. the history of roman catholicism this is a brief history of roman catholicism. it is narrated by a woman as historical pictures are flashing across the screen. drawing cartoon insects : drawing cartoon dragonflies add character to a cartoon dragonfly with a dragon - like nose. watch and learn from the artist ' s drawing. step - by - step narration by artist daniel page. english captions. ( 2 : 25 ) the pacific war - iwo jima clip ( in color ) this documentary includes rare color footage of the u. s. marines in action in the pacific during world war ii. for years the world has watched films of world war ii in black and white. now for the first time, follow alongside those who experienced the war first hand in this remarkable and moving portrait revealing never - before - seen footage shot in full color. on december 7, 1941, japan launched its attack on pearl harbor resulting in the united states being thrust", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5253142373492382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.606679"} {"text": "the cost to build a toyota prius hasn ' t changed much in the past five years \u2014 if you measure the cost in japanese yen. but if you measure the cost in dollars, it ' s a different story. in 2007, it cost toyota about $ 16, 000 to build a prius. now, it ' s more like $ 24, 000. that ' s because the value of the yen has risen relative to the dollar. in 2007, $ 1 bought 124 yen ; today, $ 1 buys just 79 yen. toyota and other japanese car makers haven ' t passed that higher cost on to u. s. consumers, partly because it would be awful for sales. instead, the companies have cut back on incentives for buyers, limited exports of cars from japan, and cut material costs in cars. auto analysts and critics have pointed to the push to control costs as a reason consumer reports downgraded the honda civic ( this was a big deal among car people ). at the same time, the strong yen ( among other factors ) has japanese automakers looking to build more cars in the u. s. toyota plans to add more than 3, 000 jobs in the u. s., and increase production at it assembly and engine facilities in the u. s. nissan has said that within a few years, 90 percent of the cars it sells in the u. s. will be made here. the strong yen also means goods made in the u. s. can be sold more cheaply in japan. american carmakers have never had much of a presence in japan, where domestic car makers control more than 90 percent of the market. but with american cars growing smaller and the strong yen helping prices, this may be a moment for american manufacturers to start building a market in japan. as we ' ve noted before, \" weak currency \" sounds bad, and \" strong currency \" sounds good. but for economic growth, the opposite is often true.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4099814720903625, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.609777"} {"text": "southeast asia and indomalaya ( japan, southern china, viet nam, laos, cambodia, thailand, malaya, myanmar ( burma ), bhutan, nepal, and eastern burma reed, also known as silk reed, cane grass, and false reed, is a tall, perennial, large - plumed grass that grows in clumps in sunny upland areas. stems, including the flower stalks are from 3 to 15 feet in height, depending on soil and moisture conditions. the leaves are 8 to 10 inches long and hairless, except for a single line of horizontal hairs at the juncture of the upper and lower portions of the leaf. stems are approximately \u00bd inch in width, are round, solid, and have nodes ( stem - leaf junctures ) every 3 to 5 inches along the stem. the flower plumes, which can be up to 3 feet long, are composed of many hundreds of tiny flowers and have a shimmery, silky appearance. flowering occurs in april and october, each clump producing an average of forty stalks and twelve to twenty flowering plumes. burma reed resembles several other tall grasses, including common reed ( phragmites communis ), giant reed ( arundo donax ), pampas grass ( cortaderia selloana ) and sugar cane ( saccharum officinarum ). burma reed damages native ecosystems by crowding and shading out understory plant species and by creating conditions for extremely hot and destructive wildfires. in southern florida ( miami - dade county ), it is a serious threat to the globally imperiled pine rocklands community whose pine canopy was largely destroyed in 1992 by hurricane andrew. burma reed is a highly combustible fuel source because of its overall plant mass, its large feathery flower plumes, and the dense, hay - like leaf litter it produces. this hay - like litter enhances the fire ' s movement along the ground, while the flower plumes carry the flames high into the air. with the aid of winds, these plumes often detach and fly through the air like torches, providing the potential for additional spread. photographs of its ignition during a wildfire show flames leaping over 30 feet high, threatening nearby tree canopies. in the united states burma reed is found throughout southern florida in the counties of miami - dade, broward, palm beach, lee, and collier, and the florida keys. habitat in the united states native range, which is characterized by a warm, subtropical climate, burma reed occurs in bog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4663866123949219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.619055"} {"text": "throughout southern florida in the counties of miami - dade, broward, palm beach, lee, and collier, and the florida keys. habitat in the united states native range, which is characterized by a warm, subtropical climate, burma reed occurs in bogs, in open savannahs, on upland cliffs, and along forest and road edges, and thrives from sea level to altitudes of 6, 500 feet. in the u. s., burma reed initially colonizes the margins of roadways, fields, and forests, from which it can spread to undisturbed areas. the ability of burma reed to survive at high altitudes in its native range indicates a tolerance to cold and the potential for it to spread further north in the u. s. burma reed was first introduced into the united states in 1916 by the u. s. department of agriculture, possibly to investigate its potential as an ornamental plant. it was grown in a test garden in coconut grove, florida, from which it escaped and spread. by 1990, it had become established in the wild as far as 30 miles from coconut grove and along disturbed edges throughout miami - dade county. burma reed has no known economic value and, in bhutan, is reported to be poisonous to buffalo. biology & spread burma reed reproduces by seed and through underground stems called rhizomes. burma reed plants flower twice each year, producing hundreds of thousands of tiny seeds that are dispersed by the wind. new clumps of burma reed emerge from rhizomes that may be embedded in sand, soil, or rubble. seeds and rhizomes are also transported inadvertently in limestone rock from infested quarries that is carried by train from miami - dade county, florida to concrete manufacturers throughout the southeastern united states. this unintentional movement of burma reed material allows it to invade new sites in florida and and adjacent states near limestone distribution centers. restoration of sites infested with burma reed requires a long term commitment to ensure effective control and to allow native vegetation to become established. burma reed ' s deep roots make mechanical removal an extremely labor intensive and costly undertaking and causes extensive disturbance to the soil. a more effective management approach involves a combination of cutting or prescribed burning, followed by application of herbicides. after cutting, mowing or burning burma reed plants down to the ground, a systemic herbicide like glyphosate, mixed with an acidic surfactant ( trade name : roundup pro\u00ae\u00ae ) can be made to prevent new growth. repeat treatment is likely to be necessary for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4161264369887456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.620095"} {"text": "plants down to the ground, a systemic herbicide like glyphosate, mixed with an acidic surfactant ( trade name : roundup pro\u00ae\u00ae ) can be made to prevent new growth. repeat treatment is likely to be necessary for a couple of years, until seed and rhizome stores are exhausted. note : burning of burma reed vegetation requires a special permit and should not be undertaken without training, preparation and assistance. because burma reed is an extremely flammable plant, fires may quickly get out of hand. a successful burn of burma reed reduces the plantis massive stalks to ash, eliminating the cost of vegetation removal. conveniently, because burma reed is the first plant to resprout following a fire, it can be sprayed freely with little concern about non - target kills. it should be noted that burning, by itself, whether through prescribed or natural wildfires, may enhance the growth and spread of burma reed if not followed up with chemical or mechanical control. in areas where burma reed is dispersed among desirable native vegetaion, individual plants can be cut at the base using a steel blade ( e. g., weed whacker ) and the remaining portions sprayed with roundup pro\u00ae\u00ae to prevent new growth. resprouts should be treated with a second herbicide application to the new growth. this method requires highly qualified applicators who can target the herbicide to avoid damage to native plants, and may not be cost effective for extensive infestations. use pesticides wisely : always read the entire pesticide label carefully, follow all mixing and application instructions and wear all recommended personal protective gear and clothing. contact your state department of agriculture for any additional pesticide use requirements, restrictions or recommendations. notice : mention of pesticide products on this web site does not constitute endorsement of any material. for more information on the management of burma reed, please contact : suggested alternative plants - renee rasha, palm beach county department of environmental resources management ; rrasha at co. palm - beach. fl. us - the nature conservancy, florida museum of natural history, gainesville, fla. ( 352 - 846 - 5949 ) grasses and other plants are available that can be substituted for burma reed, including fakahatchee grass ( tripsacum dactyloides ), switch grass ( panicum virgatum ), and muhly grass ( muhlenbergia capillaris ). in the pine rocklands, the following grasses are recommended : bluestem (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42252176318256274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.621383"} {"text": "grass ( tripsacum dactyloides ), switch grass ( panicum virgatum ), and muhly grass ( muhlenbergia capillaris ). in the pine rocklands, the following grasses are recommended : bluestem ( schizachrium rhizomatum ) ; wire bluestem ( schizachyrium gracile ) ; wiregrass ( aristica stricta ) ; florida mock gamagrass ( tripsacum floridanum ). in coastal uplands or disturbed sites, areas could be enhanced with pinewoods finger grass ( eustachys petraea ). renee rasha, environmental analyst, palm beach county department of environmental resources management, west palm beach, jil m. swearingen, national park service, joe maguire, miami dade county natural areas photograph of fire by s. demetropoulos courtesy of palm beach county department of environmental resources management bor, n. l. 1960. the grasses of burma, ceylon, india and pakistan. pergamon press, new york, 767 pp. gordon, d. r. and k. p. thomas. 1997. floridais invasion by non - indigenous plants : history, screening, and regulation. in simberloff, d., d. c. schmitz, and t. c. brown ( eds. ), strangers in paradise : impact and management of nonindigenous species in florida. island press, washington, dc. 467 pp. guala, jr., g. f. 1990. element stewardship abstract for neyraudia reynaudiana. the nature conservancy, arlington, va. 5 pp. hammer, r. l. 1998. wildland weeds. summer 1998. vol. 1, no. 3, p. 9. langeland, k. a. and k. craddock burks, eds. 1998. invasive non - native plants of floridais natural areas. university of florida institute of food and agricultural sciences and florida exotic pest lazarides, m. 1980. the tropical grasses of southeast asia. j. cramer, vaduz. 225 pp. maguire j. 1993. status of burma reed in dade county pine rocklands. florida exotic pest plant council newsletter noltie, h. j. 1998. flora of bhutan. volume 3. publisher royal botanic garden publications,. edinburgh ( scheduled for publication schmitz, d. c., d. simberloff, r. h. hofstet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4133834614116117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.622306"} {"text": "##ie, h. j. 1998. flora of bhutan. volume 3. publisher royal botanic garden publications,. edinburgh ( scheduled for publication schmitz, d. c., d. simberloff, r. h. hofstetter, w. haller, and d. sutton. 1997. the ecological impacts of nonindigenous plants. in simberloff, d., d. c. schmitz, and t. c. brown ( eds. ), strangers in paradise : impact and management of nonindigenous species in florida. island press, washington, dc. 467 pp. swearingen, j. 2009. weedus database of plants invading natural areas in the united states : burma reed ( neyraudia reynaudiana ). http : / / www. invasive. org / weedus / subject. html? sub = 6081. the nature conservancy. neyraudia reynaudiana : element stewardship abstract. in : wildland weeds management & research program, weeds on the web. usda, nrcs. 2009. the plants database ( http : / / plants. usda. gov ). national plant data center, baton rouge, la 70874 - 4490 usa. plant conservation alliance, alien plant working group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4735919548654661, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.622782"} {"text": "press release 09 - 241 waterworld discovered transiting a nearby star charbonneau team realizes major advance in discovering habitable planets december 16, 2009 view a webcast with astronomer david charbonneau. astronomers announced today that they have discovered a \" super - earth \" orbiting a red dwarf star only 40 light - years from earth. they found this nearby planet with a small fleet of ground - based telescopes no larger than those many amateur astronomers have in their backyards. although the super - earth is too hot to sustain life, the discovery shows that current, ground - based technologies are capable of finding almost - earth - sized planets in warm, life - friendly orbits. the discovery is being published in the december 17 issue of the journal nature. a super - earth is defined as a planet between one and ten times the mass of the earth. the new - found world, gj1214b, is about 6. 5 times as massive as the earth. its host star, gj1214, is a small, red type m star about one - fifth the size of the sun. it has a surface temperature of only about 4, 900 degrees f and a luminosity only three - thousandths as bright as the sun. gj1214b orbits its star once every 38 hours at a distance of only 1. 3 million miles. astronomers estimate the planet ' s temperature to be about 400 degrees fahrenheit. although warm as an oven, it is still cooler than any other known transiting planet because it orbits a very dim star that emits only about three - thousandths as much energy per second as does the sun. since gj1214b crosses in front of its star, astronomers were able to measure its radius, which is about 2. 7 times that of earth. this makes gj1214b one of the two smallest transiting worlds astronomers have discovered, the other being corot - 7 - b. the resulting density suggests that gj1214b is composed of about three - fourths water and other ices, and one - fourth rock. there are also tantalizing hints that the planet has a gaseous atmosphere. \" despite its hot temperature, this appears to be a waterworld, \" said zachory berta, a graduate student at the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics ( cfa ) who first spotted the hint of the planet among the data. \" it is much smaller, cooler, and more earthlike than any other known exoplanet. \" berta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47615824319170674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.632802"} {"text": "graduate student at the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics ( cfa ) who first spotted the hint of the planet among the data. \" it is much smaller, cooler, and more earthlike than any other known exoplanet. \" berta added that some of the planet ' s water should be in the form of exotic materials like ice vii ( seven ) - - a crystalline form of water that exists at pressures greater than 20, 000 times earth ' s sea - level atmosphere. astronomers found the new planet using the mearth ( pronounced \" mirth \" ) project - - an array of eight identical 16 - inch - diameter rc optical systems telescopes that monitor a pre - selected list of 2, 000 red dwarf stars. each telescope perches on a highly accurate software bisque paramount and funnels light to an apogee u42 charge - coupled device ( ccd ) chip, which many amateurs also use. \" since we found the super - earth using a small ground - based telescope, this means that anyone else with a similar telescope and a good ccd camera can detect it too. students around the world can now study this super - earth! \" said david charbonneau of cfa, lead author and head of the mearth project. mearth looks for stars that periodically decrease in brightness because planets cross in front of, or transits, their stars. during such a mini - eclipse, the planet blocks a small portion of the star ' s light, making it dimmer. using innovative data processing techniques, astronomers can tease out the telltale signal of a transiting planet and distinguish it from \" false positives \" such as eclipsing double stars. nasa ' s kepler mission also uses transits to look for earth - sized planets orbiting sun - like stars. however, such systems dim by only one part in ten thousand. the higher precision required to detect these transits means that such worlds can only be found from space. in contrast, a super - earth transiting a small, red dwarf star yields a more pronounced decrease in brightness that can be detected from the ground. astronomers then use instruments like the harps ( high accuracy radial velocity planet searcher ) spectrograph at the european southern observatory to measure the companion ' s mass and confirm it is a planet, as they did with this discovery. when astronomers compared the measured radius of gj1214b to theoretical models, they found that the observed radius exceeds the model ' s prediction, even assuming a pure water planet. something more than the planet ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5267002729643739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.634330"} {"text": "as they did with this discovery. when astronomers compared the measured radius of gj1214b to theoretical models, they found that the observed radius exceeds the model ' s prediction, even assuming a pure water planet. something more than the planet ' s solid surface may be blocking the star ' s light - - specifically, a surrounding atmosphere. the team also notes that, if it has an atmosphere, those gases are almost certainly not primordial. the star ' s heat is gradually boiling off the atmosphere. over the planet ' s lifetime, several billion years, much of the original atmosphere may have been lost. the next step for astronomers is to try to directly detect and characterize the atmosphere, which will require a space - based instrument like nasa ' s hubble space telescope. gj1214b is only 40 light - years from earth, within the reach of current observatories. \" since this planet is so close to earth, hubble should be able to detect the atmosphere and determine what it ' s made of, \" said charbonneau. \" that will make it the first super - earth with a confirmed atmosphere - - even though that atmosphere probably won ' t be hospitable to life as we know it. \" \" the future for further discovery is bright, \" said donald terndrup, program manager in nsf ' s division of astronomical sciences, \" because this discovery was made early in the mearth project, there may be many super - earths around cool stars. dr. charbonneau ' s team may also discover strange or unexpected worlds, and this will show us how common or rare earth - like planets truly are, further expanding the frontiers of astronomical science. \" lisa - joy zgorski, nsf ( 703 ) 292 - 8311 firstname. lastname @ example. org christine pulliam, harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics ( 617 ) 495 - 7463 email @ example. com donald terndrup, nsf ( 703 ) 292 - 4901 firstname. lastname @ example. org david charbonneau, harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics ( 617 ) 496 - 6515 email @ example. com images and movies : / news / longurl. cfm? id = 187 research channel interview with charbonneau about his life ' s work : / news / longurl. cfm? id = 188 david charbonneau : discover magazine ' s scientist of the year : http :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4923108717336853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.635222"} {"text": "##m? id = 187 research channel interview with charbonneau about his life ' s work : / news / longurl. cfm? id = 188 david charbonneau : discover magazine ' s scientist of the year : http : / / discovermagazine. com / 2007 / dec / scientist /? searchterm = charbonneau david charbonneau, nsf ' s 2009 alan t. waterman awardee release : http : / / www. nsf. gov / news / news _ summ. jsp? cntn _ id = 114304 & org = nsf & from = news nsf and nsb pay tribute to top american scientists, including brief charbonneau statement : http : / / www. nsf. gov / nsb / news / news _ summ. jsp? cntn _ id = 114819 & org = nsf the national science foundation ( nsf ) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. in fiscal year ( fy ) 2012, its budget was $ 7. 0 billion. nsf funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2, 000 colleges, universities and other institutions. each year, nsf receives about 50, 000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11, 500 new funding awards. nsf also awards about $ 593 million in professional and service contracts yearly. get news updates by email useful nsf web sites : nsf home page : http : / / www. nsf. gov nsf news : http : / / www. nsf. gov / news / for the news media : http : / / www. nsf. gov / news / newsroom. jsp science and engineering statistics : http : / / www. nsf. gov / statistics / awards searches : http : / / www. nsf. gov / awardsearch /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5340731965939033, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.635860"} {"text": "history of flight use your browsers ' back ' function to return to synopsisreturn to query page on march 19, 2010, about 1910 pacific daylight time, a cirrus sr22, n224gs, collided with trees and terrain during a forced landing following a loss of engine power near morton, washington. the private pilot was operating the airplane under the provisions of 14 code of federal regulations part 91. the airplane was substantially damaged. the pilot was killed and the passenger sustained serious injuries. visual meteorological conditions prevailed and no flight plan was filed. the flight departed from buchanan field airport, concord, california, about 1540, and was destined for renton municipal airport, renton, washington. the safety board investigator - in - charge interviewed the passenger on wednesday, march 24, 2010. the passenger indicated that she and the pilot were returning from a business trip. after fueling the airplane, they departed and began the flight home. the passenger stated that while the airplane was in cruise flight, the pilot suddenly placed his hands on the controls, told her that the engine had lost power, and they were going to land at a nearby airport. he entered a steep right turn toward the airport. the passenger could not recall hearing anything unusual at the time of the event. the pilot remained calm throughout the approach to the airport and reassured the passenger during the descent that they would land safely. the pilot also declared a mayday message and spoke on the radio. the passenger sent a text message to a friend at 1909 indicating that they were not going to make it to the airport. she did not recall anything after this point. the passenger indicated that the pilot had discussed the cirrus airframe parachute system ( caps ) with her prior to the trip and showed her how to activate it in the event of an emergency. the passenger reported that the pilot did not attempt to activate the caps during the flight. audio obtained from prescott afss indicated at 1906 : 51, n224gs transmitted \" mayday, mayday, cirrus n4gs \" on frequency 121. 5. part of the audio was unintelligible. another aircraft, n999vk responded immediately to the mayday call with \u201c cirrus on guard this is n999vk \u201d, then a seattle radio controller responded with \u201c aircraft calling mayday on 121. 5, seattle radio. \" n999vk said \u201c standby center, 9vk is copying a mayday \u201d, and then asked n224gs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45487934637923977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.654903"} {"text": "then a seattle radio controller responded with \u201c aircraft calling mayday on 121. 5, seattle radio. \" n999vk said \u201c standby center, 9vk is copying a mayday \u201d, and then asked n224gs to go ahead. n224gs said \u201c i \u2019 m west of strom airport, trying to make the field. \" n999vk asked n224gs how far he was from the field. no additional transmissions were received from n224gs. prescott afss contacted the local sheriff ' s office. the wreckage was located immediately following the accident approximately 2. 5 miles west - northwest of strom field airport, morton, washington. the pilot, age 39, held a private pilot certificate with an airplane single - engine land rating, and a third - class airman medical certificate issued may 29, 2007, with the limitation that he must wear corrective lenses. copies of the pilot ' s logbook were obtained from his family. the last entry was dated february 21, 2010, and showed a total time logged of 219. 8 hours. in a second earlier logbook provided by the pilot ' s family, the total time logged was 258. 6 hours. based on information obtained from the avionics onboard the airplane, the pilot had flown approximately 11 additional hours in the airplane, for a total flight time of 489. 4 hours. he had flown 13 hours over the past 30 days and 14. 9 hours over the past 90 days. his last flight review was on july 29, 2009. maintenance personnel information director of maintenance the director of maintenance ( dom ) for auburn flight service, the facility that performed the most recent annual inspection on the airplane, was interviewed. he held an aviation maintenance technician certificate with airframe and powerplant ( a & p ) ratings and also held an inspection authorization ( ia ). he had worked as an a & p since 1989, and obtained his ia in october of 1999. he had served as the dom at auburn flight service since october of 2002. the dom ' s normal work schedule consisted of a 40 - hour work week, although he indicated that he was \" juggling a lot \" between work and personal life. he usually worked between 50 to 60 hours per week with 10 to 11 - hour days. the number of employees he oversaw varied. during high employment periods, he oversaw five to six mechanics. in february of 2010, he employed three mechanics. airframe and powerplant technician with inspection authorization the a & p / ia began", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39730674530371396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.656172"} {"text": "11 - hour days. the number of employees he oversaw varied. during high employment periods, he oversaw five to six mechanics. in february of 2010, he employed three mechanics. airframe and powerplant technician with inspection authorization the a & p / ia began his maintenance career in the military in 1991. following the military, he worked in airline heavy line maintenance for seven years. he held employment as a flight engineer and first officer at a cargo company, and then returned to the seattle area for family reasons. he began work with auburn flight service where he worked for two years until leaving in february of 2010 for career advancement at a different company. the a & p / ia typically worked a 40 - hour week with occasional overtime. he never felt like he was asked to do more than he was capable of doing. airframe and powerplant technician the a & p held an aviation maintenance technician certificate with airframe and powerplant ratings. he began his maintenance career in the military in 1974 and obtained his a & p in 1986. he began working for auburn flight service in april of 2007. the mechanic generally worked a 40 - hour work week although his workload had recently increased due to more work and fewer employees. the mechanic felt that he had adequate time to perform his job duties. the four - seat, low - wing, fixed - gear airplane, serial number ( sn ) 1326 was manufactured in 2005. it was powered by a teledyne continental io - 550 - n engine and equipped with a hartzell phc - j3yf - 1rf propeller. the maintenance records were reviewed and the last annual inspection noted in the logbooks was october 17, 2008. the safety board investigator - in - charge contacted the maintenance facility that performed the annual inspection, auburn flight service, and inquired whether or not a more recent annual inspection had been completed. according to the dom for auburn flight service, the last annual inspection was completed in february of 2010. he was uncertain why the annual inspection logbook entries were not in the logbooks. a work order dated january 8, 2010, contained a stamp dated february 5, 2010, and was signed by the dom indicating that the airplane and engine had undergone an annual inspection. the dom indicated that he did not perform the work on the airplane but had signed it off as airworthy. the work order for the airplane showed that cylinders 3, 5, and 6 needed to be replaced due to cracks. the cylinders were replaced on february 2, 2010. on february 3, the work order noted \" perform gnd run and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4444487380903515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.657162"} {"text": "airworthy. the work order for the airplane showed that cylinders 3, 5, and 6 needed to be replaced due to cracks. the cylinders were replaced on february 2, 2010. on february 3, the work order noted \" perform gnd run and leak check \u2026 check engine specs per tcm mm table 19 - 1 / tcm sb m89 - 71r. \" both items were initialed by the a & p. the last item noted on the work order was dated february 3, and stated that \" during ground runs l / r mag drops rough. \" spark plugs were cleaned, tested, and reinstalled. the a & p also initialed this item. the cirrus maintenance checklist for the accident airplane was reviewed. the checklist noted the type of inspection as \" annual. \" on page 17, the \" return to service \" checklist, five of the following six items were not initialed as being completed : 1. close access 2. verify all airworthiness directives complied with ( initialed ) 3. fuel injection system ( the checklist noted \" functional inspection of fuel injection system in accordance with the manufacturer ' s approved instructions for continued airworthiness after engine installation, every 100 hours, at annual, or fuel system component replacement. \" ) 4. perform an airplane run - up ( the checklist noted \" in accordance with operational / functional check in 5 - 30. after completing the operational check, perform a walk around to detect fluid leaks or other abnormalities. \" ) 5. install engine cowling 6. verify airplane papers in proper order director of maintenance interview in an interview with the dom, he indicated that the normal process when an airplane is brought in for maintenance is that the airplane is dropped off by the owner, a work order is created by the dom, squawks are noted, checklists are compiled, and the package is assigned to a mechanic. if the maintenance includes an annual inspection, then the inspection is assigned to an ia. due to differences in work requirements, mechanics may shift to other projects throughout an annual inspection. when the work order for an annual inspection is completed, it is returned to the responsible ia, the operations checks and engine cylinder compression checks are completed, the endorsements are made, the checklists and work orders are initialed, and the work order is stamped completed by the responsible ia. according to the dom, during an annual inspection of a cirrus, the fuel system must be checked. calibrated gauges are used to test", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4504988809443401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.658237"} {"text": "and work orders are initialed, and the work order is stamped completed by the responsible ia. according to the dom, during an annual inspection of a cirrus, the fuel system must be checked. calibrated gauges are used to test metered and unmetered fuel pressure. a steel fuel cap is removed and the gauge is installed. at the completion of the test, the cap is reinstalled, and a leak check is performed. the dom stated that the accident airplane had been maintained at auburn flight service since it was new. the annual inspection was due in october of 2009 and in november the owner contacted him about the inspection. the owner brought the airplane to auburn flight service in january of 2010. in addition to the annual inspection and two - year items being due, the inspection had identified three cracked cylinders. another a & p / ia who worked at auburn flight service was assigned to complete the inspection. two additional a & ps worked on the airplane during the maintenance as well. the dom stated that following the accident, he asked the a & p / ia if he had signed off the annual inspection. the dom stated that the ia was certain he had signed it off. a review of records showed that another cirrus was in the shop at the same time and it also had to have three of its cylinders replaced. the dom believes that the ia may have remembered completing the endorsement for the other airplane. a checklist was created during the annual inspection for the airplane and as noted previously, items on the checklist were not initialed. the dom stated that the ia assigned to complete the job forgot to initial the checklist items, and to complete the endorsements. when asked how he knew the work was completed, the dom said that he was aware of what was going on in the facility regarding airplanes currently being worked on through daily contact with his technicians, contact with aircraft owners, and through review of the work orders. the dom indicated that the a & p / ia should have signed off the inspection and maintenance endorsement for the airplane logbooks but overlooked doing so. aviation maintenance technician with inspection authorization interview the a & p / ia said that the accident airplane had been in the facility for an annual inspection. he was assigned to perform the annual inspection. during the inspection, three cracked cylinders were identified and they had to be replaced. the annual inspection was completed as far as the maintenance personnel could work until the new parts arrived. once the parts arrived, an a & p in the shop replaced the cylinders and the a & p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47900417949579754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.659362"} {"text": "cracked cylinders were identified and they had to be replaced. the annual inspection was completed as far as the maintenance personnel could work until the new parts arrived. once the parts arrived, an a & p in the shop replaced the cylinders and the a & p / ia replaced a seal on the lower cowling. he could not recall doing any additional maintenance items on the airplane. the a & p / ia was asked about the throttle and metering assembly and when the fuel inlet cap on the line would be removed. he indicated that although he ran the engine before the annual inspection was conducted, he did not conduct any final checks. he said that in order to check the metered and unmetered fuel pressure, you would refer to a service bulletin and usually connect the gauge at the steel cap fitting. at the completion of the test, the cap is reinstalled and torqued. he indicated that normally torque seal would be used to mark that the cap had been torqued. he indicated that the engine run noted on the work order on february 3, was for the cylinder work and not the return to service run. the a & p / ia stated that when he finished an annual inspection, he would sign the stamped page on the work order. in this case, the dom, signed the front page. additionally, the a & p / ia would have created logbook endorsements. the a & p / ia felt that the dom may have been pressured to return the airplane to the owner. there was another cirrus in the facility at the time and the workload was high. the a & p / ia provided a copy of a logbook page showing the airplanes that he had signed off as airworthy or unairworthy from january 2010 through february 2010. the accident airplane was not listed. aviation maintenance technician interview the a & p recalled the accident airplane being in the shop for an annual inspection. the a & p said that there was nothing out of the ordinary during the maintenance that he performed and that the annual inspection items must be checked and functionally checked by an ia. the a & p explained the fuel system pressure checks indicating that the line and cap are removed on the metering assembly, the fuel pressures are checked, and then the lines and cap are secured. this is followed by a leak check. the a & p stated that after the check is completed, everything is torque sealed. during the interview, he could not recall what color torque seal he might have used when securing the cap on the throttle and metering assembly. when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44319615732410794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.660496"} {"text": "a leak check. the a & p stated that after the check is completed, everything is torque sealed. during the interview, he could not recall what color torque seal he might have used when securing the cap on the throttle and metering assembly. when the a & p reviewed the annual inspection checklist during the interview, he indicated that several items were not completed by the a & p / ia. during the interview, the a & p indicated that there should have been additional discrepancy items for the a & p / ia ' s check of the fuel system. the a & p stated that the fuel system check that he ( the a & p ) performed was required due to the cylinder change as well as annual inspection requirements, and was not the final check. additionally, he stated that the checklist was not filled out entirely by the a & p / ia. the a & p indicated that once all of the work order discrepancies are accomplished, the a & p / ia takes the work order package, completes the logbook entry, and the airplane is released. the a & p did not recall seeing the a & p / ia doing the final items not initialed on the checklist. in later correspondence, the a & p stated that he misspoke during the interview and noted that he did not recall removing the test equipment. he reported the following : \" on work order 7631 item # 39, i did not sign off removal of equipment or a leak check. in addition on the cirrus checklist 05 - 20 page 17 item 3 was left blank, indicating that check was not completed by the inspector in accordance with far 43. 15 ( c. ), ( 2. ), ( i. ), ( ii. ), ( iii. ) and ( iv. ). furthermore, on cirrus checklist 05 - 20 page 17, items 1., 4., 5., and 6., were left blank indicating a final inspection / return to service was not documented by the inspector. \" teledyne continental motors guidance according to teledyne continental motors service information directive ( sid ) 97 - 3e, procedures and specifics for adjustment of teledyne continental motors ( tcm ) continuous flow fuel injection systems, after the fuel pressures are checked, the test gages are removed, and all fuel hoses and cap fittings are reinstalled to their original location. under section d ( 3 ), it states \" assure cap assembly 639494 is correctly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.431339459544267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.661494"} {"text": "the fuel pressures are checked, the test gages are removed, and all fuel hoses and cap fittings are reinstalled to their original location. under section d ( 3 ), it states \" assure cap assembly 639494 is correctly installed on inlet tee fitting of combination throttle body / metering units. torque to 135 - 190 inch pounds per table 1 specs. under no circumstance allow any cap fitting other than 639494 to be installed during engine operation. \" following the installation, a complete fuel system leak check must be performed in accordance with the aircraft manufacturer ' s instructions. the closest official aviation weather was reported 30 miles west of strom field at chehalis - centralia airport, chehalis, washington, at 1915 pdt. the following weather conditions were reported : visibility 10 statute miles, sky condition clear, temperature 13 degrees centigrade, dew point 2 degrees centigrade, wind from 340 degrees at 7 knots, and altimeter 30. 13 inches of mercury. strom airport is located in mountainous terrain at an elevation of 941 feet, and surrounded by heavily treed terrain that rises to 2, 000 feet. it has one asphalt runway, 7 / 25, that is 1, 810 feet in length and 40 feet wide. according to the airport facility directory, trees 41 to 59 feet in height obstruct the ends of the runway. wreckage and impact information investigators responded to the accident site on march 20, 2010. the airplane came to rest in a rural residential area, on soft terrain used for gardening. the first identified point of impact was an area of approximately 50 - foot tall trees. a 4 - inch diameter section of a tree was broken, and a piece of fiberglass material remained suspended at the top portion of one tree. the outboard section of the right wing containing the navigation light was found in this area and it was located about 130 feet from the main wreckage. from the outboard right wing section moving east, the next identified point of impact was fencing that surrounded a garden. multiple fence posts and rails were dislodged and found at the main wreckage site. the wings and forward fuselage area sustained significant impact damage. all control surfaces remained attached. an impact crater approximately 2 feet deep was directly in front of the engine and two propeller blades were partially buried in the soft soil. the wreckage came to rest on a heading of about 015 degrees. there was no fire. the cirrus airframe parachute system ( caps ) was examined. the rocket motor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47105934758025336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.662777"} {"text": "the engine and two propeller blades were partially buried in the soft soil. the wreckage came to rest on a heading of about 015 degrees. there was no fire. the cirrus airframe parachute system ( caps ) was examined. the rocket motor assembly and deployment bag ( d - bag ) remained connected to the parachute. the rocket motor propellant was expended. the parachute was connected to the airframe with the harness and ran parallel to the right wing from the wreckage. the parachute canopy remained partially folded with the slider located at the top of the suspension lines. both reefing line cutters were fired, however, the rear harness remained snubbed. the caps activation handle was found seated in the handle holder. the caps enclosure cover was found approximately 15 feet from the wreckage on the right side. according to the cirrus representative, the signatures were consistent with activation due to impact forces. approximately 7 gallons of fuel were drained from the left wing fuel tank. the right fuel tank was breached. investigators obtained approximately 1 cup of fuel from the right header fuel tank following the removal of the wreckage from the accident site. medical and pathological information an autopsy was completed by the lewis county coroner ' s office. the cause of death was attributed to blunt force head injuries. the faa civil aerospace medical institute ( cami ) completed toxicological testing on specimens from the pilot. the results were negative for carbon monoxide, cyanide, and volatiles. the results were positive for the following : 20. 97 ( ug / ml, ug / g ) acetaminophen detected in urine 66. 89 ( ug / ml, ug / g ) salicylate detected in urine trazodone detected in liver 0. 041 ( ug / ml, ug / g ) trazodone detected in blood trazodone detected in urine interviews with the pilot ' s family revealed that he used trazodone as a sleep aid. tests and research investigators examined the engine at teledyne continental motors, mobile, alabama. the engine exhibited impact damage concentrated at the upper forward and bottom areas. the throttle and metering assembly inlet, fitting cap part number 639494, was discovered missing. the cap was located resting on the number 1 and 3 inter - cylinder baffle. there was no evidence of damage to the cap. there was evidence of light blue staining on the crankcase. the engine was prepared for a test run by installing a substitute inlet fitting cap and replacing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4669361652578579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.664614"} {"text": "number 1 and 3 inter - cylinder baffle. there was no evidence of damage to the cap. there was evidence of light blue staining on the crankcase. the engine was prepared for a test run by installing a substitute inlet fitting cap and replacing parts that had sustained impact damage as follows : fuel manifold inlet fitting, push rod housings for the number 2, 5, and 6 cylinders exhaust and intake, push rods for the numbers 2 and 6 intake and number 5 intake and exhaust, right magneto, induction system riser for the number 6 cylinder, engine mounts, oil cooler, oil sump, oil suction tube, and the starter adapter. the engine was not disassembled prior to the engine run. during the engine run, the substitute fuel inlet cap was installed finger tight. a fuel system leak check revealed a fuel droplet accumulating at the cap. the engine run was then conducted with the fuel inlet cap finger tight. the testing showed that with the fuel inlet cap installed finger tight, the operation of the engine was normal and did not reveal any abnormalities that would have prevented normal operation and production of rated horsepower. fuel inlet cap a metallurgist from the ntsb materials laboratory examined the cap from the fuel inlet. drawings showed that each cap was an assembly of two parts with an internally threaded hex section and a floating end plug with an internal conical recess. when fully engaged, the threaded hex section clamps the conical recess of the plug over the conical end of the male fitting, sealing the male fitting and blocking fluid flow. additional exemplar caps ( used and new ) were also submitted for the examination. examination of the cap revealed thick granular material covering three or four internal threads nearest the plug. the deposits were white or light tan in color with areas of reddish products. the three threads nearest the cap opening had some similar deposits but were essentially clean. the internal surfaces of the plug were also covered by similar thick corrosion products except on the ring shaped sealing surface of the conical recess. to examine the pressure flanks of the cap threads, which are the sides of the thread teeth that contact and engage with the teeth of the mating threads, the staking deformations were filed off and the plug pushed through the hex section. high magnification examination of the pressure flanks on the clean threads uncovered circumferential scuffing, indicative of sliding contact with mating threads. to establish the typical length of thread engagement, a laboratory supplied plug fitting was threaded into the new exem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.479175178500022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.665716"} {"text": "##erly heading. the way point was changed to \" krnt \", the airport identifier for renton, washington. at 1857, the altitude bug changed from 8, 500 feet to 5, 000 feet and the airplane began a shallow descent, fluctuating between 200 and 500 feet per minute ( fpm ). at 1904 : 16, the mfd data indicated a sharp reduction in exhaust gas temperature ( egt ) on all cylinders, accompanied by a gradual decrease in cylinder head temperature ( cht ) on all cylinders. engine rpm decreased from the cruise value of approximately 2, 450 rpm and varied between 1, 200 rpm and 1, 750 rpm for the remainder of the recording. at 1905 : 34, recorded fuel flow spiked, decreased slightly and then pegged at 30 gallons per hour, the maximum range of the fuel flow sensor, where it remained until the end of the recording. after the power loss, the descent rate increased, fluctuating between 1, 000 and 1, 700 fpm. the airplane turned to the east, then slightly back to the north, and finally settled on an easterly course heading directly towards strom airport during the descent. indicated airspeed decreased to approximately 100 knots ( kias ). the sr22 airplane flight manual ( afm ) indicates speed for best glide is 87 or 88 kias, depending on weight. however, the afm notes additional glide range may be achieved with a windmilling propeller by increasing airspeed by 5 to 10 knots. according to the cirrus representative, based on the pilot ' s position when the loss of engine power occurred, morton ( 9 miles to the east ) would have been the nearest airport with a hard surface runway. there were several grass airstrips to the west of the airplane ' s position, and toledo, washington airport was approximately 16 miles west.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45385458497694314, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.667515"} {"text": "an eu - funded project investigating the high - end nutritional content of seaweed says antioxidant extraction potential is high \u2013 with some seaweed forms offering better bioavailability than others. speaking with us, swafax project leader ian rowland, said two studies had been completed that showed certain extracts contained high levels of antioxidant polyphenols. \u201c land plants have all these polyphenols in them but seaweeds have never really been studied for their antioxidant potential \u2013 so we are looking at that and the results are very encouraging, \u201d said rowland, the director of research and head of the hugh sinclair unit of human nutrition at reading university. \u201c one of the most important things with polyphenols whether they are from seaweeds or land plants is how easily they are absorbed in the body. \u201d ascophyllum seaweed had shown the best potential in this area. \u201c the antioxidant content can be up to 15 % of the weight of the seaweed, \u201d rowland said. \u201c some of them are similar to land plants but not all of them. the best potential we have seen is for phlorotannins which are found in brown seaweeds like ascophyllum. \u201d rowland said seaweed was abundant and offered high - end potential as to date it was mainly used as a whole food or as a source for basic vitamins and minerals. the two year old project was slated to complete already but has been extended until april when the final study will finish. the studies will then be sent to nutrition journals for assessment and potential publication. the project has worked with three small to medium enterprises ( smes ) \u2013 irish firm marigot which specialises in seaweed mineral extraction ; hebridean seaweed in scotland and mesosystem, based out of spain. there are also three rtd providers - cybercolloids and the universities of reading and ulster. world production of seaweeds stood at 16 million tonnes in 2008, with 93 % cultivated and 7 % harvested in the wild.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4888504472343521, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.669515"} {"text": "belt pkwy., williams court bet. e. 12 st. and homecrest ave directions via google maps this playground is named for the surrounding neighborhood, a 20th century extension of the town of gravesend. gravesend derives its name from either dutch or english colonists ; the dutch words grafes and ande, meaning \u201c end of the grove, \u201d could refer to the eastern location of gravesend, but the name also might reflect the wishes of english settlement founder lady deborah moody ( c. 1583 - 1659 ). gravesend was the name of a city near her former home in england at the mouth of the thames river. lady deborah moody was a wealthy widow when she left england for america in 1639. initially arriving in massachusetts, she was coldly received by the puritans due to her adherence to anabaptism. according to the religion \u2019 s basic tenets, followers could not hold government office, bear arms, or perform childhood baptisms. moody and her fellows were expelled from massachusetts in 1643 and traveled to new netherland in 1645 in search of a place to settle. governor willem kieft ( 1597 - 1647 ) was at that time offering land grants to those who would settle in the areas around manhattan. kieft was in the middle of a war with the surrounding native americans, and he reckoned that expanding the colony would provide manhattan with a buffer, warning the center of new netherland when its outposts were under attack. moody accepted kieft \u2019 s offer, and she and her anabaptists established gravesend on the south shore of long island, just north of coney island, thereby starting the first english settlement in what is now brooklyn. the anabaptists quickly abandoned gravesend in the face of canarsie raiders, but the religious sect returned with the advent of peace in 1645, bearing the first town charter written in english in the colonies. moody \u2019 s plan for gravesend was innovative and based on anabaptist beliefs. designed to create open and equal spaces for the town \u2019 s inhabitants ; the resulting grid layout was the first of its kind. lady moody died in 1659, and the town remained largely rural for over two centuries until it was incorporated into the city of brooklyn in 1894. the rail lines that followed spelled the end of gravesend \u2019 s more bucolic years. developers built many large single - family homes in the east end of gravesend and agreed to change the neighborhood \u2019 s name to homecrest - by - the - sea. its boundaries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4388203515931804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.674200"} {"text": "spelled the end of gravesend \u2019 s more bucolic years. developers built many large single - family homes in the east end of gravesend and agreed to change the neighborhood \u2019 s name to homecrest - by - the - sea. its boundaries are kings highway to the north, avenue v to the south, east 16th street to the east, and ocean parkway to the west. this playground is part of shore parkway, an 816. 1 - acre collection of parks that stretches across brooklyn and queens. the city acquired the parcels of land that make up shore parkway between 1927 and 1939 by condemnation. parks was assigned the property in 1939, and the parkway opened the following year. in 1942, homecrest playground opened with a baseball field, basketball courts, handball courts, and benches for community use. london plane trees ( platanus x acerifolia ) encircle this park, creating welcoming shade. today, this site still provides ample opportunity for recreation and rest. city council member anthony d. weiner sponsored a $ 555, 000 reconstruction in 1993, funding the removal of the old wading pool and comfort station, refurbishment of the handball courts, construction of a spray area with whale sculptures, and the installation of new play equipment, swings, benches, and a chain link fence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37608965023059515, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.674769"} {"text": "07dec2000 usa : congress sends bill banning shark finning to president for signature. conservationists applaud sweeping congressional action to protect sharks washington, dec. 7 / prnewswire / - after a two - year fight to safeguard shark populations, the u. s. senate today passed legislation to prohibit shark finning - the practice of slicing off a shark ' s fins and discarding its carcass at sea - in all u. s. waters. the u. s. house of representatives passed the same legislation in november. the bill will now be sent to the president to be signed into law. leading conservation organizations were quick to commend the u. s. congress for passing this landmark legislation that also seeks to address the problem internationally. \" this truly bipartisan effort, led by representative cunningham ( r - ca ) in the house, the senators kerry ( d - ma ), hollings ( d - sc ), and snowe ( r - me ) in the senate, is critical to conserving vulnerable shark populations, \" commented russell dunn, assistant director of the ocean wildlife campaign. \" without their leadership, the growing trade in shark fins would have posed an ever increasing threat to these animals. \" \" the vulnerability of sharks to overfishing and the massive mortality associated with finning made achieving a finning ban a top priority for the owc and its member organizations, \" explained dr. david wilmot, owc director. shark fins are the principal ingredients in shark fin soup, an asian delicacy that can sell for as much as $ 100 a bowl. each year, tens of thousands of sharks are killed just for their fins in the u. s. pacific. in 1998, the number of sharks finned in the waters surrounding hawaii topped 60, 000. because fins comprise only a small percentage of a shark ' s bodyweight, finning wastes 95 to 99 percent of each shark. sharks are especially susceptible to overfishing because they generally grow slowly, mature late and produce a small number of young. \" by addressing this egregious waste, congress has established a strong and consistent national shark policy and reasserted u. s. leadership in addressing global threats to these exceptionally vulnerable fish, \" remarked sonja fordham, shark fisheries specialist for the center for marine conservation. allowing finning in the pacific was inconsistent with a number of u. s. fisheries policies and ran counter to the recommendations of several international fishery agreements, including the united nations international plan of action for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4356469610523742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.677737"} {"text": ", shark fisheries specialist for the center for marine conservation. allowing finning in the pacific was inconsistent with a number of u. s. fisheries policies and ran counter to the recommendations of several international fishery agreements, including the united nations international plan of action for sharks. \" we are ecstatic that the congress has responded to the american public ' s outrage over finning, \" noted dunn. \" the fact that they were able to do so during a period of bitter partisanship clearly demonstrates congress ' intolerance of wasteful and destructive practices which threaten this nation ' s living marine resources, \" summarized dunn. the ocean wildlife campaign is a coalition of the center for marine conservation, national audubon society, national coalition for marine conservation, natural resources defense council, wildlife conservation society, and world wildlife fund. the owc was created to tackle the complex challenge of conserving and restoring giant ocean fishes including sharks, swordfish, marlin, and tunas. the owc is generously supported by the david and lucile packard foundation. source ocean wildlife campaign - 0 - 12 / 07 / 2000 / contact : carrie collins, 202 - 537 - 9166, or amy bunch, 301 - 593 - 6960, both of ocean wildlife campaign /. source : pr newswire 07 / 12 / 2000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4510459067988113, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.678250"} {"text": "butterflies - the tribe of the coppers ( originally published 1917 ) the members of this tribe are well characterized by their name, for most of them show on the upper wing surface tones of coppery brown, more or less marked around the margin with darker shades. on the under side of the tarsi there are numerous spines in irregular clusters. in the chrysalis there are curious hair - like projections on the skin, which are short and shaped like tiny toadstools or mushrooms. while some of the coppers are very abundant, the majority are rather rare. only a few species are sufficiently widely distributed to require description here. feniseca tarquinius in many orders of insects there are whole families whose larvae are habitually carnivorous, feeding entirely upon other kinds of insects. this is especially so in case of the beetles, the flies, the true bugs, and the great order to which the bees and wasps belong. among the scale - winged insects, however, carnivorous caterpillars are rare, seldom occurring among the moths and in hardly more than one species among the butterflies. this one exception is the modest looking little butterfly fancifully called the wanderer, perhaps because instead of frequenting the flowery fields where other butterflies congregate it wanders in and out among the alders by brooks and ponds, alighting oftener upon a leaf or twig than upon a flower the latter apparently lacking for it the attraction it has for other butterflies. if you watch one of these copper - hued creatures for awhile, however, you will soon see that its wandering is not aimless but has rather a method all its own. perhaps you will see it alight upon an alder twig on or above which you are likely to notice curious woolly white excrescences. if you are close enough you will probably see the butterfly uncoil its tongue and sip up a liquid on twig or leaf the exudations of the woolly aphids that make up the supposed excrescence and suck the sap from the bark. much of this sap passes through the bodies of the aphids and collects in liquid globules on twigs and leaves, forming a sort of honey - dew which is much sought after by flies, wasps, and other insects. it seems to form the chief sustenance of these wanderers. but many of these butterflies have another purpose besides that of sipping the honey - dew. should you watch one of the mother butterflies carefully you would be likely to see her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941993890473119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.686349"} {"text": "and other insects. it seems to form the chief sustenance of these wanderers. but many of these butterflies have another purpose besides that of sipping the honey - dew. should you watch one of the mother butterflies carefully you would be likely to see her alight on or near a colony of woolly aphids and rim rather rapidly over them in a wasp - like manner, finally stopping long enough to lay a tiny, roundish, slightly flattened egg upon the twig, generally on the under side, and only one in a place. then she may continue her way, wandering lazily along the alder - bordered stream. let us now centre our interest upon the egg. three or four days later it hatches into a curious caterpillar. instead of having mouth parts fitted for biting leaves as is the ease with most butterfly larvae, it has one fitted for grasping, piercing, and sucking the juices of the plump bodies of the aphids, which it finds hard by its place of birth. it also has silk spinnerets connected with its mouth, so it is able to spin a web to shelter it from being run over by its intended victims. the newly hatched larva is not slow to take advantage of the facilities with which it is provided. it at once begins to spin a web above and around itself, from the and of which it reaches out for the nearest aphids, sucking their life blood and casting their empty skins to the discard of its protecting web. the skins thus serve as an additional shelter so that, as the caterpillar moves forward, increasing the number of its victims from day to day, it extends its web and the protection of the cast skins intermingled with it, while through all the cast skins, the silken web, and even the hairs on the body of the caterpillar there runs a woof of the woolly excretion effectually concealing the larva from sight. the woolly aphids thus serve as the sole food of the caterpillar during its brief life as a larva. perhaps because of the pre - digested nature of its food, it is able to mature much sooner than most butterfly larvae. in about eleven days after hatching it is ready to change to a chrysalis, having undergone during this period only three moults, instead of at least four as with other caterpillars. each caterpillar then changes to a chrysalis which is remarkable because the form and color of its back bears", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48734781990648196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.687384"} {"text": "found to be double - brooded in northern new england and triple - brooded in southern new england and the atlantic states. it is probable that in its far northern home in the hudson bay territory it is only single - brooded. it is thought that the insect hibernates as a chrysalis. these little butterflies are so small and fly so near the ground that they are likely to be overlooked by the casual observer. they frequently alight to sun themselves or to sip nectar from many kinds of flowers. they begin their day ' s work early in the morning and continue well into the evening. then they find a roosting - place, head downward upon a blade of grass, where they sleep until wakened by the morning sunshine. the bronze copper this butterfly is nearly twice as large as the american copper to which the female of the present species bears a striking resemblance. the bronze copper is a rare species, occurring from new england nearly to the rocky mountains. the slug - shaped yellowish green caterpillar feeds upon dock and related plants. synopsis of the coppers the wanderer ( feniseca tarquinius ). wing expanse 1 1 / 4 inches. upper wing surface tawny brown, each wing more or less marked with dark brown spots, the distinction between the colors being clear - cut, and the lines between having an angular effect. lower surface of front wings similar in colors to upper with dark spots rectangular under surface of hind wings mottled with irregular spots of pale brown. american copper ( heodes hypophlaeas or chrysophanus hypophlaeas ). wing expanse 1 inch. upper surface of front wings tawny orange with margins and rectangular spots blackish. upper surface of hind wings coppery red with a tawny orange band on outer margin. lower surface of front wings much like upper surface, that of hind wings grayish marked with dark spots and an orange line near the margin. bronze copper ( chrysophanus thoe ). wing expanse 11 / 2 inches. male. upper wing surface coppery brown marked with dark spots and a tawny orange sub - marginal band along outer margin of hind wings. under surface of front wings lighter orange with blackish spots and of hind wings grayish with blackish spots and an orange sub - marginal band. female. upper surface of front wings tawny orange with blackish spots.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4573843320391184, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.689497"} {"text": "birds of the world : read more articles about : birds of the world ( originally published early 1900 ' s ) the final members of this subfamily are the little dove petrels ( prion ), of which some four species are recognized ; all are inhabitants of the southern oceans. about twelve inches long, the upper surface is ashy blue, darker on the head and under the eye, and white below, while there is a very distinct black v - shaped band running from the wrist - joint along the radial portion of the wing to and across the rump, which is very conspicuous when the bird is flying. the several species are mainly distinguished by the width of the bill. the common dove petrel ( p. desolatus ) is perhaps the best known, being not uncommon in the south atlantic and antarctic seas. they fly in small flocks, and kidder notes that they use first one wing and then the other, producing a peculiar irregularity of flight, that leads them to be often mistaken for shore - birds. they are rather wary, not feeding on the scraps from a ship, but attending the whales to feed on what drops from their mouths, whence they are often called whale - birds by the sailors and others. they breed on kerguelen island, making their burrows near the seashore, in lowland, under stones, or in the stony ground, and are strictly nocturnal in their habits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44073251191464835, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.691259"} {"text": "more and more people over the age of 50 are being diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections \u2014 a development that has a medical journal urging doctors to be more vigilant when treating older patients. the student bmj, an international journal published for medical students, says doctors need to ensure that when they are diagnosing older individuals, they aren ' t ruling out sexually transmitted infections based on age alone. \" sexually transmitted infections are not high on your list of differential diagnoses \u2014 but increasing evidence indicates that they should be, \" as cases of common infections have more than doubled in people aged 50 to 90 years old, the editorial says. according to one study, 80 per cent of the people in that age group are sexually active. one of the authors of the editorial, rachel von simson, a medical student at king ' s college london, said in an email that despite the dramatic rise in infections, there isn ' t enough awareness and more education is necessary. von simson says that it shouldn ' t be more difficult to educate older adults. \" whilst we have a huge evidence base on what works to educate young people about sex and sexually transmitted infections and we have had lots of campaigns over the years dedicated towards them, we don ' t have any evidence base on what will work with older adults, \" she said. \" if all the campaigns older adults see are targeted at young adults, it is not surprising that they might take from that that they are not at risk. \" at the calgary sexual health centre a program called seniors a gogo is helping bring the message to older people in the city, according to the centre ' s spokeswoman. pam krause said that through monologues on sexuality led by seniors and education seminars, seniors a gogo is able to educate people who may not have had sex ed when they were in school. \" the first year what was interesting was ( the seniors ) talked about sexuality in a really, really broad way about it being about relationships and love and not being lonely, \" krause said. \" then the seniors themselves said the second year, ' i think we actually need to kick it up a notch. ' \" from there the sessions for seniors a gogo involved discussions about condoms and the dangers of unprotected sex. \" it ' s funny, but it is shocking sometimes how uncomfortable people when thinking about older adults and sexuality. so there ' s this immediate barrier, \" krause said. \" you can talk to youth about a lot of stuff...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4034437816437867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.695416"} {"text": "woah. death came to two digital music pioneers within just a couple of days of each other. max matthews, widely considered the father of computerized music, died on april 21st. two days later, the inventor of the compact disc, sony \u2019 s norio ohga, also passed away. in 1957, matthews, then working for bell labs, wrote a program called \u201c music, \u201d which played back synthesized sounds according to the user \u2019 s input. his work is the foundation upon which all subsequent computer music, including his own additional innovations, have been built. ohga, who led sony \u2019 s immense growth as president from 1982 through 1995, pushed for the development of the media - revolutionizing compact disc. in addition to determining the size of the disc, the classical music lover and former aspiring opera singer famously mandated the cd \u2019 s 75 - minute running time so that it would fit the entirety of beethoven \u2019 s symphony no. 9. ah, when music fans were in charge \u2026 digital music evolved greatly in the intervening years and beyond. matthews \u2019 initial forays inspired more the actual creation of synthesizer music, rather than the development of digital formats. it wasn \u2019 t until 1975 that betamax developed high - fidelity digital audio to their compact video cartridges ( ultimately falling to the competing vhs format, which quickly caught up to beta \u2019 s audio quality ). 1978 similarly saw an audio development married to a video format in the laserdisc, the first optical disc storage format available commercially, which offered unparalleled audio quality in terms of home video. however, due to the high cost of discs and players alike, along with its inconvenient size ( about that of a vinyl lp, but heavier ), the laserdisc never truly caught on. but both of these developments were important steps in the evolution of digital music. the laserdisc is essentially a giant cd and led directly to the game - changing success of that smaller format, first made available in 1982 by norio ogha \u2019 s sony. the cd itself inspired further innovations \u2014 the high definition cd and minidisc are obviously direct descendants, and digital audio tape ( dat ) owes more to the cd than the compact cassette. then around 1988, apple inc. introduced the audio interchange file format ( aiff ), a non - compressed digital file that could store pieces of audio for personal use. aiff is still widely used today by audio professionals, along with the waveform audio file format ( wav ) and digidesign \u2019 s sound designer ii ( sd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5027703271717916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.701811"} {"text": "a non - compressed digital file that could store pieces of audio for personal use. aiff is still widely used today by audio professionals, along with the waveform audio file format ( wav ) and digidesign \u2019 s sound designer ii ( sdii ). while there have been additional improvement in tangible formats ( dvd, dualdisc, blu - ray ), the real leap forward was in 1993, when the mpeg audio layer iii ( mp3 ) successfully compressed audio files into a manageable size without rendering the sound quality so low as to be an unfaithful or unlistenable reproduction. the mp3, in tandem with internet technology, has obviously led to file sharing, and the myriad of opportunities and problems that ensued have forever altered the music industry. while no one can dispute the usefulness of the mp3, it is lamentable that it is quickly becoming the standard for audio consumption. you don \u2019 t have to be an audiophile to hear the difference between compressed and un - compressed music. all this begs the question of what \u2019 s next for digital audio? will consumers demand higher quality? will \u201c lossy \u201d mp3s be the standard for decades to come? or will the demand to fit more information in less space extend a tolerance for even a lower - quality format ( or lower bit - rate mp3s )? it would be nice if, as professional music recording technology and fidelity standards continue to improve, consumers rightly clamor for an improvement in fidelity, either via format or, more likely, via technology that can handle more lossless files, like wav and aiff, in less space. some people won \u2019 t have an interest in improving the sound of their music beyond what mp3s can provide. as their ipod is able to hold more information, they are more likely to see this as an opportunity to fit more mp3s. but some will certainly trade off better quality for at least the same song capacity. a good sign is apple \u2019 s development of the apple lossless format ( ale or alac, denoted by the. m4a extension ), which is now in use for itunes, both in converting cds and for music purchases. this is still proprietary, though, and is not easily shared, especially onto pc and windows - based computers. certainly, more innovations are to come, and hopefully ones that support higher quality audio. hopefully music lovers in the mold of max matthews and norio ogha are on the case. r. i. p., gentlemen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4992120181575259, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.702767"} {"text": "you probably have lots of questions once you receive the news you have parkinson \u2019 s disease. a 20 - minute doctor visit isn \u2019 t sufficient time to get educated about what the future has in store for you. the good news is that with the proper medication, a skilled and knowledgeable treatment team and routine exercise, your life with pd is manageable. first, a few facts : parkinson \u2019 s is a progressive neurological condition. people with parkinson ' s don ' t have enough of a chemical called dopamine because some nerve cells in their brain have died. without dopamine people can find that their movements become slower, so it takes longer to do things. the loss of nerve cells in the brain causes the symptoms of parkinson \u2019 s to appear. there ' s currently no cure for parkinson ' s and we don ' t yet know why people get the condition. what medications are commonly prescribed? * before taking any medication, consult with your doctor. symptoms ( motor and non - motor ) the main symptoms of parkinson ' s are tremor, rigidity and slowness of movement. as well as affecting movement, people with parkinson ' s can find that other issues, such as fatigue, pain, depression and constipation, can have an impact on their day - to - day lives. primary symptoms are : secondary symptoms include : some non - motor symptoms of pd include : the symptoms someone has and how quickly the condition develops will differ from one person to the next. other parkinson - related diseases multiple system atrophy msa is a rare, neurodegenerative movement disorder. the main symptoms include ataxia ( inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movement or lack of coordination ) and problems with the autonomic nervous system. this is a degenerative brain condition for which, at present, there is no known cause. it causes slowness of movement, rigidity, poor coordination and balance. the symptoms can be helped in the very short term with dopamine agonists and levadopa but in the longer term there is no effective treatment. progressive supranuclear palsy ( psp ) psp is a progressive neurologic disorder characterized by long term changes of certain areas of the brain, including particular areas of the basal ganglia and the brainstem. symptom onset most often occurs in the sixth decade of life. symptoms may include balance difficulties, sudden falls, stiffness ( rigidity ), slowness of movement ( bradykinesia ), an impaired ability to perform certain voluntary eye movements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46870183538657983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.707916"} {"text": "symptom onset most often occurs in the sixth decade of life. symptoms may include balance difficulties, sudden falls, stiffness ( rigidity ), slowness of movement ( bradykinesia ), an impaired ability to perform certain voluntary eye movements and visual disturbances. affected individuals may also develop slurred speech, swallowing difficulties, personality changes, dystonia, sudden involuntary \" shock - like \" muscle contractions ( myoclonus ) or other abnormalities. psp usually occurs randomly for unknown reasons ( sporadically ) ; however, there are some reports of families with multiple affected members, suggesting a possible hereditary component to the disease. this degenerative disease causes poor balance leading to frequent falls. eventually there will be problems with eye movement leaving a person unable to look down or up. the disease progresses far quicker than parkinson \u2019 s and there are no specific medical treatments. this degenerative brain disorder produces the symptoms of parkinsonism. with this comes early dementia, hallucinations, a low attention span and poor problem solving skills. levodopa can make the hallucinations worse. lbd is an umbrella term for two related diagnoses. lbd refers to both parkinson \u2019 s disease dementia and dementia with lewy bodies. the earliest symptoms of these two diseases differ, but reflect the same underlying biological changes in the brain. over time, people with both diagnoses will develop very similar cognitive, physical, sleep, and behavioral symptoms. while it may take more than a year or two for enough symptoms to develop for a doctor to diagnose lbd, it is critical to pursue a formal diagnosis. early diagnosis allows for important early treatment that may extend quality of life and independence. lbd is a multisystem disease and typically requires a comprehensive treatment approach. this approach involves a team of physicians from different specialties who collaborate to provide optimum treatment of each symptom without worsening other lbd symptoms. many people with lbd enjoy significant improvement of their symptoms with a comprehensive approach to treatment, and some can have remarkably little change from year to year. some people with lbd are extremely sensitive or may react negatively to certain medications used to treat alzheimer \u2019 s or parkinson \u2019 s in addition help is a phone call away! ( 303 ) 861 - 1810", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.51383748596852, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.709102"} {"text": "what is multivitamin? multivitamins are a combination of many different vitamins that are normally found in foods and other natural sources. multivitamins are used to provide vitamins that are not taken in through the diet. multivitamins are also used to treat vitamin deficiencies ( lack of vitamins ) caused by illness, pregnancy, poor nutrition, digestive disorders, and many other conditions. multivitamins may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. many vitamins can cause serious or life - threatening side effects if taken in large doses. do not take more of this medication than directed on the label or prescribed by your doctor. if you have any medical conditions, ask your doctor before taking a multivitamin. if you have certain conditions, you may need a certain vitamin formulation or special tests while taking a multivitamin. do not take multivitamins without telling your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. some vitamins and minerals can harm an unborn baby if taken in large doses. you may need to use a prenatal vitamin specially formulated for pregnant women. multivitamins can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast - feeding a baby. avoid taking more than one multivitamin product at the same time unless your doctor tells you to. taking similar vitamin products together can result in a vitamin overdose or serious side effects. avoid the regular use of salt substitutes in your diet if your multivitamin contains potassium. if you are on a low - salt diet, ask your doctor before taking a vitamin or mineral supplement. do not take this medication with milk, other dairy products, calcium supplements, or antacids that contain calcium. calcium may make it harder for your body to absorb certain ingredients of the multivitamin. back to top seek emergency medical attention if you think you have used too much of this medicine. an overdose of vitamins a, d, e, or k can cause serious or life - threatening side effects. certain minerals contained in a multivitamin may also cause serious overdose symptoms if you take too much. overdose symptoms may include stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, hair loss, peeling skin, tingly feeling in or around your mouth, changes in menstrual periods, weight loss, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, severe back pain, blood in your urine, pale skin, and easy bruising or bleeding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5375042795604157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.720072"} {"text": ", peeling skin, tingly feeling in or around your mouth, changes in menstrual periods, weight loss, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, severe back pain, blood in your urine, pale skin, and easy bruising or bleeding. take the missed dose as soon as you remember. if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take the medicine at the next regularly scheduled time. do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose. back to top get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction : hives ; difficulty breathing ; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. when taken as directed, multivitamins are not expected to cause serious side effects. less serious side effects may include : - upset stomach ; - headache ; or - unusual or unpleasant taste in your mouth. this is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. tell your doctor about any unusual or bothersome side effect. you may report side effects to fda at 1 - 800 - fda - 1088. back to top vitamin and mineral supplements can interact with certain medications, or affect how medications work in your body. before taking a multivitamin, tell your doctor if you also use : - diuretics ( water pills ) ; - heart or blood pressure medications ; - tretinoin ( vesanoid ) ; - isotretinoin ( accutane, amnesteen, clavaris, sotret ) ; - trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole ( cotrim, bactrim, septra, tmp / smx ) ; or - an nsaid ( non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drug ) such as ibuprofen ( motrin, advil ), naproxen ( aleve, naprosyn ), diclofenac ( cataflam, voltaren ), etodolac ( lodine ), indomethacin ( indocin ), ketoprofen ( orudis ), and others. this list is not complete and there may be other medications that can interact with or be affected by multivitamins. tell your doctor about all the prescription and over - the - counter medications you use. this includes vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. do not start using a new medication without telling your doctor. 1000 bc, abidec, allbee with c, allbee - c,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4339077991678406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.721220"} {"text": "medications you use. this includes vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. do not start using a new medication without telling your doctor. 1000 bc, abidec, allbee with c, allbee - c, allbee - c 800, animal shape vitamins, animi - 3, apatate, b complex 100, b complex 50, b - 50 complex, b - complex 50, b - complex with b - 12, b - ject 100, b - plex, b - plex plus, b - scorbic, b - stress, baby vitamin drop, balanced b - 100, balanced b - 150, balanced b - 50, becomject - 100, bee with c, bee - comp with c, beminal, beminal with c fortis, beminal - 500, berocca, biotin forte, bounty bear vitamins, bugs bunny multiple vitamins, bugs bunny with extra c, cardiotek rx, cefol, centrum 8400, cerefolin, cerefolin nac, cernevit, cernevit - 12, chewable - vite, childrens chewable multivitamins, cholidase, cholinoid, cod liver oil, cod liver oil mint, d - 400iu, daflon, daily multiple vitamins, daily vite, daily - vite men ' s formula, dayalets, dexfol, dialyvite rx, diatx, equaline one daily essential, essential balance, essentiale, fabb, farbee with c, fletanol, flintstones multivitamins, flintstones with c multivitamins, folamin, folbalin, folbalin plus, folbee, folbee plus, folbic, folcaps, folgard, folgard rx, folgard rx 2. 2, folplex, foltabs 800, foltrate, foltx, formula b, fruity chew, garfield vitamins, glutofac, health aid multivitamin, high b complex, high potency b complex with b12 and c, high potency b + c, icar c, infuvite, infuvite pediatric, jetepar, kenwood therapeutic, lipoflavonoid, lipogen, liponol, lipotriad, lipotrop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4437472155354934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.721915"} {"text": ", high potency b + c, icar c, infuvite, infuvite pediatric, jetepar, kenwood therapeutic, lipoflavonoid, lipogen, liponol, lipotriad, lipotropic with multivitamins, m. v. c. sdv, m. v. i. adult, m. v. i. pediatric, m. v. i. - 12, mega b, metanx, multiple vitamins, nephplex rx, nephro - vite, nephro - vite rx, nephrocaps, nephrolan rx, nephronex, neurobion, neurodep, neuroforte - six, oncovite, one tab daily, one - a - day 50 +, one - a - day essentials, one - a - day men ' s health formula, optilets - 500, pediatric multiple vitamins, poly vit drops, poly - vi - sol, poly - vi - sol chewable, poly - vi - sol drops, poly - vit chew, prevital, primaplex, protegra, protegra cardio, rena - vite, rena - vite rx, renal caps, scotts emulsion, sesame st. vitamins with extra c, sigtab, stress b with c, stress formula, stresstabs, sunkist child chewable, sunkist child chewable with c, super b complex, super b - 100 td, super b - 50, super plenamins, superplex - t, surbex, surbex filmtab, surbex with c, surbex - t, tab - a - vite, tender age vitamin adc, thera, thera - plus, theragenerix, theragran, therapeutic multiple vitamins, therems, therobec, thex forte, topfit vitamin b complex, topfit vitamin b complex forte, tri - vi - sol, tri - vit, tri - vit drops, unicap, unicap capsule, unicap jr., unichem multivitamin, vesselvite, vi - daylin, vi - daylin adc, vi - daylin chewable, vi - daylin drops, vi - stress, vitabee with c, vitamin a and d, vitamin a and d concentrate, vitamin a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4652061239054018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.722692"} {"text": "vesselvite, vi - daylin, vi - daylin adc, vi - daylin chewable, vi - daylin drops, vi - stress, vitabee with c, vitamin a and d, vitamin a and d concentrate, vitamin a, d, vitamin a, d and c, vitamin b complex, vitamin b complex with c, vitamin b complex with c and folic acid, vitamin b compound strong, vitamin b - 100, vitamin b - 100 t / r, vitamin b - 50, vitamin c and e, vitamin c, e, and rose hips, vitamin daily liquid, vitamins, vitamins for hair, zymacap, multivitamin, allantex, animi - 3 ( obsolete ), b 100 complex, cardiotek, cardiotek - rx, combgen, cota - b - plex, d - 400 international units, dialyvite 800, foleve, foleve plus, folmor, folnate, folnate plus, folplex 2. 2, hexavitamin, multi - delyn, multi vits with beta carotene, nufol, renaphro, renatabs, reno caps, stress formula 600, theravite, t - vites, vigomar forte, vimar, vita drop, vitaplex, and zycose back to top every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by cerner multum, inc. ( ' multum ' ) is accurate, up - to - date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the united states and therefore multum does not warrant that uses outside of the united states are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. multum ' s drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. multum ' s drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and / or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. the absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. multum does not assume any responsibility for any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47500812242364154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.723521"} {"text": "- size ( weight ) - 6 - 14 lbs - seal, chocolate, blue, and lilac point - chatty and curious - ideal parents - playful families, experienced cat owners - kid friendly - less allergenic - 8 - 12 years the siamese cat has strikingly large ears and attractive baby blue eyes. its sleek, slim figure is accentuated by its short, fine coat with long tapering lines. the coat comes in four traditional colors : seal, chocolate, blue, and lilac point - - a pale body color with relatively darker extremities ; i. e., the face, ears, feet and tail. personality and temperament this is an outgoing, social cat which relies heavily on human companionship. it is a born chatterbox, loving to communicate with those around it. however, this is not a cat to have if you ' re not home often, as it gets lonely and sad fairly easily. the cat needs to be handled carefully, but when it is shown love, patience and care, it makes an ideal companion. history and background this world famous cat has a long and colorful history. as its name suggests, the cat originally came from thailand ( formerly known as siam ). its interesting appearance and demeanor caused the cat to be adored by royalty. when a member of the royal family died, it was also thought a siamese cat would receive this person ' s soul. the cat would then be moved to a temple, spending the rest of its life in luxury, with monks and priests as servants. other myths try to explain some of its fascinating characteristics. one such myth tells of how a siamese cat, having the duty of guarding the royal vase, curled its tail around it and gazed at it so intensely that its eyes became crossed. yet another tells of siamese cats guarding rings belonging to a royal princess. the cats slid the rings on their tail, and developed tail kinks to keep the rings from falling off. the siamese has also made it to the cat book of poems, a manuscript written between 1350 and 1767. it describes a slim cat with dark coloring on its ears, tail and feet, and a pale body. it is not known exactly when this fabled cat made its first appearance in britain. the earliest documented account, however, tells of a pair of siamese cats given to the sister of a british consul general in bangkok in 1884. these cats were exhibited the following year in london. although, there is earlier evidence indicating the siamese cat was exhibited in the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4157305933311374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.727295"} {"text": "however, tells of a pair of siamese cats given to the sister of a british consul general in bangkok in 1884. these cats were exhibited the following year in london. although, there is earlier evidence indicating the siamese cat was exhibited in the first cat show in 1871 at crystal palace in london, where it ultimately received a dismal reception. the attendees were said to have been disgusted with \" an unnatural, nightmare kind of cat. \" despite the abrupt and unwelcoming start, the siamese quickly began to gain regional popularity. the first british standard - - an abstract aesthetic ideal for the animal type - - describes the siamese as a \" striking - looking cat of medium size, if weighty, not showing bulk, as this would detract from the admired svelte appearance... also distinguished by a kink in the tail. \" the first siamese cat in america was reportedly given to mrs. rutherford b. hayes ( the first lady to the nineteenth president of the united states ) in 1878 by the u. s. consul, david stickles, living the rest of its days in the white house. in the 1900s, siamese cats participated in various cat shows and today, occupies the top place among short haired cat breeds. due to its popularity, the siamese breed has been used to form many modern cat breeds including the ocicat, himalayan, burmese, tonkinese, korat, snowshoe, and myriad oriental breeds ( oriental shorthair, oriental longhair, colorpoint shorthair, colorpoint longhair, balinese, and javanese ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4151142608240266, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.727919"} {"text": "i stand at the edge of a dream, my breath a cloud. snow has transformed my familiar landscape and chilled my toes. this careless arm of the east verde where my grandchildren splashed away the summer has frozen over and snow has rendered abstract the shapes of rocks and junipers. water gleams in all its forms about me \u2014 still flowing in the stream, gathered in vapor on my breath, crystallized into snow on every hand, frozen into ice underfoot. i wish i knew the proper prayer \u2014 the light step of the ritual dance \u2014 the intonation of the chant \u2013 to offer at such a moment. instead, i kneel at the edge of the stream and study the ice, perhaps the most unlikely of water \u2019 s forms. here \u2019 s a nugget to suck on : chill any other liquid and the jittery molecules will slow down \u2014 bouncing about less as the temperature drops. eventually, the liquid will settle into a stable crystal lattice \u2014 which takes up less space than the liquid did. that \u2019 s why all other liquids most sensibly condense when they freeze. but not water, thank the lord. water \u2019 s made of one molecule of hydrogen linked to two molecules of oxygen. these amiable molecular companions actually share electrons to keep everyone happy. moreover, a water molecule has a slight positive electrical charge at one end and a faint negative electrical charge at the other end. this accounts for the nearly miraculous chemistry of water \u2014 on which life on the planet depends utterly. for starters, as water cools below 32 degrees f the molecules slip into a strange and counter - intuitive crystalline lattice. once they click into place, they actually take up about 9 percent more space than they did as a warm liquid. now, that didn \u2019 t work out so well for folks in rim country who left the water on in empty houses during the big freeze, since the expanding ice in the neglected pipes can split open even copper or steel. but water \u2019 s demented determination to expand when it ought to contract makes life on the planet possible. if water contracted as it froze, then sea ice would form at the surface every winter and sink to the bottom. over time, the oceans would freeze solid \u2014 and we could not be here. we could go on and on about the fortunate strangeness of water. for instance, the positive and negative ends of water molecules account for surface tension \u2014 so useful to water skiers, stone - skippers and water bugs. but it also explains what \u2019 s called \u201c capillary action, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5928866843354175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.733510"} {"text": "snowflake contains about 3 x 10 to the 13th water molecules \u2014 don \u2019 t ask me how much that is, except that it dwarfs a thousand trillion. that \u2019 s why no two snowflakes are ever exactly alike. the world \u2019 s largest measured snowflake was reportedly 15 inches across and fell in montana in 1887. the intricate crystal on the stream ice at my feet suggests that it formed at between 0 and 10 degrees, which promotes the growth of these bizarre shapes. cautiously, i rise from my cold, wet knees and step out onto the ice, which is dangerously slick. scientists used to confidently assert that ice is slippery because stepping on the ice instantly melts a microscopic layer. subsequent experiments demolished the theory, proving how little we know about even the simplest of things. instead, the leading theory now suggests that the top layer of ice molecules doesn \u2019 t get locked securely into the ice lattice, since it has only fickle air to bond to on the top side. so a layer of molecules almost too thin to measure slides easily about, sending we clumsy monsters crashing to earth. i stand, unsteadily, on the ice, to admire the gleam and the sparkle. underneath, the stream still trickles, making its stealthy way to the sea \u2014 which covers 70 percent of the planet, just as water comprises 70 percent of my substance. i can see the water moving beneath the blurred patterns of the ice, which did not sink and murder the stream because it expanded when it froze. the sky is highlighted with high white clouds the color of snow, which is the color of my breath. my heart pumps blood made mostly of water and the naked trees also made mostly of water lean in toward the stream, waiting patiently for the capillary action of spring. i do not know the proper prayers to thank whatever providence arranged for water to expand when it freezes, creep upward in roots and make the world such a happy place for stone - skippers. but i give thanks, nonetheless \u2014 every moist breath a puff of steam.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48891824883362917, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.735466"} {"text": "protect your vision with leafy greens in the study, the carotenoid ( yellow pigment ) zeaxanthin was found to improve vision in older men with macular degeneration, and the effect was comparable to that seen with the better - known carotenoid, lutein. both zeaxanthin and lutein are widely found in colorful fruits and vegetables, especially the dark greens like spinach and kale. carotenoid supplements improve vision the study included 60 older people with mild to moderate amd. all but three of the participants were male and their average age was 75. they were divided into three groups : one group received 8 mg of zeaxanthin per day, another group received 8 mg of zeaxanthin plus 9 mg of lutein per day, and a third group received 9 mg of lutein per day. visual tests were performed at the beginning of the trial and after four, eight, and twelve months of treatment. the study \u2019 s authors reported the following findings : - the total amount of pigment in the macula increased from low - normal to normal in all three groups. higher amounts of macular pigment are believed to protect the retina from the damaging effect of sunlight. - visual acuity ( sharpness ) in high contrast conditions, such as bright light, improved most in the zeaxanthin group, while the lutein group saw the most improvement in their ability to distinguish shapes in low contrast conditions. - the men receiving either zeaxanthin alone or lutein alone improved more on vision tests than the men receiving both. the study \u2019 s authors proposed that the unnaturally low ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin used in the study ( almost 1 : 1, compared to roughly 5 : 1 in plants ) may have been the source of this finding. the influence of the ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin on their absorption and metabolism is still unknown. pigments in vision - producing cells the study \u2019 s authors pointed out that zeaxanthin primarily enhanced the aspects of vision that are related to the function of the cone cells of the retina, cells that naturally concentrate this pigment. lutein is naturally concentrated in the rod cells of the retina, and the men who supplemented with lutein saw the most benefit in the aspects of vision for which the rods are responsible. they concluded that, while there was considerable overlap between the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin in men with amd, their differences make them complementary. \u201c we believe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4845155843761918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.739248"} {"text": "the state of texas holds an interesting and important place in the history of the united states, and this volume explores those men and women who have helped to shape the course of the state by serving as governor. for example, miriam v. ferguson ( 1925 - 1927, 1933 - 1935 ) was the first woman governor of the state. she won the governorship by promising that she would work with her husband, former texas governor, james e. \" farmer jim \" ferguson ( 1915 - 1917 ), assuring texans that they would have \" two governors for the price of one. \" as in the story of the fergusons, the governors of texas offers political and biographical information on each texas governor from the period of french control through 1973. thus the progression towards statehood and beyond is clearly visible in this history of the individuals who took great pride in serving as their state ' s chief executive officer. for quick reference, a roster of governors is also provided, giving full names and the dates in which each individual held office. also included are pictures of most of the governors, so that these men and women may be more vividly brought to life. about the author ross phares is also the author of texas tradition [ $ 12. 95 pb ( f ) ], cavalier in the wilderness [ $ 15. 95 pb ( f ) ], and reverend devil : master criminal of the old south [ $ 17. 95 pb ( f ) ], all of which are published by pelican. he is a native of shreveport, louisiana. the governors of texas by ross phares 184 pp. 6 x 9 illustrations - bibliography - index ean : 978 - 1 - 56554 - 505 - 2 pb ( f )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44734652745903053, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.742661"} {"text": "campylobacteriosis is a common cause of enteritis ( intestinal inflammation ) in man and several animal species, including dogs and cats. the disorder is caused by a bacterium, campylobacter jejuni the conditions associated with an increased risk of developing campylobacteriosis are : animals with diarrhea crowded housing conditions stressful conditions, such as pregnancy, surgery, or other illness concurrent infection with other intestinal pathogens such as parvovirus, salmonella, giardia or parasites campylobacteriosis is a leading cause of intestinal disease in people. puppies and kittens can serve as a source of infection for humans. in many cases, dogs and cats are carriers of the organism, but show no clinical signs. when clinical signs are present in dogs and cats, it is usually in animals younger than six months of age. what to watch for partial loss of appetite microscopic examination of feces home care and prevention there is no home care for campylobacteriosis. if your pet develops severe diarrhea, contact your veterinarian. avoid conditions that have been associated with spread of the disease. isolate animals with diarrhea and improve sanitation in kennels and boarding facilities. avoid stress and practice good hygiene, such as hand - washing after coming into contact with animals that have diarrhea.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.428600518978973, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.744676"} {"text": "ph and hiv print ph and hiv brochure ( pdf ) order copies of the ph and hiv brochure what do i need to know about pulmonary hypertension in connection with hiv? first of all, it is essential to know that pulmonary hypertension and hiv are two separate conditions, and that ph does not cause hiv. however, there have been hiv patients who have developed pulmonary hypertension, a condition called hiv - pah. scientists are continuing to study this to see if there is a connection, and what that connection might be. the first case of pulmonary hypertension in an hiv - infected individual was reported in 1987, and since that time research has been ongoing. about 150 patients with hiv infection and pulmonary arterial hypertension have been reported since that time. it is possible that there are other unreported cases. because the first several hiv - pah cases that were reported had occurred in patients with hemophilia ( a congenital tendency to have uncontrolled bleeding ), researchers originally ( and incorrectly ) thought that the cause of hiv - pah was the hemophilia itself or perhaps had to do with problems associated with the hemophilia. however, since that time, more hiv - pah cases have been found in patients who do not have hemophilia at all. therefore, scientists have decided that the development of pulmonary hypertension in hiv patients is in some way related to the hiv infection itself. how common is the combination of hiv and pah? pah is still an uncommon complication of hiv infection. as research into hiv continues and as new and better therapies are developed to combat the disease, hiv patients are living longer lives. as a result, the chance that an hiv - positive individual may develop pah may increase as time goes on. we can still safely say that ph occurs more frequently in the hiv - infected population than it does in those who do not have hiv. thus, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pulmonary hypertension that results from unknown causes, in this case an hiv - negative group of people ), occurs less frequently than it does in those who are hivinfected. those who are infected with hiv have roughly six to 12 times the occurrence of pah than the uninfected general population. who is most susceptible to a combination of hiv and ph? hiv - pah occurs more frequently in males, and in a slightly older individual than is usually seen in ipah. in studies of hiv - pah, the most frequent risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43888415181220164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.752352"} {"text": "population. who is most susceptible to a combination of hiv and ph? hiv - pah occurs more frequently in males, and in a slightly older individual than is usually seen in ipah. in studies of hiv - pah, the most frequent risk factors for hiv were intravenous drug use ( 45 % ), homosexual contact ( 25 % ), hemophilia ( 12 % ) and heterosexual contact ( 10 % ). smaller numbers of cases have been identified in which the risk for hiv infection is blood transfusion, hiv passed from mother to child during pregnancy, or a combination of homosexual contact and intravenous drug use. a high rate of stimulant use ( methamphetamine or cocaine, depending on the region of the country ) is common among individuals who are both hiv - infected and afflicted with pah. ( as a side note, intravenous drug use is also associated with development of pulmonary hypertension, even without hiv infection ). does having hiv make ph worse? there doesn \u2019 t seem to be any data to indicate that hiv makes ph worse. the usual symptoms of hiv - pah are similar to those in other individuals with pah, shortness of breath being the most common. does ph make hiv worse? it \u2019 s hard to say. when tested, some hiv patients who also suffer from ph have lower pulmonary artery pressures than those who have ph alone ; despite this, their survival rate appears worse. medical professionals are not sure whether this has to do with a combination of the two conditions, or whether other problems associated with hiv contribute to the lower survival rate. why do ph and hiv seem to occasionally occur together, then? this is another question that medical science is searching for. we do know that many hiv - infected individuals have other problems and other risk factors that can lead to ph. a direct cause and effect relation between hiv infection and pulmonary hypertension has not yet been found, and proteins associated with hiv have not yet been found in the lining of the blood vessels of the lungs. medical researchers have not yet been able to say for sure what role hiv infection plays in the development of pah. it is not yet known, for example, whether hiv itself can directly cause pulmonary hypertension, or whether hiv is simply a trigger for the development of pah in susceptible individuals. hiv remains a complicated disease that can cause many problems that weaken blood vessels, and these, too, can play into the development of pah. should an hiv patient be tested for pulmonary hypertension", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44841332118213884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.753392"} {"text": "trigger for the development of pah in susceptible individuals. hiv remains a complicated disease that can cause many problems that weaken blood vessels, and these, too, can play into the development of pah. should an hiv patient be tested for pulmonary hypertension? hiv patients know that medical supervision is critical to their best possible long - term health, and that any change in their condition should be brought to the attention of their doctors. changes that may have to do with ph might include difficulty when attempting physical activity, swelling of the feet, ankles, legs or abdomen, increased shortness of breath, worsening fatigue, chest discomfort or pain, light - headedness or fainting. however, because these symptoms are general and may have to do with several types of problems, the patient \u2019 s doctor should always be contacted. how is testing for ph carried out? an echocardiogram is a useful screening tool ; unfortunately, it alone is not accurate enough to make the diagnosis of hiv - pah. a test known as right heart catheterization remains the most accurate way of diagnosing hiv - pah. can pulmonary hypertension be treated the same way in hiv patients as in those without hiv? researchers are working to find the answer to this question, but to date, there have been few studies done with hiv patients who have pah. the fact that the population of hiv - pah patients is very small has been a problem for researchers. another problem has been that the long - term survival of hiv - pah patients is lower than those who have ph without the addition of hiv. in all cases, however, the sooner ph ( or any other complicating problem ) is diagnosed in an hiv patient, the better the outlook is for the patient.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42279072039500487, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.754069"} {"text": "the life linemade in united states, north and central america winslow homer, american, 1836 - 1910 oil on canvas e1924 - 4 - 15the george w. elkins collection, 1924 labelthe dramatic rescue from a foundering ship shown here was made possible by a recent innovation in lifesaving technology, the breeches buoy. secured firmly to ship and shore, the device permitted the transfer of stranded passengers to safety by means of a pulley that was hauled back and forth by crews at either end. cropped down to its essentials, homer ' s composition thrusts us into the midst of the action with massive waves rolling past, drenching the semiconscious woman and her anonymous savior. the life line was immediately recognized by critics as a major contribution to american art, portraying a heroic, contemporary subject with both painterly virtuosity and detailed observation. social tags [? ] landscape [ x ] nhd 1861 to 1877 maritime [ x ] rescue [ x ] seascape [ x ] victorian [ x ] waves [ x ] [ add your own tags ] * works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4755980638336406, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.755341"} {"text": "natural gas is an off - the - shelf technology for cars and trucks. according to ngvamerica, there are more than 10 million natural gas vehicles ( ngvs ) in operation around the world. however, there are only about 130, 000 ngvs \u2014 about 1. 3 percent \u2014 in the united states. conversely, batteries will not power heavy trucks and hydrogen fuel cells may be decades away from being in widespread use. we are even further away from having a battery advanced enough to efficiently power heavy trucks. natural gas is the only fuel capable of offsetting imported diesel to power heavy trucks \u2014 the 18 - wheelers which move goods around america. over - the - road truckers frequently run the same routes and stop in the same places on a regular basis. unlike passenger cars and suvs, truckers generally use the same facilities to eat, rest and refuel along their routes. in addition to over - the - road trucks, there are a growing number of transit companies converting to all - natural gas municipal buses. in los angeles alone there are more than 2, 800 ngv buses in operation. refuse and recycling trucks are among the most inefficient vehicles on the road. they are either at idle or driving at walking speeds for most of their work day. san diego county is aggressively replacing its refuse and recycling trucks with ngvs. any fleet operator \u2014 taxi cabs, utilities, and express delivery firms, for example \u2014 whose vehicles go back to \u201c the barn \u201d every night are candidates to be up - fitted to ngvs. at & t, which operates one of the largest domestic fleets in america, recently announced it is purchasing approximately 8, 000 vehicles over the next few years to replace gasoline and diesel vehicles with ngvs. even with higher initial costs ( which will disappear as manufacturing ramps up ) the life - cycle costs of ngvs are significantly lower. fuel costs are at least 15 percent less using natural gas rather than gasoline or diesel. an equivalent gallon of compressed natural gas ( cng ) provides the same miles per gallon as a gallon of gasoline. and the cleaner burning nature of the fuel means maintenance costs are reduced because engine parts such as spark plugs stay cleaner while operating on natural gas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47921165893625156, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.757591"} {"text": "okay, i ' ll chime in... the purpose of reinforcement is to increase the occurrence of a behavior. one of the main principles of any learning theory ( whether it be classical or operant conditioning ) is that they, for the most part, follow aristotle ' s laws of association, of which there are four. now, many behaviorists maintain that the laws of similarity and contrast don ' t play as major a role in conditioning as do the other two : the law of contiguity and law of frequency. law of frequency is easy to understand : the higher the frequency in which two things are linked together, the more likely they are to be strongly associated. law of contiguity predicts that things that occur close together in space and time, will be more likely to be associated. now, take these laws and apply them to learning theory. the more frequently you pair food with a behavior, the more likely the organism will be to perform the behavior. why? because the behavior has, in the past, brought about an appetitive consequence. but, you have to also take into consideration the law of contiguity. things that occur together in space and time. so, if the dog gets the treat, right after it comes to you, then you are positively reinforcing that behavior. in reality, this is how many of us teach a recall to our dogs. we call dog, dog comes to us, dog gets treat! so, why would we even say that we are \" resetting \" the dog by getting it to come to us, when, in reality, you ' re just teaching it to come to you. now, is there such a thing as delayed reinforcement? yes, but there is not a ton of empirical support for the idea that it is as effective. in fact, most researchers cite skinner ' s ( 1938 ) original study using immediate reinforcement and reinforcement occurring at 2, 3, and 4 second delays in their arguments against the efficacy of delayed reinforcement. in fact, skinner found that while the rats could acquire the behavior when reinforcement was delayed ( 2, 3, and 4 seconds ), it was severely retarded as compared to immediate reinforcement. now, if we look at marker training ( which is actually referred to as a conditioned reinforcer by behaviorists ), many studies have shown that the conditioned reinforcer functions in much the same was as a primary reinforcer, where a primary reinforcer is simply a reinforcer that is inherently good, and the organism does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5777159520697994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.761164"} {"text": "a conditioned reinforcer by behaviorists ), many studies have shown that the conditioned reinforcer functions in much the same was as a primary reinforcer, where a primary reinforcer is simply a reinforcer that is inherently good, and the organism does not have to \" learn \" it ' s value ( the most common examples of primary reinforcers are food, water, and sex ). a conditioned, or secondary, reinforcer on the other hand is one in which the \" goodness \" of it is learned ( for example, the clicker in clicker training ) through classical conditioning ( the pairing of a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus )... however, this only occurs if the proper classical conditioning trials take place for that previously neutral stimulus. as a side note, seconary reinforcers are also the primary mechanism in our economic system ( i. e., you aren ' t born knowing that money is good, but you do learn that it can be used to get you other things, which is good ) which is basically a larger scale token economy ( commonly used in mental hospitals and prisons ). therefore, to me, you don ' t need to use this \" reset \" with a dog if you ' re also using other consequences in your training with the right frequency and contiguity... and, no, people, i ' m not simply talking about a prong collar correction... even something as simple as turning your back - negative punishment - used in conjunction with positive reinforcement can gain the behavior you want ( i ' ve done all of axo ' s training using these two consequences, and greg has even made a comment that he ' s starting to look incredible with his behaviors, all things considered ( his age, etc ) )... see, this is what happens when you catch me while i ' m writing a lecture for learning!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5126581000987691, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.761857"} {"text": "atr intelligent robotics and communication laboratories and vstone teamed up to create a communication robot called robovie r - 2 ( vie = life ). combining many areas of atr \u2019 s research ( artificial intelligence, pathfinding, speech synthesis, and speech recognition ) with vstone \u2019 s technical experience and manufactured parts was an easy fit for the key individuals involved, such as higarashi ishiguro ( creator of the famous geminoid android ) because they also teamed up to make the humanoid soccer champions as team osaka. robovie r - 2 has performed as a museum guide robot \u2013 assigning it this function allowed the researchers a chance to study human - robot interactions. one of the major problems facing communication robots is the delay between hearing and responding. it became clear that the robot would need to be connected to a network of computers to make for quicker response time to lessen the frustrating gaps in conversation. field trials were conducted at the ohara museum of art, where robovie r - 2 ver 2 would guide visitors through exhibits, stopping to give relevant commentary about the history of an artist or work. the researchers found that the robovie \u2019 s body language, such as his head tilting, nodding, and his arms waving, had a major impact on how people interacted with it. experiments are also being conducted that would allow robovie to take on an elder care role. without needing to be approached or requested by an elderly person, the robot should take the initiative and help out on its own. part of the solution requires adequate facial recognition, so that the robot can see if a person is looking in its direction. that way, it can focus its attention on someone who may need its assistance. atr has developed several different versions of the robovie, including versions with soft, sensitive skin. this particular version sells for 5, 040, 000 jpy ( $ 53, 000 usd ). in march 2010, atr revealed a small version of the robovie called robovie - mr2. - atr robotics \u2019 robovie r - 2 page ( jp ) - itr intelligent robotics & communications laboratories ( jp ) - atr ( official site jp ) - vstone ( official site jp ) vstone | impress robot watch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49477112850351324, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.765579"} {"text": "after reaching the two poles in 1909 and 1911, mt everest in 1953 and the seven summits in 1986. what else is there to explore, or to conquer? after over 30 expeditions in 100 countries explorer johan ernst nilson started to plan his biggest adventure ever ; a unique journey still undone and one of the most difficult adventure projects ever attempted ; pole2pole! the expedition starts with skis on the north pole on the exact date of pearya\u20ac\u2122s discovery, april 6, and will then reach greenland two months later. from greenland johan and his team will then continue 1000 km with dogsled over greenland where they will sail across the arctic ocean into canada. from canada the journey continues with bike across north america and south america through jungles, deserts and mountains into patagonia. after six month on the bike johan and his team will travel to the coldest place on earth ; antarctica. johan and his team will then ski and kite for two months across the continent until they reach the other side of the planet ; the south pole. the odyssey will take approximately one year to accomplish and will be done climate neutral. the team will use skis, kites, doglsed, solarpower, bikes and a sailboat to be able to travel between the two poles. any distance that cana\u00b4t be done without engine will be climate compensated. between the poles johan and the pole2pole team will visit charity organizations to cover the important work the organizations do for our world. the pole2pole expedition is the one journey left undone \u2026 follow the adventure! since the early 19 : th century, explorers have been trying to reach the polar regions and the ends of the world ; the north pole in the arctic and the south pole in antarctica. explorers like shackelton, amundsen, cook, peary and nansen all had the same dream and many vanished in their fight against nature. the first expedition to cross the antarctic circle was run by cook, who circumnavigated antarctica in 1772 - 75 without actually sighting it. the first person to claim to have reached the geographic north pole was robert peary on the 6th of april 1909 and the first person on the south pole was amundsen on december 14th, 1911. 1909 - 1911 were the most important years in polar history. now 100 years has past and the most spectacular of all adventures is still to be done ; the journey from the north pole all the way down across the globe to the south pole. during the one year long journey between the two poles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4544753805575086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.768637"} {"text": "main article : fermin tanguis fermin tanguis poses with an example of the \u201c tanguis cotton \u201d in 1901, peru \u2019 s cotton industry suffered because of a fungus plague caused by a plant disease known as \u201c cotton wilt \u201d ( more correctly, \u201c fusarium wilt \u201d ) caused by the fungus fusarium vasinfectum. the plant disease, which spread throughout peru, entered plant \u2019 s roots and worked its way up the stem until the plant was completely dried up. fermin tanguis, a puerto rican agriculturist who lived in peru, studied some species of the plant that were affected by the disease to a lesser extent and experimented in germination with the seeds of various cotton plants. in 1911, after 10 years of experimenting and failures, tanguis was able to develop a seed which produced a superior cotton plant resistant to the disease. the seeds produced a plant that had a 40 % longer ( between 29 mm and 33 mm ) and thicker fiber that did not break easily and required little water. the tanguis cotton, as it became known, is the variety which is preferred by the peruvian national textile industry. it constituted 75 % of all the peruvian cotton production, both for domestic use and apparel exports. the tanguis cotton crop was estimated at 225, 000 bales that year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40542451931429413, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.770095"} {"text": "journal issue : children with disabilities volume 22 number 1 spring 2012 this issue of the future of children explores childhood disability \u2014 its prevalence, nature, treatment, and consequences. with unprecedented numbers of u. s. children now being identified as having special medical and educational needs and with the nation ' s resources for addressing those needs increasingly constrained, the topic is timely. public discussion of childhood disability, by the media, parents, scholars, and advocates alike, tends to emphasize particular causes of disability, such as autism, asthma, cystic fibrosis, or attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). in this volume, however, we focus not on individual disabilities, but rather on cross - cutting themes that apply more broadly to the issue of children with disabilities. to this end, we commissioned a group of experts to review research on childhood disability, including its definition ( itself a challenge ), its prevalence and trends over time ( likewise ), and the costs it imposes both on the individual child and on the child ' s family. our contributors also consider disability within the context of the nation ' s educational, health insurance, and medical systems ; the impact of emerging technologies on the experience of disability ; and the definition of health care quality. the volume concludes with a discussion of the prevention of childhood disability.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5254986360571214, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.771496"} {"text": "4 essential sleep habits for kids healthy kids from teeth to feet : kids & health by peg rosen for healthy kids from teeth to feet a good night \u2019 s sleep for grade - schoolers and teens means at least 10 hours of solid shut - eye, according to the national institutes of health. for preschoolers, it \u2019 s 11 - 12 hours, and for babies it \u2019 s up to 18. but many kids are falling short \u2026 and paying the price. new research from the university of chicago suggests that youngsters who don \u2019 t get enough rest are more than four times as likely to be obese as their well - rested counterparts ; sleep deprivation has been shown to disrupt levels of chemicals that regulate appetite. and spanish researchers recently found that kids who don \u2019 t log an adequate amount of shut - eye are more likely to struggle in the classroom, where poor sleep habits hinder their motivation and compromise their ability to concentrate, memorize, write and spell. one of the biggest sleep - snatchers is electronics, according to timothy f. hoban, director of pediatric sleep medicine at the university of michigan medical center. \u201c thirty years ago, there were no game systems, personal computers or mobile phones. this technology is now commonplace and often available in the child \u2019 s own room, \u201d he says. but bad sleep habits are also to blame. here are hoban \u2019 s top tips for getting your kids \u2019 sleep situation under control : has contributed to numerous magazines and websites, including healthy kids, more, redbook, self, real simple, parents, family circle, american baby, parentcenter. com and webmd. com. she blogs at relish - this. blogspot. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40449077547970214, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.773149"} {"text": "quinceanera overviewthe quinceanera, or sweet fifteenth birthday is a very special day in the life of many hispanic girls. celebrated in mexico, puerto rica, cuba, central and southern america, many families of hispanic heritage also observe quinceaneras in the united states. and, while traditions vary according to family tradition, what remains at the heart of every fiesta quinceanera is the celebration of a girl as she marks an important milestone : passing from childhood to adulthood. steeped in religion, for most quinceaneras - - here and abroad - - their special fifteenth birthday starts with a religious ceremony ( the misa de accion de gracias ) and then followed by a reception at a family member \u2019 s home or special venue. at the mass, the quinceanera is accompanied by up to fourteen maids ( representing her fourteen years ) and their fourteen escorts. then, sat at the foot of the alter for the entire service, the mass gives the quinceanera the opportunity to give thanks and lay flowers at the feet of the virgin mary. after the ceremony, female cousins and sisters distribute special favors to the congregation before the entire party heads off to celebrate with food, music and dancing. at the heart of every quinceanera \u2019 s fairytale day is a special dress. traditionally an intricate design in bright or pastel colors, every quinceanera spends a great deal of time and effort selecting the picture - perfect ball gown for her big day. in fact, with many dresses looking like elaborate wedding gowns themselves, a quinceanera celebration can often seem like a dress rehearsal for a wedding! yet, instead of affirming a commitment to a new husband, every quinceanera reaffirms her devotion and commitment to her family. as for her footwear, most quinceaneras start the day wearing flat shoes, symbolically switching them out for heels for the first dance with her father. the original quinceanera celebrations were important for ancient aztecs and mayans, dating back hundreds of years. as the tradition spread, catholic latinos added their own religious elements to the celebration. many quinceaneras celebrated in the us today begin with a special thanksgiving mass, known as la misa de accion de gracias. the birthday girl is often given a seat of honor near the altar, and her quinceanera court joins her. this court is similar to bridesmaids and groomsmen in a wedding, but the girls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46851314473743294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.777150"} {"text": "accion de gracias. the birthday girl is often given a seat of honor near the altar, and her quinceanera court joins her. this court is similar to bridesmaids and groomsmen in a wedding, but the girls are called either \u201c maids \u201d or \u201c dama \u201d, and the boys are called \u201c chamberlains \u201d or \u201c chambelan \u201d. usually there are seven maids, and seven chamberlains that serve as their escorts. the quinceanera and her escort form the fifteenth couple. quinceanera dress & shoes the traditional quinceanera dress is either white or a light pastel color, like pale pink. they look similar to wedding gowns, but without the train that trails behind. the party decorations, cake, and favors should all coordinate with the color and design of the quinceanera dress. the girl will arrive at her quinceanera wearing flat shoes, which are ceremoniously exchanged for high feels. this symbolizes how she is taking her first steps as a woman, and leaving her children \u2019 s clothing and accessories behind. usually her father assists with this ceremony, which is similar to when a father gives away his daughter at her wedding. fathers are an important part of quinceanera celebrations, as they are presenting their daughters as women for the first time. the last doll is another tradition in the same style ; it represents moving forward into adulthood. the quinceanera is given a beautiful quinceanera doll, which might be saved as a keepsake. the passing of the last doll is a custom wherein the quinceanera gives the doll to a younger sister or cousin. this represents how she has put aside childish things, and is now a grown woman. some quinceaneras also feature a last pinata, where the young lady can enjoy this kid \u2019 s party game one last time. after these activities, there is a father - daughter dance that celebrates her coming of age. traditional songs for the quinceanera waltz include la ultima muneca ( the last doll ), de nina a mujer ( from a girl to a woman ) and vals de las mariposas ( waltz of the butterflies ). gifts for the quinceanera are an integral part of the festivities ; each traditional quinceanera gift has special symbolism for the young lady. earrings are given to remind her to listen to god, and a bracelet or ring is gifted to represent the never - ending circle of life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44153067288801284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.778210"} {"text": "psc provides major support for unprecedented noaa and university of oklahoma storm - forecast experiment psc improved performance of the forecast model, automated the daily runs and coordinated a dedicated high - bandwidth link. pittsburgh, may 10, 2007 \u2014 spring on the great plains brings one of nature ' s most awesome performances of fierce weather, as the may 5th weekend in kansas tragically demonstrated. many residents of greensburg, kansas credited the national weather service, which gave a half - hour advance warning, with preventing an even worse disaster. nevertheless, tornados are notoriously hard to predict, and better warnings - hours in advance, instead of minutes, with greater reliability in the prediction - could save countless lives. to that end, noaa ( the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ) this spring has mounted an unprecedented experiment in forecasting severe storms. to support it the pittsburgh supercomputing center ( psc ) has brought to bear an awesome array of technology, its cray xt3 - a lead system of the national science foundation ( nsf ) teragrid - and a dedicated high - bandwidth network link between pittsburgh and oklahoma contributed by cisco systems, inc. a major goal of the 2007 noaa hazardous weather testbed ( hwt ) spring experiment is to assess how well \" ensemble \" forecasting - a very computationally demanding approach - works to predict thunderstorms, including the \" supercells \" that spawn tornados. it is the first time ensemble forecasts, multiple runs of the same forecast model ( to measure the uncertainty inherent in weather forecasts ), are being carried out at the spatial resolution at which storms occur ( finer than operational forecasts, thereby requiring more computing ). it is also the first time ensemble forecasts are being carried out in real time in an operational forecast environment. \" ensembles have been used extensively in larger - scale models, \" said steven weiss, science and operations officer of the noaa storm prediction center ( spc ) in norman, oklahoma. \" but they have never before been used at the scale of storms. this is unique - both in terms of the forecast methodology and the enormous amount of computing. the technological logistics to make this happen are nothing short of amazing. \" collaborators in the experiment, in addition to psc and spc, are the center for analysis and prediction of storms ( caps ) at the university of oklahoma, norman ; the noaa national severe storms laboratory in norman ; lead ( linked environments for atmospheric discovery ), an nsf large information technology research grant program and teragrid science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5034640564656137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.785055"} {"text": "for analysis and prediction of storms ( caps ) at the university of oklahoma, norman ; the noaa national severe storms laboratory in norman ; lead ( linked environments for atmospheric discovery ), an nsf large information technology research grant program and teragrid science gateway ; and the national center for supercomputing applications ( ncsa ) in illinois, a lead teragrid resource provider. to implement caps ' daily forecast runs on psc ' s cray xt3 using the wrf ( weather research and forecast ) model, psc provided technological and staff assistance at several levels : - psc networking staff coordinated with onenet, a regional network of the state of oklahoma, and national lambda rail ( nlr ), a network initiative of u. s. universities, and with cisco systems, who contributed use of a dedicated \" lambda \" ( a 10 - gigabit - per - second optical - network ) for up to a 12 - month period. - psc implemented the lambda at its end in january, using existing equipment in the pittsburgh metro and local - area network. the backbone is provided by nlr and onenet provides the link from tulsa to norman, oklahoma. - this dedicated link - from the cray xt3 to onenet in tulsa to a supercomputer at the university of oklahoma ( which ingests and post - processes the data ) - makes possible the transfer of 2. 6 terabytes of data per forecast day. - psc staff optimized the latest version of the wrf model to run on the cray xt3, gaining a threefold speedup in input / output ( i / o ) of the wrf code, substantially improving overall performance. - psc also optimized the i / o for post - processing routines used to visualize and analyze the forecast output, achieving 100 - fold speedup. - psc modified the reservation and job - processing logic of its job - scheduling software to implement auto - scheduling of wrf runs and related post - processing, 760 separate jobs each day, demonstrating the teragrid ' s ability to use the cray xt3, a very large \" capability \" resource, on a scheduled, real - time basis. the noaa hwt spring experiment forecasts require more than a hundred times more computing daily than the most sophisticated national weather service operational forecasts. to meet this need, psc ' s cray xt3 ( 2, 068 2. 6 ghz dual - core processors, 21 teraf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5201700456371703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.786012"} {"text": "more than a hundred times more computing daily than the most sophisticated national weather service operational forecasts. to meet this need, psc ' s cray xt3 ( 2, 068 2. 6 ghz dual - core processors, 21 teraflops peak ) is the most powerful \" tightly - coupled \" system ( designed to optimize inter - processor communication ) available via the teragrid. each night, from april 15 until june 1, caps transmits weather data to the cray xt3, which runs a 10 - member ensemble ( 10 runs of the model ) in addition to a single higher - resolution wrf run, in time to produce a forecast for the next day by morning. the forecast domain extends from the rockies to the east coast, two - thirds of the continental united states. the ensemble runs are at four - kilometer horizontal resolution, with the single wrf forecast at two kilometers. a scientific objective is to assess the value of ensemble forecasts in relation to the higher - resolution forecast, and the xt3 and the high - bandwidth link to oklahoma make it possible to do both of these demanding runs daily under real - time constraints. along with ensemble forecasts and use of the cray xt3, the dedicated lambda is also unprecedented. \" there ' s no other traffic on this lambda, \" said wendy huntoon, psc director of networking. \" this is probably the first time a lambda has been dedicated to a single research effort. all of us involved in this experiment are grateful to cisco. \" huntoon, who is also director of operations for nlr, helped to coordinate among onenet, nlr and cisco to implement the contributed lambda. \" the forecast runs at pittsburgh ship terabytes of data back to oklahoma every day, \" said ming xue, director of caps. \" it wouldn ' t be possible without this network connection. \" \" this experiment represents an enormous leap forward, \" said university of oklahoma meteorologist kelvin droegemeier, who directs lead and, as former director of caps, has led several spring forecasting experiments over the past decade. \" ensembles open up a new array of interpretative capabilities to forecasters analyzing how good the forecast is. with ensembles, you ' re not only forecasting the weather, you ' re forecasting the accuracy of the forecast. \" other parts of the experiment use capabilities developed by lead to test \" on - demand \" forecasts. these forecasts, run in response to continental u. s. forecasts that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5070361145165867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.786955"} {"text": "weather, you ' re forecasting the accuracy of the forecast. \" other parts of the experiment use capabilities developed by lead to test \" on - demand \" forecasts. these forecasts, run in response to continental u. s. forecasts that predict severe storms, are at fine spacing ( two km ) over smaller domains where initial forecasts indicate high storm likelihood. they use teragrid computing resources at ncsa. since the mid - 90s, psc has collaborated with caps and noaa in spring experiments, and with steady advances in computational technology helped to achieve corresponding advances in the ability to predict storm - scale weather. in the last major experiment, during the 2005 season, using psc ' s lemieux, the first terascale system available via the teragrid, caps and noaa learned that with sufficient high - resolution it ' s possible, in some cases, to predict the details of thunderstorms 24 - hours in advance, a milestone in storm forecasting, suggesting that weather at this scale is inherently more predictable than previously thought. rolling thunder preview ( projects in scientific computing 2005 ) the pittsburgh supercomputing center is a joint effort of carnegie mellon university and the university of pittsburgh together with westinghouse electric company. established in 1986, psc is supported by several federal agencies, the commonwealth of pennsylvania and private industry, and is a partner in the national science foundation teragrid program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5212181754974853, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.787727"} {"text": "understanding hyperbaric oxygen therapy hyperbaric oxygen therapy : hyperbaric oxygenation ; hyperbaric therapy ; hyperbaric medicine ; hbot ; hbo2 pronounced : hi - purr - bear - ick ox - a - jen the - ra - pee hyperbaric oxygen therapy ( hbot ) is a treatment in which a patient breaths 100 % oxygen while in a hyperbaric chamber ( pressure vessel ) at a barometric pressure greater than sea level. the dosage of oxygen is increased proportional to the increase in chamber pressure ; i. e. breathing 100 % oxygen at 3 atmospheres absolute pressure is the equivalent of getting 300 % oxygen. the air we breathe each day has 21 % oxygen. most chambers are capable of pressurizing to 1. 5 to 3 times normal atmospheric pressure. the hyperbaric physician determines what pressure the chamber needs to go to for any given treatment. see conditions we treat. there are two main types of hyperbaric chamber. monoplace : single patient, chamber pressurized with 100 % oxygen, patient directly breaths the ambient chamber oxygen. some units offer intermittent air breaks. multiplace : multiple patients, attendant ( s ) accompany patient, chamber pressurized with air, patient breaths 100 % oxygen via a breathing circuit. air breaks are done by removing patient from breathing circuit. p / sl has a multiplace chamber. reasons for hyperbaric therapy hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been used to treat many health problems, including : - an air bubble ( embolism ) which gets into the circulatory system and blocks blood flow - decompression sickness, which can occur when divers or miners come to the surface too quickly - carbon monoxide poisoning - wound healing, especially in patients with poor circulation - radiation therapy injuries following treatment for cancer - skin grafts, flaps, or burns what to expect during hyperbaric oxygen therapy prior to procedure - wear comfortable clothes. - bring a book or an activity that you can do in the chamber. - you will be asked to change into hospital provided clothing. - you will be seen by the technical, nursing and physician staff. during hyperbaric treatment depending on your medical condition you will either sit or lie down. along with the possibility of other patients in the chamber, you will always be accompanied by a hyperbaric staff person. an outside technician will gradually pressurize the chamber. you will be able to talk to the inside attendant who will instruct you to : - relax and breathe normally. - follow ear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5087217552620955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.791206"} {"text": "you will always be accompanied by a hyperbaric staff person. an outside technician will gradually pressurize the chamber. you will be able to talk to the inside attendant who will instruct you to : - relax and breathe normally. - follow ear equalization techniques reviewed with you prior to your first treatment. swallow or blow with your nose pinched to relieve discomfort. - if your ears don \u2019 t pop or you have discomfort, tell the attendant. they can lower the pressure, if needed, to help ear equalization. after getting to the proper pressure, the attendant will connect a breathing circuit for you to receive your oxygen. the circuit will most likely be either a clear plastic hood or a mask. you will have 2 - 4 air breaks per treatment where the attendant will take off the breathing circuit for 5 minutes. immediately after hyperbaric therapy over a period of 15 minutes, the technician will slowly depressurize the hyperbaric chamber. you will likely have some ear popping, but do not blow your nose. most of the conditions treated require a five day a week hyperbaric oxygen therapy treatment length most treatments last 2 hours average hospital stay unless you have another medical condition requiring you to stay in the hospital, hyperbaric oxygen therapy is an outpatient therapy. in most cases, there is no special care after hyperbaric treatment. be sure to follow your doctor \u2019 s call your doctor after you leave the hospital, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs : - discomfort or pain in your sinuses or ears - onset of seizures - vision problems - cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain in case of an emergency, call 911.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45582675687287544, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.791904"} {"text": "rearing dairy replacements on the atherton tableland, queensland. i. effect of suckling system, bucket feeding and protein supplementation australian journal of experimental agriculture and animal husbandry 17 ( 84 ) 25 - 30 ninety - six calves, born between october 1973 and march 1974, were either bucket fed once daily on a commercial milk replacer, or multiple suckled at four calves cow - 1 with either free or limited access ( two calves in the morning and two in the afternoon ). bucket reared and limited access suckled calves were supplemented ad libitum with either maize or a 5 : 1 maize, bloodmeal mix. free access suckled calves received ad libitum maize or were unsupplemented. weaning was at 56 days of age. growth rates of calves from birth to eight weeks were 0. 36, 0. 44 and 0. 47 kg day - 1 for the bucket fed, free access suckled and limited access suckled calves respectively. major differences in growth rate occurred from birth to four weeks of age. growth rate of calves with free access suckling from four to eight weeks of age was increased by maize supplementation ( 0. 57 kg vs. 0. 44 kg calf - 1 day - 1 ). no response to protein supplementation was measured. incidence of scouring was higher in bucket reared calves ( p < 0. 01 ). the relevance of these results to the local dairy industry is discussed. full text doi : 10. 1071 / ea9770025 \u00a9 csiro 1977", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5064988991760497, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.794317"} {"text": "taiwan opens up its public wifi hotspots for tourism purposes manila, philippines - one of the problems with technological advances is that accessibility becomes a factor for enjoyment of new devices like tablets. a new development at georgia tech, called access4kids, is working towards helping disabled children with controlling touch - based tablets. access4kids aims to help those with fine - motor impairment to better control tablets. it is a \" wireless input device that uses a sensor system to translate physical movements into fine - motor gestures to control a tablet. \" the access4kids system uses 3 force - sensitive resistors to measure and convert pressure into control signals on a tablet. as the news piece from georgia tech explains, \" a child can wear the device around the forearm or place it on the arm of a wheelchair and hit the sensors or swipe across the sensors with his or her fist. the combination of sensor hits or swipes gets converted to different ' touch - based ' commands on the tablet. \" its developers, professor ayanna howard and graduate student hae won park, hope that access4kids can be fine - tuned and made into a commercial product. as howard explains, \" it doesn \u2019 t make sense for me to have one child look at it and say \u2018 hey that \u2019 s really cool \u2019 and not have it out there in the world. \" - rappler. com who will inherit the throne? rappler takes you through the miss philippines earth 2013 competition with these specials :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4916273082196979, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.798480"} {"text": "how - to : add a dac ( digital to analog convertor ) to your pi mcp4725 12 - bit dac with raspberry pi add a dac ( digital to analog convertor ) to your raspberry pi we have a new tutorial - already mastered analog inputs with the pi, and looking for a new challenge? how about : how can i generate an analog output on the pi?! there are several ways you can accomplish this, but one of the easiest and most flexible is to use a dedicated ic called a digital to analog convertor ( or dac ). a dac allows you to specify a numeric value ( 0.. 255 for an 8 - bit dac, 0.. 4095 for a 12 - bit dac, etc. ), and the ic will output a voltage based on the supply voltage, and relative to that numeric value. for example, using a 12 - bit dac like the mcp4725 we ' ll be using here, setting the value to 2048 on a 3. 3v system will results in ~ 1. 65v output on the dac. this guide will show you everything you need to know to be able to generate precise analog outputs using your pi and the mcp4725 12 - bit i2c dac, from connecting everything up, to how to use our easy python library. http : / / learn. adafruit. com / mcp4725 - 12 - bi... spberry - pi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4619472096432516, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.800362"} {"text": "a project of amazon institute the amazon institute is working diligently to preserve endangered species and battle deforestation in south america. the natural world, in all its splendor and grace, is in critical condition due to species extinction and endangerment and the destruction of natural habitat through deforestation. however, it does not have to be this way. becoming aware of these problems is the first step to fixing them. the 3 - toed sloth is a very interesting animal with a number of unique adaptations for survival. for example, its fur has formed a beautiful symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria ( algae ), making the actual fur of the sloth an independent ecosystem. because the algae is green it makes the sloths fur appear green and brown, helping the animal to better blend in with its arboreal surroundings. equally as unique as the sloths fur are its teeth. the teeth of the sloth grow continuously, throughout its 40 to 50 year life. sloths are also very adequate swimmers, despite their predominately tree - branch existence. as you can see, there is much for us to learn from this amazing creature, but if we are not diligently protecting it from the threat of human hands we could miss out on a lot of valuable knowledge and experience. we encourage everyone to take notice of the challenges presented to this creature and its habitat, and to take responsibility for the world we share with so many different creatures, like the 3 - toed sloth. no matter how small or quiet, every plant and animal plays a crucial role in all of our lives, just as we do in theirs. many people neglect the impact we have on our plant and the creatures that inhabit it and that is why foundations like the amazon institute exist. by helping us to realize how drastically we can change things for the better and by providing us with the tools to do so, we can swiftly, make it happen. we believe that having the ability to make a change means having the responsibility to make a change. why not make it a good change? visit the amazon institute and do your part. adopt a 3 - toed sloth or plant a tree, or both!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46818181209193055, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.805811"} {"text": "zingiberaceae is a family of 51 genera and c. 1200 species which are related to bananas, bird - of - paradise flowers and canna lilies. they are found in all tropical forests but most occur between india and new guinea. ginger, turmeric and cardamom are the most important economic species being grown in great quantities for international trade. m. f. newman now leads research on the gingers at the rbg but former colleagues first started to study the zingiberaceae in the early 1960s when b. l. burtt and p. j. m. woods brought back material from sarawak. later r. m. smith worked on this family until her retirement in 1993, producing accounts for borneo, australia and bhutan as well as a new infrageneric classification of the largest genus alpinia. this is a searchable data base for taxonomists which has been built up at the rbge with help from staff of singapore botanic gardens. it contains information about scientific names and their type specimens, and also about herbarium collections which has been verified by specialists. mark newman is working on revisions of globba for the flora of thailand and flore du cambodge, du laos et du viet nam. this genus may have as many as 100 species from sri lanka to australia and is most diverse in continental se asia. the plants are usually small and most are deciduous, dying down to the rhizome during the dry season. the flowers are extremely delicate and often absent from herbarium specimens which makes classification difficult. we rely heavily on new collections and living material in botanic gardens. dr axel dalberg poulsen, peter davis research fellow, is revising the genus etlingera in the indonesian island of sulawesi. vichith lamxay, phd student at uppsala university, is revising amomum in the flore du cambodge, du laos et du viet nam. this studentship is funded by a bilateral agreement between sweden and the lao p. d. r. several species in this region are collected from the forests for their medicinal properties yet the trade is unregulated because no - one can be sure which species are most valuable or what to call them. to date, vichith recognises c. 32 species in this area, including 5 - 7 new to science. jane droop, phd student of aberdeen university, is revising amomum in the indonesian island of sumatra where she has found c. 25 species, several of them new to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4585725871681767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.823000"} {"text": "32 species in this area, including 5 - 7 new to science. jane droop, phd student of aberdeen university, is revising amomum in the indonesian island of sumatra where she has found c. 25 species, several of them new to science. amomum, as currently circumscribed, is among the largest genera in the family with over 200 species from sri lanka to new guinea and australia. recent research shows clearly, however, that the genus is not monophyletic. preliminary phylogenetic studies show that the fruit type may be more important than was thought previously. some species have smooth fruits while others have ridged, winged or spiny fruits. david harris, formerly peter davis research fellow and now curator of the herbarium, and alexandra wortley are revising aframomum, the largest african genus of zingiberaceae. these plants are widespread in sub - saharan africa. most of the c. 70 species grow in forests but a few extend into the savanna. one of the widespread species is also found in madagascar. the plants spread very rapidly by long rhizomes, forming dense clumps. their flowers are often borne near the ground, separate from the leafy shoots and, in most species, last no more than a day. many species have tasty, fleshy fruits which are eaten by people. the seeds of a few species are used as spice and are traded under the names \" melegueta pepper \" and \" grains of paradise \". it was for these seeds that the coast of liberia and part of sierra leone was formerly called the grain coast. the leafy shoots are an important part of the diet of herbivores such as gorillas and elephants. staff of the royal botanic garden edinburgh and their colleagues in other research institutes have been publishing work on zingiberaceae for over 40 years. a list of these publications can be found here. dr. achariya rangsiruji ( kai ) department of biology faculty of science telephone : + 66 2 664 0410 / 7 ext 8111 fax : + 66 2 260 0128 a study of the infrageneric classification of alpinia roxb. ( zingiberaceae ) using molecular data. university of edinburgh, 1999. publications arising from the thesis : rangsiruji, a., m. f. newman & q. c. b. cronk ( 2000 ) a study of the infrageneric classification of alpinia ro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4515983734848073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.825747"} {"text": "edinburgh, 1999. publications arising from the thesis : rangsiruji, a., m. f. newman & q. c. b. cronk ( 2000 ) a study of the infrageneric classification of alpinia roxb. ( zingiberaceae ) based on the its region of nuclear rdna and the trnl - f spacer of chloroplast dna. in k. l. wilson & d. a. morrison ( eds. ), monocots : systematics and evolution. csiro, melbourne. rangsiruji, a., m. f. newman & q. c. b. cronk ( 2000 ) origin and relationships of alpinia galanga ( zingiberaceae ) based on molecular data. edinburgh j. bot. 57 : 9 - 37. dr. chatchai ngamriabsakul ( nok ) school of biology institute of science nakhon si thammarat the systematics of the hedychieae ( zingiberaceae ) with emphasis on roscoea sm. university of edinburgh, 2001. publications arising from the thesis : ngamriabsakul, c., newman, m. f. & cronk, q. c. b. ( 2000 ) phylogeny and disjunction in roscoea ( zingiberaceae ). edinburgh j. bot. 57 ( 1 ) : 39 - 61. ngamriabsakul, c., newman, m. f. ( 2000 ) a new species of roscoea sm. ( zingiberaceae ) from bhutan. edinburgh j. bot. 57 ( 2 ) : 271 - 278. dr. marlina ardiyani jalan ir. h. juanda 22 po box 110 systematic study of curcuma l. : turmeric and its allies. university of edinburgh, 2003. classification of curcuma : a morphological and molecular study. m. sc. thesis, university of edinburgh, 1997. m. f. newman now leads research on the family.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48895725306168486, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.826568"} {"text": "charles dickens is intimately associated with our ideas of christmas through his novels and through a series of books which have become known as the chritsmas books. the first of them, the familiar a christmas carol, was written during 1843. it appeared in print that christmas and was so successful that he followed it up the next christmas with the chimes, a goblin story. in 1845 came the cricket on the hearth, a fairy tale of home, followed by two more, the battle of life in 1846 and the haunted man in 1848. 1 a christmas carol sets the tone for all the others. the descriptive passages are filled with animism which one often finds in storybooks : an ancient church tower strikes the hours \" as if its teeth were chattering in its frozen head ; \" the fire - plug is \" left in solitude, its overflowings sullenly congealed, and turned to misanthropic ice ; \" and the shops \" have great round pot - bellied baskets of chestnuts, shaped like the waist - coats of jolly old gentlemen, lolling at the doors, and tumbling out into the street in their apoplectic opulence. \" each of the books contains similar passages and each of them, one critic points out, \" with the exception of the battle of life, is basically the same story : a wretched mortal changes the course of his life through a divine intermediary. it matters little whether it is marley ' s ghost in a christmas carol, the goblins of the bell in the chimes, the genius of the hearth and home in the cricket on the hearth, or the phantom in the haunted man. it might as well be cinderella ' s fairy godmother. \" 2 readers of dickens ' s christmas books, whether children or adults, are entertained by his ghosts and goblins and by the descriptions of the jollities and feasts of the traditional christmas, but they also realize that, behind the ghosts, the noise and celebrations, lies a more serious thought ; that the spirit of christmas also includes giving to the world more than one takes from it, living as unselfishly as possible, and devoting oneself to others. 3 one writer suggests, that if \" during the christmas festivities, one wishes to escape for a brief spell from the all - pervading spirit of carnival which sometimes does seem entirely alien to the true spirit of christmas, let one seek a favourite arm - chair, and safely ensconced therein, spend a quiet hour with dickens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4681640486884005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.832704"} {"text": "new england journal of medicine study highlights need for rapid, pcr - based group b streptococcus ( gbs ) testing at time of admission for labor and delivery gbs disease is one of the most common infections in the first week following birth and is a leading cause of infant mortality and serious neonatal infections such as sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis. transmission of gbs occurs from colonized women to their babies during childbirth. the new article points out that current u. s. centers for disease control ( cdc ) guidelines for preventing neonatal gbs disease, which call for culture - based screening of expectant mothers at 35 - 37 weeks of gestation, have helped to reduce incidence of early - onset gbs disease since their implementation in 2002. however, the study also finds that 61. 4 % of full - term infants born with gbs disease were born to women who had previously screened negative during their 35 - 37 week gestation. \u201c this revealing study shows clearly that screening for gbs at 35 to 37 weeks gestation leaves many newborns at significant risk of gbs infection, presumably due to either false negative culture results or due to a change in gbs status, from negative to positive, over time, \u201d said cepheid \u2019 s xpert ( r ) gbs test is designed to run on a stat basis, returning positive results in as little as 32 minutes. it is the only in vitro diagnostic test to fully meet current cdc criteria for rapid intrapartum gbs testing. xpert gbs is also the only pcr - based antepartum and intrapartum gbs test to receive \u2018 moderate complexity \u2019 clia categorization by the u. s. food & drug administration ( fda ), enabling healthcare professionals such as labor and delivery nurses to run the test near - patient \u2014 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. xpert gbs runs on cepheid \u2019 s genexpert ( r ) system, the world \u2019 s leading on - demand molecular diagnostic platform. about the genexpert system molecular diagnostic platform the genexpert system is a closed, self - contained, fully - integrated and automated platform that represents a paradigm shift in the automation of molecular analysis, producing accurate results in a timely manner with minimal risk of contamination. the genexpert system is the only system to combine on - board sample preparation with real - time pcr ( polymerase chain reaction ) amplification and detection functions for fully integrated and automated nuclei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46658441185476063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.841602"} {"text": "a timely manner with minimal risk of contamination. the genexpert system is the only system to combine on - board sample preparation with real - time pcr ( polymerase chain reaction ) amplification and detection functions for fully integrated and automated nucleic acid analysis. the system is designed to purify, concentrate, detect and identify targeted nucleic acid sequences thereby delivering answers directly from unprocessed samples. modular in design, the genexpert system has a variety of configurations to meet the broad range of testing demands of any clinical environment. this press release contains forward - looking statements that are not purely historical regarding cepheid \u2019 s or its management \u2019 s intentions, beliefs, expectations and strategies for the future, including those relating to product performance and future market opportunities. because such statements deal with future events, they are subject to various risks and uncertainties, and actual results could differ materially from the company \u2019 s current expectations. factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include risks and uncertainties such as those relating to : regulatory developments and changing therapeutic practices regarding testing levels and methods ; the failure of products to perform as expected, whether due to manufacturing errors, defects or otherwise ; the impact of competitive products and pricing ; reimbursement rates for the products ; and underlying market conditions worldwide. readers should also refer to the section entitled \u201c risk factors \u201d in cepheid \u2019 s annual report on form 10 - k for 2008 and in its most recent quarterly report on form 10 - q, each filed with the securities and exchange commission. all forward - looking statements and reasons why results might differ included in this release are made as of the date of this press release, based on information currently available to cepheid, and cepheid assumes no obligation to update any such forward - looking statement or reasons why results might differ. contacts : for media inquiries : for cepheid investor inquiries : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - jared tipton jacquie ross cepheid corporate communications cepheid investor relations 408 - 400 - 8377 tel : ( 408 ) 400 8329 firstname. lastname @ example. org investor. email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.536172606078096, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.842932"} {"text": "the coca - cola system announces new global targets for water conservation and climate protection in partnership with wwf the coca - cola company, in partnership with world wildlife fund ( wwf ), today announced ambitious new targets to improve water efficiency and reduce carbon emissions within its system - wide operations, while promoting sustainable agricultural practices and helping to conserve the world \u2019 s most important freshwater basins. \u201c our sustainability as a business demands a relentless focus on efficiency in our use of natural resources. these performance targets are one way we are engaging to improve our management of water and energy, \u201d said muhtar kent, president and ceo of the coca - cola company. \u201c in this resource constrained world, successful businesses will find ways to achieve growth while using fewer resources, \u201d said carter roberts, president and ceo of wwf - us. \u201c the coca - cola company \u2019 s commitment to conservation responds to the imperative to solve the global water and climate crisis. \u201d the partnership, announced by wwf and the coca - cola company in 2007 with $ 20 million in funding, has now been extended an additional two years ( through 2012 ) with the company providing $ 3. 75 million in new funding. the coca - cola company also joined wwf \u2019 s climate savers program in which leading corporations from around the world work with wwf to dramatically reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. by 2010, climate savers companies will collectively cut carbon emissions by 14 million tons annually \u2013 the equivalent to taking more than 3 million cars off the road each year. water efficiency \u2014 saving 50 billion liters in 2012 the coca - cola system will improve its water efficiency 20 percent by 2012, compared to a baseline year 2004. while water use is expected to increase as the business grows, this water efficiency target will eliminate approximately 50 billion liters of that increase in 2012. to support this efficiency target, the coca - cola company and wwf have developed a water efficiency toolkit to help reduce water consumption within bottling plants. this software - based instruction manual has been distributed to managers and operators throughout the coca - cola system, providing strategies to shrink the water footprint of their operations. climate protection \u2014 preventing 2 million tons of co ( 2 ) emissions the company has set two emissions reduction targets : 1 ) grow the business, not the carbon system - wide and 2 ) a 5 percent absolute reduction in annex 1 ( developed ) countries. the emissions targets apply to manufacturing operations in the year 2015 compared to a baseline year of 2004. the coca - cola company and its bottlers anticipate substantial volume growth globally during this period, thus growing the business", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41111711779314775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.852195"} {"text": "annex 1 ( developed ) countries. the emissions targets apply to manufacturing operations in the year 2015 compared to a baseline year of 2004. the coca - cola company and its bottlers anticipate substantial volume growth globally during this period, thus growing the business without growing the carbon is a significant commitment. without intervention, emissions would grow proportional to volume and reach 7. 3 million metric tons in 2015. thus, the global commitment will prevent the release of more than 2 million metric tons of co ( 2 ) in 2015 \u2013 the equivalent of planting 600, 000 acres of trees. supply chain sustainability the coca - cola company also will work with wwf to promote more sustainable agricultural practices in an effort to reduce the impact of its supply chain on water resources. this work will initially focus on sugarcane production. the coca - cola company and wwf are working with the better sugarcane initiative to establish standards, evaluate suppliers and set goals for the purchase of sugar. the coca - cola company will identify two additional commodities on which to work in 2009. the coca - cola system and wwf are working together to conserve some of the world \u2019 s most important freshwater resources, including the yangtze, mekong, danube, rio grande / rio bravo, lakes niassa and chiuta, the mesoamerican reef catchments, and the rivers and streams in the southeastern region of the united states. more than a dozen production plants and / or bottlers in the areas surrounding these rivers are developing and implementing water stewardship plans to serve as models throughout the coca - cola system. \u201c water and energy conservation are areas where we can truly make a difference. last year, we set a goal to return to communities and to nature an amount of water equal to what we use in our beverages and their production. these targets support our work to achieve that goal, \u201d said kent. \u201c the expansion of our partnership with wwf demonstrates our shared dedication to achieving large - scale results, and a grounded understanding that collaboration is key if we are to help address the world \u2019 s water challenges. \u201d to learn more about the partnership, please visit www. thecoca - colacompany. com or www. worldwildlife. org. about the coca - cola company the coca - cola company is the world \u2019 s largest beverage company, refreshing consumers with more than 450 sparkling and still brands. along with coca - cola, recognized as the world \u2019 s most valuable brand, the company \u2019 s portfolio includes 12 other billion dollar brands, including diet coke, fanta, sprite, coca -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41772957690696033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.854843"} {"text": "consumers with more than 450 sparkling and still brands. along with coca - cola, recognized as the world \u2019 s most valuable brand, the company \u2019 s portfolio includes 12 other billion dollar brands, including diet coke, fanta, sprite, coca - cola zero, vitaminwater, powerade, minute maid and georgia coffee. globally, we are the no. 1 provider of sparkling beverages, juices and juice drinks and ready - to - drink teas and coffees. through the world \u2019 s largest beverage distribution system, consumers in more than 200 countries enjoy the company \u2019 s beverages at a rate of 1. 5 billion servings a day. with an enduring commitment to building sustainable communities, our company is focused on initiatives that protect the environment, conserve resources and enhance the economic development of the communities where we operate. for more information about our company, please visit our web site at www. thecoca - colacompany. com. about world wildlife fund wwf is the world \u2019 s largest conservation organization, working in 100 countries for nearly half a century. with the support of almost 5 million members worldwide, wwf is dedicated to delivering science - based solutions to preserve the diversity and abundance of life on earth, stop the degradation of the environment and combat climate change. visit www. worldwildlife. org to learn more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.433591168789773, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.856203"} {"text": "easy to grow and reliable, zinnias are bright butterfly magnets that have a long history as favorite flowers of american home gardeners. indeed, we tend to take these popular flowers for granted, perhaps thinking them too ordinary, stiff or garish or simply not very exciting. i think that once more gardeners are familiar with the diversity of zinnia flower forms, petal shapes, plant heights and the allure of the rainbow color palette now available, they will share my new excitement about these familiar garden companions. zinnias are natives of the new world and were probably cultivated in aztec gardens along with dahlias, sunflowers and morning glories before the spanish conquest of mexico. they were named 1763 by linnaeus in honor of johann zinn, a german professor of botany and medicine. the first double forms were introduced in france in 1856. zinnias became popular in the us in the late 19th and early 20th century and many familiar forms were bred here including the first cactus flowering and striped varieties. in the victorian language of flowers, zinnias meant \" thoughts of an absent friend. \" all renee ' s garden seed zinnias to purchase these and other renee ' s garden seeds, zinnias are certainly among the easiest flowers for anyone, whether just beginning or experienced in gardening, to germinate and grow directly from seed. their easy culture, heat tolerance and colorful mid to late summer show, blooming hard when other annuals are spent, make them well worth exploring. zinnias make superb long - stemmed cutting flowers with long - lasting blooms. i love planting bright zinnias mixes near other later summer flowers like and if you have zinnias, you will be inviting butterflies to visit your garden! zinnias elegans is the well - known species with the most modern cultivars in a wide variety of plant heights, flower sizes, flower forms and colors. as these vibrant flowers mature, their center discs open into a circle of tiny golden stars. today, thanks to active breeders, there is just about every imaginable flower form : dahlia - flowered, quilled, crested, ball or pompon - like, single, semi double, fully double. z. elegans come in every color and some bi - colors except true blue. color choices are so broad that you can choose from all the way from deep, intensely bright shades to soft, creamy pastels and white. bi - colors and striped and speckled varieties are also available. heights range from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46101549186691015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.891998"} {"text": "- colors except true blue. color choices are so broad that you can choose from all the way from deep, intensely bright shades to soft, creamy pastels and white. bi - colors and striped and speckled varieties are also available. heights range from 8 inches to almost 4 feet tall. zinnias elegans have also been hybridized to increase their resistance to disease and give more weather tolerance. z. elegans - - dahlia flowered : \" benarya \" giants \" ( \" blue point \" ) are the # 1 florist choice for cut flowers. bred and introduced by the dutch about 10 years ago, these garden beauties have long, strong stems on multi - branching plants that reach 3 to 4 feet tall. flowers are fully double with densely filled petals that look almost beaded and are available in 12 sparking colors. they have better mildew resistance than older large dahlia - flowered mixes, are especially attractive to butterflies, and make beautiful in bouquets. these are available in many single colors such as \" apricot blush \", and also in custom blends such as \" hot crayon colors \" which combines bright yellow, citrus orange and rich red, \" cool crayon colors \", which combines lavender, carmine - rose, soft pink and white, which blends apricot blush with unusual, vivid chartreuse or \" berry basket \", with grape, pink, rose and raspberry shades. \" envy \" this zinnia variety belongs in every flower arranger ' s garden. it ' s vivid unusual chartreuse color sets off brighter summer flowers and harmonizes equally well with soft pastels. the old heirloom cultivar did not have good color or reliable flower form, but the benary ' s giant selection called \" green envy \" is much improved with truly double, many petaled green flowers on long \" pumila \" or \" cut and come again \" this old favorite ' s name reflects its almost continuous bloom for several months. fully double and semi double, 2 to 3 inch flowers. this well - branched heirloom variety has been exceptional color range including many pastels. plants reach about 3 - 31 / 2 feet tall. while they are not particularly disease resistant, these old - fashioned zinnias have a lovely rounded blossom form and many stems for cutting. z. elegans - - cactus flowered : tall, 3 - 4 foot cactus flower zinnias have semi double, 4 to 6 inch, slightly curved and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4604186460197386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.899093"} {"text": "fashioned zinnias have a lovely rounded blossom form and many stems for cutting. z. elegans - - cactus flowered : tall, 3 - 4 foot cactus flower zinnias have semi double, 4 to 6 inch, slightly curved and twisted petals making them resemble quilled chrysanthemums. they usually come in mixes of bright colors including canary yellow, golden, orange, crimson, scarlet, apricot, coral, carmine, lilac, rose, pink and white. \" raggedy anne \" an exuberant mix of these old - fashioned large quilled flowers in radiant shades that make especially nice bouquets. zinnia haageana this more diminutive species is most often available as a bi - color mix. the oldest heirloom variety is persian carpet, a mix of many singles, semi doubles and doubles. it comes in a mosaic of chestnut, mahogany, bronze, orange, and rust, with contrasting circles or picotee edges of yellow and cream that create a rich tapestry of color. these lovely flowers are multi - branching and low growing, reaching 12 - 18 inches tall and make charming little bouquets. zinnias need warmth to germinate and grow easily. to start early indoors : in cold - weather climates, you can get a head start on the season by starting zinnias from seed indoors four to five weeks before the last spring frost date. sow seeds 1 / 2 \" deep and 3 inches apart in a container of moist but not soggy seed starting mix. keep warm and moist, fertilize with half strength liquid fertilizer every 10 days and provide a strong light source until seedlings are ready to plant outside when spring night temperatures rise above 50a\u00b0 both day to start directly in the garden : in both cold and mild winter climates, wait until when all danger of frost has passed, days and nights are evenly on the 50 - 55\u00b0 range and weather is warm and settled. remember : if is too cold, zinnias simply won ' t germinate or tender seedlings may suffer from damping off and die, so it ' s just not worth trying to start them too early. in the right conditions, seeds germinate quickly and once seedlings are up and well established, they will grow rapidly and bloom abundantly all across the country. sow seeds in well worked, fertile garden soil in full sun. space seeds 2 to 3 inches apart in rows 12 inches apart. cover 1 / 2 \" deep and gently firm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4075333879272174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.900241"} {"text": ", they will grow rapidly and bloom abundantly all across the country. sow seeds in well worked, fertile garden soil in full sun. space seeds 2 to 3 inches apart in rows 12 inches apart. cover 1 / 2 \" deep and gently firm soil. keep soil evenly moist while awaiting germination which takes five to 10 days. when seedlings are large enough to handle, thin to stand 10 - 12 inches apart ; adequate spacing gives plants room to grow and provides the good air circulation zinnias need to keep plants productive and disease free and producing an abundance of flowers. if you live in an area with long summers that don ' t get too humid, you can plant zinnias in the spring for summer flowers and then sow again at midsummer for bountiful fall blooms. cut flowers as blossoms first begin to open and petals are tight for longest vase life. cut flowers often to enjoy lavish bouquets indoors and give away as gifts because the more flowers you cut, the more the plants will produce for a long season of bloom. feed plants with a good well - balanced flower fertilizer every few weeks for best flower production and keep evenly watered. cut long stems well back into the plant, to keep plants branching low and producing the best blooms. strip off the leaves so flowers last longer in a vase. a good floral preservative can increase vase life for cut zinnias. one of the most common diseases to afflict zinnias is powdery mildew, especially in hot areas with humid summers. if this is a serious problem, plant the most disease resistant varieties ( the new hybrids are especially good here ) and be scrupulous about providing full sun, adequate spacing and air circulation between plants. avoid overhead watering if at all possible. the powdery mildew fungus begins to show up in zinnia plantings during late summer. one favorite remedy is to use one tablespoon of baking soda to one gallon of water and spray it directly on the leaves and other parts of the affected plant. weekly spraying thereafter should provide control. in very wet weather, viral diseases can be a problem. if only the leaves are discolored, remove them when cutting so you can still enjoy the flowers in a vase. protect young seedlings from slugs and snails by using one of the new nontoxic controls. if marauding birds, find young seedlings attractive, use bird netting until seedlings are four to 5 inches tall.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.394888668064043, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.903142"} {"text": "the origins of christianity by revilo p. oliver professor of the classics, retired ; university of illinois, urbana this is the reef on which founder all religions that posit a supreme and benevolent god who is interested in mankind. the stoics constructed for their animus mundi a theodicy that evidently satisfied persons who were primarily interested in ethics and desiderated a system of moral certainties to stabilize societies. the stoic answer was like that given in the fourteenth century by william of occam and the other nominalists, who saw that the only escape from the impasse was to assert that whatever the christian god ordained, was, eo ipso, just. the stoic answer could not content people who wanted a god who could and, if properly appeased, would interfere with the processes of nature and make miracles for his favorites : what use was a god who couldn \u2019 t do anything for you? william of occam \u2019 s answer cannot content persons who have our innate and racial sense of justice and refuse to believe that unmerited suffering, agony and death inflicted on innocent and helpless individuals, can be right, no matter who orders it : who can respect a god who rewards evil and punishes good? it is the business of theologians, of course, to devise arguments and rhetoric that will confuse the issue, and the theologians of all creeds have exhibited a high degree of ingenuity, but the only way to evade the problem of theodicy successfully is to assume, as do several of the hindu cults, that metempsychosis provides a long series of incarnations that produce a spiritual and moral evolution of the individual from the very simplest and lowest forms of organic life through ascending forms of mammalian life to mankind and then on upward to superhuman species, who reside on the moon or in some place beyond human attainment, and eventually to gods in some well - furnished heaven. on this vast scale, the suffering that comes upon any individual in any one life shrinks to insignificance and, furthermore, is condign and just punishment for the misdeeds of an earlier life and is a necessary process of spiritual purification and evolution. if the present life is the only one we shall have on earth it will do no good to say that divine injustice in it doesn \u2019 t matter because this life will be followed by a few hundred thousand years or a few million years or even an eternity in some heaven that will be equipped to prevent its inhabitants from dying of boredom after a few dozen centuries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44003368067883053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.940436"} {"text": "that divine injustice in it doesn \u2019 t matter because this life will be followed by a few hundred thousand years or a few million years or even an eternity in some heaven that will be equipped to prevent its inhabitants from dying of boredom after a few dozen centuries. to our racial mind, justice does matter and furthermore it is inherently unjust to make an infinite future depend on conduct during a few years by a person who was born with certain innate tendencies and capacities and placed in situations that more or less determined how his character would respond to them. one of the important junctures in our civilization is marked by the short treatise de libero arbitrio, * written around 1436 by laurentius valla, who had the most incisive critical mind of the early renaissance. under the transparent veil of a dialogue about apollo \u2019 s power to predict human conduct, valla demonstrates that no god can be omniscient, omnipotent, and benevolent. * the text was well edited by maria anfossi ( firenze, 1934 ) ; i have not heard of a translation. almost all scholars who concern themselves with the humanists of the renaissance assume that valla could not have been so impious as to say anything that was bad for the salvation - business. it is true that at the end of the dialogue valla says that he has proved that human reason cannot cope with the divine mystery, but i take that to be an anticipation of the notion of a \" double truth, \" which enabled pomponatius and many other philosophers of the age to affirm that they believed by faith what they had just proved to be impossible. in the fifteenth century men with inquiring minds had to take precautions to avoid being tortured to death if they annoyed the theologians. the hounds of heaven were baying on valla \u2019 s trail often enough as it was, and once he was saved only by the intervention of king alfonso of naples. the proof is simple. take one of the incidents, so common today, in which an obviously innocent little girl of five or six, old enough certainly to feel pain, is raped and blinded or raped and killed by one of the savages on which masochistic or sadistic british and americans now dote. now, if there is a god who oversees the lives of men and sparrows, did he foresee the conduct of the savage, whom he created and presumably endowed with a savage \u2019 s instincts? if he did not foresee it, he is not omniscient.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49834822974806303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.941483"} {"text": "god who oversees the lives of men and sparrows, did he foresee the conduct of the savage, whom he created and presumably endowed with a savage \u2019 s instincts? if he did not foresee it, he is not omniscient. if he did foresee it, was he able to prevent the child \u2019 s agony? if not, he is not omnipotent. if he had the power and did not use it, he willed the crime and he willed the suffering of the child, so he cannot be benevolent. theologians, of course, explain that if the girl had not been killed at that time, she might have grown up and become an atheist \u2013 or papa must have offended a deity who chose to take out his anger on both the innocent child and her mother ( who, of course, may have done something to vex him ). * or we mustn \u2019 t think about it, because thinking is bad for souls. none of these explanations will satisfy an aryan \u2019 s sense of justice. * every such incident has repercussions on persons other than those immediately involved. years ago, an old man, with whom i was discussing the efforts of professional holy men to attribute the coincidences that are called luck to intervention by their deity, told me that his life had been shaped by an appointment he had kept when he was a young man. he had decided to keep that crucial appointment in the metropolis by taking a train that passed through his town in the early morning. that morning his alarm clock failed to ring, and when he awoke, he threw on his clothes and ran to the station, although he knew he could not reach it in time. he was fifteen minutes late, but that morning the train, for the first time in many months, was even later : it had been delayed when it struck an automobile on a grade crossing, killing the occupants. \" if i had been superstitious, \" he said, \" i would have decided that jesus so loved me that he killed three persons, a man, his wife, and their child, to enable me to keep my appointment. or, if the train had not been late, i would have been sure that my sins had so annoyed him that he slipped into my bedroom that night and tampered with the mechanism. but that would have drastically changed the life of my wife, whom i married later, and our children would never have been born. of course, she and i might have married other spouses, changing both their lives and our own", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4559270196888663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.942504"} {"text": "with the mechanism. but that would have drastically changed the life of my wife, whom i married later, and our children would never have been born. of course, she and i might have married other spouses, changing both their lives and our own, and each of us would have had quite different children, who would have grown up to change the lives of many others and themselves engender children. the consequences of that accident at the grade crossing are almost infinite and incalculable, for, of course, we should have to consider also the victims and the results of their death. \" valla \u2019 s explanation did not too greatly perturb contemporary churchmen, for christian ditheism then attributed such things to its anti - god, who either had on this earth a power that his celestial antagonist could not overcome or sneaked in to promote the dirty work when god wasn \u2019 t looking. everyone knew, after all, that the devil was so powerful that he had been able to carry a third of the christian god up to high mountains and there try to bribe him. but with the current tendency to make christianity a monotheism, the problem has to be faced. it is probably impossible to devise for a monotheism a theodicy that will satisfy the aryan mind. at least, no one has done it yet. there is one more topic that must be considered in our hurried sketch of the evolution of religions with reference to what we suppose to be the innate mentality of our race. when we speak of any religion today, we automatically think of its priests, a specialized and professional clergy. that is not a necessary connection. go to chapter 5 back to table of contents the origins of christianity by r. p. oliver, to be published by historical review press ( 160pp \u00a310 inc p & p ). please order now via e - mail firstname. lastname @ example. org copyright \u00a91999 kevin alfred strom. back to revilo p. oliver index", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5315368407027299, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.950074"} {"text": "blogger : steve rowland, public affairs manager spring seemed a long way off last week as i took my lunchtime walk through the woods, the leaves on the trees were yet to unfurl, the ground was bare and covered in a mulch of last autumns dead leaves, and a light, cold wintry rain drizzled down. and yet i realised that my mind had picked up on the subtle changes in the quality of light and drawing out of the days. i became aware of a slight tightness in my ears, an unconscious straining and heightened alertness to the bird song around me. and i thought that after more springs as a birder than i care to remember, my brain was quietly and unobtrusively saying to my ears to be alert for couple of unremarkable notes of bird song one up followed repetitively by another down, up and down in short bursts, from a bird that takes its name from these two notes of song, the chiff chaff. ( photo below ). naming a bird after the sound it makes is known as onomatopoeia and two other species that occur in the uk the cuckoo and the kittiwake also take their names from their calls. i will acknowledge here that chiff chaffs are not blessed with the most captivating of names or musical of songs. but for me they compensate for that with the charisma that comes from being the first of our returning migrants to fill our bare spring woods with their song, perhaps a month before the other returning warblers have got back from a winter spent south of the sahara. chiff chaffs like many of our other warblers, might at a glance appear a little drab and indistinct. in particular at first you might easily confuse a chiff chaff with its close relative the willow warbler. ( photo below ). a rough guide to telling them apart is that a willow warblers legs are a light flesh colour whilst a chiff chaffs are black and a chiff chaffs has a more olive coloured plumage ( being a birder you carry a veritable colour palette in your head to describe shades of green and brown feathers ). but the surest way to tell these cousins apart is to listen to them singing. compared to the chiff chaffs repetitive two notes, willow warblers have a to my mind a much nicer song, a lovely tinkling sound that seems to gently descend a set of musical scales before being hauled by the bird back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.468843236736025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:05.995185"} {"text": "singing. compared to the chiff chaffs repetitive two notes, willow warblers have a to my mind a much nicer song, a lovely tinkling sound that seems to gently descend a set of musical scales before being hauled by the bird back to the top only to descend down them once more. willow warblers arrive from their wintering grounds in africa a little later in the spring than chiff chaffs which tend to spend the winter in the mediterranean. so my brain wasn ' t tipping my ears off to listen out for a willow warbler practicing its scales, but for that starting gun of the season, a simple two note chiff then chaff song that would light up the woods and put a smile on my face, a sign of the end of winter and the beginning of natures headlong rush into spring. i didn \u2019 t hear a chiff chaff last week but i \u2019 ll be out again for a lunchtime walk in the woods this week, listening carefully for those two notes. if you have some time to spare over the next week or so why don \u2019 t you go out and see if you can hear a chiff chaff and then tell us here. photos credit john bridges ( rspb - images. com ) blogger : kate blincoe, communications manager look out of your window. the catkins are swaying in the spring breeze, the blue tit is hunting out caterpillars for its young family and an early bumblebee buzzes by. nature is busy all around us. what if pound signs were flashing over all these beautiful, natural events? if you look on these living things as paid workers for us then the catkins tree is capturing carbon, the blue tit is performing pest control on your garden and the bumblebee is a professional pollinator. all these creatures are in fact performing tiny actions that in sum, add up to a healthy environment and hence healthy economy. in simple terms, if they didn \u2019 t do it for free, we \u2019 d have to pay to find a technical replacement. let \u2019 s look at some of the massive ways in which we benefit financially from nature. carefully managed wetlands reduce the risk of flooding to our homes and businesses. salt marshes, such wonderful habitats, provide protection from sea level rise, acting like big sponges. forests and peat bogs store carbon for us, helping in the battle against climate change. the list doesn \u2019 t end there : it is estimated that one third of the human food supply depends on insect poll", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4469085078234749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.002580"} {"text": "level rise, acting like big sponges. forests and peat bogs store carbon for us, helping in the battle against climate change. the list doesn \u2019 t end there : it is estimated that one third of the human food supply depends on insect pollination, most of which is accomplished by bees pollinating crops. of course, beautiful places with charismatic wildlife also equal booming tourism and lots of visitor spend \u2013 especially in our stunning region. what about you and me and a walk together in the bluebell woods? does that have pound signs attached to it? yes. it will reduce our stress levels, increase our heart rates and hence improve our health. it \u2019 s a proven fact that nature is good news for the nhs budgets. for children, time spent in nature can even improve their behaviour and performance at school. as a bit of a nature loving \u2018 tree hugger \u2019, a part of me screams at this reduction of wonder and marvel to pounds and pennies. wildlife means so much more than that and has a basic, intrinsic right to exist. i believe that is the case, however, when so many political arguments are made in financial terms, it doesn \u2019 t do us any harm to be able to speak that language too. in a troubled economy, the need for a new development or construction project is often justified by saying growth is critical for our financial future. however, if we trash our special habitats and lose incredible species then, even in crude monetary terms, we risk jeopardising so much more than we gain. we overlook the function that the environment plays in our economy at our peril. the bottom line is this : we need nature more than it needs us. article in eastern daily press on saturday 10 march 2012. photo by mark sisson ( rspb - images. com ) blogger : jane warren, rspb in the east green team as we edge along towards spring in the northern hemisphere, it \u2019 s worth sparing a thought for the climate. today is the beginning of climate change week ( 12 - 18 march ), and there are easy ways for us all to get involved. many of us are already doing our bit, but it \u2019 s always good to be reminded! so here are three things to do this week : get cooking with climate week cuisine : make food part of the solution to climate change by eating a low carbon meal during climate week. just follow one or all of these three tips : eat less meat or dairy, eat local and seasonal ingredients, and eat leftovers. walk, cycle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4603731023454316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.006043"} {"text": ": make food part of the solution to climate change by eating a low carbon meal during climate week. just follow one or all of these three tips : eat less meat or dairy, eat local and seasonal ingredients, and eat leftovers. walk, cycle or use public transport : use climate week as an opportunity to use more sustainable ways to get to where you are going. take the train or bus instead of driving. take advantage of the spring weather (! ) and walk or cycle, getting some additional exercise! swap, recycle or upcycle old things : eliminate waste by finding a second life for things that would otherwise be thrown away. host an event to swap unwanted items, such as books, toys or clothes, with friends or colleagues. recycle unusual things like batteries, or electrical goods such as old mobile phones. you can even recycle through ebay, by taking up the rspb \u2019 s ebay for charity challenge. do you have something lurking in a loft, back room, garage or shed? something that you know has some saleable value but you have never got around to selling? this could be your chance to do just that and step up for nature at the same time! please do get in touch with suggestions of what you might have to sell, and we can check if it is worth us getting our fabulous ebay volunteers to sell it on the auction site for us. please do not send anything to us without checking first and please note that we can \u2019 t accept electrical goods! ( it \u2019 s worth repeating that so that our collector matt howard isn \u2019 t locked in the cellar as punishment along with the potential deluge of books, cds, dvds, autographed barry manilow lps etc. ) matt is looking forward to hearing from you at email @ example. com tel : 01603 697515. our thanks to climate week for ideas and tips. check out their website at www. climateweek. com and get inspired to create a sustainable future! blogger : gena correale - wardle, community fundraising officer do you remember in january when i blogged about the great partnership the rspb had with dozen artisan bakery and pulse cafe bar, two great independent eateries in norwich? i bet you \u2019 ve been waiting with baited breath to see how we got on.... well, today i went to see the lovely manager of pulse, helen, as she presented us with a great big cheque ( literally \u2013 see the photo! ) for \u00a3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4794706805896716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.008744"} {"text": "waiting with baited breath to see how we got on.... well, today i went to see the lovely manager of pulse, helen, as she presented us with a great big cheque ( literally \u2013 see the photo! ) for \u00a386. 50. that equates to 173 starters, mains and desserts eaten in aid of the rspb. dozen artisan bakery sold their field loaves for nature too \u2013 another \u00a391 and 91 satisfied tummies and smiles on faces! wouldn \u2019 t it be nice if all fundraising could be that easy?! the lovely people at both outlets also hosted pin badge boxes and gave out lots of leaflets to promote big garden birdwatch, raising awareness of the project as well as raising even more money ( over \u00a340 ) through pin badge donations. a win - win all round! we are really glad to work with such great local, independent businesses in the area and hope we can do more with them in future. we are always looking for ways to get businesses involved throughout the whole of the eastern england region so if you have any links or want to promote your business and raise money for nature in the process, do get in touch! the money raised will help the rspb save and protect wildlife supporting schools and families through field teaching programmes and schools visits as well as directly managing habitats for wildlife at our amazing nature reserves. thank you to all of you who ate great food and saved nature at the same time. here \u2019 s to more fab little initiatives like this in the future! email me at firstname. lastname @ example. org or call me on 01603 697521. blogger : adam murray, communications officer last june you may have remembered my swift, swallows & house martins - i am a bit clueless blog post, well just as think i have nailed some of my bird id skills i recently went on my hols to osea island. we went as a family with my brother and his gang and spent the time walking the island when the causeway ( as seen on the woman in black movie ) was covered by the tide. the island was a perfect tonic as there were no modern day distractions that seem to fill our free time usually. this meant that we had an excuse of not doing very much at all \u2013 just what i needed after the crazy hustle bustle of the rspb eastern region office in norwich. each day we would spend many hours in wellies walking the island. in the interior we spotted dancing flocks of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40370602891754037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.011010"} {"text": "very much at all \u2013 just what i needed after the crazy hustle bustle of the rspb eastern region office in norwich. each day we would spend many hours in wellies walking the island. in the interior we spotted dancing flocks of skylarks, eyeing foxes in the distance and then the adventurers inside us would walk alongside the beaches and salt marshes to circumnavigate our little piece of essex. if we were lucky enough to get the tides right we would see vast numbers of birds coming into feed or queuing up ready for the seafood frenzy. the rest of my family were happy to spot a \u201c funny looking goose \u201d or distinctive oyster catcher with their carrot beaks. i on the other hand, trained zoologist and bitten by the rspb bug, realised that i wasn \u2019 t just seeing a few species of animals out there on the mud flats but dozens \u2013 all ever so slightly different. however, this is my question to you \u2013 how on earth are you supposed to tell the difference? i am now going to give it a go. the keen ones amongst you, feel free to correct me, i won \u2019 t take it personally ; ) dunlin : little fella, grey wings, white belly, slightly curved beak turnstone : little, black wings, white belly, red legs common sandpiper : brown body, straight beak, black eye stripe curlew sandpiper : if you squidged the two sandpipers together green sandpiper : dark, white bellied sandpiper that is not green grey plover : a more speckly version of a turnstone curlew : this one i get, bendy beak and big as a chicken! redshank : medium sized, red legs and red beak near face spotted redshank : red legs, black top beak, red lower beak so, can you see why i was confused. it doesn ' t help that when i was reading the information on my rspb i - phone app it told me that these are the winter plumages of these birds - so as new species come in for the summer i will have to learn this all over again. i did however figure out that the bird call i has associated with the wilds of southern ireland ( a previous family holiday ) was not the charismatic oyster catcher but the close neighbours the curlew. i guess the beauty of this whole thing is now, once i get my eye in, i realise how many different species find the eerie and beautiful essex coast a perfect tonic,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4361662732190025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.015476"} {"text": "a commentary, critical, practical, and explanatory on the old and new testaments, by robert jamieson, a. r. fausset and david brown at sacred - texts. com jer 43 : 2the jews carry jeremiah and baruch into egypt. jeremiah foretells by a type the conquest of egypt by nebuchadnezzar, and the fate of the fugitives. ( jer 43 : 1 - 13 ) azariah - - the author of the project of going into egypt ; a very different man from the azariah in babylon ( dan 1 : 7 ; dan 3 : 12 - 18 ). proud - - pride is the parent of disobedience and contempt of god. jer 43 : 3baruch - - he being the younger spake out the revelations which he received from jeremiah more vehemently. from this cause, and from their knowing that he was in favor with the chaldeans, arose their suspicion of him. their perverse fickleness was astonishing. in the forty - second chapter they acknowledged the trustworthiness of jeremiah, of which they had for so long so many proofs ; yet here they accuse him of a lie. the mind of the unregenerate man is full of deceits. jer 43 : 5remnant... returned from all nations - - ( jer 40 : 11 - 12 ). jer 43 : 6the king ' s daughters - - zedekiah ' s ( jer 41 : 10 ). jer 43 : 7tahpanhes - - ( see on jer 2 : 16 ) ; daphne on the tanitic branch of the nile, near pelusium. they naturally came to it first, being on the frontier of egypt, towards palestine. jer 43 : 9stones - - to be laid as the foundation beneath nebuchadnezzar ' s throne ( jer 43 : 10 ). brick - kiln - - bricks in that hot country are generally dried in the sun, not burned. the palace of pharaoh was being built or repaired at this time ; hence arose the mortar and brick - kiln at the entry. of the same materials as that of which pharaoh ' s house was built, the substructure of nebuchadnezzar ' s throne should be constructed. by a visible symbol implying that the throne of the latter shall be raised on the downfall of the former. egypt at that time contended with babylon for the empire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47090059627010006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.023778"} {"text": "substructure of nebuchadnezzar ' s throne should be constructed. by a visible symbol implying that the throne of the latter shall be raised on the downfall of the former. egypt at that time contended with babylon for the empire of the east. jer 43 : 10my servant - - god often makes one wicked man or nation a scourge to another ( eze 29 : 18 - 20 ). royal pavilion - - the rich tapestry ( literally, \" ornament \" ) which hung round the throne from above. jer 43 : 11such as are for death to death - - that is, the deadly plague. some he shall cause to die by the plague arising from insufficient or bad food ; others, by the sword ; others he shall lead captive, according as god shall order it ( see on jer 15 : 2 ). jer 43 : 12houses of... gods - - he shall not spare even the temple, such will be his fury. a reproof to the jews that they betook themselves to egypt, a land whose own safety depended on helpless idols. burn... carry... captives - - burn the egyptian idols of wood, carry to babylon those of gold and other metals. array himself with the land, & c. - - isa 49 : 18 has the same metaphor. as a shepherd, & c. - - he shall become master of egypt as speedily and easily as a shepherd, about to pass on with his flock to another place, puts on his garment. jer 43 : 13images - - statues or obelisks. beth - shemesh - - that is, \" the house of the sun, \" in hebrew ; called by the greeks \" heliopolis \" ; by the egyptians, \" on \" ( gen 41 : 45 ) ; east of the nile, and a few miles north of memphis. ephraim syrus says, the statue rose to the height of sixty cubits ; the base was ten cubits. above there was a miter of a thousand pounds weight. hieroglyphics are traced around the only obelisk remaining in the present day, sixty or seventy feet high. on the fifth year after the overthrow of jerusalem, nebuchadnezzar, leaving the siege of tyre, undertook his expedition to egypt [ josephus, antiquities, 10. 9, 7 ]. the egyptians, according to the arabs, have a tradition that their land was devastated by nebuch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4459660711947353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.065157"} {"text": "how ion - exchange water softeners work conventional water softeners have two separate chambers, the resin tank and the brine tank, and use an ion - exchange process to remove the hardness ions calcium and magnesium. softeners often are able to remove not only calcium and magnesium, but also iron, manganese and radium. raw feed water is passed through a bed of resin \u201c beads \u201d inside the resin tank where the hardness ions in the feed water trade places on the resin beads with sodium ions that are electrostatically bound to the beads. eventually, the resin exhausts its supply of sodium and must be \u201c regenerated. \u201d when the beads have no more room for additional calcium and magnesium ions, the unit temporarily goes off - line and the resin tank is flushed with salt water from the brine tank, the source of new exchangeable sodium ions. thus, the product water produced by softeners will have no calcium and magnesium, but additional sodium, about 8 mg / l per grain of hardness. routinely, water softeners are plumbed so that the feed water destined for drinking bypasses the softener when consumers have been placed on low - sodium diets. the regeneration process involves draining from the resin tank the saltwater solution, now with the added calcium and magnesium ions, and discharging it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49567390542887124, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.116555"} {"text": "' and will not god bring about justice for his chosen ones, who cry out to him day and night? will he keep putting them off? i tell you, he will see that \u2018 they ' get justice, and quickly. ' the history of the salvation army in fighting injustice receives its greatest compliments when the truth of its actions is written by others and not by us. one story of our past that continues to be repeated is highlighted on the label of a matchbox : lights in darkest england security from fire! fair wages for fair work! the salvation army social wing the eyes of william booth, founder of the salvation army, viewed injustice in the workplaces of england. in particular, matches that were made using phosphorous had an advantage that they could be struck on any dry surface. yet advantages that increase profit margins of employers often do not take workers into consideration. as we pray for social justice, both from within the salvation army and throughout the world, isaiah has something to say about our inner focus : \u2018 you wonder why the lord pays no attention when you go without eating [ fasting ] and act humble. but on those same days that you give up eating, you think only of yourselves and abuse your workers ' ( isaiah 58 : 3 contemporary english version ). \u2018 lord, gives us eyes to see the fervour of our worship in connection with the ethics of our action. ' our story of booth ' s matches takes up the cause of workers. the phosphorous in the matchmaking was poisonous. if it got into the gums or jaw of the workers, it slowly ate away the jawbones. this disease, commonly known as \u2018 phossy jaw ', was also known as \u2018 matchmakers ' leprosy ' and was most painful and disfiguring. young girls suffered from this malady and, despite treatment, lost their health and occupations. \u2018 lord give us courage to explore conditions of injustice, including trafficked persons for cheap labour within workplace settings. ' the demonstrations that took place against match factory worker injustice included minimal government regulations that factories must provide : a ) hoods to protect workers against phosphorous fumes. b ) proper hand - washing arrangements for workers before they ate their food. \u2018 lord, are we satisfied that \u2018 workers ' are justly protected from the dangers and prejudice of their occupations? help us to take personal note of workplace environments, in the community and the church. ' in may 1891, william booth opened his own match factory as concern for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45019516001262305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.147839"} {"text": "zebras ( members of the zebra family ), are native to central and southern africa. all have vividly contrasting black and white vertical stripes ( hence the zebra crossing named after it ) on the forequarters, often tending towards the horizontal at the rear of the animal. originally, most zoologists assumed that the stripes acted as a camouflage mechanism, while others believed them to play a role in social interactions, with slight variations of the pattern allowing the animals to distinguish between individuals. a more recent theory, supported by experiment, posits that the disruptive coloration is an effective means of confusing the visual system of the blood - sucking tsetse fly. a zebra can travel at a top speed of fifty - five kilometres per hour, slower than a horse. however, it has much greater stamina. during the course of a day the plains zebra can walk around forty kilometres ( from its herd, and back again in the evening ) there are three species and many subspecies. zebra populations vary a great deal, and the relationships between and the taxonomic status of several of the subspecies are unclear. the plains zebra ( equus quagga, formerly equus burchelli ) is the most common, and has or had about five subspecies distributed across much of southern and eastern africa. it, or particular subspecies of it, have also been known as the common zebra, the dauw, burchell ' s zebra ( actually the extinct subspecies, equus quagga burchelli ), and the quagga ( another extinct subspecies, equus quagga quagga ). the mountain zebra ( equus zebra ) of southwest africa tends to have a sleek coat with a white belly and narrower stripes than the plains zebra. it has two subspecies and is classified as endangered. grevy ' s zebra ( equus grevyi ) is the largest type, with an erect mane, and a long, narrow head making it appear rather mule - like. it is a creature of the semi - arid grasslands of ethiopia, somalia, and northern kenya. it is endangered too. przewalski ' s horse, equus przewalskii domestic horse, equus caballus donkey or african ass, equus asinus onager or asiatic ass, equus hemionus plains zebra, equus quagga quagga, equus quagga quagga ( extinct ) burchell ' s zebra, equus quagga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4919538455090655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.153067"} {"text": "many people are commonly plagued by headaches. and anyone who suffers from them can identify with the debilitating and painful affects. studies show that over 45 million americans suffer from chronic headaches every year. that is roughly 1 out of every 6 people. ( infomed. com ) headaches are such an ordinary affliction today that people do not realize what they actually indicate. did you know that headaches are the biggest way that stress will manifest itself to a person? let \u2019 s say that you estimate that you get 5 headaches each month. to some this may not seem like a big deal, but it actually may suggest a legitimate stress problem. if you notice a recurrence of headaches, even if the pattern is infrequent, your body might be warning you of a bigger issue. of course, no 2 people are the same and everyone experiences headaches differently. to be able to identify what is causing your headaches, its important to first understand what type of headache you suffer from. tension headaches can be categorized as episodic or chronic. episodic headaches occur randomly and are typically the result of temporary stress, fatigue or anxiety. doctors will often tell you to take an ( otc ) drug to defeat infrequent tension headaches. but if you notice that you are taking something daily, or almost daily, to eliminate headaches, you may be suffering from chronic tension headaches. the symptoms of tension headaches include an overall sensation of tightness in the forehead, pressure in your temples, and contracting head and neck muscles. migraines continue to remain a mystery to people and researchers. we do not know the cause but migraines often cause people to feel helpless due to the fact that they can strike at any moment and put your life on hold for a few hours or even days. approximately 29. 5 million people in the u. s. suffer from migraines and 4 out of 5 of them report a family history. ( national headache foundation ) migraines tend to start out as a dull ache and get progressively worse very quickly. however, there is a very wide range of symptoms and in my experience i have found that each person suffers these headaches in a unique way. symptoms often include throbbing / pulsating pain in the head, blind spots, sensitivity to light and / or noise, and sometimes even nausea or vomiting. and although they can begin in childhood, they typically occur in people \u2019 s 20s and 30s. cluster headaches are a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4684593597640637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.161674"} {"text": "the brain is apparently programmed from birth to develop the ability to determine sunrise and sunset, new research on circadian rhythms at the university of chicago shows. the research sheds new light on brain plasticity and may explain some basic human behaviors, according to brian prendergast, associate professor in psychology at the university of chicago and co - author of a paper published april 27 in the journal plos one. the lead author is august kampf - lassin, an advanced graduate student at the university. \" this finding may show us why infants of many species eventually learn to discriminate daytime from nighttime, \" said prendergast, a researcher on biological rhythms. in a series of experiments, researchers were able to show that although the ability to see visual stimuli, such as movement, is lost when a developing eye is not exposed to light, the ability to determine light and dark cycles was not affected. the ability to make that distinction between night and day develops as an animal grows, they found. other research has found that primates as well as humans adapt naturally to a rhythm of sleeping during the night. but this research shows that the pathway in the circadian system that allows synchrony between the brain and day - night rhythms in the environment is probably an innate feature of development, he said. \" for the first time, we have established that the ability to coordinate circadian rhythms with daily changes in light exposure is not subject to very much plasticity at all \u2014 that it is not influenced by changes in the amount of light the brain receives during development, \" kampf - lassin said. the results of the study are reported in the article \" experience - independent development of the hamster circadian visual system, \" which was drawn from a series of challenging experiments with hamsters. shortly after the hamsters ' eyes opened, but before they were exposed to light, experimenters placed a contact lens that completely blocked light over one of their eyes. keeping one eye shut and one open, called monocular deprivation, is a standard method scientists use to study use - dependent plasticity of visual development. the hamsters then grew up in a light - dark cycle such that only the non - deprived eye was able to send light information into the brain. in adulthood, the lenses were removed, and the function of the hamsters ' previously deprived eye was assessed. the researchers found that the hamsters ' brains were blind to all classical visual stimuli presented to the deprived eye, such as food or moving stimuli. nevertheless, the deprived eye perfectly retained the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5375962183838837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.169234"} {"text": "june 8, 1999 built in record time in just 12 months, quikscat, nasa ' s new ocean - observing satellite, will be launched on a titan ii rocket from california ' s vandenberg air force base at 7 : 15 p. m. pacific daylight time on june 18. this satellite will be nasa ' s next \" el nino watcher \" and will be used to better understand global weather abnormalities. the quick scatterometer, or quikscat, will provide climatologists, meteorologists and oceanographers with daily, detailed snapshots of ocean winds as they swirl above the world ' s oceans. the mission will greatly improve weather forecasting. winds play a major role in every aspect of weather on earth. they directly affect the turbulent exchanges of heat, moisture and greenhouse gases between earth ' s atmosphere and the ocean. to better understand their impact on oceans and improve weather forecasting, the satellite carries a state - of - the - art radar instrument called a scatterometer for a two - year science mission. \" knowledge about which way the wind blows and how hard is it blowing may seem simple, but this kind of information is actually a critical tool in improved weather forecasting, early storm detection and identifying subtle changes in global climate, \" said dr. ghassem asrar, associate administrator of nasa ' s office of earth science, washington, dc. the mission will help earth scientists determine the location, structure and strength of severe marine storms - hurricanes in the atlantic, typhoons near asia and mid - latitude cyclones worldwide - which are among the most destructive of all natural phenomena. the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ), a chief partner in the quikscat mission, will use mission data for improved weather forecasting and storm warning, helping forecasters to more accurately determine the paths and intensities of tropical storms and hurricanes. as nasa ' s next \" el nino watcher, \" quikscat will be used to better understand global el nino and la nina weather abnormalities. changes in the winds over the equatorial pacific ocean are a key component of the el nino / la nina phenomenon. quikscat will be able to track changes in the trade winds along the equator. scatterometers operate by transmitting high - frequency microwave pulses to the ocean surface and measuring the \" backscattered \" or echoed radar pulses bounced back to the satellite. the instrument senses ripples caused by winds near the ocean ' s surface, from which scientists can compute the winds ' speed and direction. the instruments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5189937123866384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.175090"} {"text": "the ocean surface and measuring the \" backscattered \" or echoed radar pulses bounced back to the satellite. the instrument senses ripples caused by winds near the ocean ' s surface, from which scientists can compute the winds ' speed and direction. the instruments can acquire hundreds of times more observations of surface wind velocity each day than can ships and buoys, and are the only remote - sensing systems able to provide continuous, accurate and high - resolution measurements of both wind speeds and direction regardless of weather conditions. the satellite is the first obtained under nasa ' s indefinite delivery / indefinite quantity program for rapid delivery of satellite core systems. the procurement method provides nasa with a faster, better and cheaper method for the purchase of satellite systems through a \" catalog, \" allowing for shorter turnaround time from mission conception to launch. total mission cost for quikscat is $ 93 million. fifteen times a day, the satellite will beam down collected science data to nasa ground stations, which will relay them to scientists and weather forecasters. seawinds will provide ocean wind coverage to an international team of climate specialists, oceanographers and meteorologists interested in discovering the secrets of climate patterns and improving the speed with which emergency preparedness agencies can respond to fast - moving weather fronts, floods, hurricanes, tsunamis and other natural disasters. by combining quikscat ' s wind data with information on ocean height from another ocean - observing satellite, the joint nasa - french topex / poseidon mission, scientists will be able to obtain a more complete, near - real - time look at wind patterns and their effects on ocean waves and currents, said dr. timothy liu, quikscat project scientist at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, ca. he added that quikscat will complement data being collected by other earth - monitoring satellites such as nasa ' s currently orbiting tropical rain measurement mission ( trmm ) and terra, which will be launched later this year. the 870 - kilogram ( 1, 910 - pound ) quikscat satellite, provided by ball aerospace & technologies corp., boulder, co, with its 200 - kilogram ( 450 - pound ) radar instrument, called seawinds, will be placed in a circular, near - polar orbit with a ground speed of 6. 6 kilometers per second ( 14, 750 miles per hour ). the satellite will circle earth every 101 minutes at an altitude of 800 kilometers ( 500 miles ). a press kit with detailed information on the quikscat launch and mission is available on the internet at http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5424152850346526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.176096"} {"text": ", 750 miles per hour ). the satellite will circle earth every 101 minutes at an altitude of 800 kilometers ( 500 miles ). a press kit with detailed information on the quikscat launch and mission is available on the internet at http : / / www. jpl. nasa. gov / files / misc / qslaunch. pdf. quikscat is managed for nasa ' s office of earth science, washington, dc, by the jet propulsion laboratory, which also built the seawinds radar instrument and will provide ground science processing systems. nasa ' s goddard space flight center, greenbelt, md, managed development of the satellite, designed and built by ball aerospace & technologies corp., boulder, co. nasa ' s earth sciences enterprise is a long - term research and technology program designed to examine earth ' s land, oceans, atmosphere, ice and life as a total integrated system. jpl is a division of the california institute of technology, pasadena, ca. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by nasa / jet propulsion laboratory. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.490053821221867, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.176561"} {"text": "feb. 12, 2008 new arctic sea floor data just released by the university of new hampshire and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration suggests that the foot of the continental slope off alaska is more than 100 nautical miles farther from the u. s. coast than previously assumed. the data, gathered during a recent mapping expedition to the chukchi cap some 600 nautical miles north of alaska, could support u. s. rights to natural resources of the sea floor beyond 200 nautical miles * from the coast. \" we found evidence that the foot of the slope was much farther out than we thought, \" said larry mayer, expedition chief scientist and co - director of the joint hydrographic center at unh. \" that was the big discovery. \" coastal nations have sovereign rights over the natural resources of their continental shelf, generally recognized to extend 200 nautical miles out from the coast. the law of the sea convention, now under consideration in the u. s. senate, provides nations an internationally recognized basis to extend their sea floor resource rights beyond the foot of the continental slope if they meet certain geological criteria backed up by scientific data. the bush administration supports approval of the convention. the arctic mapping expedition, conducted between aug. 17 and sept. 15, 2007 aboard the u. s. coast guard cutter healy, employed sophisticated echo sounders to survey this relatively unexplored region, providing much finer - grained data and images than existed previously. \" we now have a better geologic picture of what ' s happening in that area of the arctic, \" said noaa office of coast survey researcher andy armstrong, co - chief scientist on the expedition and noaa co - director of the joint hydrographic center. \" these are valuable data for noaa and the united states, and i ' m pleased that we ' re making them available for anyone to use. \" mapping more than 5, 400 linear nautical miles, the research team also found scours on the chukchi cap some 1, 300 feet below the surface, likely caused by the scraping of an ice sheet on the sea floor, and deep pockmarks of unknown origin at a depth of 1, 600 feet. \" the sea floor is full of mysteries, and beneath the arctic ice cap those mysteries are even harder to reveal, \" said mayer. \" the kind of full - coverage, high - resolution mapping we do provides critical insight for meeting the criteria of the law of the sea convention as well as the geologic history of the region. \" prior to this work, the only seafloor mapping data available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4884336292872798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.181357"} {"text": "kind of full - coverage, high - resolution mapping we do provides critical insight for meeting the criteria of the law of the sea convention as well as the geologic history of the region. \" prior to this work, the only seafloor mapping data available in the ice - covered arctic came mostly from ice islands and helicopters. these sparse individual measurements produced low - resolution maps compared to the joint hydrographic center ' s mapping. other mapping expeditions led by the joint hydrographic center, a noaa - unh partnership, have explored the bering sea ( 2003 ), the atlantic coast of the u. s. ( 2004 and 2005 ), the gulf of alaska ( 2005 ), mariana islands ( 2006 and 2007 ), and the gulf of mexico ( 2007 ). \" understanding the bathymetry and geological history of the arctic is an important part of understanding global climate change, \" said mayer. \" the arctic acts as a global spigot in controlling the flow of deep ocean currents that distribute the earth ' s heat and control climate. the arctic is the canary in the coal mine. \" * one nautical miles equals 1. 15 statute miles or 1852 meters. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48983947725330396, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.181927"} {"text": "june 30, 2008 noaa experts are continuing to evaluate a group of bottlenose dolphins feeding in new jersey \u2019 s shrewsbury river. the biggest threat to them at the moment is the behavior of humans eager to commune with them, rather than lack of food, disorientation, entrapment in the river, or their apparent health. \u201c it \u2019 s not abnormal for coastal bottlenose dolphins to enter a high - saline river like this one in the summer to feed on the abundant prey, \u201d said larry hansen, protected resources branch leader at the noaa fisheries service laboratory in beaufort, n. c. \u201c i urge people to take advantage of the chance to see and appreciate these animals, but to do so from at least 50 yards away. \u201d noaa researchers onsite observed the dolphins actively feeding on menhaden, which are currently quite plentiful in the river. \u201c the animals appear to be in good body condition, they are socializing, and do not appear to be in distress, \u201d said annie gorgone, a marine mammal specialist from the noaa fisheries service laboratory in beaufort, n. c. who observed the dolphins today. noaa has no definitive plans to move or attempt to herd the dolphins at this time, although it is preparing to do so if it becomes necessary. \u201c it \u2019 s a last resort, \u201d said teri rowles, director of noaa \u2019 s national marine mammal health and stranding response program. such a process is complicated, usually has mixed success, and is highly stressful for the animals sometimes resulting in death. coastal bottlenose dolphins are accustomed to human activities in their habitat, but close encounters can be risky for both people and the animals. aslo, federal law prohibits interference with the animal \u2019 s natural behavior, and harassment is punishable by fines of up to $ 10, 000. aside from the obvious dangers presented by collisions between watercraft and dolphins with sometimes fatal consequences for dolphins, swimmers can also get a nasty surprise. \u201c these guys have teeth, \u201d said hansen, and they use their noses and tail flukes as battering weapons. they are very strong and are much larger than they look. in general it \u2019 s best to keep your distance, slow down if you are in a water craft, and let them behave naturally. feeding wild dolphins is also extremely hazardous. \u201d noaa biologists are taking the lead on day - to - day monitoring for the next few days. they will continue to observe and assess the dolphins and conduct prey.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41968452959186237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.184718"} {"text": "may 28, 2009 a procedure that uses heat generated by radio waves to treat barrett ' s esophagus, a condition caused by acid reflux ( severe heartburn ), can eliminate signs of the potentially cancer - causing disorder and reduce the risk that the disease will progress. findings from the first multicenter trial of the procedure, called radiofrequency ablation, could mean patients have an alternative to surgery for treating barrett ' s esophagus. the procedure uses a scope inserted through the mouth to destroy the abnormal tissue. \" patients with barrett ' s esophagus can go on to develop esophageal cancer, \" says steven a. edmundowicz, m. d., lead investigator at the study site at washington university school of medicine in st. louis. \" cancer of the esophagus usually is deadly. less than 15 percent of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma survive for five years, and in those with advanced barrett ' s esophagus, the risk that the condition will advance to become cancer is about 6 percent per year. \" in barrett ' s esophagus, part of the lining of the esophagus is replaced with cells that resemble intestinal cells. as the condition progresses, these cells become increasingly disordered. long - standing acid reflux disease is common in those who develop barrett ' s esophagus, which affects about 1 percent of adults in the united states. a total of 127 patients at 19 sites took part in the study, which used endoscopes to diagnose the disease and then to deliver radiofrequency ablation to the abnormal lining of the esophagus. the technique heats the abnormal tissue to destroy it while leaving the deeper layers of the esophagus undamaged. all patients in the study had the disordered, cellular growth called dysplasia associated with more advanced barrett ' s esophagus. patients were classified as having either low - grade dysplasia or high - grade dysplasia. regardless of how they were classified for the study, patients received the anti - reflux medication esomeprazole ( nexium ), to keep their reflux disease in check as much as possible. led by nicholas j. shaheen, m. d., at the university of north carolina at chapel hill, the investigators at the various study sites randomly selected patients to either receive radiofrequency ablation or to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5337201012072312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.189815"} {"text": "as much as possible. led by nicholas j. shaheen, m. d., at the university of north carolina at chapel hill, the investigators at the various study sites randomly selected patients to either receive radiofrequency ablation or to undergo a sham procedure in which endoscopes were inserted through the mouth and the lining of the esophagus was examined, but no radio waves were delivered. two patients received the actual treatment for every one who got a sham procedure. those who received the ablation treatment could get up to four treatments during the 12 months of the study. following the study period, those who had not received ablation therapy were given the option of getting the treatment. in the patients who had the treatment, dysplasia disappeared in just over 90 percent of patients with low - grade disease and in more than 80 percent of those with high - grade disease compared to about 23 percent of the low - grade patients and 19 percent of the high - grade patients who had sham procedures rather than the ablation therapy. in 78 percent of treated patients, not only did dysplasia disappear, but all the abnormal intestinal - type cells were eliminated as well. \" during the 12 - month study period, we detected fewer cancers in the ablation group than in the control group, \" says edmundowicz, a professor of medicine in the division of gastroenterology. \" but because cancers occurred in a total of only five study patients, the numbers are not as powerful regarding cancer as they are regarding eradication of barrett ' s esophagus. \" the risk of progressing from barrett ' s esophagus to esophageal cancer is approximately 1 percent for those with low - grade dysplasia and 6 percent for those with high - grade disease. \" from these short term results, it appears we may have another useful tool in our treatment arsenal, \" says edmundowicz, who is a staff physician at barnes - jewish hospital and a gastroenterologist at the siteman cancer center. \" additional follow - up will be necessary to demonstrate the true effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation in preventing esophageal cancer in patients with barrett ' s esophagus. \" most study subjects tolerated the treatments very well, he says. \" the one side effect that most ablation patients experienced was soreness in the chest following therapy, this was easily managed with medications, and they were less sore than if they had surgery, which has been the primary treatment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5145488450843957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.190865"} {"text": "very well, he says. \" the one side effect that most ablation patients experienced was soreness in the chest following therapy, this was easily managed with medications, and they were less sore than if they had surgery, which has been the primary treatment option, \" he says. the surgical option is offered to patients with barrett ' s esophagus found to have severe dysplasia or cancer. the type of surgery varies, but it usually involves removing most of the esophagus, pulling a portion of the stomach up into the chest and attaching it to what remains of the esophagus. the study was supported by barrx medical, which manufactures the ablation device. all patients in the study also received the anti - reflux drug. edmundowicz has received lecture support from barrx medical. study medication was provided by astrazeneca. statistical analysis and data management were supported by a grant from the national institutes of health. other sites involved in the study included the university of north carolina at chapel hill ; veterans affairs medical center and university of kansas school of medicine, kansas city, mo. ; gastrointestinal associates, knoxville, tenn. ; mayo clinic jacksonville, jacksonville, fla. ; south arizona veterans affairs health care system, tucson ; mayo clinic rochester, rochester, minn. ; cleveland clinic, cleveland ; oregon health and sciences university, portland ; mayo clinic arizona, scottsdale ; medical university of south carolina, charleston ; dartmouth - hitchcock medical center, lebanon, n. h. ; veterans affairs boston healthcare system, west roxbury, mass. ; university of california, irvine, orange ; university of texas southwestern medical center, dallas ; thomas jefferson university, philadelphia ; tacoma digestive disease research center, tacoma, wash. ; university hospitals \u2013 case medical center, cleveland ; and columbia university medical center, new york. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - shaheen nj, et al. radiofrequency ablation in barrett ' s esophagus with dysplasia. new england journal of medicine, vol 330 ( 22 ), may 28, 2009 [ link ] note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44602990065434733, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.192095"} {"text": "mar. 12, 2012 children may perform better in school and feel more confident about themselves if they are told that failure is a normal part of learning, rather than being pressured to succeed at all costs, according to new research published by the american psychological association. \" we focused on a widespread cultural belief that equates academic success with a high level of competence and failure with intellectual inferiority, \" said frederique autin, phd, a postdoctoral researcher at the university of poitiers in poitiers, france. \" by being obsessed with success, students are afraid to fail, so they are reluctant to take difficult steps to master new material. acknowledging that difficulty is a crucial part of learning could stop a vicious circle in which difficulty creates feelings of incompetence that in turn disrupts learning. \" the study, published online in apa ' s journal of experimental psychology : general, could have important implications for teachers, parents and students, said jean - claude croizet, phd, a psychology professor at the university of poitiers who supervised the research based on autin ' s doctoral dissertation. \" people usually believe that academic achievement simply reflects students ' inherent academic ability, which can be difficult to change, \" croizet said. \" but teachers and parents may be able to help students succeed just by changing the way in which the material is presented. \" in the first experiment with 111 french sixth graders, students were given very difficult anagram problems that none of them could solve. then a researcher talked to the students about the difficulty of the problems. one group was told that learning is difficult and failure is common, but practice will help, just like learning how to ride a bicycle. children in a second group were just asked how they tried to solve the problems. the students then took a test that measures working memory capacity, a key cognitive ability for storing and processing incoming information. working memory capacity is a good predictor of many aspects of academic achievement, including reading comprehension, problem solving and iq. the students who were told that learning is difficult performed significantly better on the working memory test, especially on more difficult problems, than the second group or a third control group who took the working memory test without doing the anagrams or discussions with researchers. a second experiment with 131 sixth graders followed a similar procedure with the difficult anagrams and discussions with a researcher. an additional group of students took a simpler anagram test that could be solved, and this group was not told that learning is difficult. all of the students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4774328637969464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.198170"} {"text": "131 sixth graders followed a similar procedure with the difficult anagrams and discussions with a researcher. an additional group of students took a simpler anagram test that could be solved, and this group was not told that learning is difficult. all of the students then completed a reading comprehension test. the children who were told that learning is difficult scored higher than the other groups, including the students who had just succeeded on the simple test. how students think about failure may be more important than their own success when learning challenging skills, the study noted. a third experiment with 68 sixth graders measured reading comprehension and asked questions that measured students ' feelings about their own academic competence. the group that was told that learning is difficult performed better in reading comprehension and reported fewer feelings of incompetence. the study noted that the students ' improvement on the tests most likely was temporary, but the results showed that working memory capacity may be improved simply by boosting students ' confidence and reducing their fear of failure. \" our research suggests that students will benefit from education that gives them room to struggle with difficulty, \" autin said. \" teachers and parents should emphasize children ' s progress rather than focusing solely on grades and test scores. learning takes time and each step in the process should be rewarded, especially at early stages when students most likely will experience failure. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - frederique autin, jean - claude croizet. improving working memory efficiency by reframing metacognitive interpretation of task difficulty.. journal of experimental psychology : general, 2012 ; doi : 10. 1037 / a0027478 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.532040304792065, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.198975"} {"text": "may 4, 2012 researchers in spain have found that at least some of the individuals claiming to see the so - called aura of people actually have the neuropsychological phenomenon known as \" synesthesia \" ( specifically, \" emotional synesthesia \" ). this might be a scientific explanation of their alleged ability. in synesthetes, the brain regions responsible for the processing of each type of sensory stimuli are intensely interconnected. synesthetes can see or taste a sound, feel a taste, or associate people or letters with a particular color. the study was conducted by the university of granada department of experimental psychology oscar iborra, luis pastor and emilio gomez milan, and has been published in the journal consciousness and cognition. this is the first time that a scientific explanation has been provided for the esoteric phenomenon of the aura, a supposed energy field of luminous radiation surrounding a person as a halo, which is imperceptible to most human beings. in basic neurological terms, synesthesia is thought to be due to cross - wiring in the brain of some people ( synesthetes ) ; in other words, synesthetes present more synaptic connections than \" normal \" people. \" these extra connections cause them to automatically establish associations between brain areas that are not normally interconnected, \" professor gomez milan explains. new research suggests that many healers claiming to see the aura of people might have this condition. the case of the \" santon de baza \" one of the university of granada researchers remarked that \" not all ' healers ' are synesthetes, but there is a higher prevalence of this phenomenon among them. the same occurs among painters and artists, for example. \" to carry out this study, the researchers interviewed some synesthetes including a ' healer ' from granada, \" esteban sanchez casas, \" known as \" el santon de baza \". many local people attribute \" paranormal powers \" to el santon, because of his supposed ability to see the aura of people \" but, in fact, it is a clear case of synesthesia, \" the researchers explained. according to the researchers, el santon has face - color synesthesia ( the brain region responsible for face recognition is associated with the color - processing region ) ; touch - mirror synesthesia ( when the synesthete observes a person who is being touched or is experiencing pain, s / he experiences the same ) ; high empathy ( the ability to feel what other person is feeling ), and schizoty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6134807440201255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.202325"} {"text": "- mirror synesthesia ( when the synesthete observes a person who is being touched or is experiencing pain, s / he experiences the same ) ; high empathy ( the ability to feel what other person is feeling ), and schizotypy ( certain personality traits in healthy people involving slight paranoia and delusions ). \" these capacities make synesthetes have the ability to make people feel understood, and provide them with special emotion and pain reading skills, \" the researchers explain. in the light of the results obtained, the researchers remarked on the significant \" placebo effect \" that healers have on people, \" though some healers really have the ability to see people ' s ' auras ' and feel the pain in others due to synesthesia. \" some healers \" have abilities and attitudes that make them believe in their ability to heal other people, but it is actually a case of self - deception, as synesthesia is not an extrasensory power, but a subjective and ' adorned ' perception of reality, \" the researchers state. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - e. g. milan, o. iborra, m. hochel, m. a. rodriguez artacho, l. c. delgado - pastor, e. salazar, a. gonzalez - hernandez. auras in mysticism and synaesthesia : a comparison. consciousness and cognition, 2012 ; 21 ( 1 ) : 258 doi : 10. 1016 / j. concog. 2011. 11. 010 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5621133955224031, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.202902"} {"text": "a study in the journal of cell biology shows how a transcription factor called stat3 remains in the axon of nerve cells to help prevent neurodegeneration. the findings could pave the way for future drug therapies to slow nerve damage in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. in lou gehrig ' s disease ( als ) and other neurodegenerative diseases, nerve cells usually die in stages, with axons deteriorating first and the cells themselves perishing later. axon degeneration may represent a turning point for patients, after which so much nerve damage has accumulated that treatments won ' t work. researchers have tested several proteins for their ability to save axons. one of these molecules, cntf, rescues axons in rodents and extends their lives. but it caused severe side effects in patients during clinical trials. \" acting on the same pathway but farther downstream could be an ideal way to improve the situation for motor neuron disease \" and possibly for other neurodegenerative diseases, says senior author michael sendtner from the university of wuerzburg in germany. a jcb study shows how the protein cntf activates the transcription factor stat3 ( green ), which lingers in the axon ( blue ) and helps stabilize microtubules by inhibiting a protein called stathmin ( magenta ). stat3 and stathmin colocalize in axonal branch points ( arrowheads ) and growth cones ( arrow ). to discover how cntf works, sendtner and his colleagues studied mice with a mutation that mimics als. the researchers found that cntf not only prevented shrinkage of the rodents ' motor neurons, it also reduced the number of swellings along the axon that are markers of degeneration. it is known that cntf indirectly turns on the transcription factor stat3, so the researchers wanted to determine if stat3 is behind cntf ' s protective powers. they tested whether cntf helps motor neurons that lack stat3 and discovered that, in the mutant mice, axons lacking stat3 were half as long as those from a control group after cntf treatment once it has been activated, stat3 typically travels to the nucleus of the neuron to switch on genes. but the researchers were surprised to find that most of the axonal stat3 did not move to the nucleus and instead had a local effect in the axon. specifically, the team found that activated stat3 inhibited stathmin, a protein that normally destabilizes microtub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196784857686116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.208407"} {"text": "( sen ) - inventive techniques using observations with some of the world ' s biggest telescopes have allowed astronomers to discover five new planets orbiting one of the closest stars to the earth. tau ceti, which lies only 12 light - years away and can easily be spotted on a clear night, is a star similar to the sun and also single. one of the new worlds around it is in its habitable zone, so named because water could exist on it in liquid form. the new planets all have sizes, or masses, between two and six times that of the earth, making the new solar system one of the least massive yet found. but that is not altogether surprising because smaller worlds are bound to be easier to detect when they are closer to us. the discoveries, which come just two months after the announcement of an earth - sized planet in the nearest star system to us, alpha centauri, were made by an international team from the uk, chile, the usa and australia. they examined the starlight from tau ceti using spectrographs on three telescopes - harps on the 3. 6m telescope at the european southern observatory in la silla, chile, ucles on the anglo - australian telescope in siding spring, australia, and hires on the 10m keck telescope on mauna kea, hawaii ( 567 data points ). after making more than 6, 000 measurements, the team using computer modelling techniques and managed to improve the sensitivity of their observations so that smaller planets than normal revealed themselves in the data. the team ' s leader, mikko tuomi from the university of hertfordshire in the uk, explained : \u201c we pioneered new data modelling techniques by adding artificial signals to the data and testing our recovery of the signals with a variety of different approaches. this significantly improved our noise modelling techniques and increased our ability to find low mass planets. \" hugh jones, also from the university of hertfordshire, said : \" we chose tau ceti for this noise modelling study because we had thought it contained no signals. and as it is so bright and similar to our sun it is an ideal benchmark system to test out our methods for the detection of small planets. \" where to spot tau ceti in the night sky. credit : university of hertfordshire the new worlds add to a harvest of more than 800 exoplanets that have been discovered around other stars since 1995. most of those found have been \" hot jupiters \" - gas giants zipping round close to their host stars in just days. team member steve vogt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5036103374773487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.212656"} {"text": "according to jerry ostriker ( plumian professor, cambridge ; professor of astrophysics, princeton ; provost, princeton ), \" surveys aren \u2019 t just something that astronomers do, they are the only thing astronomers do. \" these words are understandable, given prof. ostriker \u2019 s intimate association with the sloan digital sky survey that is presently transforming our view of the optical universe. the ability to systematically survey one quarter of the sky, with the dynamic range and spatial resolution to zoom in to study individual objects, is providing us with the first truly 3 - dimensional map of the nearby cosmos. the optical portion of the spectrum unveils the moderately energetic and hot components of the universe, but the physics of the cool constituents is probed at radio wavelengths. [ new paragraph ] the allen telescope array ( ata ) of 350 telescopes, each 6. 1 m in diameter, will do for the radio sky what the sloan digital sky survey has done for the optical sky. and it will do it so rapidly that it will also provide the first systematic look at the transient radio universe. the ata provides simultaneous access to any frequency between 500 mhz and 11. 2 ghz, with four separate frequency channels feeding a suite of signal processing backends that can produce wide - angle radio images of the sky in 1024 colors, and at the same time, study up to 32 point sources of interest within its large field of view. this new approach to commensally sharing the sky allows seti ( the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ) and traditional radio astronomical science to both use the telescope nearly all the time : our tools are beginning to be commensurate with the size of the vast explorations of the radio sky that we wish to undertake. [ new paragraph ] this talk will put the ata into context with the rest of the seti activities around the world and describe the initial seti observations we intend to conduct.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5609169565621948, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.215210"} {"text": "- may 31 - king library opens at 1 : 00 pm the holocaust ( 1939 - 1945 ) genocide, meticulously planned in nazi germany and executed with international complicity, resulting in the destruction of the european jewish community ( six million people - men, women and over one million children ) and taking the lives of \u201c political dissidents, p. o. w. ' s, slavs, gypsies, homosexuals and the mentally ill. \u201c the holocaust : a nightmare of brutal, technologically assisted criminality, with a destructive fallout working its devilment first amongst the living, and then into the being of generations to come. maus trilogy, by art spiegelman in graphic novel format, art spiegelman presents a unique and deeply personal account of the holocaust, intertwining history, parental interview, and his own memoir of historically induced emotional trauma. a tragic tale made bearable by its artistic presentation. vladek spiegelman ' s lifestory continues in this anguishing chronical of separation, loss, survival and lasting wounds. the inside story of the creation of art spiegelman ' s 1992 pulitzer prize awarded graphic novel, maus. ( complete with hyperlinked dvd. ) on exhibit through july 12th, 2012 at king library \u2013 5th floor \u2013 cultural heritage area the courage to remember \" is a 42 panel educational exhibit on the holocaust of 1933 - 1945. it is an historical account of the nazis ' murderous campaign in which 6 million jews and others ( political dissidents, p. o. w. ' s, slavs, gypsies, homosexuals and the mentally ill ) were killed between 1933 and 1945. the crimes of the nazis during the holocaust serve as a dark chapter of the 20th century. yet, the causes of the holocaust remain with us today. man ' s flawed nature, racism and complacency of ordinary people in the persecution of others persist therefore, the need for this exhibit. individual citizens must have the courage to remember, educate themselves of this tragedy and commit to prevent such crimes from happening again. this exhibit of the museum of tolerance is made possible by an educational grant from sncf and presented by the foundation for california. the holocaust - a research guide to the sjpl catalog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4602861712526303, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.218729"} {"text": "from abracadabra to zombies | view all n ' kisi & the n ' kisi project n ' kisi ( pronounced \u2018 \u2018 in - key - see \u2019 \u2019 ) is a captive bred eight or nine - year - old hand raised african grey parrot whose owner, aimee morgana, thinks uses language. she doesn ' t think he just sounds out words. she thinks he communicates with her in language, which would in effect make n ' kisi a rational parrot. for example, n ' kisi utters \" pretty smell medicine \" when he wants to describe the aromatherapy oils that aimee uses. * furthermore, aimee says her parrot has a fine sense of humor and knows how to laugh. imagine having conversations with a humorous parrot. think of all the things you could talk and joke about, besides aromatherapy. you could discuss the fame that would come to anyone who had a parrot that can think and converse in intelligent discourse, like pretty smell medicine and look at my pretty naked body. * and when some nasty skeptic makes fun of you, the two of you can joke about it. i ' m afraid that this story stretches the boundaries of reasonable credibility, though stories of rational parrots go back at least to the 17th century. john locke, for example, relates a tale of a portuguese - speaking parrot of some note in his essay concerning human understanding ( ii. xxvii. 8 ). these cases are more likely cases of self - deception, delusion, and gullibility than of language - using parrots. listen to this audio clip of n ' kisi, aimee, and a toy that \" talks \" when a button is pushed. first listen without reading the transcript. some of it is intelligible, especially after the fourth or fifth repetition, but it is difficult to understand the \" conversation, \" especially with the toy making its sounds as aimee stimulates her parrot. some of the tape sounds like gibberish until you are told what to listen for. when you listen while reading the transcript something amazing happens : you can hear just what you ' re reading. why is that? the same thing happens when you listen to audio tapes played backward. when you just listen without anyone telling you what to listen for, you usually don ' t understand anything intelligible. but as soon as someone shows or tells you what to listen for, you can hear the message. such is the power of suggestion and the way of audio perception. hearing is a constructive process, like vision, in that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4857914780216262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.234162"} {"text": "understand anything intelligible. but as soon as someone shows or tells you what to listen for, you can hear the message. such is the power of suggestion and the way of audio perception. hearing is a constructive process, like vision, in that bits of sensory data are \" filled in \" by the brain to produce a visual or auditory perception that is clear and distinct, and in accord with your expectations. consider the following from an interview with dr. irene pepperberg, morgana ' s inspiration, who has been studying alex, an african grey parrot, for many years : we were doing demos at the media lab [ at mit ] for our corporate sponsors ; we had a very small amount of time scheduled and the visitors wanted to see alex work. so we put a number of differently colored letters on the tray that we use, put the tray in front of alex, and asked, \" alex, what sound is blue? \" he answers, \" ssss. \" it was an \" s \", so we say \" good birdie \" and he replies, \" want a nut. \" well, i don ' t want him sitting there using our limited amount of time to eat a nut, so i tell him to wait, and i ask, \" what sound is green? \" alex answers, \" ssshh. \" he ' s right, it ' s \" sh, \" and we go through the routine again : \" good parrot. \" \" want a nut. \" \" alex, wait. what sound is orange? \" \" ch. \" \" good bird! \" \" want a nut. \" we ' re going on and on and alex is clearly getting more and more frustrated. he finally gets very slitty - eyed and he looks at me and states, \" want a nut. nnn, uh, tuh. \" not only could you imagine him thinking, \" hey, stupid, do i have to spell it for you? \" but the point was that he had leaped over where we were and had begun sounding out the letters of the words for us. this was in a sense his way of saying to us, \" i know where you ' re headed! let ' s get on with it, \" which gave us the feeling that we were on the right track with what we were doing. * dr. pepperberg thinks the bird is responding cognitively to her questions rather than simply responding to a stimulus. she thinks the bird is getting frustrated, but she has stipulated earlier in the interview : i never claim that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.57884546966506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.235257"} {"text": "with what we were doing. * dr. pepperberg thinks the bird is responding cognitively to her questions rather than simply responding to a stimulus. she thinks the bird is getting frustrated, but she has stipulated earlier in the interview : i never claim that alex has full - blown language ; i never would. i ' m not going to be able to put alex on a \" t \" stand and have you interview him the way you interview me. so, whereas you or i might say \" give me the nut or this interview is over \" were we parrots with intentionality and language, the parrot ' s movements and sounds have to be less direct and more complex, so that they have to be interpreted for us by pepperberg. in her view, alex is \" clearly getting more frustrated \" and his frustration culminates with a \" very slitty - eyed \" expression. but this is pepperberg ' s interpretation, as is her hearing the bird sound out the letters of the word ' nut '. it could have been a stutter for all we know, but pepperberg is facilitating alex ' s communication by telling us what she hears. the final paragraph indicates that pepperberg is having a hard time drawing the line between imagining what a parrot might be thinking and projecting those thoughts into the parrot ' s movements and sounds. she ' s also having a hard time getting grant money ( nih turned her down ), so she started her own private foundation, the alex foundation. when news of n ' kisi broke on the pages of bbc online, there was no mention in the article by alex kirby of the parrot having conversations with people other than aimee morgana. ( the story was originally told in usa today in the february 12, 2001, edition. ) despite the headline \" parrot ' s oratory stuns scientists, \" there was no evidence given that the parrot had stunned anyone during a conversation. it seems that aimee is to her parrot what the facilitator is to her client in facilitated communication, except that the parrot is actually providing data to interpret and is more like clever hans, the horse that responded to unconscious movements of his master, than a disabled human who may not be providing any content or direction at all to the facilitator. it is aimee who gives intentionality to the parrot ' s sounds. she is the one who attributes ' laughter ' to his shrieks and conscious awareness to his responses, though those responses could be due to any one of many stimuli, consciously or unconsciously provided by aimee or items in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5247439510804686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.236373"} {"text": "to the parrot ' s sounds. she is the one who attributes ' laughter ' to his shrieks and conscious awareness to his responses, though those responses could be due to any one of many stimuli, consciously or unconsciously provided by aimee or items in the immediate environment. nevertheless, dr. jane goodall, who studies chimpanzees, met n ' kisi and said that he provides an \" outstanding example of interspecies communication. \" there is some evidence, however, that much of the work with language - using primates also mistakes subjective validation by scientists for complex linguistic abilities of their animal subjects ( wallman 1992 ). according to mr. kirby, n ' kisi not only uses language but has been tested for telepathy and he passed the test with flying colors : in an experiment, the bird and his owner were put in separate rooms and filmed as the artist opened random envelopes containing picture cards. analysis showed the parrot had used appropriate keywords three times more often than would be likely by chance. kirby doesn ' t provide any details about the experiment, so a reader might misinterpret this claim as implying that this parrot did about twice as well as people did in the ganzfeld telepathy experiments. in those experiments, subjects in separate rooms were monitored as one tried to telepathically send information from a picture or video to the other. typically, there was a 20 % chance of guessing what the item was but results as high as 38 % were reported in some meta - analyses. if the parrot scored three times better than chance, then he would have gotten 60 % correct. the odds of a parrot randomly blurting out words that match up 60 % of the time with pictures being looked at simultaneously in another room are so high that there is virtually no way that this could happen by chance. however, as you might suspect, kirby ' s claim is a bit misleading. i assume that kirby was writing about an experiment that was part of the n ' kisi project, a joint effort by morgana and rupert sheldrake to test not only the parrot ' s language - using abilities but his telepathic talents as well. sheldrake has already validated the telepathic abilities of a dog and thinks the \" findings [ of this experiment ] are consistent with the hypothesis that n ' kisi was reacting telepathically to aimee ' s mental activity. \" * the full text of sheldrake ' s study published in the peer reviewed journal of scientific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5557711528375922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.237908"} {"text": "findings [ of this experiment ] are consistent with the hypothesis that n ' kisi was reacting telepathically to aimee ' s mental activity. \" * the full text of sheldrake ' s study published in the peer reviewed journal of scientific exploration is available online. the title of the paper would send most journal editors to their grave, killed by laughter : \" testing a language - using parrot for telepathy. \" fortunately for sheldrake and his associates there will always be a sympathetic editor for another story like that of j. b. rhine and the telepathic horse, \" lady wonder. \" at least sheldrake ' s protocols show some measure of sophistication, unlike rhine ' s. even so, as the editor at the journal of scientific exploration commented : \" once again, we have suggestive results, a level of statistical significance that is less than compelling, and the devout wish that further work with refined protocols will ensue. \" * so, we ' ll just have to wait and see whether further study of n ' kisi supports the telepathic hypothesis. anyway, here is how sheldrake set up the experiment. he first compiled a list of 30 words from the bird ' s vocabulary that \" could be represented by visual images. \" a package of 167 photos from a stock supplier was used for the test. since only 20 of the photos corresponded to words on the list, the word list was reduced to 20. the word ' camera ' was removed from the list because ' n \u2019 kisi \" used it so frequently to comment on the cameras used in the tests themselves. \" thus, they were left with 19 words. during the tests, n \u2019 kisi remained in his cage in aimee \u2019 s apartment in manhattan, new york. there was no one in the room with him. meanwhile, aimee went to a separate enclosed room on a different floor. n \u2019 kisi could not see or hear her, and in any case, aimee said nothing, as confirmed by the audio track recorded on the camera that filmed her continuously. the distance between aimee and n \u2019 kisi was about 55 feet. aimee could hear n \u2019 kisi through a wireless baby monitor, which she used to gain \u2018 \u2018 feedback \u2019 \u2019 to help her to adjust her mental state as image sender. both aimee and n \u2019 kisi were filmed continuously throughout the test sessions by two synchronized cameras on time - coded videotape. the cameras were mounted on tripods and ran continuously without interruption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5794249949937007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.238972"} {"text": "help her to adjust her mental state as image sender. both aimee and n \u2019 kisi were filmed continuously throughout the test sessions by two synchronized cameras on time - coded videotape. the cameras were mounted on tripods and ran continuously without interruption throughout each session. n \u2019 kisi was also recorded continuously on a separate audio tape recorder. ( sheldrake and morgana 2003 ) according to sheldrake : we conducted a total of 147 two - minute trials. the recordings of n \u2019 kisi during these trials were transcribed blind by three independent transcribers.... he scored 23 hits : the key words he said corresponded to the target pictures.... if n \u2019 kisi said a key word that did not correspond to the photograph, that was counted as a miss, and if he said a key word corresponding to the photograph, that was a hit. ( sheldrake and morgana 2003 ) however, sixty of the trials were discarded because in those trials n ' kisi either was silent or uttered things that were not key words, i. e., showed no signs of telepathy. a few other trials were discarded because the transcribers did not agree on what n ' kisi said. in short, sheldrake ' s statistical conclusions are based on the results of 71 of the trials. i ' ll let the reader decide whether it was proper to omit 40 % of the data because the parrot didn ' t utter a word on the key word list during those trials. some might argue that those sessions should be counted as misses and that by ignoring so much data where the parrot clearly did not indicate any sign of telepathy is strong evidence that sheldrake was more interested in confirming his biases than in getting at the truth. n ' kisi ' s misses were listed at 94. ten of the 23 hits were on the picture that corresponded to the word ' flower ', which n ' kisi uttered 23 times during the trials. the flower image, selected randomly, was used in 17 trials. the image corresponding to water was used in 10 of the trials. the bird said ' water ' in twelve trials and got 2 hits. it seems oddly biased that almost one - third of the images and more than half the hits came from just 2 of the 19 pictures. one of the peer reviewers thought that the fact that the flower word and picture played so heavy a role in the outcome that the paper ' s results were distorted and that the paper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5590888847131409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.240013"} {"text": "and more than half the hits came from just 2 of the 19 pictures. one of the peer reviewers thought that the fact that the flower word and picture played so heavy a role in the outcome that the paper ' s results were distorted and that the paper should not be published. the other reviewer accepted sheldrake ' s observation that even if you throw out the flower data, you still get some sort of statistical significance. this may be true. however, since the bird allegedly had a vocabulary of some 950 words at the time of the test, omitting sessions where the bird said nothing or said something not on the key list, is unjustifiable. furthermore, there is no evidence that it is reasonable to assume that when the parrot is by itself uttering words that it is trying to communicate telepathically with morgana. or are we to accept sheldrake ' s assumption that the parrot turns his telepathic interest off and on, and it was on only when he uttered a word on the key list? that assumption is no more valid that morgana ' s belief that the telepathy doesn ' t work as well when she makes an effort to send a telepathic message to her parrot. in any case, i wonder why sheldrake didn ' t do a baseline study, where the parrot was videotaped for two - minutes at a time while morgana was taking an aromatherapy bath or meditating or doing something unrelated to the key word pictures. had he made several hundred such clips, he could then have randomly selected 71 and compared them to the 71 clips he used for his analysis. if there was no significant difference between the randomly selected clips and the ones that emerged during the experiment, then the telepathy hypothesis would not be supported. on the other hand, if he found a robust statistically significant difference, then the telepathy hypothesis would be supported. i suggest he do something along these lines when he attempts to replicate his parrot telepathy test. in some trials, n \u2019 kisi repeated a given key word. for example, in one trial n \u2019 kisi said \u2018 \u2018 phone \u2019 \u2019 three times, and in another he said \u2018 \u2018 flower \u2019 \u2019 ten times, and in the tabulation of data the numbers of times he said these words are shown in parentheses as : phone ( 3 ) ; flower ( 10 ). for most of the statistical analyses, repetitions were ignored, but in one analysis the numbers of words that were said more than once in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5701857935107776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.241054"} {"text": "numbers of times he said these words are shown in parentheses as : phone ( 3 ) ; flower ( 10 ). for most of the statistical analyses, repetitions were ignored, but in one analysis the numbers of words that were said more than once in a given trial were compared statistically with those said only once for both hits and misses. for each trial, the key word or words represented in the photograph were tabulated. some images had only one key word, but others had two or more. for example, a picture of a couple hugging in a pool of water involved two key words, \u2018 \u2018 water \u2019 \u2019 and \u2018 \u2018 hug. \u2019 \u2019 ( sheldrake and morgana 2003 ) he calculated 51 hits and 126 misses when repetitions were included. i ' m not going to bother with any more detail because by now the overall picture should be clear. once the statisticians went to work on the data, they were able to provide support for the claim that the data were consistent with the telepathic hypothesis. but nowhere in sheldrake ' s paper can i find a claim that the parrot did three times better than expected by chance. in any case, i have to agree with the editor who published sheldrake ' s parrot paper : the results have a statistical significance that is less than compelling. however, unlike that editor, my devout wish is that when such studies as these are published in the future, responsible journalists continue to ignore them and recognize them for the rubbish they are. on the other hand, if you happen to think your parrot is psychic, drop dr. sheldrake a line. he ' s set up a page just for you. sheldrake has responded to this article. his comments and my responses are posted here. books and articles new grey parrots use reasoning where monkeys and dogs can \u2019 t \" christian schloegl and his team at the university of vienna, let six parrots choose between two containers, one containing a nut. both containers were shaken, one eliciting a rattling sound and the other nothing. the parrots preferred the container that rattled, even if only the empty container was shaken.... thus, grey parrots seem to possess ape - like reasoning skills.... \" [ / new ] last updated 16 - aug - 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5351896090233967, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.241981"} {"text": "choosing your first telescope every year millions of people buy a telescope, but few know what to look for when making their purchase. online telescope help guide.. or if you want something that you can print out and read at your leisure, click here to download \" what to know before you buy \" from skywatch 2010, our annual magazine, as a 2 - megabyte pdf file. many ( arguably most ) good starter scopes cost $ 400 or more, but some superb choices are available for under $ 250. for some specific recommendations, read our review of low - cost starter scopes. but read this article first, so you ' ll understand the terminology in that review. the telescope you want has two essentials : high - quality optics and a steady, smoothly working mount. and all other things being equal, big scopes show more and are easier to use than small ones, as we ' ll see below. but don ' t overlook portability and convenience the best scope for you is the one you ' ll actually use. the most important characteristic of a telescope is its aperture the diameter of its light - gathering lens or mirror, often called the objective. look for the telescope ' s specifications near its focuser, at the front of the tube, or on the box. the aperture ' s diameter ( d ) will be expressed either in millimeters or, less commonly, in inches ( 1 inch equals 25. 4 mm ). as a rule of thumb, your telescope should have at least 2. 8 inches ( 70 mm ) aperture and preferably more. avoid telescopes that are advertised by their magnification especially implausibly high powers like 600\u00d7. for most purposes, a telescope ' s maximum useful magnification is 50 times its aperture in inches ( or twice its aperture in millimeters ). so you ' d need a 12 - inch scope to get a decent image at 600\u00d7 and even then, you ' d need to wait for a night when the observing conditions are perfect. you ' ll encounter three basic telescope designs. \u2022 reflectors gather light using a mirror at the rear of the main tube. for a given aperture, these are generally the least expensive type, but you ' ll need to adjust the optical alignment periodically especially if you bump it around a lot. \u2022 compound ( or catadioptric ) telescopes, which use a combination of lenses and mirrors, offer compact tubes and relatively light weight ; two popular designs are called schmidt - cassegrains and maksutov - cassegrains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4431794190659667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.246896"} {"text": ". \u2022 compound ( or catadioptric ) telescopes, which use a combination of lenses and mirrors, offer compact tubes and relatively light weight ; two popular designs are called schmidt - cassegrains and maksutov - cassegrains. the objective ' s focal length ( f or fl ) is the key to determining the telescope ' s magnification ( \" power \" ). this is simply the objective ' s focal length divided by that of the eyepiece, which you ' ll find on its barrel. for example, if a telescope has a focal length of 500 mm and a 25 - mm eyepiece, the magnification is 500 / 25, or 20x. most telescopes come supplied with one or two eyepieces ; you change the magnification by switching eyepieces with different focal lengths. your telescope will need something sturdy to support it. many telescopes come conveniently packaged with tripods or mounts, though the tubes of smaller scopes often just have a mounting block that allows them to be attached to a standard photo tripod with a single screw. ( caution : a tripod that ' s good enough for taking your family snapshots may not be steady enough for astronomy. ) mounts designed specifically for telescopes usually forgo the single - screw attachment blocks in favor of larger, more robust rings or plates. some telescopes come with small motors to move them around the sky with the push of a keypad button. in the more advanced models of this type, often called \" go to \" telescopes, a small computer is built into the hand control. once you ' ve entered the current date, time, and your location, the scope can point itself to, and track, thousands of celestial objects. some \" go to \" s let you choose a guided tour of the best celestial showpieces, complete with a digital readout describing what ' s known about each object. but go to scopes aren ' t for everyone the setup process may be confusing if you don ' t know how to find the bright alignment stars in the sky. and lower - priced go to models come with smaller apertures than similarly priced, entry - level scopes that have no electronics. a telescope can literally open your eyes to a universe of celestial delights. with a little care in selecting the right one, you ' ll be ready for a lifetime of exploring the night sky!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5046424296667793, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.247863"} {"text": "can you train your pet cat? yes, but it won ' t be easy. a border collie named chaser has been trained to recognize and respond to 1, 022 nouns, according to a new york times profile published last monday. the extent of chaser ' s vocabulary is astonishing, but it ' s no surprise that a dog could be trained to sit, stay, or fetch particular objects from under the couch. what about a cat? is it possible to train your tabby? yes, but it ' s slightly more difficult. cats were domesticated about 9, 000 years ago, and were originally used to hunt mice. it ' s likely they were selected for their solitary hunting abilities, not for any particular social acuity or inclination to follow instructions. ( dogs, on the other hand, were selected for those very traits. ) that doesn ' t mean you can ' t train a cat ; it just means they won ' t always respond to the same rewards as dogs. while some dogs are content with a pat on the head and a \" good boy! \" in exchange for proper behavior, cats typically work for food and might be slower to pick up new tricks. even so, both species can be trained with the same methods. ( the most common are positive reinforcement, clicker training, and targeting. ) cats can be trained to use a toilet bowl instead of a litter box, follow their owners at a command, or perform a high - five. dogs dohave larger brains than cats, both in absolute terms and relative to the size of their bodies. that feature may have evolved to help them meet the social demands of living in a pack. and a heightened sociability could in turn make them better at reading and responding to human facial expressions and commands. if it ' s possible to train cats, why don ' t we do it more often? cats are less of a bother than dogs when they misbehave. while a hyperactive canine might rip up your curtains and your couch, a problematic cat tends to be disobedient in more subtle ways \u2014 like waking you up at 5 a. m. for breakfast. cats are also quieter and less likely to drool on your belongings or jump on strangers. when cats do develop behavioral problems, their owners are more likely to accept and ignore the issue, rather than embarking on a training protocol. got a question about today ' s news? ask the explainer explainer thanks, christine bellezza of the cornell feline health center, nicholas dodman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35182370528142276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.250481"} {"text": "dynamic nasopharyngoscopy ( dn ) is a simple method of : the examination is performed with the patient lying on their back and under local anesthetic with topical lidocaine that is sprayed onto the back of the throat and into the nasal passages. the flexible fiberoptic endoscope is introduced through the nose and advanced into the pharynx. note is taken of any fixed obstructions such as a deviated septum, nasal polyps, and enlarged adenoids and tonsils. the tip of the endoscope is then positioned at the level of the hard palate and the patient is asked to perform a series of maneuvers. note is taken of the size and shape of the airway. this patient has a heart - shaped airway because of narrow insertion of the posterior tonsillar pillars and edema. note is taken of the degree of collapse that occurs when the patient attempts to inspire with their mouth closed and nostrils pinched shut. | with jaw thrust this simulates the wearing of a dental appliance that advances the mandible. this patient could use such a device if the overnight oximetry shows mild disease. opening of the jaw opening the mouth to breathe relaxes the pharynx and promotes backward collapse of the tongue. this increases the likelihood of apnea. interpretation of the findings requires a detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the upper airway and a good understanding of the physical principles that determine why certain structures are stable and others are not. back to dynamic nasopharyngoscopy page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.558779212310186, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.252050"} {"text": "culture has a special historical and social significance in slovenia. it was primarily thanks to their culture and their common language of slovene that the people of slovenia were able to forge themselves into a nation and survive. language and culture have for centuries compensated slovenes for the lack of their own state and political institutions. slovenia is one of those rare countries, if not the only country in the world, where a day of culture is a national holiday. in honour of the poet slovenia \u2019 s national day of culture is 8 february, the anniversary of the death of its greatest poet, france preseren, whose wonderful works from the first half of the 19th century are a supreme example of european romanticism. one such work is a toast, now slovenia \u2019 s national anthem. the relevance of preseren \u2019 s poetry played a role in the creation of the first real national political programme, which helped to forge the slovenian national identity. the annual preseren prizes are the highest awards for the most important and momentous achievements in culture. credit to the protestant one of the most important foundations of slovenian culture was established by another literary figure, the protestant pastor primoz trubar, who published the first book in slovene in 1550. it was then that slovene officially joined the family of european literary languages. the power of verse and the written word literature also held a special place in slovenian culture in the 20th century, when the playwright ivan cankar, the poet srecko kosovel, contemporary poets like ciril zlobec, kajetan kovic, tomaz salamun and dane zajc and the writers vitomil zupan, drago jancar, boris pahor and lojze kovacic all left their mark. many of their works have been translated into multiple european languages. further evidence of the importance of books in slovenian culture is that slovenia is ranked at the top of european countries in terms of the number of books published per head. in 2010, ljubljana was selected by unesco to be the world book capital. in 2012, maribor was the european capital of culture pillars of culture slovenia has a very well - developed network of cultural institutions, organisations and associations, comparable with the wealthiest and most progressive countries in europe. the slovenian philharmonic is one of the oldest orchestras in europe, with a history of more than 300 years. there are professional opera and ballet companies in ljubljana and maribor, and numerous professional theatre groups, including drama ( slovenia \u2019 s national theatre ), the youth theatre and the puppet theatre cultural life is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40543381300280323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.256541"} {"text": "europe, with a history of more than 300 years. there are professional opera and ballet companies in ljubljana and maribor, and numerous professional theatre groups, including drama ( slovenia \u2019 s national theatre ), the youth theatre and the puppet theatre cultural life is rich and varied at the museums, galleries and cultural centres, pride of place among which is taken by cankarjev dom there are a host of top festivals in slovenia, particularly in the summer : the ljubljana festival at krizanke, the festival of early music in brezice, the primorska cultural festival and a series of cultural events under the aegis of imago sloveniae. maribor \u2019 s lent festival is also a favourite. there are 45 permanent galleries in slovenia, and over 800 spaces where works of fine art are exhibited permanently or occasionally. the most important in ljubljana are the museum of modern art, which focuses on modern works, and the national gallery, whose collection consists of older works. impressionism made slovenian painting known throughout europe in the first half of the 20th century, while the ljubljana graphic school was renowned after the second world war. there are five professional orchestras in slovenia, and a host of musicians who are famed outside the country. the largest concert halls are at the cankarjev dom cultural and conference centre, which holds close to a thousand events each year. slovenia \u2019 s own brand of polka music reached its peak in the accordion and ensemble of slavko avsenik, while the annual festival in sticna is a feast of choral singing, and the france marolt folk group have performed their singing and dancing all over the world. the contemporary thrill of classical music is the territory of the slovenian philharmonic, particularly its top musicians, flautist irena grafenauer, pianist dubravka tomsic and soprano marjana lipovsek. laibach have been a highly influential band in the last few decades in modern alternative music. the ethno - pop of magnifico has gained a rising international profile. the giants of slovenian pop music are vlado kreslin, while slovenian djs are welcome on global dancefloors, most notably dj umek. architecture is also a vital part of slovenian culture. the most famous native architect, joze plecnik, was a pioneer of modern slovenian and european architecture of the 20th century. ljubljana is famed for his work. many of plecnik \u2019 s students continued his legacy in the second half of the 20th century. international cultural events each year slovenia hosts a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4578209092235047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.257532"} {"text": "history of the somerville fire department in 1838, charlestown, ma authorities paid a sum of $ 400 to have a two - story wooden engine - house built at the corner of washington and prospect streets ( this area is property of somerville today ). in this engine - house, the \" mystic no. 6 \" was stored. mystic no. 6 was not much more than a \" tub \" measuring three feet six inches long, by two feet wide. it consisted of an oblong wooden tank sheathed with metal, pistons which worked perpendicularly, and handsome lancewood brakes. it could not \" draught \" water, and all it threw was water which was poured into it by buckets. a law was enforced starting that year which required each household to have two buckets hung in their front hallway. when an alarm was sounded for a fire, each man was to run with his buckets to the fire location and lineup with the others to pass the buckets of water from a well or cistern to the men who operated mystic no. 6. in 1842, somerville set off from charlestown to become a town of its own. mystic no. 6 was left as a legacy to somerville and the engine ' s valuation of $ 50 was entered into the town ' s record books. all firemen at this time were volunteers and were paid a generous sum of $ 1. 50 per year. on november 12, 1849 town officials appropriated $ 1, 438. 75 for the purchase of a \" good and sufficient fire engine \". the first - class modern suction machine, one of the best ever made by the celebrated hunneman & co. of roxbury arrived about january 1, 1850 and was dubbed \" somerville no. 1 \". it had six and a half inch cylinders, folding brakes and all of the latest improvements. on january 15th of that same year, nathan tufts jr. was named the first chief fire engineer and george brastow was named the clerk by the town ' s selectmen. the first fire that the new department responded to was the burning of johnson ' s barn which was located on school st. toward union square. in 1853, the members of the fire department requested a pay raise from $ 1. 50 to $ 12. 00 per year. when the board of selectmen refused to consider it, the department went on strike. the town fathers yielded, however, and the strike was short - lived. this was also the year that mystic no. 6 was sold for the amount of $ 33. 00 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43414532544530104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.264730"} {"text": "of selectmen refused to consider it, the department went on strike. the town fathers yielded, however, and the strike was short - lived. this was also the year that mystic no. 6 was sold for the amount of $ 33. 00 and it was taken to east boston and broken up for old junk. it was also in 1853 that the first flagstaff in town was erected by the firemen in union square. the engine - house was destroyed by fire on december 24, 1855 but somerville no. 1 was saved. a new brick building was erected on the same plot of land in 1856 for a cost of $ 5, 000. the first report made by fire engineers was made by chief samuel h. gooding, in 1862, for the preceeding year, in which he states that the department consists of one engine company, \" whose membership has been reduced by members being in the army. \" he recommends the placing of larger wheels and a \" stouter beam \" on the engine, also the purchase of a hook and ladder truck for one horse to carry the ladders distributed about town which can not be found when wanted : to quote his own words, \" they being out among the neighbors generally. \" he also recommended the purchase of an extra hose carriage. there were 8 fires that year, with a loss of about $ 3, 300. of the 800 feet of hose, 200 feet were good, 300 feet were fair and 300 feet were poor. there was also 6 ladders, 1 hook, 6 reservoirs and 3 hydrants. in april of 1863, an amount of $ 300 was appropriated for a hook and ladder truck. one was finally purchased in september of that year for the amount of $ 350 but it was not formally manned at that time. in april 1865, a sum not to exceed $ 4, 000 was appropriated to purchase a hose carriage and horse, and provide a suitable place to locate it in east somerville. in june of 1865, engineers purchased a second - hand hose carriage formerly used by gen. john e. wool hose co. of troy, ny for the sum of $ 600 and it went into service on october 1st of that year as \" liberty hose co. 1 \". the company disbanded on july 9th, 1866 due to internal dissention and fighting, but a new company was formed within a few days, taking the name of \" john e. wool. \" in march of 1866, the selectmen and engineers were instructed to purchase a steam fire engine, horses and all appurtenances there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43825680735088435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.265759"} {"text": "but a new company was formed within a few days, taking the name of \" john e. wool. \" in march of 1866, the selectmen and engineers were instructed to purchase a steam fire engine, horses and all appurtenances thereto not to exceed in cost $ 10, 000 and to locate the same. it arrived on may 26th and occupied hand engine 1 station in union square. hose no. 1 station was built on webster street in east somerville that same year. winter hill hose co. 2 was organized in 1869 and occupied a station on marshall street in 1872. a new station was erected at the corner of highland avenue and walnut street ( the somerville public library now occupies this site ) in 1871 and engine co. 1 was relocated from the station in union square to this new station on july 20th, 1871. george h. foster hose co. 3 was organized when engine co. 1 was transferred to its new station, and with hook & ladder co. no. 1, which was organized in 1870, it occupied the station that engine 1 vacated in union square. the first silby engine owned by the town was purchased in 1873 and it was also that year in which the \" john e. wool \" was sold to the town of everett for the amount of $ 400 and later went out of service and was returned to its original company in troy, ny. it was also in 1873 that the george brastow hose co. no. 4 was organized and assigned to a building at the corner of highland avenue and grove street. it was at this point in time that every apparatus in the city ( somerville became a city on january 1, 1872 ) was equipped with horses. the gamewell fire alarm telegraph system was established in 1874 at a cost of $ 34, 500 and it went into service on june 17th of 1874. the first box alarm pulled in the city occured on june 25th, 1874 when box # 34 was pulled on the corner of broadway opposite marshall street. in 1874 a new ladder truck was bought and the winter hill company became the robert a. vinal hook & ladder company. chief james r. hopkins declined to allow the new ladder truck to be named for himself. in 1877, the power to remove men was placed in the hands of the mayor and the aldermen. in 1885 the department became all uniformed. hose co. no. 5 was organized on august 15th, 1889 and placed into service in september of 1889 at a brick station located at the corner of somerville avenue and lowell street. a huge central", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4383079663269169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.266793"} {"text": "##dermen. in 1885 the department became all uniformed. hose co. no. 5 was organized on august 15th, 1889 and placed into service in september of 1889 at a brick station located at the corner of somerville avenue and lowell street. a huge central fire station was built in 1894 at highland avenue and medford street. the new station sheltered engine 1, a hose wagon and the new chemical engine a. it also included accommodations for a combined aerial - ladder truck and a water tower. the second floor of the station was used for sleeping rooms, a recreation room, hayloft, workroom and the chief ' s quarters. the third floor was used exclusively as the headquarters of the of the fire - alarm telegraph system. the station which had stood at the corner of highland avenue and walnut street was torn down. also in 1894, a station was built on highland avenue near cedar street to house two pieces of apparatus. a truck was bought shortly thereafter and hook & ladder co. no. 2 was organized to operate out of the new station. in 1896 a new fire station, designed to accommodate three pieces of apparatus, was erected at the corner of broadway and cross street. to this building hose company no. 1 was transferred from the old wooden building on webster street and reorganized into an engine company. relief engine co. 2 was also assigned to this new station. the station at teele square was erected shortly before the turn of the century, and covers all of the territory west of willow avenue. since 1900, the department has become completely motorized. in 1918 the somerville fire dept. joins the international association of fire fighters as local 76. the above histories were written by john c. mcnally, william e. brigham & h. h. easterbrook. special thanks to somerville firefighter bob \" monty \" doherty. page last updated : mar 05, 2012 ( 12 : 11 : 59 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3932401981264704, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.267567"} {"text": "curtain call, death, legacy though washington had accumulated many enemies over his eight years as president, when he retired all was forgotten. people hailed him as a hero. he attended the inauguration of the new president, john adams, in a simple black coat. he sat in the corner. adams was dressed splendidly, ready to take office, but no one seemed too interested in adams : all eyes were on washington. washington returned home to mount vernon to find, again, that it had declined in his absence. he went to work trying to fix it up, and quickly made it profitable again. yet he lacked the energy he used to have. he also seemed to lose some of his judgment ; where he had always been polite and gentlemanly before, he now sometimes became violently angry. he realized that his mind was deteriorating. president adams was soon faced with an emergency : war with france seemed imminent. congress passed a resolution to raise an army. there was no question as to who would lead it. washington reluctantly took command. soon, however, he fell to bickering with adams over who would be his generals. his behavior was erratic. fortunately the threat of war passed, and before washington had a chance to make a bigger fool out of himself the army disbanded. in his final days, washington was lonely. martha was ill and could not provide much company. many of his best friends were dead or had turned on him. he sensed the end was near. it came on december 12, 1799. washington had been out riding in poor weather and returned feeling ill. soon he was bedridden. his doctors bled him, a practice common at the time, which only made him weaker. on december 14, he died. the entire nation mourned. the new country had never seen such an outpouring of grief. nearly every one of washington ' s former enemies came forward to affirm the man ' s greatness. henry lee, a fellow virginia planter, spoke the words at washington ' s funeral that have since become famous. washington, he said, was \" first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. \" even in death washington managed to be extraordinary. in his will, he ordered that his slaves be freed and commanded that elderly slaves receive a pension from his estate. the children were to be educated in local schools. this was radical : the whole economy and society of the south depended on slavery. famous patriots such as jefferson and madison talked loudly of freedom while owning slaves, but none", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40730136759686775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.272698"} {"text": "receive a pension from his estate. the children were to be educated in local schools. this was radical : the whole economy and society of the south depended on slavery. famous patriots such as jefferson and madison talked loudly of freedom while owning slaves, but none of these men freed their slaves in life or death \u2013 only washington. washington ' s old age was a tragic time for him. he felt isolated from his friends and from the society in which he had been raised. by the end of his life, he had relatively little in common with his fellow planters. he had seen the country and was convinced of the importance of the federal government. he sympathized with hamilton ' s plans to build a powerful economy based on trade and manufacturing in addition to agriculture. he enjoyed the fine food and intelligent people he found in cities such as philadelphia. most significantly, washington came to doubt the culture he had come from. he grew to hate slavery. he distrusted jefferson ' s ideal of an agrarian society because he recognized that such a society relied on slaves. he hoped for slavery to end and saw that it would ultimately divide the north and south. he even admitted in private that if the north and south should separate, he would go to the north. with his belief in an american future involving a strong national government, washington was becoming a federalist. he resisted the name and tried to stay distant from the two developing political parties. in reality, though, he was on the side of the federalists and always had been. though he ultimately failed to stay \" above politics \" as he thought the president should, he succeeded in making the presidency a legitimate office. by the time he left office he had many enemies, but no one called for the office of president to be changed or abandoned. this fact is remarkable given how many americans feared a strong leader before washington took office. though he angered many people as president for supporting hamilton ' s pro - capital and pro - british policies, washington ' s reputation remained strong. after his death this reputation grew to mythic proportions. americans soon made it a custom to place portraits of washington in their homes and speak of him reverently, as though he were a god. myths ( like the one about the cherry tree, which of course never happened ) sprang up everywhere. the press would routinely compare political leaders to washington, always unfavorably. he was the gold standard of heroism. he has become such a hero, in fact, that today many americans find it difficult to relate to washington. he seems huge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48235597802284474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.274743"} {"text": "it security is, generally, defined as a defensive approach to protect a company and its assets from unauthorized access by an intruder. it security efforts include network security appliances, honeypots, robust authentication, limiting authorization to least necessary privileges, as well as other perimeter security defenses. however, these approaches do not provide definitive protection of the company ' s most valuable asset, its data, because a single intrusion could result in sensitive data being compromised. additionally, in today ' s workplace culture the disgruntled employee may be as much of a threat as any external threat. data encryption is a direct response to internal and external security threats that may also meet compliance regulations. encryption provides strong security for data \" at - rest \" ; in our case, the data stored in the database, but to be effective should be implemented as a part of a broader security plan. there are many issues involved with the implementation of encryption, details that require decisions and actions to ensure the success of the implementation and the security of the data. this document will discuss the issues associated with database encryption implemented using sql server ' s native transparent database encryption ( tde ) mechanism. encryption has been integral to human history beginning with the babylonian use of intaglio other historical examples include the caesar cipher, scytale transposition cipher, enigma, and even jimkryptos sculpture. throughout history our society has enjoyed the ability to protect information using cryptographic methods including steganography, microdots, invisible ink, digital watermarks, and encryption which may be defined as the conversion of data so as to keep its meaning private. as the amount of sensitive data collected by commercial entities continues to grow the regulatory requirements for protecting the sensitive data will become more robust ; meeting the regulatory requirements will necessarily require the continued use of data encryption methods. encryption requires the application of an algorithm to transform the target data into a form that is unusable to anyone that does not have access to the encryption process used. in practical terms encryption applies a cryptographic algorithm with a \" key \" to the target data producing the encrypted form of the data which cannot be accessed without the key used to encrypt the data. the two primary forms of key encryption are symmetric and asymmetric which are distinguished by the number of keys used in the encryption / decryption process. symmetric encryption uses a single key while asymmetric encryption uses a pair of keys generally referred to as public and private keys. while asymmetric encryption appears ideal for implementation because only the public key need ever be shared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6579975905196664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.284222"} {"text": "encryption / decryption process. symmetric encryption uses a single key while asymmetric encryption uses a pair of keys generally referred to as public and private keys. while asymmetric encryption appears ideal for implementation because only the public key need ever be shared there are disadvantages with regard to performance. a sampling of asymmetric algorithms includes rsa, dsa, elgamal, ecdsa, and xtr. figure 1 demonstrates the asymmetric encryption process. figure 1 asymmetric key encryption / decryption process symmetric algorithms require a single key for both encryption and decryption which allows for high - performance ; however, with this approach the strength of the encryption is dependent on the security of the key. common symmetric algorithms include aes / rijndael, blowfish, des, triple des, serpent, and idea to name only a few. figure 2 demonstrates the symmetric encryption process. figure 2 symmetric key encryption process both symmetric and asymmetric encryption approaches are vulnerable to brute force attacks and cryptanalysis. brute force is an attack during which every possible permutation of the key value is attempted. cryptanalysis, on the other hand, applies computational techniques to circumvent the encryption. in general, the use of sufficiently long keys will mitigate these attacks. in summary, a symmetric key algorithm is fast but less secure than an asymmetric algorithm. another approach is a hybrid wherein a symmetric key is used to encrypt the data while an asymmetric key is used to encrypt the symmetric key. it may be important to know in order to maintain perspective that there is only one encryption algorithm that is impossible to crack, one - time pad ( otp ), any other algorithm may be broken given sufficient time and / or computer resources. security concerns, in general, and encryption, specifically, are new concepts for most it professionals ; therefore, a glossary of security / encryption terms is included as an appendix for reference. overview of transparent database encryption the primary benefit of transparent database encryption ( tde ) is the ability to encrypt data without affecting any application that uses the data while providing security for the entire database. tde is implemented at the database - level, unlike cell - level encryption tde does not require modification to applications or database column data types ; furthermore, database - level encryption allows for higher performance than cell - level encryption. however, tde may allow more data leakage because encrypted data is decrypted when read into the buffer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6657562873210803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.285227"} {"text": "to applications or database column data types ; furthermore, database - level encryption allows for higher performance than cell - level encryption. however, tde may allow more data leakage because encrypted data is decrypted when read into the buffer pool ; therefore, the data is not protected if the operating system writes data from memory to disk during paging operations, or during hibernation, or memory dumps, nor is the data protected while in memory. database encryption is achieved by leveraging the data protection api ( dpapi ) in windows\u00ae which protects the service master key ( smk ) which protects the database master key ( dmk ) which is used to protect the certificate or asymmetric keys which are used to protect the database encryption key ( dek ). these dependencies create a security chain from the operating system to the data eliminating user interaction thus strengthening security. the relationships and dependencies between keys is represented in figure 3 below : figure 3 sql server encryption key hierarchy with tde and ekm ( source : bol - http : / / msdn. microsoft. com / en - us / library / cc278098. aspx ) the hierarchy of keys in tde is protected from the dpapi to the dek allowing the server to manage encryption and decryption automatically. the dmk and the certificate are stored in the master database while the dek is stored in the user database. this hierarchy and the key management chain provide tde the capability to transparently encrypt and decrypt the database. the process for encrypting a database is conceptually simple : - create a master key - obtain an authentication certificate - create dek - enable tde on the database however, significant complexity will be introduced if the database encryption strategy is undertaken without proper planning that addresses important implementation issues. those issues are discussed in the following section. the level of security necessary to protect the database should be documented during the planning phase. individually and in combination the following encryption mechanisms are available to secure the database : - encrypting file system ( efs ) - transparent database encryption ( tde ) discussion of the benefits and performance implications of each mechanism and their combinations is beyond the scope of this paper. data encryption must address two equally important issues : encryption technology and cryptographic key ( key ) management. encryption technology provides for variable granularity of data protection, performance, and integration with existing applications, as well as ease of implementation and management. however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.617087641918359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.286397"} {"text": "encryption must address two equally important issues : encryption technology and cryptographic key ( key ) management. encryption technology provides for variable granularity of data protection, performance, and integration with existing applications, as well as ease of implementation and management. however, the success of the selected encryption strategy may depend most on key management policies and processes. key management issues include : key access, key storage, and cryptographic algorithm. key management is one of many important issues that must be considered when planning the encryption project. the important issues to consider during the planning phase of the encryption project are listed below : - encryption algorithm : des, triple des, triple _ des _ 3key, rc2, rc4, 128 - bit rc4, desx, 128 - bit aes, 192 - bit aes, and 256 - bit aes - key management : key storage, hardware security module ( hsm ), key scheduling, key availability / mobility / security - performance impact. encryption / decryption - microsoft claims 3 - 5 % ; however, independent tests indicate 6 - 12 %.. - tempdb encryption - encryption of any one db will encrypt tempdb. - transaction log is encrypted. - log shipping implementation changes - encrypted database log shipping requires the recipient database to possess the key in order to apply the logs. - backup and recovery plan changes - encrypted databases cannot be recovered to a different instance without the key. - disaster recovery plan changes - encrypted databases cannot be recovered to a different instance without the key. - increased disk space requirements - no sql server native backup compression. third party tools may be available ; however, in general, encrypted data cannot be significantly compressed. - tde operates during i / o ; therefore, any data written to disk outside of the buffer pool is not protected - no support for filestream data - type the diagram in figure 4 represents a nominal encryption project planning process with each major area of consideration represented. the end result of the planning process is to produce a document detailing the decisions made that address the issues related to encrypting the database. figure 4 encryption planning process a comprehensive it security policy provides a layered defense against threats to the system. however, even the most thorough perimeter network and physical defenses do not obviate the vulnerability of plaintext data stored in databases. data encryption provides a means to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access as a part of a coordinated it security policy that includes network security, robust authentication", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6284510270340689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.287552"} {"text": "most thorough perimeter network and physical defenses do not obviate the vulnerability of plaintext data stored in databases. data encryption provides a means to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access as a part of a coordinated it security policy that includes network security, robust authentication and authorization, as well as other physical security considerations. sql server and windows\u00ae provide several mechanisms for the protection of data either at the file, database, or data levels. transparent database encryption ( tde ) is a new technology available in sql server 2008 enterprise edition which provides a simplified the data encryption option. tde is a database - level encryption mechanism that reduces the implementation complexity by negating the need to modify the data and / or the client applications. however, the benefits of performance and simplicity are balanced by tde ' s potential for data leakage ; therefore, for the most sensitive data tde alone may not suffice as a data security strategy. any data protection strategy must weigh the costs and benefits of implementation to arrive at a usable solution that meets the security requirements defined by the business. tde ' s protection of sensitive data in low to moderate threat environments may be sufficient for some business requirements while highly sensitive data or data in high threat environments will require the combination of tde with other encryption mechanisms such as cell - level encryption, efs, or bitlocker.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6097740639195963, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.288140"} {"text": "what is the | what does \" bypass surgery \" mean? bypass surgery can be performed on any artery in the body, but most often involves the coronary arteries ( the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle itself ). during bypass surgery, a graft vein or artery is taken from a healthy blood vessel in the body. the graft is then surgically attached above and below an obstructed or poorly functioning artery. after surgery, the blood will flow thru the graft vessel, avoid or \" bypass \" the blocked vessel, and provide oxygen and nutrients necessary for survival to the area of tissue beyond the blockage. why is the doctor performing this surgery? to bypass, or go around, the obstruction caused by a coronary ( heart ) artery filled with a clot or with plaque ( atherosclerosis ). if the obstruction is not bypassed, the heart muscle beyond the obstruction is denied oxygen and nutrients leading to heart damage ( heart attack or chest there are two types of coronary artery bypass surgeries ( cabgs ) routinely - on pump - on pump cabg is also known as \" traditional bypass surgery \". the pumping and oxygenation function of the heart is taken over by a heart - lung machine during the surgery, and medications are given that briefly paralyze the heart ( cardioplegia ). this way, the heart is completely at rest while the surgeon performs the bypass surgery. - off pump / beating heart - off pump cabg is also known as \" beating heart bypass surgery \" and is another method of bypass surgery. surgeons at st. mary perform nearly 80 percent of cagb procedures off - pump. a heart - lung machine is not used, and the heart is not stopped with medications. instead, the heart continues to perform its pumping and oxygenation functions while the surgeon works. the surgeon stabilizes just the portion of the heart where the bypass is needed, while the remainder of the heart continues to function normally. according to the journal of the american heart association, off - pump bypass, in the appropriate patients, is as safe and effective as standard on - pump coronary bypass surgery, and many healthcare professionals, including our surgeons believe it may reduce the risk of stroke, bleeding and renal failure. off - pump bypass is not for everyone, and there is no long - term data available about outcomes \u2026 yet. however, it is a highly effective surgical option which you can discuss with your doctor. there are four sources used during bypass surgery for the healthy graft blood - endoscopic vein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48462711925648366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.292868"} {"text": "and there is no long - term data available about outcomes \u2026 yet. however, it is a highly effective surgical option which you can discuss with your doctor. there are four sources used during bypass surgery for the healthy graft blood - endoscopic vein harvesting - the saphenous vein in the leg is the most common vein used as a bypass graft. traditionally, the saphenous vein was obtained via a long incision in the leg, from groin to ankle. contrary to popular perception, this usually presents the highest degree of post - procedural pain. this new endoscopic technique requires only two or three 1 - inch long incisions in the leg. an endoscope connected to a video camera is then inserted into the smaller incisions and the saphenous vein is removed with far less scarring and trauma. this technique is only available in select centers throughout the us. - arterial bypass - there are several arteries that can be used as grafts for bypass surgery, but the most common is the left internal mammary artery ( lima ). the right internal mammary artery ( rima ) may also be used as a graft. these arteries are accessed thru the same chest incision used to access the heart. occasionally, the radial ( in the arm ) or the gastroepiploic ( near the stomach ) arteries may be used, each accessed thru separate incisions. - sutureless anastomic device - on occasion, surgeons use a sutureless device, which can be used for the part of a vein graft that is attached to the aorta. the saphenous vein is loaded onto a device that is inserted into a small hole the surgeon has cut in the patient ' s aorta. he or she then pushes a button, releasing a tiny web of wires, which unfold to form a star - shaped rivet. your doctor can determine if this is an option for you. - donor saphenous vein - this is a vein that has been cryopreserved and stored in a tissue bank. it is blood type specific for the patient. where is the surgery performed? both on - pump and off - pump / beating heart surgeries are performed in the operating room ( or ), and under general anesthesia. how long does this surgery take? the length of time surgery takes will vary based on the number of vessels being bypassed, the graft location, on - pump vs. off - pump / beating heart procedure, the patient ' s associated medical problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42129137482702905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.293823"} {"text": "a hernia occurs when the contents of the abdomen ( usually part of the small intestine ) push through a weak point or tear the thin muscular wall of the belly, which holds the abdominal organs in place. a femoral hernia is a bulge in the upper part of the thigh near the groin. femorocele ; enteromerocele ; crural hernia causes, incidence, and risk factors : most of the time, there is no clear cause of a hernia. some hernias may be present at birth ( congenital ), but are not noticed until later in life. some factors that contribute to the development of a hernia include : - chronic constipation - chronic cough - heavy lifting - straining to urinate because of an enlarged prostate femoral hernias tend to occur more often in women than in men. you may see a bulge in the upper thigh just below the groin. most femoral hernias cause no symptoms. there may be some groin discomfort that is worse when you stand, lift heavy objects, or strain. sometimes, the first symptoms are sudden groin pain, abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting. this may mean that the intestine within the hernia is blocked. this is an emergency. signs and tests : the best way to tell if there is a hernia is to have your health care provider perform a physical exam. if there is any doubt about the exam findings, an ultrasound or ct scan may be helpful. treatment depends on the symptoms present with the hernia. if you feel sudden pain in your groin, a piece of intestine may be stuck in the hernia ( called an incarcerated hernia ). this needs treatment right away in a hospital emergency room, and you may need emergency surgery. when you have chronic discomfort from a femoral hernia, talk to your health care provider about treatment choices. - hernias often get larger with time, and they do not go away on their own. - femoral hernias are more commonly incarcerate compared to other types of hernias. your surgeon may recommend femoral hernia repair surgery to avoid a possible medical emergency. if you do not have surgery right away : - increase your fiber intake and drink fluids to avoid constipation. - lose weight if you are overweight. - see your health care provider if you have trouble urinating ( men ). - use proper lifting techniques. the chances of a femoral hernia coming back after surgery are about low.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4823080835028999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.300433"} {"text": "##pation. - lose weight if you are overweight. - see your health care provider if you have trouble urinating ( men ). - use proper lifting techniques. the chances of a femoral hernia coming back after surgery are about low. if the intestine or other tissue becomes stuck, a portion of the intestine may need to be removed. calling your health care provider : call your health care provider or local emergency number ( 911 ) or go to the emergency room right away if : - you suddenly develop pain in the hernia and the hernia cannot be pushed back into the abdomen using gentle pressure. - you develop nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. - your hernia becomes red, purple, dark, or discolored. call your health care provider for an appointment or advice if you have a bulge in the upper thigh next to the groin. malangoni ma, rosen mj. hernias. in : townsend cm jr., beauchamp rd, evers bm, mattox kl, eds. sabiston textbook of surgery. 19th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2012 : chap 46. | review date : 8 / 17 / 2012 | reviewed by : linda j. vorvick, md, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, department of family medicine, uw medicine, school of medicine, university of washington ; and joshua kunin, md, consulting colorectal surgeon, zichron yaakov, israel. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38899475219284896, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.301364"} {"text": "barack obama speaks of the time before the civil war, when the founding fathers made the declaration of independence. the declarations of independence were good, but not perfect, it had been left unfinished. the great question of slavery wasn \u2019 t properly answered. but separation isn \u2019 t over ; obama wants this generation to keep fighting for equal rights among gender, creed and color. obamas tells about his past, how he grew up with his white grandparents, in a very poor neighborhood, but still went to one of the best schools in america. the texts main themes are separation and hope. through the speech barack obama tires to give the american people the hope, that all can reach \u201c the american dream \u201d, if they are willing to work for it, and change the society, for an america there is open to all races and beliefs. the second theme separation is important for obama because, america has become more isolated among races and beliefs, even though america is a \u201c melting pot \u201d of different cultures. he wants to stop labels like majority and minority to be used, to describe a person \u2019 s place in society. he enhances his message by telling about his own childhood, and family, because he was raised with his white grandparents, in a very poor part of america, and still went to some of the best schools on america, which at the time he went to them, were the majority of the students at the finest schools white. he was a black man, who grew up with white people, in a black neighborhood. he communicates his message about tolerance mainly using ethos. he tells us about his childhood, where he grew up in a multicultural society. that makes us connect to him, and we begin to think, that he has a point, because he been in the good and bad part of america. therefore he must know what he is talking about, which also makes the mode of persuasion logos, because he speaks to our logic, by using his own childhood as an excellent argument. and last... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2013, 01 ). barack obama : a more perfect union. studymode. com. retrieved 01, 2013, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / barack - obama - a - more - perfect - union - 1338610. html \" barack obama : a more perfect union \" studymode. com. 01 2013. 01 2013 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / barack - obama - a - more -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4885107683625089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.304497"} {"text": "are you entangled in difficult relationships or painful emotions? do you suffer from childhood trauma? do you suffer from your parents ' drama, your partner ' s demands, your boss ' s moods? systemic solutions can help you untangle your life and reclaim your freedom. delay, prevent and reverse aging people are born with an energy for living that, unless continuously restored, will fade with age. after about age 25, unless care is taken to replenish energy, many people stop growing up and begin growing old. aging is optional and controllable for most motivated people, and degeneration may be delayed, and, in some cases, reversed. degenerated body tissues are unlikely to be replaced, except perhaps by major surgery. the degeneration of aged tissues is far easier to prevent than to repair. aging & life coaching the deterioration of bodily functions that accompany old age is often considered a one - way road towards suffering and death. although many theories explain one or two aspects of aging ; no single theory explains all aging phenomena. yet many changes associated with old age are not from natural aging - but from diseases which occur more frequently with increased age. with appropriate care, people can delay, prevent many of the problems of old age, and even reverse the aging process. systemic coaching can help you delay and prevent your fragmentation and loss of mental resources associated with ageing. as time passes, cellular damage accumulates and impairs the function of a tissue. if the damage interferes with metabolism, whole organs may malfunction. an example of this is adult - onset diabetes, which can often be controlled by diet and exercise. one theory of aging assumes that the life span of a cell or organism is genetically determined. another theory of aging assumes that cell death is the result of the formation of enzymes that do not work efficiently. yet another theory assumes that aging is due to the gradual accumulation of mutant cells that do not perform normally. ( the natural mutation may be increased dramatically by toxins, radiations and carcinogens associated with diseases of old age old age & the cardiovascular system the heart changes with advancing age, gradually losing muscle, and reducing in performance. heart diseases are the biggest cause of death after age 65. - the heart does not contract as rapidly in older people. in response to exercise, the heart can double or triple the amount of blood pumped, although the maximum output diminishes with age. - arteriosclerosis ( hardening of the arteries ) is a progressive disorder and is present in most people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5684226696695535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.310056"} {"text": "response to exercise, the heart can double or triple the amount of blood pumped, although the maximum output diminishes with age. - arteriosclerosis ( hardening of the arteries ) is a progressive disorder and is present in most people by middle age, and increases markedly with age. - blood vessels become less elastic with age, with a progressive thickening of the walls of blood vessels. these changes may increase blood pressure, increasing the work of the heart. old age & digestion the overall digestion of sugar, proteins, vitamins, and minerals are similar to young people. most nutritional deficiencies can be avoided if the diet assures all nutritional elements. deficiencies are most likely to develop from poor eating habits, such as excessive sugars and refined flour. the loss of teeth in elderly people is often a result of long - term neglect. old age & the nervous system human behavior requires the brain to integrate information from the eye and ear, skin and internal organs. there is only a slight loss of brain cells in old age, however, brain cells are extremely sensitive to oxygen deficiency. consequently, it is likely that loss of brain cells results from heart disease, which reduces oxygen delivery to the brain. old age & vision from about age 50 there is an accelerated decline in the ability to discriminate detail, usually compensated for by spectacles and increased illumination. aging reduces the ability to focus the eyes for viewing near objects, so that distant objects can be seen more clearly than close objects. sensitivity to darkness and glare is also greater in the old than in the young, and the incidence of eye disease, such as glaucoma and cataracts, increases with age. a rare childhood disease is characterized by many aspects of aging, such as baldness and thin skin. children with this disease rarely usually die of old age - as teenagers. premature aging is associated with lifestyle - such as sunlight, smoking, alcohol and overeating. causes of aging people exposed to hard radiation die younger, although the only definite effect of continuous irradiation throughout life is cancer. diseases such as leukemia increase after irradiation. natural radioactivity in the body, from the earth and from cosmic rays, are not major contributors to aging, but increase the incidence of cancer. many organisms live longer at low temperatures. a rate - of - living theory holds that an organism ' s life span depends on critical substances that are used faster at higher temperatures. some aging may occur as a result of heat destruction of proteins, but this does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5328799425233366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.311100"} {"text": "organisms live longer at low temperatures. a rate - of - living theory holds that an organism ' s life span depends on critical substances that are used faster at higher temperatures. some aging may occur as a result of heat destruction of proteins, but this does not seems to be a strong contributing factor. the psychological features of aging are impaired short - term memory and longer reaction times. yet some aged people become fearful and depressed, withdraw from social contact, or act like children to their own children. some aged people commit suicide or passively invite death with self - destructive, unhealthy lifestyle choices. elderly people can acquire new information and remember it as well as the young. age differences in learning increase with the difficulty of the material to be learned. people who \u201c age successfully \u201d often maintain their mental alertness by continuing to learn and by social contacts with younger people. stress. depression. suicide. anxiety parenthood and aging human life, including old age and death, is focused on successfully creating and raising children. old age is linked to the reproductive process. although the onset of old age is gradual, without specific systemic or environmental cause ; an early manifestation of age is a decline in sexual performance. the proportional contribution of an individual to a family or community diminishes as the number of living children increases. this implies an optimum number of children that reflects the survival of those children to maturity. in many developing countries, the number of living children is proportional to the food supply. before medical advances, an optimum number of children would balance those who could be expected to die from disease. in modern industrial countries, the optimum number of children reflects the beliefs and values of the parents. children, and later grandchildren, provide a natural focus and purpose for older people. in many cultures, there is a special relationship between grandparents and grandchildren. the children often gain indulgent \" second parents \", while most grandparents enjoy caring for their children ' s children. advantages of aging in most traditional cultures, the elders represented the knowledge of the community, and were the teachers of the young. in western cultures, old people are often seen as liabilities, and inexperienced young adults teach \" academic subjects \" instead of the wisdom of life experience. if older relatives are perceived to limit the freedom of the young ; then \" old folks homes \" may be perceived older people tend to have more time and patience, acting as family and community mentors. they have seen more of life ; they have solved more problems and they are not so easily shocked. they have seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5744555763645711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.313003"} {"text": "swedish ngos reported 65 antisemitic incidents in 2004, mostly cases of harassment, but also 4 of physical assault. in a report rating intolerance among students in relation to jews, muslims, homosexuals and immigrants, the living history forum found a high degree of tolerance toward the jewish minority in sweden. the jewish community sweden has a jewish population of about 18, 000, or 0. 2 percent, out of a general population of 9 million. the majority, approximately 10, 000, live in the larger cities \u2013 stockholm, goteborg and malmo. smaller jewish communities can be found in boras, uppsala, norrkoping and helsingborg. the various communities are independent, but linked through the council of swedish jewish communities. a stockholm - based magazine, judisk kronika, appears bi - monthly, as well as tachless, the magazine of the jewish congregation. shechita ( jewish ritual slaughter ) is prohibited and kosher meat is imported from abroad. according to a report of the swedish animal welfare agency, while they saw no obstacles to the performance of ritual slaughter, the laws made it impossible for the time being. political organizations and groups since the 2002 elections when they won 1. 44 percent ( 76, 000 votes ) of the vote, the sverigedemokraterna ( sweden democrats \u2013 sd ) have remained the undisputed nationalist alternative in sweden and the single largest party outside parliament. more than half of the 50 seats they hold in local councils are located in the southern region of scania. sd propaganda focuses on three populist themes : anti - immigrant rhetoric claiming that immigrants are behind most violent crime and that muslim fundamentalism is a threat to swedish culture and the swedish judicial system ; conspiracy theories alleging that mainstream democratic organizations, the media and politicians are \u2018 betraying \u2019 or \u2018 selling out \u2019 the nation to a foreign \u2018 army of occupation \u2019 \u2013 the immigrants ; and anti - european union campaigning in which the eu is perceived as a threat to democracy in europe. mikael jansson, the party chairman from 1995 till 2005, invested considerable effort into changing the fascist image of the party in order to make it more attractive to populist voters dissatisfied with the mainstream parties ( see asw 1998 / 9 ). however, the party has been plagued by power struggles in recent years. ( national democrats \u2013 nd ), have four seats in local councils in the greater stockholm area, are a breakaway group formed in 2001 by hardcore sd activists who were expelled after clashing with jansson \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4275624348896223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.324914"} {"text": "been plagued by power struggles in recent years. ( national democrats \u2013 nd ), have four seats in local councils in the greater stockholm area, are a breakaway group formed in 2001 by hardcore sd activists who were expelled after clashing with jansson \u2019 s faction over \u2018 liberalization \u2019 of the party. the nd split in late summer 2004 following an internal power struggle and half the executive left, taking three of the local stockholm area seats with them. part of the conflict centered on handling of the \u2018 jewish question \u2019, with the antisemitic line prevailing. the new leader, thomas johansson, is trying to rebuild the party. those who left returned to sd or moved to more hard - core neo - nazi organizations. the nd view the sd as their main enemy and are extremely contemptuous of former comrades and party leaders. although sweden remains a major producer of white power music, a growing portion of records, videos and other merchandise is sent to overseas markets. the nordic publishing house was the main white power propaganda disseminator in 2004, replacing nordland, owned by the late us white supremacist william pierce, and ragnarock records, run by erik blucher and blood & honour / scandanavia, which dominated in for many years the fastest growing national socialist organization in sweden, nationalsocialistisk front ( national socialist front \u2013 nsf ) suffered a serious setback in 2000 when its founder and charismatic party leader anders hogstrom left the nazi movement ( see asw 2001 / 2 ). the organization is now led by anders arleskog and daniel hoglund. in 2003 propaganda chief bjorn bjorkqvist also defected but in 2004 he returned to the party and remains influential. the vehemently anti - jewish nsf calls for a return to a more traditional national socialism, and has adopted much of the style of the original brown shirt ideology of the 1930s. the nsf base has been moved from southern to mid - west sweden, near the town of vara. during 2004 the front arranged several white power music nights with hundreds of motstandsrorelsen / nationell ungdom ( swedish resistance / national youth \u2013 smr / nu ) are one of the most professionally organized and impenetrable groups on the extreme right. svenska motstandsrorelsen ( smr ) was formed in 1997 as an umbrella organization for pro - terrorism hardliners of the splintered stockholm neo - nazi milieu. among its founders was the convicted criminal, former white aryan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4488987892325473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.325993"} {"text": "svenska motstandsrorelsen ( smr ) was formed in 1997 as an umbrella organization for pro - terrorism hardliners of the splintered stockholm neo - nazi milieu. among its founders was the convicted criminal, former white aryan resistance ( vam ) activist klas lund. after its merger with nordland records, smr expanded rapidly, until the death of nordland owner william pierce in 2002. in 2004 klas lund was convicted of possession of an illegal firearm. shortly after beginning his jail sentence he escaped and hid for more than six months until the police found him in norway with the norwegian resistance movement. national youth ( nu ) was originally launched to pose as a \u2018 patriotic \u2019 and \u2018 nationalistic \u2019 youth club. its cover was almost immediately blown and nu has become the leading neo - nazi organization in the greater stockholm area. several members of smr / nu were convicted of involvement in various violent crimes and terrorist offenses in 1999, among them the assassination of an anti - nazi trade unionist. nu activities, mainly in the larger cities of stockholm and goteborg, increased in 2004 after two years of a negative spiral. smr / nu was once closely aligned with the so - called secretive anti - afa ( anti - fascist ) organization, which claims to be the \u2018 intelligence apparatus \u2019 of the neo - nazi world. anti - afa compiles lists of \u2018 anti - nationalist enemies \u2019, including journalists, police officers, politicians and anti - racist activists. police raids have secured several files from the computers of neo - nazis, containing hundreds of these names. a key individual in the anti - afa network is believed to be robert vesterlund, a former skinhead and sd youth leader, and publisher of the magazine info - 14 2001 / 2 ). following conviction of the compiler of the enemy list in 2003, 280 out of the thousand persons on it sued him for at least 10, 000 sek each. since the murder of 17 - year - old skinhead daniel wretstrom by a youth gang of mixed swedish and immigrant background in the town of salem, south of stockholm, in december 2000, the town has become a rallying point for neo - nazis and extreme rightists in sweden on the anniversary of his death. the salem fund, set up by the nazi prison organization yellow cross, together with the pro - terrorist info - 14 and blood & honour for organizing the annual commemoration, is supported by the entire nationalist spectrum, except the sweden democrats. there was a decline in the number of participants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41859129318551175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.326974"} {"text": "up by the nazi prison organization yellow cross, together with the pro - terrorist info - 14 and blood & honour for organizing the annual commemoration, is supported by the entire nationalist spectrum, except the sweden democrats. there was a decline in the number of participants, from 2000 in 2003 to 1, 400 in 2004. led by curt linusson, a former un peace - keeping officer in bosnia, the legion wasa is a paramilitary unit made up of a criminal neo - nazi hardcore, many of whom are associated with the nsf. linusson says his force is preparing for a \u201c forthcoming racial conflict \u201d against the jews. the legion, which holds maneuvers in forests in central sweden, has organized several rallies against the construction of a mosque in the town of skovde. in early 2003 linusson held abortive negotiations with the iraqi embassy in order to send an armed volunteer squad to assist saddam husayn in his conflict with the us. in 2004 a former activist of the legion was prosecuted for creating a terrorist cell in sweden aimed at launching a holy racial war. begun as a publishing house in 2002, nordiska forbundet ( nordic association ) became an organization in 2004. it is influenced by the us national alliance and especially by former ku klux klan leader david duke, who has interviewed leading activists from the association on his radio show. the publishing house distributes antisemitic books such as duke \u2019 s jewish supremacy and lars adelskogh\u00b4s holocaust denying work an empty sack. the organization, in cooperation with the publishing house, circulates the magazines nordic freedom and peoples ' annual statistics compiled by the office for defense of the constitution of the national police board ( npb ) were not published for the year 2004 due to a change in monitoring methods. the year 2003 witnessed a rise of 5 percent in hate crimes, from 3, 736 in 2002 to 3, 914. of the total, 1, 539 crimes were linked to the far right wing, compared to 1, 374 the previous year. many in the jewish community feel it wise to hide their identity, although they believe only a small percentage of the 400, 000 muslim immigrants to be a threat, according to an assessment of antisemitism in sweden published in israel ' s leading newspaper ha \u2019 aretz. lena posner - koeroesi, president of the stockholm jewish community, claimed that whenever officials want to take action on antisemitism, they group it together with islamophobia and homophobia. researcher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4478765843110282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.327900"} {"text": "newspaper ha \u2019 aretz. lena posner - koeroesi, president of the stockholm jewish community, claimed that whenever officials want to take action on antisemitism, they group it together with islamophobia and homophobia. researcher mikael tossavainen drafted a report issued by the council against anti - semitism that surveyed antisemitism among muslim immigrants. the report aroused controversy due to tossavainen ' s interviewing of school teachers, who noted muslim pupils \u2019 objection to studying the holocaust. he also stated that swedes were unaware of what was going on in the large muslim communities in the suburbs. swedish islamic studies scholar jan samuelsson claimed in the mainstream dagens nyheter ( 20 oct. 2004 ) that arabs would hate the jews as long as israel occupied arab lands, an idea that met with understanding among swedes. prof. henrik bachner of lund university, said events in the middle east might sharpen antisemitism but were not the origin of it. bachner stressed that analogies between israel and the nazis and the use of terminology drawn from the christian tradition, such as \u201c the crucifixion of arafat \u201d in aftonbladet before easter 2003, reflected tolerance of antisemitism ( amiram barkat, \u201c jews in sweden are afraid to be known as jews, \u201d ha \u2019 aretz, 10 feb. there were 65 unofficial reports of antisemitic incidents in 2004, mostly cases of harassment ( threats and verbal abuse ), and 4 of physical assault. this compares with police reports for 2003 of 3 cases of minor assault, 35 cases of harassment and 9 cases of vandalism of jewish sites. most offenses were committed in the metropolitan areas of stockholm, goteborg and malmo where the majority of jews reside. violence, vandalism and harassment much antisemitic crime in 2004, particularly violence and vandalism, appeared to be triggered by the israeli - palestinian conflict. on 30 march, for example, four youths of middle east origin entered a jewish - owned shop in malmo and assaulted the shopkeeper and a jewish customer. the shopkeeper was hospitalized. a jewish boy was also attacked by youth of middle east extraction in goteborg, in february. at a soccer match held on 13 june between a local maccabi team and a team of immigrant players, spectators shouted \u201c death to the jews \u201d and \u201c crush zionism. \u201d after the game the coach of the opposing team approached one of the jewish players and hit him in the face, starting a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47724154672919056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.329532"} {"text": "a local maccabi team and a team of immigrant players, spectators shouted \u201c death to the jews \u201d and \u201c crush zionism. \u201d after the game the coach of the opposing team approached one of the jewish players and hit him in the face, starting a brawl that ended with the hospitalization of one of the jewish a group of youths shouted \u201c we \u2019 ll kill you \u201d at a jew standing near a synagogue in malmo. the police arrested one of them. the jewish cemetery in stockholm was desecrated twice ; 17 gravestones were broken in april and 4 in september. since the september 11 attacks antisemitism has remained a cornerstone of neo - nazi ideology while islamphobia is primarily the province of the more \u2018 respectable \u2019 sweden democrats. the national democrats propagate both, although when discussing conspiracy theories, jews are usually referred to indirectly as \u2018 illuminati \u2019, \u2018 free masonry \u2019 and \u2018 international capitalism \u2019. jews are seen as \u2018 the threat from above \u2019, controlling the political establishment, the media and the police, while muslims are viewed as \u2018 the threat from below \u2019, seeking an immigrant takeover. the white population is therefore perceived as being squeezed in a grip between the two. the nordic association was the most dominant among ultra - conservative and xenophobic organizations in disseminating anti - jewish propaganda in 2004. as noted, it is greatly influenced by us extreme rightists, such as david duke. holocaust denier ahmed rami, the operator of radio islam, remains the chief disseminator of propaganda denying the holocaust, although most of his activities in recent years have been limited to the internet. in spite of his moroccan background, rami has gained the approval of several white power groups, including the nsf. in 2004 rami was invited to speak at the nordic association where he accused judaism of \u201c everything that is evil. \u201d the malmo city library hosted an exhibition in april 2004, which presented israel as a state built on \u201c expulsion and terror \u201d and which justified suicide bombing. at its inauguration, the display was supported, inter alia, by a malmo politician from the conservative party, who said killing jewish children was justified, and a social democrat, who said bombing jewish civilians was self - defense, jewish terrorists had created the state of israel and the task of his party was to represent muslims, not jews, in malmo \u2019 s high - immigrant density suburb of rosengard. in 2004 the living history forum published a major survey on intolerance which was distributed among 10, 000 students in sweden aged 14\u22121", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4907522278141463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.330788"} {"text": "his party was to represent muslims, not jews, in malmo \u2019 s high - immigrant density suburb of rosengard. in 2004 the living history forum published a major survey on intolerance which was distributed among 10, 000 students in sweden aged 14\u221218. over 75 percent of the students actually completed the survey, which covered antisemitism, homophobia, islamophobia and xenophobia. eighty - three percent of respondents agreed with the statement that most jews were good people and 72 percent said they would not mind living next to a jew. twenty - two percent, however, opposed jews having the right to build religious buildings, while 23 percent opposed muslims having the right to build mosques. twelve percent agreed with the statement that there were too many jews in sweden. ninety percent did not support the statement that jews were in order to measure the level of antisemitism, the compilers of the survey inserted a number of prejudices, such as \u201c a jew is a stingy person. \u201d ten similar statements formed a battery of measurable parameters. five percent agreed with certainty or with some certainty that the scurrilous portrait was correct. the general index of intolerance against jews was 1. 04 ( 1. 00 marking absolute tolerance ). thus, the majority of the students felt positively toward jews in sweden ; just under 6 percent, however, had an index higher than 2. 5, indicating high intolerance. the findings indicate that the rate of antisemitism among muslim immigrants was no higher than among other sectors of society that identified themselves as non - religious. responses to extremism and in may 2004 the jewish central council in sweden wrote to archbishop k. g. hammar, breaking off contacts with the swedish ( lutheran ) church. hammar had initiated the decision of the swedish church to boycott products originating in the territories occupied by israel. his campaign had the backing of 12 organizations that want the eu to break its trade agreements with israel. the council letter protested a lack of sympathy with the jews of sweden and pointed out that singling out israel for boycott, when many other states could be accused of the same infractions, was an expression of antisemitism. seminars and other events were held during 2004 under the auspices of sweden \u2019 s living history project, initiated by prime minister goran persson following the january 2000 stockholm international forum on the holocaust. the project has become a model for holocaust education in europe. sweden initiated and remains an active member of the international task force on holocaust education, remembrance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48083545654380727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.331884"} {"text": "objectivescommunication | collaboration | team strategy - 1 \u2019 x 1 \u2019 squares of cardboard or foam or rubber baseball bases work well also ( half to two - thirds as many squares as people in the group ) - you can also substitute 8. 5 \" x 11 \" pieces of paper - 2 pieces of rope ( or masking tape or 4 cones ) - several blindfolds ( optional ) create a river by marking two river banks with the rope. make the river wide enough to be a challenge for the group to get from one side to the other ( look at about 15 \u2013 25 ft. ). distribute the cardboard squares \u2013 1 piece for every 2 people. the object of the activity is to get all members of the group safely across the river. they must go as one big group, not multiple smaller ones. also stress that everyone must be on the river before anyone can get off the river, forcing the entire group to be engaged at once. participants cannot touch the water ( floor / grass ) and therefore must use rafts ( cardboard squares ) to cross. the water is filled with piranhas. therefore if someone loses their balance and touches a hand in the water it gets eaten ( put behind the back ). same goes for a foot. if a person completely comes off the raft they are gone and since this is a team exercise everyone must start over. i recommend using this motto with the group, \" start as a team end as a team. \" you can also be creative and add challenges in as the group crosses. for instance you can say a fish jumped up and tail slapped someone in the eyes so now they cannot see ( blindfolded ). tell them the river is acidic and when two people share a raft it tipped and now their legs are fused together ( tie ankles together ). use these tools to help take away the natural leaders or more outspoken participants and it forces the others to step up and take on more substantial roles. no scooting or sliding on the squares. this can be a safety issue and it emphasizes individual work versus teamwork. rafts must be in contact with a human at all times or they will be swept away with the current. once the group has started the process, your role is to take cardboard squares that are \u201c swept away by the current \u201d and to watch for safety issues. use this to your advantage as well. the participants will invariably slip up and leave some rafts here or there with no one contacting them, those you should steal. when the first group members get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5211164104508397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.336724"} {"text": "the current \u201d and to watch for safety issues. use this to your advantage as well. the participants will invariably slip up and leave some rafts here or there with no one contacting them, those you should steal. when the first group members get to the other side immediately start to encourage them to hurry and get off the river. nearly every time the first few people will rush off the rafts leaving them unattended for you to steal and stranding some of their team - mates. work this into your debrief, when working with a team you can ' t forget about your mates. just because you have made it to the finish line someone else may not have. - participants must stay in constant contact - each raft represents a symbol named by participants - river sections - the tiles can only go forward. they cannot move backwards - no one can finish until everyone has left the \u201c bank \u201d of the river - choose to add challenges like muting individuals, using only 1 arm, eyes closed / blindfolded, no one can talk, others can be \" gators \" in the river and try to impede those crossing the river, stand in front of the group with arms outstretched to simulate tree they must go around. - give group an object that they need to carry with them to safety and discuss what that might represent - create situations for them to draw from that are connected directly to their group - what happened during the process? what worked? what didn \u2019 t or what hindered the process? - what leadership was demonstrated during the process? how so? what did you observe? - what were the individual roles people played? were members comfortable with their roles? - who knew what the process for crossing was? who didn \u2019 t? how did you communicate the plans to group members? - what might the different aspects of the exercise represent in your group : the squares, the river, the loss of squares, the facilitator, etc? - when the first people rushed off the river and stranded some of you how did that feel?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.51224457171733, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.337681"} {"text": "at the peak of the technology bubble in march of 2000, spending on internet infrastructure had exploded, cisco systems had a market cap of $ 578 billion, and venture capitalists were pumping millions into anything that ended in \u201c. com. \u201d over the next three years, 655 telecom companies would go bankrupt, and $ 5 trillion in market cap would vanish from stock exchanges. a disaster, right? it felt like one at the time. raising money for an internet startup became nearly impossible on silicon valley \u2019 s sand hill road. yet all that investment in the infrastructure of the internet \u2014 the switches, the routers, and the fiber optic cable \u2014 drastically reduced the costs of bandwidth and made possible the applications layer, the things we love about the internet \u2014 twitter, streaming movies, cloud computing. today we use information technology to do things we didn \u2019 t imagine circa 2000, like buying shoes without trying them on first. all this was accomplished with software and clever ideas for better using the available infrastructure. we see in this story important analogies with clean energy. advanced biofuels, electric cars, and solar power are living through their own boom and bust times. the cost of solar panels has fallen from over $ 4. 00 per watt to less than $ 1. 00 in just four years. that \u2019 s bad for solar investors, and panel makers are struggling to survive. some have gone out of business. but at the same time, infrastructure is being built. spending on solar, wind, and other forms of renewable energy has exploded, reaching $ 250 billion per year. raising venture capital for capital - intensive clean tech, especially for early - stage companies involved in new types of energy production, has become increasingly difficult. that has investors like us thinking about new ways to apply our dollars to the energy problem. we believe the next opportunity is what we call the \u201c cleanweb \u201d \u2014 a form of clean tech that takes advantage of the internet, social media, and mobile communications to alter how we consume resources, relate to the world, interact with each other, and pursue economic growth. we think that it and fast - growing web business models can expand the use of renewable energy. these days the challenges that industries like solar, wind, and biofuels face are often not about fundamental science. many of the big breakthroughs have already taken place, and in some circumstances, electricity from wind and solar is already cheaper than electricity from fossil fuels. what hampers these industries now is poor sales channels, complex financing and incentives, and a failure to communicate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47188529638664967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.342726"} {"text": "of the big breakthroughs have already taken place, and in some circumstances, electricity from wind and solar is already cheaper than electricity from fossil fuels. what hampers these industries now is poor sales channels, complex financing and incentives, and a failure to communicate with consumers. that makes them ripe for disruption by the application of information technologies, which will drive the next phase of cost reduction and implementation, especially for solar. the price of a rooftop solar installation has dropped by half in the last few years, but the reductions in panel prices can \u2019 t continue. now more than half the price of a home solar array is made up of soft costs like site evaluation, customer acquisition, and financing. on average, solar companies spend $ 2, 500 to acquire each new customer. imagine the frustration when after sending a truck out to a home, an installer discovers that a tree shading the roof makes the project uneconomical or that the customer doesn \u2019 t qualify for financing. that \u2019 s a significant waste of time and money. better information can reduce these inefficiencies. oneroof energy, for example, a solar company we \u2019 ve invested in, uses satellite imagery to remotely work up a customer \u2019 s project, determining its cost and viability long before a truck ever rolls out to the house. another company we \u2019 re backing, solar mosaic, is raising money for solar installations via online crowdsourced loans. we estimate that it - driven solutions alone can reduce solar costs by another 75 percent ; if so, solar could become decisively cheaper than electricity from coal. eventually it could account for 15 to 20 percent of u. s. electricity needs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4799816762235211, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.343397"} {"text": "a dramatic drop in the population of puffins at their main north sea breeding site has alarmed scientists. - global warming blamed for decline of puffins - britain ' s oldest puffin resurfaces - british birds face potential eco - disaster after almost 40 years of breeding success puffin numbers on the isle of may have plummeted by 30 per cent. it is not known whether the sudden decline is merely a blip or whether the tiny iconic bird has joined the list of sea birds in long term decline in the north sea. the sudden drop in numbers was revealed in a survey carried out every five years on the island off scotland ' s east coast by scientists from the centre for ecology & hydrology. the isle of may is home to the largest colony of puffins in the north sea and has been the centre of the uk science community ' s research into the bird for over three decades. numbers have increased dramatically from a handful of pairs 50 years ago to more than 69, 000 pairs at the time of the last count in 2003. scientists had expected numbers to soar to more than 100, 000 pairs this year and are baffled by the loss of almost one in three birds. professor mike harris, emeritus research fellow at the centre for ecology & hydrology, who has studied puffins for 36 year, said : \" something worrying appears to have happened over last winter and probably the one before. \" puffins appear to be joining the ranks of other seabirds in the north sea that are suffering reduced breeding success and decline in numbers. \" the puffin ( fratercula arctica ) is instantly recognisable by its bright red and black eye markings and vivid orange legs and is known as the clown of seabirds. but its comical looks and endearing traits has made it one of the world ' s favourite birds. adults arrive back at their breeding colonies in the shetland and orkney islands, northumberland, anglesey and the isle of may in march and april and they leave again in mid - august. they nest in burrows on the cliff tops and rely mainly on sand eels to feed their young. the disappearance of the sand eel due mainly to industrial fishing by factory ships in the north sea is believed to be one of the main factors in the puffin ' s decline on may. bird numbers are assessed by carefully examining burrows for signs of occupation in late april after the birds have cleaned them out ready for breeding. in past surveys the occupancy rate was nearly 100 per cent, but this year it was down to only 70 per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40817441507285196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.348885"} {"text": "patient education : symptoms of back and neck pain description of the symptoms of back and neck pain the word doctor comes from the latin root \" doctos \" \u2013 meaning to teach, and this is an important part of what any doctor should do. unfortunately, many of us only really begin to learn about our body once something has gone wrong with it. patient education on the symptoms of back and neck pain is an ongoing process that takes on many forms. back and neck pain conditions treated patient education applies to all spinal problems concerning the symptoms of back and neck pain. what does patient education involve? - the basics of patient education involve providing patients with information about their condition, diagnostic tests that may be performed, and possible treatment options. there are many forums for patient education, which include discussions with care providers, reading brochures and other printed materials, viewing videos and visiting websites. for patients experiencing symptoms of back and neck pain, an educational program called \" back school \" may be used. this is a comprehensive, organized session in which information is provided about anatomy, body mechanics, diagnostic tests, treatments and many other spine - related topics. - one note of caution : the quality and accuracy of information on websites varies greatly. if you read something that gives you concern, discuss it with your care provider. one of the key components of effective patient education is for the patient to take an active role in the educational process : - this involves applying the materials learned by making lifestyle changes. - perhaps one of the most important aspects is for patients to ask questions until they feel confident they understand the information provided answers their questions about the symptoms of back and neck pain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.463490193721645, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.350734"} {"text": "adding color to the freshwater aquarium : going for gold ( full article ) author : philip purser the glowing, sun - like radiance of gold and yellow fish is sure to pop in the freshwater aquarium. yellow is a common color in some aquariums ( perhaps too common in the african cichlid tank ), yet getting just the right species of fish to shine its radiant splendor in your aquarium is, perhaps, even more touch - and - go than it is with some other color choices. yellow species come in the form of peaceful schoolers, as well as sensitive, scaleless loners that require a mature tank and very specific water chemistry parameters. a splash of golden sunshine in an otherwise green or earth - toned aquarium environment can truly be a sight for sore eyes, however. few things are as dramatic as the gilt - finned flash of a gold - nugget pleco swimming past the front of your tank or as eye - catching as a school of lemon tetras, with their canary - yellow finnage shining in golden relief against an earthen background. so, let \u2019 s go for gold and discover what species of yellow fish are available for the freshwater community aquarium. the first species up for consideration is the gold barb ( puntius semifasciolatus ). native to the red river in china, the gold barb is, in its naturally occurring coloration, greenish olive and very rarely appears in aquaria. the cultivated form, made popular in the late 1960s, wears a golden color on the body, often with a broken line of high - contrast black speckles running the length of the flanks, and bears yellow or orange finnage. when healthy and kept under superior water chemistry, the gold barb is a relatively long - lived species. its lifespan may exceed six years. as a barb ( a member of the family cyprinidae ), p. semifasciolatus thrives best when kept in schools. i recommend no fewer than five in a school, though six or more is certainly advantageous to the stress levels and happiness of the fish themselves. growing to a maximum length of roughly 3 inches, the gold barb is a peaceful grazer that does well in tanks planted with live vegetation \u2014 this species especially likes to graze on algal accumulations in the tank. a mid - level swimmer that seldom sits still, the gold barb is a high - visibility species that, when kept in a school, will definitely add the splash of sunshine to your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.438257096441191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.362742"} {"text": "likes to graze on algal accumulations in the tank. a mid - level swimmer that seldom sits still, the gold barb is a high - visibility species that, when kept in a school, will definitely add the splash of sunshine to your tank you may be looking for. these very active fish can, indeed, become the dominant species in view at any given time. most species of barbs are notoriously tough fish that tend to be tolerant of a very wide range of water chemistries. maintain the ph from 6. 0 to 7. 8 and kh at 6. 0 to 20. 0. because they can tolerate a wide range of temperatures, these barbs may be kept in either heated or unheated aquaria. maintain temperatures of 65\u00b0 to 77\u00b0f. when selecting gold barbs for purchase in pet shops, remember that males ( and this is true for most fish species ) are considerably smaller and more colorful than females. bigger specimens are likely to be less attractive in the long run than their smaller counterparts. a school consisting of both sexes is an active, viable, and striking addition to the home aquarium. while they might get a little nippy with elaborately finned species, such as fancy guppies or bettas, these barbs are highly disease resistant and very hardy. as a general rule, you simply can \u2019 t go wrong with gold barbs. gold nugget pleco if aquarium oddities are your thing and you prefer loner species or non - schooling varieties, look no further than the gold nugget pleco. gold nugget plecos ( baryancistrus spp. ) may actually be one of several closely related fishes. so similar in form, coloration, and life habits are these species that many importers and wholesalers are either unable or unwilling to differentiate. thus, many hobbyists simply order or describe the gold nugget by the l number they have been assigned, l18 ( sometimes l018 ), as this is how it is imported from south america. two other forms, l177 and l81 ( or l85 ), are supposed by many to be the same species ( or adult or juvenile forms of l18 ), but, owing to larger or smaller spots on the body and geographically different collection sites, these fish may be considered subspecies or different species altogether. as the plecos are still coming into their own within the worldwide aquarium hobby, more differentiation and classification should accompany these wonderful fish. as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4550587790423598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.364768"} {"text": "smaller spots on the body and geographically different collection sites, these fish may be considered subspecies or different species altogether. as the plecos are still coming into their own within the worldwide aquarium hobby, more differentiation and classification should accompany these wonderful fish. as a member of the community tank, the gold nugget pleco is one of the most stunningly gorgeous plecos available. wearing a base coat of chocolate brown to near black with almost perfectly round yellow to golden spots freckling the entire dorsum and much of the fins, this fish is also adorned with a wide, golden band trimming both the dorsal and caudal fins. such a bold, striking contrast of coloration makes this peaceful bottom feeder a particularly handsome addition to the home aquarium. growing to an adult length of approximately 8 inches, the gold nugget pleco appears in pet shops typically between 2 and 3 inches in size. know that the 3 - inch specimen you purchase today could more than double in size. also know that this species is an extremely long - lived aquarium fish. specimens living in excess of 25 years are not unheard of. unlike many species of plecostomus, which may grow to over two feet in length, this jewel stays small throughout its lifespan. a 30 - gallon or larger tank should be enough room for one for its entire life. like most plecos, the gold nugget is not a picky eater \u2014 both vegetable and meaty fare are taken with relish. vegetable - based flakes or pleco - specific pellets / flakes work well, as do cubes of freeze - dried brine shrimp or bloodworms. diet may be supplemented with wheels or wedges of zucchini squash dropped ( weighted down, as they tend to float ) directly into the tank. another benefit to adding this brilliantly colored species to your tank is that it is extremely peaceful and will coexist well with virtually any other species that can tolerate the pleco \u2019 s water chemistry requirements. speaking of water chemistry requirements, this is one of the few drawbacks to keeping this species. it requires warmer water temperatures and softer water than most community tropicals. the gold nugget pleco should be housed under the following conditions : ph 6. 7 to 7. 5, kh 1. 0 to 10. 0, and temperatures of 78\u00b0 to 87\u00b0. see what i mean? while many species can mix with the ph requirements of the gold nugget plec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40596406266197954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.365746"} {"text": "ph 6. 7 to 7. 5, kh 1. 0 to 10. 0, and temperatures of 78\u00b0 to 87\u00b0. see what i mean? while many species can mix with the ph requirements of the gold nugget pleco, the low water hardness and very high temperature requirements make for a narrow pool of potential tankmates. south american cichlids and tropicals hailing from the amazon basin are great community choices for mixing with the gold nugget pleco. of course, not all the golden and yellow fish on the market are so difficult to acquire. there are plenty of low - priced pet shop staples that can give you the nuclear color blast you \u2019 re looking for. the family poeciliidae has two such species : the swordtails and the fancy guppies. these long - time favorites of both young and old hobbyists alike come in all manner of golds and yellows, and they can easily, and inexpensively, add a solar flare of beauty to your aquarium. since i \u2019 ve already covered fancy guppies in a previous article, i will discuss only the swordtails here, but do note that if your aquarium community is peaceful enough to support them, the fancy guppies are a wonderful choice. cousin to the guppies is the swordtail. hailing from central america, the swordtail is a wonderful little species that tends to blend very well in the tropical community tank. drawing its common name from the long, sword - like projection of rays growing on the lower edge of the caudal fin, this species is peaceful and seldom exceeds 5 inches in length. as is typical of community tropicals, the males are the smaller and much more elaborately colored of the two sexes. sexual dimorphism exists in that the males alone have swords on their tails. these fish come in both designer and natural colors. most natural specimens are olive in coloration, while many pet shop varieties have been bred for their golds, yellows, and oranges. particularly handsome specimens may be a creamy, lemon meringue color with a black - edged sword of the same color. conversely, i have seen many specimens wearing radiant coats of golden hues highlighted in softer yellows and even silvers. the swordtail is truly an often - unsung beauty in the freshwater world. maintain swordtails under water conditions similar to those preferred by guppies. keep the ph around or just above neutral and the water hardness moderate, with the temperature in the middle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44002398785143465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.366749"} {"text": "the only drawbacks to the lemon tetra ( tetras, in my opinion, are the perfect tropical community fishes because they have very few drawbacks ) is that, when housed singularly or in inadequately small schools, these fish seem to languish away. their movements will slow, their colors will fade, and their overall vitality will lessen when deprived of schooling tankmates. lemon tetras are mid - level swimmers that do best in a planted aquarium with a ph of 6. 2 to 7. 5, a kh of 5. 0 to 24. 0, and temperatures of 68\u00b0 to 78\u00b0. specimens kept under less - than - ideal conditions may appear faded or washed out in color. when housed properly, however, the full splendor of a school of lemon tetras is like the rising sun. virtually all other non - aggressive, non - predatory species make fine tankmates with the lemon tetra. golden pristella tetras a close cousin to the lemon tetra is the golden pristella tetra ( pristella maxillaris ). while its bodily coloration is much more subdued than the lemon tetra, the dorsal and anal fins of the golden pristella are, as the name implies, golden flags edged in black and tipped in white. these features make this fish a less gaudy, more subdued flash of radiance within your aquarium. growing to a demure maximum length of typically less than 2 inches, this minuscule tetra is, like the lemon tetra, a shoaling species. it is best kept in schools of six or more members. wild diets include all fry and invertebrates, while a captive diet heavy in bloodworms, brine shrimp, and other such meaty foods is preferred. unlike many species of tetra, however, the golden pristella can thrive in a very wide range of ph and water hardness values. found in both acidic, inland rivers as well as in coastal, semi - brackish estuaries, the golden pristella tetra is one of the most widely adaptable species of community tropical available. this attribute makes this species at home in virtually any community tropical tank. so long as predatory fish cannot eat it, and so long as it is kept in schools of its kindred, the golden pristella tetra can mix well with a very wide range of tankmates. other yellow options while there are other species of yellow or golden fish available ( some of the gouramis,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40764350474962074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.368842"} {"text": "stem cells could deliver tumor - busting drugs, repair damaged brains, and even mend a ( literally ) broken heart. but first, scientists must figure out how to get these jacks - of - all - trades where they \u2019 re needed and ensure that they survive long enough to do their work. achieving this objective requires being able to observe the cells after they \u2019 re set loose inside a living, breathing animal. of course, scientists can make tissue slices and use histology to look for the cells, but that offers only a snapshot of one final time point. \u201c if you want to understand what happens to these stem cells, it \u2019 s important to track the fate of these cells without having to kill the animal, \u201d says joseph wu, a cardiologist at stanford university school of medicine in palo alto, california. stem cell transplants may settle down, proliferate, and differentiate as desired ; they may form dangerous tumors ; or they may simply falter and die. researchers are harnessing advanced imaging to look inside their animals, or even inside patients, and track stem cells as they travel through tissues. some techniques rely on inert tags the stem cells carry with them, and others use genetic markers that prove a cell is actually alive and making protein. each method has its advantages and disadvantages. \u201c depending on the research question, you may even want to combine different approaches, \u201d says frank bengel, a nuclear medicine physician at hannover medical school in germany. here, the scientist profiles four methods used to track stem cells once they \u2019 re on their own inside a new body. optical imaging : bioluminescence xiaoyuan ( shawn ) chen, chief and senior investigator, laboratory of molecular imaging and nanomedicine, national institute of biomedical imaging and bioengineering, bethesda, maryland. ultimately, chen hopes to develop personalized medical therapies, including those relying on stem cells. for now, he \u2019 s simply trying to understand the fate of transplanted stem cells, and how they home in on tumors \u2014 targets to which they might someday custom - deliver chemotherapy ( stem cells, 27 : 1548 - 58, 2009 ). mesenchymal stem cells home in on tumors and divide there, promoting remodeling of the tissue \u2014 suggesting they might be good drug - delivery vehicles. before transplanting mouse mesenchymal stem cells into breast tumor - bearing mice with lung metastases, the researchers engineered the cells to express luciferase. by injecting the mice with luciferin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4796585073447569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.378216"} {"text": "they might be good drug - delivery vehicles. before transplanting mouse mesenchymal stem cells into breast tumor - bearing mice with lung metastases, the researchers engineered the cells to express luciferase. by injecting the mice with luciferin \u2014 the enzyme \u2019 s substrate \u2014 they caused the transplanted cells to light up. the researchers also included the gene for green fluorescent protein, so they could double - check their results by histology. although most of the stem cells got stuck in the lung \u2019 s capillaries, a few not only survived, but also proliferated and differentiated near the tumor sites. - \u201c bioluminescence imaging is the workhorse for small - animal imaging : it \u2019 s cheap, it \u2019 s easy to do, it \u2019 s high - throughput, \u201d wu says. - only living cells light up. - the method is highly sensitive, detecting 1, 000 or fewer cells. \u201c the background is very low, \u201d chen adds. - bioluminescence can only penetrate through a few millimeters of tissue ; it won \u2019 t work for large animals or people. - the resulting image is flat, not 3 - d. - some cells may turn off the transgene, producing false negatives. bioluminescence imaging requires a light - tight box with fluorescence filters and camera. caliper life sciences \u2019 version costs $ 100, 000 \u2013 $ 400, 000, depending on the features chosen. - fluorescent proteins - quantum dots magnetic resonance imaging marcel daadi, neuroscientist and instructor in the neurosurgery department, stanford university school of medicine, palo alto, california. daadi hopes to use stem cells to repair the neural networks of people who \u2019 ve suffered strokes or have parkinson \u2019 s disease, thus improving their ability to move normally. an early step is to examine what happens to neural stem cells once grafted into the brains of rats that had had induced strokes ( mol ther, 17 : 1282 - 91, 2009. ) daadi \u2019 s team used both bioluminescence and mri to follow the fate of human neural stem cells transplanted into the rats \u2019 brains. to make the cells visible in an mri, the researchers first filled them up with tiny magnetic beads. many cell types readily take up these superparamagnetic iron oxide ( spio ) particles. such grafts show up in the image as low - intensity areas. the researchers used bioluminescence imaging to confirm that the stem cells did indeed survive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48681869152157686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.380161"} {"text": "cell types readily take up these superparamagnetic iron oxide ( spio ) particles. such grafts show up in the image as low - intensity areas. the researchers used bioluminescence imaging to confirm that the stem cells did indeed survive, and settled near the site of the stroke for as long as three months. the mri results indicated that the more cells transplanted, the larger the graft that was formed. - anatomical information is built in. \u201c it gives you great resolution of the brain \u2026 we see where the stroke is, where cells are in relation to the stroke, \u201d daadi says. - some spio particles are already fda - approved, so the technique could be used in humans. - it \u2019 s possible to use mri in the operating room, so surgeons could confirm exactly where they injected the spio - labeled cells. - low sensitivity : wu often asks his mri - expert colleagues to blindly detect injected spio versus background. \u201c a lot of times, they can \u2019 t, \u201d he says. - mri gives no indication of cell viability \u2014 dead cells can hang around for weeks. or, macrophages clean up the area, ingesting the spio and producing a false signal. \u201c you could see the ghosts of cells, but not living cells, \u201d says eduardo marban, director of the cedars - sinai heart institute in los angeles, california. - as the cells proliferate, the iron particles get diluted. for preclinical imaging, a 9. 4 tesla magnet is the \u201c sweet spot, \u201d says rob robinson, global business development manager for mri at agilent technologies. those machines, which range in price from $ 1. 5 million to $ 3 million depending on size, are available at research institutions, hospitals, and at medical schools. clinical - grade magnetic nanoparticles are available from amag pharmaceuticals, which markets feraheme to treat anemia, and miltenyi biotec makes iron dextran beads for cell separation. biopal and genovis provide experimental - grade spio for approximately $ 200 \u2013 $ 500 / 2 ml, according to joe frank of the national institutes of biomedical imaging and bioengineering. - perfluorocarbon particles that show up when an mri is tuned for fluorine - mri reporter genes that increase the iron content of cells ( see below ). radionucleotide imaging : positronemission tomography eduardo marban, director and mark siegel family foundation chair, cedars - sinai heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48704357079429295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.381565"} {"text": "tuned for fluorine - mri reporter genes that increase the iron content of cells ( see below ). radionucleotide imaging : positronemission tomography eduardo marban, director and mark siegel family foundation chair, cedars - sinai heart institute, los angeles, california. marban, a cardiologist, aims to use stem cells to repair the muscle damage resulting from a heart attack. he hopes stem cells will provide the necessary signals to make the heart convert scar tissue into healthy muscle. unfortunately, the heart is a tricky target for stem cells \u2014 once injected, the heart pumps them right back out again. within an hour, only 10 % of the graft is left in the heart, and only 1 % of cells remain after three weeks, he laments. \u201c if we could boost those values, then we could get more bang for the buck with stem - cell therapy, \u201d marban says. in a recent study, he and his colleagues managed to improve retention rates by slowing or stopping the heart or dabbing a bit of fibrin glue in the injection site. ( j am coll cardiol, 54 : 1619 - 26, 2009 ). the scientists transplanted cardiac - derived stem cells from healthy rats into the hearts of those that had undergone surgically - orchestrated heart attacks. to label the transplanted stem cells, they first incubated them with the radioactive tracer 18fdg, a form of glucose toting a radioactive fluorine, that was internalized by the cells. using a pet scanner, they were able to follow the cells and show that after an hour, 20 \u2013 75 % of the transplanted cells remained in the heart if its beat was slowed by drugs or if glue was dabbed into the injection site. - \u201c it \u2019 s the only reliable quantitative method, other than destructive methods, \u201d marban says, because the half - life of the tracer is known. - pet is already available in clinics. - minimal background signal. - pet is limited by the half - life of the tracer ; signals from 18 - fluorine, for example, last for six to eight hours because the isotope \u2019 s half - life is 110 minutes. - pet does not indicate cell viability \u2014 the tracer could leak out of the cell or show up in macrophages that devoured the original stem cells. - this method requires the use of radioactive substances, with the associated risks to cells, animals, and personnel. a pet scanner from philips healthcare runs between $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5000308874076507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.382569"} {"text": "out of the cell or show up in macrophages that devoured the original stem cells. - this method requires the use of radioactive substances, with the associated risks to cells, animals, and personnel. a pet scanner from philips healthcare runs between $ 1 million and $ 1. 5 million, and the machines have become standard equipment in hospitals. radioactive tracers are also required ; a human - size dose of 18fdg costs $ 200 - 250 at cedars - sinai. to acquire the tracers, one needs to be within a few hours of a cyclotron that can generate the radioactive fluorine ion for coupling to the glucose ; most major universities have one, wu says. - single - photon emission computed tomography ( spect ) - combining pet with computed tomography helps scientists localize the radioactive signal within the animal \u2019 s anatomy. genetic reporters for pet frank bengel, chairman of the department of nuclear medicine, hannover medical school, germany both pet and mri only reveal where the labels are. \u201c the cell may die and you may still get the signal, \u201d bengel says. plus, preloading the cells only works as long as the tracers last \u2014 hours or days for pet tracers. bengel is developing reporter genes that allow living cells to produce their own pet signal at any time. the technique relies on genes whose products force the cell to grab onto radioactive tracers. for example, the herpes simplex virus enzyme thymidine kinase ( hsv - tk ) phosphorylates a guanine homolog called fhbg. unphosphorylated fhbg travels freely in and out of cells. but once phosphorylated \u2014 as only happens in cells having the hsv - tk gene \u2014 it \u2019 s negatively charged, and stuck on the inside. by engineering stem cells to express the transgene before transplantation, then treating the animal with radioactive fhbg, researchers can observe the transplants on a pet scan. - only live cells show up : \u201c if you don \u2019 t see a signal, there are no cells, \u201d wu says. - with promoters specific for different cell types, these reporters could also indicate whether the stem cells go on to differentiate. - hsv - tk provides a built - in fail - safe : the viral kinase phosphorylates the antiviral drug ganciclovir, turning the drug cytotoxic. should transplanted cells cause trouble \u2014 for example,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5179045502272079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.383716"} {"text": "in the midst of a general audience in the vatican last october, pope john paul ii said : \" if a man gazes on his wife lustfully, he has already committed adultery with her in his heart. \" the statement caused an immediate sensation. reconsidered, though, it may have been one of the pope ' s more enlightened pronouncements on women and sex. john paul had simply insisted that, in conjugal relations, a woman is the equal of a man \u2014 a subject, not an object, of sex. that is an attitude that has not flourished in the church historically ; nor does it today. a misogynistic prejudice has pervaded the church ' s moral thought down through the ages, based on the incident of eve as the temptress in genesis, and confirmed by the stoic rhetoric in which the early christian thinkers were trained. it reflected the platonic conviction that man ' s proper activity was contemplation. churchmen from tertullian and cyprian in the third century to jerome and john chrysostom in the fifth delighted in denigrating womanhood as the source of the human race ' s downfall. while attributing mankind ' s woes to the lubricious enticements of woman, preachers with awe - inspiring inconsistency harped upon a wife ' s rendering the conjugal debt contracted in marriage by giving her husband the sole use of her body. that the contract worked both ways was also on the books, but little attention was paid to this consideration because it was taken for granted that the sex act had been created for the man ' s convenience. most women in the christian tradition were taught that there was something distasteful about sex. they had to submit to their husband ' s advances with some regularity to keep peace in the household and beget children. few christian wives, even the educated ones, had any idea that, biologically, the sex act was made for the woman. fewer still seem to have achieved the earthy wisdom of the wyf of bathe, who said : in wyfhode i wil use myn instrument as frely as my maker hath me it sent, if i be dangerous, god give me sowre myn housband shall have it at eve and at mowre when that him lis com forth and pay his dette. st. paul ' s injunction \" husbands love your wives as christ loves the church", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47689531098158333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.391420"} {"text": "god give me sowre myn housband shall have it at eve and at mowre when that him lis com forth and pay his dette. st. paul ' s injunction \" husbands love your wives as christ loves the church \" was interpreted in a mystical sense, divorced from any connection with conjugal affection and coital satisfaction. despite the heavy use of sexual imagery throughout the old testament to describe the relations between yahweh and his chosen people, christian exegetes avoided the canticle of canticles as mysteriously salacious, or interpreted it in such a fashion that it reinforced a propensity for sexual asceticism in conjugal relations. this puritanical tendency infected christian thinking from the late second century until shortly before vatican council ii ( 1962 - 1965 ). traditional teaching on sexuality had been reduced in most preconciliar moral textbooks to the inhuman prescription : \" it is grievously sinful in the unmarried deliberately to procure or to accept even the mildest degree of true venereal pleasure ; secondly, it is equally sinful to think, say or do anything with the intention of arousing even the smallest degree of this pleasure... \" as late as 1944, pius xii had said : \" if the exclusive aim of nature or at least its primary intent had been the mutual giving and possessing of husband and wife in pleasure and delight ; if nature had arranged that act only to make their personal experience joyous in the highest degree, and not as an incentive in the service of life ; then the creator would have made use of another plan in the formation of the marital act... \" in direct opposition to that papal statement vatican council ii declared : \" [ conjugal ] love is uniquely expressed and perfected within the marital act. the actions within marriage by which a couple are united intimately and chastely are noble and worthy ones. expressed in a manner that is truly human these actions signify and promote the mutual giving by which the spouses enrich each other with a joyful and thankful will. \" with pope john ' s council, the catholic church had made a heroic effort to look realistically at the signs of the times. turning its theological thinking upside down, the council decided to consult the facts of life before applying moral principles to the regulation of human conduct. it acknowledged love and mutual assistance as fundamental features of the marital union ; and, while continuing the ban on sexual indulgence, it acknowledged the necessity of responsible parent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4738706852776784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.392430"} {"text": "to consult the facts of life before applying moral principles to the regulation of human conduct. it acknowledged love and mutual assistance as fundamental features of the marital union ; and, while continuing the ban on sexual indulgence, it acknowledged the necessity of responsible parenthood. the council ' s pastoral constitution described marriage as a \" togetherness in love and life, \" acknowledging that carnal affection was endowed by the creator with \" special gifts of healing, perfecting and exalting \" the spouses in grace and charity. despite this achievement of fifteen years ago, a preconciliar sexophobia seems to have resurfaced within the church ' s hierarchy. to be sure, the polish pontiff has frequently denied that a manichaean streak of sexual embarrassment predominates in vatican thinking, and he has attempted in the course of weekly audiences over the past year to stress the personal rather than the procreative aspect of married love. nevertheless, the result of the 1980 world synod of bishops on \" the role of the christian family in the world of today \" has been an attempt to restore the notion of procreation as the primary end of marriage to its preconciliar dominance. at the same time, both pope and synod ignored the pleas made by diocesan cardinals and prelates for a compassionate approach to the marital problems of their people. the synodal structure was dominated by intransigent vatican functionaries still wedded to a pre - copernican concept of the universe, and behind all lay the obsessive dread of hedonism \u2014 represented by sex \u2014 that still afflicts many rome - oriented prelates and theologians. as cardinals, bishops, theologians, and journalists descended on the eternal city for the synod in late september, they were involved in a tradition that went back beyond the practice of the primitive church to the administrative customs of the roman empire. a synodos was a meeting of roads where the civil and military governors of the colonial provinces gathered to discuss problems and policies in the light of the emperor ' s instructions. almost immediately after achieving a relative catholicity, early church leaders found it necessary to imitate imperial practices by holding local meetings of bishops to evaluate difficulties regarding doctrine and discipline. there is evidence of this practice during the latter half of the second century. under bishop denis of corinth, around 180 a. d., a series of synods was inaugurated to deal precisely with an alleviation of the church ' s rigorist attitude toward adultery and other marital problems. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4985653627727382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.393365"} {"text": "second century. under bishop denis of corinth, around 180 a. d., a series of synods was inaugurated to deal precisely with an alleviation of the church ' s rigorist attitude toward adultery and other marital problems. the oriental churches, particularly at constantinople, established a so - called synodos endemousa, or permanent synod, imitated today in the sobornost of russian and other orthodox synodal assemblies. in these gatherings, the testimony of prelates, theologians, and lay experts regarding doctrinal and disciplinary problems is weighed in the light of tradition and of contemporary necessities under the guidance of the patriarch. gradually a consensus is achieved and attributed to the assistance of the holy spirit. only then can the patriarch make a pronouncement, which has to be in keeping with the mind of the synod. pope paul vi sought to reintroduce this synodal machinery into the government of the catholic church immediately after vatican council ii in compliance with the assembly ' s call for collegiality \u2014 the rule of the church at the top by the bishops with and under the pope. the first of these triennial roman synods was held in the fall of 1967. its path was not smooth. curial cardinals, particularly alfredo ottaviani and michael browne of the ancien holy office, sought to intimidate pope and prelates with the charge that heresy was rife throughout the church. but the bishops in attendance rejected this contention and achieved a substantial independence in their discussions and decisions. a permanent secretariat of elected noncurial prelates was established with headquarters in rome to prepare for future synods. the special synod of 1969 \u2014 called to discuss the use and abuse of authority in the church \u2014 achieved an explicit acknowledgment of the new orientation of catholic theological thinking. the synod rejected a priori reasoning in the solution of pastoral problems ; consideration was given instead to the sensus fidelium ( \" the mind of the faithful \" ) in the formulation of the church ' s teaching. this procedure was actually a return to the origins of christian theology, in which the elements of the church ' s ethical teaching were adapted to the cultural practices of the local communities \u2014 judaic, greek, and oriental \u2014 to constitute the christian way of life. thus a pluralism in its ethical thinking characterized the christian church from its beginnings. at vatican council ii the eastern churches played a decisive part in their witness to pluralistic solutions for doctrinal and disciplinary problems. it was therefore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4703541892048545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.394306"} {"text": "christian way of life. thus a pluralism in its ethical thinking characterized the christian church from its beginnings. at vatican council ii the eastern churches played a decisive part in their witness to pluralistic solutions for doctrinal and disciplinary problems. it was therefore taken for granted that pope paul wanted the synod to develop into a true sounding board for the church ' s universal self - awareness. eventually, it was to be hoped, the assembly would grow into a sort of parliament. it would relieve the holy father of the present curial structure, which governs the church through countless directives regarding the sacraments, clerical conduct, education and marriage, and so forth, to which the pope lends his authority. a comparative freedom of discussion was exercised by the bishops at the 1969 synod. however, with the synod of 1971, which concentrated principally on the problems of the priesthood, curial control suddenly reasserted itself. debate on the request for optional celibacy in the western church was curtailed and the synodal conclusions were dictated by \" higher authority \" within the papal household. the curia employed similar though less obvious tactics in the synods of 1974 and 1977, which discussed, respectively, evangelization and catechesis, or christian formation. a political truth quickly surfaced in the postconciliar period. when rome consulted the diocesan bishops individually, the vatican authorities usually obtained answers in keeping with their desires. but when these prelates were assembled in a council or a synod, they achieved the courage to speak their minds. in dealing with this phenomenon, curial officials had learned to allow a free discussion of synodal issues during the general sessions and only gradually to exercise a refined guidance in the inner group discussions. by reserving the publication of the synod ' s decisions to the pope, they had full control over its results.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4747349810419305, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.395282"} {"text": "in the simplest of terms, a virus is an infectious agent. it operates like a computer virus, replicating and dispersing itself in all directions, while crippling the normal function of the host. a virus has genes, but no cellular structure, so it ' s not considered a living organism. and like parasites, viruses can ' t survive on their own. bacteria, on the other hand, are tiny cells that reproduce and can survive independently, with the ability to transport dangerous toxins. epidemiologists generally rely on an international but informal network of colleagues to get wind of a disease outbreak fast, even when it starts in a remote corner of the world. but while patients may be lining the hospital corridors in jakarta, veracruz or pittsburgh, activating a worldwide emergency response protocol is not instantaneous. laboratory tests must first isolate the virus, microbe, toxin or other mechanism of injury. usually, scientists in the field must collaborate with researchers in other countries to identify the culprit. and only when the team is absolutely sure about the agent and its cause will entities like the centers for disease control ( cdc ) and world health organization ( who ) spring into action. that ' s when the country alerts go out, a vaccine ( or other remedy ) gets developed, and the counterattack begins. getting ahead of the curve in 1999, the cdc initiated the laboratory response network ( lrn ), a group of local, state, federal, and international labs that can test for disease agents and develop vaccines in a fast, efficient manner. an estimated ninety percent of the u. s. population now live within a 100 miles of a designated lab. this close proximity insures a quick turnaround as evidence in the field is procured, then shipped to epidemiologists ready to analyze it. to help get a jump on the next global pandemic, the cdc also dispatches scientists worldwide each year to sniff out virulent strains that may be on the prowl. the epidemic intelligence service ( eis ) recruits 70 - 80 college graduates annually for two - year, post - graduate assignments performing surveillance and study in the field. influenza viruses that affect humans are divided into two basic groups. \" a \" viruses have pandemic potential. \" b \" viruses don ' t. to qualify as a pandemic, an \" a \" virus must also be \" novel \", which means there ' s no pre - disposed immunity to it and no existing vaccines. furthermore, the bug must have the potential for human to human", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5446106223570921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.410211"} {"text": ". to qualify as a pandemic, an \" a \" virus must also be \" novel \", which means there ' s no pre - disposed immunity to it and no existing vaccines. furthermore, the bug must have the potential for human to human transmission. diagram of the 1918 h1n1 spanish flu virus. photo : university of washington school of medicine other things to note about pandemic virus : according to the u. s. department of health and human services, the continued spread of the avian h5n1 virus across much of eastern asia, russia, and eastern europe represents the most significant pandemic threat out there today. human avian h5n1 influenza infection was first recognized in 1997 when it infected 18 people in hong kong, causing 6 deaths. concern has increased in recent years as avian h5n1 infections have killed poultry flocks in countries throughout asia and in parts of europe. since 2003, over 100 human h5n1 cases have been diagnosed in thailand, vietnam, cambodia, and indonesia. hhs believes the virus is worrisome because : reports of new cases worldwide have continued to pour in through 2011. in march alone, egypt reported its 131th case, bangladesh reported its 67th outbreak, while public health officials in japan, myanmar, south korea, india, israel and gaza all discovered its presence in poultry and other species. see the timeline ( pdf ) prepared by who. while cases of human infection are rare, avian influenza is very contagious among birds and some of these viruses can sicken certain domesticated species, like chickens, ducks, and turkeys. while h5n1 remains the top pandemic threat today, additional avian flu subtypes are entering the fray. in 1999, h9n2 infections were identified in hong kong ; in 2003, h7n7 infections occurred in the netherlands ; and in 2004, h7n3 infections occurred in canada. such outbreaks have the potential to generate a pandemic, the cdc claims, reinforcing the need for continued surveillance and ongoing vaccine research. in the case of a major nationwide pandemic, the cdc has established the following priority groups for vaccine distribution : vaccines are produced by pharmaceutical companies, often under a contract from the u. s. government. over 200 million doses, for instance, were ordered at the start of the h1n1 pandemic. in addition to pandemic vaccines, drug manufacturers produce the annual flu shot vaccine and chilhood im", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4781937850878318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.411163"} {"text": "u. s. government. over 200 million doses, for instance, were ordered at the start of the h1n1 pandemic. in addition to pandemic vaccines, drug manufacturers produce the annual flu shot vaccine and chilhood immunization drugs for polio, chicken pox, german measles, etc. immunizations for adults include hepatitus, malaria and tetanus. some of these shots have only a short - term effectiveness. in the case of tetanus, for instance, a \" booster \" shot is recommended every ten years. vaccines are divided into other categories based on how the drug intends to destroy the targetted microbe or pathogen. since viruses, bacteria and toxins attack the body in different ways, the epidemiologist must design a solution that works best for the circumstances. here are his choices : live, attenuated vaccines these contain a version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can \u2019 t cause disease. like firefighters setting small fires in advance of a mega - blaze, this small dose of the killer pathogen is easy for the immune system to fight off, thereby achieving lifelong immunity with one or two doses. however, people with compromised immune systems are considered too weak to overcome a live vaccine. besides that, the microbe that ' s injected may on occasion morph into something worse than it was initially. these vaccines are likewise not suitable for some geographical locations, since a \" live \" vaccine must be kept alive through refrigeration. samples of the disease - causing microbe are first destroyed with chemicals, heat, or radiation. these vaccines are more stable and safer than live vaccines, since the dead microbes can \u2019 t mutate back to their disease - causing state. inactivated vaccines usually don \u2019 t require refrigeration, and they can be easily stored and transported in a freeze - dried form, which makes them accessible to people in developing countries. on the down side, they trigger a weaker immune system response and therefore require multiple doses over time or booster shots to be effective. these use only parts of the killer microbe, specifically the antigens, which are responsible for triggering the production of antibodies to fight the microbe. it takes a long time to develop a subunit vaccine, but once it ' s perfected, adverse reactions are much lower than with live or inactivated vaccines. these vaccines are a good choice for people with compromised immune systems. some bacteria secrete toxins or harmful chemicals, which can cause a serious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5006201062440017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.413475"} {"text": "vaccine, but once it ' s perfected, adverse reactions are much lower than with live or inactivated vaccines. these vaccines are a good choice for people with compromised immune systems. some bacteria secrete toxins or harmful chemicals, which can cause a serious illness all by themselves. the toxins can in some cases be neutralized by treating them with formalin, which is a solution of formaldehyde and sterilized water. such \u201c detoxified \u201d toxins are called toxoids and are safe for use as vaccines. when injected, the toxoid causes the immune system to fight off the natural toxin and produce antibodies that will block the real toxin. diphtheria and tetanus are examples of diseases that toxoid vaccines can prevent. the immature immune systems of infants and younger children don ' t always recognize or respond to certain types of coatings around bacteria, so this special type of subunit vaccine has been developed to address the problem. still in the experimental stages, these vaccines show great promise ( according to nih ), and several types are currently being tested in humans. these vaccines dispense with the microbe and its parts, and instead use the genes of those all - important antigens. recombinant vector vaccines also in the experimental stage, these are similar to dna vaccines, but they use an attenuated virus or bacterium to introduce microbial dna to cells of the body. \u201c vector \u201d refers to the virus or bacterium used as the disease carrier. ( for instance, mosquitoes carry malaria, so it ' s considered a \" vector - bourne \" disease. ) in addition to antigens that alert the immune system to an infectious agent, vaccines may also contain substances called adjuvants, which nih says improve the immune response produced by the vaccines. currently, the only adjuvant licensed for human use in the united states is an \u201c alum \u201d adjuvant, which is composed of aluminum salts. vaccines may also contain substances to prevent contamination, as well as maintain a vaccine \u2019 s potency at less - than - optimal temperatures, or act as a preservative. one such controversial ingredient in this catgegory is a compound call thimerosal. autism advocacy organizations oppose the use of thimerasol and other mercury - based additives in vaccines. they allege that autism is caused in part by these ingredients when multiple childhood immunizations are administered at one time. the claim is virulently rejected by the cdc and much of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5014089559369268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.414552"} {"text": "and human svs weekly epidemiological record latest disease news from who global influenza virological surveillance who global alert and response oklahoma state univ. center for health sciences dvd ' s, videos and tv programs preventative tips to limit exposure to viruses, bacteria and flu outbreaks youtube mega disasters : \" pandemics and alien infection \" - season 2, episode 7. the history channel at amazon... after armageddon. 2 - hour docudrama examines the potential of a lethal flu virus spreading quickly across the united states. the history channel at amazon... the plague. 2 - hour documentary tracks the 15th century pandemic that killed tens of millions. the history channel buy at amazon... how a virus invades your body h1n1 virus and the 1918 pandemic the bubonic plague epidemics - old and new the plague, which still claims thousands of victims each year, has been traced not to a virus but to a bacteria called yersinia pestis. it typically originates in the indian rat flea, known scientifically as xenopsylla cheopsis, of which only the adult females live off their hosts. this dreaded world traveler can survive up to a year on a host ( especially rodunts ), in dung, an abandoned rodent ' s nest or in textile bales. xenopsylla cheopsis, the killer flea. historically, human infection has occurred in three different ways : bubonic plague - caused when the victim gets bit by an infected flea. here, the trademark symptom is painful swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, groin or neck. the swelling creates ball - like buboes, hence the name bubonic plague. red spots also appear on the skin and eventually turn black. victims usually vomit blood and die within about three days without antibiotics. pneumonic plague - the bacteria in this case is transmitted primarily through air, usually coughing, thus entering the respiratory tract. people who dissect or handle contaminated animal tissue are also susceptible. symptoms include fever, coughing up blood and pneumonia leading to respiratory failure and shock within a few days. most modern cases have occurred in africa. septicemic plague - most often transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected rodent or bug, or through an opening in the skin or by cough from another infected human. this is the rarest type of plague but the deadliest, as it causes sepsis. cities along trade routes, especially venice and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47936737813970076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.416845"} {"text": "of an infected rodent or bug, or through an opening in the skin or by cough from another infected human. this is the rarest type of plague but the deadliest, as it causes sepsis. cities along trade routes, especially venice and florence, were hit hardest during the medieval epidemic. symptoms include stomach ache, diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure and lack of blood clotting. today, most cases of plague occur in africa, but 10 - 15 reports are logged in the united states annually, mostly in rural areas of the western states. bats and rats are known to carry the flea. now for the big epidemics caused by viruses : 1918 spanish influenza - still cloaked in mystery, this virus was responsible for infecting half a billion people worldwide, killing 50 million. unlike other pandemics, this one struck on multiple continents on the same day. the infectious agent triggers an overreaction in the human immune system of mostly young, healthy adults. like the simultaneous appearance, this feature of h1n1 ( 1918 ) also also diverges from the usual pattern. the lungs often became inflamed, leading to death. the original virus struck remote corners of the world, especially alaska, leading a few researchers to suggest that it must have passed down through the atmosphere from outer space. a theory known as panspermia alleges that microbes are transmitted onto earth via passing comets. microbes may even be the source of all biological life on the planet. professor chandra wickramasinghe of the buckingham centre for astrobiology is the leading authority on comet - based microbes and viruses. ( for more on his work, here ' s the school ' s website. ) smallpox - an estimated 300 million deaths were recorded in the 20th century alone. because naturally occurring smallpox was wiped out worldwide by the 1970 ' s, vaccinations stopped. according to the cdc, a case of smallpox today would be the result of an intentional act. strains of the virus are kept in two approved labs in the u. s. and russia. the cdc also states that \" credible concern exists that the virus was made into a weapon by some countries and that terrorists may have obtained it. \" polio - largely unrecorded until the 19th century, recurring epidemics of the poliomyelitis virus continued into the 20th until a vaccine was discovered. the disease is also known as infantile paralysis, but affects adults as well as children. in a typical case, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47024787990583716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.417832"} {"text": "until the 19th century, recurring epidemics of the poliomyelitis virus continued into the 20th until a vaccine was discovered. the disease is also known as infantile paralysis, but affects adults as well as children. in a typical case, a fever and other flu symptoms set in, followed eventually by paralysis in the lower half of the body. viral hemorrhagic fevers - a mostly rodunt - borne set of viruses made its first curtain call in the latter twentieth century, appearing on all continents. however cases usually remain localized. ticks and mosquitoes may also carry the bug, which targets the vascular system, along with several organs in the body. the bleeding for which the disease is named is itself rarely life - threatening. slaughterhouse workers have a much greater chance of contracting the virus than others. hiv - human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus discovered in the 1980s by robert gallo, but that identification was immediately surrounded in controversy. in particular, the so - called \" father of retroviruses \" peter duesberg dismissed gallo ' s conclusions, claiming there was no virological evidence to back - up the hiv - aids connection. ( this led many african governments to ban the use of anti - hiv drugs. ) duesberg believes hiv is biochemically inactive and harmless, and that the cause of aids may be toxicological ( i. e. a toxic substance ). there is still no satisfactory treatment, although a variety of new drugs has vastly reduced the number of fatalitiies. west nile virus - carried by mosquitoes, this virus first appeared in the united states in 1999, but got its start seventy years earlier in uganda. it can produce a mild fever and other flu symptoms, and sometimes a rash, but 80 percent of those infected have no adverse reaction. in severe cases, encephalitis or meningitis may develop, but only one person out of every 150 infected falls into this category. here ' s a cdc map of most recently reported cases. sars - severe acute respiratory syndrome started in hong kong in 2002 and eventually infected a relatively small number of individuals in 37 countries. it targetted the lungs, caused fever and low white blood cell counts. there were appoximately 8, 500 cases and 900 deaths. sars is considered contained and there ' s no screening for it. h1n1 swine flu - first appearing in veracruz, mexico, this 2009 version of an h1n1virus is thought to be a mutation or combination of previous bird", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4671982393815325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.418796"} {"text": "sars is considered contained and there ' s no screening for it. h1n1 swine flu - first appearing in veracruz, mexico, this 2009 version of an h1n1virus is thought to be a mutation or combination of previous bird, swine and human flu viruses. a eurasian pig flu virus was also involved, hence the term \" swine flu \". h1n1 was not spread through eating pork products, however, but contracted through respiratory droplets circulating in the air ( like other most other forms of influenza ). in a small percentage of people exposed, the virus caused pneumonia or acute respiratory problems. the widespread public emergency surrounding it was offically put to rest by who in 2010. valley fever - while not a contagion, valley fever is carried by spores of the fungus coccidioides immitis, found in soils of the southwestern united states and central valley of california, as well as parts of africa, central and south america. wind is generally credited with transporting the spores, but digging, construction work or farming can likewise cause the spores to become airborne. dust containing the spores enters a person ' s lungs, which can sometimes lead to illness. exposure is most common in the dry, late summer months, with most cases reported to medical personnel in the fall and early winter. it takes 5 - 21 days on average for flu - like symptoms to show up. those exposed to dust while working outside should consider wearing a close - fitting mask. early recognition and treatment of valley fever ' s flu - like symptoms is important to avert more serious complications. flesh - eating bacteria - formally known as necrotizing fasciitis, it ' s caused by a toxin found in several types of bacteria. infection is rare, with 500 - 1, 000 cases per year reported in the united states. aimee copeland, a young georgia woman, recently put this dirge on the map after a zipline accident and 22 stitches led to an infection. open wounds and hospital surgery are the prime vehicles, with 25 percent of victims dying. if you get a cut or wound that becomes increasingly painful, red and swollen, the bacteria may be present. go to the emergency room immediately, as time is of the essence. first aid for any wound should always include thorough washing of the exposed area with soap and water, and if possible, application of an anti - biotic ointment. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.468835385127468, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.419851"} {"text": "q. we are in the preliminary stages of bidding on what designers hope to be a leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) structure. we are considering developing a \u201c green \u201d concrete mix design using blended cements. in our research, we discovered there have been recent changes to the astm standards for blended cements. what were these changes? a. interest in blended cement products has been increasing, with many producers finding these premixed cements useful in customizing mix designs. experts define blended cements as \u201c portland - based cements that include supplementary cementitious materials ( scms ), such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, or other pozzolans, such as silica fume or meta - kaolin. \u201d delivered as a premixed blend, producers need to only use one silo in their plant. recognizing this increased use, astm c 595 - 06, standard specification for blended cements, was released in august 2006 with some important changes to nomenclature. the committee responsible for the specification simplified the document, hoping to make it easier to use. the committee also wanted to eliminate a problem with producing cements near the boundaries. for example, under the previous standard, the old type ip cement contained between 15 % and 40 % pozzolan, while a type i ( pm ) cement contained between 0 % and 15 % pozzolan. these definitions made it almost impossible for a manufacturer to produce a blended cement with about 15 % fly ash, since as with normal process variation, it would sometimes be classified as a type ip and sometimes a type i ( pm ). to solve this, the new standard eliminates both classification types. they were replaced by type ip ( x ) classification, where the x stands for the nominal percentage of the scm included in the blended cement. for example, a cement designated as type ip ( 20 ) contains 20 % pozzolan by mass. this change will facilitate communication between the cement suppliers, producers, and engineers for quantifying the amounts of scm in concrete mixes. it will help producers when considering adding scms on projects where the mix may be subject to restrictions on the total amount of scms in the concrete. here is a summary of the changes found in the new document : type i ( pm ), i ( sm ), i ( pm ) - a, i ( sm ) - a, and s were eliminated. new portland - pozzolan cement, type ip ( x ), can include between 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4946197744451662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.425195"} {"text": "fly ash isn ' t just filler in concrete. as a very fine - grained pozzolan, it reacts with the calcium hydroxide that is generated by the hydration reaction of cement and water to take on cementitious properties of its own. the reaction makes concrete stronger, less permeable, and reduces the alkalinity, which can reduce the danger of alkali - silica reactivity in the aggregate \u2014 and the need in some parts of the country to import nonreactive aggregate from distant sources. fly ash concrete is more workable and pumpable. it also hydrates more slowly, which reduces the heat of hydration \u2014 critical to reducing cracking in mass concrete placements. all of this makes fly ash concrete more durable than plain portland cement concrete. and concrete with fly ash costs less, because fly ash is typically less expensive than portland cement. due to all these advantages, fly ash is used in about half the concrete placed today. nrmca estimates that 15 % of cementitious materials in concrete are replaced by fly ash and other supplementary cementitious materials. typically specified as a percentage replacement for portland cement, both class c and class f ash is used at dosages as high as 50 % ( although 15 % is more common ). but the percentage of fly ash use has been increasing. to achieve a more sustainable concrete, producers and engineers have been increasing replacement rates. one recent study used fly ash at replacement rates up to 30 % with no adverse results on a hard - troweled concrete floor ( see \u201c adding fly ash to concrete mixes for floor construction \u201d concrete construction special floors issue, november 2007 ). there is a limit to how much fly ash our industry can use. first, not all fly ash is equal. \u201c every power plant has its idiosyncrasies \u201d says morris \u201c skip \u201d huffman, former chairman of aci committee 232, fly ash, and division manager with headwaters resources, a marketer of fly ash. \u201c the quality can vary, depending on exactly how the plant is being run. some fly ashes have higher sulfur trioxide ( so3 ) contents and are not suitable for use in concrete. some have problems with higher carbon content or they are too coarse. but the majority of ash, especially in the western u. s., is suitable for use in concrete and can go straight from the plant to the silo. \u201d and contractors often object to using fly ash concrete. these concerns include set time, air content, and strength gain. some fly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41590442185923887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.430618"} {"text": "western u. s., is suitable for use in concrete and can go straight from the plant to the silo. \u201d and contractors often object to using fly ash concrete. these concerns include set time, air content, and strength gain. some fly ash can retard hydration and lead to longer set times and slower strength gain. and some can lead to loss of entrained air. an experienced concrete producer can easily overcome these issues. in january 2006 cc, ( using high volume fly ash concrete ), lattimore materials ' richard szecsy notes that even at replacement rates as high as 50 %, the set time and strength gain can be controlled using admixtures and proportioning. why a hazardous waste? no one argues that containment pond failures are acceptable \u2014 they are not. and no one doubts that there should be tighter regulations governing their design, construction, and maintenance. but to many proponents supporting fly ash use in concrete, regulating final disposal methods is a completely separate matter than designating fly ash as a hazardous waste under subtitle c. the problem is that the epa wants more authority than the current law allows. at the september 2009 meeting of the environmental council of the states ( ecos ), matt hale, director of epa ' s office of resource conservation & recovery, said that while he believes that regulating fly ash under subtitle d would be sufficient to protect public health and the environment, it doesn ' t provide the epa with the authority to enforce more stringent disposal requirements. insideepa. com reports that the agecy ' s current proposal is an unusual \u201c hybrid \u201d approach : designating fly ash as hazardous if it ' s disposed of in a containment pond or landfill but not hazardous when recycled for \u201c beneficial uses. \u201d this proposal could mean that producers and power plants would have to transport, store, and treat fly ash as a hazardous waste in its powder form, but not after it ' s incorporated into concrete. however well - intended, a hybrid approach to fly ash classification would cause our nation significant problems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.440510674390515, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.431595"} {"text": "autism and aspergers - 04 - 10 - 2007, 08 : 07 am ( taken from wikipedia ) autism is classified by the world health organization ( who ) and american psychological association as a developmental disability that results from a disorder of the human central nervous system. it is diagnosed using specific criteria for impairments to social interaction, communication, interests, imagination and activities. the causes, symptoms, etiology, treatment, and other issues are controversial. autism manifests itself \" before the age of three years \" according to the who ' s international classification of diseases ( icd - 10 ) children with autism are marked by delays in their \" social interaction, language as used in social communication, or symbolic or imaginative play \" ( diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ). autism, and the other four pervasive developmental disorders ( pdd ), are all considered to be neurodevelopmental disorders. they are diagnosed on the basis of a triad, or group of three behavioral impairments or dysfunctions : 1. impaired social interaction, 2. impaired communication and 3. restricted and repetitive interests and activities. these three basic characteristics reflect dr. leo kanner ' s first reports of autism emphasizing \" autistic aloneness \" and \" insistence on sameness. \" from a physiological standpoint, autism is often less than obvious in that outward appearance may not indicate a disorder. diagnosis typically comes from a complete patient history and physical and neurological evaluation. the incidence of diagnosed autism has increased since the 1990s. reasons offered for this phenomenon include better diagnosis, wider public awareness of the condition, regional variations in diagnostic criteria, or simply an increase in the occurrence of asd ( autism spectrum disorders ). the united states centers for disease control ( cdc ) estimate the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders to be about one in every 150 children. in 2005, the national institute of mental health ( nimh ) stated the \" best conservative estimate \" as 1 in 1000. in 2006, nimh estimated that the incidence was 2 - 6 in every 1000. there are numerous theories as to the specific causes of autism, but they have yet to be fully supported by evidence ( see section on \" causes \" below ). proposed factors include genetic influence, anatomical variations ( e. g. head circumference ), abnormal blood vessel function and oxidative stress. their significance as well as implications for treatment remain speculative. conversely, some autistic children and adults are opposed to attempts to cure autism. these people see autism as part of who they are, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5224630820276611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.435579"} {"text": "abnormal blood vessel function and oxidative stress. their significance as well as implications for treatment remain speculative. conversely, some autistic children and adults are opposed to attempts to cure autism. these people see autism as part of who they are, and in some cases they perceive treatments and attempts of a cure to be unethical. on the surface, individuals who have autism are physically indistinguishable from those without. some studies show that autistic children tend to have larger head circumferences but the significance in the disorder is unclear. sometimes autism co - occurs with other disorders, and in those cases outward differences may be apparent. individuals diagnosed with autism can vary greatly in skills and behaviors, and their response to sensory input shows marked differences in a number of ways from that of other people. certain stimulations, such as sounds, lights, and touch, will often affect someone with autism differently than someone without, and the degree to which the sensory system is affected can vary greatly from one individual to another. autistic children may display unusual behaviors or fail to display expected behaviors. normal behaviors may develop at the appropriate age and then disappear or, conversely, are delayed and develop quite some time after normal occurrence. in assessing developmental delays, different physicians may not always arrive at the same conclusions. much of this difference between diagnosis is due to the disputed criteria for autism. deciding how a child should behave is also difficult because diagnostic tests have to be objective, which is not a simple thing to accomplish. because of this practitioners and researchers in pediatrics, child psychology, behavior analysis, and child development are always looking for early indicators of autism. the diagnosis of autism must meet specific criterion but there are also many characteristics that are idiosyncratic. thus, autism is not a \" one size fits all \" label. in other words the spectrum disorder encompasses a very wide range of behaviors and symptoms. some behaviors cited by the national institute of child health and human development ( listed below ) may simply mean a normal delay in one or more areas of development, while others are more typical of asds \u2014 autistic spectrum disorders. the list below is not all - inclusive, and generally applies to children and not adults. furthermore, while some of these behaviors might be seen in a person with autism, others may be absent. noted behaviors in children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5305661768785982, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.436628"} {"text": "recently, i ' ve been attempting to grind and sift my own flour. the grinding is straightforward with a retsel mil - rite, an excellent home stone buhr mill or my new meadows 8 - inch stone mill. however, the mysteries of sifting the flour have been less straightforward. a subsequent blog entry will deal with my progress on grinding and sifting my own flour. the sifting project motivates the need for measuring the ash content of my flour. ash content in general is the percentage of inorganic matter in a sample of some material. it is used in many different ways to analyze agricultural products, at least, based on some cursory sampling of articles on the internet. about. com says defines ash content as : the nonvolatile inorganic matter of a compound which remains after subjecting it to a high decomposition temperature. a traditional method for determining ash content is to place a sample of known weight in a furnace at high temperature ( 600f or higher ) for a number of hours ( 12 hours, for example ) such that all the water, volatile compounds, and organic matter either evaporate or burn. after that, the remaining material is weighed. ash content is the weight of remaining \" ash \" expressed as a percentage of the original weight of the sample. the remaning mass will be the inorganic non - volatile compounds that were in the original sample. flour ash content in europe is measured using a dessicated ( dried out ) sample of flour, so the original weight of the sample doesn ' t contain any water. in the us, a moisture content of 14 % is assumed ( typical for white flour before it is dried out ), so us numbers for ash content differ from the same european measure by the amount of water in the original sample. an important characterizing measure of wheat flour ash content is widely used in europe to classify flours. when you see \" type 55 \", for example, the 55 refers to the ash content, which would be 0. 55 % of dry matter in this flour. in the us, it is often available by searching a manufacturer ' s or supplier ' s web site for flour specifications ( often hidden somewhere hard to find ), or more often, by calling someone in their testing department. why ash content the inorganic matter in a wheat berry is heavily concentrated in the outer layers, such as the bran, various seed coatings, and the germ. as you traverse from the outer coatings to the outer endosperm and then to the inner end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4800233309706243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.443926"} {"text": "inorganic matter in a wheat berry is heavily concentrated in the outer layers, such as the bran, various seed coatings, and the germ. as you traverse from the outer coatings to the outer endosperm and then to the inner endosperm, the concentration of inorganic matter steadily drops. during milling, the flour is ground, then sifted, then ground again, and sifted again repeatedly. when the milling process is complete, a large number of bins of product will result from very coarse to very fine, and from very dark to very light flours. the whitest flours will have less ash content, and the darker flours will have more ash content. at this point, various grades of flour may be created by blending the flour from the bins. ash content then summarizes how much of the outer layers made it in to the final flour, regardless of how it may have been milled, sifted, and blended. the importance of measuring ash content was immediately obvious to me as i tried to mill and sift at home on my own. an infinite number of possible permutations of grinding and milling could be imagined. for example, i tried grinding very coarsely, then sifting, then grinding the coarser results of the sifting again, then sifting again. another version was grinding very finely and sifting into more and finer sizes. i also tried grinding coarsely, then regrinding, then sifting. of course, the possibilities are endless. in each of these cases, flour resulted that made good bread, seemed light in color, and fine in texture. the difference to the eye and the feel in the hand was not great between one and the other, at least not to me, a first - time home miller. measuring ash content of my results would make it possible to know at least approximately how much of the outer layers had made it into each type of flour resulting from the various grinding and sifting processes tried. also, once a given process is adopted and used consistently, calculating the right blend of the various outputs of the milling process to achieve a desired ash content, depending on the type of flour needed, should also be fairly easy. distilled water doesn ' t conduct electricity. however, if some salt is dissolved in distilled water, it will conduct electricity. the ions contributed by the salt are charged particles that will travel through the water in the field created by the voltage difference on the electrodes of the conductivity meter to create a flow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518810555479347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.444898"} {"text": "salt is dissolved in distilled water, it will conduct electricity. the ions contributed by the salt are charged particles that will travel through the water in the field created by the voltage difference on the electrodes of the conductivity meter to create a flow of electric current. the higher the concentration of salt, the higher the conductivity of the water and salt solution will be. the diverse mineral content in the inorganic matter that makes up the \" ash content \" of the flour ionizes the water in the same way described above for salt. if the flour has a larger amount of \" ash content \" it will also contribute a larger quantity of ionizing compounds to water, increasing the conductivity. to measure conductivity you need a conductivity meter. in the field of water quality measurement, \" total dissolved solids \" is a standard measurement, but it is essentially a measure of the conductivity of the water being tested. so, you can use either a \" conductivity meter \" or a \" tds meter \". in my case, i had obtained a hanna 9813 ph meter a number of years ago, and it turns out it also had a conductivity meter function. however, it was easy to discover conductivity meters on the internet, by searching on terms like \" conductivity meter \", \" tds \", \" total dissolved solids \", \" water quality meter \", and so on. one place i found was http : / / www. technika. com. also searching on \" hannah meter \" might work, since that ' s the brand of meter i have that has both ph and conductivity meters, both useful functions for flour measurement. you might wonder why a standard digital multi - meter wouldn ' t work. i tried to use one unsuccessfully. first of all, you would have to carefully mount the probes to maintain the same distance apart and total surface area exposed to the water. however, it gets worse. the dc current used by a digital multi - meter to measure resistance causes the ions to build up on the electrodes, so the measurement just goes higher and higher the longer you leave the electrodes in the water. conductivity meters made for measuring water impurities use ac current to measure the conductivity so the above problem with an ohm - meter doesn ' t occur, have probes made of less reactive conductors, and are designed to maintain proper spacing of the electrodes. i found a couple of papers on the internet describing methods of measuring ash content with conductivity. one was especially useful for home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039126002716812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.446934"} {"text": "t occur, have probes made of less reactive conductors, and are designed to maintain proper spacing of the electrodes. i found a couple of papers on the internet describing methods of measuring ash content with conductivity. one was especially useful for home measurements and was titled, \" electrical conductivity of flour suspensions and extracts in relation to flour ash. \" published in 1977 in the journal of cereal chemistry. the method described below was derived from the discussion in this paper. the method is very simple. mix 100 grams of distilled water ( should be distilled water to get good results ) and add 5 grams of the flour to be tested in a container. stir thoroughly to completely hydrate the flour. periodically stir for about 12 hours. after the flour has settled to the bottom of the jar, measure the conductivity of the water. for the best measurement, allow the flour to settle on the bottom so there is clear water to measure. the clear water will have a higher conductivity than recently stirred and cloudy water. at first the conductivity rises, as the various compounds that contribute to the conductivity of the water dissolve, but at some point the conductivity will stabilize. in my case it took a long time, maybe 12 hours or so, for the conductivity to stop changing. the conductivity measured can then be calibrated by measuring flours with known ash content and fitting a curve of conductivity to the known ash content. in practice it looked very linear, so even a simple proportional relationship would give reasonable results, based on my admittedly minimal sampling. | | | ppm | | us / cm | | ash % | the table above shows measured conductivity in ppm, as the meter represents it for tds or \" total dissolved solids \" in parts per million salts for a hydroponic solution and also shows conductivity in the more standard measure of milli - siemens per cm. i don ' t know the ash content, but based on some flour specification information from heartland mill, i filled in rough numbers and then used them to approximate the ash content of my \" 71 % yield, fairly white bread flour \" sifted from a couple of passes with my new meadows 8 inch mill and a couple of siftings with a number 60 sieve in my new ss - 100 econo - shaker sieve shaker. the method in the paper heated the samples to boil them for a short period, then cooled and centrifuged the samples to create a clear liquid with the dissolved minerals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4986741427859964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.448256"} {"text": "in my new ss - 100 econo - shaker sieve shaker. the method in the paper heated the samples to boil them for a short period, then cooled and centrifuged the samples to create a clear liquid with the dissolved minerals in it. i didn ' t want to deal with boiling or somehow obtaining a centrifuge. ok, maybe you could put your jars in bags, tie them to some rope and spin them like argentine \" bolas \", but i recommend patience. it was unclear what the effects of boiling were from this paper, but it seemed to affect the measurement in some unexpected way. so, my approach is to keep it simple and just wait for the conductivity and the flour to settle, even if it takes a while. you can obtain a reasonable estimate of ash content by mixing 5 grams of flour with 100 grams of distilled water, stirring periodically for a few hours and then measuring the stabilized conductivity and comparing to the same measurement for some reference flours of known ash content. i proceeded to make one of my favorite miche recipes and found this flour to give very comparable results to heartland mill golden buffalo flour, which is of similar ash content. the difference is i can mill my own version of the golden buffalo flour and obtain it absolutely fresh when called for. in addition, measuring and recording the ash content of the output from the various passes of grinding and sifting should allow me to blend the outputs in the right proportions to obtain a desired ash content for recipes that may call for more refined or less refined flour.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.487467356943787, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.448912"} {"text": "bringing hope to families with autistic children, 11 countries from the who southeast asian region, at a recent meeting, adopted a resolution on the distinct brain damage disorder that produces a range of behavioural abnormalities. the countries resolved to strengthen national capacities and help mobilise resources in southeast asia to address this issue. autism is a severely - incapacitating developmental disability that happens in the first three years of life, but can be better dealt with, if detected early. statistics show that one in every 150 births is autistic. india has more than one crore autistic children, but treatment and rehabilitation facilities are virtually non - existent. the resolution impressed upon the member states to give appropriate recognition to autism spectrum disorders ( asd ) and developmental disabilities in policies and programmes related to early childhood development, and asked them to develop and implement policies and plans \u2014 including public awareness, stigma removal campaigns, supported with adequate human, financial and technical resources \u2014 to address the issue. the meeting called for development of strategies for early detection and community - based interventions for such children, thereby leading to the creation of appropriate infrastructure for care, support, intervention, service and rehabilitation. the who expressed deep concern on the dramatic rise in the number of children with autism and developmental disabilities, and the growing cost involved in managing such disabilities in addition to the challenges of stigma, isolation, and discrimination faced by families dealing with autism. to begin with, the 11 countries have agreed to support the activities of autism - related networks, including the south asia network ( saan ) \u2014 a concept that emerged from the dhaka declaration on autism spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities, adopted at the end of a conference organised last year by bangladesh prime minister sheikh hasina \u2019 s daughter, saima hossain, to discuss the needs and challenges of the autism community in bangladesh and south asia. the conference was attended by united progressive alliance chairperson, sonia gandhi. in addition to the 11 countries from southeast asia, jordan, united arab emirates, bahamas, united kingdom and the united states of america participated in the who conference. taking up the cause of autistic children, india has now decided to hold the first \u2018 annual saan regional networking meeting \u2019 in january next year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4818573254408681, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.451561"} {"text": "- special sections - public notices robotics courses can teach kids math and programming skills, instructor jeff rivera said, but if that \u2019 s not enough, there \u2019 s always the draw of legos. \u201c everybody loves to play with legos, \u201d rivera said. elizabethtown community and technical college has started its kids \u2019 college program this summer, offering week - long classes to children covering a variety of topics, from forensic science to video game design. this week, the college is hosting an intermediate robotics course, one of three robotics courses in the kids \u2019 college program. rivera, an associate professor in the electrical technology program, has taught the courses for several years. the courses use lego robotic kits. students learn to build robots and program them to perform tasks. the robots can be programmed to retrieve and carry objects, or push and pull them along a map filled with different pathways. programming involves a lot of math to determine distances for the path the robot needs to travel, rivera said. the courses have proven to be some of the most popular in the kids \u2019 college program. rivera said robotics can be found in many professions from medicine to mining. \u201c robotics is becoming more and more prevalent in industry and just in everyday life, \u201d he said. melissa broadfoot, 9, enrolled in the courses to explore possibilities in engineering. \u201c i just wanted to become an engineer or a doctor, so i just wanted to get started on one of those two, \u201d she said. justice smith, 13, is entering his freshman year at john hardin high school. he had taken a beginning robotics before this week \u2019 s course. \u201c i took one the first time because i like to see how things work, \u201d smith said. smith has enjoyed himself, to the point where he thinks he might want to go into a field using some of the same skills. he \u2019 ll never be bored, he said. \u201c it will always keep my interest, \u201d smith said. kelly cantrall can be reached at ( 270 ) 505 - 1747 or firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4349339381104379, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.453676"} {"text": "this category will be for all the current classroom essentials teacher binders that are currently listed. keep in mind that you can also grab the matching csss lesson planning packs and ccss complete vocabulary programs to coordinate as well in those categories! enjoy! for back - to - school, assessment, and more, this category will be where you will need to head! this category is all about pd from the comfort of your own home! grab a cup of your favorite beverage, put your feet up, and enjoy learning! if you are using, or going to adopt the common core standards, you are going to want to make your life a while lot easier by checking out these lesson planning packs for grades k - 5! the standards used are the national common core state standards - if you are unsure whether your state has adopted them, please check this map for more information. there are also common core pacing guides available! make sure to also check out the coordinating theme classroom essentials sets and complete vocabulary programs! are you required to display the common core standards word - for - word in your classroom? do you, the parents, and students even know what all of the words within the standards mean? if your answers are yes and no, this program is for you! and they coordinate perfectly with the ccss lesson planning packs and classroom essentials sets! there are also common core pacing guides available! need a helping hand in figuring out when to teach which standards with the new ccss? look no more! this category will be all you need! need more ccss resources? common core lesson planning packs and complete vocabulary programs also available! looking to stay organized and plan for the year ahead? make sure to check out all the different themes in the personal planning calendars category! they coordinate perfectly with the classroom essentials sets, common core lesson planning packs, and complete vocabulary programs! this new category brings learning and classroom organization together as a team! check out the possibilities when you combine great looking displays and fun learning objectives! reading, writing, and spelling items will all be waiting for you to check out here! all math products all in one place! just for you science teachers ( or those who wish they could be science teachers ) : ) from the super popular posts on the organized classroom blog ' s facebook fan page! now, you can download and print all of your favorites! this category is for customers would would like to order more than one set of the same designer dots ccss pack. the shopping cart feature will not allow you to place more than one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5036904648545956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.457613"} {"text": "page! now, you can download and print all of your favorites! this category is for customers would would like to order more than one set of the same designer dots ccss pack. the shopping cart feature will not allow you to place more than one of the same item into the cart, so this is a solution for those customers! this will allow for purchases of 2 - 5 copies of the same file. for those that need to order 20 + copies of the dot ccss packs in total, please contact me at my email address ( found in the top navigation bar of the site ). if you are ordering less than 20 copies, and none of them are the same, please just add your choices to the shopping cart in the usual way. the designer dot theme is the most popular and is the only item that can be purchased this way. thanks so much! if you are a blogger, this category is just for you! you now have access to some great tips and tricks for your very own blog! if you would like to be able to purchase these items at a savings of 50 %, make sure to check out teaching blog traffic school, as all membership purchasers have the opportunity to buy at half off the list price! for more great teaching blog marketing ideas, find us on facebook and pinterest! see you there! this category has all the seasonal items you need to keep the novelty running at full speed in your classroom! enjoy! the organized classroom blog brings you tons of great free resources that you can download and use today! enjoy! as a reminder, if you look at the freebies category on the blog, you will also find additional files that are not located here. : ) pinterest scavenger hunt pin # 4! please pin the image below, along with the description : \" freebies galore at the organized classroom blog! http : / / theorganizedclassroomblog. com / index. php / ocb - store \" clue for pin # 5 : you will find your last pin on the blog post with a tag of data binder. : ) click to read the newest issue! < a href = \" http : / / theorganizedclassroomblog. com \" > < img src = \" http : / / www. theorganizedclassroomblog. com / uploads / ocblogbutton - 200pxw. png \" alt = \" the oc blog button \" width = \" 200 \" height = \" 150", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5005130292121793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.458540"} {"text": "new research finds the pathogen e. coli o157 : h7 lives about 30 days in soils from california \u2019 s salinas valley \u2014 10 days more than in the state \u2019 s imperial valley or yuma, ariz. lower salinity in salinas irrigation water is the main cause of the difference, said mark ibekwe, a microbiologist with the u. s. department of agriculture \u2019 s agricultural research service in riverside, calif. ibekwe and three colleagues published their findings, \u201c persistence of escherichia coli o157 : h7 in major leafy green producing soils, \u201d in the journal environmental science & technology in october. the results were based on laboratory - tested soil samples. field studies of e. coli are typically limited to nonpathogenic varieties. increasing salinity in salinas water would not be realistic or beneficial for leafy greens growers there, ibekwe said. nevertheless, the research underscores the importance of keeping new pathogens from entering the fields. \u201c you don \u2019 t want to introduce another variable into the farming environment that will ultimately cause adverse effects on the crops and result in lower yield, \u201d ibekwe said. \u201c because of how salinity will react with other factors there, we are not suggesting that. \u201c what we \u2019 re saying is that because we know there \u2019 s a longer survival in the salinas area, we should be very, very careful in introducing pathogens from manure, poorly composted materials or any source at all into the farming environment, \u201d he said. imperial and yuma irrigation water has higher salinity because it \u2019 s drawn from rivers, ibekwe said, whereas salinas depends on groundwater. to a lesser extent, the research also links longer survival to higher levels of organic carbon in salinas soils. total nitrogen is another contributor, the scientists said, but that shed little light in this case because the three regions have similar levels. these factors add to a list of others previously identified such as temperature, ph level and moisture content. the research was funded by the usda \u2019 s national institute of food and agriculture and the agricultural research service. it \u2019 s not the only e. coli research tied to the salinas valley. in 2011, steven koike, plant pathology farm advisor at university of california cooperative extension, monterey county, began a two - year study of survival on lettuce residue plowed back into soil. that project was funded for $ 118, 000 by the center for produce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4342783180809539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.461503"} {"text": "father john a. hardon, s. j. archives | return to : home > archives index > mass index | the sacrifice sacrament of the holy eucharist by fr. john a. hardon, s. j. the purpose of our present meditation is to explain how the mass is the sacrifice sacrament of the eucharist. again, we will draw on the churchs teaching on the mass, especially focusing on definitions from the council of trent in the sixteenth century. we will also examine pope pius xiis teachings on the mass, upon which the second vatican council built its base document on eucharist liturgy. the council of trent and the mass we have been drawing on the churchs teaching at trent mainly because during the sixteenth century so many eucharistic dogmas were not only questioned, but openly denied. the teaching of the council of trent is teaching of the churchs previous 1500 years, but sharpened and clarified in order to respond to the widespread eucharistic challenges in the sixteenth century. if there was one dominant feature in the writings of luther, calvin, and zwingli in their break with the roman catholic church, it was their claim that christ never instituted the sacrament of holy orders, which empowers ordained priests to offer the holy sacrifice of the mass. with this in mind, we understand why the council of trent published nine lengthy formal anathemas condemning anyone who held certain erroneous positions on the sacrifice of the mass. ( as before, each tridentine document begins with if anyone says. and then for whatever the person is saying, let him be anathema. - - let him be condemned. ) three of these nine definitions are especially pertinent to our subject and should be quoted and explained : unfortunately, these statements are not being circulated or published or taught widely in nominally catholic circles today. and if you look at weekly parish bulletins from some dioceses, you will notice that so few refer to the mass as a sacrifice or even mass anymore. it is called a liturgy or eucharist. but to be a catholic means to believe that christ instituted the sacrifice of the mass. so what is the council of trent telling us about the sacrifice of the mass? we are told that the sacrifice of the mass is a true sacrifice. in the mass, the same christ, who offered himself on calvary, now offers himself in an unbloody manner on the altar. the mass is a true sacrifice because it is the same jesus really present on the altar through the words of consecration. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46716507502873594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.472660"} {"text": "mass, the same christ, who offered himself on calvary, now offers himself in an unbloody manner on the altar. the mass is a true sacrifice because it is the same jesus really present on the altar through the words of consecration. in the mass, we have the same priest, christ, who offers the same victim, christ. christ offers himself. at the last supper, christ ordained his apostles as priests when he told them, do this in remembrance of me. what had christ done? he changed bread and wine into his own living person and he offered his flesh and blood to the heavenly father for the redemption of a sinful human race. trent tells us that the sacrifice of the mass is not only a liturgical ceremony, or merely a celebration or merely a remembrance of the sacrifice on calvary. no, the mass is a sacrifice. the mass is the sacrifice, which st. paul tells us wiped out all the other sacrifices that had been offered until the coming of christ. christs death on the cross originally merited the graces to redeem the world, but christ now actually confers those graces. the sacrifice of the mass is the channel by which those graces are communicated. we believe the sacrifice on that first good friday is re - enacted or re - presented in the eucharistic sacrifice of the mass. christs blood was shed only once - - physically. he died only once, but he dies mystically and spiritually every time mass is offered. his sacrifice is offered to the father continuously for all men for all eternity. moreover, for our purpose, the mass is a sacrament which pours numerous graces on the human family. what kind of grace does the sacrifice sacrament of the eucharist confer? the grace of propitiation for sin. propitiation means obtaining graces from god that will make up for, amend and expiate the ravages of sin. the grace of obtaining mercy from god, who removes more or less of the guilt incurred by our sins. guilt is the loss of divine grace. the word guilt is so common in our language, we had better know what we mean by guilt. in catholic terms it is not merely a declaration by a court of someone being found guilty of breaking a law. nor is it merely a psychological emotion or feeling of anxiety. thus sigmund freud was not only a non - believer in a personal god yet, after a lifetime of clinical practice, freud said he had yet to meet a single client who was not troubled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46474015253836437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.473672"} {"text": "is it merely a psychological emotion or feeling of anxiety. thus sigmund freud was not only a non - believer in a personal god yet, after a lifetime of clinical practice, freud said he had yet to meet a single client who was not troubled by the sense of guilt. this may be the foundation of psychological disorders, but it is not the guilt of which we are speaking here. guilt is the loss of grace. and the sacrifice sacrament of the eucharist restores more or less of that lost grace. pope pius xii and the sacrifice of the mass why of all pontiffs should we choose pius xii? because during his pontificate he wrote extensively on the sacrifice of the mass, and he laid the groundwork for the liturgical teaching of vatican ii. similar to the sixteenth century, many nominal catholics in the twentieth century have either abandoned their faith entirely or are struggling to remain believing catholics. pius xii repeatedly declared that catholics in this century must deepen their understanding of the mass. in fact, he said that unless the modern western world rediscovers its need for the sacrifice sacrament of the eucharist, whole cultures run the risk of losing their catholic identity. with this theme for his pontificate, pius xii on november 20, 1947, published the historic document mediator dei - - on the sacred liturgy. in more than 30, 000 words, he explained that the mass is absolutely necessary for our salvation. how is this? the mass is the sacrament through which christ mainly dispenses graces he won for us on calvary. christ died on the cross for our salvation, and having died, he gained the graces we need. but we must have access to those graces. the principal treasury of these graces is the sacrifice sacrament of the eucharist. the pope said : christ built on calvary a purifying and saving reservoir which he filled with the blood he poured forth. but if men do not immerse themselves in its waves and do not therefore cleanse themselves of the stains of their sins, they certainly cannot be saved. so when we say the mass is a sacrament, it means graces are conferred just because mass is being offered. thus, we should make sure every priest we know offers mass every day! these graces are especially those which have to do with sin and the remission of both guilt ( loss of grace ) and the punishment for sins. because the mass is a sacrament, it confers these graces infallibly. it confers these grace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48846006847358525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.474718"} {"text": "except for the mass, he said, being daily offered on thousands of altars, the world would long ago have been destroyed because of its sins. i would summarize this first recommendation by using the imperative verb meditate. meditate on the mass. plan your mass if the mass is the important action that faith tells us it is, we should plan for it. it is common knowledge and experience that we plan for things according to the importance we attach to them. unimportant things we hardly plan for at all, important things we plan for at length, with care. this planning can mean different things. it can mean looking ahead to know what mass is to be said. if we wait till mass begins, it will take us ten minutes to find out what to find out what the mass for today is all about. it can mean that i read the scripture lessons beforehand, the orations, know what or whose feast is to be commemorated in the mass. it can mean that i have given some thought before mass to what will be said during the mass, and i would emphasize, to what i will be thinking about during the mass. i have taught too many classes not to know, and on occasion i have had to walk into class quite unprepared. an unprepared class i might just as well have called off. it should always mean that i have a definite intention or intentions for which i will offer my mass. since the mass is of infinite value, do not hesitate to multiply the intentions. i would summarize the second recommendation by saying : anticipate the mass. be attentive during mass the degree of participation in the new liturgy is such that most people are almost necessarily kept alert during the offering of the mass. in fact this is one of the reasons for the vernacular and the antiphonal responses between the priest or the ministers at the altar and the congregation, and the out - loud saying of what used to be silent or very subdued parts of the eucharist rite. but the attention about which i am speaking here is something more. it is attention not only to the verbal forms being heard or said or the actions of the priest being performed, it is what i call internal attention to the mystery of faith that is being enacted before my eyes. i would compare attendance at mass to recitation of the rosary. in both cases there are vocal prayer and silent reflection and the two should not conflict but harmonize. what i mean is that it would be well for us to mentally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4722133956119106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.476705"} {"text": "before my eyes. i would compare attendance at mass to recitation of the rosary. in both cases there are vocal prayer and silent reflection and the two should not conflict but harmonize. what i mean is that it would be well for us to mentally place ourselves - - and we have many options - - at the last supper, or the garden of gethsemane, or with christ before herod, or before pilate or the sanhedrin, or on his way to golgotha, or being nailed, or dying on the cross. each one of us, according to our own devotion, should unite ourselves in spirit with christ now as he was then in body. let us remind ourselves that at the time when he offered his mass, his first mass, he had us in mind. should we not repay him in kind and now have him in our mind in return? i would summarize this third recommendation as concentrate. there is one more important observation. we should live the mass. the human race was redeemed by the sacrifice of christ on calvary. but, unlike calvary, the sacrifice of the mass is not only christ offering himself to his heavenly father. the mass is also our sacrifice. through the mass, we obtain the grace of self - surrender to the will of god. but we must put this grace to use. we must surrender our wills to the will of god. the measure of our self - surrender to the divine will is the measure of our profiting from the mass, not just for ourselves but for the whole world. the official latin of the liturgy when a priest turns to the people to say the orate fratres, reads pray brethren that my sacrifice and yours may be pleasing to god the father almighty. what are we being told? we are being told that the mass is a sacrifice twice over. it is a sacrifice which jesus makes when the priest consecrates the bread and wine separately, to signify the separation of christs blood from his body which caused his death. the mass is also our sacrifice in separating our selfish will in order to surrender ourselves to the will of god. the degree of this self - surrender is the norm by which we profit from the mass. the more sacrificial our lives the more beneficial is every mass offered on all the altars of the world every day. mary, mother of our redeemer, obtain for us something of the generous surrender of will which you made as you stood under the cross on calvary. help us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4466899584025389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.477638"} {"text": "an age - old frontier may separate northumberland and the borders, but there is much these two geographical areas share in common. the political border has shifted many times over the centuries. but the inhabitants have always shared similar customs, habits, a dialect and a common outlook. this is mostly because of the region \u2019 s history, which has at times been turbulent and dramatic, but always filled with ideas and innovation. you can read about the events and forces which shaped the culture in different parts of this site and in particular in the history and explore sections. the legacy is rich and gives northumberland and the scottish borders its unique forms of music, craft, art, drama and language. the music is both timeless and beautiful. northumbrian folk ballads are usually accompanied by the traditional northumbrian smallpipes, played by pipers dressed in traditional northumberland tartan. the northumberland tartan is a tight black and white check which dates back thousands of years. it was originally woven by hill shepherds who only had access to the basic black and white wool from their flock. this tartan provides the basis for the scottish estate tartans of today. see the pattern here at the northumberland tartan company. many of the words found in the area \u2019 s folk songs and used today are northumbrian. this dialect reflects many influences \u2013 viking, norse, gaelic, german and french. you \u2019 ll either know northumbrian / border words because you live here, or you \u2019 ve heard them in films and tv shows. words such as canny ( pleasant, good ) ; muckle ( big ) ; clart ( mud ) ; tetties ( potatoes ) ; bairn ( child ) ; and deek ( look at ) are from this part of the world. lesser known is the fact that two well - known words, blackmail and bereaved, originated in the borders. blackmail was originally a fee paid by locals for protection from pillage, while bereaved is said to come from \u2018 be reived \u2019, a term that originally applied to the victims of the infamous border reivers raids and has now come to mean to suffer a personal loss. northumberland has its own flag, the red and gold banner which some claim is the oldest known flag design in britain. the design comes from the regal banner of gold and purple which was draped over the tomb of st oswald, the 7th century king of northumbria. today, northumberland / borders cultural heritage is celebrated in unique, diverse museums and galleries and at festivals throughout the region. sites that link", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4350475298727422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.483854"} {"text": "the study involved the first - ever use on an infectious disease of a new research technique called chemical genetics. every virus presents scientists with a new kind of genetic code \u2014 the challenge is to figure out how to decipher it to gain a fuller understanding of how the virus works and how to combat it. in the past, such research was often slow and laborious. but thanks to chemical genetics \u2014 which allows scientists to quickly test how a new virus reacts with thousands of different chemicals \u2014 viruses that might have remained indecipherable for years can now be at least partially unlocked in months or even weeks. \" instead of testing out keys in a lock one by one, it ' s like trying out 50, 000 keys all at once, \" says yuen. the point of both chemical and classical genetic research is to figure out which genes do what \u2014 in effect, to learn to read an organism ' s genetic language. in classical genetics, scientists usually mutate an organism, see how its functions have changed ( a mutated virus might no longer be infectious ) and then work back and identify which gene mutated. if a mutated virus loses its ability to infect a cell, then that gene probably has something to do with infectivity. in chemical genetics, explains dr. richard kao, the lead researcher on the hku study, scientists try do the same by testing thousands upon thousands of chemicals on virus samples. the vast majority won ' t have any effect, but a handful will. researchers can then take those virus samples and use further tests to figure out which viral gene has been affected by which chemical. \" if we discover that interfering with a certain gene stops the virus from replicating, then we know that gene ' s function likely has to do with replication, \" says kao, a biochemist who brought his passion for chemical genetics to hku from harvard university, where the process was first pioneered in the early 1990s. in hku ' s sars study, kao and his colleagues filled the tiny wells of a small, waffle - like board with samples of the coronavirus cultured in cell lines. microscopic amounts of different chemical compounds were introduced into each separate well using a $ 180, 000 machine called an automated high - throughput screening platform. once the chemicals had time to interact with the virus, scientists could examine the results with an inverted microscope. the process was repeated until all 50, 240 compounds in their chemical library had been tested, which took a few months. \" you ' d think it '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5230201000985177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.487619"} {"text": "chemicals had time to interact with the virus, scientists could examine the results with an inverted microscope. the process was repeated until all 50, 240 compounds in their chemical library had been tested, which took a few months. \" you ' d think it ' d be tedious work, but it ' s really not that bad, \" says kao. if the chemical failed to interfere with the virus, as was the case with most of them, researchers would easily see evidence of unchecked infection in the cell lines. but about 1, 000 compounds seemed to slow the virus, and 104 of those all but stopped infection. it stood to reason that those compounds were hitting the viral genetic pathways that were most important for infectivity. with help from their collaborators at the aaron diamond aids research center in new york, kao and his colleagues discovered that one of 104 compounds inhibited a kind of viral processing inside the cell, six inhibited viral replication and 18 seemed to prevent the virus from entering the cell in the first place. ( kao says further work will be needed to figure out which viral genes the remaining 78 compounds affect. one of them seems to affect both processing and replication. ) a number of these compounds could form the basis for promising anti - sars drugs, and hku plans to begin animal - testing some of the most effective compounds soon. but the real value of the study is the clearer picture it offers of the sars virus and the blueprint it provides for research responses to any future emerging diseases, like avian flu. \" we can react more rapidly, and we can find new drugs that specifically target the disease, \" kao says. \" if there ' s a new virus, we can jump onto this. \" around hku, that ' s a question of when, not if. hku ' s work on sars and bird flu has helped transform a regional university into a world player in disease research, and its staff understand that they are part of a vital bulwark. \" hong kong is a very strategic place to be for emerging - infectious - disease work, \" says yuen. and when the next would - be superbug pops up, at least scientists will have one more arrow in their quiver.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47337392020231894, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.488496"} {"text": "the world bank has tremendous power and reach in determining living conditions for billions of people around the world \u2014 including the 1 billion who live on less than a dollar a day. but the process for choosing a leader for the institution is secretive and includes only americans and elite europeans. here, rev. jesse jackson sr. calls for the \" south \" \u2014 the developing nations of the world \u2014 to take matters into their hands and nominate one of their own to lead the world bank. even if it ' s nothing more than a symbolic gesture this time, it ' s a start. reverend jesse l. jackson, sr., is the founder & president of the national rainbow / push coalition, and a former candidate for president in 1984 and 1988. the bush administration in general, and paul wolfowitz in particular, would have you believe that 1, 500 americans have died, perhaps 100, 000 iraqi civilians have been killed, and more than $ 200 billion has been spent on invading and occupying iraq, in the name of \" democracy. \" funny, then, that paul wolfowitz is now being promoted in a secret, opaque, closely held process that freezes out most of the world. of special note, the selection of the new world bank head freezes out the 1 billion people who live on less than $ 1 per day, and the 3 billion who live on less than $ 2 per day. it freezes out the entire southern hemisphere, africa, asia and south america. in fact, it freezes out everyone who is not a bush loyalist in the united states, or a nervous european elite. it is as if fighting world poverty were a ping - pong game between the united states and europe, a game in which the poorer nations are not even allowed to enter. but why? why should the world \u2019 s poorest people be excluded from the process of selecting one of the most important leaders who will affect their lives? why are the nations most controlled by world bank and international monetary fund policies not allowed to nominate \u2014 or even participate in any meaningful way \u2014 in the selection of new leadership? is nelson mandela less qualified to run the world bank than paul wolfowitz? or how about one of the brazilians behind the lula government \u2019 s innovative proposal to eliminate hunger by taxing international arms sales? or, since we know that the most direct route to fighting world poverty is to empower and educate poor women, why not a woman from the south to lead the world bank ; say, arundhati roy of india, or nobel prize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48332866278947695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.492350"} {"text": "sales? or, since we know that the most direct route to fighting world poverty is to empower and educate poor women, why not a woman from the south to lead the world bank ; say, arundhati roy of india, or nobel prize winner wangari maathai of kenya \u2014 two women who actually know something about helping poor people? these names are not even considered. only americans, and even then, only hard - core bush loyalists, are in the loop. in an entirely secret process, despite his lack of development credentials, and despite the widespread rejection of the idea when the wolfowitz name was first floated publicly, george w. bush followed up on his divisive choice of john bolton for the u. n. with the promotion of leading war hawk wolfowitz to head the world bank. forget all that talk about reconciliation with europe and the rest of the world. bush \u2019 s picks were like a thumb in each of the world \u2019 s wide - open eyes. since bush makes up his own rules as he goes along, so should we. after all, when george w. bush meets with tony blair, that \u2019 s a minority meeting. the united states and the united kingdom together are only one - sixteenth of the world \u2019 s population. it ' s time for a new set of international rules. the imf is not just the property of europe ; and the world bank can no longer be just a tool of u. s. foreign policy. \" one - dollar, one - vote \" is no recipe for democracy. the south deserves a voice, and a candidate. the south should nominate one of their own this week, even if just to break the stranglehold the united states and european elites have on the process \u2014 just to crack the ice a bit. that nominee should have a program, a \" 4 - d \" platform : democracy, to open up the world bank / monetary fund systems to the whole world development, to move from big energy projects to micro -, women - centered projects, with an emphasis on renewable technologies disease - fighting, to battle aids and malaria, and the other diseases that ravage the southern hemisphere debt cancellation, to completely eliminate the debts of africa and latin america, to bring the \" jubilee \" described in the bible to the world \u2019 s poorest people. providing 100 percent debt cancellation with no conditions, no tricks, no limitations and no restrictions is the single most useful step we could take to fight world poverty. we must challenge the process, right now, by acting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4639574055808864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.493276"} {"text": "sunday, february 5, 2012 he will make his way up in an adapted weather balloon. the 400 ft wide scientific balloon will carry a pressurized capsule, with him in it. at 120, 000 ft up 23 miles up, he will have to endure temperatures as low as - 94 f as well as lack of oxygen and an air pressure that would make his blood boil. to protect him from these difficulties, a suit has been specially designed. the custom suit is also pressurized in a very similar way to the ones nasa astronauts use and carries a supply of 20 minutes of oxygen. his helmet was also specially designed to try and keep him from blacking out when he causes a sonic boom passing through the sound barrier. due to the difficulties of reaching his parachute ' s cords whilst in the suit, it also had to be adapted to make the jump possible. once he jumps out of the capsule, and away from the balloon, it should take him ten minutes to reach the ground. thirty - five seconds later he ' ll break the sound barrier. he ' ll be traveling close to 700 miles an hour, for the first five minutes, until he reaches 5, 000 ft and opens his chute. five minutes later he hopes to have reached the ground safely, hoping to land in a specific area of new mexico, but even a slight breeze could cause him to drift 150 miles. during his jumping blacking will be his worst fear, it would very easily prove deadly. breaking the sound barrier, the sheer force of the fall, or going into a spin could cause it to happen. baumgartner stated during an interview that, \" i always feel the danger because you might always be subject to an unexpected or emergency event. one single mistake might cause a real catastrophe. you are worried about being where humans shouldn ' t be. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4821994998307091, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.494994"} {"text": "thailand ' s elephant \" crushing \" ritual it ' s a sound not easily forgotten. just before dawn in the remote highlands of northern thailand, west of the village mae jaem, a four - year - old elephant bellows as seven village men stab nails into her ears and feet. she is tied up and immobilized in a small, wooden cage. her cries are the only sounds to interrupt the otherwise quiet countryside. the cage is called a \" training crush. \" it ' s the centerpiece of a centuries - old ritual in northern thailand designed to domesticate young elephants. in addition to beatings, handlers use sleep - deprivation, hunger, and thirst to \" break \" the elephants ' spirit and make them submissive to their owners. \" the people believe that to control the animal they have to do something to make the elephant feel fear and pain, \" said sangduen \" lek \" chailert, a well - known chiang - mai - based activist who runs jumbo express, a program bringing free veterinary care to these animals. she ' s an outspoken critic of the crush. video at peta : torture in thailand what can you do? please support elephant nature park - northern thailand ' s conservation project for visitors.. remember that even a small donation can go a long way in thailand. elephant heaven is a sanctuary for abused elephants run by lek chailert, a well - known chiang mai - based activist who campaigns on their behalf. her exposure of the brutal crush and her conservation campaign has raised international awareness and also provoked local resistance. more about elephant heaven : reporter ' s notebook : elephants heal at thai \" heaven \" http : / / www. time. com / time / asia / 2005 / h... n _ chailert. htm do not support, in any way, elephant camps where elephants do \" tricks \" or may have been subjected to cruelty. please forward this message to animal lovers around the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43285879908066094, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.498740"} {"text": "in this kitchen, trash is treated with respect. melanie peterson - nafziger carefully cleans up, putting a milk jug in one bin, the cap for the jug in another. paper goes into a recycling bin. she slips a wine cork into the cork - recycling bowl. she carries food scraps outside to her compost pile. egg cartons go back to the man who sells her eggs. her nonrecycled garbage? it fills half a shoebox. for the week. for a family of four. \" it all makes such perfect sense to me, \" said peterson - nafziger, of st. paul, sliding a battery - recycling bowl back into a cabinet. but is minnesota ready to follow her example? the future of recycling is at stake. after surging ahead in the 1980s, minnesota ' s recycling rate has stagnated for green advocates hope to recharge the movement by centralized recycling of food scraps. they say organics recycling will sweep minnesota, just as recycling of aluminum, glass and paper has. they say that eventually minnesotans will automatically sort out their leftovers, knowing they will be made into earth - friendly compost. but composting your lunch isn ' t like recycling a pop can. early tests of potential interest are mixed. even some avid recyclers balk at recycling table scraps, which can bring smells and insects to their kitchens. and the environmental benefits are debatable. skeptics don ' t think curbside food - scrap collection \" if it does not save money and doesn ' t do much for the environment, why are we doing it? \" said winston porter, president of the waste policy center in virginia and a former assistant administrator of the environmental protection agency. \" we are not exactly running out of mulch in this country. \" 43 percent and flat for the past 15 years, minnesota has recycled about 43 percent of its solid waste each year - - and that rate has remained flat. that ' s well above the national average of about 34 percent. \" minnesotans are really good recyclers, \" said maggie mattacola, communications director of the recycling association of minnesota. but recycling advocates are discouraged to see no progress, despite decades of promotion. \" the entire state has experienced a stagnation of performance, \" said the metropolitan solid waste management policy plan 2010 - 30, written by the state pollution control agency. the stall in recycling is partly due to the economic slowdown, which has reduced trash and recycl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42670348869218333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.510956"} {"text": "experienced a stagnation of performance, \" said the metropolitan solid waste management policy plan 2010 - 30, written by the state pollution control agency. the stall in recycling is partly due to the economic slowdown, which has reduced trash and recyclables. and the weight of recycled materials is falling because of smaller newspapers, skinnier catalogs and thinner aluminum cans. but recycling might have hit a ceiling. \" a large amount of people, through laziness or just not caring, are just not going to recycle, \" said jim wollschlager, spokesman for randy ' s environmental services, a west metro recycling business. recycling advocates have wondered what, if anything, can be done to increase recycling rates. \" we have tried educational campaigns, \" mattacola said. food is next their solution? organics recycling. america ' s food waste put into landfills in 2010 was about 14 percent of the total waste generated, according to the epa. the country recycles a mere 3 percent of its food waste. minnesota has decided to change that. the state pca has set a metro - area goal of reducing the annual flow into landfills by 75 percent by 2030, said of that 75 percent reduction, between 9 percent and 16 percent must come from recycling organic material, he said. the rest would come from expanding conventional recycling and other programs. food scraps will become the third wave of recycling. the first was in the 1980s and 1990s, when recycling services spread across the state. the next wave, spreading gradually today, is no - sort recycling. this allows homeowners to put all recyclables into one bin - - which is more expensive but boosts recycling rates. the third wave - - organics recycling - - has already started in a group of communities around wayzata and some neighborhoods in minneapolis. st. paul could be next. the nonprofit eureka recycling is proposing to start no - sort recycling and organics recycling in the city, adding $ 23 a year to the $ 37 every household now pays for recycling. the city council is expected to vote on the plans next year. every household would pay for the service, whether it uses it or not. in that way, the program would reflect a social value, said eureka spokeswoman dianna kennedy. she compared it to libraries - - paid for by all taxpayers if not necessarily used by all. \" i see it as another quality - of - life investment we make, \" she said. \" i have thousands in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4215579820514783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.512152"} {"text": "spokeswoman dianna kennedy. she compared it to libraries - - paid for by all taxpayers if not necessarily used by all. \" i see it as another quality - of - life investment we make, \" she said. \" i have thousands in st. paul who want composting. \" eureka chief executive tim brownell said pilot programs in 2001 and 2010 concluded that 55 percent to 60 percent of households would participate in an expanded recycling service. but others say centralized organics recycling will wither like a composted apple core. only 13 percent of households participated in an organics recycling pilot project recently run by allied waste services, which handles garbage and recycling in much of the metro area. allied test - marketed 200 homes in the metro area, educated homeowners and provided separate green bins. but the 13 percent was greater participation than what was seen for a eureka program in the macalaster - groveland neighborhood of st. paul. there, subscribers pay $ 40 a year to bring food waste to a centralized pick - up site. in a neighborhood of about 8, 000, about 150 are participating. tenley johnson lives in the neighborhood. she recalled the rotten smells and insects in her kitchen when she participated in a trial run. \" a lot of people would try to do it, \" said johnson, who now composts in her back yard. \" but we have to make it cleaner and more efficient. \" participation rates could be raised if residents were convinced the programs help the environment. but the green benefits are as slippery as a half - recycled banana peel. every commercial organics recycling truck in the metro area must drive to a composting plant in empire township - - 26 miles south of downtown st. paul. that costs money, increases traffic and contributes to air pollution. closer substations would help, said eureka ' s kennedy. \" for us to drive trucks to empire township is wildly expensive, \" she said. advocates say composting reduces the need for landfills. but the pca says landfills are in no danger of filling up and more could be built if they do. composting prevents the formation of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas created when organics are thrown into landfills. but the epa says landfills - - such as the four that serve the metro area - - capture an average of 75 percent of methane. all of the metro landfills use methane to generate electricity. despite that, mark rust, supervisor of the sustainable - material management unit of the state pca, said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3771401261791779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.513284"} {"text": "four that serve the metro area - - capture an average of 75 percent of methane. all of the metro landfills use methane to generate electricity. despite that, mark rust, supervisor of the sustainable - material management unit of the state pca, said that compost has value as a water - retaining soil additive that reduces pollution. but that doesn ' t mean it has much monetary value. aluminum is recycled into aluminum cans ; and paper into other paper products. but food scraps can be turned only into compost, which often sells for less than topsoil - - making it literally dirt - cheap. scott nutzmann doesn ' t see the point of centralized composting. he owns the clo - spin cleaners only three doors away from recycling super - star peterson - nafziger, yet his attitude is worlds apart. \" why should you compost leftovers? \" said nutzmann, as he folded a pair of pants. \" you throw it in the dump and it eventually becomes dirt again anyway. \" better in the back yard? centralized composting programs face competition from mother nature herself. unlike recycling of aluminum and glass, composting happens naturally when organic material is left outdoors. so backyard composting has the same benefits as a city - sponsored program, without running expensive, air - polluting trucks. that ' s good for the environment, but bad for business. many hauling companies are paid by the ton to remove trash and recyclables. to them, a backyard composter is a missing customer, the same as someone who doesn ' t recycle at all. eureka says it avoids this quandary by being a nonprofit. if its organics service is paid for by everyone in st. paul, eureka won ' t be hurt by competition, so it could - - and will - - encourage backyard recycling. but the program will need to appeal to enough voters to get city council support. and many resent being forced to pay for a service they won ' t use. \" the idea of the government grabbing this drives me up a wall, \" said erik knutson, as he sold a six - pack of beer in scott ' s liquor store in the same st. paul neighborhood. knutson composts in his yard in little canada - - which works just fine, thank you. \" where are they going to take it that ' s any better? \" he asked. and another potential competitor? a food - to - hogs program run out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4232368223763559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.515103"} {"text": "the pca. people had to learn to love conventional recycling, and they will do the same with organics recycling, predicted ramsey county ' s hansen. \" people will look at what they throw away not as waste, but as a resource, \" said hansen. \" they will say, ' this banana peel - - this is a resource. ' \" but recyclers don ' t always think about the money. they share a zeal that is almost spiritual - - celebrating connections with the planet, ties with the community and harmony with what is eaten, discarded or reused. \" i love the idea that i can spread this beautiful compost on my garden, \" said peterson - nafziger, as she dumped a few rinds on her compost heap. she knows her neighbors don ' t share her delight in her compost, which to them looks a lot like dirt. but they will learn as the next wave hits, she said. \" we see the economy and the environment and people ' s lifestyles, \" she said, \" and right now they are all colliding. \" bob shaw can be reached at 651 - 228 - 5433. follow him at twitter. com / bshawpp. is landfill space really that scarce? to the list of things minnesota has plenty of - - lakes, walleyes, therapy clinics - - we can now add landfills. \" to say we are literally running out of space, and that we don ' t have land for landfills - - that is an old notion, more of a myth, \" said mark rust, supervisor of the sustainable - material management unit of the minnesota pollution control agency. the status of landfills is important because a key argument supporting organics recycling is that it reduces the need for scarce landfill space. rust said that at the current landfill demand of 917, 000 tons a year, the metro area has 10 to 20 years of capacity left. the end date could change according to how much people recycle in the future, market demand for recyclables, changes in permits for landfills and other factors. but when the current sites are full, new ones can be built, rust said. there might be local resistance, but rust is confident that land will be available. four landfills serve the metro area : spruce ridge landfill near glencoe, pine bend landfill in inver grove heights, burnsville landfill and elk river landfill. all have liners to prevent seepage of pollution into groundwater. all capture the greenhouse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4461021484984379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.517232"} {"text": "a high - fat diet appears to make you dumber, but exercise makes you smarter. at least if you ' re a rat. that ' s what researchers at the university of minnesota and the va medical center found, according to studies presented in october in new orleans at the annual meeting of the society for neuroscience. in one experiment, researchers housed 30 rats in containers that had two compartments, which the rat could freely go between. ten of the rats were allowed to use a running wheel whenever they wanted. ten were put on a treadmill for 45 minutes a day, five days a week. and 10 rats were sedentary. the rats were trained with 30 trials in which a light went on and a tone sounded that would be followed five seconds later by a mild shock to the rat ' s feet. the shock lasted five seconds. but the rats could escape the shock by crossing over to the other compartment. the result : after five weeks of exercise, the rats on the running wheels or the treadmills were more likely to figure out that they could escape the shock by running over to the other compartment. and they were more likely and quicker to get to the safe side before the shock began. the sedentary rats were more likely to just to sit there and endure the shock. another finding : the farther members of the exercising rat team ran, the better they were at avoiding the shocks. one particularly high - performing rat voluntarily clocked nearly 40 kilometers, or close to 25 miles, on the running wheel during \" rats, they love running wheels, \" said vijayakumar mavanji, a researcher with the va and the u of m department of food science and nutrition. the research team also included chuanfeng wang, catherine kotz and charles billington. another experiment by the group tested the effect of a high - fat diet on 17 rats. for four months, 10 rats were fed a normal diet and seven were fed a high - fat diet - - food containing 45 percent saturated fats. then about half the rats in each group were given access to a running wheel, while half were allowed to remain sedentary. for the next seven weeks they were given the foot - shock test. the result : the rats on the high - fat diets did worse than the others in avoiding the foot shocks. but after hitting the running wheel for seven weeks, the high - fat rats wised up and did about as well as those on a standard diet in figuring out how to avoid the shocks. according to mavanji", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47196437761322213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.520445"} {"text": "others in avoiding the foot shocks. but after hitting the running wheel for seven weeks, the high - fat rats wised up and did about as well as those on a standard diet in figuring out how to avoid the shocks. according to mavanji, high - fat diets may impair memory formation and retention, by leading to fatty acids getting into a part of the brain called the hippocampus. but for the rats, exercise appears to reverse that cognitive decline. maybe the exercise increases the size of the hippocampus, as studies on humans have shown. or maybe the rat workouts are leading to biochemical changes in the brain or the formation of new neurons or synapses that offset the impact of the fatty diet. mavanji said the data are still preliminary. he said researchers still need to find out if it ' s actually the exercise that helps the rats ' brains or if it ' s a byproduct of the treadmill workouts, like lower body weight or the lower food consumption that was seen in the running rats. humans shouldn ' t see the findings as permission to eat fatty foods thinking they can offset any effect on their brains by exercising, mavanji said. \" we won ' t suggest anyone should eat high - fat food, \" he said. richard chin can be reached at 651 - 228 - 5560. follow him at twitter. com / rrchin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45826504350556463, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.521001"} {"text": "lauretta underwood, 72, said she can clearly remember the day her mother told her she was about to witness history as she was dropped off at school. following the landmark supreme court case brown v. board of education, which made school segregation unconstitutional, central high school and the state of arkansas became a national symbol of integration resistance, according to the arkansas encyclopedia of arkansas history and culture. the school board complied with the law and adopted a plan to integrate, beginning at the high school level and working down to the lower grades starting in 1957, according to the website. on sept. 2, 1957, nine african american students who volunteered to attend central high school were stopped by the arkansas national guard under the direction of gov. orval faubus, who asserted the students \u2019 entrance to the school would cause violence, the website states. president dwight eisenhower brought in the u. s. army \u2019 s 101st airborne division to ensure the students were allowed to attend the school on sept. 25. mrs. underwood said mobs of people, many of whom were mothers, were protesting and the soldiers formed a perimeter around the school, but she was not afraid as she entered. \u201c in a way, you felt safe because you knew they were there to keep things under control, and there were tanks and trucks everything \u2014 it was like a warzone, \u201d she said. she said, before the airborne division came in, students flocked to the windows as an innocent black man was beaten and dragged down the street by a mob. from her vantage point, she wasn \u2019 t exactly sure who stopped the violence, but it appeared the national guard wasn \u2019 t doing much. \u201c best i can remember, he was just an innocent guy walking down the street, and there was a mob, and they were going to take it out on him, \u201d she said. \u201c the people that were protesting the most were the mothers, \u201d she said. \u201c the fathers were at work. ( it was ) not all of them, a minority were \u2026 protesting. \u201d some mothers picked up their children from school that first day if they had a class with an african american student, and one of them addressed earnest green while he was in study hall, she said. \u201c most of the mothers who came to get their kids were quiet and respectful, but one ( that ) came to the door when i was in study hall was not, \u201d she said. \u201c i won \u2019 t ( repeat ) what she said, but it \u2019 s still in my memory. he just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39930086194544173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.526181"} {"text": "were quiet and respectful, but one ( that ) came to the door when i was in study hall was not, \u201d she said. \u201c i won \u2019 t ( repeat ) what she said, but it \u2019 s still in my memory. he just put his head on his desk \u2014 never said a word. \u201d mrs. underwood said study hall was the only class she had with earnest, and speaking was not allowed in the class. she said, although they were never friends, she considered him to be very nice, polite and intelligent. the two also shared a lunch period and after the resistance that day, earnest ate lunch by himself. \u201c part of me wanted to get up and join him, \u201d she said. \u201c i knew that was the right and christian thing to do, however, i did not have the courage to do so, and no one else at my table would go with me. \u201d mrs. underwood said after a few days, a group of boys found the courage to sit with earnest and he gradually made friends at the school. despite the initial resistance, most students did not go out of their way to make the nine student \u2019 s lives difficult, she said. \u201c most of the kids were pleasant to the nine, or at least ignored them, but there were some who were cruel and harassed them constantly, \u201d she said. \u201c they were the minority. the majority were either nice to them or left them alone. \u201d mrs. underwood said the ceremony was held outside in the school \u2019 s stadium and earnest was booed and jeered at as he walked across the stage during rehearsal. a strong police presence was at the actual ceremony, and mrs. underwood said she became anxious as earnest \u2019 s name was called out. \u201c i didn \u2019 t want them to do that to him, \u201d she said. \u201c he was such a nice guy, so when he called his name, i was holding my breath. there wasn \u2019 t one sound, one jeer, one boo one anything \u2014 it was just quiet. \u201d looking back on the historical year, mrs. underwood said she had one regret. \u201c i know as a christian i felt really bad for not befriending earnest, but i \u2019 m happy to see hearts have melted and race relations have improved, \u201d she said. \u201c i pray they will continue to get better. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39841334969137476, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.527119"} {"text": "start your visit withhistorical timelines general interest maps fidel castro was a young cuban lawyer when he decided to begin an armed struggle against dictator fulgencio batista in 1953. he failed at the time and was nearly killed, but lived to lead a second and successful rebellion. those who hoped that castro would become a democratic reformer, however, were disappointed when he instead became the hemisphere ' s longest - serving dictator. fidel alejandro castro ruz was born on august 13, 1926, near mayari, cuba. his parents owned a sugarcane plantation and the family lived moderately prosperous lives. he attended catholic schools and enrolled in the university of havana in 1945, where he studied law. at the university, castro joined groups opposed to the government. he received his law degree in 1950 and planned to run for a seat in the legislature, but his plans were frustrated when batista overthrew the government and stopped the elections. castro charged batista with violating the constitution, but his case was refused by the court. with political action impossible, castro switched to violent opposition. on july 26, 1953, he led a group of armed rebels in an attack on the moncada army garrison in santiago. they were defeated by the army, which murdered dozens of the captured rebels in reprisal. castro was sentenced to 15 years in prison. following two years in prison, castro was released by batista as a gesture of reconciliation. not at all reconciled, castro left for mexico to train a fresh rebel army. on december 2, 1956, they returned by boat. the army confronted them and they were defeated again, but this time castro escaped into the mountains with a handful of supporters. from the mountains, they began to amass an army of more than 800 men and employed guerrilla military tactics that bastista \u2019 s men were unequipped to handle. they began to win support among peasants, students, and even catholic priests, from an additional propaganda campaign. by the end of 1958, castro had made batista ' s position untenable. on the morning of january 1, 1959, the dictator left cuba for the dominican republic, and from there to madeira island in portugal, where he died. castro entered havana in triumph on january 8 to begin his more than 40 - year rule. he promised to maintain the democratic constitution of 1940, but quickly imposed authoritarian socialist rule. thousands of batista supporters were executed, foreign holdings were confiscated, and american companies lost over a billion dollars in assets. on january 31, 1961, the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44350029969399185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.534181"} {"text": ". he promised to maintain the democratic constitution of 1940, but quickly imposed authoritarian socialist rule. thousands of batista supporters were executed, foreign holdings were confiscated, and american companies lost over a billion dollars in assets. on january 31, 1961, the united states imposed an economic embargo on cuba. as a result, cuba became more dependent on soviet and eastern bloc nations for economic aid. many cubans fled the island for the united states and some established an anti - castro organization in miami, florida. stirrings of castro \u2019 s overthrow began publicly when american presidential candidate john f. kennedy criticized then president dwight d. eisenhower, during the 1960 presidential campaign, for not doing more about castro. kennedy decided early in his administration that castro needed to be ousted, by force if necessary. he inherited a cia plan for the bay of pigs invasion from the eisenhower administration and followed through on the covert attack in april 1961. castro ' s military defeated the cuban exiles and humiliated the united states. the united states got a measure of revenge the following year when they forced u. s. s. r. general secretary nikita khrushchev to withdraw soviet missiles from cuba during the october cuban missile crisis. castro adopted the attitude that cuba was \" non - aligned \" despite its close ties with other communist regimes around the world. he was elected head of nonaligned nations movement and has been a strong voice against american imperialism. until the fall of the soviet union, cuba relied on soviet subsidies to maintain its economy. with money received from sugar sales and economic aid from the soviet union, castro implemented such social programs as his war on illiteracy and no - cost universal health care. without their economic support, the cuban economy has suffered, but castro has maintained tight control. castro ' s regime also has assisted with revolutions in angola and ethiopia. from the american side, the economic embargo seems firmly in place, despite being supported by no other government in the world. the status quo seems likely to remain, at least until fidel castro finally passes from the scene. - - - - selected quotes - - - - quotes by fidel castro. i feel my belief in sacrifice and struggle getting stronger. i despise the kind of existence that clings to the miserly trifles of comfort and self - interest. i think that a man should not live beyond the age when he begins to deteriorate, when the flame that lighted the brightest moment of his life has weakened. letter from prison, 1953 regarding human rights with what moral authority can they speak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4729559579606714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.535342"} {"text": "interest. i think that a man should not live beyond the age when he begins to deteriorate, when the flame that lighted the brightest moment of his life has weakened. letter from prison, 1953 regarding human rights with what moral authority can they speak of human rights \u2014 the rulers of a nation in which the millionaire and beggar coexist ; the indian is exterminated ; the black man is discriminated against ; the woman is prostituted ; and the great masses of chicanos, puerto ricans, and latin americans are scorned, exploited, and humiliated? speech in 1978 quotes regarding fidel castro. by jesse jackson the most honest, courageous politician i have ever met. during 1984 visit to havana - - - books you may like include : - - - - one minute to midnight : kennedy, khrushchev and castro on the brink of nuclear war by michael dobbs. in october 1962, at the height of the cold war, the united states and the soviet union appeared to be sliding inexorably toward a nuclear conflict ove... the dark side of camelot by seymour m. hersh. if the kennedys are america ' s royal family, then john f. kennedy was the nation ' s crown prince. magnetic, handsome, and charismatic, his perfectly coi... brothers : the hidden history of the kennedy years by david talbot. for decades, books about john or robert kennedy have woven either a shimmering tale of camelot gallantry or a tawdry story of runaway ambition and rec... one hell of a gamble : khrushchev, kennedy, and castro, 1958 - 1964 by aleksandr fursenko. the berlin wall has been rubble for a decade and the memories of the cold war are growing dim. and yet no one is ever likely to forget the cuban miss...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5023119556559138, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.536090"} {"text": "smooth ride to juneau : rap maps wind shear and turbulence at isolated airport that ubiquitous air travel safety announcement about fastening seatbelts and placing seats in their upright positions has a special meaning when it comes to flying into juneau international airport. the local wind shear and turbulence are notorious because the mountains that tightly encircle the airport produce a complex wind - flow pattern that literally rattles passengers who travel in and out of alaskas small capital two airplanesa university of wyoming king air and an alaska airlines 737 - 400gather data on raps prototype as the project manager for the faa - sponsored juneau wind project, bob barron of the research applications program hopes to give travelers a smoother, safer ride. bob and his colleagues are developing a prototype warning system that issues up - to - the - minute alerts about wind shear and turbulence to air traffic controllers, airline dispatchers, and pilots. the goal is to warn pilots in time to prevent injuries to passengers and crew. rap designed a similar system thats operating at hong kongs chek lap kok its great that ncar can use its scientific and technical expertise to contribute to society on this day - to - day operational level, raps bob barron and deirdre garvey. the rap team used anemometers and wind profilers to set up the juneau warning system. the devices use vector mathematics to create a comprehensive picture of surrounding winds and to determine the danger these winds pose to airplanes and passengers. a wind profiler is an upward - looking radar that can measure turbulence, wind speed, and wind direction. it gives researchers a profile of horizontal winds and turbulence at 60 - meter ( 200 - foot ) increments up to about 2. 5 kilometers ( 1. 5 miles ). an anemometer also measures wind speed and wind direction, but its measurements are at a single point near the ground. the team placed the anemometers and wind profilers at a variety of locations ranging from the airports runways to the surrounding mountains. many sites were chosen for their proximity to flight paths, while others were placed upstream to monitor incoming air before it reaches the airport. rap is working with the atmospheric technology division to locate and operate the instruments. from 1996 to 1997, atd collected wind data for several months to explore wind patterns and ultimately determine the best locations for the wind profilers in juneau. atds steve cohn has helped ensure the accuracy and proper functioning of the juneau wind profilers, analyzing data with raps steve mueller, andrew week", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49925869155100955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.541306"} {"text": "to explore wind patterns and ultimately determine the best locations for the wind profilers in juneau. atds steve cohn has helped ensure the accuracy and proper functioning of the juneau wind profilers, analyzing data with raps steve mueller, andrew weekley, cory morse, and kent goodrich. by boat or plane despite a population of barely more than 30, 000, juneau has a busy airport. this is because, unlike rome, no roads lead to juneau. the only ways in or out are by boat or plane. from apples to zucchini, supplies travel through the airport along with people. this high volume of traffic, coupled with unusually dangerous winds, brought juneau international airport to the attention of the faa. the area has two major airflows : a warm south to southeast wind from the gulf of alaska and a north to northeast wind bringing cold air from the interior. under certain wind conditions, the only way to fly out of juneau is by making a slow, 180 - degree turn just after takeoff while turbulent winds coming over the mountains buffet the aircraft. for several years, rap has worked with the faa, alaska airlines, the univeristy of north dakota, the university of oklahoma, and the university of wyoming to collect data in juneau. in 1998, 2000, and 2002, rap and university staffers traveled to juneau to collect wind data that have been used to build and refine the warning system. this past winter, two airplanes, the university of wyomings king air and a larger alaska airlines boeing 737 - 400, gathered data to fine - tune the prototype system. the planes were used to correlate ground - system readings with actual data from the planes. for further accuracy, the doppler on wheelsa truckborne radar owned jointly by ncar and the university of oklahoma that measures radial wind speedconfirmed the data. with the cold winter weather and rough traveling conditions in juneau, bob jokes that a lot of people have suffered on the project. but everyone involved understands that the focus of the new system is safety. turbulence is a major concern for the airlines. in one serious incident in juneau, a 737 departing the airport fully loaded with passengers encountered a wind hazard and rolled over more than 90 degrees. fortunately in this case, the pilots were able to get the airplane back upright just a few hundred feet above the ground and complete their departure. the juneau warning system is designed to provide alerts that will allow pilots to avoid these types of hazardous areas. it will also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46521831069969566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.542348"} {"text": ", the pilots were able to get the airplane back upright just a few hundred feet above the ground and complete their departure. the juneau warning system is designed to provide alerts that will allow pilots to avoid these types of hazardous areas. it will also help airlines save money. turbulence costs u. s. airlines an estimated $ 100 million each year in injuries and operational disruptions such as delays and rerouting. in juneau, high winds can last from 2 to 72 hours, and wind information can help airlines adjust their routes and schedules to optimize usage of the airport. the warning system features sophisticated technology. the wind profilers have two computers, explains raps deirdre garvey. one is part of the profiler and the other is a debian linux computer running the rap algorithms. the anemometers and wind profilers transmit data to a central location at the airport, where final data analysis is performed. there is also a wind information system in juneau running a set of rap algorithms and sending the data to various remote locations in juneau. despite all this technology, in the end, it is up to the pilot to decide how to respond to the warnings. rap hopes to have the prototype completed and handed over to the faa by 2004. the faa will then modify the system to fit its long - term needs. in the meantime, rap staffers will continue to refine the prototype alert system and check it for accuracy. until the warning system is up and running, people will be sure to remember to pull their seat belts tight on their next trip to juneau. bob sighs, ncar never seems to send me to a place where the weather is nice. before the juneau project, rap built a similar warning system at hong kongs chek lap kok airport ( above in an artists illustration ), which is scheduled to be completed as shown in 2040. without this warning system, called the windshear and turbulence warning system ( wtws ), research showed that one in 700 flights would encounter severe wind shear and one in 2, 500 would encounter severe turbulence. with the wtws system installed, unexpected windshear and turbulence are rarely encountered. the wtws is equipped with a suite of wind shear and turbulence detection algorithms. it processes data from anemometers and a terminal doppler weather radar. also in this issue... launching instrument collection lally wins prestigious ballooning award special evening with an intimate of the atmosphere pto, health benefits, and diversity training to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4566288714318679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.543329"} {"text": "the inside story / a monkey, a plan, a canal george dreams that he and gnocchi are chasing the germs that are giving him a cold out of his body. the inside story - george doesn ' t feel so well. he ' s sneezing and can ' t taste chef pisghetti ' s sauce. he learns that he has a germ inside that ' s given him a cold. george wishes he could make the germ go away so he could feel better. gnocchi curls up with george and they both go to sleep. in his dream, george wakes up inside himself, with gnocchi at his side. they are facing that pesky germ - the bluesy, singing toots and his germettes, who have set up camp inside george. george wants them to leave, but they are having a wonderful time and never want to go! george and gnocchi chase toots through george ' s body ( nose, stomach and lungs ) in an effort to evict him. will they succeed? and if so, how? a monkey, a plan, a canal - oh no! george and allie find that a dry spell has lowered the water level of lake wanasink lake and one of their fish friends got trapped in a small pond away from it ' s family! what ' s a monkey and girl to do? trying to put the fish in a pail to carry it over doesn ' t work. george decides to dig a canal between the lake and the little pond. this would work except that the small pond is downhill from the lake and fish can ' t swim up hill. with some help from bill, george realizes his canal needs a lock. even though this is big work for a little monkey, george is up to it! once george figures out how to build it, will the fish use it and swim back to his family?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4666581744877999, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.546182"} {"text": "a tree at the centre : the mapuche - pewenche, people of the araucaria in the andes of southern chile, near the border with argentina, the araucaria tree is an ecological keystone species. at the same time it plays a central role in the economic, social and spiritual lives of the indigenous inhabitants of the area, who call themselves \u2018 mapuche - pewenche \u2019 - the people of the araucaria tree. summary : the mapuche nation covers a large area, in parts of both chile and argentina. within this vast area are various sub - regions named according to their location or ecological features, such as puel mapu ( the eastern lands ), nag mapu ( the land of the plains ), or pewen mapu ( the land of the pewen tree ). the pewen tree, or araucaria ( araucaria araucana ), is more commonly known in english as the monkey puzzle tree. the mapuche - pewenche value the pine nut from the araucaria for its taste, and use it as a staple food. in the autumn and winter, when the wheat or potato stores can run out, the araucaria pine nut offers food security. the tree also provides the main source of firewood, and the resin is used as medicine to relieve headaches, colds, ulcers, menstrual pains, as well as for healing wounds, broken ligaments or sprained muscles. the mapuche - pewenche describe their relationship to the araucaria forest as analogous to that of ' an extended family ' ( lobpewen ). the male tree ( domopewen ) and female tree ( wentrupewen ) are said to reproduce by criss - crossing their roots underground. two important spirit beings are said to help the trees reproduce and so the mapuche - pewenche provide them with offerings during a ceremony called nguillatun. the indigenous markan - kura association developed this project, in consultation with the local communities. in a first phase, an interdisciplinary team of mapuche, consisting of a teacher, an anthropologist and a forester, are collecting knowledge relating to the araucaria to enhance teaching material in schools in the mapuche - pewenche territory. this is not only to encourage the safeguarding of mapuche language through bi - lingual education, but also to move beyond a mere translation of western / scientific concepts to presenting mapuche understandings of their environment in a way that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47478939731469755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.549037"} {"text": "the united states recognizes the ongoing reform efforts to build a modern, peaceful, and democratic country and welcomes the opportunity to deepen engagement with the people of burma and their government. since 2003, usaid programs have addressed hiv, artemisinin resistant malaria, and multi - drug resistant tuberculosis ( mdr - tb ), but sizable challenges remain. large gaps in equitable access to quality care in the hands of well - trained and equipped health care providers persist. burma has achieved a marked decline in under - five mortality in recent years ; however, at 62 deaths per 1, 000 live births, it has the third highest rate of under - five deaths in the asia and pacific region. of these deaths, 47 percent occur in the neonatal period. maternal mortality is also high, at over 200 deaths per 100, 000 live births. burma recently signed unicef \u2019 s a promise renewed pledge to accelerate progress on maternal, newborn, and child survival. in addition, burma has asia \u2019 s highest malaria burden and is designated a high burden tb and multidrug - resistant tb country by who. hiv prevalence exceeds 7 percent in most - at - risk populations, and up to 22 percent for people who inject drugs. usaid is helping to build technical capacity for service delivery and monitoring and evaluation, including collection of surveillance data. aligned with the lower mekong initiative, usaid is also supporting improved cross - border surveillance, prevention, and treatment for key infectious diseases. building upon the child survival call to action, usaid will provide technical assistance to the ministry of health and its partners to scale up proven maternal, newborn, and child health interventions throughout burma. health system strengthening will be the foundation of usaid \u2019 s work. this will include improved health governance, as well as policy and strategy development and implementation. in fiscal year 2013, usaid will begin working with in - country partners to lay the groundwork for burma \u2019 s first ever demographic and health survey. usaid will join other stakeholders to promote the availability of accessible and acceptable health care services at township, district, and community levels. finally, usaid will join other donors in supporting the three millennium development goals fund aimed at reducing maternal and child mortality rate and fighting three diseases \u2013 hiv / aids, tb and malaria in the next five years. improving maternal and child health usaid improves maternal and child health through a combined community and facility - based model that addresses family planning services and builds the capacity of auxiliary midwives, skilled birth attendants, and other community - based health care providers. usaid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4243246592879549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.553467"} {"text": "improving maternal and child health usaid improves maternal and child health through a combined community and facility - based model that addresses family planning services and builds the capacity of auxiliary midwives, skilled birth attendants, and other community - based health care providers. usaid supports policies and interventions that overcome barriers to care, address infections and nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy, increase hygienic practices during delivery, and strengthen post - partum care and counseling. usaid is introducing two public private partnerships : survive and thrive and helping babies breathe, which provide evidence - based training and high quality affordable resuscitation devices to birth attendants. the partnerships will also link pediatricians, midwives, and obstetricians from american professional associations to peer associations in burma to build capacity in service delivery for priority health interventions. addressing artemisinin resistant malaria the president \u2019 s malaria initiative ( pmi ) in burma focuses on filling gaps in training and equipping additional providers in malaria case management, including diagnostic testing ; monitoring availability of commodities, and providing targeted technical assistance and / or logistics support as needed to support full coverage of malaria interventions. special attention is paid to support community - level logistics in border areas. pmi has also begun training staff to prepare for a national baseline survey of antimalarial drug quality. usaid recently began procuring long lasting insecticide - treated nets, rapid diagnostic tests, and anti - malaria medication. responding to the burden of tuberculosis usaid \u2019 s support to the national tb program \u2019 s ( ntp ) to address mdr - tb includes implementation of the national treatment protocol and improved laboratory capacity. usaid addresses tb / hiv co - infection by targeting both hiv and tb patients with testing and diagnostic services. usaid recently funded a nationwide tb prevalence survey that revealed tb prevalence three times the previous estimates. usaid supports control of multi - drug resistant tb through strengthening detection of suspected mdr - tb cases ; supporting the roll - out of new diagnostics ; and improving the skills of health care workers in prevention, case management and treatment of mdr - tb. usaid \u2019 s programs also develop tb communication materials that target communities and encourage screening, testing, and adherence to treatments. prevention and support for hiv / aids through the president \u2019 s emergency plan for aids relief ( pepfar ), usaid \u2019 s program focuses on sexual prevention of hiv, largely though behavior - change communication, condom distribution, and increased access to voluntary hiv testing and counseling. activities target most - at - risk populations in high prevalence areas, increasing their health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4510250613288014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.554578"} {"text": "flagstaff, ariz. \u2013 the sand dunes among which navajos have eked out austere livings for generations are growing fast and becoming mobile as the climate changes, says u. s. geological survey geologist dr. margaret hiza redsteer, whose interviews with elders and historical research augment her decade - long research on navajo nation land. redsteer will discuss her work friday, oct. 21 at the annual conference of the society of environmental journalists in miami, as part of a panel on \" climate change and indigenous peoples on the frontlines. \" one third of the navajo nation is sand dunes, much of it stabilized to varying degrees by vegetation that holds moisture and provides livestock range. some of the dunes are very old ; others date from the 1950s, when drought and wind mobilized sediment from floods on the little colorado river. now, after severe drought has gripped the region with varying but persistent severity from 1996 to 2011, new dunes are increasing in number and previously inactive dunes are on the move. the new dunes form downwind from rivers and washes, largely from dry, wind - blown river sediment. in the grand falls area of the southwest navajo nation, dunes have grown 70 percent since 1995 and are moving northeast at a rate of 115 feet per year. dune mobility can threaten roads and buildings, as well as the livestock raising vital to the navajo economy and indispensable to its culture. it is one of many signs of the region \u2019 s increased aridity. redsteer and the usgs navajo land use planning project, under license to and in collaboration with the navajo nation, are mapping the area \u2019 s geology and documenting its changes to help navajo leaders plan for the challenge. in addition to using ground - based lidar measurements, meteorological monitoring, gps and aerial and satellite imaging, redsteer drew on more than 70 elders living in the southwestern navajo nation to record observed changes in land use practices, as well as weather, vegetation, location of water sources and the frequency of wind and dust storms. the interviews helped corroborate usgs science. \" old men told me that they had seen grass grow in areas where no grass grows now, \" redsteer said. \" we have aerial photographic surveys of the study area from 1934 and from 1954, but between those years there were big changes. our interviewing not only provides another line of evidence, but it also fills in a lot of the data gaps. \" redsteer \u2019 s work also points up the vulnerability of indigenous people who live on land she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4105562167651571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.559521"} {"text": "between those years there were big changes. our interviewing not only provides another line of evidence, but it also fills in a lot of the data gaps. \" redsteer \u2019 s work also points up the vulnerability of indigenous people who live on land she calls \" just on the edge of being habitable. \" the annual moisture here has historically been just enough to get by. when there is even a small change, there is a huge effect, \" she said. john leeper, director of the navajo water management branch of the navajo nation in fort defiance, ariz., called redsteer \u2019 s work \" critical in understanding the magnitude of the climate challenges facing the navajo nation due to sand dune movement and other impacts. if the current trends she identifies continue, much of the navajo nation will be severely impacted, and much of the navajo nation will become uninhabitable, \" leeper said. \" the navajo nation is intended to be a permanent homeland for the navajo people, \" he said. \" however, much of that homeland may be in jeopardy if these trends can not be successfully mitigated. not only has margaret \u2019 s work identified and documented the current trends, her work also gives us perspective on the steps that can, and must, be taken to reverse many of the most damaging of these trends. her work will help to ensure that the navajo people will be able to find their livelihoods here long into the future. \" as part of their work, redsteer and the usgs have conducted pilot studies of mitigations to dune movement, such as placing 2m by 2m pla sand barriers to stabilize dunes and seeding dune areas to encourage vegetation. \" if we \u2019 re going to do research for people \u2019 s benefit, we have to try to see what kind of solutions there are, \" she said. redsteer \u2019 s research in the great falls dune area is described in the usgs fact sheet \" monitoring and analysis of sand dune movement and growth on the navajo nation, \" available online at http : / / pubs. usgs. gov / fs / 2011 / 3085 / fs2011 - 3085. pdf. links and contacts within this release are valid at the time of publication.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3990405387900816, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.560379"} {"text": "an endangered sumatran rhino has died at the cincinnati zoo, a setback to a program that successfully produced the first calves born in captivity in more than a century. emi, a 21 - year - old sumatran rhino that had been at the zoo for 14 years, died saturday after appearing less energetic for several weeks, the cincinnati zoo & botanical garden announced sunday. emi produced three calves at the zoo, including andalas, born in 2001, the first sumatran rhino bred and born in captivity since 1889. emi was the only captive sumatran rhino bred successfully, said zoo director thane maynard. \" naturally it ' s always devastating when an animal reaches the end of its life, but certainly one as beloved as she is \u2013 it ' s a big loss, \" maynard said. the zoo said emi had appeared less energetic and had a diminished appetite since march. veterinarians performed a complete physical exam with blood work in early april and found some subtle changes in her liver. she appeared to improve in may but her condition then continued to deteriorate, the zoo said. the zoo conducted a necropsy saturday on emi to try to determine exactly why she died. zoo researchers also removed eggs from emi ' s body in hope of using them someday to produce a calf through in - vitro fertilization or other means. \" with a species so endangered it ' s important to save anything that you can, \" maynard said. the zoo has two remaining sumatran rhinos : emi ' s mate, ipuh, and suci, a calf that emi birthed in 2004. the zoo ' s breeding program grew out of an international recognition in the early 1980s that the sumatran rhinos were disappearing at a rapid pace, due to poaching and dwindling rain forest habitat in malaysia and indonesia. but little was known about caring for them, let alone how to successfully breed them. zoo researchers directed by dr. terri roth used ultrasound, monitoring of hormone levels, observation and trial - and - error to learn how to breed the animals, the zoo said. \" our fond hope is that by building on that, emi certainly won ' t be last sumatran rhino to breed in captivity and that the program will grow and continue from here and be one that helps a great deal, \" maynard said. sumatran rhinos are considered the most endangered of the five living rhino species. only nine sumatran rhinos live in captivity worldwide and fewer than 200 animals exist in the wild, in isolated pockets of sabah, malaysia and the island of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3799558748110086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.565662"} {"text": "the obama administration will no longer consider state boundaries when determining endangered species protections, a decision that could mean more protection for endangered species over wider areas, officials said friday. under the previous policy, set by the bush administration, the u. s. fish and wildlife service could require special protection for a species in one state but not in another, even though the species ' habitat exists in both states. the bush policy resulted in situations like the case of the preble ' s meadow jumping mouse, which has contiguous habitat in colorado and wyoming. the fish and wildlife service in 2008 imposed protections for the mouse in colorado but not in neighboring wyoming. the reasoning then was that the mouse, which was listed as a threatened species in 1998, was not as threatened by development in wyoming as in colorado. environmental groups contend the mouse should be listed in wyoming as well, and they hope the policy change results in restoring protection for the mouse in wyoming. u. s. interior department solicitor hilary tompkins this week withdrew a legal opinion issued by her predecessor under president george w. bush that permitted different levels of protections based on state boundaries. tompkins cited recent federal court rulings in montana and arizona rejecting the policy in cases involving wolves and sage grouse. \" we weren ' t able to defend it, \" susan linner, supervisor of the fish and wildlife service ' s colorado field office, said friday. jason rylander, attorney for defenders of wildlife, said species don ' t recognize lines on a map and the endangered species act should ensure the survival of threatened plants and animals across their entire biological range. \" when you have a small ranging species in essentially a similar geographic area, you can ' t get to recovery if you ' re if only protecting a portion of that population, \" rylander said. but wyoming gov. matt mead said in a statement that there have to be \" logical boundaries defining a species ' range and at times a border is appropriate. \" mead said using selected court rulings \" as justification for changing all endangered species management protocol is a serious misstep. \" fish and wildlife service spokeswoman diane katzenberger said friday that the change means the agency will no longer consider specific portions of a habitat separately from the whole during its analysis of threats to a species. however, there ' s a question about what to do with endangered species decisions issued by the fish and wildlife service under the bush policy. \" it hasn ' t been replaced by any new guidance, \" linner said. in the case of the jumping mouse, there is an un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.3746621854755412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.568616"} {"text": "milwaukee \u2013 toxins, bombs, dead bodies and more may one day be found by using a \" wasp hound \" \u2013 not a dog, but a contraption containing wasps trained to zero in on scents, according to research from the university of georgia and u. s. department of agriculture. wasps used in the study were trained to identify a specific odor in five minutes and are cheaper than trained dogs. using creatures other than dogs in odor detection is not new. rats, honeybees and even fish have all been successfully trained to detect various toxic chemicals and diseases. wasps caught the researchers ' attention because they are similar to honeybees, which have been successfully marketed as odor detectors in the united kingdom. the wasps are much less expensive than trained dogs and more sensitive than some methods of chemical detection, the researchers say. the wasps are trained to detect specific odors and are placed in a small hand - held device called a wasp hound, which is capable of sounding or flashing an alarm when the target odor is found. \" i think it has great potential, \" said sam wasser, a professor of biology at the university of washington, who was not involved in the study. \" we often underestimate the utility of scent information. living organisms have spent hundreds of thousands of years evolving sophisticated ways to perfect scent detection. \" these wasps are extremely dependent on their sensitive olfactory system to find food and hosts for their larvae. the female wasp forages for caterpillars to lay her eggs, and the wasps learn about their environment as they forage, said glen rains of the university of georgia, the lead researcher of the study. it was published online in the september issue of biotechnology progress. in the study, the wasps were trained to identify a particular odor in five minutes. because a wasp ' s life span is just 14 days, the insects would not survive if they could not quickly learn to find odors for food and larval hosts, said rains, a professor of biological and agricultural engineering. the wasps are trained by associated learning. they are allowed to smell the target odor and are given food. when they smell the odor again, they think it is food or a host for their eggs, rains said. because the wasps are highly sensitive to environmental fluctuations, they are placed in the cup - sized wasp hound, which is made of pvc pipe and has an odor inlet hole. to monitor the wasp ' s behavior, a tiny camera is placed inside and connected to a laptop computer. \" when the wasps sense the odor, they walk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45734422829052296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.572625"} {"text": "- sized wasp hound, which is made of pvc pipe and has an odor inlet hole. to monitor the wasp ' s behavior, a tiny camera is placed inside and connected to a laptop computer. \" when the wasps sense the odor, they walk toward the center of the hound where the odor is coming from, \" rains said. the research is intriguing and advances the idea that insects can be trained to find very low concentrations of chemicals, said robert jeanne, a professor of entomology at the university of wisconsin - madison. the wasp hound is being used to search for a toxin that grows on corn and peanuts. wasps also have the potential to detect explosives. in a previous study they were trained to detect 2, 4 - dinitrotoluene ( 2, 4 - dnt ), a chemical used in specific explosives. other forensic applications could include grave - site and body detection. different types of vegetation or a slight depression in the soil may indicate a potential grave site, said jerome guerts, director of the wisconsin crime laboratory in madison. the wasp hound requires a specific search area, said rains. therefore, if there are several potential grave sites identified, the wasp hound might be useful for confirmation. if there isn ' t a specific search area, dogs are used because they are able to smell from a far distance and can accurately survey large areas, said wasser, who uses search dogs in his research at the university of washington. but search dogs can be expensive and time - consuming \u2013 it can take six months and cost up to $ 15, 000 to train a search dog. wasps can be trained in five minutes and have the same sensitivity as dogs. the wasp hound device costs $ 125. researchers developed the software and are aiming to have it run on a hand - held computer. \" the hope is to have something very inexpensive, \" rains said. he believes that in five to 10 years, there could be a viable commercial wasp hound. the wasp hound will need to tested on a larger scale. \" if they come up with an effective means of searching that is inexpensive, people will use it, \" wisconsin ' s guerts said. \" the next step will be to get the judge to accept it. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46783173368786307, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.573657"} {"text": "1865 born in bombay, where his father was a professor of architectural sculpture at the bombay school of art. 1870 rudyard and his younger sister are taken to england by his parents and placed in calvinistic foster home were he is nagged, bullied and beaten. 1876 rudyard ' s mother returns to england and discovers the mistreatment that her children had endured. rudyard is removed from the foster home and he is sent to a private school called the united services college. 1881 schoolboy lyrics published. 1882 rudyard leaves school to return to india. his father, who was then the curator of the museum at lahore, gets him a job as assistant editor of the english paper, the civil and military gazette, which was published in that city. 1886 departmental ditties is published. 1887 after five years as sub - editor of the civil and military gazette, rudyard is sent to allahabad, several hundred miles to the south, to work on the much more important sister - paper, the pioneer. the proprietors were starting a weekly edition for home, and he was given the editorship. he publishes soldier tales, indian tales, and tales of the opposite sex. among them were such powerful and grusome stories as the mark of the beast and the return of imray. 1888 publishes plain tales from the hills his first work which explores the psychological and moral problems of the anglo - indians and their relationship with the people they had colonized. also published are : soldiers three, the story of the gadsbys, in black and white, wee wee willie winkie and turn overs from \" the civil and military gazette \" 1889 rudyard leaves india for england and settles down in villiers street, strand. 1890 the courting of dinah shadd and other stories and the city of dreadful night are published. 1891 the light that failed, letters of marque and life ' s handicap are published. 1892 barrack - room ballads, rhymed chapter headings and the naulahka are published. rudyard marries carolyn balestier, the sister of wolcott balestier, who is an american. because of his health breaking down, rudyard and his wife settle down in brattleboro, vermont where his wife ' s family had long been established. 1893 many inventions is published. 1894 the jungle book is published. 1895 the second jungle book is published. 1896 the seven seas and soldier tales is published. 1897 after a violent arguement with his in - laws, rudyard and his wife move back to england and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3601489366890317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.582633"} {"text": "is published. 1894 the jungle book is published. 1895 the second jungle book is published. 1896 the seven seas and soldier tales is published. 1897 after a violent arguement with his in - laws, rudyard and his wife move back to england and settles on a country estate. captains courageous is published. 1898 an almanac of twelve sports, the day ' s work and a fleet in being are published. 1899 rudyard goes to south africa, in the midst of the defeats of the boer war. his eldest daughter josephine dies of measles. stalky and co. and from sea to sea are published. 1900 the kipling reader is published. 1901 kim and war ' s brighter side are published. 1902 just so stories is published. 1903 the five nations is published. 1904 traffics and discoveries is published. 1906 puck of pook ' s hill is published. 1907 collected verse is published. rudyard kipling becomes the first english author to recieve the nobel prize for literature. 1909 actions and reactions is published. 1910 rewards and fairies is published. 1911 a history of england is published. 1912 collected verse ( british edition ) and, songs from books is published. 1914 rudyard emerges from seclusion as the official writer - up of the new armed forces of the crown. 1915 the new army in training and france in war are published. \" mary postgate. \" 1916 rudyard ' s son is killed with the irish guards. sea warfare is published. 1917 a diversity of creatures is published. 1919 the graves of the fallen and the years between are published. 1920 horace odes, book v and letters of travel are published. 1923 elected lord rector of st. andrews university. the irish guards in the great war and land and sea are published. 1924 songs for youth is published. 1926 sea and sussex and debits and credits are published. 1927 songs of the sea is published. 1928 a book of words is published. 1929 poems, 1886 - 1929 is published. 1930 thy servant a dog is published. 1932 limits and renewals is published. 1934 collected dog stories is published. 1936 january 18th rudyard kipling dies of a perforated duodenum. last modified 1988", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3933987016937136, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.583573"} {"text": "while kingsville, texas, was officially established in 1904, when the railroad came through town, the history of this region goes back long before that time. the king ranch, still a working cattle ranch, was founded in 1853, when captain richard king purchased land that was once part of the rincon de santa gertrudis mexican land grant. the land was originally called the wild horse desert by early settlers. captain king and his family, with the help of an entire village of people from mexico, cleared and fenced the land, fought off the raiding indians, and made the area safe for settlers. these same villagers became some of texas \u2019 first cowboys ( the kinenos ), and their descendents are a vital part of the community today. in 1913, texas legislators created the county of kleberg, with kingsville as the county seat. shortly thereafter, various events provided the impetus to further spur the growth of kingsville : the discovery of gas and oil and the arrivals of south texas state teacher \u2019 s college ( now texas a & m university - kingsville ), the u. s. navy, and celanese. kingsville still retains much of its early charm in the downtown area, which showcases the 1904 train depot, flato opera house, sims building, ragland mercantile building, and 1930s post office and bandstand. kingsville is a city where there is a blend of history with a look to the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3527738964639169, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.585149"} {"text": "here is an example of how to make a cylinder, naming it \" rod \" for future reference : the center of one end of this cylinder is at x = 0, y = 2, and z = 1. its axis lies along the x axis, with length 5, so that the other end of the cylinder is at ( 5, 2, 1 ), as shown in the accompanying diagram. you can modify the position of the cylinder after it has been created, which has the effect of moving it immediately to the new position : rod. pos = ( 15, 11, 9 ) # change position ( x, y, z ) rod. x = 15 # only change pos. x if you create an object such as a cylinder but without giving it a name such as rod, you can ' t refer to it later. this doesn ' t matter if you never intend to modify the object. since we didn ' t specify a color, the cylinder will be the current \" foreground \" color ( see controlling one or more visual display windows ). the default foreground color is white. after creating the cylinder, you can change its color : rod. color = ( 0, 0, 1 ) # make rod be blue this will make the cylinder suddenly turn blue, using the so - called rgb system for specifying colors in terms of fractions of red, green, and blue. ( for details on choosing colors, see specifying colors. ) you can set individual amounts of red, green, and blue like this : rod. red = 0. 4 rod. green = 0. 7 rod. blue = 0. 8 the cylinder object can be created with other, optional attributes, which can be listed in any order. here is a full list of attributes, most of which also apply to other objects : position : the center of one end of the cylinder ; default = ( 0, 0, 0 ) a triple, in parentheses, such as ( 3, 2, 5 ) axis the axis points from pos to the other end of the cylinder, default = ( 1, 0, 0 ) x, y, z essentially the same as pos. x, pos. y, pos. z, defaults are all 0 radius the radius of the cylinder, default = 1 length length of axis ; if not specified, axis determines the length, default = 1 if length is specified, it overrides the length given by axis color color of object, as a red - green - blue ( r", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5059816248378906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.588079"} {"text": "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, as astronomer carl sagan once said. sagan was talking about ufos and aliens, but his words now stand as a watchword for skepticism in science. but how do we know when a claim is extraordinary? say, maybe when the aliens don ' t arrive from space? consider the controversial \" arseniclife \", short for arsenic - based life, bacteria study. rather than arriving on a ufo, the microbe was unveiled at nasa headquarters, announced at an \" astrobiology \" news briefing on dec. 2, 2010, as \" the first known microorganism on earth able to thrive and reproduce using the toxic chemical arsenic. \" arsenic is a poison. how did the finding that the bacteria called gfaj - 1 replaced phosphorus, a basic chemical constituent of biochemistry, with arsenic even in its dna make its way into the hallowed journalscience, and onto the stage at nasa? the idea turned out to be too good to be true, as two studies also published by science that refuted the claim showed this summer. both showed that the microbe, discovered in california ' s mono lake, in fact seems to need some minuscule amount of phosphorus to survive. it ' s just tough, not completely alien, in its biochemistry. \" science magazine is perhaps the most important publication in the united states for communicating science to the public. therefore, when science publishes something funded by nasa that is likely to broadly interest the public, nasa is effectively required to hold a press conference, \" says chemist steven benner of the foundation for applied molecular evolution in gainesville, fla. benner served as the outside skeptical voice at the nasa press conference announcing the finding. \" this all assumes, of course, a very high quality of peer review at science magazine, \" benner says. and that might be the rub. a usa today investigation suggests that the problems with the arseniclife story started with science ' s \" peer review \" of the findings before it ever took the nasa stage. peer review is the basic process in science where anonymous outside experts eyeball a study for journal editors, acting as gatekeepers on publications. in the case of the 2010 gfaj - 1 study, three anonymous reviewers, along with science editor caroline ash, asked the authors 32 questions about the study, which were answered by the authors a month ahead of the press conference. and they made a few general comments on the paper. here are some : \" the results are exceptional, \" said reviewer 1. \" it ' s a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5378672214707922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.596653"} {"text": "questions about the study, which were answered by the authors a month ahead of the press conference. and they made a few general comments on the paper. here are some : \" the results are exceptional, \" said reviewer 1. \" it ' s a pleasure to get a well - received and carried - out study to review, \" said reviewer 2. \" reviewing this paper was a rare pleasure, \" said reviewer 3, adding later on : \" great job! \" most scientists don ' t often see such upbeat peer review comments on their papers, notes princeton genome expert leonid kruglyak, an author on one of the 2012 papers refuting the arseniclife results. kruglyak was also one of a collection of outside experts asked to review the reviews, which nasa released to usa today in january after a freedom of information act request. \" in retrospect, what is the interesting aspect of them is there wasn ' t anything different, or out of the ordinary in them ( compared ) with how most papers are handled, \" kruglyak says. \" this was a par - for - the - course review. \" in particular, kruglyak notes peer reviewer 2 actually pointed out the problem in proving whether phosphorus was really absent from the gfaj - 1 bug ' s biochemistry. the concern seems muted and is not drawn as a reason to block publication, however, amid a series of other more positive comments. looking at the reviewer comments, roughly half were requests for added explanations or spelling fixes. another half - dozen were questions on the chemistry or biology of the microbe. the rest involved inquiries about further experiments, which original lead study author felisa wolfe - simon often suggested were \" beyond the scope of the paper. \" kruglyak says such requests for new experiments are not uncommon in reviews, nor is it unusual for study authors to demur, wanting to save something for a future study and leaving it up to the journal editor to adjudicate the dispute. peer review expert elizabeth wager, former chair of the committee on publication ethics, says the review looked entirely typical for scientific journals. \" the only thing that is surprising is how strongly positive the reviewers are, \" wager says in an e - mail. \" they clearly think this is an important piece of work and also comment that it is clearly presented. \" \" judging from the quotes, the three reviewers were enthusiastic about the paper. indeed, these reviews would be described by most scientists as ' glowing, ' \" says biologist patricia foster of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.479417334539204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.598412"} {"text": "important piece of work and also comment that it is clearly presented. \" \" judging from the quotes, the three reviewers were enthusiastic about the paper. indeed, these reviews would be described by most scientists as ' glowing, ' \" says biologist patricia foster of indiana university in bloomington. in particular, she notes at least three striking things about the reviews lost in these glowing comments. \" first, there is little biology mentioned - the reviewers questioned only mildly the authors ' assumption that there was too little phosphorus in the medium to support growth. this assumption was a major point of disagreement voiced by scientists after the paper appeared. \" second, the reviewers didn ' t question wide variation in chemistry analysis of the medium that the bugs grew in ( specifically, how much contaminating phosphorous was in it ), something that later critics saw as a major shortcoming. finally, they only commented, rather than inquiring, on the biochemistry implied by the results, the central extraordinary claim that arsenic was acting in place of phosphorus in the metabolism of the gfaj - 1 bacteria. \" in conclusion, i believe that nasa would have had no reason to doubt the results of the paper based on these reviews. in fact, nasa officials would have felt encouraged to publicize the paper, \" foster says. foster does note that the study authors added a figure ( and a few more authors ) to the paper, suggesting the gfaj - 1 bug had arsenic in its dna, as a result of the review wanting to see more evidence of arsenic inside the bacteria. the figure became another point of controversy in the debate over the study. ( wager says that adding a new figure and authors is \" perfectly acceptable \" during peer review and wouldn ' t necessarily trigger a re - review of a study. ) basically, the reviewers took at face value the fundamental claim by the study authors that the gfaj - 1 bug was growing without any phosphorus, says microbial ecologist norman pace of the university of colorado. \" once you accept that, everything else follows, \" pace says. \" you just have to have a certain expertise to know that is nearly impossible ; removing phosphorus is just very hard. \" in general, pace says that he believes peer review improves studies and works as a \" pretty strong \" corrective to error in science. \" there is lots of poor science out there, but important claims like this one are checked up on and proven true or false, as this ( arseniclife ) one was, so i think things are not actually so suspect out there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5177295426364921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.599504"} {"text": "error in science. \" there is lots of poor science out there, but important claims like this one are checked up on and proven true or false, as this ( arseniclife ) one was, so i think things are not actually so suspect out there in science. in essence, this was all found out in due course. my belief is the peer - review system is fundamentally sound. \" regardless, pace says there was \" poor judgment at multiple levels \" in the arseniclife case, from an \" overly exuberant \" interpretation of the study results by the authors to the peer reviewers missing \" the big crux of the results : the claim of absence of phosphorus, \" to nasa repeating some of the mistakes that caused the agency trouble in 1996, when it publicized results suggesting a martian meteorite contained microscopic signs of life. still, pace had actually recommended the publication of that 1996 paper, he says. \" i do think it is important to get noteworthy results out there. \" in 2011, science editor - in - chief bruce alberts echoed that comment in a statement on the arseniclife study. \" we hope that the study and the subsequent exchange being published today will stimulate further experiments - whether they support or overturn this conclusion. in either case, the overall result will advance our knowledge about conditions that support life, an important outcome for science and education, \" alberts says. worth noting is that nasa scientist michael new and original study lead author wolfe - simon, now of the lawrence berkeley ( calif. ) national laboratory, both still supported the original 2010 study ' s findings this summer when the refuting studies were published. \" science is continuously evaluating its peer - review policies and procedures with the goal of a rigorous and fair process, \" magazine spokeswoman ginger pinholster said in response to questions about whether the journal has changed its peer - review practices since 2010. this year, the journal added an additional step to the review process. once all reviews are in on a manuscript, all the reviewers are invited to read them and comment. \" this step allows the reviewers to react to the comments of the other reviewers and may help the editor to calibrate the reviewer comments, \" pinholster says by e - mail. kruglyak cautions against looking back too harshly at the reviewers of the arseniclife study. \" in hindsight we can see what went on, but that ' s how hindsight works, \" kruglyak says. \" it was a pretty spectacular claim. in the big picture, i ' m", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5178401098734616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.600551"} {"text": "a rare tropical disease called guinea worm is closer to being eradicated, according to former president jimmy carter and other experts. there are now only 542 known cases of guinea worm left worldwide, as of 2012, representing a 48 % decrease from 2011, officials said thursday at a news conference. \" we cannot rest until we get and contain the very last case, \" said dr. donald r. hopkins, affiliated with the carter center in atlanta, which has been instrumental in the effort to wipe out guinea worm. the world health organization this week said in a report that guinea worm, also called dracunculiasis, has a global eradication target for the year 2015. so far, only one disease has reached the status of worldwide eradication since 1980 : smallpox. in 1986, when the carter center began leading its international campaign against guinea worm disease, there were 3. 5 million cases in 21 countries. south sudan has the most known cases today, at 521, followed by chad ( 10 ), mali ( 7 ), and ethiopia ( 4 ), according to the carter center. these are the only four countries that still have transmission of guinea worm. a main obstacle to eradication is that one case of guinea worm disease, if not addressed quickly, can spread to hundreds more people, carter said. communities that depend chiefly on open water sources like ponds in rural and isolated areas are especially affected, according to the world health organization. the disease gets into the body when people drink contaminated water, which contains water fleas that have ingested guinea worm larvae. the human stomach kills the water fleas, but not the larvae within. worms can get through the intestinal wall and move around under skin tissues.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43753182545074326, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.602284"} {"text": "shots - health news fri february 22, 2013 the whole community gets a health boost from hiv treatment originally published on fri february 22, 2013 9 : 51 am over the past few decades, one of the most perplexing questions in global health is how to stop hiv. there have been campaigns involving condoms, abstinence and even the circumcision of all men younger than 46. but one relatively new strategy, called treatment as prevention, is causing quite a buzz. the idea is to give all hiv - positive people antiretroviral drugs to drive down the levels of virus in their systems so they no longer pose a threat of transmitting the disease. sounds good in theory, but how well does it play out in the slums of nairobi or the townships of johannesburg? two studies published in the journal science find that, in places where hiv drugs are widely available, the risk for new hiv infections drops dramatically and overall life expectancy increases by more than a decade. in other words, treatment as prevention isn ' t just a buzz word floating around health conferences but a promising strategy for stopping hiv \u2014 even in a part of the world with one of the most severe aids epidemics. epidemiologists from harvard university followed 17, 000 hiv - negative south africans for seven years in the province of kwazulu - natal. they found that, when more than 30 percent of hiv - positive people are on powerful anti - hiv drugs, it cuts the risk of contracting the virus by about 38 percent, compared to when less than 10 percent of those infected have treatment. \" the intention of this program [ the south african government ' s antiretroviral drug program ] is not treatment as prevention, \" till barnighausen, a health economist who contributed to the study, tells shots. \" the intention of this program is treatment for treatment, to save lives. \" a true treatment - as - prevention model, barnighausen says, would offer antiretroviral therapy to everyone who is hiv positive. but the south african government is providing medications only to the sickest of the sick. nevertheless, barnighausen and his colleagues saw a sharp reduction in new hiv infections when drugs were widely available to the community. \" it is a program with all the failures and challenges of a real - life, public - sector, nurse - led program in southern africa, \" barnighausen says. \" and despite these challenges, we see a strong effect of hiv treatment on hiv incidence. and that ' s extremely encouraging. \" infectious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4740876677318975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.606092"} {"text": "a real - life, public - sector, nurse - led program in southern africa, \" barnighausen says. \" and despite these challenges, we see a strong effect of hiv treatment on hiv incidence. and that ' s extremely encouraging. \" infectious disease specialist dr. myron cohen at the university of north carolina, who wasn ' t involved in this study, calls the findings \" a home run. \" cohen published a landmark report in 2011 showing that hiv treatment nearly eliminates the chance that an infected person will transmit the virus to a partner. the current study, cohen says, demonstrates that treatment as prevention doesn ' t just work at the individual level but also at the community level. and thus, the findings are hugely important for public health. \" it ' s teaching us something, \" he says. \" you don ' t have to treat everybody to see a community benefit. \" in a companion article, barnighausen and his team found that overall life expectancy in kwazulu - natal rose more than 11 years since the province scaled up hiv treatment in 2004. but even when studies like these show the broad benefits of anti - hiv medications, major challenges remain in getting drugs to the millions of africans who need them, including the issue of who pays for these costly drugs. questions also remain about how sustainable these programs will be, especially given that hiv - positive patients are going to need to be on those drugs for the rest of their lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4554064308603162, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.606791"} {"text": "what rh factor testing screens for the rh factor is a protein carried by red blood cells in some people, and not in others. if you have the protein, you are rh positive. if not, you are rh negative. ( and you are special : only about 15 percent of the population is rh negative. ) in blood typing, everyone is either type a, b, or o ; the plus or minus sign after the letter refers to the rh factor. both rh negative and rh positive are entirely normal, healthy blood characteristics. problems can arise, however, if an rh - negative mom - to - be carries an rh - positive baby. the mother ' s body may mistake the baby ' s blood cells as intruders and start making antibodies to attack them. left unchecked, this condition ( known as fetal rh disease ) can threaten the health of the baby. this almost never happens in a first pregnancy ( since the baby ' s blood is unlikely to enter the mom ' s bloodstream until delivery ). however, if untreated in the first pregnancy, it can threaten subsequent pregnancies. so as a preventive measure, all rh - negative women are given injections of a substance called rhogam ( rh - d immune globulin, which prevents the antibodies from forming ) at various times during each pregnancy \u2014 starting with the first. these injections save the lives of an estimated 10, 000 babies per year in the united states alone. who rh factor testing is forall pregnant women will have their rh factor determined. rh - negative woman will have follow - up testing and treatment. how rh factor testing is doneblood samples are taken from a vein in your arm. if you are rh - negative, a rhogam injection goes into your muscle tissue in your arm or your backside. you might be given a choice ; or your practitioner might favor one spot or the other. the injection is somewhat painful and the soreness can last for a couple of days. ask your practitioner about taking a pain reliever to alleviate the discomfort. when rh factor testing is done rh testing is usually done during a woman ' s first blood test during pregnancy. rhogam injections for rh - negative women are given at 28 or 29 weeks and again within 72 hours of delivery. the rhogam injection is also administered after any genetic testing that could result in mixing of maternal and fetal blood, such as cvs ( cho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5187180401078262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.609640"} {"text": "pi : amy bower ( whoi ) deep ocean convection is limited to a small number of isolated regions worldwide, including the labrador sea, but it has a profound impact on the ocean \u2019 s thermohaline circulation and climate. while the convection process itself has been studied intensively over the last decade, the restratification of the water column after convection, which will directly impact convection during subsequent winters, is not as well - studied. it has recently been suggested that the decay of coherent, long - lived, anticyclonic eddies shed from a surrounding warm boundary current are potentially important in restratifying convection regions. this idea is most developed in the labrador sea, where anticyclonic eddies containing a core of warm, salty water from the irminger current ( a remnant of the gulf stream ) have been observed. the goal of the proposed research is to advance our understanding of the role of irminger rings in deep convection by collecting new information on their initial structure and on the evolution of their core properties as they propagate across the labrador sea. to meet this goal, we plan to deploy one densely instrumented mooring in the northeastern labrador sea near, but offshore of the eddy formation site to document the full water column hydrographic and velocity structure of about 12 new rings where they detach from the boundary and enter the interior. the mooring will also serve as the \u201c launch pad \u201d for the automatic release of a profiling float each time an eddy sweeps by the mooring. trapped within the eddies by the strong azimuthal velocities, the floats will track the eddy trajectories and measure changes in eddy core properties as they move from the formation site toward the convection region. when this research program is completed, we will have unprecedented information on the structure and heat and salt content of nascent irminger rings that have separated from the boundary, improved estimates of the heat and freshwater fluxes associated with rings, and new information on where and how their anomalous core properties are spread within the labrador sea. oceaninsight : irminger rings project overview link to oceaninsight irminger rings project overview popular science : fieldwork the unseen currents on the labrador sea, the scientific crew of the research vessel knorr hunts for underwater storms, sinks a two - mile mooring \u2014 and gathers clues to the planet \u2019 s fate. march, 2011. furey, h., a. bower, and t. mckee. an irminger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5398481947101162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.613154"} {"text": "minimum inhibitory concentration minimum inhibitory concentration ( mic ), in microbiology, is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. minimum inhibitory concentrations are important in diagnostic laboratories to confirm resistance of microorganisms to an antimicrobial agent and also to monitor the activity of new antimicrobial agents. mics can be determined by broth dilution methods usually following the guidelines of a reference body such as the clsi, bsac or eucast. another, more modern method is the e - test method using strips of a gradient of antibiotic concentration. clinically, the minimum inhibitory concentrations are used not only to determine the amount of antibiotic that the patient will receive but also the type of antibiotic used, which in turn lowers the opportunity for microbial resistance to specific antimicrobial agents. - \u2191 andrews, j. m. determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 48 ( suppl. 1 ) : 5 - 16, ( 2001 ). pmid 11420333. there is no pharmaceutical or device industry support for this site and we need your viewer supported donations | editorial board | governance | licensing | disclaimers | avoid plagiarism | policies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5200660980951717, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.615098"} {"text": "search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. if you are not sure what you are looking for, try the combination search or our recommended species lists. search native plant database : menispermum canadense l. usda symbol : meca3 usda native status : native to u. s. a climbing vine with small, greenish - white flowers in small loose clusters in axils of large leaves ; each leafstalk attached just inside leaf \u2019 s edge. the poisonous fruit of this plant ripens in september and resembles whitish - powdered grapes. the fruit is highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten. bloom informationbloom color : white, green, brown bloom time : jun, jul al, ar, ct, dc, de, fl, ga, ia, il, in, ks, ky, ma, md, mi, mn, mo, ms, nc, nd, ne, nh, nj, ny, oh, ok, pa, sc, sd, tn, tx, va, vt, wi, wv canada : mb, qc native habitat : woodland edges, thickets, and streambanks. usda native status : l48 ( n ), can ( n ) growing conditionslight requirement : sun, part shade, shade soil moisture : moist is highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten. warning : plant poisonous. the fruit is highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten. conspicuous flowers : from the national suppliers directory according to the inventory provided by associate suppliers, this plant is available at the following locations : toadshade wildflower farm - frenchtown, nj recommended species lists find native plant species by state. each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. view recommended species page record modified : 2012 - 07 - 03 research by : twc staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44308896637530026, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.617052"} {"text": "everyone has seen on tv where some nerdy kid constantly gets picked on by all his classmates ; it \u2019 s always hilarious when they trip him and his books scatter everywhere. unfortunately, bullying exist in real life too. the difference is when it is involving an actual human being \u2019 s life, not a skit for a paid actor. when the hazing is happening in a real situation, it \u2019 s not so funny anymore. october is anti - bully month, and when students chose to wear orange to school tuesday, they were making a statement that they do not appreciate or tolerate bullying in their school or lives. often jokes are made about people being bullied, and the subject is all too often not taken seriously. i think the main reason for this is the fact that bullying is not a huge problem in our school. it does exist however, and what often hides in the shadows, is sometimes brought to light and laid out for everyone to see. being a bully is not okay. one of the major mistakes people make is thinking that the person being bullied \u201c deserved it \u201d or \u201c got what was coming to them \u201d this is ridiculous. no matter what poor decisions that person made in their life, no one deserves to be physically or emotionally abused. the effects of being bullied are devastating, often leaving scars that last a life time. when someone chooses to bully another, they are taking away that person \u2019 s basic right to the feeling of safety. even if the one being bullied has made a mistake, it is not another person \u2019 s duty to \u201c punish \u201d them for their wrongdoing. the truth is, however, that people who are victims of bullies often did nothing wrong. this is because bullies thrive off vulnerability. they have to make someone else look and feel small in an attempt to make them look good. what they don \u2019 t realize is that it makes them look like a person without morals and compassion, not exactly traits you \u2019 d hand pick for someone. in today \u2019 s world bullying is often occurring where everything else is taking place - the internet. with the popularity of social networking sights, bullies now have the opportunity to be bold behind a keyboard. it is a common misconception that what happens online goes unpunished. however, a cyber bully, if reported, can be in as much trouble as one who commits their acts of terror in person. in fact, the permanency of recorded messages makes it even easier to prove guilt. everyone should be aware of the dangers of using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46722344429971685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.619816"} {"text": "these is a drawing of the interior of io. click on image for full size interior of io the diagram to the left shows the interior of io. when the galileo spacecraft flew by io it took measurements which showed that io was separated into two layers, as shown in this picture. thus scientists think that io has a large core, covered with a rocky material. there is no ice within io. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, ranging from evolution, classroom research, and the need for science and math literacy you might also be interested in : differentiation is a scientific term which really means \" to separate \". in their earliest history, elements which made the planets would part into separate regions, if the planet were warm enough. this... more galileo is a spacecraft that has been orbiting jupiter for eight years. on september 21, 2003, galileo will crash into jupiter. it will burn up in jupiter ' s atmosphere. the crash is not an accident! the... more amalthea was discovered by e barnard in 1872. of the 17 moons it is the 3rd closest to jupiter. amalthea is about the size of a county or small state. amalthea is named after the goat in greek mythology... more callisto was first discovered by galileo in 1610. it is the 2nd largest moon in the solar system, and is larger than the earth ' s moon. it is about as big as the distance across the united states. callisto... more measurements by the galileo spacecraft have been shown that callisto is the same inside from the center to the surface. this means that callisto does not have a core at the center. this means that, unlike... more many different types of surface are shown in this picture. in the front is a huge crater, which goes for a long way over the surface. this crater could be compared to that of mimas. they both show that... more the surface of callisto is deeply marked with craters. craters are the little white marks in the picture. it looks like it might be the most heavily cratered body in the whole solar system. and some of... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5167035379612722, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.622049"} {"text": "a new look at the human genome suggests that unappreciated variations in its fundamental architecture, rather than point - by - point mutations, may be responsible for most genetic difference among people. point - by - point mutations, called single nucleotide polymorphisms, involve simple changes to dna lettering. they ' re the best - studied type of variation, the target of most genomic disease hunts, and the substance of commercially available personal more complex yet less - studied are structural variations, which involve large - scale changes : wholesale duplications and reversals, or unexpected additions and omissions, of long dna sequences. traditional genome sequencing techniques are too fuzzy and piecemeal to make sense of these, yet \" our observations suggest that structural variations are more specific to individuals than single nucleotide polymorphisms are, \" wrote researchers led by jun wang of the beijing genomics institute in a 24 july nature biotechnology study. it might seem counterintuitive that big changes have been harder to detect than small ones, but it ' s a consequence of how genomes are read. every method involves breaking long dna sequences - - the human genome contains three billion dna pairs - - into pieces, then trying to reassemble them. the methods vary according to fragment size and reassembly technique, but as a rule it ' s far less expensive and time - intensive to use small fragments. as a result, most genomic studies, including genome - wide association surveys, involve sequences reassembled from small pieces. as with a jigsaw puzzle or a book, however, larger fragments would work better. if the pieces are too small, or the text blocks just a few letters long, it ' s difficult to be certain what the final product ought to look like. it ' s possible to compare two pieces, but not puzzle sections or paragraphs. \" one reason you ' ve heard more about single nucleotide polymorphisms, that they ' ve come to the fore even though they ' re a more minor form of variation than these structural variants, is that they were easier to see, \" said yale university bioinformaticist mark gerstein, who was not involved in the in the new study, wang and colleagues used algorithms that assemble long, relatively intact genome sequences from small fragments, allowing them to see more structural variation than is usually possible. in a high - profile earlier study, they ' d used it to sequence a giant panda genome ; this time they compared structural variations across 106 people from the 1000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5434444038875718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.625299"} {"text": "this teacher - submitted, secondary lesson plan appeared in the badger history bulletin. please adapt it to fit your students ' needs. author : joni shahrani, sennett middle school, madison students will investigate the meaning of \" change \" in our society and grasp the way wisconsin ' s progressive traditions have affected changes in many aspects of life. they will make the connection between wisconsin as a progressive leader, and the inventions and legislative acts that are documented on the wisconsin firsts poster. then students will choose one of the items listed on the poster to research and report on in class. this lesson plan requires two to three class periods. students will gain a greater understanding of how change can be viewed in society. students will think critically and make intelligent inferences. students will be able to distinguish between industrial and legislative firsts. students will analyze and draw conclusions about how these \" firsts \" reflect the wisconsin people who made and used them. the wisconsin firsts poster has been created by the office of school services for students of all ages. the following lesson idea can motivate middle - level students to discuss and research the great state of wisconsin. - begin the lesson by asking students these questions : - what is change? - why is there change? - lead students to the idea that change can be anything new and innovative. - once students understand a good working definition of change, ask them if change will happen more easily if it benefits an individual or a large number of people? why? now have students also generate a working definition for the word \" progressive. \" at this point, ask students to draw parallels between their working definitions of \" change \" and \" progressive. \" enable students to understand that the state of wisconsin is seen as a progressive state in many areas. display the wisconsin firsts poster to show the many wisconsin firsts. these \" firsts \" exhibit why wisconsin is considered a progressive state. now ask students to brainstorm categories of \" firsts \" from the poster. two categories that work well are \" inventions \" and \" legislative firsts. \" there will be a few \" firsts \" that will not fit into these two categories. direct individual or pairs of students to research the \" first \" of their choice. their research should explain what the innovation was and its impact on industry and human rights, or laws. the information from these reports can be related to middle school history curriculum such as industrialism and reforms in the united states. - help students to see that change is much easier on a society if many people benefit as opposed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5864669505177842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.628018"} {"text": "children, especially five and under, are so eager to connect with adults. here are some easy ways to build your little one ' s confidence and their knowledge, with some advice from the organization, born learning. in the early months, learn what makes your baby happy. whether it ' s singing, swinging or following your fingers, give your baby fun experiences. also, connect language to everyday experiences - it helps your baby learn to speak and eventually read better. once they start speaking, turn an errand into a fun learning game that helps your child make sense of the surrounding world. if your child likes trucks, look for trucks as you drive and see who can yell \" truck \" first. when they get older, and more curious, encourage your preschooler to help you cook. for example, if a recipe calls for three eggs, ask her to get three eggs from the fridge. she ' ll feel like she ' s helping, and counting will help develop her math skills. turning chores, like laundry, into learning activities can also help with your child ' s math skills. ask him to identify colors, help you separate lights and darks, or count the number of socks. whether you ' re a parent, grandparent, or childcare professional, you have a rewarding - and at times challenging - job of molding these tender young minds. to learn more about how to help your child excel by 5, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4399259839360326, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.632289"} {"text": "century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the destroyer : a name given ( only in rev. ix. 11 ) to the angel of the bottomless pit, answering to the hebrew abaddon. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. the destroyer ; - - a name used ( rev. ix. 11 ) for the angel of the bottomless pit, answering to the hebrew - ancient greek \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c5\u03c9\u03bd ( \" apollyon, the destroyer \" ), from \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 ( \" destroy \" ) ( wiktionary ) \u201c apollyon comes from a greek word meaning the destroyer. \u201d \u201c now, phineas, be content ; apollyon is beaten down. \u201d \u201c \u201c have you ever heard of a company called apollyon associates? \u201d \u201d \u201c in revelation he is the king of hell, for says the apostle, \" and they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the hebrew tongue is abaddon, but in the greek tongue hath his name apollyon \" ( rev. 9 : 1. 1 ). \u201d \u201c for what is the very name apollyon, but an occult prophecy concerning the great conqueror of europe! nothing can be plainer! \u201d \u201c without entering upon the thing in its reality, i shall only observe, 1st, that it is neither in his power, or of his nature, to be a saviour of men ' s lives ; he is called apollyon the destroyer. \u201d \u201c without entering upon the thing in its reality, i shall only observe ; that it is neither in his power or of his nature to be a saviour of men ' s lives ; he is called apollyon the destroyer. \u201d \u201c the leader of this legion of tormenting scorpions was apollyon, meaning \u201c the destroyer. \u201d \u201d \u201c be warned though that it investigates the heavy sounds even more ( \" apollyon \" ). \u201d \u201c his voice is strongest on the golden gate bridge ; if you stop and look down you can hear the whisper of apollyon. \u201d \u2018 apollyon \u2019 hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for apollyon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509919525970598, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.637827"} {"text": "gnu webster ' s 1913 - the calendar of the ancient romans, from which our modern calendars are derived. it is said to have consisted originally of ten months, martius, aprilis, maius, junius, quintilis, sextilis, september, october, november, and december, having a total of 304 days. numa added two months, januariusat the beginning of the year, and februariusat the end, making in all 355 days. he also ordered an intercalary month, mercedinus, to be inserted every second year. later the order of the months was changed so that january should come before february. through abuse of power by the pontiffs to whose care it was committed, this calendar fell into confusion. it was replaced by the julian calendar. in designating the days of the month, the romans reckoned backward from three fixed points, the calends, the nones, and the ides. the calends were always the first day of the month. the ides fell on the 15th in march, may, july ( quintilis ), and october, and on the 13th in other months. the nones came on the eighth day ( the ninth, counting the ides ) before the ides. thus, jan. 13 was called the ides of january, jan. 12, the day before the ides, and jan. 11, the thirdday before the ides ( since the ides count as one ), while jan. 14 was the 19th day before the calends of february. - n. the lunar calendar in use in ancient rome ; replaced by the julian calendar in 46 bc \u201c julius caesar \u2019 s julian calendar, which replaced the roman calendar in 45 b. c., eliminated the need for extra days \u2014 and occasionally extra months. \u201d \u201c the latter detail is evidently an error, for the fourth century roman calendar of feasts says that pope felix was interred in the catacomb of st. callistus on the via appia ( \" iii kal. \u201d \u201c the absence of her name from the fourth - century roman calendar of feasts suggests that petronilla died at the end of the first or during the second century, since no special feasts for martyrs were celebrated during this period. \u201d \u2018 roman calendar \u2019 hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for roman calendar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39010478172276, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.640533"} {"text": "- idiomatic there ain ' t no such thing as a free lunch ; something advertised as being \" free \" will invariably have hidden costs. - acronym, originating in the early 20th century, and popularized by robert heinlein ' s novel, the moon is a harsh mistress. ( wiktionary ) \u201c the acronym tanstaafl was used by robert heinlein, the science fiction writer, in his 1966 novel, \u201d \u201c wealthy taxpayers must have gotten their gains at someone else ' s expense, since tanstaafl. \u201d \u201c \u00bb heinlein on national health care : tanstaafl heinleinblog heinleinblog \u201d \u201c but then i think that most people who cite tanstaafl have never read \u201c mistress \u201d, have no understanding that it applies only in a closed system, and are still looking for their own free lunches. \u201d \u201c heinlein gets the last word \" is kurt vonnegut ' s new york times article on the literary importance of heinlein and the uncut stranger in a strange land ( free registration required, or use our gift to you : username / password = heinlein100 / tanstaafl ). \u201d \u201c the moon is a harsh mistress by robert heinlein - the concept known as tanstaafl, or \" there ain ' t no such thing as a free lunch \". \u201d \u201c i thought of tanstaafl when he said that and wonder if he every read that book. \u201d \u201c somebody threw bob heinlein at me, so let me respond with him : tanstaafl. \u201d \u201c tanstaafl - - there ain ' t no such thing as a free lunch. \u201d \u201c \u00bb heinlein, tanstaafl evoked to defend gas tax heinleinblog heinleinblog \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 tanstaafl \u2019. signs like ; - ) are excluded as they wouldn ' t appear as wordnik items anyway looking for tweets for tanstaafl.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5506175940792885, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.642796"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a sawhorse, especially one having a crossed pair of legs at each end. - n. slang a ten - dollar bill. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. same as sawhorse. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. a sawhorse. - n. a ten - dollar bill ; also, double sawbuck, a twenty - dollar bill. - n. a framework for holding wood that is being sawed \u201c asking a cab driver to break a sawbuck is impossible, requiring a swing past the neighbourhood where sidewalk money - changers do their business. \u201d \u201c the rest of us had to make shift as we could, and i rigged up a \" sawbuck \" pack - saddle, with rope loops for stirrups and a blanket across it to sit on. \u201d \u201c hyphen added to ' sawbuck ' to ensure consistency with other uses \u201d \u201c the elk scouts had under their top - packs a \" sawbuck \" pack - saddle, which is a pair of wooden x ' s ; and to the horns of the x ' s they hung on each side a canvas case or pannier, in which were stowed cooking utensils, etc. \u201d \u201c sport harris, who was always looking for a chance to risk something, promptly took harry up, and each placed a \" sawbuck \" in the hands of \u201d \u201c unless the ap is leaving something out, the only enticement obamatour offers would - be visitors is the prospect of shelling out a sawbuck. \u201d \u201c in jack spence ' s case the only exodus they would see in the upcoming days would be at his hand or as a result of another three sawbuck expenditure. \u201d \u201c maisie spread her legs a little and he counted the bills into her lap, feeling the back of his hand brush her warm thighs with every double sawbuck. \u201d \u201c \u201c i thought maybe you could spot me another double sawbuck. \u201d \u201d \u201c bucky fronted jake a double sawbuck until he felt up to going to the bank. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 sawbuck \u2019. my favorite words for stuff to simply reside. what did i * just * say? slang terms ( mostly american ) for money. looking for tweets for sawbuck.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4986097313476971, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.645261"} {"text": "given that only half of global warming is due to co2, while another half is caused mainly by methane, world - leading scientists such as professor of global environmental health kirk smith and nasa \u2019 s prof. james hansen call for methane reduction strategies, for instance through reducing livestock, to be implemented rather than risky and untried geoengineering carbon sequestration strategies. dr smith writes : \u201c one tonne of methane is responsible for nearly 100 times more warming over the first five years of its lifetime in the atmosphere than a tonne of co2. methane is removed from the atmosphere much more rapidly than co2, with a half - life of 8. 5 years compared with many decades for co2. \u201d according to nasa article entitled \u201c global warming in the twenty - first century : an alternative scenario \u201c, co - authored by professor hansen : \u201c rapid warming in recent decades has been driven mainly by non - co2 greenhouse gases ( ghgs ), such as chlorofluorocarbons ( cfcs ), methane ( ch4 ), and nitrous oxide ( n2o ), not by the products of fossil fuel burning. if sources of methane and ozone ( o3 ) precursors were reduced in the future, the change in climate forcing by non - co2 ghgs in the next 50 years could be near zero. \u201d source : global warming in the twenty - first century : an alternative scenario nasa site \u2013 abbreviated version \u2013 proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ) \u2013 full article date : 25 june 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5102671412997919, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.647658"} {"text": "all hands on deck in the southern marshes and swamplands of louisiana, local fishermen refer to bp as \u201c bayou polluter \u201d \u2014 and that was before the april 20 blowout of the deepwater horizon oil rig operated by the oil giant. fishermen say bp spills oil every year and they point out marshes still dead from dispersants that were sprayed there. if president obama has a say, bp will stand for \u201c better pay \u201d for the environmental and economic damages that will stem from the uncontrolled leak, likely at 20, 000 barrels ( 840, 000 gallons ) a day, according to satellite imagery. in the exxon valdez spill, people counted on the oil company to respond to and clean up the mess, and we counted on congress and the legal system to hold the oil industry accountable for damages to the environment and local communities and economies. in hindsight, these turned out to be bad ideas \u2014 for reasons i \u2019 ve recounted in two books. exxon dodged penalties through long court battles, systematically underestimating the scope of the spill, and leveraging the costs of clean - up to avoid fines and penalties. the company even wrote off the cost of clean - up as a business expense. where ' s the deterrent in that? let \u2019 s not make the same mistakes again. bp \u2019 s leak from the rig blowout is so catastrophic and so out of control that the situation calls for all hands on deck \u2014 for immediate response, for dealing with the spill ' s long - term ramifications, and for preventing another disaster of this magnitude. what can impacted communities, governments, and states do to monitor, cleanup, and restore marshes and beaches? - start up shoreline cleanup assessment teams to monitor and map the extent of surface oil on beaches and in marshes. in a best - case scenario, teams should include representatives of local nonprofit organizations along with the usual local, state, and federal government officials and industry representatives. including citizens at this level builds public confidence and trust in the program and information. - start up baseline monitoring programs to map the extent of dissolved oil beneath the water ' s surface. this subsurface pollution threatens shellfish, fish, and other sea life. a standard way of monitoring coastal pollution is to lower caged shellfish to various depths, then periodically analyze samples in a lab. oyster watch programs could involve a partnership with local governments and local chapters of active nonprofits to also build goodwill and self - sufficiency. - adopt a position of \u201c no more harm \u201d and issue emergency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4263774450924297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.654146"} {"text": ", then periodically analyze samples in a lab. oyster watch programs could involve a partnership with local governments and local chapters of active nonprofits to also build goodwill and self - sufficiency. - adopt a position of \u201c no more harm \u201d and issue emergency orders banning the use of chemical dispersants ( and all products with carrier solvents ) in near - shore and marsh habitats. chemicals that dissolve and disperse crude oil typically contain solvents, which means they are inherently toxic to sea life, especially in shallow areas where the toxic impact of the chemical and the dispersed oil cannot be rapidly diluted. - coordinate efforts to find and use nonharmful methods such as hair mats or peat moss to recover oil from sensitive marsh and beach habitats. establish mycelium response teams in communities to help with composting natural cleanup products. these are important alternatives to synthetic booms, which need to be cleaned ( with solvents ) or discarded ( tons of contaminated absorbent materials are stored in landfills or burned in incinerators ), creating secondary pollution problems. what can local impacted communities, governments, and states do to protect public health and worker safety? - establish an oil - pollution advisory system to warn recreational users of potential pollution hazards on public beaches \u2014 perhaps adopting the flag system already in place to warn people of weather or swimming hazards. - establish teams of doctors trained in occupational and environmental medicine to treat people with symptoms of overexposure to crude oil, including respiratory problems, dizziness, nausea, headaches, and even cold and flu - like symptoms \u2014 which symptoms from chemical - induced illnesses mimic. - increase protection for spill responders. ask congress to remove the exemption for reporting colds and flu under the osha regulations. this exemption effectively allows companies to bypass reporting symptoms of chemical - induced illnesses \u2014 exactly what osha purports to protect workers from. - take immediate steps to train people to facilitate peer listening circles to mitigate social and individual disaster trauma. - establish seafood monitoring programs to ensure that commercial catch is free of contamination from oil and dispersants. what can people do to help? lots. the obama administration, congress, and the states need to hear from all of us. - pressure state leaders and congressional delegates to support the big oil bailout prevention act to increase the cap on liability from $ 75 million to $ 10 billion minimum, retroactive to the bp gulf disaster. following the exxon valdez oil spill, exxon eventually paid a total of about $ 1. 5 billion to injured parties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45158577469856925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.655552"} {"text": "act to increase the cap on liability from $ 75 million to $ 10 billion minimum, retroactive to the bp gulf disaster. following the exxon valdez oil spill, exxon eventually paid a total of about $ 1. 5 billion to injured parties, which boiled down to about 7 to 10 percent of actual individual losses in prince william sound \u2014 and the payment came 20 years too late to help people through the immediate debt and cash - flow crises caused by the spill. - hold president obama to his promise to make bp pay for damages from its catastrophe. ask obama and congress to withhold all future oil and gas leases \u2014 onshore and offshore \u2014 until bp negotiates a settlement with injured parties instead of litigating or relying on the oil liability trust fund. litigants in the exxon valdez case know full well that the u. s. legal system is incapable of holding large corporations accountable for the full monetary damages from large - scale industrial accidents. while $ 10 billion is chump change for oil giants like bp, it is survival for injured fishermen, local restaurants, resorts, and local communities, among others. - pressure state officials and congress to establish a gulf regional citizens advisory council, modeled after the prince william sound council and mandated by the oil pollution act, prior to any further oil and gas activities in the gulf of mexico. - contact congress and the obama administration to demand that no more waivers or exemptions to our environmental protection laws be granted for oil and gas activities in the gulf of mexico \u2014 or anywhere else in the united states. further, demand full public disclosure of a complete list of existing waivers and exemptions from our regulations and laws ( including the clean air act, clean water act, superfund, and safe drinking water act, among others ) that have been granted to this industry. exceptions to the rule lead to industrial accidents like mine collapse, coal ash spills, and the situation in the gulf. - demand a stay on future oil and gas permitting pending a full cost accounting of our nation \u2019 s oil dependency. failure to recognize and account for \u201c externalities \u201d such as the costs of poisoned drinking water, degraded air quality and public health, asthma in children, the global climate crisis, and the tremendous environmental cost of the spill in the gulf will only lead to continued blind dependency on fossil fuels. - lastly, start acting like the sovereign people that we are. insist that people rule, not property, and that the people \u2019 s voice counts more than business in deciding our future energy choices. join move to amend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3709381011488274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.656641"} {"text": "continued blind dependency on fossil fuels. - lastly, start acting like the sovereign people that we are. insist that people rule, not property, and that the people \u2019 s voice counts more than business in deciding our future energy choices. join move to amend and other groups in pushing for curbs on corporate power. riki ott, phd, wrote this article for yes! magazine, a national, nonprofit media organization that fuses powerful ideas with practical actions. riki has written two books on the exxon valdez oil spill ' s impacts on people, communities, and wildlife, including the recently released not one drop : betrayal and courage in the wake of the exxon valdez oil spill. a marine toxicologist and former fisherma \u2019 am, she is a national spokesperson with move to amend, a grassroots campaign advocating constitutional amendments to restrict corporate power. - six things you can do about the bp gulf disaster : instead of sitting helplessly on the sidelines, here are six things every american can do. - john francis on how to break our addiction to oil : when an oil spill coated birds in san francisco bay 40 years ago, he quit driving. then he quit speaking. madeline ostrander asked him what he learned in that process that can help us deal with the bp oil spill. - can we live without oil? : the age of oil may well be coming to an end, and the transition will not be easy. will we choose to do what needs to be done. that means, we rely on support from our readers. independent. nonprofit. subscriber - supported.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41261550699450633, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.657272"} {"text": "the likud is a center - right party, whose roots can be traced back to the teachings of ze ' ev jabotinsky and revisionist zionism. these teachings were the base for the formation of the herut movement by menachem begin upon israel ' s establishment. with time, herut joined forces with the liberal movement, and in 1973 allied with other political elements present in the 1970s, such as the free centre, the national list and the movement for greater israel, and was renamed the likud. in 1977, the party won 45 knesset seats in the elections and for the first time rose to power. in 1979, begin signed the peace treaty with egypt. in 1982, a likud - led government initiated the lebanon war, eventually prompting begin to resign and quit public life. his replacement yitzhak shamir formed a national unity government with labor. sahmir ' s leadership of the likud was followed by the first tenure of benjamin netanyahu, who was elected israeli prime minister in 1996, following the assassination of yitzhak rabin. netanyahu was followed by ariel sharon, a prominent likud figure since its inception. sharon was elected prime minister in 2001, but left the likud in 2005 to form kadima. netanyahu was reelected likud chair in december 2005. - israel will not allow the establishment of an arab palestinian state west of the jordan river. the palestinians will be able to manage their lives freely in the framework of an autonomous regime, but not as a sovereign, independent state. - the jordan river will be the state of israel ' s permanent border. - jerusalem is the jewish people ' s everlasting capital ; it will not be divided, nor will any negotiation to the effect be conducted. israel will continue to push for the expansion of jewish neighborhoods in east jerusalem. israel will ensure the freedom of religion and faith as well as free access to all holy places in jerusalem, for all religions. the boosting of jewish settlement activity in the golan heights will continue. - israel ' s defense, safety and security will be top priority in any political negotiation or agreement. israel will maintain all its security assets in order to ensure its ability to defend itself in times of crisis. - the likud pledges to continue to strive for peace with all of it neighbors, while stressing security israel ' s safety and security as a benchmark guideline to mideast peace. - israel will spare no effort in ensuring the return of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4592555785155192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.661452"} {"text": "online tutorials for students the york university libraries are pleased to offer these online tutorials for students. each tutorial includes a self - test allowing students to gauge their understanding of the topic. any faculty member is welcome to include these tutorials in class activities. participation can be tracked by having students print and hand in their quiz results page, or by using yquiz statistics & reports, an online tracking and reporting system for the quizzes. the academic integrity tutorial the academic integrity tutorial is designed to help you learn about issues of academic integrity. it explores plagiarism and related matters with case examples and positive strategies you can use to improve your academic efforts and avoid committing an academic offense as outlined in york ' s senate policy on academic honesty. this tutorial takes about 30 - 40 minutes to complete. the library research roadmap the library research roadmap is a self - paced tutorial designed to lead you through the steps of the bibliographic research process in preparation for writing an essay in the social sciences or humanities. this tutorial takes about 20 - 30 minutes to complete. the web research tutorial the web research tutorial helps you to learn more about how to use publicly - accessible web sites for research, from understanding what kind of information is freely available on the web to what kinds of search tools and techniques will help you get useful results, and how to critically evaluate and properly document what you find. the pre - writing strategies online tutorial presents ideas and techniques for getting started on essay - writing assignments, including strategies for understanding your assignment, exploring your own ideas about a topic, gathering ideas from readings, organizing rough notes, and developing a thesis. now includes an online quiz.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4661965863272336, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.664306"} {"text": "we probably all enjoy lying on a sandy tropical beach reading a book under towering coconut palms. these mighty trees seem to make a perfect location even more sublime. we might be less aware of just how useful the coconut is, especially in the kitchen. firstly, it should be mentioned that the coconut palm is a not a tree but rather a \u2018 woody plant \u2019. secondly the fruit from the coconut palm is not a nut. it is technically a drupe. the first use for coconut in the kitchen is as a basic construction material. coconuts reach maturity in just 7 years and so can be classified as a renewable resource. the timber from coconut palms is strong. it can be compressed into strand woven coconut for added strength. it makes an ideal material for flooring that is ecologically sound and that looks and performs like hardwood flooring. the actual coconut also has a variety of uses for cooking. coconut oil is popular throughout the tropics. despite being high in saturated fat it is good for you. this is because the oil is composed mostly of medium chain fatty acids that are easily converted by the body into energy. in contrast many polyunsaturated fats consist of long chain fatty acids that the body cannot break down and ends up storing as body fat. coconut oil and coconut milk are both rich in lauric acid. only palm oil and mother \u2019 s milk has comparable amounts of lauric acid. it is a remarkable compound that is antimicrobial and helps to protect the body from viral attacks. coconut oil in food is a great way for both humans and dogs to stay slim and healthy. coconut milk is commonly used in thai dishes such as green curry, chicken curry as well as desserts such as sticky rice and mango. it is a great food item to have in the larder. it doesn \u2019 t go off for 6 months as coconut milk contains antioxidants that prevent it going rancid. it is also lactose free and a suitable for making shakes and smoothies. moreover, research has shown that regularly eating coconut milk helps to prevent lipid disorders. another great coconut food product is coconut flour. it is gluten free and ideal for baking breads and cakes. the advantage of coconut flour is that it is relatively high in protein and fiber and yet low in carbohydrates. this makes it not only useful for those with gluten intolerance but also for those who want to lose weight. finally, coconut water or coconut juice as it is also called is great for those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44329808589176145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.668146"} {"text": "field trip - flagstaff middle school pond at the flagstaff middle school pond, students get their first outdoors hands - on practice at water quality testing. the students were instructed to follow protocols set by the global learning and observations to benefit the environment ( globe ). globe is an international network of scientists, educators and students conducting scientific research. within view of the san francisco peaks, students listened to hydrologist, dr aregai tecle, speak about the importance of hydrology. dr tecle covered topics ranging from our dry southwestern climate, declining water supplies in underground aquifers and the need to be conscious of our own water use. he also addressed these topics to get students to think more about a college education and careers in hydrology. with a degree in hydrology students will be able to return their communities in order to address their environmental problems. dr. tecle was very excited to be working with summer scholars because as a hydrologist, he is concerned about the future of our water resources. \u201c here, it is the scientific method they are learning \u2026 to engross their interest in academics, that way they have something to aspire for, \u201d tecle said. students used this field trip to practice the water quality protocols : temperature, ph, conductivity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen ( do ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5007276673285939, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.669447"} {"text": "the chemicals in your life on wednesday, april 5, we will be doing a class exercise to explore the properties of acids and bases. groups of 3 - 4 people will work together. please organize your group and bring the needed supplies to class. suggested homework problems : problems have been assigned for : chapters 1, 2 and 3 chapters 4, 5 and 6 chapters 7, 8 and 9 chapters 11, 12 and 15 chemistry poems by - once upon a christmas cheery in the lab of shakhashiri, here are some experiments that can be done at home. try them, try them, you will like them. - chemistry in the modern world, a course here at stanislaus will teach you how to do chemistry demonstrations. - the american chemical society has resources for educators. - project l * a * b * s, sponsored by rhome and haas, has experiments for all ages of students. csus library homepage : ollie, carl / uncover, and library hours can be found at this site. csus students ( with a library bar code ) can also connect to medline via first search. here are hot new articles from the american science is fun in the lab of chemicool web site has all sorts of information about the elements. check out this periodic table ; it was created by yinon bentor. special viewing of ddt special viewing of dde csu stanislaus chemistry homepage thank you for not smoking is a page with links to information about the ill effects of cigarette smoking. there are links to sites with useful information : including how to quit, how to keep adolescents from starting and how to avoid magazines that advertise tobacco products.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49659067663074996, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.670952"} {"text": "to date, it has been an unbelievably quiet flu season throughout the country. but with that being said there is still some flu and there could be more to come, this is typically the time of year that flu begins to peak. so, what is the flu? flu is short for influenza which is a viral infection of the nose, throat and lungs. there are many different types of influenza viruses and different viruses circulate each year. since the flu viruses change each year a new vaccine is released every year to cover the 3 expected strains of flu for the season. the most common symptoms of the flu include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches headaches, chills and fatigue. in younger children the flu may also cause some vomiting and diarrhea. occasionally, some people with the flu will not have fever, but this is not common. you typically feel a lot sicker with the flu than with a cold and most people really go to bed, or at least the couch while sick with the flu. even toddlers and children slow down! the flu is spread by respiratory droplets which occur when a person with the flu coughs, or sneezes or talks. these viral droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby ( maybe even several feet away ). at the same time a person might pick up these droplets by touching something, like a door knob, telephone, or a computer that has the flu virus on it and then touching their own mouth, eyes or nose. it really is very easily spread. did you also know that the people who may not yet be sick, or are just starting to feel \" icky \" may spread the virus unknowingly? the virus may be shed for a day prior to actually getting sick and up to 5 - 7 days after having the flu. even with the best intentions it is impossible to predict when you will get sick or exactly how long you shed virus after starting to feel better. the only good prevention is to cover your mouth when you cough, wash your hands frequently and try to keep from touching your hands to your own face. easier said than done. because the flu is a virus, antibiotics won ' t help. i repeat, antibiotics don ' t work. the treatment of the flu is entirely symptomatic, in other words treat the fever, body aches, cough etc. flu typically puts a person to bed for a few days and the fever is usually significant. treat the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48564438268333165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.674611"} {"text": "' t work. the treatment of the flu is entirely symptomatic, in other words treat the fever, body aches, cough etc. flu typically puts a person to bed for a few days and the fever is usually significant. treat the fever with either acetaminophen or ibuprofen and never use aspirin. i also prescribe throat lozenges, hot tea, popsicles for sore throats, and lots of fluids. in most cases children don ' t have a big appetite when they are sick, and neither will you if you get the flu, so just make sure they are drinking and hydrated. as they start feeling better their appetite will return. there are antiviral medications specifically for the flu and these drugs may be used more frequently for children under the age of 2 or for children with underlying medical conditions such as asthma or heart disease. these medications need to be started within the first 2 days of flu to be effective and will be prescribed in certain circumstances, so call your doctor to discuss this. to prevent spreading the flu, you should keep your child home while they are sick and for 24 hours after they become fever free ( and that means without using fever reducing medication! ). most people with the flu have a lingering cough and fatigue which may last another 7 - 10 days. flu is definitely not fun and may affect the entire family. lastly, the best way to prevent getting the flu is by getting vaccinated. it is still not too late, ( never too late unless you are already sick ). i ' m dr. sue with the kid ' s doctor helping parents take charge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43388323971309284, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.675316"} {"text": "we all carry between 300 - 500 toxins in our tissues. many of these toxins were not in existence before 1940. where have they all come from? the shortage of natural minerals during ww11 prompted the creation of synthetic chemicals such as nylon, plastics and synthetic rubbers even margarine due to shortage of butter. the chemical revolution continues! scientists don \u2019 t always consider the long - term hazardous effects that these discoveries have on our planet and our health. we know we live on a toxic planet toxins are every where. in our water, in the air, in our homes. these toxins are carried by wind rain and weather and have even been found at the north pole. scientist, who drilled the polar ice cap, found \u201c green goo \u201d that refuses to freeze. they found ddt, dioxin & pcb \u2019 s as well as hundreds of other deadly chemicals. toxins in our homes a study conducted in1998 ( issue of scientist \u2019 s america ) came to the conclusion that indoor toxins are 3 - 5 times more dangerous than outdoors. even when we shower or do the dishes. when chlorine is heated it releases chloroform gas. exposure can cause cancer, induce asthma, allergies and chronic fatigue. pharmaceuticals in drinking water studies have indicated that over time, humans could be harmed by ingesting drinking water contaminated with tiny amounts of pharmaceuticals. people take pills. their bodies absorb some of the medication, but the rest of it is passed through and flushed down the toilet. although the wastewater is treated before it is discharged into reservoirs, rivers or lakes and the water is cleansed again at treatment plants before being piped to consumers, most treatments do not remove all drug residue. studies show that over time, humans could be harmed by ingesting drinking water contaminated with tiny amounts of pharmaceuticals. also, simazine in swimming pools if ingested by boys and men, the chemical mimics a natural hormone that switches off progesterone so that young boys may not properly develop or may become sterile, or both, and in older men it is proven to be a precursor to prostate cancer. studies also show that levels of toxic chemicals can lead to learning deficit & infertility, from every day items such as toilet bowl cleaners and deodorisers, moth balls, dry cleaning fluid, insecticides and pesticides. children \u2019 s diseases on the rise children spend more time on the floor than adults and are particularly susceptible to contamination on that level. they also crawl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4792252375911677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.680712"} {"text": "cleaners and deodorisers, moth balls, dry cleaning fluid, insecticides and pesticides. children \u2019 s diseases on the rise children spend more time on the floor than adults and are particularly susceptible to contamination on that level. they also crawl on outdoor patios, which have been treated with arsenic. consequently, we are seeing an appalling rise in children \u2019 s diseases, which can be traced to toxins in the system as shown from a study from washington state. it shows that plasticising chemicals known as phthalates, the flame retardants pbdes, the heavy metals : lead, arsenic, and mercury, perfluorinated chemicals like those used to make teflon, pesticides, and banned, but persistent, pcbs and ddt. these toxins are all around us. all these lead to child hood deceases, such as asthma, diabetes, cancer, autism and add. to name a few. degenerative disease on the rise in spite of billions of dollars spent on cancer research over many years, cancer has just become the number one killer. every one of us knows of friends, family work colleagues who are either suffering from cancer or have lost the battle. but it \u2019 s not all doom and gloom! ignorance is not an option. we have a personal responsibility for our own and our children \u2019 s health and well being. we may not be able to stop these invisible killer toxins from invading our lives but we can do something about looking after our own health. \u201c activated liquid zeolite \u201d has been proven to remove heavy metals and chemicals from the cells. because of it \u2019 s small molecular size it has the added benefit of total safety for all ages including newborn babies. taking a heavy metal urine or hair test before and after use will assure even the most sceptical person of its efficacy. if you would like more specific information regarding the use of this life - changing product, e - mail me firstname. lastname @ example. org or call me on the numbers provided and most important please visit my website : www. zeolitesgerlinde. com for free reports and answers to all your questions. 07 556 11952 or 0413 196 673. extracts from a report from dr. steve nugent if you would like to read his full report go to http : / / www. zeolitesgerlinde. com / ncd / nugenttoxinreport. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4807145015376126, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.681719"} {"text": "this post was written by paige horton, student assistant in special collections and archives. women and wake forest have quite the colorful history. in honor of women \u2019 s history month we here at special collections dug around and found something very special for you : the deans record group : dean of women ( rg4. 3 ), and women \u2019 s government association ( rg4. 31 ) collections. the collection itself is made up of minutes, correspondence, and subject files that feature staff, student committees, and societies. the university archives is home to the administrative paperwork available in the finding aid, and the women \u2019 s government association handbooks can be found in the library catalog. students can get a first - hand look at the women \u2019 s government association ( wga ) handbooks which details all the guidelines women had to live by at wake forest. the history of wake forest provides an interesting look into the admission of women. women of junior and senior status were officially admitted into wake forest college in 1942. the college came to this decision based on the amount of students they could potentially have : from the baptist junior colleges, young women were graduating and were going to other institutions to complete their college work. among them were not a few who could not find the work desired in meredith college or in any other baptist college for women, and on that account they were going in increasing numbers to the university of north carolina and other institutions, where they could get the instruction they desired. with them often went their brothers and friends, who normally would attend wake forest. if wake forest college would admit them they would go there, since they desired to be in a baptist college. another consideration was that for the duration of the war the income from students \u2019 fees would be materially lessened by the drafting for the armed services of those who would be regularly among the students of the college, and that this loss might be reduced by the fees of the young women from the junior colleges who would not go to meredith college in any event. in 1943 a board member \u201c presented a compromise which allowed women to enter wake forest in any class ( previously they had been admitted only at the junior and senior levels ) ; recognized university status for wake forest, giving it the right to develop as it thought best and committed the convention to greater support of wake forest through funding of development programs. \u201d the admission of women to wake forest college, along with the end of the war, had some unforeseen complications. in spring 1946 the campus total came to 1, 000 students. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45290054788183487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.688655"} {"text": "support of wake forest through funding of development programs. \u201d the admission of women to wake forest college, along with the end of the war, had some unforeseen complications. in spring 1946 the campus total came to 1, 000 students. there wasn \u2019 t enough space to house all the students but the college and the town worked together to \u201c provide lodgings of some kind for everyone. \u201d women stayed in bostwick and hunter dormitories, \u201c even in the basements and attics. \u201d the women \u2019 s government association and the dean of women were created in response to the acceptance of women. according to the 1964 handbook, \u201c the wga is you. the officers are elected by you and will represent you in all matters pertaining to the life of the women of wake forest college. the wga is not merely a law - making organization, but a group created to help give a sense of unity to all the women of wake forest college. the wga desires to help you, and in turn, needs your support to make your years here a success. \u201d the wga created a handbook instructing coeds on how they should conduct themselves while at wake forest. some of the rules include : coeds could not ride in cars or airplanes without the written permission of their parents. they were forbidden to enter any man \u2019 s room or apartment, and fraternity houses were strictly off limits. women could not smoke on the streets, and they were not allowed to possess or use alcoholic beverages. only seniors were permitted to date every night of the week and, in that activity, were forbidden to go to the stadium, the athletic field, and certain dark areas of the grounds. the handbooks have a variety of codes of conduct but here are some of the more interesting ones! 1953 - 1954 : dating in parked cars during the evening is not permitted. a date is considered being in the company of a boy more than fifteen minutes. blue jeans are for picnics and hikes \u2014 not to be worn on campus or in the parlors except for unusual circumstances. permission to wear jeans on the campus may be obtained from any member of the council. hose are worn when going to raleigh. 1957 - 1958 : bermuda shorts may be worn to the phone booths, drive - in movies, miniature golf course, through the small parlor when leaving or entering the dorm to and form a car, on picnics, swimming, in the recreation room, and to the farmer \u2019 s dairy bar. these rules apply except on sundays. bermudas may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49145371674659444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.689808"} {"text": "golf course, through the small parlor when leaving or entering the dorm to and form a car, on picnics, swimming, in the recreation room, and to the farmer \u2019 s dairy bar. these rules apply except on sundays. bermudas may be worn on sundays with raincoats or skirts. 1961 - 1962 : a student may not go to the phone or be in the parlor without wearing shoes. during serenades girls are asked to dress adequately and to be as courteous and considerate as possible. they are also asked to refrain from making excess noise whether they attend the serenade or not. 1962 - 1963 : second semester freshmen may go to the library any night, but must return to the dorm by 10 : 30. during this time she may go to the soda shop to get something, but may not sit down to eat it. 1965 - 1966 : it \u2019 s a college rule that participation in or inciting a riot ( and this includes panty raids ) is subject to penalty. you \u2019 ll be considered on a date if you leave the dormitory with a boy after 7 : 30pm. however, you are permitted to go to the library or to one of the science laboratories with a boy without being considered on a date. 1969 - 1970 : you are asked to use good taste in what you wear both on and off campus. sweat shirts and cut offs are discouraged! slacks and shorts are not to be worn in administrative offices in reynolda hall, the chapel, classes, or the magnolia room. please do not wear slacks and shorts on the upper campus before two pm on sundays. 1970 - 1971 : wake forest students are expected to recognize that marijuana, lsd, and other psychedelic drugs are illegal \u2026 the university \u2019 s physicians, counselors, and chaplains are available to students who wish to discuss confidentially matters concerning drug use, subject to the legal limitations on confidential communication. naturally the inclusion of women on campus led to some unforeseen consequences. \u201c some of the campus hijinks over the years were coeducational in nature. the admission of women to wake forest had initiated an automatic rivalry which was sometimes friendly and on occasion somewhat sour. \u201d some of these issues were explored publicly. one girl wrote into the og & b saying : \u201c it seems as if one must look like liz taylor to get a date. have you boys ever realized that you don \u2019 t look like clark gable? \u2026 i believe that if given a chance the girls that aren \u2019 t so beautiful would prove cute enough for your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4672754229852109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.691195"} {"text": "as if one must look like liz taylor to get a date. have you boys ever realized that you don \u2019 t look like clark gable? \u2026 i believe that if given a chance the girls that aren \u2019 t so beautiful would prove cute enough for your adorable personalities \u2026 give the wake forest coeds a chance. \u201d the newspaper received several responses from the male population in varying degrees of dissatisfaction. winston - salem also took notice to this \u2018 rivalry \u2019. in 1966 a reporter for the winston - salem journal surveyed the girls at 8 colleges and universities and reported that they found wake forest men to be \u201c rude, crude, and unacceptable \u201d and \u201c retarded mashers. \u201d \u201c since admissions standards for men were lower, women tended to be more ambitious and intelligent, and they found it difficult to locate a marriageable man on the campus, \u201d ( history of wake forest iv, p. 307 - 308 ). another aspect the collection provides interesting insight into is the creation and upkeep of the societies. the societies the collection offers information on includes the fideles, rigels, petales, les soeurs, s. o. p. h., thymes, laurels, and strings. \u201c the societies themselves are primarily social in their function. they hope to offer the coed a broader scope of social living and at the same time to make some contribution to the life of the college and the community as well as to the lives of the society members. \u201d the student affairs committee held open - hearings in order to properly evaluate how the societies were functioning - around campus and this is what they found. it appears that the societies are most important for the girls during their freshman and sophomore years : in other words, they apparently fill a need for entering girls as they orient themselves to ready - made identity groups and make minor loyalties and friendships within the larger loyalty to wake forest college. according to our findings, senior girls rank them at the lower side of the list of factors most important in their collegiate career. apparently there is already operating an unconscious phasing - out of society - identity in the lives of some students who are most mature, more self - reliant, more scholarly. therefore, we recognize the role of societies in this maturing process of the individual student and in their contribution to the loyalty to the academic community, but we think that for those girls who tend to outgrown them, we would encourage a procedure whereby their membership could relapse into an honorary status. overall the deans record group, dean of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131015450448086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.692314"} {"text": "the class of 2013 represents the first totally 21st - century educated young people in america. so what you may ask. the \u201c so what \u201d is that they are different than previous generations. they grew up with internet service at home, not just at school. by eighth grade, most carried a touchscreen smartphone with wireless internet access. by the time they reached high school, their phones could not only access the internet faster, but could also store an entire library of photographs and digital music files. they have literally been on the crest of the technology tidal wave. as most of them now prepare to go off to college, many of the fields of study they will enter have been revolutionized by the same changes in technology and society that have shaped that generation. for example, math has changed in that there used to be just one way to solve problems, where now there might be four different strategies \u2013 a revolutionized education system. what is different about this generation is that information is no longer difficult to ferret out, so there is no longer the same requirement for students to retain information. the old - fashioned rote memorization style of education was based on a world where having data on instant recall was a valuable skill. today instant recall is not only unnecessary, it \u2019 s downright frowned upon. why clutter one \u2019 s mind with useless facts when it can better be used to play thanks to google, bing and yahoo search engines? these high school graduates retain less information because they don \u2019 t have to recall it \u2013 they can find it \u2013 but reportedly that doesn \u2019 t make them any less intelligent. education is even shifting its focus away from the retention of information and toward the use of information, because electronically, information is retained for us. but technology isn \u2019 t the only thing that has shaped the lives of this year \u2019 s graduates. none of them have any clear memory of a time when the united states wasn \u2019 t engaged in a war in afghanistan \u2014 a war that began in 2002 when they were in first grade. it was always on the news, when as adolescents they would see the list of the people that died that day. despite growing up in a time of turmoil throughout world, they seem to have developed a culture a greater tolerance and diversity than in previous generations. for example, interracial dating, which in earlier times would have ignited controversy and actually was illegal in some states, is something they hardly even notice. part of that is a reflection of the rapidly changing demographics of the nation. from 2000 to 2010, according to the u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5076664011694512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.697325"} {"text": "##ial dating, which in earlier times would have ignited controversy and actually was illegal in some states, is something they hardly even notice. part of that is a reflection of the rapidly changing demographics of the nation. from 2000 to 2010, according to the u. s. census bureau, the number of people identifying themselves as being of mixed race grew 32 percent. reportedly there is a lot less cliquishness and separatist subgroups that don \u2019 t interact with each other in high school. they also were educated under the no child left behind mandates for education, which meant standardized tests, beginning in third grade, that meant more to teachers and schools than they meant to the students. students were pressured to do well, and given big incentive rewards for doing well. some have referred to the effect as lake woebegone where all kids are above average, but the intent was to ensure that all were at least proficient in all subjects. time will tell what the generational impact of their times will be, what they will accomplish, and what they will contribute to society, just as every preceding generation has been judged. the one undeniable characteristic of this class of 2013 that is totally dependent on technology is that they will not be attracted to any library that does not appeal to their technology - based life style.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4999140093968498, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.698012"} {"text": "the california community colleges throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century, states established public colleges and universities, funded enrollment expansion, and launched an experiment in social engineering. the result was a transformation of the scope and purpose of american higher education. california can be seen as leading this transformation. california reflected the struggle of most other states to coordinate their respective public institutions. issues of governance, autonomy, funding, and accountability gained greater importance in local and statewide politics. as the need of higher education in american society increased, the number of public institutions grew. the cost to taxpayers advanced these developments, but it differed in its early development of a coherent organizational structure for public higher education. in the progressive era, california established and funded a groundbreaking, geographically dispersed system of public colleges and a multi - campus state university. california progressives created a social contract and an organizational structure that coupled the promise of broad access to public higher education with a desire to develop institutions of high academic quality \u2014 an influential model that john douglass, in his book the california idea and american higher education : 1850 to the 1960 master plans, calls \u201c the california idea. \u201d a pivotal role california played a pivotal role in the development of community colleges and districts in america. legislation in california produced some of the earliest community colleges in the country. the district college soon became the model for most public community colleges in the nation and other states moved quickly to pass similar legislation. social, political, and economic forces shaped public higher education in california. its major personalities include david starr jordan, benjamin ide wheeler, hiram warren, and clark the first two - year colleges in california began with the recognition by local townspeople that many young high school graduates, unable to take up residence at an often distant college or university ( usually for financial reasons ), might benefit from college level studies. the founders of these institutions tended to be modest about their aspirations. they wanted to make it clear that they were in no sense proposing to compete with four - year generally, these colleges were established by an existing high school district as just one more service offered to the community by the democratic school system. it was not long, however, before the \" post high school experience \" grew into full - fledged junior colleges. ultimately these institutions became today ' s \" comprehensive \" california community colleges. some debate the origins of how the junior college came to california, evidence points to william rainey harper, president of the university of chicago. letters authored by harper around 1900 noted that he was working with three california colleges on the junior college idea. however, it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43966199706986087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.708008"} {"text": "origins of how the junior college came to california, evidence points to william rainey harper, president of the university of chicago. letters authored by harper around 1900 noted that he was working with three california colleges on the junior college idea. however, it was david starr jordan, president of stanford college, who became the most important figure in the junior college movement in california. jordan ' s friendship and exchanges with harper, as well as his tenacious persuit of the separation from the university ' s lower division, made him one of the most important figures in california ' s two - year college movement. a california law adopted in 1907 ( upward extension law ) allowed high schools to offer \" postgraduate \" classes. many historians have described this law as the beginning of the california junior college system. the historical record, however, does not support this view. both extended high schools and two - year colleges appear to have existed before the 1907 law. there is some historical evidence that many california high schools were already offering post diploma courses before the law was passed. william rainey harper noted in 1900 that five california colleges were already preparing to convert to junior colleges. these institutions may have converted before 1907 ( witt, p 53 ). the first use of the upward extension law in the state was fresno high school around 1910. with the assistance of universities stanford and berkeley, a principal and instructors were chosen for the first junior college in california. the school provided courses primarily to prepare persons for work in agriculture or industry. in 1913, bakersfield, fullerton, and long beach founded junior colleges. between 1915 - 1916, azuza, chaffey, riverside, sacramento, and santa ana followed suit. by the end of the decade, california had created the most extensive junior college system in the nation ( witt, p. 53 ). the development of districts in california another piece of california legislation passed in 1917, the ballard act, which provided state and county support for junior colleges. this act followed the state funding formula for high schools and provided funding to community colleges on a per - student basis. in 1921, the district junior college law amended the ballard act. this law allowed for the creation of community college districts to fund and administer junior colleges in california ( witt, p. 52 - 53 ). with the establishment of college district boards of education, freestanding institutions of higher education were controlled by the electorate, not by an academic elite. this combination of local control and public funding allowed junior colleges to adapt rapidly to the needs of their districts. local control also contributed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43411748040407894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.709066"} {"text": "of college district boards of education, freestanding institutions of higher education were controlled by the electorate, not by an academic elite. this combination of local control and public funding allowed junior colleges to adapt rapidly to the needs of their districts. local control also contributed to the rise of vocational education, adult education, evening classes, and other innovations that distinguish today ' s community colleges. this new law had an immediate effect as three junior college districts formed soon after, including modesto college in september 1921. eight days later riverside junior college reorganized under a district plan, and two months later sacramento created a college district. california had thirty - one public junior colleges, fourteen of them districts, by 1928. the 1920 ' s and 1930 ' s were a period of increased growth and interest in the community college. by 1930, approximately 150, 000 students were enrolled in the community college system ( witt, p 96 - 113 ). most of that growth took place in illinois, texas, and california. the second world war created a demand for vocational programs. many junior colleges participated in the newly approved civilian pilot training program. the greatest concentration of these programs was in california and texas. this defense effort provided a boon, increase in scope, and new acceptance for junior college vocational programs. in addition, with students facing military draft, junior colleges began offering accelerated degree programs. for example, san bernardino junior college shortened their associate degree to three semesters ( witt, p. 119 ). throughout the nation, despite the fact that the selective service act of 1940 exempted college and university students from the draft, enrollments declined and small private junior colleges closed. conversely, california ' s booming defense industry provided for an establishment of ten new colleges during the war. by 1945, the state had fifty - seven junior colleges ( witt, p. 125 - 128 ). following world war ii, colleges were given a boost with the passage of the gi bill. under the gi bill, any honorably discharged veteran who had served ninety days or was injured in the line of duty was entitled to a free college education. the government would pay for tuition, books, and fees at any approved institution. after the decline in enrollments nationwide, colleges scrambled to meet the demand. once again, california blazed ahead of the nation with the establishment of 18 new public junior colleges in the first five years after the gi bill passage ( witt, by the end of the 1950 ' s, as the baby boom generation was preparing to graduate from high school, california claimed the largest two - year college", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4783923494001374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.710142"} {"text": "of 18 new public junior colleges in the first five years after the gi bill passage ( witt, by the end of the 1950 ' s, as the baby boom generation was preparing to graduate from high school, california claimed the largest two - year college enrollment in america. nearly 300, 000 students were part time or adult education students. about 91, 000 were enrolled in full - time or certificate programs ( witt, the history of california public higher education from statehood to politics and economic forces eventually resulted in the 1960 california master plan for higher education. this plan, formulated by a commission headed by clark kerr, then president of the university of california, remains the controversial basis of california higher education today. by the end of the decade nearly half the states in the nation had adopted similar plans. the controversial plan created a three - tiered system of higher education and placed new restrictions on admissions to state colleges and universities. the upper 41 percent of graduates could enter other state colleges and universities. the remaining students would be diverted to the state ' s junior colleges. many complained that the poorest of students were being relegated to two - year colleges. others felt that the two - year college provided a nurturing environment where students, eliminated from a state university, succeeded. during the 1970 ' s, community colleges nationwide faced a drop in enrollments. california ' s system felt an enormous 9 percent decrease. in addition, on june 6th, 1978, nearly two - thirds of california ' s voters passed proposition 13, reducing the property tax by about 57 %. funding control shifted to the state, with the legislature increasingly involved in community college operations. a priceless treasure due in part to a national recession, two - year colleges experienced a resurgence after nearly four years of stagnant enrollment. in addition, between 1980 and 1990 minority groups fueled the growth in the nation and contributed to the new wave of americans entering colleges. community colleges served as the gateway to higher education for this new wave of students, which called for the restructuring of missions and goals, shared governance, learning styles, and faculty and staff diversity. ironically, this resurgence was temporarily short lived as increased military spending and a long period of economic growth signaled another downturn in enrollments. community colleges looked for new ways to reach out into untapped sections of the community ( high schools, senior citizen centers, and prisons ). these efforts increased enrollments tremendously. during the 1980 ' s, two - year colleges gained increasing attention from the white house, as two - year colleges served more voters and existed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4497643321635419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.711194"} {"text": "the community ( high schools, senior citizen centers, and prisons ). these efforts increased enrollments tremendously. during the 1980 ' s, two - year colleges gained increasing attention from the white house, as two - year colleges served more voters and existed in most every congressional district. during an interview with a community college delegation, then president ronald reagan called community colleges, \" a priceless treasure - - close to our homes and work, providing open doors for millions of our fellow citizens... the original higher education melting pot ( witt, p. 264 ). \" tidal wave ii in the 21st century new challenges face california community colleges. the importance, effectiveness, and role of community college education in the competitive california economy is growing. in march of 2000, the state of california ' s little hoover commission undertook a study to determine how well community colleges were meeting state goals. the little hoover commission, formally known as the milton marks \" little hoover \" commission on california state government organization and economy, is an independent state oversight agency that was created in 1962. the commission ' s mission is to investigate state government operations and, through reports, recommendations and legislative proposals, promote efficiency, economy and improved service. according to the commission, the department of finance projects a 25 percent increase from 1996 enrollment. access to and effectiveness of community colleges is under greater scrutiny due to this projected increase. the commission focused on two issues : first, understanding the evolving mission of the community colleges and the roles community colleges play in post - secondary education ; second, reviewing whether community colleges successfully realize their mission. in short, one of the more significant commission findings was that the success of the community colleges depends on the quality of teaching as well as true access to the educational services that individual students need. the commission ' s findings and recommendations are presented in four sections : - making teaching count : quality teaching is not prioritized in hiring, professional development, or tenure decisions. - ensuring access and benefit for all : colleges fail to identify the potential students they intend to serve, the barriers that prevent those populations from benefiting from the colleges, or how resource decisions can best serve access goals. - aligning funding with purpose : community college funding is baseline and enrollment driven. funding structures do little to encourage individual colleges or the colleges as a system to promote efficiency, cost effectiveness - reinvigorating governance : community college leadership is bifurcated between state and local decision - makers, both of them bound by procedures intended to give all parties a seat at the table. in the absence of leadership", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4999379232049067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.713176"} {"text": "to promote efficiency, cost effectiveness - reinvigorating governance : community college leadership is bifurcated between state and local decision - makers, both of them bound by procedures intended to give all parties a seat at the table. in the absence of leadership this muddled governance mutes responsibility and accountability for the quality and the cost - effectiveness of services offered. william rainey harper ' s plan to revolutionize higher education is still alive in the ever changing california ' s community colleges. the associate degree has become an accepted standard of achievement, and millions of students who would have otherwise been unserved find an open gateway in california ' s on the community college in america. it ' s history, mission, and management. ed. george a. baker iii. greenwood press, 1994. sidney w., and myron roberts. the california community colleges. field educational publications incorporated, 1973. j. a. the california idea and american higher education : 1850 to the 1960 master plan. stanford university press, 2000. doors and open minds : improving access and quality in california ' s community colleges. state of california little hoover commission, march 2000. http : / / www. lhc. ca. gov / lhc. html allen a., james l. wattenbarger, james f. gollattscheck, and joseph e. suppinger. america ' s community colleges : the first century, community college press, 1994. ( p. 34 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46685384965158333, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.713714"} {"text": "community perceptions of malaria and vaccines in two districts of mozambique malaria is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in mozambique, with nearly three - quarters of the country ' s malaria - related deaths occurring in children younger than five years. a malaria vaccine is not yet available, but planning is underway for a possible introduction, as soon as one becomes available. in an effort to inform the planning process, this study explored sociocultural and health communications issues among individuals at the community level who are both responsible for decisions about vaccine use and who are likely to influence decisions about vaccine use. researchers conducted a qualitative study in two malaria - endemic districts in southern mozambique. using criterion - based sampling, they conducted 23 focus group discussions and 26 in - depth interviews. implementation was guided by the engagement of community stakeholders. community members recognize that malaria contributes to high death rates and affects the workforce, school attendance, and the economy. vaccines are seen as a means to reduce the threat of childhood illnesses and to keep children and the rest of the community healthy. perceived constraints to accessing vaccine services include long queues, staff shortages, and a lack of resources at health care facilities. local leaders play a significant role in motivating caregivers to have their children vaccinated. participants generally felt that a vaccine could help to prevent malaria, although some voiced concern that the focus was only on young children and not on older children, pregnant women, and the elderly. probed on their understanding of vaccine efficacy, participants voiced various views, including the perception that while some vaccines did not fully prevent disease they still had important benefits. overall, it would be essential for local leaders to be involved in the design of specific messages for a future malaria vaccine communications strategy, and for those messages to be translated into local languages. acceptance of routine childhood vaccines bodes well for a future malaria vaccine. vaccinating children is a well - established routine that is viewed favourably in mozambique. a communications strategy would need to build on existing immunization efforts and use trusted sources - - - including current government dissemination arrangements - - - to deliver health information. copyright by the authors listed above - made available via biomedcentral ( open access ). please make sure to read our disclaimer prior to contacting 7thspace interactive. to contact our editors, visit our online helpdesk. if you wish submit your own press release, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5135063823277408, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.716386"} {"text": "blending those letters together is your child having trouble blending letters? begin by teaching your child the sound represented by all the alphabet letters. when you come to the vowels, teach just short vowel sounds at first. don \u2019 t worry about the long vowel sounds yet. a good systematic phonics program such as candy 4way phonics for just $ 9. 97 will introduce plenty of practice with short vowel blending. long vowels will be taught after your child has become proficient and fluent in blending short - vowel words. pronounce each letter sound correctly and have your child repeat the sound. for example, the letter d does not say \u201c duh. \u201d it says \u201c d. \u201d to print rhyming flashcards for all the letter sounds, go to http : / / www. candy4wayphonics. com / free _ phonics _ stuff. htm the rhyming flashcards found at this webpage give a picture along with each letter sound to help the child associate and remember what each letter sounds like. eventually, cover up the pictures so that the child sees only the letters. have your child loudly \u201c punch \u201d the vowels when speaking them aloud so that he can easily hear the distinction between their sounds. hearing and speaking this distinction is vital! after your child can accurately repeat all the letter sounds without the use of pictures, he is ready to blend a beginning consonant with a vowel. using what teachers call \u201c blend ladders, \u201d teach your child to blend two letters together in one of two ways : 1 ) using a pointer, point to the beginning consonant letter, have your child say the consonant sound, and then blend that consonant sound into the vowel sound. 2 ) using a pointer, point to the vowel first and have your child repeat the vowel. then, using a pointer, take your child back to the beginning consonant sound and blend that consonant sound into the vowel sound ( see illustration in blue \u2013 below ) either way, be sure and use a pointer ( the point of a pencil will work fine ). use the pointer to focus your child \u2019 s eyes where you want them to be focused. when blending a consonant with a vowel, sweep the pointer under the consonant and then under both the consonant and the vowel at the same time your child blends the two letters together. move your pointer slightly faster than the child pronounces the blend. some children pick up blending right away while others may learn gradually over an extended period of time ( days, weeks, or months. ), and others suddenly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4619440749258421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.720590"} {"text": "two letters together. move your pointer slightly faster than the child pronounces the blend. some children pick up blending right away while others may learn gradually over an extended period of time ( days, weeks, or months. ), and others suddenly \u201c get it \u201d when you least expect it. the key is to present that very first blending lesson every day, twice a day, calmly and patiently always presenting that very first blending lesson as if it \u2019 s the first time you \u2019 ve ever given the lesson. your goal is to convince your child he is smart and to give him the time he needs to \u201c catch on \u201d to blending, no matter how long that takes. this one skill, blending, will make the difference in your child \u2019 s reading abilities for the rest of his life! once your child has learned to blend two letters, he will be ready to tack on a third consonant letter in order to read three - letter, short - vowel words. after that, he will need to go through a systematic phonics program that will carry him step - by - step through plenty of practice reading short vowel words that begin with single consonants and then on to short vowel words that begin with consonant digraphs. he \u2019 ll also need that phonics program to help him through long - vowel sounds and then through all the other phonograms. i guarantee you, the most affordable systematic, step - by - step phonics program out there is candy 4way phonics for just $ 9. 97. why spend $ 200 or $ 300 on a phonics curriculum, when you can spend just $ 9. 97 and receive a complete step - by - step, fun phonics curriculum that includes everything? just look at what you \u2019 ll receive in printable format as an instant download that you can use as often as you like for as many children as you need : 1 ) an 82 - page ebook entitled : how to teach candy \u2019 s systematic 4way phonics 2 ) 100 daily, step - by - step 4way phonics lessons loaded with fun rhyme, rhythm, and alliteration 3 ) candy sequenced story readers interwoven into the daily lessons 4 ) colored alphabet rhyming phonics charts with multisensory vowel helps 5 ) colored rhyming alphabet flashcards 6 ) colored lifetime rhyming phonics charts to give your child a lifetime of phonogram retention. 7 ) continuous daily phonics drill free e - mail coaching in addition,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48158074917685734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.721502"} {"text": "a 21 - year - old army private took his final breath during the early morning hours in camp jackson, s. c. two months later, an inuit woman perished along with nearly all the other adults in her alaskan village. during that same month, a 50 - year - old woman died not long after going to the royal london hospital \u2014 the same hospital where, early the next year, a 25 - year - old london man died two days after checking in. the four people had little in common except that 86 years ago they all fell victim to one of the deadliest viruses in history \u2014 the 1918 spanish flu, which killed 20 - 40 million people. now scientists hope scraps of their remains could help save the world from future scourges like one that could mutate from a bird flu now spreading in asia. \" there is always the fear that another outbreak like the spanish flu can certainly happen again, \" said jeffrey taubenberger of the armed forces institute of pathology in washington, who co - authored one of the studies published in this week ' s science. \" so if we can learn about the worst virus and how it became so infectious, we can hopefully prevent it from happening again. \" finding samples of the long - ago virus proved to be a feat of medical forensics. taubenberger found a lung sample from the soldier ' s remains among the dusty shelves of his own lab at the armed forces institute, a program that began collecting tissue samples from fallen soldiers during the civil war to help advance pathology. he then requested a search at the royal london hospital, which had been collecting similar paraffin - contained samples from civilians for decades. the alaskan woman ' s remains, meanwhile, were extracted when a medical researcher was granted permission to dig in the village ' s mass grave five years ago. the permafrost of the alaskan village had preserved the woman ' s infection in a frozen state. once each sample reached his lab, taubenberger extracted the fragile remains of the influenza virus in each and sequenced a protein that codes how the virus penetrates and infects the human cell. then two teams of microbiologists took the genetic codes and expressed them to re - create the virus ' proteins. then they studied the protein in three - dimensional form, looking for clues to the virus ' origin and what may have made it so deadly. they found the virus contained hallmarks of both human and bird flu viruses and certain features in this combined version somehow made the virus a killing machine. the researchers found that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45303422100655755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.724919"} {"text": "australian bureau of statistics 4725. 0 - aboriginal and torres strait islander wellbeing : a focus on children and youth, apr 2011 latest issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 23 / 05 / 2012 reissue | page tools : print page print all rss search this product | housing and community facilities : community facilities this article is part of a comprehensive series released as aboriginal and torres strait islander wellbeing : a focus on children and youth. note : in this section ' children ' refers to people aged 0 \u2013 14 years. the terms ' youth ' and ' young people ' refer to people aged 15 \u2013 24 years. data presented are from the abs national aboriginal and torres strait islander social survey, 2008 ( cat. no. 4714. 0 ). community facilities such as public playing fields, schools and health care clinics contribute to greater community cohesiveness and are important for child and youth development and wellbeing. in the 2008 national aboriginal and torres strait islander social survey ( natsiss ), information about access to community facilities was collected, however information about the quality of the facilities was not collected. in 2008, most aboriginal and torres strait islander children and young people had access to facilities such as a school ( 95 % ), outdoor playing fields or play areas ( 95 % ), supermarket / shop with fresh food ( 95 % ), community centre ( 85 % ), police station ( 84 % ), or health care clinic ( 81 % ) located in their suburb, town or community. aboriginal and torres strait islander children and youth living in non - remote areas were more likely than those in remote areas to have access to some key community facilities, such as a hospital ( 76 % compared with 56 % ), a pharmacy or chemist ( 91 % compared with 42 % ), a community hall / centre ( 88 % compared with 73 % ) and a police station ( 86 % compared with 78 % ). 5. 1 access to selected community facilities ( a ) ( b ) by remoteness, aboriginal and torres strait islander people aged 0 \u2013 24 years \u2014 2008 ( a ) respondents could report more than one locally available community facility. ( b ) not all community facilities are shown in this graph. ( c ) difference between non - remote and remote areas is not statistically significant. ( d ) difference between non - remote and remote areas is statistically significant. source : 2008 national aboriginal and torres strait islander social survey this page last updated 22 may 2012 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4408116604630482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.727576"} {"text": "description - colorado is well known for its national forests and parks which include 14, 000 - foot mountains, world - class ski resorts, semiarid deserts, ancient indian ruins and wide open plains. approximately 36 percent of the state of colorado is designated public land. colorado has 13 national forests that are grouped into 6 administrative units : arapaho and roosevelt national forests ; grand mesa, uncompahgre and gunnison national forests ; medicine bow and routt national forests ; pike and san isabel national forests ; san juan and rio grande national forests and white river national forest. colorado also has 8 national parks and monuments of which rocky mountain national park, mesa verde national park and great sand dunes national park are the best known. copyright : usda forest service maroon bells from west maroon creek - colorado ' s national forests and parks offer and incredible array of year round recreation activities. recreation - skiing, snowmobiling, cross - country skiing and snowshoeing are popular winter activities. colorado offers skiers the opportunity of lift service at many world class ski resorts or wilderness experience in several backcountry hut systems. summer activities include hiking, road biking, camping, fishing, rock climbing, mountaineering, backpacking, rafting, kayaking and mountain biking. the wide variety of geographic terrain includes deep canyons, high mountains and semiarid deserts, that offer everyone exciting recreation opportunities. climate - the climate in colorado varies tremendously from hot dusty summer days on the plains and deserts to frigidly cold winter blizzards. colorado is known for its thunderstorms which form over the rocky mountains and then head across the eastern plains, often reaching 10, 000 feet or more in height. lightning is a serious threat, particularly on mountain peaks, lakes and open fields. summertime temperatures routinely reach 90 degrees on the plains and the 80s in the mountains. cool weather is always possible at night or at higher elevations. it is not uncommon to need both shorts and a jacket on the same day. the winter routinely brings severe winter driving conditions with icy roads and limited visibility. temperatures range from the 40s and 50s on the plains to well below zero in the mountains. proper winter clothing and food is necessary to avoid hypothermia and one should be prepared to spend an unexpected night out if traveling in the backcountry or on the highways. the national forests and parks are located primarily in the western half of the state. arapaho roosevelt national forests, pike san isabel national forests and rocky mountain national park", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4464163514911893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.730988"} {"text": "vaccines with mercury can cause autism, but removing the metal is uneconomical for developing countries such as india in the 1980s, worried parents and medical researchers in the us alleged that mercury in vaccines was responsible for the growing number of autism cases among children in the country. the issue was debated in medical circles, wheels moved in many western countries, but developing countries still don \u2019 t have a choice \u2014 because without mercury, vaccination is expensive. there was pressure on the us government for legislation against mercury in vaccines. at the same time, a combative vaccine industry brandished studies vouching the safety of mercury in vaccines. nonetheless, the us states of iowa and california passed legislations in favour of mercury - free vaccines. the uproar was not restricted to the us : the danish parliament, in 1992, banned the heavy metal from vaccines. the uk has recently passed a similar legislation. at the root of the problem is thimerosal : this preservative with a 50 per cent mercury constituent is a key ingredient of multi - dose vaccines. these vials are about 10 times cheaper than single - dose vials, making it easier for international agencies to procure vaccines for programmes in developing countries including india. in 2000, for instance, about 80 per cent of vaccines administered globally were supplied in multi - dose vials. but these vials require preservatives because they are used over longer periods. thimerosal fits this requirement. so, it \u2019 s not surprising that international bodies such as the world health organization ( who ) and unicef recommend this preservative. even those vaccine manufacturers based in developed countries who make mercury - free vaccines for domestic consumption use this heavy metal in their products for developing countries. what are the implications? most vaccines used for the country \u2019 s universal immunisation programme ( uip ) have a thimerosal content of 25 \u00b5g per five millilitres. half of that, 12. 5 \u00b5g, is mercury. a six - week old infant in many parts of the country is administered two vaccines, dpt ( diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus ) and hepatitis b. t his exposes the child to 25 \u00b5g of mercury. infants getting vaccinated at a private clinic are also administered the haemophilus influenza type b vaccine, as per the indian academy of paediatricians \u2019 protocol. this results in a total exposure of 37. 5 \u00b5g. according to the us environment protection agency,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44316811173012277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.739118"} {"text": "clinic are also administered the haemophilus influenza type b vaccine, as per the indian academy of paediatricians \u2019 protocol. this results in a total exposure of 37. 5 \u00b5g. according to the us environment protection agency, the human body can, in a day, safely tolerate 0. 1 \u00b5g of mercury for every kg of its body weight. so, an average six - week infant, weighing 7 kg, can tolerate an exposure of 0. 7 \u00b5g of mercury. the child is exposed to mercury levels much higher than this recommended amount on innoculation day. the risk of mercury is even higher for the undernourished \u2014 and underweight \u2014 indian children. at a who meet of the global advisory committee on vaccine safety in 2003, it was pointed out that little is known of susceptibility to thimerosal in infants who weigh less than 2. 5 kg. moreover, children are less equipped to handle the toxic load because they do not produce sufficient levels of bile, needed to remove mercury from the body. however, many experts contend that ethyl mercury used in vaccines is not as toxic as methyl mercury, commonly blamed for maladies such as the minamata disease. but there are others who dispute this argument. thimerosal was developed in the 1930s by the us - based vaccine major, el lilly and company. for years the company has manipulated studies to demonstrate the safety of this mercury - based preservative. in fact, when thimerosal was introduced, the company did have it tested, but only on 22 patients with terminal meningitis. and quite conveniently meningitis was blamed for the death of all those injected with the preservative. more recently, eli lilly used the us government \u2019 s paranoia against bio - terrorism to its advantage. along with other vaccine companies, it persuaded the us government to introduce a clause in the homeland security act \u2014 brought in response to the 9 / 11 attacks \u2014 stipulating that these companies can be challenged only in vaccine courts, and not in civil courts. anxious to ensure vaccine supplies against any anthrax or smallpox attacks, the us government complied. on vaccination day, a child \u2019 s exposure to mercury is many times more than safety levels permit. undernourished indian children are at greater risk the clause substantially reduces eli lilly \u2019 s \u2014 and other vaccines companies \u2019 \u2014 liability if it were to lose a thimerosal - related litigation. in such an event, the company would have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4613785418276901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.740086"} {"text": ". undernourished indian children are at greater risk the clause substantially reduces eli lilly \u2019 s \u2014 and other vaccines companies \u2019 \u2014 liability if it were to lose a thimerosal - related litigation. in such an event, the company would have to pay us $ 5 billion in damages, six times less than what it would be liable for if the case was fought in a civil court. thimerosal has other supporters as well in the us. in 2004, the us health authority, institute of medicine ( iom ), came out with a report, which claimed to have used epidemiological studies from around the world, to suggest that there were no links between the preservative and autism. but as journalist david kirby notes in evidence of harm \u2014 a compelling study on the politics of mercury in vaccines \u2014 many experts who had exonerated thimerosal had received research grants and even donations from vaccine manufacturers. while many us experts gave a clean chit to thimerosal, cases of autism increased in the country. in the early 1980s, only one among 10, 000 children in the us was autistic. by the late 1990s, one in 500 children had the disease ; currently there is one autistic child per 166 newborns in the us. experts who incriminate thimerosal for this rise point out that mercury in vaccines more than doubled between 1988 and 1992. they also cite the contrasting example of denmark, where autism afflicts one in 13, 000 children \u2014 the country banned thimerosal in vaccines in 1992. in another study, david geier and mark geier of medcon, inc \u2014 a us - based private research laboratory \u2014 evaluated neurodevelopment disorders reported to the country \u2019 s vaccine adverse event reporting system. they categorised the data into groups of those who had been administered dpt vaccines with thimerosal and those who received thimerosal - free vaccines between 1997 and 2001. the former demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of autism, speech disorder, mental retardation, personality disorders and thinking abnormalities. the evidence against mercury has not always been epidemiological. for example, a study by mary hornig of the mailman school of public health, columbia university, published in molecular psychiatry in june 2004, just months after the iom report, showed that thimerosal caused autism - like damage in genetically - susceptible mice. another study by boyd haley of the university of kentucky, usa, showed that mercury reduced an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42190475282190076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.741114"} {"text": "in molecular psychiatry in june 2004, just months after the iom report, showed that thimerosal caused autism - like damage in genetically - susceptible mice. another study by boyd haley of the university of kentucky, usa, showed that mercury reduced an essential protein in nerve cells, tubulin. the protein is important for the growth of neurons and its depletion has been linked to the alzheimer \u2019 s disease. thimerosal has also been implicated in other nerve disorders. for instance in 2003, david baskin of the department of neurosurgery at baylor college of medicine demonstrated that this preservative can cause membrane and dna damage, and kill nerve cells, even when administered in small amounts. the debate has some positive fallout in the us. w ith legislation to remove mercury from vaccines, the levels of the heavy metal in vaccines administered to infants in their first six - months has currently come down to 3 \u00b5g from 187. 5 \u00b5g in the 1980s. experts are waiting to see if this intervention reduces the incidence of autism. the debate can, however, compound the vaccine - related predicaments of developing countries like india, especially with the increasing awareness on the link between mercury and autism. a senior - delhi - based paediatrician sums this apprehension quite aptly : \u201c the fear of mercury in vaccines might deter people from innoculating their children \u201d. but what about alternatives to thimerosal? we do have alternative preservatives like 2 - phenoxyethanol. drug manufacturers around the world are also considering the use of other preservatives like benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. but says varaprasad reddy, ceo of shantha biotechnics, a hyderabad - based pharmaceutical company, \u201c we have manufactured vaccines withot thimerosal. it \u2019 s not difficult to produce them. but the who does not permit us to supply such vaccines to the unicef \u201d. besides, the use of these alternatives would require a complete change in the licensing regime. for, indian pharmacoepia \u2014 a document that contains guidelines on drug constituents \u2014 makes it mandatory for vaccines to have mercury. that \u2019 s not all. extensive safety data would be needed for licensing. in fact, in the us, 2 - phenoxyethanol is used in dpt vaccines manufactured by aventis pasteur. but a study dating back to 2000 indicates that this preservative also has neurotoxic properties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5156088808419109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.742118"} {"text": ", in the us, 2 - phenoxyethanol is used in dpt vaccines manufactured by aventis pasteur. but a study dating back to 2000 indicates that this preservative also has neurotoxic properties. occupational exposure to this chemical for more than a year can lead to cognitive impairments. there are some other alternatives as well for example, the u niject device developed by the international ngo path, obviates the need for preservative - dependant multi - dose vials. but many experts are not too sure if the device could be a viable alternative. the device is costlier than even conventional single - dose vaccines, says reddy. the latter costs about rs 25 per vial, while the new device costs as much as rs 34. apathy and concern there is another problem far graver than costs of alternative preservatives. many experts do not see the need to shift over to mercury - free vaccines. one of them suresh jadhav, executive director, serum institute of india ltd, pune, asserts, \u201c there is no proof of the harm done by vaccines, only perceptions. using mercury - free, single - dose vaccines is also not feasible as multi - dose vaccines are far cheaper, \u201d he adds. indian pharmacoepia is quite categorical that even single - dose vaccines contain thimerosal. reddy agrees that this anomaly should be corrected, but is not sure that this would make much difference considering the expenses involved in manufacturing single - dose vaccines. there are other problems. it \u2019 s not incumbent on vaccine manufacturers to put down information about the presence of thimerosal in the literature that accompanies the vaccine vials. so, some of the vaccines produced in the country such as those produced by, gsk bharat biotech do not mention the presence of preservative. this lack makes it difficult for parents to take the kind of action taken by their counterparts in the us. the union minister of health and family welfare is not totally impervious to such problems. the national technical advisory group on immunisation, a body of this ministry, is supposed to convene a meeting soon to assess the safety data related to vaccines. if needed, the group will put an alternative vaccination strategy in place. but this meeting is long overdue. \u201c there should be policy changes. but these should be implemented quickly without creating a scare, \u201d suggests a senior paediatrician. other experts assert that the government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5011681219302238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.743148"} {"text": "the fight against malaria, which used to be a localised issue especially in third world countries has been featuring in international conferences such as the g8, world bank and the international monetary fund ( i m f ) as a global threat to development, growth and poverty reduction. countries facing the malaria pandemic relies mostly on foreign aid and grants to fund the fight against malaria. despite this, many citizens from these countries cannot afford the recommended drugs due to their high costs or access health facilities and have now turned to alternative medicine commonly known as herbal treatment. herbal cure is as old as man and has been used for cure long before modern medicine came up. despite its acclaimed magic in treatment of almost all diseases, herbal medicine field is now facing a crisis. the influx of \u201c ape \u2019 and \u201c quack \u201d doctors in this field have reduced the quality and effectiveness of drugs being sold, while ripping off victims their hard earned money in exchange of non \u2013 performing cure. this unfolding scene of herbal doctors in every market and roadsides has forced most governments such as kenya to raise its concern with a promise to rattle illegal practitioners and review the legal rules regulating the herbal sector in the country. it has promised stringent action and measures so as to lock out unqualified practitioners. many deaths have been witnessed especially in poverty riddled areas and majority of people have died of diseases such as malaria, typhoid and amoeba even after getting herbal treatment in roadside clinics. poverty levels continue to escalate especially among the poor, due to the impact of fake herbal treatment whose cost is pocket friendly to poor people. drugs resistance in the fight against malaria is also a common problem and many governments have moved swiftly to search of long term solutions for instance in kenya, the government shifted from the use of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine ( sp ) treatment to artemisin based combination therapy called coartem due to drug resistance. some fruits of cure are being witnessed after this shift. if our people are willing to fight poverty, diseases and under \u2013 development, then the best ways lies in making their governments responsible in ensuring there \u2019 s provision of a vibrant healthy scheme affordable to all, starting of mobile clinics where clinics and dispensaries do not exist and legalising the herbal sector to allow only qualified desirable practitioners are some of the ways forward. other practices such as embracing indoors residual spraying ( irs ) initiative can help in rolling back and eradicating malaria. this will protect the poor and propel poor countries to development without donor dependency. by kamau", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4277904546888465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.746694"} {"text": "educational games not found on a computer do you think kids spend too much time looking at a computer screen these days? i do. any game i can find my kids that doesn ' t involve a computer is a game i want to get them. the trick is understanding your child enough to know what he or she really likes, and then getting that thing for them. educational games for younger children look for the classics : ants in your pants or mr. potatohead. games with lots of activity and funny things happening always go over well, and children learn more than you think. remember that education isn ' t just what you read in a book, especially for younger children ; hand - eye coordination, physical coordination, and socialization all play a part in education. but don ' t discount the more cerebral things. if you want to vary things, read stories to your children, and then whip out the candyland game ; only let them roll the dice if they can answer questions about the story you read. reward the best questions with a piece of candy, in honor of the game. when you ' re playing with games involving physical activity and board games, things that get boring after a while, look for ways to spice them up with educational twists. educational games for middle children middle children - they ' re the ones from about 6 to 12, and they ' re hard to entertain! turn off the television, and try some games like clue, scrabble, or pictionary. remember that if you ' re trying to teach things, the best way to do it is by mixing both verbal information and physical activity. some of the best educational games to play are the host a mystery party games, where your guests ( in this case, children ) get to act out a mystery and solve it. remember, while you play, that they are children. let them know what the rules are, but give them input. if they want to play scrabble and allow sponge bob characters to be words, go with it. if they want to play clue upside down, let them. one of the most important things you can encourage in middle children is their creativity, which too often is stifled by both school and home. don ' t let that happen ; just let them go with it. educational games for older children these kids are easier, as long as you can get their minds off the opposite sex. try anything that challenges their minds : scrabble ( more strict on the rules this time ), boggle, host a mystery parties for them and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42156548078654266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.750026"} {"text": "older children these kids are easier, as long as you can get their minds off the opposite sex. try anything that challenges their minds : scrabble ( more strict on the rules this time ), boggle, host a mystery parties for them and their friends - or really, any game that gives them an excuse to have a party. keep them involved in sports and outdoor activities ; the first thing that goes in today ' s teens is the physical exercise. dungeons and dragons or other role - playing games are also good for teens, teaching them how to think ahead, how to deal with unexpected situations, and how to tell a story. don ' t let any of their games consume their minds, but let them experiment, and encourage their fun. educational games for grownups. just like teens, adults need to keep their minds active, and games are a great way to do it. get involved in the games your kids play - play along with them. you ' ll learn something, and your kids will love your involvement. in addition, people who are getting older need the stimulation of new learning to keep their minds active and young ; just like with muscles, if you don ' t use the brain, it gets stiff and out of shape. educate yourself for your entire life, and teach your kids to do the same. most popular articles - real estate - hot tubs - home improvement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4220479263684769, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.750577"} {"text": "comprehensive condom use programs i. definition of the prevention area unprotected sex is the leading cause of hiv transmission, accounting for more than 80 percent of the total number of infections. male and female condoms, when worn correctly, serve as an impermeable barrier to the sexual exchange of secretions that carry hiv and a number of other sexually transmitted infections ( stis ), providing protection against transmission. in recent guidance on hiv prevention, the u. s. president ' s emergency plan for aids relief ( pepfar ) recommends programming that combines multiple, evidence - based approaches to increase availability, accessibility, acceptability, and use of condoms in targeted groups and in the general population. comprehensive condom programming remains an essential component of combination prevention programs. ii. epidemiological justification for the prevention area condoms, both male and female versions, are the most effective barrier method currently available to sexually active individuals who require protection from hiv and other stis and from unwanted pregnancies. male condoms reduce the risk of hiv by 80 percent or more when used correctly and consistently. modeling studies indicate female condoms can provide the same level of protection against hiv infection, although evidence is limited. consistent and correct use of male latex condoms is associated with lower rates of transmission among higher - risk groups, notably sex workers, men who have sex with men, and serodiscordant couples. in countries with concentrated epidemics ( e. g., thailand ), programs promoting 100 percent condom use in the commercial sex industry have lowered overall prevalence levels. while the impact of condom use is unknown at the population level in mixed and generalized epidemics, condom programming remains an important aspect of the overall prevention portfolio. iii. core programmatic components components of comprehensive condom programs are identified by the united nations population fund as well as by pepfar in its recent guidance on prevention : - create demand : understanding the local environment and characteristics of specific client groups is necessary to target individuals at higher risk and the venues they frequent. demand can be accelerated by promoting condoms along with treatment and prevention, particularly for serodiscordant couples and for dual protection. - increase supply and availability : this is important for both male and female condoms in low and middle income countries. managing the pipeline is critical to maintaining a constant supply of condoms. advocacy for female condoms at both the international and national levels will increase demand, reduce production costs, and increase supply. - ensure high quality and low cost : making both male latex condoms and nitrile female condoms available for free or at very low cost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49352621504275257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.774381"} {"text": "for female condoms at both the international and national levels will increase demand, reduce production costs, and increase supply. - ensure high quality and low cost : making both male latex condoms and nitrile female condoms available for free or at very low cost at key distribution points frequented by men and women ( e. g., marketplaces, hair salons, workplaces ) can increase use. - address acceptability : confront prevailing cultural myths and inaccuracies using media campaigns and behavior change strategies - - education and individual training - - to target specific groups and communities, as well as larger audiences. female condoms have unique advantages for women ( greater control and dual protection ) and men ( increased sexual pleasure ). programs can capitalize on these features. - conduct monitoring and evaluation. iv. current status of implementation experience meta - analyses and well - designed evaluations have shown that when coupled with education and counseling, condom promotion programs can be effective in increasing male condom use among youth and among such marginalized groups as sex workers, men who have sex with men, and serodiscordant couples. successful condom programs employ multiple strategies, such as ensuring high coverage in accessible venues, training people on how to use condoms, building negotiation skills and self - efficacy, and working within social networks. condom programs have been implemented using mass media campaigns, community - level initiatives, and interpersonal outreach. they have also targeted people in the general population who engage in higher - risk sex ( e. g., multiple partners, concurrent partners, commercial sex ) in high - prevalence settings. although these initiatives have shown success, male condom use between longstanding sexual partners, such as married couples, does not persist over time. demand for condoms exceeds availability ; only a quarter of the total number of male condoms needed is available. female condoms are even less available, due primarily to high cost and policymaker bias. greater international funding and support for both male and female condoms must be increased to reduce the current gap and meet future needs. this study reviewed data from 14 longitudinal studies of sexually active serodiscordant heterosexual couples. in 13 of the studies, all the participants were 100 percent condom users, while the cohort in one study comprised those who never used condoms. overall, the studies showed that consistent condom use for all acts of penetrative vaginal intercourse was associated with an 80 percent reduction in hiv seroconversion. the authors note a lack of detail in the studies ( e. g., on correct use ), and there were inconsiste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48356294849285886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.775478"} {"text": "all acts of penetrative vaginal intercourse was associated with an 80 percent reduction in hiv seroconversion. the authors note a lack of detail in the studies ( e. g., on correct use ), and there were inconsistencies in terminology about condom use across the different studies. there was also a lack of information on disease - free exposure time, the review found. the results imply that condom use is less effective for hiv prevention than it is for pregnancy prevention. recommendations for future studies include improving the way that condom use is coded to give more detailed information. this meta - analysis concludes that structural - level condom distribution interventions are effective in preventing both hiv and sexually transmitted infections. structural interventions improve the availability, acceptability, and accessibility of male condoms. the analysis shows that structural - level interventions are particularly effective for increased condom acquisition, carrying, and use ; abstinence or delayed sexual debut in young people ; and reduced incidence of sexually transmitted infections. limitations of the meta - analysis include extreme heterogeneity in the studies, exclusion of some important studies for methodological reasons, and a cut - off point of september 2007, after which other relevant studies were published. this synthesis with links to abstracts places research on condoms, both male and female, in the wider context of integrating family planning and hiv prevention services. links to research papers and other documents demonstrate that the correct and consistent use of latex male condoms reduces the risk of hiv transmission by an estimated 80 to 90 percent. other studies show that interventions targeted at both long - standing and serodiscordant couples significantly improve self - reported condom use rates ; concentrated counseling can increase acceptability of condoms ; and condom use has increased in high - risk groups, especially if condoms are widely available where risky sex takes place. condom use is among a range of hiv - related indicators in this report on 23 countries in sub - saharan africa. the report illustrates great variation in use, but in all countries more men than women reported ever using a condom and using one in the previous 12 months. similarly, condom use during high - risk sex varied widely across sub - saharan africa, while condom use at first intercourse among those aged 15 to 24 varied but was low overall. detailed tables present country - level data with figures for two time points where available. this report is based on expert interviews and an extensive literature search. it highlights the unique nature of female condoms as a means of protection from hiv that women can initiate. female condoms are not readily available and awareness of this method of hiv prevention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46294089922656145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.776634"} {"text": "where available. this report is based on expert interviews and an extensive literature search. it highlights the unique nature of female condoms as a means of protection from hiv that women can initiate. female condoms are not readily available and awareness of this method of hiv prevention is low, the authors write. the way to stimulate demand for female condoms is to ensure high - quality female condom programming, including creative solutions to distribution ; training for both providers and consumers ; and promotion through civil society organizations that work with vulnerable population. the report makes recommendations to u. s. agencies involved in female condom programming to promote their integration into hiv prevention and family planning efforts, expand technical assistance, and scale up programming efforts. the scope of female condom promotion should be widened to the general public to avoid stigmatization of female condoms and supports the removal of hallmarked funding for abstinence - based hiv prevention programs. over 100 studies were reviewed to compile this summary of data on male - to - male sex, including condom use, in low - and middle - income countries. asia accounted for the highest proportion of recent research, and there were also new studies from sub - saharan africa revealing epidemics of hiv among men who have sex with men. however, the authors found there is still a paucity of information from other regions, and latin american studies were less extensive than anticipated. this newly available data should be used in the development of future interventions, but more systematic data collection would improve the evidence base for hiv prevention planning, the authors conclude. this report stresses the importance of male and female condoms and other forms of contraception in hiv prevention and advocates scaled up access as well as integration into wider prevention strategies. expanding access to condoms continues to face cultural and policy barriers and wide regional variations in condom use persist, the report finds. one section is dedicated to how programs address barriers to use and to improve rates of condom use among young people, those in long - term partnerships, serodiscordant couples, sex workers, and other socially marginalized groups. the section highlights specific issues such as gender - based violence as an obstacle to condom use and the experience of 100 percent condom use programs. this is a systematic review of 28 interventions targeting female sex workers. the interventions are presented in four categories : structural interventions, behavioral interventions incorporating condom promotion, provision of vaginal microbicide, and treatment for sexually transmitted infection. the evidence supports condom promotion as a hiv risk reduction strategy when combined with other sexual risk reduction and better access to treatment for sexually transmitted infections. condom promotion interventions targeted at sex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4451402966011967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.777881"} {"text": ", provision of vaginal microbicide, and treatment for sexually transmitted infection. the evidence supports condom promotion as a hiv risk reduction strategy when combined with other sexual risk reduction and better access to treatment for sexually transmitted infections. condom promotion interventions targeted at sex workers and their clients can result in significant increases in condom use, according to this systematic review of 62 studies in sub - saharan africa and asia. the evidence in support of such interventions with long - term partners who are not serodiscordant, and also with young people, is far weaker, the review finds. the findings were consistent across different countries. relying on self - reported condom use leaves the studies open to reporting bias, and biological outcomes would be optimal. standardized measures of condom use would also help future synthesis of condom promotion intervention evaluations, the authors note. this systematic review of 137 articles on the female condom, including five randomized controlled trials, looked at the impact of female condoms on risk reduction and incidence of sexually transmitted infections. among the five randomized controlled trials, two indicated notable decreases in sti incidence and all five indicated increases in the number of protected sex acts. data from multiple studies showed that female condoms are used by women who are not as likely to use other dual protection methods. of the studies reviewed, almost half looked at acceptability, while other studies focused on cost - effectiveness, facilitators and barriers to use, negotiation, and promotion. the authors suggest that future research should move away from the focus on acceptability to examining the effectiveness and impact on diverse settings and to more closely examine the view that female condoms empower women to negotiate safer sex. thailand ' s 100 % condom program, which mandates enforced condom use in brothels, stands out as a significant success story in two decades of hiv prevention via condom promotion. condom promotion among men who have sex with men and among sex workers and their clients can be successful, but there is less evidence in support of promotion to the general public, the review finds. condom promotion strategies should be examined in conjunction with other interventions, such as partner reduction because of the potential for interaction, and interventions should truthfully represent the less than total efficacy of condoms in prevention of hiv transmission, the authors conclude. condom use errors are widespread globally and continue to lessen the efficacy of condoms. these results are from a systematic literature review of 50 articles on condom use representing 14 countries and a diverse set of populations ( e. g., sex workers, clients at clinics for sexually transmitted infections [ stis ], monogamous married", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47220585157024936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.779868"} {"text": "condoms. these results are from a systematic literature review of 50 articles on condom use representing 14 countries and a diverse set of populations ( e. g., sex workers, clients at clinics for sexually transmitted infections [ stis ], monogamous married couples, etc. ) from 1995 to 2011. according to the authors, common errors involve incomplete use ( e. g., putting on a condom after intercourse has begun or early removal of a condom followed by unprotected intercourse ), not leaving space at the tip, not squeezing air from the tip prior to use, putting the condom on inside out and having to remove and replace it, not using water - based lubricants, and incorrect withdrawal. some common problems include breakage, slippage, leakage, erection problems during condom application, erection problems during condom use, and problems with the fit or feel of a condom. the authors found that the majority of articles discussed breakage and slippage, yet argue that other problems, such as early removal of condoms and incomplete use, may be just as serious, particularly when they expose a partner to stis. some under - researched areas include duration of condom use during intercourse and condom - associated erection difficulties. the authors offer some guidelines on correct condom use before, at the time of, and after intercourse, and offer a condom use experience model to guide future research. this review describes the results of a meta - analysis on hiv prevention projects implemented among sex workers in low - and middle - income countries. the objectives of the review were to 1 ) evaluate and 2 ) assess the effectiveness of behavioral interventions in reducing the transmission of hiv and sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) among sex workers and their clients. only randomized and quasi - randomized controlled trials were included, a total of 13 studies. the outcomes of interest were sti and hiv incidence and prevalence. secondary outcomes included changes in behavior such as condom use, sexual and drug use risk behavior, and sti treatment - seeking behavior. two reviewers searched the gray and peer - reviewed literature from various sources, and included published data from 1980 to 2010. primary outcomes were identified in seven studies ( e. g., hiv incidence, sti incidence, and sti prevalence ). it was found that a social cognitive intervention did reduce hiv incidence among sex workers compared to standard counseling, and an intervention promoting both male and female condoms was more effective than promoting male condoms alone. six interventions were effective in reducing sti incidence. positive findings were also found among the secondary outcomes of successful interventions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49673868207909744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.781240"} {"text": "hiv incidence among sex workers compared to standard counseling, and an intervention promoting both male and female condoms was more effective than promoting male condoms alone. six interventions were effective in reducing sti incidence. positive findings were also found among the secondary outcomes of successful interventions, such as an increase in condom use, reduction of drug use, and reduction of sexual partners. the authors concluded that a combination of behavioral interventions is the most effective, but not all interventions are successful in ameliorating health outcomes. this review compiles evidence from 11 studies on social network - based condom promotion interventions. all of the studies used social networks as defined by the study participants themselves, and 10 out of 11 studies measured significant improvements in condom use. only three of the studies ( among drug users in thailand, roma men in bulgaria, and high - risk women in baltimore, maryland, in the united states ) had biological outcomes, and the primary outcome of condom use varied greatly by timeframe. eight of the nine studies with controls showed a substantial improvement in at least one condom measure among intervention groups versus controls. the authors conclude that social network - based hiv prevention interventions can increase condom use and reduce other hiv risk behaviors. this systematic review and meta - analysis assessed 28 interventions for reported condom use and condom use intentions. it revealed that sexual behavior, whether risky or not, did not increase after sex education and condom promotion. however, only condom use by males at last sex increased, and the interventions did not result in positive changes to sexual behavior. the design of many studies was suboptimal, and the heterogeneity of studies suggests a lack of consensus on interventions and research into their efficacy. this study compares prevalence data for hiv and sexually transmitted infections before and after the implementation of prevention campaigns targeting men who have sex with men ( msm ) in senegal, a group with high hiv prevalence and a high rate of risky sexual behaviors. frequency of sexual practices remained unchanged, but condom use in male - to - male sexual encounters increased markedly. hiv prevalence remained the same, but prevalence of gonorrhea halved. using the same sampling method in both surveys meant that the data could be meaningfully compared, but the authors caution that the results cannot be considered representative of the msm population in senegal, because the snowball sampling method likely caused selection bias. an intervention in taiwanese gay bathhouses to ensure availability and accessibility of condoms was successful in increasing use of condoms, according to this study. bathhouse attendees were recruited before the intervention and were then surveyed six months later to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49753349806377295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.782391"} {"text": "sampling method likely caused selection bias. an intervention in taiwanese gay bathhouses to ensure availability and accessibility of condoms was successful in increasing use of condoms, according to this study. bathhouse attendees were recruited before the intervention and were then surveyed six months later to assess whether or not greater access to condoms inside the bathhouses reduced unprotected sex and cut prevalence rates of hiv and sexually transmitted infections. among attendees at bathhouses in the intervention group, self - reported consistent condom use during anal sex increased, but prevalence of hiv and sexually transmitted infections remained unchanged. it is important to ensure distribution of condoms in areas of the bathhouses where sexual encounters take place, the authors comment. this intervention offered commercial sex workers in guatemala biannual screening for hiv and sexually transmitted infections ( stis ), condom education, and training in condom negotiation skills, and also comprised activities to reduce the criminalization of sex workers. it resulted in higher consistent usage of condoms with new and regular clients, as well as lower rates of hiv and stis, according to this paper. the authors attribute the reduction in stis and hiv to increased condom use. the study may be subject to bias due to the potential for greater loss to follow - up for subgroups at higher risk of hiv, as well as recall bias and misreporting. this randomized controlled trial of 400 californian women examined the impact of a four - session female condom skills training intervention. women received instructions in female condom use including self - efficacy training at baseline and supplies of male and female condoms during the study period. information on condom use was gathered using computer - assisted self - interviews at baseline and at three and six months. at follow - up, female condom use among the intervention group participants increased and the absolute difference in at least one incidence of condom usage was over 20 percent higher in the intervention group versus the control group at both time points. however, there was no difference in male condom use. the study showed that women in the intervention group exhibited safer sexual practices without reducing baseline male condom use, suggesting the intervention can be an effective supplement to other prevention strategies. this study describes an intervention to provide zambian hiv - positive and serodiscordant couples with male and female condoms and a variety of lubricants to assess their acceptability. it found that male condom use, already high at baseline, increased during the 6 - month intervention and that the increase was sustained at 12 months. female condom use also increased during the intervention, and men ' s attitudes shifted away from a cultural preference for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48030284660303707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.783485"} {"text": "it found that male condom use, already high at baseline, increased during the 6 - month intervention and that the increase was sustained at 12 months. female condom use also increased during the intervention, and men ' s attitudes shifted away from a cultural preference for dry sex. use of lubricants was influenced by the need for communication between partners about sex, and interventions that encourage communication could be useful, the authors note. gender roles pitting men as the sexual decision makers must be taken into account in such hiv prevention interventions. this study looks at the relative effectiveness of female condoms as a hiv prevention strategy within the range of hiv prevention options. the study includes a comparative review of 14 female condom programs across 10 countries in the developing world as well as a wider literature review and interviews with stakeholders. there was also a cost - effectiveness analysis. this report found that female condoms are significantly less cost - effective than male condoms. female condoms are not cost - effective for female sex workers due to the very high rate of substitution for male condoms ; for women with regular sexual partners, they are not cost - effective because of the high cost relative to male condoms, the study found. however, the authors note that cost - effectiveness is not the sole criterion for funding decisions, that female condoms have utility in protecting women whose male sexual partners cannot or will not use a male condom, and that the benefits to women ' s empowerment are implied by female condom programming, but difficult to quantify. this study looked at the impact among 1, 000 sex workers in madagascar of adding female condoms to male condom distribution. the study ran for 18 months, comprising 6 months when only male condoms were available to participants followed by 12 months when both types were available. every two months, the women provided information on condom use and they were tested for sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) every six months. adding female condoms increased condom use from 78 percent of sex acts at the 6 - month mark to 83 and 88 percent at 12 and 18 months, respectively. over the same timeframe, prevalence of stis also declined a fifth from 50 percent at month 6 to 40 percent at the 18 - month mark. the authors conclude that female condom promotion has its place in the context of programs that first achieve maximum outcome from male condom programming, but that condom promotion is not sufficient on its own to control hiv and stis. this report describes in detail thailand ' s 100 % condom program and evaluates its success in significantly increasing consistent condom use in commercial sex settings, in turn dramatically reducing rates of sexually transmitted infections", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43749530823316496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.784564"} {"text": "is not sufficient on its own to control hiv and stis. this report describes in detail thailand ' s 100 % condom program and evaluates its success in significantly increasing consistent condom use in commercial sex settings, in turn dramatically reducing rates of sexually transmitted infections. factors affecting the success of the program include the wide extent of implementation of all components of the program, the degree of collaboration between stakeholders, and taking account of different types of commercial sex establishments and their varying needs. this success story can be built upon by improving condom access in indirect sites of commercial sex, given that surveillance had found the number of such sites increasing in 2000 when thailand ' s program was evaluated. condoms are a cornerstone of hiv prevention, yet the demand for and use of condoms remains low despite the high hiv and aids prevalence rates in certain countries. negative rumors about condoms abound, and negative beliefs act as barriers to the intention to use condoms consistently and correctly. this study used the negative condom belief scale in tanzania to quantitatively measure how negative beliefs affect willingness to use condoms. the cross - sectional study was conducted in the maasai regions of tanzania. about 360 individuals were randomly selected based on geographical and household clusters. face - to - face interviews were conducted in the local language. the survey contained questions on socio - demographic variables, hiv risk perception, and hiv knowledge. thirty semi - structured qualitative interviews were conducted to develop the scale. six commonly held beliefs emerged, including that new condoms contain worms, that these worms infect individuals with hiv, and that condom use can cause cancer. the dependent variable measured was \" willingness to use a condom. \" it was found that between 35 and 53 percent of individuals in the survey agreed with the six negative condom rumors. having a negative condom score on the condom beliefs scale was a significant predictor of an individual ' s willingness to use a condom ; other predictors were the ability to acquire a condom privately and condom self - efficacy. the results indicate a high level of negative beliefs about condom use and illustrate how those beliefs translate into reduced likelihood of actual condom use. this august 2011 guidance from the u. s. president ' s emergency plan for aids relief ( pepfar ) on prevention of sexually transmitted infections aims to support pepfar country teams to identify the best combination of hiv prevention strategies, based on country - specific epidemiology. it describes the overarching principles for prevention programs and then spells out the evidence base and implementation guidelines for specific interventions. the chapter on biomedical interventions includes a summary of evidence on the efficacy of male and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4954029568186903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.785715"} {"text": "based on country - specific epidemiology. it describes the overarching principles for prevention programs and then spells out the evidence base and implementation guidelines for specific interventions. the chapter on biomedical interventions includes a summary of evidence on the efficacy of male and female condoms for prevention of hiv transmission. it spells out three key factors in program implementation : condom availability must be increased ; knowledge, acceptability, and demand must be stimulated ; and access to antiretroviral therapy is driving increased demand and creating more opportunities for accelerated condom promotion. it also has chapters on behavioral interventions and on assembling a portfolio of interventions to optimize the pepfar contribution to a country ' s continuum of response. this 16 - page report states the rationale for condom promotion, arguing that condoms are central to hiv prevention because they are both effective in reducing hiv transmission and cost - effective. the study outlines a step - by - step strategic approach to developing a condom program, starting with establishing a national condom team, conducting situation analysis, and developing a comprehensive national condom strategy. this is followed by budget and operational plans linked to national commodity security plans, resources mobilization, capacity strengthening, and demand creation. the final steps are strengthening advocacy and media engagement as well as monitoring and evaluation. a large - scale social marketing campaign under the bill & melinda gates foundation, the avahan initiative resulted in condoms being more widely available in areas with a concentration of female sex workers. improved coverage was achieved largely because of the increase in the network of non - traditional sales outlets such as bars, fuel stations, grocery stores, and restaurants. areas were monitored to ascertain the availability and quality of condoms using lot quality sampling. the authors recommend lot quality sampling to do routine monitoring of geographic coverage because it is easy to collect data, sample sizes are small, and the data can be analyzed using simple methods. this report presents findings from three case studies of condom promotion activities in cambodia, jamaica, and india. all three case studies are described in detail, and there is a summary of the sociocultural, legal, economic, and financial barriers to condom access and use. despite the diverse nature of the three settings, they had four elements in common. they all used a peer - based model ; addressed stigma and discrimination as a precursor to condom promotion ; had a practical, evidence - based approach ; and integrated condom advocacy with other health services related to hiv as well as wider sexual and reproductive health services. this document is published annually by the usaid | deliver project and spells out the ordering procedures for use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4861969381246813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.786847"} {"text": "had a practical, evidence - based approach ; and integrated condom advocacy with other health services related to hiv as well as wider sexual and reproductive health services. this document is published annually by the usaid | deliver project and spells out the ordering procedures for use by missions to procure male and female condoms as well as other contraceptive supplies. it includes logistics forecasts to individual countries to aid calculation of delivery lead times, guidelines on the disposal of expired contraceptive products, and a product catalog and price list. this report is aimed at a broad readership including donors, public health officials, national hiv program managers, health care workers, and other stakeholders. it describes priority interventions for hiv prevention, treatment, and care. there are also policy and technical recommendations and guidance on setting hiv program priorities. recommendations on prevention of sexual transmission of hiv include condom promotion for the general population as well as at - risk groups such as serodiscordant couples and sex workers. there is also a list of over 230 useful resources. this 75 - minute course explains the purpose and components of a logistics system and its role in supporting contraceptive and commodity security. there are modules introducing the basics of logistics in theory and in practice, covering topics such as forecasting, finance, procurement, and delivery. there are examples from the field to show how logistics can make limited resources stretch further and make programs more successful. the course also covers the importance of a logistics management information system and guidance on forecasting, inventory control, and storage. users can monitor their learning with frequent multiple - choice quizzes, culminating in an online exam. there is a click - through glossary for technical terms throughout the course. go to link below and then register ( free ), then click \" course catalog \" and select \" logistics for health commodities. \" launching a new condom program or improving an existing one can be done with the seven - step process laid out in this manual. there are detailed chapters on understanding condom users and the program environment ; creating an action plan ; ensuring a pipeline of high - quality condoms ; expanding distribution, condom promotion at distribution points, promoting condoms in the community and at district and national levels ; and program monitoring and evaluation. the manual provides a checklist of key actions, examples from the field, and useful worksheets and contacts. there are also fact sheets on male and female condoms, their dual role as protection against hiv and pregnancy, and gender and condom programming. this report provides guidance on how to ensure optimal use of condoms as part of a comprehensive hiv prevention strategy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4801820247596077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.787909"} {"text": "contacts. there are also fact sheets on male and female condoms, their dual role as protection against hiv and pregnancy, and gender and condom programming. this report provides guidance on how to ensure optimal use of condoms as part of a comprehensive hiv prevention strategy. steps include ensuring sufficient condom supplies, promoting their use within at - risk groups and the general population, clearly communicating their effectiveness, and addressing misconceptions. the report spells out the common features of condom promotion success stories and explains how to make condoms campaigns more effective. it gives useful but succinct information on the evidence base supporting condom promotion. attention is given to recognizing and capitalizing on the interactions between different elements of condom promotion, such as social marketing and condom education. condoms for hiv prevention world health organization. ( 2011 ). the world health organization ' s webpage on hiv and condoms provides links to general information as well as technical documents, scientific evidence, and data. there are recommended readings on a range of topics such as condom effectiveness and common myths and misperceptions associated with condom use, as well as a report on a 100 percent condom use program in china. a podcast on condoms for hiv prevention and links to condom - related information on the websites of related un organizations are also accessible via the site. hiv prevention gains momentum : successes in female condom programming united nations population fund. ( 2011 ). this report profiles specific country examples of successful female condom promotion programs. there are seven country profiles covering awareness - raising and behavior change to increase demand for female condoms, such as social marketing in hair salons and barbershops in zimbabwe, and assertiveness training for women on malawi. programs in the caribbean and nigeria are cited as examples of successfully integrating female condom promotion into existing programs, while supply logistics and quality assurance are explored with examples from the caribbean, malawi, and nigeria. strengthening government capacity is also covered with four case studies from sub - saharan countries. view report ( pdf, 2. 72 mb ) center for health and gender equity. ( 2011 ). the publications page of the center for health and gender equity ' s prevention now website has links to a wide range of materials on female condoms and female condom programming. there are fact sheets on female condoms and the prevention now campaign to increase donor funding for female condoms. a report on u. s. support for female condom programming is complemented by a poster detailing five - year trends in u. s. funding. there are country profiles from malawi, uganda, and zimbabwe, and many of the publications are also available in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4460902345277577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.789006"} {"text": "report on u. s. support for female condom programming is complemented by a poster detailing five - year trends in u. s. funding. there are country profiles from malawi, uganda, and zimbabwe, and many of the publications are also available in french, portuguese, and spanish. condoms and stds : fact sheet for public health personnel u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. ( 2011 ). this three - page fact sheet explains how male condoms must be used correctly and consistently to reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections, making a distinction between the degree of protection against diseases transmitted by genital secretions and genital ulcer diseases. it explains that male condoms offer a very high degree of protection from hiv, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis, and reduced risk for transmission of genital ulcer diseases such as genital herpes, syphilis, chancroid, and human papillomavirus - related infections, i. e., genital warts and cervical cancer. for both categories of sexually transmitted infections, there are plain - language summaries of the theoretical basis for protection and the findings of laboratory and epidemiologic studies. view full study ( pdf, 1. 4 mb ) compendium of evidence - based hiv prevention interventions u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. ( 2011 ). the risk - reduction chapter of this compendium includes 74 hiv risk - reduction evidence - based interventions, identified by a thorough literature review through december 2009. among the 43 individual - and group - level best interventions are those promoting condom use. the database can be searched according to different characteristics such as risk category, race, and gender of participants. condom use interventions that have the most successful outcomes are those that provide education / training in condom use and are delivered to individuals or small groups using a social - cognitive theoretical approach. reducing sexual transmission joint united nations programme on hiv / aids. ( 2011 ). the joint united nations programme on hiv / aids ( unaids ) website has a range of documents on male condoms, including a joint unaids / united nations population fund / world health organization position statement on condoms and hiv prevention and review document on condom programming. unaids report on the global aids epidemic 2010 joint united nations programme on hiv / aids. ( 2010 ). the 2010 joint united nations programme on hiv / aids ( unaids ) report on the global hiv epidemic draws on the latest available data from 182 countries, including incidence trend data from 60", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4458625710559051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.789986"} {"text": "2010 joint united nations programme on hiv / aids. ( 2010 ). the 2010 joint united nations programme on hiv / aids ( unaids ) report on the global hiv epidemic draws on the latest available data from 182 countries, including incidence trend data from 60 countries, the first time such data has been included in a unaids global report. data is disaggregated by country and by demographic categories. there are chapters giving an update of the epidemic, hiv prevention, hiv treatment, human rights and gender, and hiv investments. the report can be downloaded in its entirety or chapter by chapter. view report ( pdf, 3. 9 mb ) u. s. agency for international development documents u. s. agency for international development ( 2006 ). the development experience clearinghouse of the u. s. agency for international development ( usaid ) is a searchable repository of documents from usaid - funded projects worldwide. there are currently more than 3, 000 documents related to hiv, and the site is due to relaunch with more downloadable documents and more user - friendly search tools. fc2 female condom fc2 female condom. ( 2009 ). this website provides detailed information on the fc2 second - generation female condom, which combines the same safety and efficacy of the first - generation female condom with lower cost. there is information on where to obtain female condoms from both the public sector and on the retail market in the united states. there are step - by - step instructions on how to use the female condom, also available in spanish. health professionals can find resources and training materials, and there are pages for quick facts, frequently asked questions, and fc2 in the news. there is also a link to a 55 - page bibliography of research on the female condom.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4483707497240933, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.790781"} {"text": "there are, and have been, many theories about alcoholism. the most prevailing theory, and now most commonly accepted, is called the disease model. its basic tenets are that alcoholism is a disease with recognizable symptoms, causes, and methods of treatment. in addition, there are several stages of the disease which are often described as early, middle, late, treatment and relapse. while it is not essential to fully define these stages, it is useful to understand them in terms of how the disease presents itself. this series of articles describes the signs and symptoms of each stage as well as exploring treatment options. - early or adaptive stage - middle stage - late stage - treating alcoholism - relapse to drinking 1 \u2013 the early or adaptive stage of alcoholism the early or adaptive stage of alcoholism is marked by increasing tolerance to alcohol and physical adaptations in the body which are largely unseen. this increased tolerance is marked by the alcoholic \u2019 s ability to consume greater quantities of alcohol while appearing to suffer few effects and continuing to function. this tolerance is not created simply because the alcoholic drinks too much but rather because the alcoholic is able to drink great quantities because of physical changes going on inside his or her body. the early stage is difficult to detect. by appearances, an individual may be able to drink a great deal without becoming intoxicated, having hangovers, or suffering other apparent ill - effects from alcohol. an early stage alcoholic is often indistinguishable from a non - alcoholic who happens to be a fairly heavy drinker. in the workplace, there is likely to be little or no obvious impact on the alcoholic \u2019 s performance or conduct at work. at this stage, the alcoholic is not likely to see any problem with his or her drinking and would scoff at any attempts to indicate that he or she might have a problem. the alcoholic is simply not aware of what is going on in his or her body.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5267237281854571, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.792797"} {"text": "this is the first in a series of articles on the root problems of most chronic illnesses : diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, autoimmune disorders, alzheimer \u2019 s disease, chronic fatigue, parkinson \u2019 s disease and early aging. over the next few months, i will share how oxidative stress, inflammation, hormone imbalance and toxins cause chronic illness and how to prevent early aging and chronic illness. free radicals and tornadoes when we mix oxygen with food, we get energy. as our body transforms oxygen and food into energy, we make \u201c free radicals. \u201d free radicals include compounds like peroxides and are like little tornadoes that spin off more little tornadoes. these free radical tornadoes go around and damage cells. free radicals damage the protein and fats in cell membranes, mitochondria \u2014 which are the energy factories in the cells \u2014 and even sometimes dna, leading to cancer. it is estimated the average human cell sustains 10, 000 hits per day from free radicals. when cells are damaged by free radicals, the body reacts with inflammation. chronic inflammation can lead to more cell damage. free radicals lead to a toxic spiral of cell damage, inflammation and cell death. to stay healthy, the body must maintain a healthy balance between formation of free radicals and destruction of free radicals. how does the body do this? it tries to keep the free radicals within the cells and breaks the free radicals down. it uses antioxidants like vitamin c and e to destroy the free radicals and uses natural repair mechanisms to mend damaged cells. combating oxidative stress first, try to avoid toxins like cigarette smoke, pesticides, solvents, ozone and other chemicals that increase free radical production. second, we must have adequate dietary intake and absorption of antioxidant nutrients found in fruits and vegetables. basically, eat more plants so your plate has a variety of colors at every meal. americans \u2019 poor intake of fruits and vegetables means most americans do not have enough antioxidants to protect them from the damaging effects of free radicals. measuring oxidative stress we can actually measure your body \u2019 s oxidative stress levels with special lab tests, including glutathione, serum lipid peroxides, 8ohdg and enzymes that increase with oxidative stress. the best defense against oxidative stress is to listen to what your mother always told you : eat your fruits and vegetables. this means at least five servings a day and 10 or 12 servings are better for maximum health. next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4915887908083806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.795558"} {"text": "field trips and self - guided tours at the smithsonian american art museum, docent - led tours yield lively exchanges about our collections as windows on american history. the renwick gallery helps students glimpse through craft america ' s boundless creative spirit and offers them an opportunity to handle examples of contemporary objects and discuss process, material, and technique. by focusing on a few key artworks, we help integrate your visit with students ' core classwork and standards of learning. docents use teaching techniques of inquiry, guided looking, comparison, and hands - on learning. pre - and post - visit materials are available. support your visit with optional activities that emphasize experiential learning. consult with the smithsonian american art museum ' s education department tour scheduler when you book a tour to determine if the following activities are offered for your visit. learning lab and art a la cart in our learning lab and through the art a la cart program, students extend their gallery visits by exploring primary resources, hands - on activities, animated gallery games, and directed writing exercises. luce foundation center the luce foundation center for american art is a visible storage facility that displays around 3, 400 objects from the museum ' s collection in glass cases and drawers. students can explore the aisles, look up objects on the interactive kiosks, or even create a virtual collection that they can access from home. lunder conservation center in the lunder conservation center, students observe artwork being preserved. this is the first art conservation facility that allows the public permanent behind - the - scenes access to the preservation work of the museum. with a self - guided visit, you are free to explore the collection in a way that best suits your class. in general, for students in kindergarten through second grade, we suggest that you concentrate on a few objects. for older students, we recommend one hour of focused looking and thirty minutes of discussion about the artworks. teachers are invited to consult with the smithsonian american art museum staff regarding content for self - guided tours. contact us via telephone at ( 202 ) 633 - 8531 or email americanartmuseumtours @ si. edu. you can also submit your questions using our school / group registration form. self - guided tours do not require reservations, though they must comply with our policies and guidelines outlined in planning your visit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46818964534066543, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.798737"} {"text": "episodes in australian lichenology the first century the first publication to mention an australian lichen was the second volume of jacques - julien houtou de labillardiere ' s novae hollandiae plantarum specimen, which appeared in 1806. labillardiere ( 1755 - 1834 ) had travelled with the bruni d ' entrecasteaux expedition of 1791 - 1794 and had collected the specimens in question in tasmania in 1792. in his 1806 monograph labillardiere described and illustrated a species he called baeomyces reteporus. this is a lichen, though he classed it with the algae, and is now known by the name cladia retipora. it was the only australian lichen recorded by labillardiere and his specimens of this lichen are still held in paris. since then the species has been found in many parts of eastern australia as well as in new zealand and new caledonia. the botanist robert brown ( 1773 - 1858 ) accompanied matthew flinders on his 1801 - 1803 voyage in hms investigator to chart the coast of australia and brown remained in australia until 1805. between 1801 and 1805 he collected several thousand plant specimens, including a number of lichens which are now held by the natural history museum in london. in a botanical appendix to matthew flinders ' a voyage to terra australis, published in 1814, brown listed 58 lichen species which he said were common to europe and australia but he gave no information about where in australia he ' d found them. he published nothing else about australian lichens and his collections were forgotten for much of the century. i ' ll say more about them a little later. the year 1814 also saw the publication of synopsis methodica lichenum, a fundamental lichen monograph by erik acharius ( 1757 - 1819 ), the ' father of lichenology '. in his synopsis acharius included labillardiere ' s lichen, but with a name change to cenomyce retipora. acharius mentioned another lichen, collema tremelloides, noting that it was found in \" nova hollandia \" ( as well as northern america ) but gave no more precise information and the collector of the specimen is unknown. there has been some speculation as to whether the specimen was collected before labillardiere collected his. another possibility is that a non - australian collection was mistakenly labelled as australian. while on the subject of early, mystery collections it ' s the appropriate time to mention the species originally published as del", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3954826142093001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.818624"} {"text": "the specimen was collected before labillardiere collected his. another possibility is that a non - australian collection was mistakenly labelled as australian. while on the subject of early, mystery collections it ' s the appropriate time to mention the species originally published as delisea pseudosticta in 1824 by antoine laurent apollinaire fee in essai sur les cryptogames des ecorces exotiques officinales. fee never visited australia, he does not state the collector ' s name and there is nothing about when it was collected. as to location, fee wrote just \" nova hollandia, ile de king \" - that is, \" new holland, king island \" and king island is in bass strait. in 1817 charles gaudichaud - beaupre ( 1789 - 1854 ) travelled to the south seas with the freycinet expedition and collected four species of lichen from australia - two from the sydney area in new south wales and two from shark bay in western australia. these lichens were examined by christiaan hendrik persoon who found three of the four to have been previously unknown species. gaudichaud - beaupre included a report about the lichens in his botanical volume within the multivolume expedition report : voyage autour du monde, execute sur les corvettes l ' uranie et la physcienne. the botanical volume was published in 1826. between 1817 and 1831 allan cunningham ( 1791 - 1839 ) participated in various expeditions and botanized in many parts of australia. amongst his numerous botanical specimens were a number of lichens including usnea scabrida. the first description of this species was published by thomas taylor, in 1844, and was based on a specimen collected by cunningham in the \" interior of new south wales \". taylor had been professor of botany at the royal cork scientific institute until 1830, when the government discontinued its grant to the institute. taylor then retired to his family estate but continued his studies of lichens and bryophytes. the first half of the 19th century saw several botanically - inclined travellers from german - speaking europe visit australia as parts of more extensive journeys. franz sieber ( 1789 - 1844 ) visited new south wales in 1823 and collected lichens while there. a paper about sieber ' s lichens was published in 1827 by johann friedrich laurer, who described 11 new species from sieber ' s australian specimens. karl von hugel ( 1795 - 1870 ), a german lawyer / soldier turned natural historian, visited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40398842737519325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.819768"} {"text": "sieber ' s lichens was published in 1827 by johann friedrich laurer, who described 11 new species from sieber ' s australian specimens. karl von hugel ( 1795 - 1870 ), a german lawyer / soldier turned natural historian, visited australia during 1833 - 1834. he sent his lichens to the german lichenologist august von krempelhuber ( 1813 - 1882 ), who reported 28 species in a paper published in 1868. included in von hugel ' s collections were two previously unknown species. between late 1838 and 1842 ludwig preiss ( 1811 - 1883 ) collected lichens in south - west western australia. elias fries of sweden studied the preiss lichens and his conclusions appeared in volume 2 of plantae preissiana, edited by christian lehmann. of the 23 species mentioned, two were previously unknown. fries also reported that one of the preiss collections was cladonia retipora. this was fries ' name for labillardiere ' s baeomyces reteporus which, as noted earlier, was the first lichen reported from australia, though labillardiere had found it in southern tasmania. however, later research has shown that while there are similar species on both sides of australia the species found by labillardiere in tasmania does not occur in western australia. another piece of information given by lehmann for the western australian species was its aboriginal name : orgeck. william james hooker ( 1785 - 1865 ) and his son joseph dalton hooker ( 1817 - 1911 ) were two of the major botanists of the 1800s. the elder hooker became director of the royal botanic gardens at kew, in london, in 1841 and at his death was succeeded by his son, who remained director until 1885. william established a worldwide network of correspondents and collectors, so that in the mid 1800s numerous botanical specimens flowed into the kew gardens from all parts of the world and the younger hooker continued this network during his own term as director. robert william lawrence ( 1807 - 1833 ) was william hooker ' s first significant tasmanian correspondent. lawrence, a man of leisure, was a keen student of natural history and sent hooker numerous specimens, including many lichens. lawrence introduced another tasmanian, ronald campbell gunn ( 1808 - 1881 ), to hooker and after lawrence ' s early death gunn continued the association with kew over several decades. amongst the lichens gunn sent to hooker was cladia retipora, though hooker knew it by the name cenomyce retipora. he wrote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4098537874148026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.820750"} {"text": "after lawrence ' s early death gunn continued the association with kew over several decades. amongst the lichens gunn sent to hooker was cladia retipora, though hooker knew it by the name cenomyce retipora. he wrote a short paper about the species noting that the specimens he had received allowed him to give more details than those supplied by labillardiere. here are two of the illustrations that accompanied hooker ' s paper, courtesy of the digital library of missouri botanical garden. what hooker saw, when he examined the specimens closely, induced him to make the sort of statement made by many when they have looked closely at the so - called ' lower ' organisms such as the lichens : nothing in nature can exceed the elegant lace - like appearance of this plant, a structure one would little expect to meet with in the humblest and least perfect part, as it is usually considered, of the vegetable creation, the lichens william hooker also established a productive, long - term association with james drummond ( 1784 - 1863 ), a scotsman who arrived in western australia in 1829 from ireland where he had been curator of the cork botanical gardens. he collected widely in south - western western australia and sent numerous specimens to the hookers. while the bulk of drummond ' s collections were of flowering plants he did send a good variety of bryophytes, lichens and other fungi. a paper published in 1846 described a new lichen genus, thysanothecium, based on specimens that drummond had sent to william hooker. this is still recognized as a distinct genus today and was the first lichen genus to be described from material collected in australia. you can read more in the thysanothecium case study. a little earlier on this web page i mentioned thomas taylor ' s description of the species usnea scabrida. in that same paper taylor noted that he had also received a specimen of that species from drummond \" from swan river \". in 1847 taylor documented another 16 of drummond ' s collections that had been sent to william hooker. of the 16 nine were described as new species that are still recognized as distinct species today, albeit now mostly placed in genera different to those assigned by taylor. here are the current names of the nine species ( with taylor ' s generic placements in brackets, where they differ from the modern placement ) : acarospora citrina ( urceolaria ), caloplaca erythrosticta ( lecanora ), calopla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45956345050562974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.821730"} {"text": "' s generic placements in brackets, where they differ from the modern placement ) : acarospora citrina ( urceolaria ), caloplaca erythrosticta ( lecanora ), caloplaca lateritia ( lecidea ), lecidea multiflora, paraporpidia glauca ( lecidea ), parmelina endoleuca ( parmelia ), psora crystallifera ( lecidea ), xanthoparmelia imitatrix ( parmelia ) and xanthoparmelia scabrosa ( parmelia ). some of the remaining seven collections had also been described as new species but later research has shown them to be identical to other species already known at the time. joseph hooker was a member of the scientific expedition that travelled through the southern oceans on the ships hms erebus and hms terror, under the overall command of james clark ross. in an 1840 letter to his father joseph wrote that whilst on kerguelen island : \" many of my best little lichens were gathered by hammering at the tufts or sitting on them till they thawed \". during the expedition hooker spent a total of six weeks in tasmania in 1840 and 1841 and visited sydney for three in 1841. in tasmania he undertook botanical collecting trips with ronald gunn. after his return to england hooker sought the help of thomas taylor for a study of the lichens that had been collected during the erebus & terror voyage and in 1844 hooker and taylor published a paper about those lichens, recording 32 species from tasmania. amongst them was the first published description of parmelia rutidota ( now flavoparmelia rutidota ). this species is very common on the bark of live trees and on dead wood in non - tropical australia. in canberra you can find this lichen on many trees within the australian national botanic gardens and, elsewhere in the city, on numerous street trees and in the city ' s nature reserves. it may well be the commonest lichen found on dead wood in australia and also occurs in the southern usa. in 1860 hooker published his flora tasmaniae, an extensive monograph about the tasmanian flora. this work utilised all the tasmanian collections that hooker had access to - collections made during the erebus & terror expedition as well as specimens that had been sent to kew before and after the expedition by gunn, lawrence and many others. taylor had died in 1848 and the flora tasmania", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4108515281414311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.822671"} {"text": "collections that hooker had access to - collections made during the erebus & terror expedition as well as specimens that had been sent to kew before and after the expedition by gunn, lawrence and many others. taylor had died in 1848 and the flora tasmaniae ' s chapter about lichens was written by the reverend churchill babington and william mitten. they recorded 93 species, of which two were previously unknown. babington was a classical scholar with wide interests ( obviously including botany ) and from 1865 to 1880 was a professor of archaeology at the university of cambridge. mitten was a pharmacist by trade but his botanical work ( mostly with bryophytes ) was of a high - calibre. ferdinand mueller arrived in adelaide in 1848 and was appointed victorian government botanist in 1853. he was a prodigious plant collector but also built up a network of correspondents and collectors in australia. mueller corresponded with kew and some of the material mueller sent to kew was used by babington and mitten in their flora tasmaniae chapter. mueller also sent lichens to continental european lichenologists and the first to receive specimens from mueller was ernst georg ludwig hampe ( 1795 - 1880 ) in germany. later mueller sent specimens to august von krempelhuber and jean muller ( 1828 - 1896 ) of geneva. over the second half of the nineteenth century the publications of those three european lichenologists added considerably to the knowledge of australian lichens. that was particularly the case with jean muller who re - examined and revised much of the earlier work on australian lichens during the latter half of the 19th century. the first of hampe ' s papers reporting on the lichens he received from mueller appeared in 1852 and in it hampe described the new species sticta muelleri, which hampe named in honour of ferdinand mueller. the description was based on a specimen collected by mueller in the mount lofty ranges near adelaide. today the species is known as heterodea muelleri and it appears on the cover of the first of the lichen volumes in the flora of australia series. however the bulk of hampe ' s paper was taken up by 36 lichens collected in tasmania by charles stuart, who had met mueller in adelaide and sent mueller many botanical collections. ferdinand mueller received specimens from several exploring expeditions. for example, ludwig leichardt collected a few lichens during his 1844 - 45 expedition from queensland to port essington and these made their way to k", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4077695385337847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.823650"} {"text": "and sent mueller many botanical collections. ferdinand mueller received specimens from several exploring expeditions. for example, ludwig leichardt collected a few lichens during his 1844 - 45 expedition from queensland to port essington and these made their way to krempelhuber via ferdinand mueller. jean muller published a paper about the 54 lichens collected by richard helms during the elder exploring expedition to western south australia and western australia in 1891 - 92. helms had sent these to ferdinand mueller. between 1858 and 1869 william nylander documented the 77 lichens collected by the french naturalist jules verreaux during his visit to australia in the 1840s. nylander ( 1822 - 1899 ) grew up in finland, became a professor of botany at the university of helsinki but in 1863 moved to paris and lived there until his death. he published some important studies on the subject of lichen chemistry. from 1857 to 1859 the austrian navy ' s frigate novara circumnavigated the world with a party of scientific researchers. the expedition had been authorized by the austrian archduke and much of the preparatory work was done by the academy of science in vienna. the expedition stopped in sydney in november - december of 1858 and during that time collected six species of lichens. an account of the expedition ' s botanical findings was published in 1870 under the title reise der osterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 - 1859 unter der befehlen des commodore b. von wullerstorf - urbair, botanischer theil, edited by eduard fenzl. the chapter about lichens was written by krempelhuber. the year 1867 saw the publication, in sydney, of william woolls ' a contribution to the flora of australia, a collection of chapters on various aspects of australian botany, with one chapter headed lichens. in the chapter ' s eleven pages woolls, a schoolmaster with considerable interest in botany, added no new species but gave his readers descriptions of a small number of australian lichens. like various others before him woolls was captivated by cladia retipora and he thought it \" the most interesting lichen i have seen in australia \". he also included a range of other observations, amongst which he noted that the genus usnea, whatever it ' s utility in other respects \"... there can be little doubt respecting its use to the bird stuffer, and as it is found in almost all countries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4246723049119071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.824655"} {"text": "range of other observations, amongst which he noted that the genus usnea, whatever it ' s utility in other respects \"... there can be little doubt respecting its use to the bird stuffer, and as it is found in almost all countries, from the arctic to the antarctic regions, it is always available for collections of stuffed birds... \". woolls also thought that : the mosses, lichens and fungi, of australia, though probably the vast majority of them may be cosmopolitan, have never received the attention which is necessary for attaining a correct estimate of their numbers, or for determining what species differ materially from those of the northern hemisphere. the question of the relationships between the lichens of australia and those of the rest of the world has continued to exercise the minds of lichenologists and the subject of lichen biogeography is still an active research area. in 1880 the british lichenologist james crombie published a paper about robert brown ' s long - neglected australian lichen collection from early in the century. crombie described these collections as \"... valuable if not very extensive... \" and also noted that : as is unfortunately the case, both in the older and more recent collections of exotic lichens, no saxicole species are contained in herb. r. brown, though these would have very much added to its value and importance. crombie ' s paper recorded the majority of the collections as coming from tasmania but there are some mistakes in the published locations. for example, according to the paper robert brown collected parmelia australiensis ( now xanthoparmelia australiensis ) and chondropsis semiviridis ( now xanthoparmelia semiviridis ) from \" table mt. \", brown ' s name for mount wellington. neither species has been found in tasmania since brown ' s time but both are known from the generally drier areas of mainland australia. the chondropsis is very widespread while the parmelia has been found in the flinders ranges of south australia and on the nullarbor. most likely brown collected both species in south australia and, at some stage between collection and publication, there was a mix - up. crombie listed 73 species, including 12 that were new to science and the descriptions of some of these were provided by william nylander. one of the new species described by nylander, ramalodium succulentum, was also the basis for a new genus. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4678237915882068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.825723"} {"text": ", including 12 that were new to science and the descriptions of some of these were provided by william nylander. one of the new species described by nylander, ramalodium succulentum, was also the basis for a new genus. the latter half of the 20th century has seen an additional five species added to the genus ramalodium but ramalodium succulentum is still the only species of the genus known from australia and, since robert brown ' s time, no additional specimens of that species have been found. crombie noted that though brown had published no catalogue of the lichens he ' d collected, it was clear that he had intended to do so, given his notes about some of the specimens he ' d collected. indeed, such were the notes made by brown that, for a couple of the new species in this paper, the descriptions were brown ' s. in 1881 the new zealand surgeon charles knight visited australia and collected lichens in the sydney area. he published a paper about these in 1882 and in the introduction wrote that he \"... was led to make the collections on receiving the interesting paper of the rev. mr. crombie on the australasian [ sic ] lichens in robert brown ' s herbarium \". knight ' s paper documented 52 species, a great many of which he described as new and illustrated both the macroscopic appearance as well as the spores and asci of all the \" new or interesting \" species. frederick manson bailey ( 1827 - 1915 ) was appointed queensland colonial botanist in 1881 and remained the government botanist until his death. he undertook numerous botanical expeditions and also received botanical specimens from various correspondents. bailey sent the lichens he collected or received to overseas lichenologists for identification - in particular charles knight and james stirton ( in glasgow ). stirton was another of the very able amateur lichenologists of the 1800s. he was medically trained and in the late 1800s held appointments as lecturer in gynaecology and professor of midwifery. stirton received specimens from people in various parts of australia and in the 1880s and 1890s published descriptions of many australian lichens. in 1883 bailey published a synopsis of the queensland flora in which he included the lichen species that had been reported to occur in queensland. three synopsis supplements appeared in 1886, 1888 and 1890 and all reported additional lichens for the state. the first supplement included many new species with descriptions provided by knight and two pages of knight ' s black - and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42045853713178405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.826749"} {"text": "reported to occur in queensland. three synopsis supplements appeared in 1886, 1888 and 1890 and all reported additional lichens for the state. the first supplement included many new species with descriptions provided by knight and two pages of knight ' s black - and - white drawings that showed the features of 27 species. bailey ' s comprehensive catalogue of queensland plants of 1909 listed the state ' s known lichens and the book included black - and - white illustrations of a number of species. those illustrations were fairly simplistic and mostly adaptations of diagrams from other sources. john francis shirley ( 1849 - 1922 ) had studied under thomas huxley in england and in 1878 migrated to queensland where he spent much of his working life as an inspector of schools. he had wide interests in natural history and his travels as a school inspector ( reportedly 6500 - 8000 kilometres annually ) allowed him to indulge these interests in many parts of the state. shirley sent lichens to charles knight, jean muller and james stirton. shirley did much to increase knowledge about queensland ' s lichens and, from 1888, published several detailed papers about the state ' s lichens. his interests extended beyond queensland and he also published some papers dealing with tasmanian and victorian lichens. in 1912, when shirley was aged 63, the university of sydney awarded shirley the degree of doctor of science, based on an examination and the submission of a thesis titled the thallus of the genus parmelia. as far as i know this was the first higher degree on lichen work to be awarded in australia. you can read more in the shirley ' s thesis case study. the reverend francis robert muter wilson ( 1832 - 1903 ) was a minister of the presbyterian church in victoria, first in the country at camperdown and later, from 1877 to 1897, at kew within melbourne. wilson had become quite ill by the end of 1883 and was granted nine months leave to help his recovery. during this time wilson returned to his native scotland and while there an unknown friend suggested that wilson collect victorian lichens for they had not been well studied. wilson began his lichenological work by collecting specimens before he began his return journey to australia and, on his return journey, also collected during a short coaling stop at the indian ocean island of diego garcia. wilson wrote a short account of his hour on the island and here is what he said about the lichens : lichens, however, are what i am after. and there they are! what a beautiful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43911053178907933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.827773"} {"text": "indian ocean island of diego garcia. wilson wrote a short account of his hour on the island and here is what he said about the lichens : lichens, however, are what i am after. and there they are! what a beautiful one on that tree - the colour a splendid greenish blue, the shape circular, and about 6 in. in diameter. how regularly the narrow divisions of the thallus are arranged! and the black apothecia scattered around the centre add to the beauty of the plant. it is evidently a physcia. i select one or two smaller specimens, and, taking out my knife, cut off the lichens along with the very thick bark of the tree, and wrap them up in newspaper, with which i came plentifully supplied. i come out of the deep shade and find another, apparently the same physcia, but it is white, doubtless from the action of the sun. however, i cannot stop to examine closely. hah! what is it that gives such vivid colours to the stems of those cocoanut [ sic ] trees? - yellow and orange, rich brown and snowy white. lichens, i see ; and apparently verrucarias. here are some graphidea ; and there are other forms new to me. i get excited, i collect largely of each kind, pushing on through the grove of cocoanuts, but keeping my eye on the direction i am going ; for i have not been a traveller in the australian bush without learning prudence... the hour has flown by far too rapidly, and with regret i return to the ship, leaving many species of lichen ungathered... after his return wilson collected numerous lichen specimens from many areas of eastern australia and also from several pacific islands. the first person from whom wilson had sought advice was charles knight and in 1890 began a correspondence with jean muller to whom he sent many specimens. john shirley was another of wilson ' s correspondents. wilson had helped shirley with some lichen identifications and the two exchanged specimens. between 1887 and 1900 wilson published 22 papers on the subject of australian and non - australian lichens. his final paper dealt with the lichens collected by robert hall on kerguelen island and lodged at the melbourne herbarium. this was published in the french journal memoires de l ' herbier boissier. the herbarium at the royal botanic gardens in melbourne received a major part of the lichens wilson had collected but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4567818160321755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.829374"} {"text": "about the tasmanian bryophytes. in the february 1914 issue of the victorian naturalist ( the fncv journal ) bastow published notes on the lichen - flora of victoria, in which he briefly described the characteristics of the lichen genera found in victoria. this was intended to help lichen enthusiasts recognize genera. as with bastow, weymouth ' s major contribution to tasmanian botany was his bryological work but he did send lichens to overseas experts. one of these was the italian antonio jatta ( 1853 - 1912 ) who, apart from botanical work, also had archaeological interests and served as a senator in the italian parliament. jatta devoted a 1911 paper to documenting the specimens weymouth had sent. in 1903 edwin cheel ( 1872 - 1951 ) published his bibliography of australian lichens and in 1906 supplemented that with a bibliography of australian, new zealand and south sea island lichens. both appeared as papers in the journal papers and proceedings of the royal society of new south wales and both were very useful publications. australian lichens had been documented in such a variety of australian and overseas journals or books that, without a good bibliography, it could be very difficult for anyone to find out what publications there were about australian lichens. a century of study of australian lichens had shown that this continent possessed species quite different to those elsewhere in the world as well as species similar to or even the same as those in other parts of the world. papers published by several european lichenologists were beginning to show how the australian lichen flora was related to the lichen floras in other parts of the world. by the end of the century resident australian lichenologists such as wilson and shirley were working assiduously and making their findings available in various australian journals. it would have seemed likely that, on the basis of such a good foundation, work on australian lichens would have continued fairly steadily. yet, there was a hiatus, with little additional study of australian lichens for several decades and the further history is continued in the second century page. history of australian lichenology pages on this website", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4235369641023672, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.831602"} {"text": "opinion : people must remember, follow non - violent example set by martin luther king university of michigan bentley historical library as i look around with mature eyes i see torture being justified, drones killing civilians, assassinations being legalized, hatred for \u201c those people \u201d, massive gun violence, loyalty oaths to governments that engage in genocide, invasions and occupations, songs about bombing countries, war planes being cheered as they fly over sports stadiums, violence showcased on tv and movies and video games. all of these set examples. in the 1960 \u2019 s dr. king asked those in the cities to stop using violence to solve problems. \u201c they asked if our own nation wasn \u2019 t using massive doses of violence to solve its problems. \" dr. king concluded that, \u201c the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today \u2014 my own government \u201d. yes, there are good things about america, but there are many areas of silence. dr. king said \u201c the calling to speak is often a vocation of agony, but we must speak, \" and \u201c a nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death. \u201d on the only national holiday that recognizes a person who worked for peace and justice, read \u201c beyond vietnam. \" dr. king studied and practiced non - violent conflict resolution. we, as a nation, need to do the same.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43157680122895126, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.833176"} {"text": "sep ' 11 - nov ' 11 we learn at elementary school that the morning sunlight took eight minutes to arrive. each ray of light from the sun acts as an exiled messenger who indicates whether the star is on or off. when the sun dies, it will take eight minutes for its last message to reach the earth. as stephen hawking states in a brief history of time, \u2018 the death of the sun does not affect us immediately because we are not in its future light cone \u2018. since the fastest way we can perceive distant events is through light, its direction and speed of travel limits how quickly we can experience an event. mapped through time, the event forms a conical horizon around itself whose width is determined by the speed of light rays ; if the observer is within its boundary, we can perceive the event ; if outside, there is no way we can know of it. in other words, our universe is structured so that we are always looking at the past. throughout history, light had been the signal that bridges past, present, and future, and brings about the beginning and end of time. according to ancient hebrew belief, life takes a linear path, beginning with the genesis creation myth where god said, \u201c let there be light! \u201d. in the judeo - christian worldview, the eschaton \u2013 the end of time \u2013 was crucial in establishing the belief that linear time justified a particular system of ethics and law. in the myth of the eternal return, the mythologist and religious historian mircea eliade describes a worldview where the universe is cyclical and is destined to repeat itself in a self - similar form for an infinite number of times across time and space. this worldview was inherent in indian ( and later egyptian ) philosophy, and was later taken up by followers of pythagoras as well as the stoics. the cyclical view of time was more in keeping with pre - historical, agrarian communities in which seasons and daily cycles had more significance than the progress of civilization and history. the linear view of time tends to dominate modern thought, and we obsess over possible environmental and apocalyptic endings to human history. however, some contemporary astrophysicsts, following einstein, have analyzed the behaviour of light and the nature of space - time as an infinite universe, with implications similar to cyclical views of time and history. ( left ) an event is visible through time, like a pebble thrown into a bond creates outward waves / / / ( right ) an event in the present can only be perceived in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5770722119944025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.836824"} {"text": "with implications similar to cyclical views of time and history. ( left ) an event is visible through time, like a pebble thrown into a bond creates outward waves / / / ( right ) an event in the present can only be perceived in a certain region of space - time. knowing that our time in the sun is limited, sometimes we try to capture time and light with images. albrecht durer \u2019 s etching, \u201c melancholia i \u201d associates light with order and darkness with chaos. the composition places the products of the imagination \u2013 geometry, mathematics, tools, and architecture \u2013 within the timeframe of an hourglass running out. in this picture, the imagination succeeds in creating a mental zone that overrides both astrophysics and religion \u2013 it holds together past, present and future with rays of perpetual sunlight \u2013 messengers of time etched in metal. / / / next week : skin, shell and skeleton part i nuclear bomb test, bikini atoll, 1946. the small black figures just outside the cloud are decommissioned world war ii battleships from the us navy. / / in addition to an urban investigation into the power structures of moscow, i ' ve been looking at ideas about the sublime and its relation to... - - yesterday china launched tiangong - 1 ( heavenly palace - 1 ), its first step towards a manned orbital space station. i remembered reading that the last space shuttle mission, sts - 135, finished earlier this year, signalling an end to america \u2019 s utopian dream of colonizing space. as i read more... i ' ve just started on the cooper union march ii course, and am excited to be here in new york to say the least! i ' ll be sharing my project work for studio, sculpture, and elsewhere over the upcoming year. for this first post i thought i ' d share something i wrote for a course appropriately titled...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6230828941548731, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.839007"} {"text": "modernism is one of most influential and independent movements in history of architecture. at the same time, it can be seen as one of most ignorant and blind minded, mainly because of its trailblazing character attacking tradition. western europe countries suffered even more from this believe, due to the socialist - realism interpretation of original modernistic manifestos. while in most parts of europe modernism follows modernization, in the countries from under influence of soviet union, socialist - realism mutation of modernism was rather a tool in hands of the government to mentally trigger progress. results of transformations, applied due to this spirit onto xix century urban tissue of warsaw, can be visible till now days. setting up progress and modernity as an main national value, network of new transportation aortas was drown across destroyed city, with no relation what so ever to historical reminiscence and worked out across the centuries urban tissue divisions. presented plot is one of those places where xix century urban block was literally cut off by new urban plan, leaving piece of vacant land between blank wall and the street ( pic. 01 ). six stories high blind wall is situated right in the centre of the city, between office building and holiday in hotel, creating a part of highly eclectic and aesthetically doubtful urban elevation of jana pawla ii street. twelve meter wide plot seems to be perceived as worthless by investors despite its amazing orientation. it is not only located next to shopping mall, office business centre and some historical sites of warsaw, but it is also standing for communication node of the city ( next to the grand central and planed metro station ) ( pic. 02 ). all of those attributes can be easily transformed into valuable architectural that will stood for both, rebuilding place aesthetics and generating new value for surrounding area. in the broadest common definition, accelerator is a system or a device capable of increasing efficiency of other systems. on of the ways to achieve acceleration in physical systems is ordering and rooting flows depending on their specification, segregating, buffering and upgrading each item it the system before releasing ordered flow into the main stream. same systematics can be applied while dealing with urban flows, their quality and efficiency. correctly located local system can considerably affect city animation positive factor in global scale. presented design ( pic. 03 ) approaches problems of the sites, offering not only new aesthetic quality for the place, but also using its specific location to accelerate transportation efficiency within the city. proposed structure contains two main functional areas. first one, located an the bottom of the building, open and transparent, is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5559602113051422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.843207"} {"text": "sites, offering not only new aesthetic quality for the place, but also using its specific location to accelerate transportation efficiency within the city. proposed structure contains two main functional areas. first one, located an the bottom of the building, open and transparent, is a orange ramp - shaped bicycle parking integrated with the city bike transportation system ( pic. 04 ). second one is stack of independent container - like units, providing cheep sleeping and shower opportunity on daily basis for the less demanding travelers. both functionalities were partly enclosed by simplistic building skin. historical reference was achieved by both, extruded reduced shaped on a historical building as straightforward connection and alien contradiction of main facade, designed as an partial, cross - section like division. this solution was meant to underline discontinuity and sudden ending of existing form, showing that a part of original building is missing, and what is left, is literally cut along the new urban division line. this cutting line was used in the design to reveal surprising, aesthetically, etheric and contemporary insides of the building ( pic. 03 ). strict centre of warsaw ; around palce of culture and main railway station ; is dedicated to nobody. insufficient roads grid and not enough parking spaces makes it very problematical to communicate to, and from downtown, by car. small number of bicycle and pedestrian paths, not enough small architecture and green areas make it uneasy and unpleasant to go by foot or drive a bicycle. as far as every architect, urbanist, and member of the city council has his own view on for whom the city centre should be, there is still no decision which way should we go, what improvements must be undertaken. presented proposal suggest to close the city centre for private cars as to make space and good conditions for pedestrians and cyclists - to give back the heart of warsaw its personal look, real flow. people in cars just drive through while people walking or driving by bike must stop, need a drink, meet with friends - they are not just commuters, they are real citizens, animators of their habitat, performers of action. accelerator makes it easier for them to use warsaw. because it is rather informal ( to hop - in, hop - out ), accelerator can be used by more people in shorter amount of time ; it reflects fast pulse of the city. status : school project location : warsaw, pl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5415079126653544, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.844133"} {"text": "a video and paper in current biology about a veined octopus, amphioctopus marginatus, that carries coconut halves to deploy as a shelter has gotten a lot of play in the popular press. the story is usually accompanied by the claim that this is the first reported case of invertebrate tool use. maybe this is true amongst the squishies ( cephalopods ), but i think that arthropods accomplish much more exciting feats of tool use every day. coconut octopus, meet coconut crab. earlier, i talked a little about coconut crabs, mentioning that they use mollusk shells when they are small, and eventually discard them as they grow. they also have an intermediate size behavior where they use hollowed out coconut shells as a shelter. photos : finn et al., 2009 and nancy and neil. first a disclaimer : i think cephalopods are awesome. they are probably the second coolest animal group behind mantis shrimp. also, this video and paper represent a really interesting finding, and any antagonism in this post is meant to be humorous. i only take exception to the tool use claim. i, of course, realize that any assessment of \u201c tool use \u201d is completely dependent on how you define \u201c tool use. \u201d however, even by the researchers own exclusive definition, arthropods still beat their motile mollusk to the punch. let \u2019 s see how they define tool use in order to exclude the numerous arthropod examples : \u2026 simple behaviours, such as the use of an object ( or objects ) as shelter, are not generally regarded as tool use, because the shelter is effectively in use all the time, whereas a tool provides no benefit until it is used for a specific purpose. this rules out examples such as the use of gastropod shells by hermit crabs, but includes situations where there is an immediate cost, but a deferred benefit, such as dolphins carrying sponges to protect against abrasion during foraging and where an object is carried around in a non - functional form to be deployed when required. actually, i don \u2019 t see how this definition even negates hermit crabs from tool use. there is no benefit for the crab in dragging around a heavy shell or coconut on its back while it forages. it is only beneficial later, when the animal wants to rest or block an attack. i would say that is a fairly specific deferred purpose with an immediate cost. regardless, there are a bunch of other examples of art", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5138084756719574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.848470"} {"text": "while it forages. it is only beneficial later, when the animal wants to rest or block an attack. i would say that is a fairly specific deferred purpose with an immediate cost. regardless, there are a bunch of other examples of arthropod tool use that i can pull off the top of my head. - spiders construct structurally elaborate webs as methods of defense as well as prey capture. in addition to the common trap webs, some gladiator spiders also make web nets that they hold in their front arms and use to pin prey to the ground. - gonodactyloid mantis shrimp are capable of complex masonry work, chiseling into form and stacking walls of rubble and shells around their lairs. they strongly suggest planning capacities with this behavior. - the amphipod phronima hollows out tunicate carcasses to live inside and drive around in the deep - sea in search of more prey. again, calling any of this \u201c tool use \u201d is extremely definition dependent. however, under the above interpretation, i think many arthropods have just as strong a claim to tool use as the octopus. regardless, squishies and crunchies need to get along so that they can join their tool - using forces to protect us from those goddamn dolphins.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48346041142432894, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.848994"} {"text": "in virginia we are fortunate to have among our feathered friends a bird that is considered one of the most intelligent of birds : the raven. when edgar allen poe published \" the raven \" he did this bird a disservice, painting it in a dreary tale of loss and loneliness. these birds have quite a lot to offer the birding enthusiast. ravens are about the size of a hawk and are covered from head to tail with glossy black feathers. they have a deep throaty call, sometimes referred to as a \" rronk, \" but have been known to make a variety of musical calls as well. perhaps one of the most impressive facts about the raven is its flight, as it is often seen soaring and wheeling in the sky in an acrobatic display. these displays are usually performed with a mate, but can also be seen demonstrated by a single individual. biologists surmise they do this for fun. wouldn ' t you? ravens have been found in many different habitats, including deserts, tundra and sea coasts. in virginia, you only have to go as far as the blue ridge mountains to find this bird. don ' t confuse it with its cousin the crow, which can be found in many places around the state. the crow is much smaller and has a call that is a \" caw. \" its tail is also different, being rounded or square, not long and wedge - shaped as the raven ' s is. ravens demonstrate their intelligence in other aspects of their behavior. * have been known to drop hard - shelled food such as snails or clams on rocks or roads to crack them open * often work together to find and flush out food * have pair bonds that can last for years * will follow predators to get a free meal. it is no wonder that baltimore chose the ravens as the symbol for its football team. not only are these birds intelligent, acrobatic and organized, they are entertaining as well! as for our poet friend, when he asks if you fear to see a raven this halloween, you can answer : nevermore! however, if you are interested in meeting a crow, venture out to the night of the living museum on oct. 21 or 22, you may just get your chance. susan summers is an education associate at the virginia living museum in newport news. nature notes is a bi - weekly column. you can access the museum ' s web site at www. valivingmuseum. org. *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4375879671422973, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.852603"} {"text": "visakhapatnam : scores of indigenous plant species with medicinal value are vanishing from the eastern ghats and coastal regions of andhra pradesh as indiscriminate exploitation and unscientific method of extracting these plants is hampering their regeneration and resulting in escalation of costs of herbal medicines. biodiversity in the region is being adversely affected by untrained locals extracting medicinal plants unscientifically, without planting and seeding, at the behest of middlemen who are associated with herbal product exporters or ayurvedic drug manufacturers, point out experts. \" plants like saptarangi, one of the very few herbs used in anti - diabetic medicines that is found in the marshy lands, is becoming scarce and so is sidacordisolia that is used for arthritis and rheumatic disorders and is found in the eastern ghats, \" said ayurvedic physician k jayakrishna. v susheela, an ayurvedic doctor from sree aurvedic hospital, said, \" plants such as satavari used for curing gynaecological disorders, sariba for skin ailments, aswagandha for curing anxiety plus neurosis and sarpagandha for treating hypertension are in need of adequate conservation. the cost of herbal medicines has risen 4 to 5 times in the last 2 to 3 years due to the limited availability of certain herbs as well as the hike in prices of gold and mercury, which are important mineral ingredients for ayurvedic preparations. proper inspection from the ayush ( ayurveda yoga unani sidha and homepathy ) department is required to check the indiscriminate and unscientific exploitation and trafficking of rare herbal plants. \" \" deforestation and unscientific extraction are rampant in eastern ghats and other coastal belts of ap, which is a treasure house of medicinal plants and herbs. the local tribes are given a few bucks by the middlemen employed by ayurvedic companies who remove all the endemic plants at the same time without enabling propagation or sowing them elsewhere. these plant collectors don ' t have the required knowledge of chemistry, botany and ayurveda and hence scarcity of various species of herbs is rising due to their unscientific activities. training of these tribals in their local language is needed for scientific extraction of herbs, \" said jayakrishna. zoologist and plant conservationist professor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4249861724775533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.855737"} {"text": "this is the second book wrote by lee lehman and presents in a very detailed manner the astrological dignities. it was published in 1989 by whitford press. in chapter 1 - two unsung revolutions in astrology the author explains how the copernican revolution changed the way astrologers understand dignities. at page 18 one can find a table with traditional and modern essential dignities. chapter 2 - using traditional rulerships here you ' ll find many practical examples of charts analyzed using traditional dignities. there are presented five countries ( confederate states of america, italy, iran, switzerland, ussr ), five corporations ( general motors, ford, chrysler, coca - cola, pepsi ), five individuals ( jane austen, lewis carroll, doyle arthur, niccolo machiavelli, mark twain ) and one horary chart. of course, it is always nice to see how the theory applies in practice, but i was expecting from these examples to emphasize the different results which appears when analyzing the charts with traditional and modern dignities. unfortunately, this is not happening, the charts are analyzed using only traditional dignities. in chapter 3 - the origin of rulerships : a botanical interlude you can find out which planer or sign rules every planet. you ' ll see that onion is ruled by mars, beans by venus, holly by saturn etc. also, there is a table with the medicinal uses of jupiter - ruled plants. i didn ' t test these, but it may be helpful. chapter 4 - modern \u201c rulerships \u201d : do they work? the author is trying to prove that modern rulerships aren ' t working well and to find arguments. she points out that : \u201c when modern astrologers discuss the modern rulerships the criterion appears to be : which body ( planet, asteroid or comet ) has qualities which most resembles the sign in question? \u201d so, modern rulerships are assigned counting if a planet qualities are similar with the sign qualities and not looking at the planet strength in a sign. see another quotation : \u201c we haven ' t any evidence that the ancients thought that pisces and jupiter were synonymous. it was a question of the strength of jupiter in pisces, not the similarity of jupiter and pisces. \u201d now, i think the idea is pretty clear. i must say that i totally agree with this point of view. then the charts of marie curie, jeddu krishnamurti, adolf hitler and death of dracula are analyzed. this time,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5523573386079452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.861433"} {"text": "\u201d now, i think the idea is pretty clear. i must say that i totally agree with this point of view. then the charts of marie curie, jeddu krishnamurti, adolf hitler and death of dracula are analyzed. this time, lee lehman makes an analogy between the charts interpretations with modern and traditional rulerships. the results are pretty good and the lecture enjoyable. only one problem, from my point of view. it is analyzed the chart \u201c death of dracula \u201d, where lee writes things like : \u201c i have been fascinated by charts of people who are, so to speak, energy sucks \u201d, \u201c scorpio sun ( life of the vampire ) \u201d, etc. hei, i am from romania and i tell you there is no vampire. dracula is just a myth assigned to a romanian prince, vlad iii of wallachia. it is true that he was cruel and liked to kill people by impaling them on a sharp pole, but everything else is imagination. chapter 5 \u2013 the meaning of each of the essential dignities in this chapter you ' ll find some general characteristics for the five essential dignities : ruler, exaltation, triplicity, term and face. at page 127 is a table with key words associated with these dignities. starting from these key words lee lehman gives many descriptive explanations for dignities, but it just seems to much! there are the same things explained over and over again, it seemed pretty boring to me. in chapter 6 \u2013 a statistical interlude the author is trying to determine the influence of terms ( both chaldean and egyptian ) making a few tests. she selected a number of charts from different categories ( suicide, scientist, sport champions ) and counted the terms for each planet. in the final, we can see that the planet that rules the category ( for example, mars for sport champions ) obtained more points that usually, on a normal pattern. even the results apparently validates the importance of terms i won ' t give to much credit to such a test. why? because i don ' t see terms so important to determine a person belong to a category or another. for example, more points in the term of saturn won ' t drive you to suicide because can be many other ( not even major ) aspects that can change this influence. probably, i just don ' t believe terms are so important an if lee lehman is making those test it is clear that she also has doubts. chapter 7 \u2013 detriment, falls and peregrines means several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5740182966756495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.862812"} {"text": "aspects that can change this influence. probably, i just don ' t believe terms are so important an if lee lehman is making those test it is clear that she also has doubts. chapter 7 \u2013 detriment, falls and peregrines means several pages where you can find short descriptions for every planet detriment and fall. in chapter 8 \u2013 conclusions there are the final words. my evaluation : 6 conclusion. if i would have to say quickly, at my first impression, some words about this book i think would be : \u201c too much noise for nothing \u201d. but, then, if you think for a moment you realize that you can ' t say \u201c for nothing \u201d because dignities are a very important part in astrology and one could write a whole interesting book about this subject. so, back to my reasoning, why this impression? why \u201c too much noise for nothing? \u201d. maybe, because this book presents shortly the five dignities associated with some main characteristics, ideas repeated in different chapters, but the rest of the book is somewhat near the subject. you can read about history, botany, statistics, all connected with dignities, but the book doesn ' t seem to touch the essential points. it is a surface play. it doesn ' t have those clear, rational statements that gives you a better understanding of the subject. if a medium astrologer reads this book i don ' t think will have much to learn and to integrate in his astrological system. maybe i am a little too harsh, but it is my purpose here to criticize and to present a clear point of view about the astrological books i read. my evaluation is 6.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5471225189620614, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.863605"} {"text": "next stop : saturn! poor saturn is neither the largest nor the most massive. but this planet may be most eccentric \u2014 the memorable in its appearance and properties. named after the titan of time, saturn was the roman king of the titans and father of jupiter. saturn is the least dense planet, even less dense than water! how does this happen? saturn is only 1 / 8 the density of earth, but with its large volume, is over 95 times more massive than earth. comprising mainly of the lightest element, hydrogen, saturn is very \u201c light \u201d for its size. saturn \u2019 s mass is 95 times that of earth, but its volume is 764 times that of earth. since density = mass / volume, saturn large volume and relatively small mass equates to a very small density ( 0. 687 ). so, if you build an enormous bathtub and fill it with h2o, saturn would bobble around on the surface like a rubber duckie! in contrast to jupiter \u2019 s myriad of colorful bands and zones, saturn \u2019 s upper atmosphere of mainly ammonia crystals gives the planet a bland yellow - brown coloration. once every 30 years, saturn exhibits ephemeral storms on its banded surface, one known as the great white spot. at its north pole, saturn has a weird hexagon - shaped storm that may be a novel aurora or a wave pattern. underneath that banal surface, winds reach up to 1, 100 mph, faster than those on jupiter! unlike its ever - changing gaseous layers, saturn \u2019 s core may be solid iron, nickel, and rock. reaching up to 11, 700 \u00b0c at the core, saturn radiates 2. 5 times more energy than received from the sun by the kelvin - helmholtz mechanism of slow gravitational compression and the \u201c raining out \u201d of droplets of helium in its interior. accumulating into a helium shell surrounding the core, the helium droplets release heat by friction passing though low density hydrogen. layers of metallic hydrogen ( deep ), liquid hydrogen and liquid helium ( intermediate ), and hydrogen gas ( outer ) blanket the core. electrical currents within the metallic hydrogen caused saturn \u2019 s weak magnetic field to form. effective at deflecting solar wind particles, saturn \u2019 s magnetosphere also produces aurorae. saturn has magnificent, highly reflective ice rings, perfectly visible with a telescope. all gas giants have rings, but with nine main continuous rings, three discontinuous arcs if ice particles, rock debris, and dust, saturn and its rings are truly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49536472329466263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.872402"} {"text": "saturn has magnificent, highly reflective ice rings, perfectly visible with a telescope. all gas giants have rings, but with nine main continuous rings, three discontinuous arcs if ice particles, rock debris, and dust, saturn and its rings are truly inseparable. in 1655, christiaan huygens suggested saturn was surrounded by a ring. since then, astronomers have named the main rings from a to g. the cassini division is a large gap between rings a and b, and the roche division is a gap between rings a and f. some moons, like pan and prometheus, are shepherd moons that prevent saturn \u2019 s rings from expanding. saturn has the second most number of moons with 62. inhabit saturn \u2019 s rings, saturn \u2019 s moons range from the hundreds of \u201c moonlets \u201d to its largest natural satellite titan. of its 62 known moons, saturn has 53 with actual names, 13 with diameters larger than 50 km, 7 with hydrostatic equilibrium due to planetary mass, dense rings, and complex orbits of their own, 24 regular satellites ( prograde orbits not greatly inclined ) named after titans and titanesses, and 38 irregular satellites with farther orbits and high inclination orbits and named after inuit, norse, and gallic mythological characters. there can be no objective boundary for the classification of saturn \u2019 s moons, for saturn \u2019 s rings contain objects from the microscopic to the largest object titan. the most prominent is titan. larger than mercury, titan is the only moon to retain a substantial atmosphere. titan produces white convective clouds in cold nitrogen and methane atmosphere. its surface is relatively young with few impact craters, dark regions of frozen hydrocarbons, flow channels, volcanoes, and sand of frozen water or hydrocarbons. the only moon with large bodies of methane / ethane lakes, titan, like ganymede and europa ( jupiter \u2019 s moons ) may have a subsurface ocean of water and ammonia. the largest lake on titan, kraken mare, is larger than the caspian sea. brief takes on other prominent moons mimas : smallest and least massive of inner round moons, large impact crater called herschel, no known geologic activity enceladus : one of the smallest of saturn \u2019 s spherical moons, smallest known body geologically active, diverse surface that includes ancient heavily crated terrain and younger smoother areas, south pole unusually warm and emits jets of water vapor and dust that replenishes material in saturn \u2019 s e ring and is the main source of ions in saturn \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.496499026602241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.873406"} {"text": "diverse surface that includes ancient heavily crated terrain and younger smoother areas, south pole unusually warm and emits jets of water vapor and dust that replenishes material in saturn \u2019 s e ring and is the main source of ions in saturn \u2019 s magnetosphere, may have liquid water under south pole, pure ice and high reflective surface tethys : third largest inner moon, large impact crater called odysseus, cast canyon system called ithaca chasma, composed of mainly water ice with little rock dione : second largest inner moon, heavily cratered old terrain, extensive system of troughs and lineaments named \u201c wispy terrain \u201d indicates tectonic activity rhea : second largest moon, only moon that has rings, two large impact basins called tirawa and inktomi ( \u201c the splat \u201d ), a young crater which has butterfly - shaped bright rays, geologically dead hyperion : closest moon to titan ( when titan makes four revolutions, hyperion makes three ), very irregular shape, sponge - like tan - colored icy surface, numerous impact craters, no well - defined poles or equator ( chaotic rotation ) which makes its rotational behavior unpredictable iapetus : third largest moon, most distant large moon, greatest orbital inclination ( orbits at a greater altitude, at 14. 72\u00b0 ), one hemisphere is pitch - black ( iapetus \u2019 s leading hemisphere collides with dust and ice particles as it rotates, darkening its surface ) and the other is bright as snow missions : cassini - huygens, pioneer 11, voyager - order in solar system : # 6 - number of moons : 62 - orbital period : 29. 5 years - rotational period : 10. 5 hours - mass : 5. 6846 x 10 ^ 26 kg ( 95. 152 earths ) - volume : 8. 2713 x 10 ^ 14 km\u00b3 ( 763. 59 earths ) - radius : 60, 268 km ( 9. 4492 earths ) - surface area : 4. 27 x 10 ^ 10 km\u00b2 ( 83. 703 earths ) - density : 0. 687 g / cm\u00b3 ( less than water! ) - eccentricity of orbit : 0. 056 - surface temperature ( average ) : 134 k - escape velocity : 35. 5 km / s - apparent magnitude : + 1. 47 to - 0. 24 on december 3, 2012, the planets mercury, venus, and saturn will align with the giza pyramids in egypt. this will be the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.484363885367696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.874312"} {"text": "velocity : 35. 5 km / s - apparent magnitude : + 1. 47 to - 0. 24 on december 3, 2012, the planets mercury, venus, and saturn will align with the giza pyramids in egypt. this will be the first planetary / pyramid alignment in 2, 737 years! now, the three giza pyramids are also in perfect alignment with the three stars of orion \u2019 s belt. in 1983, robert bauval proposed this orion correlation theory and published this idea in discussions in egyptology in 1989. the giza pyramids were built in the 3rd millennium b. c. the alignment is very curious. could the egyptians have built the giza pyramids that way on purpose? - eccentricity of orbit : measures the ellipticity of orbit ( ranges 0 - 1, with 0 as spherical and 1 as very elliptical ) - density : mass per unit volume ; mass in grams and volume in cubic centimeters - oblateness : measures how much the middle section of the planet bulges - surface gravity : the larger the surface gravity, the thicker the atmosphere as gravity pulls in more gases - albedo : measures the fraction of light reflected compared to the amount of light received from the sun ; the higher the albedo, the more reflective the surface - escape velocity : minimum speed or velocity needed to escape the planet \u2019 s gravitational pull - rotation : most planets rotate in counter - clockwise direction ( prograde ) ; others rotate in the clockwise direction ( retrograde ) - rotational period is shortest for gaseous planets and longest for venus - roche limit : about two and a half times the radius of the planet ; within the roche limit, matter cannot accretes to form moons because the tidal force of the planet tears matter apart to form rings giant planets : giant planets have lighter elements such as hydrogen and helium in their atmospheres. they have stronger gravity and are at larger distances from the sun. jupiter, saturn, and neptune are stormy with great spots of lasting storms and belts and zones. however, uranus is comparatively bland and uniform. all giant planets are home to convection, or hot gases rising and cold gases falling. terrestrial planets : terrestrial planets have heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. mercury is most heavily cratered while earth is least cratered. larger terrestrial planets have plate tectonics. earth has a sizable magnetic fields that can protect it from solar wind particles and van allen belts. earth has the \u201c goldilocks phenomenon, \u201d or the right conditions for the development of life. \u201c the planets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5221052096401397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.875303"} {"text": "california proposition 11, beverage container reuse and recycling act ( 1982 ) proposition 11, the beverage container reuse and recycling act, would have required \" every empty beer and other malt beverage, mineral water, soda water, and similar carbonated soft drink container to be redeemable for cash, as a means of encouraging consumers to return empty cans and bottles rather than discard them as litter or municipal waste. \" specifically, proposition 11 would have : - required that beginning on march 1, 1984, every such beverage container sold or offered for sale in california would have had a refund value ( when returned empty ) of at least 5 cents. - required that when a consumer returned an empty container to a retailer selling that same kind, size, and brand of beverage, that retailer must pay the consumer the refund. - retailers or redemption centers that returned empty containers to a wholesaler or bottler of the same kind, size, and brand must be paid the refund, plus a handling fee equal to 20 % of the refund. if proposition 11 had been approved, it would have amended division 12. 1 ( commencing with section 14500 ) of california ' s public resources code, relating to beverage containers. proposition 11 ' s official ballot summary said : - \" requires that beverage containers sold, or offered for sale, on or after march 1, 1984, have a refund value, established by the distributor, of not less than 5 cents. requires refund value be indicated on container. requires that dealers and distributors pay the refund value on return of empty container. provides for establishment of redemption centers. provides for handling fees for dealers and redemption centers. prohibits manufacturer from requiring a deposit from a distributor on a nonrefillable container. contains definitions, specified exceptions, conditions, and other matters. provides violation of statute is an infraction punishable by fine. summary of legislative analyst ' s estimate of net state and local government fiscal impact : net fiscal effect on state and local governments cannot be determined. could result in reduced litter cleanup costs, reduced solid waste disposal costs, and an unknown increase or decrease in tax revenue collections. variables involved are discussed in more depth in analyst ' s estimate. \" the fiscal estimate provided by the california legislative analyst ' s office said : - \" this measure would have a fiscal effect on both the state and local governments. the net impact of the measure ' s fiscal effect, however, cannot be determined. - based on the experience of states with deposit laws, it appears that this measure, if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43588038203936036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.882517"} {"text": "this measure would have a fiscal effect on both the state and local governments. the net impact of the measure ' s fiscal effect, however, cannot be determined. - based on the experience of states with deposit laws, it appears that this measure, if approved by the voters, would result in a significant increase in the percentage of empty beverage containers recycled or refilled and, therefore, a significant decrease in the percentage of empty beverage containers that are discarded. - the shift in the disposition of empty beverage containers would be accompanied by changes in the behavior of both businesses and individuals, which could affect ( 1 ) the amount of litter and solid waste in california, ( 2 ) beverage prices, ( 3 ) beverage sales, ( 4 ) corporate profits, ( 5 ) employment, and ( 6 ) the average wage levels of workers involved in the production and sale of beer and carbonated soft drinks. as a result, the measure could affect government costs and revenues in numerous ways. these include : - 1. reduced litter cleanup costs. deposit laws in other states have caused reductions of approximately 80 percent in the amount of beverage container litter. estimates of the resulting change in total litter range from almost no change to reductions in excess of 30 percent. if this measure is approved, it is likely that governmental agencies would experience some savings in litter cleanup costs. - 2. reduced solid waste disposal costs. deposit laws in other states also have resulted in an estimated 3 - to 4 - percent reduction in the amount of municipal solid waste that must be disposed of. because solid waste disposal services in california are provided by government agencies, as well as by private firms, a reduction in the amount of waste to be disposed of would reduce costs to these agencies. in the short run, a reduction in the volume of waste would result in only moderate savings for government agencies that provide solid waste disposal services, because local solid waste removal systems are sized to handle the current volume of waste and a large portion of the costs of these systems is fixed. in the long term, these agencies could experience significant savings as a result of the reduction in solid wastes requiring disposal. - 3. an increase or decrease in tax revenue collections. this initiative could change the amount of tax revenues which state and local governments collect, although the overall magnitude of this change - - and even its direction ( up or down ) - - is unknown. a change in revenues can be anticipated because the initiative could affect such factors as corporate profits, beverage sales, and beverage - related employment and wage levels. this, in turn, could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45301126892346566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.883665"} {"text": "and even its direction ( up or down ) - - is unknown. a change in revenues can be anticipated because the initiative could affect such factors as corporate profits, beverage sales, and beverage - related employment and wage levels. this, in turn, could have an impact on revenue collections from the sales and use tax, the bank and corporation tax, the personal income tax, and the excise tax on beer. some of these revenue effects are likely to be positive ; others are likely to be negative. for example : - sales and use tax revenues could be reduced if the volume of beverages sold declines. these revenues could also be increased, however, to the extent that beverage prices rise. the effect of the measure on sales and use tax revenues would also depend on whether the deposit paid by consumers on nonrefillable bottles and cans is itself subject to tax. the effect of the measure on sales and use tax revenue would further depend on the way in which any increase or decrease in spending by consumers on beverages is offset by changes in their spending on other taxable and nontaxable commodities. - excise tax revenues from the sale of beer would decline if the volume of beer sales declines as a result of the measure. - bank and corporation profits tax revenues could decline if the costs incurred by bottlers and retailers increase as a result of the measure and the increase is not offset by higher prices charged to consumers. - personal income tax collections could decline to the extent that proprietors ' incomes fall, or more lower - wage and fewer higher - wage workers are employed in the manufacturing, distribution, and retailing of beverages. personal income tax revenues could also increase, however, if total beverage - related employment and wages paid rise significantly due to an increase in the demand for retail and beverage transportation workers. - experience with mandatory deposit laws in other states does not yield conclusive evidence regarding the ongoing impact of these laws on those key economic variables that affect government revenues. therefore, it is not possible to predict with any reliability what the net effect of this measure would be on state and local government revenues in california. path to the ballot as an initiated state statute, proposition 11 earned its spot on the ballot through the collection of signatures on petitions. - pdf of the mailed november 2, 1982 voter guide for proposition 11 - hastings california i & r database - california law library, november 2, 1982 ballot propositions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44711660011896903, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.884846"} {"text": "archive for july, 2012 making good decisions has special requirements for a christian leader. read proverbs 1 : 1 - 7. for the christian leader making good decisions includes elements beyond accurately analyzing and processing information and temporary success or failure. to bear the name christian along with the title leader they must also consider fairness, honesty, and morality as part of each decision. the book of proverbs isn \u2019 t a decision - making textbook, but it was inspired by god and written by king solomon of israel, a leader who over the centuries has become known as the wisest man to have ever lived. we make decisions every day, and the patterns we establish in the small decisions shape the larger ones. read 1 chronicles 12 : 32. the background for 1 chronicles 12 : 32 is that israel \u2019 s first king, saul, was dead. david, from the tribe of judah had been appointed king and was ruling the nation from the city of hebron. many of the fighting men from each of the other 11 tribes of israel were coming to hebron to turn saul \u2019 s kingdom over to david and re - unify the nation. this simple statement, tucked away in the middle of a listing of the men who had volunteered to serve david and who supported his anointing as king over all israel, tells us of some men from the tribe of issachar \u201c who understood the times and knew what israel should do. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4647484179746524, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.886257"} {"text": "vitamin d a bone booster for people with digestive problems people with digestive diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and crohn \u2019 s disease, are especially susceptible to osteoporosis and bone fractures, due in part to nutrient deficiencies caused by malabsorption and medication side effects. a new study found that people with good vitamin d status early in the course of their disease had higher bone density and a greater likelihood of increasing bone density over time. healthy vitamin d levels predict healthy bones the study, published in the american journal of gastroenterology, included 101 people who had recently been diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ). vitamin d levels in the blood and bone mineral density were measured at the beginning of the study, and bone density measurements were repeated approximately two years later. only 22 % of the people had optimal vitamin d levels at the beginning of the study. higher vitamin d levels were associated with higher bone density in the spine, hip, and total body. people with better vitamin d status were more likely than others to have an increase in bone mineral density over the course of the study. the link between ibd and bone density ibd is a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the large and small intestines. ulcerative colitis and crohn \u2019 s disease are the most common types, both of which are believed to be autoimmune ( when the immune system attacks the body \u2019 s cells ) in nature. people with ibd usually experience chronic abdominal pain and diarrhea, often with bleeding and mucus. in people with ibd, inflammation in the bowel wall and diarrhea compromise absorption and result in nutrient deficiencies. in addition, corticosteroid medicines that are used to treat ibd can interfere with calcium absorption and metabolism. maintaining healthy bone density requires the integrated work of a number of nutrients, including calcium and vitamin d, so it is not surprising that people with ibd have high rates of low bone density ( osteopenia and osteoporosis ). improving vitamin d status vitamin d is made in the body through a series of chemical reactions that begins in sun - exposed skin. modern lifestyles with limited outdoor time and widespread use of sunscreens have led to increasing rates of vitamin d deficiency in the general population, and these rates are even higher in the elderly and people with chronic disease. \u201c poorer vitamin d correlates with lower baseline bone mineral density and better vitamin d status is correlated with a gain in total bone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42789862931306194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.889849"} {"text": "of vitamin d deficiency in the general population, and these rates are even higher in the elderly and people with chronic disease. \u201c poorer vitamin d correlates with lower baseline bone mineral density and better vitamin d status is correlated with a gain in total bone mineral density. early optimization of vitamin d may play an important role in preventing ibd - related bone disease, \u201d said the researchers from the university of manitoba in winnipeg. small amounts of vitamin d are found in eggs and fish, as well as fortified dairy foods and some dairy substitutes, but the authors noted that their findings suggest that adding vitamin d supplements is warranted for most people with ibd. september 11, 2008 ( am j gastroenterol 2008 ; 103 : 1451 \u2013 9 ) maureen williams, nd, received her bachelor \u2019 s degree from the university of pennsylvania and her doctorate of naturopathic medicine from bastyr university in seattle, wa. she has a private practice in quechee, vt, and does extensive work with traditional herbal medicine in guatemala and honduras. dr. williams is a regular contributor to healthnotes newswire. copyright \u00a9 2008 healthnotes, inc., dba aisle7. all rights reserved. republication or redistribution of the aisle7 content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of aisle7. healthnotes newswire is for educational or informational purposes only, and is not intended to diagnose or provide treatment for any condition. if you have any concerns about your own health, you should always consult with a healthcare professional. aisle7 shall not be liable for any errors or delays in the content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon. aisle7 and the aisle7 logo are registered trademarks of aisle7.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43907445170999904, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.890592"} {"text": "food and nutrients help to form strong teeth and bones, muscles and a healthy body. a balanced diet can also help to protect your child against illness. children \u2019 s need for energy and nutrients is high, but appetites are small and children can be fussy, so it can be a challenge to get your child \u2019 s diet right especially when feeding them organic food. but there \u2019 s quite a bit at stake because healthy eating aids early learning and childhood development. it \u2019 s useful to know that young children can usually regulate their own intake, so remember that pre - school children normally eat the amounts they want, even if it seems they \u2019 re not taking in very much. at this age, children are often good at regulating their appetite. if they \u2019 re not hungry, insisting on larger amounts of food can create a battle, which you \u2019 re likely to lose. base your child \u2019 s intake on the following food groups to help ensure she \u2019 s getting all the important nutrients. make sure your child has a balanced diet, with food from each of the key food groups every day. the food pyramid helps kids to receive all the nutrients growing children need each day from the five food groups. these are : protein \u2013 this includes lean meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts, legumes grains \u2013 this includes bread, cereals, rice, pasta and noodles dairy \u2013 this includes milk, yoghurt, and cheese they, and you, will need to eat a number of serves from each group depending on their age and how active they are. growing children need the following number of serves from each group. let mindful eating be a guiding principle. this table shows the suggested number of serves per day by age : age in years 3 \u2013 4 4 \u2013 6 4 \u2013 5 1 \u2013 2 1 \u2013 1. 5 4 \u2013 7 5 \u2013 9 3 \u2013 4 3 \u2013 5 1 \u2013 2 sample serves from the australian guide to healthy eating. young children have small appetites, so fibre - rich carbohydrates can be bulky and inhibit the absorption of some minerals. a good mindful eating tip is to gradually introduce higher fibre carbohydrate foods, such as whole wheat pasta and brown rice, so that by the time children are five, they \u2019 re eating the same fibre - rich foods as the rest of the family. giving your baby a pure start to life really begins nine months before birth. it \u2019 s not so surprising really, given all that rapid and miraculous cell growth and division is fuelled by you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44461307892563817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.898425"} {"text": "fibre - rich foods as the rest of the family. giving your baby a pure start to life really begins nine months before birth. it \u2019 s not so surprising really, given all that rapid and miraculous cell growth and division is fuelled by you. so what to eat when pregnant is a key issue because that truly is the real baby food! on the other side of the coin, there are some things that are definitely not good. alcohol, nicotine and other \u201c recreational chemicals \u201d need to be avoided, preferably before you conceive. enough said on that score. there is no \u201c magic food \u201d to consume. as usual the answer is simple and logical. the best things to eat when you \u2019 re pregnant are simply wholesome fresh foods. plenty of fruits and vegetables, obviously, but choose a balanced diet from each of the five food groups. although you \u2019 re eating for two, remember its quality not quantity that you \u2019 re after. let mindful eating be a guiding principle. just think about what \u2019 s going in your mouth and eat what you should, not what you could, and make water you \u2019 re preferred drink. the interesting thing about this approach is that you \u2019 re likely to feel a whole lot better, be healthier and possibly even shed some unwanted fat, even though that \u2019 s not the objective. and remember it \u2019 s not good to be dieting during pregnancy without the agreement and oversight of your doctor. make sure too, that the foods you \u2019 re eating contain enough of the key nutrients for pregnancy. most of us get these through a balanced diet, but you might want to check out choline, usually grouped with the b - complex vitamins. choline isn \u2019 t technically a b vitamin, but it is often included in the b - vitamin family because it does work closely with other b vitamins, especially folic acid vitamin b9 ) and cobalamin ( vitamin b12 ), to process fat and keep the heart and brain healthy. we \u2019 ve blogged on choline recently. pregnancy is a time when the body \u2019 s demand for choline is highest. choline is particularly used to support the fetus \u2019 s developing nervous system. i mention it again because studies show intake is low and feedback to our previous blog shows that women don \u2019 t know this particular \u201c vitamin \u201d, despite it being an essential nutrient. you can get it through eggs, by the way. obviously, as an organic baby food company we like to keep abreast of the latest findings on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4314593329415657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.899584"} {"text": "that women don \u2019 t know this particular \u201c vitamin \u201d, despite it being an essential nutrient. you can get it through eggs, by the way. obviously, as an organic baby food company we like to keep abreast of the latest findings on organic food. the university of barcelona has just released a study that shows that organic tomatoes contain more polyphenolic compounds than conventionally produced tomatoes. phenolic compounds are organic molecules found in many vegetables and have proven human health benefits. polyphenols are natural antioxidants and are considered to be of great nutritional interest because their consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular and degenerative diseases. most interesting is the researchers view of why this might be. organic farming doesn \u2019 t use nitrogenous fertilizers ; as a result, plants respond by activating their own defense mechanisms, increasing the levels of all antioxidants. it seems that conventionally fertilised plants \u201c don \u2019 t have to try so hard \u201d and as a result their production of phenolic compounds is lower. numerous scientific investigations show that the consumption of these antioxidants has a variety of health benefits. researchers claim that more studies of clinical evidence are still needed to be able to state that organic products are truly better for our health than conventional ones. pregnancy is a wonderful time in any woman \u2019 s life. a bit of a roller coaster, yes, but it \u2019 s full of new feelings and new learning. unlike many previous generations, first time mothers now have a clearer picture of what they need to know about nutrition when they \u2019 re \u201c eating for two \u201d. eating for two these days is about quality, not quantity, and new research is turning up all sorts of interesting information on some of the critical nutrients first time mothers, indeed all mums, should ensure form part of their dietary intake. the most important nutrients to support pregnancy can be summarised as follows : biotin \u2022 choline folate \u2022 iodine iron \u2022 vitamin a let \u2019 s take a quick look at choline. choline is clearly important but it appears most pregnant women don \u2019 t ingest the recommended daily dose. choline is a chemical similar to the b - vitamins, and is often lumped in with them, although it is not ( yet ) an \u201c official \u201d b - vitamin. although its entire mechanism of action, particularly how it interacts with other nutrients, is not completely understood, it seems too often work in concert with folate and an amino acid called methi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4786536601498825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.900745"} {"text": "not ( yet ) an \u201c official \u201d b - vitamin. although its entire mechanism of action, particularly how it interacts with other nutrients, is not completely understood, it seems too often work in concert with folate and an amino acid called methionine. although the human body can make some choline it is generally recognised that it is important to get dietary choline as well. so what does choline do? it \u2019 s long been understood that choline helps in the development of the neural tube. in the developing baby, the neural tube is the embryo \u2019 s very early central nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord. this really is early development because by four and a half weeks portions of the brain are already forming! choline also has some other very important protective roles. it seems it helps in the prevention of miscarriage and stillbirth. it has been found that mothers in the bottom 25 % for choline intake have a four times greater risks of having a child with neural tube defects compared with women in the highest 25 % of intake. along with choline \u2019 s brain development function it can also impact on your child \u2019 s lifelong learning and memory capacity. but now we \u2019 re finding out it does even more. researchers at cornell university, usa, found that increased choline intake during pregnancy could reduce stress levels in the child and lower the chances of it developing hypertension and diabetes later in life. although adults may take choline, the amount of choline that one is exposed to while still in the womb has a stronger effect over time. what can you do? australian dietary guidelines recommend a minimum intake of 440mg / day of choline. many women just don \u2019 t get that much. choline can be found in foods like eggs, beef liver and, you won \u2019 t be surprised, breast milk! for comparison 1 large whole egg contains about 112mg, a nice 100g serving of pan - fried calf \u2019 s liver can deliver 418mg. 100gm of tofu will give about 28mg and a serve of cauliflower about twice that. of course, you can take a good supplement designed for pregnant women, but be careful here. the bellamy \u2019 s team did a little checking and there is at least one very well known brand out there selling a pregnancy supplement that does not contain any choline! in fact, the only prenatal supplement we could find that contains choline is zycia natal nutrients, available from pharmacies. use mindful eating here, too,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4637310641020187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.901811"} {"text": "easton ' s bible dictionary a contract or agreement between two parties. in the old testament the hebrew word berith is always thus translated. berith is derived from a root which means \" to cut, \" and hence a covenant is a \" cutting, \" with reference to the cutting or dividing of animals into two parts, and the contracting parties passing between them, in making a covenant ( genesis 15 ; jeremiah 34 : 18, 19 ). the corresponding word in the new testament greek is diatheke, which is, however, rendered \" testament \" generally in the authorized version. it ought to be rendered, just as the word berith of the old testament, \" covenant. \" this word is used ( 1 ) of a covenant or compact between man and man ( genesis 21 : 32 ), or between tribes or nations ( 1 samuel 11 : 1 ; joshua 9 : 6, 15 ). in entering into a convenant, jehovah was solemnly called on to witness the transaction ( genesis 31 : 50 ), and hence it was called a \" covenant of the lord \" ( 1 samuel 20 : 8 ). the marriage compact is called \" the covenant of god \" ( proverbs 2 : 17 ), because the marriage was made in god ' s name. wicked men are spoken of as acting as if they had made a \" covenant with death \" not to destroy them, or with hell not to devour them ( isaiah 28 : 15, 18 ). ( 2. ) the word is used with reference to god ' s revelation of himself in the way of promise or of favour to men. thus god ' s promise to noah after the flood is called a covenant ( genesis 9 ; jeremiah 33 : 20, \" my covenant \" ). we have an account of god ' s covernant with abraham ( genesis 17, comp. leviticus 26 : 42 ), of the covenant of the priesthood ( numbers 25 : 12, 13 ; deuteronomy 33 : 9 ; nehemiah 13 : 29 ), and of the covenant of sinai ( exodus 34 : 27, 28 ; leviticus 26 : 15 ), which was afterwards renewed at different times in the history of israel ( deuteronomy 29 ; joshua 1 : 24 ; 2 chronicles 15 ; 23 ; 29 ; 34 ; ezra 10 ; nehemiah 9 ). in conformity with human custom, god ' s covenant is said to be confirmed with an oath ( deuteronomy 4 : 31 ; psalm 89 : 3 ), and to be accompanied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5231181986706158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.906607"} {"text": "; 34 ; ezra 10 ; nehemiah 9 ). in conformity with human custom, god ' s covenant is said to be confirmed with an oath ( deuteronomy 4 : 31 ; psalm 89 : 3 ), and to be accompanied by a sign ( genesis 9 ; 17 ). hence the covenant is called god ' s \" counsel, \" \" oath, \" \" promise \" ( psalm 89 : 3, 4 ; 105 : 8 - 11 ; hebrews 6 : 13 - 20 ; luke 1 : 68 - 75 ). god ' s covenant consists wholly in the bestowal of blessing ( isaiah 59 : 21 ; jeremiah 31 : 33, 34 ). the term covenant is also used to designate the regular succession of day and night ( jeremiah 33 : 20 ), the sabbath ( exodus 31 : 16 ), circumcision ( genesis 17 : 9, 10 ), and in general any ordinance of god ( jeremiah 34 : 13, 14 ). covenant of works, the constitution under which adam was placed at his creation. in this covenant, ( 1. ) the contracting parties were ( a ) god the moral governor, and ( b ) adam, a free moral agent, and representative of all his natural posterity ( romans 5 : 12 - 19 ). ( 3. ) the condition was perfect obedience to the law, the test in this case being abstaining from eating the fruit of the \" tree of knowledge, \" etc. ( 4. ) the penalty was death ( genesis 2 : 16, 17 ). this covenant is also called a covenant of nature, as made with man in his natural or unfallen state ; a covenant of life, because \" life \" was the promise attached to obedience ; and a legal covenant, because it demanded perfect obedience to the law. the \" tree of life \" was the outward sign and seal of that life which was promised in the covenant, and hence it is usually called the seal of that covenant. this covenant is abrogated under the gospel, inasmuch as christ has fulfilled all its conditions in behalf of his people, and now offers salvation on the condition of faith. it is still in force, however, as it rests on the immutable justice of god, and is binding on all who have not fled to christ and accepted his righteousness. convenant of grace, the eternal plan of redemption entered into by the three persons of the godhead, and carried out by them in its several parts. in it the father represented the godhead in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4927457370924583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.907665"} {"text": "fled to christ and accepted his righteousness. convenant of grace, the eternal plan of redemption entered into by the three persons of the godhead, and carried out by them in its several parts. in it the father represented the godhead in its indivisible sovereignty, and the son his people as their surety ( john 17 : 4, 6, 9 ; isaiah 42 : 6 ; psalm 89 : 3 ). the conditions of this covenant were, ( 1. ) on the part of the father ( a ) all needful preparation to the son for the accomplishment of his work ( hebrews 10 : 5 ; isaiah 42 : 1 - 7 ) ; ( b ) support in the work ( luke 22 : 43 ) ; and ( c ) a glorious reward in the exaltation of christ when his work was done ( philippians 2 : 6 - 11 ), his investiture with universal dominion ( john 5 : 22 ; psalm 110 : 1 ), his having the administration of the covenant committed into his hands ( matthew 28 : 18 ; john 1 : 12 ; 17 : 2 ; acts 2 : 33 ), and in the final salvation of all his people ( isaiah 35 : 10 ; 53 : 10, 11 ; jeremiah 31 : 33 ; titus 1 : 2 ). ( 2. ) on the part of the son the conditions were ( a ) his becoming incarnate ( galatians 4 : 4, 5 ) ; and ( b ) as the second adam his representing all his people, assuming their place and undertaking all their obligations under the violated covenant of works ; ( c ) obeying the law ( psalm 40 : 8 ; isaiah 42 : 21 ; john 9 : 4, 5 ), and ( d ) suffering its penalty ( isaiah 53 ; 2 corinthians 5 : 21 ; galatians 3 : 13 ), in their stead. noah webster ' s new international dictionary of the english language 1. ( n. ) a mutual agreement of two or more persons or parties, or one of the stipulations in such an agreement. 2. ( n. ) an agreement made by the scottish parliament in 1638, and by the english parliament in 1643, to preserve the reformed religion in scotland, and to extirpate popery and prelacy ; - - usually called the solemn league and covenant. 3. ( n. ) the promises of god as revealed in the scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.515692296003198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.908602"} {"text": "chapter i presents general information about landfill leachate, characteristics of leachates in vietnam and review of general leachates treatment situation in the country. in chapter ii, a careful bibliographical study on biological processes of nitrification and denitrification is done. in chapter iii, existing activated sludge models are briefly reviewed, focusing on asm1 and asm3. the asm3 model then is studied in more detail with focuses on state variables, processes ; kinetic and stoichiometric parameters of the model. a careful bibliographical study on sequencing batch reactor ( sbr ) is done in chapter iv. chapter v presents materials and methods that will be applied in the experiments in laboratories and modelling processes of this study. in chapter vi, an sbr bench - scale is set up in the laboratory to study partial nitrification process. chapter vii presents the experimental studies on maximum nitrification and denitrification capability, then determination of kinetic and stoichiometric parameters that will be used for calibration in the next steps. chapter viii presents a study on partial nitrification by applying data analysis and experimental planning method. in chapter ix ( the key part of the thesis ), the modelling of the partial nitrification and denitrification in sbr is presented. it is hoped that, this study will contribute to the major issue of leachate treatment in vietnam, especially in the north of the country where leachate characteristics and variations are the same as what was used during our experiments. partial nitrification seems to be easily achieved in an sbr bench - scale using leachate in nam son landfill site. some important characteristics of the studied leachate, are high alkalinity, high ph leading to high free ammonia concentration in the system. this free ammonia is known as a growth rate inhibitor for nitrite oxidizing bacteria, thus limiting oxidation of nitrite to nitrate and accumulating nitrite during the nitrification period. do concentration is also known as an important influencing factor in partial nitrification in many previous studies. but in our case, its influence is just significant when the nitrification process is nearly complete : no more ammonium remains in the system, alkalinity concentration is reduced leading to a lower buffer capacity, lower ph, and then nitrite is easily oxidized to nitrate. a sufficiently high do concentration in this case, expresses its importance in bringing about the best nitrification efficiency, while saving aeration energy. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4821823122584608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.913595"} {"text": "a lower buffer capacity, lower ph, and then nitrite is easily oxidized to nitrate. a sufficiently high do concentration in this case, expresses its importance in bringing about the best nitrification efficiency, while saving aeration energy. the sbr technique has demonstrated its advantages, especially the flexibility in changing the working volume, and the operating time. modeling of partial nitrification and denitrification processes for landfill leachate treatment using the sbr technique was the main objective of this study. the simulation software - west\u00ae program was very useful tool to implement this task. with this program, the available model base for activated sludge model ( asm1, asm 2, asm 3 etc, ), presented in the peterson matrix, the variables, kinetic, stoichiometric parameters, processes can be easily modified to another activated sludge model suitable in the scope of our study. in the present case, based on the asm3, the asm3 _ 2step was developed and applied, in which nitrification and denitrification are divided into two steps with nitrite as an intermediate product. the modified asm3 _ 2step has shown its high accuracy during calibration process. it could be use also for the other processes / techniques using activated sludge, by adding more equations and parameters. calibration and validation were implemented for two cases : partial nitrification and denitrification with and without carbon addition. good results were obtained where the simulations fit well the experimental data. the kinetic and stoichiometric parameters found are very important for the other simulations, especially in process optimisation. it also demonstrates that, through process optimisation, general productivity of the sbr system can be increased. controlling do, changing operating time cycle mechanisms can improve the total nitrogen removal efficiency, save some aeration energy for nitrification and carbon source for denitrification. as our results are very promising, the next step could be to implement the anammox process. key words : partial nitrification and denitrification, asm3 _ 2steps, sbr, modeling.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47252742229486977, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.914540"} {"text": "last month, i had the opportunity to attend a sea level rise forum in raleigh, nc organized by the north carolina department of environment and natural resources ; division of coastal management. the purpose of this forum was to discuss the latest sea level rise science, what it means for north carolina \u2019 s coastal communities and how the state can begin to prepare for the changes to come. the two day event boasted an impressive line - up of expert speakers from around the country. over 200 local and state decision makers, scientists, planners, engineers and environmental advocates participated in this event that seemed to foster true collaboration between all involved. this forum was just one step in a series that the division of coastal management ( dcm ) plans to take to understand and plan for future sea level rise. public perceptions of rising seas last year the dcm issued a 10 - question scoping survey to gauge public perception about rising seas. during the forum tancred miller, coastal policy analyst with the dcm, shared with the audience their results. interestingly, 75 % of participants believe sea level rise is happening and 66 % believe that the state should take action now to plan and prepare for future sea level rise. the results of this survey will be used as a communications tool to help the dcm design public outreach opportunities and to address the gaps in the public \u2019 s understanding of this issue. this sea level rise forum was the second step in the dcm \u2019 s \u201c sea level rise roadmap \u201d ( see diagram ) ; their clear path forward to address this issue in the state. to read the full report and analysis click here. \u201c potential death sentence \u201d for north carolina beaches according to dr. stanley riggs, distinguished professor of geology at east carolina university, most north carolina beaches are eroding at a long term average of 15 feet / year. this rapid rate of erosion coupled with rising seas and a limited offshore sand supply to replenish the beaches creates a \u201c potential death sentence \u201d for the future of the state \u2019 s barrier island communities. \u201c humans are just as impactful as storms \u201d, dr. riggs explained. because we have heavily urbanized our coastlines we have essentially stopped the natural migration of barrier island ecosystems ; the environments that naturally protect human development from storm surges. shocking statistics from dr. riggs : * somewhere between 350 and 500 houses on nc beaches are sandbagged and / or in danger of washing away. * twenty - four miles of coastal highway are collapsing and 100 + miles are threatened. dr. riggs made a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49136491089888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.919046"} {"text": ". riggs : * somewhere between 350 and 500 houses on nc beaches are sandbagged and / or in danger of washing away. * twenty - four miles of coastal highway are collapsing and 100 + miles are threatened. dr. riggs made a big push for responsible coastal planning and development by ending his presentation posing the following question : \u201c we have a choice \u201d, said dr. riggs. \u201c should we engineer our dynamic coastal system to keep up with the ongoing rise in sea level or should we begin adapting to these changes now to maintain a sustainable coastal system and associated economy? \u201d future sea level rise estimates for north carolina there were more than a few scientists at this forum that addressed past, present and future sea level rise changes in north carolina. estimates were taken from numerous resources including intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) assessments and various peer - reviewed studies. all of the most recent studies conclude that sea level is rising much faster than predicted. scientists like dr. gordon hamilton, research professor at the university of maine, explained that the range in estimates that are out there on sea level rise depend on how the model accounts for changes in ice sheet dynamics. ice sheets are extremely sensitive ; they can decay rapidly in non - linear ways which leads to uncertainty in sea level rise estimates. \u201c the general consensus since the ipcc \u2019 s latest assessment in 2007 is that we can expect at the very least, 1 meter of global sea level rise by the end of the century. \u201d - dr. gordon hamilton the dialogue continues what will ultimately determine the fate of north carolina \u2019 s coastal communities, ecosystems and associated economies will depend on how the state and her residents choose to mitigate and adapt to rapidly rising seas and a changing climate. the division of coastal management along with all of their partners should be applauded by the dialogue that they have started and have committed to continuing in the state. there is a lot of activity going on in north carolina on the topic of sea level rise, adaptation and mitigation and the state is positioning itself to be a leader in our region in forward - thinking planning that accounts for global warming impacts to our treasured coastal places. * workshop on march 2nd and 3rd, 2010 : planning for north carolina \u2019 s future ; ask the climate question * sace archive webinar : \u201c planning to protect : helping se communities think about adaptation \u201d * video : \u201c treasured places in peril : the outer banks \u201d * new resource : noaa climate services leave a comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44067753791135345, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.920045"} {"text": "mali has been engrossed in civil war since january 2012, when separatists in mali \u2019 s northern azawad region began demanding independence from the southern, bamako - based government. after forcing the malian military from the north, however, the separatist forces soon became embroiled in a conflict of their own, between the original mouvement national pour la liberation de l \u2019 azawad ( mnla ) and extremist islamist splinter factions closely linked with al - qaeda. on 11 january 2013, france responded to mali \u2019 s urgent request for international assistance and initiated \u2018 operation serval \u2019 to aid the recapture of azawad and defeat the extremist group. from the 18th, west african states began reinforcing french forces with at least 3, 300 extra troops. in a bbc \u2019 from our own correspondent \u2019 editorial, hugh schofield wrote of \u2018 la francafrique \u2019, or france \u2019 s considerable interests in west africa held over from the end of formal empire. in fits and spurts, france has sought to extract itself from la francafrique and to seek a new relationship with the continent. but in the complex world of post - colonial relationships, such a move is difficult. france retains strong economic, political, and social links with west africa. paris, marseille, and lyon are home to large expatriate african communities. opinions at l \u2019 elycee palace, too, have wildly shifted over the years. jacques chirac, at least according to schofield, was \u2018 a dyed - in - the - wool guallist \u2019, and an ideological successor to a young francois mitterand who, in 1954, defiantly pronounced that \u2018 l \u2019 algerie, c \u2019 est la france \u2019. nicolas sarkozy, on the other hand, dramatically distanced himself both from chirac and from the la francafrique role. the problem is, at least in part, topographical in nature. west africa \u2019 s geography is dangerous, vast, and difficult to subordinate. on the eve of much of west africa \u2019 s independence from france in 1961, r j harrison church spoke of the so - called dry zone, the area running horizontally from southern mauritania across central mali and niger, as the great \u201c pioneer fringe \u201d of the region \u2019 s civilization. david hilling, in his 1969 geographical journal examination, added that by \u201c taming \u201d the saharan interior, france gained an important strategic advantage over their british rivals in the early twentieth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3809748956150532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.924095"} {"text": "as the great \u201c pioneer fringe \u201d of the region \u2019 s civilization. david hilling, in his 1969 geographical journal examination, added that by \u201c taming \u201d the saharan interior, france gained an important strategic advantage over their british rivals in the early twentieth century, enjoying access to resources unavailable along the coast. but, as a t grove discussed in his 1978 review, \u201c colonising \u201d west africa was much easier said than done, and the french left a west africa mired in dispute, open to incursions, and still heavily reliant on the former imperial power. the french relationship with the region \u2019 s extreme geography was difficult at best ; political boundaries were similar to those of the arabian peninsula and the rub \u2018 al - khali in particular : fluid, ill - defined, and not always recognised by local peoples. european - set political boundaries only exacerbated tensions between indigenous constituencies who had little or no say in the border demarcations. french and african efforts to dam the niger river, for instance, were hampered by high costs, arduous terrain, and political instability well into the 1960s. on independence, the french left what infrastructure they could, mostly in west africa \u2019 s capital and port cities ; the vast interiors were often left to their own devices. as a result of these events, france has maintained a large military, economic, and social presence in the region ever since. the difficulty is that such areas under weak political control, such as the malian, somalian, and sudanese deserts, have become havens for individuals who wish to operate outside international and national law. r j harrison church, 1961, \u2018 problems and development of the dry zone of west africa \u2018, the geographical journal 127 187 - 99. david hilling, 1969, \u2018 the evolution of the major ports of west africa \u2018, the geographical journal 135 365 - 78. a t grove, 1978, \u2018 geographical introduction to the sahel \u2018, the geographical journal 144 407 - 15. ieuan griffiths, 1986, \u2018 the scramble for africa : inherited political boundaries \u2018, the geographical journal 152 204 - 16. \u2018 le mali attend le renfort des troupes ouest - africaines \u2018, radio france internationale, 19 january 2013, accessed 19 january 2013. hugh schofield, \u2018 france and mali : an \u201c ironic \u201d relationship \u2019, bbc news, 19 january 2013, accessed 19 january 2013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42810979215606254, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.925038"} {"text": "at rhode island college, a freshman copied and pasted from a web site \u2019 s frequently asked questions page about homelessness \u2014 and did not think he needed to credit a source in his assignment because the page did not include author information. at depaul university, the tip - off to one student \u2019 s copying was the purple shade of several paragraphs he had lifted from the web ; when confronted by a writing tutor his professor had sent him to, he was not defensive \u2014 he just wanted to know how to change purple text to black. and at the university of maryland, a student reprimanded for copying from wikipedia in a paper on the great depression said he thought its entries \u2014 unsigned and collectively written \u2014 did not need to be credited since they counted, essentially, as common knowledge. professors used to deal with plagiarism by admonishing students to give credit to others and to follow the style guide for citations, and pretty much left it at that. but these cases \u2014 typical ones, according to writing tutors and officials responsible for discipline at the three schools who described the plagiarism \u2014 suggest that many students simply do not grasp that using words they did not write is a serious misdeed. it is a disconnect that is growing in the internet age as concepts of intellectual property, copyright and originality are under assault in the unbridled exchange of online information, say educators who study plagiarism. digital technology makes copying and pasting easy, of course. but that is the least of it. the internet may also be redefining how students \u2014 who came of age with music file - sharing, wikipedia and web - linking \u2014 understand the concept of authorship and the singularity of any text or image. \u201c now we have a whole generation of students who \u2019 ve grown up with information that just seems to be hanging out there in cyberspace and doesn \u2019 t seem to have an author, \u201d said teresa fishman, director of the center for academic integrity at clemson university. \u201c it \u2019 s possible to believe this information is just out there for anyone to take. \u201d professors who have studied plagiarism do not try to excuse it \u2014 many are champions of academic honesty on their campuses \u2014 but rather try to understand why it is so widespread. in surveys from 2006 to 2010 by donald l. mccabe, a co - founder of the center for academic integrity and a business professor at rutgers university, about 40 percent of 14, 000 undergraduates admitted to copying a few sentences in written assignments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47233700812578217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.935298"} {"text": ". in surveys from 2006 to 2010 by donald l. mccabe, a co - founder of the center for academic integrity and a business professor at rutgers university, about 40 percent of 14, 000 undergraduates admitted to copying a few sentences in written assignments. perhaps more significant, the number who believed that copying from the web constitutes \u201c serious cheating \u201d is declining \u2014 to 29 percent on average in recent surveys from 34 percent earlier in the decade. sarah brookover, a senior at the rutgers campus in camden, n. j., said many of her classmates blithely cut and paste without attribution. \u201c this generation has always existed in a world where media and intellectual property don \u2019 t have the same gravity, \u201d said ms. brookover, who at 31 is older than most undergraduates. \u201c when you \u2019 re sitting at your computer, it \u2019 s the same machine you \u2019 ve downloaded music with, possibly illegally, the same machine you streamed videos for free that showed on hbo last night. \u201d ms. brookover, who works at the campus library, has pondered the differences between researching in the stacks and online. \u201c because you \u2019 re not walking into a library, you \u2019 re not physically holding the article, which takes you closer to \u2018 this doesn \u2019 t belong to me, \u2019 \u201d she said. online, \u201c everything can belong to you really easily. \u201d a university of notre dame anthropologist, susan d. blum, disturbed by the high rates of reported plagiarism, set out to understand how students view authorship and the written word, or \u201c texts \u201d in ms. blum \u2019 s academic language. she conducted her ethnographic research among 234 notre dame undergraduates. \u201c today \u2019 s students stand at the crossroads of a new way of conceiving texts and the people who create them and who quote them, \u201d she wrote last year in the book \u201c my word! : plagiarism and college culture, \u201d published by cornell university press. ms. blum argued that student writing exhibits some of the same qualities of pastiche that drive other creative endeavors today \u2014 tv shows that constantly reference other shows or rap music that samples from earlier songs. in an interview, she said the idea of an author whose singular effort creates an original work is rooted in enlightenment ideas of the individual. it is buttressed by the western concept of intellectual property rights as secured by copyright law. but both traditions are being challenged. \u201c our notion of authorship and originality was born, it flourished, and it may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5083228450601295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.936415"} {"text": "in enlightenment ideas of the individual. it is buttressed by the western concept of intellectual property rights as secured by copyright law. but both traditions are being challenged. \u201c our notion of authorship and originality was born, it flourished, and it may be waning, \u201d ms. blum said. she contends that undergraduates are less interested in cultivating a unique and authentic identity \u2014 as their 1960s counterparts were \u2014 than in trying on many different personas, which the web enables with social networking. \u201c if you are not so worried about presenting yourself as absolutely unique, then it \u2019 s o. k. if you say other people \u2019 s words, it \u2019 s o. k. if you say things you don \u2019 t believe, it \u2019 s o. k. if you write papers you couldn \u2019 t care less about because they accomplish the task, which is turning something in and getting a grade, \u201d ms. blum said, voicing student attitudes. \u201c and it \u2019 s o. k. if you put words out there without getting any credit. \u201d the notion that there might be a new model young person, who freely borrows from the vortex of information to mash up a new creative work, fueled a brief brouhaha earlier this year with helene hegemann, a german teenager whose best - selling novel about berlin club life turned out to include passages lifted from others. instead of offering an abject apology, ms. hegemann insisted, \u201c there \u2019 s no such thing as originality anyway, just authenticity. \u201d a few critics rose to her defense, and the book remained a finalist for a fiction prize ( but did not win ). that theory does not wash with sarah wilensky, a senior at indiana university, who said that relaxing plagiarism standards \u201c does not foster creativity, it fosters laziness. \u201d \u201c you \u2019 re not coming up with new ideas if you \u2019 re grabbing and mixing and matching, \u201d said ms. wilensky, who took aim at ms. hegemann in a column in her student newspaper headlined \u201c generation plagiarism. \u201d \u201c it may be increasingly accepted, but there are still plenty of creative people \u2014 authors and artists and scholars \u2014 who are doing original work, \u201d ms. wilensky said in an interview. \u201c it \u2019 s kind of an insult that that ideal is gone, and now we \u2019 re left only to make collages of the work of previous generations. \u201d in the view of ms. wilens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5495935006142094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.937393"} {"text": "wilensky said in an interview. \u201c it \u2019 s kind of an insult that that ideal is gone, and now we \u2019 re left only to make collages of the work of previous generations. \u201d in the view of ms. wilensky, whose writing skills earned her the role of informal editor of other students \u2019 papers in her freshman dorm, plagiarism has nothing to do with trendy academic theories. the main reason it occurs, she said, is because students leave high school unprepared for the intellectual rigors of college writing. \u201c if you \u2019 re taught how to closely read sources and synthesize them into your own original argument in middle and high school, you \u2019 re not going to be tempted to plagiarize in college, and you certainly won \u2019 t do so unknowingly, \u201d she said. at the university of california, davis, of the 196 plagiarism cases referred to the disciplinary office last year, a majority did not involve students ignorant of the need to credit the writing of others. many times, said donald j. dudley, who oversees the discipline office on the campus of 32, 000, it was students who intentionally copied \u2014 knowing it was wrong \u2014 who were \u201c unwilling to engage the writing process. \u201d \u201c writing is difficult, and doing it well takes time and practice, \u201d he said. and then there was a case that had nothing to do with a younger generation \u2019 s evolving view of authorship. a student accused of plagiarism came to mr. dudley \u2019 s office with her parents, and the father admitted that he was the one responsible for the plagiarism. the wife assured mr. dudley that it would not happen again.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4370291002373054, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.938074"} {"text": "one of the most important rules in computer security is don ' t open e - mail attachments. but recently, we ' ve seen more malicious links in e - mail messages. these links might look genuine, but they could be forged. here are some tips to help you make the most of your e - mail without compromising security. don ' t trust the sender information in an e - mail messageeven if the e - mail message appears to come from a sender that you know and trust, use the same precautions that you would use with any other e - mail message. fraudsters can easily spoof the identity information in an e - mail message. read before you click a link in an e - mail message might promise to take you to site a, but will actually take you to site b. most e - mail programs ( such as outlook 2007 ) show you the real target address, or url, of a link when you hover the mouse over the link. before you click a link, make sure to read the target address. if the e - mail message appears to come from your bank, but the target address is just a meaningless series of numbers, do not click the link. make sure that the spelling of words in the link matches what you expect. fraudsters often use urls with typos in them that are easy to overlook, such as \" micosoft. \" for more tips, see recognize phishing scams and fraudulent e - mails. verify the identity of the site some sites feature verified identity information. when you visit a verified site using internet explorer 7, the browser address bar turns green and the identity information appears on the right - hand side of the address bar. this makes it easy to check the identity information and ensure that it matches the site that you expected to see. use an updated browserregularly updated web browsers like internet explorer 7 incorporate an ever - expanding set of features, such as the microsoft phishing filter, designed to help protect you when you click links in e - mail messages. is it too good to be true? if a deal or offer in an e - mail message looks too good to be true, it probably is. exercise common your common sense when you read and respond to e - mail messages. to upgrade to internet explorer 7 now, visit www. microsoft. com / ie.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49355997174597943, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.940596"} {"text": "big data is one of the hottest topics out there. big data is a foundational element in it \u2019 s quartet of next big things : social, mobile, analytics and cloud. but, as the real world keeps reminding us, it is possible to make bad predictions and decisions even if you use tons of big data to make them. the 9 / 11 attacks showed how even highly sophisticated intelligence agencies can fail to pick out highly relevant signals amidst the mountains of data being analyzed. our recent financial crisis showed how even the best and brightest can fail to detect an approaching catastrophic storm. the failure of so many professional forecasters to accurately predict the 2012 presidential election shows that you can find almost any answer you want in all that big data. big data is indeed incredibly useful in all kinds of endeavors, but only in the hands of talented professionals who know what they are doing and are aware of its pitfalls and limitations. what are some of these limitations? in thinking about this question over the last few years, i started to notice that a number of subtle, non - intuitive concepts that i learned many years ago as a physics student seem to apply to the world of big data and information - based predictions in highly complex systems. let me explain. over 300 years ago, isaac newton laid down the foundations of classical mechanics with the publication of his laws of motion. the elegant mathematical models of newtonian physics depict a world in which objects exhibit deterministic behaviors, that is, the same objects, subject to the same forces, will always yield the same results. these models make perfect predictions within the accuracy of their human - scale measurements. classical mechanics works exceptionally well for describing the behavior of objects that are more or less observable to the naked eye. it accurately predicts the motion of planets as well as the flight of a baseball. but, the idea of scientific determinism, which would in principle enable us to predict the future behavior of any object in the universe, began to fall apart in the early 20th century. classical mechanics could not explain the counter - intuitive and seemingly absurd behavior of energy and matter at atomic as well as cosmological scales. once you start dealing with atoms, molecules, exotic subatomic particles, black holes and the big bang, you find yourself in a whole different world, with somewhat bizarre behaviors like the tunneling effect, which are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and relativity. the orderly, deterministic world of classical physics gives way to a world of wave functions, probability distributions, uncertainty principles, and wave -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6014717446504702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.948753"} {"text": "with somewhat bizarre behaviors like the tunneling effect, which are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and relativity. the orderly, deterministic world of classical physics gives way to a world of wave functions, probability distributions, uncertainty principles, and wave - particle dualities. instead of a deterministic world, we now have a world based on probabilities. you cannot predict all the future states of an object or a particle based on its present state. you can map out its behavior, but only as probability distributions of all the possible states it could be at. moreover, the heisenberg uncertainty principle tells you that it is impossible to know the exact state of a particle. you cannot simultaneously determine its exact position and velocity with any great degree of accuracy no matter how good your measurement tools are. the world is intrinsically unpredictable. in addition, there is no such thing as absolute reality. in classical mechanics something either has the properties of a particle, e. g., a planet, a baseball ; or of a wave, e. g, light, sound. in quantum mechanics all objects exhibit both kinds of properties. the concept of wave - particle duality explains that reality depends on what question you are asking and what experiment you perform to answer the question. the very act of observing an object will change the object being observed. any instruments used to measure its properties will invariable alter the properties being measured. this transition, from a world view based on scientific determinism to one based on probability distributions, uncertainty principles and subjective reality is not intuitive and difficult to get used to. even albert einstein had trouble accepting it, and famously said \u201c god does not play dice with the universe. \u201d stephen hawking, one of world \u2019 s top theoretical physicists, concluded in this brilliant lecture : \u201c... it seems einstein was doubly wrong when he said, god does not play dice. not only does god definitely play dice, but he sometimes confuses us by throwing them where they can \u2019 t be seen... the universe does not behave according to our pre - conceived ideas. it continues to surprise us. \u201d but, the worlds of the very small, as well as the very large, are not the only ones that exhibit counter - intuitive, seemingly magical behaviors. so is the world of highly complex systems, especially those systems whose components and interrelationships are themselves quite complex, as is the case with systems biology and evolution. such is also the case with organizational and sociotechnical systems whose main components", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.7115132897072494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.949973"} {"text": ". so is the world of highly complex systems, especially those systems whose components and interrelationships are themselves quite complex, as is the case with systems biology and evolution. such is also the case with organizational and sociotechnical systems whose main components are people. even though these chaotic systems are in principle deterministic, their dynamic, non - linear nature renders them increasingly unpredictable and accounts for their emergent behavior. new terms, like long tails, freakonomics and black swan theory, \u2013 every bit as fanciful as quarks, charm and strangeness, \u2013 have begun to enter our lexicon. artificial intelligence ( ai ) is an example of a discipline that has transitioned from its original classical, deterministic approach to an approach more suitable to a highly complex, inherently unpredictable topic like intelligence. ai was one of the hottest areas in computer sciences, in the 1960s and 1970s. many of the ai leaders in those days were convinced that you could build a machine as intelligent as a human being based on logical deductions and the kind of step - by - step reasoning that humans use when solving puzzles or proving theorems. they obtained considerable government funding in the us, uk and japan to implement their vision. but eventually it became clear that all these various projects had grossly underestimated the difficulties of developing any kind of ai system based on logic programming and deductive reasoning. the field went through a so - called ai winter in the 1980s. but things started to change in the 1990s when ai switched paradigms and embraced data mining and information analytics, the precursors of today \u2019 s big data. instead of trying to program computers to act intelligently, ai embraced a statistical, brute force approach based on analyzing vast amounts of information using powerful computers and sophisticated algorithms. we discovered that such a statistical, information - based approach produced something akin to intelligence or knowledge. moreover, unlike the earlier programming - based projects, the statistical approaches scaled very nicely. the more information you had, the more powerful the supercomputers, the more sophisticated the algorithms, the better the results. deep blue ibm ' s chess playing supercomputer, demonstrated the power of such a statistical approach by beating then reigning chess champion gary kasparov in a celebrated match in may of 1997. since that time, analyzing or searching large amounts of information has become increasingly important and commonplace in a wide variety of disciplines. today, most of us use search engines as the primary mechanism for finding information in the world wide web. researchers have been developing sophisticated question -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5947283350625758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.951227"} {"text": "time, analyzing or searching large amounts of information has become increasingly important and commonplace in a wide variety of disciplines. today, most of us use search engines as the primary mechanism for finding information in the world wide web. researchers have been developing sophisticated question - answering systems, which can successfully analyze the nuances and context embedded in a complex, natural language question and come up with the right answer. watson, ibm \u2019 s question answering computer, which in february of 2011 won the jeopardy! challenge against the two best human jeopardy! players, is an example of such a system. economics is another discipline that has had to make the transition from a world of relatively simple mathematical models to one governed by the sophisticated analysis of real world information. during the 1960s, a number of economists, most prominently those associated with the chicago school of economics, based their work on what ny times columnist david brooks referred to as \u201c the era of economic scientism : the period when economists based their work on a crude vision of human nature ( the perfectly rational, utility - maximizing autonomous individual ) and then built elaborate models based on that creature. \u201d paul krugman called such models, an \u201c idealized vision of an economy in which rational individuals interact in perfect markets... gussied up with fancy equations \u201d in a 2009 ny times magazine article, how did economists get it so wrong? the elegant, mathematic theories of economic scientism managed to convince a number of powerful government leaders that free markets could self - adjust to just about any problems, thus requiring a very limited, circumscribed role for government. alan greenspan, the chairman of the federal reserve from 1987 - 2006, for example, was one of the believers in this well - behaved, self - adjusting economic order. even when the financial system began to show signs of the coming crisis, greenspan continued to hold on to his beliefs that derivatives and other financial instruments were extraordinarily useful in distributing risks, thus lessening the need for regulating the increasingly complex financial markets. it wasn \u2019 t until october of 2008 that, in testimony before congress, greenspan finally acknowledged that perhaps he may have been partially wrong and was now in \u201c a state of shocked disbelief. \u201d a whole slew of new ideas is now sweeping the field of economics. the new breed of economists are creating a field that has much more in common with empirical sciences than with pure math. following in the best tradition of physics, chemistry, biology and the social sciences, they are grounding economics on observation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5858282782013553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.952356"} {"text": "field of economics. the new breed of economists are creating a field that has much more in common with empirical sciences than with pure math. following in the best tradition of physics, chemistry, biology and the social sciences, they are grounding economics on observation and experiments. theories arise out of empirical analysis, and must reflect the realities, and therefore the inconsistencies and messiness of the real world they aim to explain. they are trying to take into account the social, cognitive and emotional factors that go into the economic decisions that people make. in discipline after discipline, we are beginning to learn how to deal with the very messy world of big data and complex systems, and how to best apply our learning to make good decisions and good predictions. one of the hardest parts of that learning is the need to let go of our preconceived notions of scientific determinism and get used to living in a world of probabilities, uncertainties and subjective realities. god does indeed like to play games with the universe, but he leaves enough hints around so we too can play the game and keep moving forward. irving wladawsky - berger is a former vice - president of technical strategy and innovation at ibm. he is a strategic advisor to citigroup and is a regular contributor to cio journal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5696960634595363, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.952925"} {"text": "as india debates whether to query its people about caste in census 2011, india real time blogged about how census authorities during the british raj wrote about india and another sensitive topic \u2014 race \u2014 almost a century ago. continuing where that post left off, here are some more excerpts from then census commissioner j. h. hutton \u2019 s remarks on the groups who came to india up to 1, 500 b. c. from the chapter \u201c caste, tribe and race \u201d of the 1931 census report. \u201d : the first wave of the mediterranean immigrants may have carried \u201c a rudimentary knowledge of agriculture \u201d and the later migrants from the persian gulf and eastern europe brought the knowledge of metals, excluding iron and maintained \u201c a connection with the cities of mesopotamia [ which encompassed today ' s iraq, and parts of syria, turkey and iran ], \u201d according to mr. hutton. the indian government is still considering whether to quiz everyone on their caste in census 2011, something that hasn \u2019 t been done since 1931 ( although the once - a - decade survey takes stock of specific lower caste and tribal groups that are the focus of government affirmative action programs ). the 1931 census, though, took a comprehensive look at india \u2019 s make - up, holding forth on complex and controversial aspects like caste, tribe and race. it \u2019 s a tricky, sensitive matter to define people, especially when the prevailing wisdom of one time can become discredited and outmoded later. we went back to the 1931 census to look at how the officials of that time classified indians by race. many parts of that study might be met with a very cynical eye today, but it certainly makes for interesting reading on how the raj authorities viewed british india and its 353 million people. content engaging our readers now, with additional prominence accorded if the story is rapidly gaining attention. our wsj algorithm comprises 30 % page views, 20 % facebook, 20 % twitter, 20 % email shares and 10 % comments. india real time offers analysis and insights into the broad range of developments in business, markets, the economy, politics, culture, sports, and entertainment that take place every single day in the world \u2019 s largest democracy. regular posts from wall street journal and dow jones newswires reporters around the country provide a unique take on the main stories in the news, shed light on what else mattered and why, and give global readers a snapshot of what indians have been talking about all week. you can contact the editors at firstname. lastname @ example. org. check out the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4388776841764723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.955583"} {"text": "in the ocean, little fish play a big role. small fish like sardines and anchovies are some of the most important fish in the sea. fish such as herring, anchovies, menhaden, and sardines feed mostly on plankton all their lives. they supply calories and nourishment ( food! ) for many top predators including cod, tuna, salmon, and most other fishes, hundreds of species of seabirds, seals, sharks, dolphins, and whales. forage fish are also heavily fished by humans. these tiny fish currently make up over a third of the wild marine catch. a whopping ninety percent of this forage fish catch is processed into feeds for fish farms, poultry, and livestock as well as nutritional supplements for people. if you \u2019 re eating farmed animals \u2014 you \u2019 re eating wild ocean fish. trawling \u2014 dragging a net wider than a football field between two boats capable of hauling in 500, 000 pounds of sea life in one tow \u2014 brings forage fishing to an industrial scale. leaving forage fish in the water is also worth twice as much as taking them out. they contribute over $ 11 billion by serving as food for other wild fish that people later catch and eat. that \u2019 s about double the $ 6 billion they generate as direct catch. the good news is that in some places, like the east and west coasts of the u. s., people are remembering the little guys such as herring, menhaden, sardines, anchovies, and others. 3 ways to help forage fish : 1. research, get informed about the current state of forage fish in waters near you. 2. if you eat farm - raised fish, choose the fish raised on feed not made from wild forage fish. ( ask your fish monger. ) 3. avoid pet food that contains fish meal there are many other ways to make a difference. links & videos forage fish, pew herring alliance summary of the lenfest forage fish task force report \u2013 lenfest forage fish \u2013 wikipedia herring in dire need of protection \u2013 cape cod times listing the eulachon as threatened \u2013 noaa out of balance : industrial fishing and threats to our oceans \u2013 pew environment issues of ecosystem - based management of forage fisheries in \u201c open \u201d non - stationary ecosystems : example of the sardine fishery in the gulf of california \u2013 mendeley omega - 3s suppliers dispute conclusions of forage fish report \u2013 new hope forage fish 101 \u2013 shore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42920870890397833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.958249"} {"text": "the choice is ours to save the earth in our choice, al gore concedes that solving the earth \u2019 s climate crisis is not going to be easy, but it can be done. \u201c if people think the problem is hopeless, they will just give up, \u201d he writes. \u201c the danger is real, but we can still stop the worst effects of the climate crisis \u2014 if we act now. \u201d adapted from gore \u2019 s adult book of the same title, this young readers edition of our choice is a perfect introduction to the climate crisis for children, tweens and teens. full of bright diagrams, photos and bullet - pointed lists \u2014 and printed on 100 % recycled paper \u2014 the book explains in detail exactly how we can act to save the planet. some of the solutions are simple : the united states generates 14 % of its electricity through lighting, and new light - emitting diodes ( led ) bulbs could have an enormous positive impact on our carbon footprint. other solutions are more complicated : the united states \u2019 electricity should be powered by a \u201c smart \u201d grid that uses solar, wind and geothermal power sources \u2014 a major undertaking. one of the world \u2019 s foremost environmental advocates and the recipient of the 2007 nobel peace prize, gore employs hard facts and statistics to make his argument for a greener planet. for example, scientists believe that the earth \u2019 s population will eventually stabilize at 9. 1 billion people. \u201c the planet should be able to support that many people, \u201d gore writes, \u201c if we change the way we live by cutting global warming pollution and by learning to consume a little less. the recommended reader age for our choice is 8 - 14, but even older kids and parents will learn from the facts and suggestions within the book. although some of the sections about energy and fuel sources might be too detailed for younger children to understand, main points are highlighted in colored boxes and colored fonts for easier comprehension. readers who are inspired to action are directed to the inconvenient youth website ( www. inconvenientyouth. org ) to learn how to advocate for the environment in communities and schools. although our choice contains many grim facts about humans \u2019 exploitation of the earth, it is ultimately a hopeful book. in his conclusion, gore predicts that young people will lead the way in stopping the climate crisis. to do so, they must start immediately.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4180988727542435, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.960865"} {"text": "of that kind ; of the like kind ; like ; resembling ; similar ; as, we never saw such a day ; - - followed by that or as introducing the word or proposition which defines the similarity, or the standard of comparison ; as, the books are not such that i can recommend them, or, not such as i can recommend ; these apples are not such as those we saw yesterday ; give your children such precepts as tend to make them better. having the particular quality or character specified. the same that ; - - with as ; as, this was the state of the kingdom at such time as the enemy landed. certain ; - - representing the object as already particularized in terms which are not mentioned. such in afrikaans is so ' n such in dutch is dusdanige, dergelijke, zo ' n, zulk een such in french is tel, pareille, pareil, autant such in german is solche, solch, derartig, solch such in hungarian is ilyen such in italian is cosiffatto such in latin is talis such in portuguese is tais such in spanish is tal share with your friends everyone likes a good quote - don ' t forget to share.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5051758379465787, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.962243"} {"text": "these criteria used for defining green products was excerpted from \" building materials : what makes a product green? \" as featured by environmental building news. aside from salvaged or recycled content, there are a number of other ways that products can contribute to the conservation of natural resources. these include products that serve a function using less material than the standard solution, products that are especially durable and therefore won ' t need replacement as often, products made from fsc - certified wood, and products made from rapidly renewable resources. products meeting this criteria may not be distinctly green on their own but are included in greenspec because of resource efficiency benefits that they make possible. for example, drywall clips allow the elimination of corner studs, engineered stair stringers reduce lumber waste, pier foundation systems minimize concrete use, and concrete pigments can turn concrete slabs into attractive finished floors, eliminating the need for conventional finish flooring. these products are environmentally attractive because they need to be replaced less frequently, or their maintenance has very low impact. sometimes, durability is a contributing factor to the green designation but not enough to distinguish the product as green on its own. this criterion is highly variable by product type. included in this category are such products as fiber - cement siding, fiberglass windows, slate shingles, and vitrified - clay waste pipe. third - party forest certification, based on standards developed by the forest stewardship council ( fsc ), is the best way to ensure that wood products come from well - managed forests. wood products must go through a chain - of - custody certification process to carry an fsc stamp. manufactured wood products can meet the fsc certification requirements with less than 100 % certified wood content through percentage - based claims. with a few special - case exceptions, any nonsalvaged solid - wood product and most other wood products must be fsc - certified to be included in greenspec. a few manufactured wood products, including engineered lumber and particleboard or mdf, can be included if they have other environmental advantages, such as absence of formaldehyde binders. engineered wood products in greenspec do not qualify by virtue of their resource efficiency benefits alone ( for more on this, see ebn vol. 8, no. 11 ). rapidly renewable materials are distinguished from wood by the shorter harvest rotation, typically 10 years or less. they are biodegradable, often ( but not always ) low in voc emissions, and generally produced from agricultural crops. because sunlight is generally the primary energy input (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4875543868869319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.966657"} {"text": "what is long - term care? individuals need long - term care when a chronic condition, trauma, or illness limits their ability to carry out basic self - care tasks, called activities of daily living ( adls ), ( such as bathing, dressing or eating ), or instrumental activities of daily living ( iadls ) ( such as household chores, meal preparation, or managing money ). long - term care often involves the most intimate aspects of people \u2019 s lives \u2014 what and when they eat, personal hygiene, getting dressed, using the bathroom. other less severe long - term care needs may involve household tasks such as preparing meals or using the telephone. a report prepared by the u. s. senate special committee on aging ( february, 2000 ) described long - term care as follows : it [ long - term care ] differs from other types of health care in that the goal of long - term care is not to cure an illness, but to allow an individual to attain and maintain an optimal level of functioning \u2026. long - term care encompasses a wide array of medical, social, personal, and supportive and specialized housing services needed by individuals who have lost some capacity for self - care because of a chronic illness or disabling condition. 1 because long - term care needs and services are wide - ranging and complex, statistics may vary from study to study. sources for the following information are cited at the conclusion of this fact sheet. for additional information, see the family caregiver alliance fact sheet on selected caregiving statistics. who needs long - term care? - an estimated 10 million americans needed long - term care in 2000. 2 - most but not all persons in need of long - term care are elderly. approximately 63 % are persons aged 65 and older ( 6. 3 million ) ; the remaining 37 % are 64 years of age and younger ( 3. 7 million ). 3 - the lifetime probability of becoming disabled in at least two activities of daily living or of being cognitively impaired is 68 % for people age 65 and older. 4 - by 2050, the number of individuals using paid long - term care services in any setting ( e. g., at home, residential care such as assisted living, or skilled nursing facilities ) will likely double from the 13 million using services in 2000, to 27 million people. this estimate is influenced by growth in the population of older people in need of care. 5 - of the older population with long - term care needs in the community, about 30 % ( 1. 5 million persons )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45588205351469857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.982523"} {"text": "2000, to 27 million people. this estimate is influenced by growth in the population of older people in need of care. 5 - of the older population with long - term care needs in the community, about 30 % ( 1. 5 million persons ) have substantial long - term care needs ( three or more adl limitations ). of these, about 25 % are 85 and older and 70 % report they are in fair to poor health. 6 40 % of the older population with long - term care needs are poor or near poor ( with incomes below 150 % of the federal poverty level ). 7 - between 1984 and 1994, the number of older persons receiving long - term care remained about the same at 5. 5 million people, while the prevalence of long - term care use declined from 19. 7 % to 16. 7 % of the 65 + population. in comparison, 2. 1 %, or over 3. 3 million, of the population aged 18 \u2013 64 received long - term care in the community in 1994. 8 - while there was a decline in the proportion ( i. e., prevalence ) of the older population receiving long - term care, the level of disability and cognitive impairment among those who received assistance with daily tasks rose sharply. the proportion receiving help with three to six adls increased from 35. 4 % to 42. 9 % between 1984 and 1994. the proportion of cognitive impairment among the 65 + population rose from 34 % to 40 %. 9 - the prevalence of cognitive impairment among the older population increased over the past decade, while the prevalence of physical impairment remains unchanged. 10 - in 2002, the percentage of older persons with moderate or severe memory impairment ranged from about 5 % among persons aged 65 \u2013 69 to about 32 % among persons aged 85 or older. 11 - individuals 85 years and older, the oldest old, are one of the fastest growing segments of the population. in 2005, there are an estimated 5 million people 85 + in the united states. 12 this figure is expected to increase to 19. 4 million by 2050. 13 this means that there could be an increase from 1. 6 million to 6. 2 million people age 85 or over with severe or moderate memory impairment in 2050. 14 where do people receive long - term care and from whom? family and informal caregivers informal caregiver and family caregiver are terms used to refer to unpaid individuals such as family members, partners, friends and neighbors who provide care. these persons can be primary ( i. e. the person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4634794386556714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.983545"} {"text": "? family and informal caregivers informal caregiver and family caregiver are terms used to refer to unpaid individuals such as family members, partners, friends and neighbors who provide care. these persons can be primary ( i. e. the person who spends the most time helping ) or secondary caregivers, full time or part time, and can live with the person being cared for or live separately. formal caregivers are volunteers or paid care providers associated with a service system. 15, 16 estimates vary on the number of family and informal caregivers in the u. s., depending on the definitions used for both caregiver and care recipient as well as types of care provided. - 52 million informal and family caregivers provide care to someone aged 20 + who is ill or disabled. 17 - 44. 4 million caregivers ( or one out of every five households ) are involved in caregiving to persons aged 18 or over. 18 - 34 million caregivers provide care for someone aged 50 +. 19 - 27. 3 million family caregivers provide personal assistance to adults ( aged 15 + ) with a disability or chronic illness. 20 - 5. 8 21 to 7 22 million people ( family, friends and neighbors ) provide care to a person ( 65 + ) who needs assistance with everyday activities. 23 - 8. 9 million informal caregivers provide care to someone aged 50 + with dementia. 24 by the year 2007, the number of caregiving households in the u. s. for persons aged 50 + could reach 39 million. 25 - over three - quarters ( 78 % ) of adults living in the community and in need of long - term care depend on family and friends ( i. e., informal caregivers ) as their only source of help ; 14 % receive a combination of informal and formal care ( i. e., paid help ) ; only 8 % used formal care or paid help only. 26 - even among the most severely disabled older persons living in the community, about two - thirds rely solely on family members and other informal help, often resulting in great strain for the family caregivers. 27 - the use of informal care as the only type of assistance by older americans aged 65 and over increased from 57 % in 1994 to 66 % in 1999. the growth in reliance upon informal care between 1994 and 1999 is accompanied by a decline in the use of a combination of informal and formal care from 36 % in 1994 to 26 % in 1999. 28 - 30 % of persons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46406634373437805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.984543"} {"text": "to 66 % in 1999. the growth in reliance upon informal care between 1994 and 1999 is accompanied by a decline in the use of a combination of informal and formal care from 36 % in 1994 to 26 % in 1999. 28 - 30 % of persons caring for elderly long - term care users were themselves aged 65 or over ; another 15 % were between the age of 45 \u2013 54. 29 - for the family caregiver forced to give up work to care for a family member or friend, the cost in lost wages and benefits is estimated to be $ 109 per day. 30 home and community - based care - most people \u2014 nearly 79 % \u2014 who need long - term care live at home or in community settings, not in institutions. 31 - more than 13. 2 million adults ( over half younger than 65 ) living in the community received an average of 31. 4 hours of personal assistance per week in 1995. 32 - only 16 % of the total hours were paid care ( about $ 32 billion ), leaving 84 % of hours to be provided ( unpaid labor ) by informal caregivers. 33 - the trend towards community - based services as opposed to nursing home placement was formalized with the olmstead decision ( july, 1999 ) \u2014 a court case in which the supreme court upheld the right of individuals to receive care in the community as opposed to an institution whenever possible. - the proportion of americans aged 65 and over with disabilities who rely entirely on formal care for their personal assistance needs has increased to 9 % in 1999 from 5 % in 1984. 34 - between 2000 and 2002, the number of licensed assisted living and board and care facilities increased from 32, 886 to 36, 399 nationally, reflecting the trend towards community - based care as opposed to nursing homes. 35 most assisted living facilities, however, are unlicensed. - most assisted living facilities ( alfs ) discharge residents whose cognitive impairments become moderate or severe or who need help with transfers ( e. g. moving from a wheelchair to a bed. ) this limits the ability of these populations to find appropriate services outside of nursing homes or other institutions. 36 nursing home care - the risk of nursing home placement increases with age \u2014 31 % of those who are severely impaired and between the ages of 65 and 70 receive care in a nursing home compared to 61 % of those age 85 and older. 37 - in 2002, there were 1, 458, 000 people in nursing homes nationally. 38 older individuals living in nursing homes require and receive greater levels of care and assistance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43894772530691256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.985591"} {"text": "in a nursing home compared to 61 % of those age 85 and older. 37 - in 2002, there were 1, 458, 000 people in nursing homes nationally. 38 older individuals living in nursing homes require and receive greater levels of care and assistance. in 1999, over three - quarters of individuals in nursing homes received assistance with four to six adls. 39 - of the population aged 65 and over in 1999, 52 % of the nursing home population was aged 85 or older compared to 35 % aged 75 \u2013 84, and 13 % aged 65 \u2013 74. 40 - between 1985 and 1999 the number of adults 65 and older living in nursing homes increased from 1. 3 million to 1. 5 million. in 1999, almost three - quarters ( 1. 1 million ) of these older residents were women. 41 long - term care expenditures - estimated public and private spending on long - term care services exceeded $ 180 billion in 2002. $ 37. 2 billion, or 21 %, was paid for out - of - pocket by individuals and families. 42 - in 2002, $ 103. 2 billion dollars were spent on nursing home care compared to $ 36. 1 billion dollars for care in the community. 43 - in 2000, the estimated economic value of informal ( i. e., unpaid ) caregiving is more than both community care and nursing home care combined \u2014 $ 257 billion. 44 - despite the trend toward community - based care as opposed to institutionalized care, only 18. 2 % of long - term care expenditures for the elderly are for community - based care. 45 - in 2002, 16. 4 billion medicaid dollars were spent for home and community - based services within long - term care. this figure has increased at a 25 % rate annually since 1990. 46 - expenditures for skilled nursing facility ( snf ) care are much greater than care provided in other settings. average expenses per older adult in a skilled nursing facility can be four times greater than average expenditures for that individual receiving paid care in the community. 47 - in 2003, medicaid paid $ 83. 8 billion dollars for long - term care services, roughly one - third of all medicaid spending. 27. 8 billion of these dollars were spent on community - based long - term care services. home and community - based ( hcbs ) waivers accounted for roughly two - thirds of community - based long - term care expenditures. 48 in 2000, spending for older adults aged 65 or older accounted for 57 % of medicaid dollars, with the remaining 43", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41678145377931664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.986803"} {"text": "community - based ( hcbs ) waivers accounted for roughly two - thirds of community - based long - term care expenditures. 48 in 2000, spending for older adults aged 65 or older accounted for 57 % of medicaid dollars, with the remaining 43 % spent on those under age 65. 49 - 31. 9 % of the annual estimated home care expenditures were paid for by medicare in 2003, a little over 18 % were paid for out - of - pocket or by private insurance, and approximately 13 % were covered by medicaid. 50 - only 7 % of residents receive medicaid coverage for assisted living. 51 - studies have shown that the delivery of home or community - based long - term care services is a cost - effective alternative to nursing homes. care in the home or community \u2014 not nursing home care \u2014 is what most americans would prefer. 52, 53 - in 2004, the average daily rate for a private room in a skilled nursing facility was $ 192 for a private room or $ 70, 080 annually, and $ 169 or $ 61, 685 annually for a semi - private room. the hourly rate for a home health aide was $ 18. 12. 54 - in 2000, annual cost estimates were $ 13, 000 for adult day care and $ 25, 300 for assisted living. 55 - over two - thirds of the current health care dollar goes to treating chronic illness ; for older persons the proportion rises to almost 95 %. 56 - the aging of the population, especially those 85 + \u2014 the most in need of long - term care \u2014 is expected to result in a tripling of long - term care expenditures, projected to climb from $ 115 billion in 1997 to $ 346 billion ( adjusted for inflation ) annually in 2040. 57 - research suggests that if savings rates are not increased and government programs to assist the elderly are not strengthened, many retirees will face serious problems attaining needed health and long - term care services in the future. by 2030, many retirees will not have enough income and assets to cover basic expenditures or any expenses related to a nursing home stay or services from a home health provider. 58 - shorter hospital stays and increased usage of outpatient procedures \u2014 changes that have increased the effectiveness of medical care \u2014 have shifted responsibility toward unpaid providers of care from paid providers, increasing burdens on family caregivers. 59 1 special committee on aging. developments in aging : 1997 and 1998, volume 1, report 106 - 229. washington, dc : united states senate, 2000. 2 rogers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4313130780662339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.987833"} {"text": "care from paid providers, increasing burdens on family caregivers. 59 1 special committee on aging. developments in aging : 1997 and 1998, volume 1, report 106 - 229. washington, dc : united states senate, 2000. 2 rogers, s., & h. komisar. who needs long - term care? fact sheet, long - term care financing project. washington, dc : georgetown university press, 2003. 4 aarp. beyond 50. 2003 : a report to the nation on independent living and disability, 2003, < http : / / www. aarp. org / research / health / disabilities / aresearch - import - 753. html > ( 11 jan 2005 ). 5 u. s. department of health and human services, and u. s. department of labor. the future supply of long - term care workers in relation to the aging baby boom generation : report to congress. washington, dc : office of the assistant secretary for planning and evaluation, ( 2003 ). < http : aspe. hhs. gov / daltcp / reports / ltcwork. htm > ( 20 jan 2005 ) 6 the henry j. kaiser foundation. long - term care : medicaid \u2019 s role and challenges [ publication # 2172 ]. washington, dc : author, 1999. 8 u. s. department of health and human services. the characteristics of long - term care users. rockville : agency for healthcare research and quality, 2001. 11 federal interagency forum on aging - related statistics. older americans 2004 : key indicators of well - being, federal interagency forum on aging - related statistics. washington, dc : u. s. government printing office, 2004. 12 u. s. census bureau. statistical abstract of the united states : 2000. washington, dc : u. s. census bureau, 2000, < http : / / www. census. gov / prod / 2004pubs / 04statab / pop. pdf > ( 11 jan 2005 ) 14 the number is extrapolated by applying projected population estimates in 2050 to prevalence estimates of moderate to severe memory impairments in 2002. 15 fradkin, l. g., and a. heath. caregiving of older adults. santa barbara, ca : abc - clio, inc., 1992. 16 mcconnell, s., j. a. riggs. a public policy agenda : supporting family caregiving, in m. a. cantor ( ed. ) family care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4655940556057906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.988795"} {"text": "santa barbara, ca : abc - clio, inc., 1992. 16 mcconnell, s., j. a. riggs. a public policy agenda : supporting family caregiving, in m. a. cantor ( ed. ) family caregiving : agenda for the future. san francisco : american society on aging, 1994. 17 health and human services. informal caregiving : compassion in action. washington, dc : author, 1998. based on data from the 1987 / 1988 national survey of families and households ( nsfh ), 2002. 18 national alliance for caregiving and aarp. caregiving in the u. s. washington, dc : author, 2004. 20 arno, p. s., well being of caregivers : the economic issues of caregivers, in t. mcrae ( chair ), new caregiver research. symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the american association of geriatric psychiatry. orlando, fl. data from 1987 / 1988 national survey of families and households ( nsfh ), 2002. 21 spector, w. d. et al. the characteristics of long - term care users ( ahrq publication no. 00 - 0049 ). rockville : agency for healthcare research and policy, 2000. 22 see note 17 above. 23 both of these reports used data from 1994 national long - term care survey. the health and human services report also incorporated data from the 1982 national long - term care survey and the informal caregiver supplement to the 1989 national long - term care survey. 24 alzheimer \u2019 s association and national alliance for caregiving. families care : alzheimer \u2019 s caregiving in the united states 2004. washington, dc : author, 2004. 25 national alliance for caregiving and aarp. family caregiving in the u. s. : findings from a national survey. washington, dc : author, 1997. 26 thompson, l. long - term care : support for family caregivers [ issue brief ]. washington, dc : georgetown university, 2004. long - term care financing project. 27 ibid. data based on analysis of data from the 1994 and 1995 national health interview surveys on disability by health policy institute, georgetown university. 28 see note 11 above. 29 see note 8 above. 30 stucki, b. r., and j. mulver. can aging baby boomers avoid the nursing home? long - term care insurance for aging in place. washington, dc : american council of life insurers, 2000. 31", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47776228819903765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.989780"} {"text": "30 stucki, b. r., and j. mulver. can aging baby boomers avoid the nursing home? long - term care insurance for aging in place. washington, dc : american council of life insurers, 2000. 31 agency for healthcare research and quality. long - term care users range in age and most do not live in nursing homes : research alert. rockville : author, 2000. 32 laplante, m. p., c. harrington, and t. kang. 2002. estimating paid and unpaid hours of personal assistance services in activities of daily living provided to adults living at home. home services research 327 ( 2 ), 397 - 415. 34 see note 11 above. 35 mollica, r. state assisted living policy : 2002. portland : national academy for state health policy, 2002. 36 hawes, r. m., & c. d. phillips. a national study of assisted living for the frail elderly : results of a national survey of facilities. beachwood : myers research institute, 1999. 37 gabrel, c. s. characteristics of elderly nursing home current residents and discharges : data from the 1997 national nursing home survey [ advance data from vital and health statistics ; no. 312 ]. hyattsville : national center for health statistics, 2000. 38 national center for health statistics. health, united states, 2004. hyattsville : u. s. department of health and human services, 2004. 39 see note 11 above. 40 national center for health statistics. health, united states, 2000. hyattsville : u. s. department of health and human services, 2000. 41 see note 11 above. 42 komisar, h. & l. thompson. who pays for long - term care? fact sheet, long - term care financing project. washington, dc : georgetown university press, 2004. 44 see note 20 above. 45 doty, p. cost - effectiveness of home and community - based long - term care services. washington, dc : u. s. department of health and human services : office of disability, aging and long - term care policy, 2000. 46 o \u2019 brian, e., and r. elias. medicaid and long - term care. washington, dc : kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured, ( 2004, may ) < http : / / www. kff. org / pageid = 36296 > ( 10 jan 2004 ) 47 u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43522256647748836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.990664"} {"text": "care. washington, dc : kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured, ( 2004, may ) < http : / / www. kff. org / pageid = 36296 > ( 10 jan 2004 ) 47 u. s. general accounting office. 2002. aging baby boom generation will increase demand and burden on federal and state budgets [ gao - 02 - 544t ]. < http : / / www. gao. gov / new. items / d02544t. pdf > ( 10 jan 2004 ) 48 burwell, b., k. sredl, and s. eiken. medicaid long - term care expenditures in fy 2003 [ addendum ]. cambridge : the medstat group, 2004. 49 see note 45 above. 50 national association for home care. basic statistics about home care. washington, dc : author. findings based on centers for medicare and medicaid services, msis, 2004. 51 see note 30 above. 52 kassner, e. medicaid and long - term services and supports for older people : fact sheet. washington, dc : aarp public policy institute, 2005. 53 miller, n. a., c. harrington, e. goldstein. 2002. access to community - based long - term care : medicaid \u2019 s role. journal of aging and health volume 14, no. 1 : 138 - 59. 54 metlife market survey of nursing home and home care costs, 2004. 55 see note 30 above. 56 hoffman, c., d. rice and h. y. sung. 1996. persons with chronic conditions : their prevalence and costs. jama 276 ( 18 ), 1473 - 1479. 57 niefield, m., e. o \u2019 brien, and j. feder. long - term care : medicaid \u2019 s role and challenges. washington, dc : kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured, 1999. 58 vanderhei, j., and c. copeland. can america afford tomorrow \u2019 s retirees : results from the ebri - erf retirement security projection model [ issue brief # 263 ]. washington dc : employee benefit research institute, 2003. 59 o \u2019 brian, e., and r. elias. medicaid and long - term care. washington, dc : kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured, 2004. < http : / / www. kff. org / med", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4371452587135168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.991615"} {"text": "brian, e., and r. elias. medicaid and long - term care. washington, dc : kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured, 2004. < http : / / www. kff. org / medicaid / loader. cfm? url = / commonspot / security / getfile. cfm & pageid = 36296 > ( 10 jan 2004 ) family caregiver alliance 785 market street, suite 750 san francisco, ca 94103 ( 415 ) 434 - 3388 phone ( 800 ) 445 - 8106 toll free web site : www. caregiver. org family caregiver alliance ( fca ) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through education, services, research and advocacy. through its national center on caregiving, fca offers information on current social, public policy and caregiving issues and provides assistance in the development of public and private programs for caregivers. for residents of the greater san francisco bay area, fca provides direct family support services for caregivers of those with alzheimer \u2019 s disease, stroke, brain injury, parkinson \u2019 s and other debilitating cognitive disorders that strike adults. prepared by family caregiver alliance in cooperation with california \u2019 s caregiver resource centers and funded by the california department of mental health. original reviewed by robert b. friedland, ph. d., center on an aging society, georgetown university. \u00a9 2001 family caregiver alliance. revised 2005. all rights reserved. fs - sltc200506 e - mail to a friend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4657949333399916, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.992240"} {"text": "the center is registered in epa ' s acid rain program ( since 2003 ) some of the major accomplishments of the program through 2009 include : \u00b7 power plants have decreased emissions of so2, aprecursor to acid rain, to 5. 7 million tons in 2009, a 67 percent decrease from 1980 levels and a 64 percent decrease from 1990levels. the acid rain program was established under the 1990 clean air actamendments and requires significant emission reductions of so2 andnitrogen oxides ( nox ) from the electric power industry. the program sets a permanent cap on the total amount of so2 that may be emitted by electric generating units in the united states, and includes provisions for trading and banking emission allowances. the program is phased in, with this year phasing in the final 2010 so2 cap set at 8. 95 milliontons, a level of about one - half of the emissions from the power sectorin 1980. more information on the acid rain program ( epa ) \u00b7 air quality has improved ; the average amount of ambientso2 decreased 76 percent between 1980 and 2009. the largestsingle - year reduction in so2 since the start of the acid rain program occurred between 2008 and 2009. \u00b7 reductions in fine particle levels yielded benefitsincluding about 20, 000 - 50, 000 lives saved annually. \u00b7 many lakes and streams affected by acid rain in the eastare exhibiting signs of recovery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47716279827853014, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.993687"} {"text": "u. s. epa ' s 2008 report on the environment ( final report ) epa is announcing the final report, epa ' s 2008 report on the environment ( epa 2008 roe ), a science - based report that answers questions about recent trends in human health and the environment. the environmental protection agency ' s 2008 report on the environment, also referred to as the epa 2008 roe, provides the american people with an important resource from which they can better understand trends in the condition of the air, water, land, and human health of the united states. this report uses scientifically sound measures, called indicators, to address fundamental questions relevant to the epa ' s mission to protect the environment and human health. to accomplish its mission to protect human health and the environment, epa must pay close attention to trends in the condition of the nation ' s environment. this kind of information, which is captured in epa ' s 2008 roe, can help epa to prioritize its work and to focus on human health and ecological activities that can lead to improvements in the conditions of the nation ' s environment. for a more interactive experience, visit the roe dynamic web site at http : / / www. epa. gov / ncea / roe. the epa 2008 roe offers a unique opportunity to epa to frame a discussion about the agency \u2019 s strategic planning from the perspective of ultimate environmental outcomes, using the best available, most scientifically sound measurement approaches. the epa 2008 roe could also lead to new indicators, new monitoring strategies and new programs and policies in areas epa determines to be highly important based on measured environmental trends. epa also produced a highlights of conditions and trends document, which summarizes the findings of the epa 2008 roe in an easier to understand format. epa is committed to releasing periodic updates of the roe so that information on environmental conditions and trends can be provided to interested members of the american public. | jun 2003 | | epa published the draft report on the environment ( roe ) - technical document in 2003. | | jun 2005 | | epa held an external peer review meeting on the proposed indicators for epa \u2019 s 2007 roe td. | | jul 2005 | | epa held a public peer review workshop on the proposed indicators. | | oct 2005 | | epa announced a second public peer review and public comment period for additional and updated proposed indicators for epa \u2019 s 2007 roe - td. | | feb 2006 | | epa hosts an agency review of the draft document, epa \u2019 s 2007 roe - td. in feb 2006, we release the epa response to the peer review comments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3977051250320537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.998114"} {"text": "updated proposed indicators for epa \u2019 s 2007 roe - td. | | feb 2006 | | epa hosts an agency review of the draft document, epa \u2019 s 2007 roe - td. in feb 2006, we release the epa response to the peer review comments. | | mar 2006 | | epa releases the updates to the indicators and the external peer review comments with epa ' s response to comments. | | oct 2006 | | epa hosts an interagency review of the draft document, epa ' s 2007 roe - td. | | apr 2006 | | epa renames the report from technical document to science report. | | may 2007 | | epa released the draft epa ' s 2007 roe : science report for a public review and comment. | | jul 2007 | | epa ' s science advisory board ( sab ) hosted a public teleconference and public meeting of the sab panel for the review of epa ' s 2007 report on the environment. the teleconference and meeting were held to conduct a peer review of the epa ' s draft report on the environment 2007 : science report. | | oct 2007 | | epa hosts a public teleconference of the sab panel for the review of epa ' s 2007 report on the environment. | | jan 2008 | | epa hosts a report on the environment expert panel meeting in washington, dc. | | may 2008 | | epa releases the final report, epa ' s 2008 report on the environment ( epa 2008 roe ). | | sep 2008 | | epa releases the finalized eroe web site with links to the highlights report and the roe database. | - ( 366 pp, 30 mb, about pdf ) - ( 10 pp, 3 mb, about pdf ) - ( 12 pp, 545 kb, about pdf ) - ( 80 pp, 7 mb, about pdf ) - ( 66 pp, 5 mb, about pdf ) - ( 50 pp, 4 mb, about pdf ) - ( 72 pp, 4 mb, about pdf ) - ( 46 pp, 7 mb, about pdf ) - ( 3 pp, 1 mb, about pdf ) - ( 9 pp, 198 kb, about pdf ) - ( 3 pp, 288 kb, about pdf ) - ( 15 pp, 265 kb, about pdf )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40166711424376655, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:06.998904"} {"text": "there is a chance for some severe weather this weekend, specifically saturday. oklahoma is prone to severe thunderstorms and american red cross urges residents to take steps now to stay safer when severe weather threatens. based on forecasts, it looks like there could be hail, damaging winds and strong rain. \u201c by preparing together for severe thunderstorms, we can make our families safer and our communities stronger, \u201d said ken garcia, regional communication director. \u201c we can help you and your family create a disaster preparedness plan now, before our community is threatened by high winds, hail, lightning and excessive rainfall. \u201d as with any disaster, preparation can be the difference between life and death. the red cross recommends that individuals and families prepare for severe thunderstorms by : make a home disaster plan : pick a safe place in your home for household members to gather during a thunderstorm. this should be away from windows, skylights and glass doors that could be broken by strong winds or hail. protect your animals by ensuring that any outside buildings that house them are protected in the same way as your home. remove animals from vulnerable dog houses and similar small structures. create an emergency preparedness kit : pack a first aid kit and essential medications, canned food and can opener, bottled water, flashlights and a battery - powered radio with extra batteries. heed storm warnings : a severe storm watch means severe thunderstorms are possible in and near the watch area. people in a watch area should keep informed and be ready to act if a severe thunderstorm warning is issued. a severe storm warning means severe weather has been reported by spotters or indicated by radar. warnings indicate imminent danger to life and property. if you can hear thunder, you are close enough to be in danger from lightning. seek shelter immediately. the national weather service recommends staying inside for at least 30 minutes after the last thunder clap. prepare for high winds : if you have time, secure lawn furniture, outdoor decorations, trash cans, hanging plants and anything else that can be picked up by wind. before lightning strikes keep an eye on the sky. look for darkening skies, flashes of light or increasing winds. listen for the sound of thunder. if you can hear thunder, you are close enough to the storm to be struck by lightning. go to safe shelter immediately. the national weather service recommends staying inside for at least 30 minutes after the last thunder clap. when storm approaches find shelter in a building or car. keep car windows closed and avoid convertibles. telephone lines and metal pipes can conduct electricity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41021744287597844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.002512"} {"text": "safe shelter immediately. the national weather service recommends staying inside for at least 30 minutes after the last thunder clap. when storm approaches find shelter in a building or car. keep car windows closed and avoid convertibles. telephone lines and metal pipes can conduct electricity. unplug appliances. avoid using the telephone or any electrical appliances. ( leaving electric lights on, however, does not increase the chances of your home being struck by lightening. ) avoid taking a bath or shower hyperlink \" http : / / \", or running water for any other purpose. if caught outside go to low - lying, open place away from trees, poles or metal objects. make sure the place you pick is not flooding. make yourself the smallest target possible. squat low to the ground. place you hands on you knees with your head between them. if you are in the woods, take shelter under the shorter trees. if you are boating or swimming, get to land and find shelter immediately. if someone is struck by lightning people struck by lightning carry no electrical charge and can be handled safely. call for help. get someone to dial 9 - 1 - 1 or your local emergency medical services ( ems ) number. give first aid. if the heart has stopped beating, a trained person should give cpr. for more information on severe thunderstorm preparedness, visit hyperlink http : / / www. redcross. org www. redcross. org. we urge you to share these red cross severe thunderstorm preparedness tips with every member of your household, because the best protection is to be prepared ahead of time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39123172168337883, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.003214"} {"text": "tibet travel guide the yarlung zangbo or yarlung river, or yalu zangbu river, or yarlung tsangpo ( alternative transcription ), yarlung zangbo jiang ( officially ) originates upstream from the south tibet valley and yarlung zangbo grand canyon, in tibet. it then passes through the state of arunachal pradesh, india, where it is known as the dihang. downstream from arunachal pradesh the river becomes wider and at this point is called the brahmaputra river. the brahmaputra has not been able to meet the sea. from assam ( india ) the river has entered bangladesh at ramnabazar point. from there till about 200 years ago it used to flow eastward and joined megna river near bhairavbazar. this old channel has been gradually dying now. at present the main channel of the river is called jamuna river, which follows southward to meet ganges known in bangladesh as the padma. it flows in the world ' s largest and deepest canyon, yarlung zangbo grand canyon. further, it is the world ' s highest river. the yarlung zangbo river is the highest major river in the world. its longest tributary is the nyang river. in tibet the river flows through the south tibet valley, which is approximately 1200 kilometres long and 300 kilometres wide. the valley descends from 4500 metres above sea level to 3000 metres. as it descends, the surrounding vegetation changes from cold desert to arid steppe to deciduous scrub vegetation. it ultimately transitions into a conifer and rhododendron forest. the tree line is approximately 3, 200 metres. sedimentary sandstone rocks found near the tibetan capital of lhasa contain grains of magnetic minerals that record the earth ' s alternating magnetic field current. the yarlung zangbo grand canyon, formed by a horse - shoe bend in the river where it flows around namcha barwa, is the deepest, and possibly longest canyon in the world. the river has been a challenge to whitewater kayakers because of the extreme conditions of the river. the yarlung zangbo river has three major waterfalls. the largest waterfall of the river, the \" hidden falls \", was not publicized in the west until 1998, when its sighting by westerners was briefly hailed as a \" discovery. \" they were even portrayed as the discovery of the great falls which had been the topic of stories told to early westerners by tibetan hunters and buddhist monks, but which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46072671244915636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.006488"} {"text": "until 1998, when its sighting by westerners was briefly hailed as a \" discovery. \" they were even portrayed as the discovery of the great falls which had been the topic of stories told to early westerners by tibetan hunters and buddhist monks, but which had never been found by western explorers at the time. chinese authorities protested, however, saying that chinese geographers, who had explored the gorge since 1973, had already taken pictures of the falls in 1987 from a helicopter. since the 1990s the yarlung zangbo river has been the destination of a number of teams that engage in exploration and whitewater kayaking. the river has been called the \u201c everest of rivers \u201d because of the extreme conditions of the river. the first attempt to run was made in 1993 by a japanese group who lost one member on the river. in october 1998, a kayaking expedition sponsored by the national geographic society attempted to navigate the zangbo gorge. troubled by unanticipated high water levels, the expedition ended in tragedy when expert kayaker doug gordon lost his life. in january - february, 2002, an international group consisting of scott lindgren, steve fisher, mike abbott, allan ellard, dustin knapp, and johnnie and willie kern, completed the first descent of the upper zangbo gorge section. shangri la river expeditions has a fairly complete description of the history of first descents of the yarlong tsangpo and its major tribuaries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46290886245810703, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.007085"} {"text": "roman children \u2019 s sarcophagi why i taught the sources i use images of two roman marble sarcophagi for topics on children and childhood in undergraduate courses on ancient society, family, gender, representations, and historiography. the sarcophagi can be used to study one period of antiquity or to examine changing notions of childhood over time. my aim in using the sarcophagi is to increase students ' awareness of the rich variety of accessible material sources about roman society \u2014 especially archaeological resources such as art, architecture, inscriptions, and topography \u2014 that can supplement traditional literary sources. a careful analysis of images from an unfamiliar society can help students already exposed to visual material in their daily lives become more discriminating in their interpretations. students ' present - day interest in children and childhood \u2014 in daily life and in academic studies \u2014 is a good basis on which to build. but there is a danger of applying our own modern, western attitudes and values to other societies. studying artifacts and texts from a different society raises questions of cultural differences. one basic question is whether childhood in pre - modern societies was recognized as a separate stage of life and children were valued ; this has been debated since aries ' book of 1962. 1 roman society of the first two or three centuries ( ce ) provides material to help students to enter this debate and make their own assessments. how i introduce the sources after providing a chronological background and introducing issues such as class and status, gender, urban context, and political structure earlier in the semester, i assign : aries, centuries of childhood, at least the introduction ; and letter 4. 2 of the letters of pliny the younger. my aim is provide students with the evidence to challenge aries ' claim about the \" ignorance of childhood \" in pre - modern ages that relied on a small range of literary sources. in order to do so, i provide an introductory lecture on the history of childhood studies and on available sources ( including the nature of the material as well as the hazards of surviving literary, legal, archaeological sources ). 2 i also provide images of materials such as epitaphs, sculptures, and wall paintings related to children and rome to stimulate thinking about the range of representations available. students then divide into smaller groups of 10 to 15 to examine primary sources. reading the sources in these smaller groups, we analyze pliny ' s apparently unsympathetic comments on the death of regulus ' son in the context of upper - class roman male expectations of fatherhood, emotions, and pliny '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4670750354480009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.014700"} {"text": ". reading the sources in these smaller groups, we analyze pliny ' s apparently unsympathetic comments on the death of regulus ' son in the context of upper - class roman male expectations of fatherhood, emotions, and pliny ' s deep hostility to regulus. pliny ' s letter also shows the independent wealth of a mother and the possibility of a young male coming into independent wealth, either by the death of his father or by the legal technicality of being freed ( \" sold \" ) from the power ( patria potestas ) of his father. 3 the comparatively large quantity of funerary commemoration of prematurely - dead children helps put regulus ' grief into perspective. regulus ' son had survived early childhood, so his death, in his early teens, was the more tragic. i also project images of various funerary items, including the two sarcophagi, on a screen. these raise the question of parental grief and grieving in a society of high mortality, challenging the claim sometimes made of indifference to children ' s deaths in societies with high rates of infant mortality. each of the sarcophagi depicts a sequence of life - stages, and each can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century ce. 4 by contrast with simple epitaphs, these are quite expensive artifacts. on the first sarcophagus, the boy ' s name, m. cornelius statius ( in the dedicatory form ' m. cornelio m. f. pal. statio ' ), indicates that he is a freeborn roman citizen. the epitaph has been dedicated by the boy ' s parents ( ' parentes ' ). the family ' s dress and attributes, and the quality of the artifact, suggest a well - to - do family. the scenes depict the newborn infant, the child at play, and the child with teacher. the mother appears to be breast - feeding which raises the question about whether this was normal ( in a society of wet - nurses ) or whether the scene was idealized. the father ' s role in the nursing scene and in holding the infant often surprises the students. in well - to - do citizen families, with a household of slave retainers, the stereotype is of more distant relationships and limited contact between parents and children in the early rearing years. ( compare, for example, stereotypes of 19th century upper - class english families. ) the scroll in the boy ' s hand as he recites his lesson to a teacher raises", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44726163832963406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.015664"} {"text": "relationships and limited contact between parents and children in the early rearing years. ( compare, for example, stereotypes of 19th century upper - class english families. ) the scroll in the boy ' s hand as he recites his lesson to a teacher raises questions about many aspects of education, such as the availability of \" books, \" importance of oral performance and memory, and existence of schools and private tutors. it also sparks discussion of children ' s modes of play, their engagement with animals ( helping put young regulus ' pets in context ), and children ' s place in the family. the second sarcophagus also depicts an infant ( in the arms of one of the parents in the carriage ride on the right - hand side of the stone ) and play ( as a toddler with a wheeled pusher or scooter, and a little older with a pet goose ). but the last scene is of death, foreshadowed by the torches, often symbols of funerals, at each end of the sarcophagus. the parents again ride in a carriage, with the slightly older child between them, and they are led by a winged cupid foreshadowing the child ' s soul ascending to heaven. at some stage in the discussion, students often raise the issue of the nature of the sarcophagus as an artifact. this leads to some questions about the disposal of the dead and how frequently sarcophagi were used. epitaphs for children lead to issues of demography. cremation remained dominant for many centuries, so why the growing popularity of sarcophagi in the 2nd century, well before any real impact of christianity? students also discuss the role of fashion and the greater scope of sarcophagi for sculptural decoration. close examination of the sarcophagi usually increases students ' ability to read art and artifacts, and thus their pleasure in viewing such material. this is partly an aesthetic experience, but also a methodological lesson. students learn that documents can include all kinds of evidence of the past and realize that there can be more than one reading of a document. they realize the importance of assessing the author, his / her authorial intention, the intended reader or viewer, and the societal context. the importance of contextualization also emerges as students realize that a quick, impressionistic reading of any of these documents in isolation yields less understanding than a comparison and some attention to background. moreover, the importance of dating the documents shows the increasing interest in representations of children,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5305660025864708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.016667"} {"text": "##ualization also emerges as students realize that a quick, impressionistic reading of any of these documents in isolation yields less understanding than a comparison and some attention to background. moreover, the importance of dating the documents shows the increasing interest in representations of children, women, families, and slaves, whereas most of the sources for rome before the 2nd century ce revealed a male, upper - class, political and military focus. that realization leads students to wonder about the differences in representations and to speculate about the role of a new political regime : its emphasis on peace and stability ; growing affluence and leisure ( for many, but not all ) ; and the need of ex - slaves to record their upward mobility in the record of their children. 1 aries, philippe. centuries of childhood. new york : vintage books, 1962. 2 bradley, k. discovering the roman family : studies in roman social history. new york : oxford university press, 1991 ; dixon, suzanne. the roman family. baltimore : johns hopkins university press, \u00a91992 ; and rawson, beryl. children and childhood in roman italy. oxford : oxford university press, 2003. 3 sherwin - white, a. the letters of pliny. a historical and social commentary. oxford : oxford university press, \u00a91966. 4 huskinson, janet. roman children ' s sarcophagi : their decoration and its social significance. oxford : clarendon press ; new york : oxford university press, 1996, illustrations 1. 23 and 1. 29. how to cite this source beryl rawson, \" roman children \u2019 s sarcophagi, \" in children and youth in history, item # 52, http : / / chnm. gmu. edu / cyh / case - studies / 52 ( accessed may 24, 2013 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4921529579970941, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.017363"} {"text": "richmond food secure organised 3 sessions of canning and preserving the bounty of summer harvest for the enjoying in the winter. the workshops will be conducted in the south arm community center. chef karen dar woon will instruct participants on easy methods of canning, using excess fruit and veggies that are coming out of the garden. each workshop costs $ 5. i got to know of these workshops through arzeena, the outreach coordinator of richmond fruit tree sharing project. the theme for the first workshop was golden plum. it is also known as yellowgage or golden drop. the golden plum is a small plum, with diameter around 3 to 4 cm. the skin is sourish while the flesh is sweet. karen shared with us the following home canning knowledge : what is canning : home canning, also known as putting up, is the process of preserving foods ( in particular, fruits, vegetables, and meats ) by packing them into glass jars and then heating the jars. heating kills microorganisms and inactivates the enzymes which can cause deterioration. the heat pocess also drives the air out of the jars, creating a hermetic ( airtight ) seal ; this prevents reentry of contaminants. prior to the mid 20th century, canning was one of the most common methods of preserving food for later use. freezers were not developed for consumer use until mid 1940s, when the birdseye company began distributing frozen foods by rail. a little science : the microorganisms which cause spoilage include molds and yeasts, bacteria ( salmonella, staph and botulism ) and enzymes. these microorganisms are already in or on the foods in nature, but can be killed. most molds and yeasts are destroyed at temperatures between 140 - 190f ( 60 - 88c ). bacteria thrive at those same temperatures, but are unable to live in high acid environments. fruit jams and pickles are considered high acid foods ( ph of 4. 6 or lower ), and so are considered lower risk for home canning. the use of a pressure canner, producing temperatures of up to 240f ( 115c ), is used for processing low acid and acid nuetral foods such as meats and vegetables. heating jars in the water bath processor causes expansion of the food, and pressure within the jar. air escapes from under the lid throughout the processing time. when the produce cools, a vacuum forms and the lid conracts, creating a hermetic ( air", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4882924557086502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.022292"} {"text": "the water bath processor causes expansion of the food, and pressure within the jar. air escapes from under the lid throughout the processing time. when the produce cools, a vacuum forms and the lid conracts, creating a hermetic ( airtight ) seal and preveting recontamination. boiling water bath : any large, heavy pot can be used, as long as it is at least 3 \u2033 taller than your jars. a rack keeps the glass away from the direct heat of the pot, and can be helpful for removing the jars later, but isn \u2019 t critical. a folded tea towl can be used instead. jar lifters : specially shaped tongs which fit aroung the top of the jar. pressure canner : specially equipped pot which features a pressure - regulating device and a locking lid. opten available at smaller hardware stores and some specialty cookware shops. these differ from pressure cookers in both shap and manufacture ( more precise regulator ). a pressure canner must be used for \u2018 plain \u2019 vegetables, meat, poultry or fish. jars : canning jars are designed to withstand the temperatures and pressures involved in home canning. jars and rings may be reused, but always use new seals. the two - part sealer uses a soft compound in the lid which softens with heat and provides a cushion between the glass an dthe metal lid. for more info, check out www. homecanning. ca ( bernardin website, and the the art and science of home food preservation @ 2006 jarden corporation. - 3 - 5 pounds plums - 1 cup granulated sugar - 2 1 / 2 cups water | prepare 6 250ml jars, rings and lids. wash in hot soapy water, and rinse well. place lids in hot, not boiling water, for 5 minutes before using. do not heat rings. heat jars in canning pot with hot water to sanitize them. | | prepare syrup by boiling water and sugar until the sugar dissolved. | | prick whole plums with a fork to break skins, or cut in half and remove pits. this is to prevent the plums from exploding when in hot water bath. | | pack plums snugly into jars, leaving 1 / 2 \u2033 at the top of the jar. | | ladle hot syrup over plums to cover, leaving 1 / 2 \u2033 at the top of the jar. | | remove air bubbles ( with a plastic cake knife ) and add more syrup if needed. wipe jar rim to remove any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4835820889678838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.023210"} {"text": ". | | ladle hot syrup over plums to cover, leaving 1 / 2 \u2033 at the top of the jar. | | remove air bubbles ( with a plastic cake knife ) and add more syrup if needed. wipe jar rim to remove any stickiness. | | the photo shows a magnetic gadget used to lift the lid from the hot water. you can use a spatula to lift the lid from the hot water. | | centre snap the lid on the jar. | | apply screw band just until resistance is met ; fingertip tight. do not overtighten. | | place jars in a canner. fill canner with hot water to cover jars by 1 \u2033. cover canner ; bring water to a boil. boiled filled jars for 10 minutes. for larger size jars like 500ml or 1 litre jar, the boiling time should be 25 minutes. when processing time is complete, turn heat off and remove canner lid. | when boil subsides i. e. bubbles no longer rise to surface ( 3 to 5 minutes ), remove jars without tilting. cool jars upright, undisturbed 24 hours. do not retighten screw bands. during the demo, we had a couple of jars started to leak once they were removed from the canner. such problems can be caused by bad lid or overfiling the jars with syrup. in such case, you can refrigerate the jar after it has cooled down and consume the fruit within a week. after cooling, check jar seals. sealed lids should curved downward and do not move when pressed. remove screw bands ; wip and dry bands and jars. store screw bands separately or replace loosely on jars, as desired. label and store jars in a cool, dark place.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.402498976071208, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.023868"} {"text": "in a typical year, it is not uncommon for a dozen or so comets to come within range of amateur telescopes. during the month of october, 2010, a small comet will pass unusually close to earth. on oct. 20, comet hartley 2 will pass just over 11 million miles ( 18 million km ) from earth. that is close enough for the comet to be seen through binoculars or even, in the darkest skies, with the naked eye. amateur stargazers aren \u2019 t the only ones looking out for hartley 2 this month. in september 2007, nasa woke up its hibernating di spacecraft and, in november, sent it the maneuvering instructions to intercept hartley 2. the spacecraft is precisely on schedule to rendezvous with the comet on november 4 as it approaches the sun. this week \u2019 s online current events activity is a study of comets, the hartley 2 comet, and nasa \u2019 s attempt to study it. begin your investigation into comets by visiting worldbook @ nasa, which features excellent overviews on many topics related to space and astronomy, including comets. as you read this page, look for answers to the following questions : - what are some of the ingredients that make up a comet? - how big are most comets? - how does a comet tail form, and which direction does it always point? - what is the relationship between comets and meteor showers? - what have scientists learned about the nucleus of a comet? more information about comets can be found at the nine planets site. as you read, look for answers to these questions : - name two examples of comet appearances in antiquity ( ancient human history ) - how many comets have been cataloged? - what are the five parts of a comet? - how do comets \u201c die \u201d? comet hartley 2 now that you have some solid background information about comets in general, let \u2019 s see what we can learn about comet hartley 2. start by going to the web site of sky and telescope magazine, and read comet hartley 2 at its best, written by greg bryant. this first half of the page is an ongoing blog with dated status updates, followed by the original article. as you read, just understand that you are reading backwards in time. when you get to the october 8 update, watch the wide - field animation created by ernesto guido and giovanni sostero. can you see the slight movement of the comet against the stationary star field? as you read the original article, look for answers to the following questions : - in what year was hartley 2 discovered? - why does the moon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46378010301481254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.027811"} {"text": "and giovanni sostero. can you see the slight movement of the comet against the stationary star field? as you read the original article, look for answers to the following questions : - in what year was hartley 2 discovered? - why does the moon play a factor in viewing comets? - what does the epoxi spacecraft \u2019 s name stand for? - how close will the spacecraft get to the comet? - what does the number 2 mean in \u201c hartley 2 \u201d? - why was this comet beyond visual discovery until after 1982? learn more about the exoxi mission by visiting the official mission web site. from the home page, click mission on the left and read the 10 phases of the mission. what is the purpose of the earth fly - bys? what happens during the comet approach phase? what will scientists be looking for during the encounter phase? what data will be gathered? finish your online study of comets this week by comparing comets. this is a student activity developed by nasa in which students can make their own observations based on photos of two different comet nuclei. print this worksheet or follow along online and record your answers separately. follow the directions on each page. on page 2, as you are looking at the two photos of comet surfaces, listen to this audio recording of students making their own observations about the comets in a teacher - led discussion. comets are not easy to study. because of their speed and orbit, it is ( currently ) impossible for humans to travel to comets to make firsthand observations. instead, scientists send up remotely controllable probes to intercept comets, take photographs, and make a variety of different measurements. this practice is not limited to astronomers. for centuries humans have been creating tools used to measure, weigh, count, or in many other ways analyze things that are beyond our physical senses. in a current or recent issue of the e - edition, look for news stories that cite examples of people using tools to measure or analyze. a good example might be dna testing for criminal evidence, but you will find many others. based on your findings, how important have these tools become in our daily lives? why is it becoming increasingly important to measure, collect, and analyze information?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5233554651698712, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.029232"} {"text": "figure 9 - 3. tcp treats all the data as data tcp just needs to worry about the tcp header and doing what it says. in this case, as long as tcp gets the first chunk of data to the server and the second chunk back from the server to the browser, its job is finished. tcp calls the tcp header and the data behind it a tcp segment. later in this chapter, in the section titled \" big box, small truckwhat do you do?, \" it will be clear why the people who made up tcp chose to call it a segment. one of the largest benefits of a layered networking model relates to how tcp behaves in figure 9 - 3. the fact that tcp doesn ' t have to think about what http is trying to do means that the tcp software does not need to know anything about how http works. so, the person who writes the tcp software can keep it simple. the person who writes http software and any other application protocol that intends to use tcp can keep it simple as well, relying on tcp to deliver the data. if you ' re feeling a little uncomfortable about tcp at this point, it ' s okay. so far, this chapter has described some mechanisms that tcp uses, but it hasn ' t explained much about why tcp is useful to applications. in the next section, you ' ll learn about error recoveryone of the most important features of tcp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4702428457524154, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.030962"} {"text": "dershowitz is most urgently concerned to reclaim his cherished declaration from the christian right, whose suggestion that america is a christian nation inspires him to fiery sermons that consume about a third of his book. but ultimately \u2014 and he is not shy about saying so \u2014 he would reclaim the declaration from thomas jefferson, himself, and from the revolutionaries of 1776. words, as you may have read in any one of a million sacred academic texts, and as you will read again on every fourth or fifth page of dershowitz ' s non - academic book, have \" different meanings \" for different people in different times and places. the most famous and distinctive words of the declaration, according to dershowitz, have fundamentally different meanings ( they bear different ideas and principles ) for us in \" the twenty - first - century world \" than they had for jefferson and the revolutionaries who proclaimed them 200 - some years ago. to explain this miracle of the lost meanings, dershowitz invokes a hodgepodge of academic articles of faith with which every college freshman has been catechized \u2014 under threat of excommunication \u2014 for the past forty years. but he turns eventually to the highest authority of his own sect \u2014 \" legal realism. \" certainly the most distinctive and well - known words of the declaration are found in its proclamation : \" we hold these truths to be self - evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights.... \" a few score years after 1776, these words still conveyed to abraham lincoln the most essential \" meaning \" of the american revolution. this \" abstract truth, applicable to all men and all times \" was america ' s \" philosophical cause. \" it was the distinctive american expression of natural right and natural law, the recognizably american way of acknowledging a moral truth, accessible to human reason and independent of human enactments, by which americans and all other lovers of liberty might guide their political choices and destinies. all \" nonsense on stilts, \" according to dershowitz ( with thanks to jeremy bentham ). \" the american school of legal realism \u2014 beginning with holmes and reaching its zenith in the mid - 20th century \u2014 changed all of that. \" presto - chango : \" rights \" and \" equality \" are purely \" human inventions, \" \" legal or moral fictions. \" \" the reality is that natural law simply does not exist. \" dershowitz thinks that the gospel according to holmes has been so successful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.530683710748928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.037274"} {"text": ": \" rights \" and \" equality \" are purely \" human inventions, \" \" legal or moral fictions. \" \" the reality is that natural law simply does not exist. \" dershowitz thinks that the gospel according to holmes has been so successful that, \" [ w ] ith few exceptions \" today, everyone believes that \" morality \" and \" even truth are ever - changing. \" these \" evolve with experience, \" with the \" views of the age. \" he may exaggerate the conversion rate, but he is absolutely right that this is the virtually unquestioned orthodoxy of american law schools today. dershowitz thus faithfully reads the declaration as practically every first - year law student, these days, is taught to read the constitution, as \" a text whose meaning may [ indeed, must ] differ from generation to generation with changing experiences. \" now alan dershowitz wants to proselytize for \" equality \" and \" rights \" \u2014 and for decency, truth, morality, the rule of law, democracy, justice, and government by consent, among other things. on page after page, he writes about these and other desiderata not as mere words, but as if they were full of \" meaning \" ; just as he writes categorically, and as if his words had meaning, about the evils of this world : \" [ s ] lavery is wrong, \" and so on. he wants others to join him in the faith, and he wants to provide them firm ground from which to wage what he thinks of as a righteous struggle. but since the principles and ideas, the meanings, of jefferson and lincoln have miraculously vanished, he must find a new foundation, a new rock on which to build his church of the \" higher morality. \" \" [ f ] or the millions of good and moral people who do not believe in god [ or natural law, natural rights, unchanging truth, immutable principles of right or wrong, or human equality ]... there must be other sources of morality, law, and rights, \" etc., than the principles and ideas of the declaration. \" what, then, is the source of [ this ] higher morality, \" asks dershowitz. he answers : \" it is human experience! trial and error!... [ w ] e recognize our past mistakes and try to build a better system of morality to avoid repetition of those mistakes! \" experience!, which is to say history!, becomes the new source of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5481639338227133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.038257"} {"text": "human experience! trial and error!... [ w ] e recognize our past mistakes and try to build a better system of morality to avoid repetition of those mistakes! \" experience!, which is to say history!, becomes the new source of meaning, the god of the dispossessed. the exclamation points bear a heavy burden. they are ( momentary ) expressions of a blind faith that the god of human experience! will somehow recognize his \" mistakes! \" in a universe where mistakes!, like truth and morality, are ever - changing. when he is moved by this faith, dershowitz writes as an optimistic progressive : experience! is on the side of alan dershowitz and the \" higher morality. \" we can be expected to have a higher morality than the ten commandments, for example, because \" we have much more human experience on which to base our rules than did those who wrote the bible. \" \" morality [ god bless darwin ] evolves with experience. \" but experience! turns out to be a fickle and mysterious god, and dershowitz ' s faith wavers. sometimes dershowitz recognizes and accepts the abject deference to convention required by his new deity. in these moments, he concludes that our meanings must be whatever the consensus of people today allegedly think. \" [ t ] he authority to give [ rights ] any real meaning lies with people. \" in other passages he recognizes that, by the \" people, \" he really means the powerful. the jews in hitler ' s germany, for example, got \" rights \" solely because hitler lost world war ii. if hitler had won, these jews would not, in the eyes of dershowitz ' s god, have had any rights that any man was bound to respect. this is how we must understand dershowitz when he says, sincerely, that \" slavery is wrong. \" he means that the slave power lost the war. otherwise, his god would have no objection to slavery. elsewhere, seeing the problem, he asserts his \" right \" to dissent from the consensus or from the latest majority ; it is an assertion that can by his own reasoning have no more \" meaning \" than the latest consensus or the latest coup. dershowitz does not let his argument get bogged down in consistency. such impasses drive dershowitz, against some of his strongest passions and prejudices, to a final leap of faith. he grabs onto the \" spirit \" of the \" words and ideas \" of the american revolution as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5813333977467714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.039215"} {"text": "##ged down in consistency. such impasses drive dershowitz, against some of his strongest passions and prejudices, to a final leap of faith. he grabs onto the \" spirit \" of the \" words and ideas \" of the american revolution as if it were a lone piece of salvific drift wood in an endless ocean of meaningless experience. he is reborn, in effect, a faithful originalist, cleaving not to the original meaning or intent of his sacred text, however, but to its original and enduring spirit. nowhere does he offer a reason why his disciples should not discard the revolution ' s spirit even as he has discarded its ideas. he has no reason to offer. the \" spirit \" of ' 76, in the hands of this evangelical legal realist, cannot help being as evanescent as the \" meanings \" ; it becomes, transformed by his deepest faith, a spirit of the times. when the saints go marching in, alan dershowitz will be among the simplest believers in the most naive, fundamentalist academic faith of his time, which would replace god, reason, nature, human nature, natural right, and abstract truths about right and wrong with the latest zeitgeist. until then, he is a ghost dancer in a three - piece suit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5095020815244282, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.039704"} {"text": "mass transit is critical to the proper functioning of any city, town or rural area. a range of transit modes offer different capacity opportunities, and therefore the potential for high or low impact on car use. higher capacity systems cost more to put in, but offer much more potential reduction in total transport costs and greenhouse gas emissions. the social, economic and environmental costs of not having an efficient mass transit system never go away, so it is really a case of stemming these costs earlier or later. mass transit is a key ingredient in a sustainable, low - carbon transport future, whether in urban or rural settings, in developing or developed countries. it covers three modes of public transport : trains, light rail ( or trams ) and buses. train systems include long haul trains ( running at either normal or high speed ), metro ( subway or elevated urban trains ) and conventional suburban trains. there is also rail freight, which is discussed under the technology description ' freight '. buses include bus rapid transit ( or brt ) with dedicated road lanes and other distinctive features, and conventional bus services that share lanes with other traffic. the technology description ' bus rapid transit systems ' discusses brt systems in more detail. a good mass transit system provides services that are frequent, fast, punctual, safe, comfortable, clean and affordable. it provides transport at the times and in the locations that people require. the system is accompanied by good walking and cycling access to and from transit stations. town planning measures complement good transit by encouraging higher urban densities and mixed land use, particularly near stops and stations. in this way, homes, workplaces, shops, schools, health centres, services and recreation facilities are closer to transit, and more people can use it as they go about their daily lives. complementary and integrated modes good public transit is designed as a whole system. for example, trains or brt will move larger numbers of people longer distances, and then bus services, with shorter trips and fewer passengers, will radiate out from transit stations. brt and light - rail may exist as an in - between mode in terms of its passenger capacity and route lengths, and local buses can complete an urban transit network, linking fast crosscity services to corridor services and local routes. as part of this integration of transit modes, timetables, ticketing and information provision will be integrated, so that a person can use two or three modes to travel from departure point to destination easily, without long delays, and on one ticket ( see the technology description ' influencing travel choices ' ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49757767948696496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.113404"} {"text": "when they are arriving. brt systems : bus rapid transit ( brt ) has increasingly been used to provide a faster, higher capacity bus service ( itdp, 2007 ; rogat, 2009 ). brts require dedicated lanes, off - road stops, rapid boarding and alighting, level boarding, pre - board fair collection or checking, frequent service, large capacity, clear signage and real - time information displays, clean engine technologies, signal priority, intelligent ; control systems and excellent customer service. in one dedicated brt lane 10 - 20, 000 passengers can be carried \u2013 with some carrying over 40, 000 \u2013 but at higher levels there is a risk of buses \u2018 bunching \u2019 at stops. this problem can be reduced with multiple doors on the bus and well - designed stations, as occurs in curitiba. cities like curitiba, bogota and ottawa have examined moving to rail to solve this problem. there can also be problems with noise and emissions. brts can be cheaper if they take over a road lane, although this can be a difficult political issue in cities. other cities with brts include bogota, mexico city, jakarta, beijing, kunming, chengdu, guangzhou, istanbul, ahmedabad ( india ), paris, los angeles, pittsburgh, miami, boston and brisbane. ( see also technology description ' bus rapid transit systems '. ) to attract passengers, transit needs to be faster than cars on the same routes. this is why it helps if trains travel at high speeds and have grade - separated intersections with roads. brt and light rail need dedicated lanes and priority traffic signals to achieve this required speed advantage ( figure 2 ). moreover, there is little point in having fast travel speeds if passengers have to wait a long time for the transport to arrive. this means frequent services and integrated timetables for the different modes so that, for example, a person switching from a train to a bus has minimal waiting time. mass transit will also have a speed advantage over private vehicles if city governments refrain from building more and faster roads. while this may increase traffic congestion in the short term, the intention is that such congestion will encourage private vehicle users to switch to the faster transit services. and making private vehicle travel more expensive \u2013 through, for example, petrol taxes, registration charges or congestion taxes \u2013 achieves two things : it recovers some of the environmental and social costs of private transport, and it is another measure to encourage people to switch from private vehicles to transit. [ media : image : 2 ] [ media : image :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4421393068973542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.118892"} {"text": "congestion taxes \u2013 achieves two things : it recovers some of the environmental and social costs of private transport, and it is another measure to encourage people to switch from private vehicles to transit. [ media : image : 2 ] [ media : image : 3 ] intercity, regional and rural transit services modern mass transit is just as important for towns, villages and rural areas as it is for cities, and it is also vital for intercity transport. the absence of sufficient transit services outside and between cities has two major adverse effects. firstly, it means continued high levels of use of less sustainable modes of transport, including trucks, cars, motor - bikes and air travel. although air pollution, such as particulates from diesel, may not have as severe an effect in the countryside as it does in the city, greenhouses gases are just as bad wherever they are emitted. and petroleum, a limited resource, is still being depleted. moreover, traffic accidents in rural parts of the developing world are a significant cause of death and injury. secondly, it puts a real brake on national development, and on the ability of ordinary people, especially for the poor, to carry out normal daily activities. most people cannot afford their own vehicle. therefore they must rely on walking, on the existing less than adequate public transit services, on animal transport, or on various kinds of three - and four - wheeled vehicles adapted to carry passengers, vehicles that may not be available and affordable when they are needed. this means that it \u2019 s much harder and takes much longer for children to get to school, for the sick to get to health services, and for people to get to jobs. an estimated 75 % of maternal deaths could be prevented through quicker access to childbirth services, facilitated by transport, and girls \u2019 enrolment in school can more than triple with the completion of a rural road ( which is, of course, a precondition for a bus service ) ( sierra, 2008 ). hours and even days can be wasted walking or waiting for infrequent transport services. thus there is a need for good train services between cities or towns, and for more bus services to radiate out from train stations and population centres into outer urban localities, villages and rural areas. if developing countries can afford rapid trains these will be more competitive with cars and air transport, but the cost, of course, is more. selecting and implementing the right transit modes in choosing the most appropriate transit modes for particular localities, planners and communities need to consider a range of factors. these include cost,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4580420344127033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.125780"} {"text": "competitive with cars and air transport, but the cost, of course, is more. selecting and implementing the right transit modes in choosing the most appropriate transit modes for particular localities, planners and communities need to consider a range of factors. these include cost, population density, and whether there is space to build railway lines or dedicated lanes for brt or light rail. these factors should be considered very carefully from the outset, because experience indicates that once cities or localities select a particular transit mode they tend to stick with that and not adopt other modes later ( wright & fjellstrom, 2005 ) mass transit systems represent a large public investment. if you are making this investment for your locality, you need to ensure that the public \u2013 who will ultimately be paying the cost \u2013 are aware of the full range of benefits mass transit provides, because greenhouse gas reduction may not be high on their list of priorities. there are many other benefits to tell them about : faster, safer, more comfortable travel ; less traffic pollution, congestion and noise ; fewer people killed or injured in traffic accidents ; cheaper transport for nhe nation and for individuals, especially people on low incomes ; a more pleasant city in which to live and move around ; healthier and more connected residents ; and a more efficient transport system to service a twenty - first century economy. given the systemic and technological complexity of modern integrated transit systems, developing the necessary capacity to plan, construct and operate such systems can be a major challenge. one solution is to form a partnership with a locality that already has such technologies and systems in place. for example, the city of kunming in china is twinned with the swiss city of zurich and, as one part of this, the swiss partners have helped to build the capacity of their kunming counterparts in the transport area. this has seen the development of a transport master plan, and the design and implementation of a brt system ( feiner, 2002 ). middle eastern cities are building $ 80 billion of new high quality transit including the new dubai metro and a service to do the haj. china and india are now prioritising mass transit as the solution to their traffic problems with 82 metros being built in china and 14 in india. most other cities and localities around the world recognise \u2013 or are quickly coming to recognise \u2013 the economic, social and environmental necessity of good transit systems in the twenty - first century. on the other hand, many localities in the developing world do not yet have a basic organised bus service, that is, a coordinated, quality service that systematically covers the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4761749081865541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.129791"} {"text": "economic, social and environmental necessity of good transit systems in the twenty - first century. on the other hand, many localities in the developing world do not yet have a basic organised bus service, that is, a coordinated, quality service that systematically covers the locality ( embarq ). town planning and transit oriented developments ( tods ) transit oriented developments are areas of new development around brt and train stations that feature higher density residential complexes and a mix of other land uses, for example, shops, workplaces, educational institutions, health facilities and other services, as well as good walking and cycling paths. tods can reduce car use by around fifty percent, save money on infrastructure, and encourage community interaction ( newman et al, 2009 ). tods can occur where there are \u2018 greenfield \u2019 ( new ) sites \u2018 brownfield \u2019 ( old industrial ) sites or \u2018 greyfield \u2019 sites ( redeveloped old housing areas ). tods should include a range of housing types, including affordable housing for those on low - incomes. the increased value of tod properties can be used to help fund the mass transit system, a process known as \u2018 value capture \u2019 that is discussed below ( and tods are described in more detail in another section of this chapter ). not every area can be a tod, however. in other parts of cities the challenge is to make changes within an already established infrastructure of buildings, roads and other features. over time, with new developments and altered building uses, higher densities and more mixed land use can be permitted and encouraged. existing thoroughfares can be used for walking and cycling paths and dedicated transit lanes. traffic can be restricted and calmed through a variety of measures. and available land and buildings can be used for parks and other community facilities. all of these measures complement good transit systems and make them more viable. raising the status of mass transit mass transit sometimes has an image problem. it can be seen as a second - rate form of transport, used only by those who can \u2019 t afford their own vehicles. however, this image is changing rapidly, as modern mass transit is attractive, clean, comfortable, safe, fast and frequent. the stations as well as the transit vehicles need to be of a high standard ( figure 4 ). climate control can make a big difference, as can proximity of stations to shops and other attractions. sophisticated marketing can also lift patronage. such measures will counteract the growth in many developing world cities of very car - dependent greenfield housing estates and gated communities. [ media : image : 4 ] modern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4497413432046735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.132704"} {"text": "can proximity of stations to shops and other attractions. sophisticated marketing can also lift patronage. such measures will counteract the growth in many developing world cities of very car - dependent greenfield housing estates and gated communities. [ media : image : 4 ] modern transit services in all parts of the world amply demonstrate that people at all levels of society will choose mass transit if the quality is good. in fact, rail - based cities in the 84 global cities sample are 40 % wealthier than non - rail - based cities ( newman & kenworthy, 1999 ). there has been a big growth of new transit systems in developed countries, including the united states and australia, with railways being built, for example, in over 100 us cities. many parts of developing world have an advantage in that cities are already dense enough to make transit very viable, and transit does have to compete with such a high level of private vehicle use. good quality bus systems also raise the status of mass transit, providing high quality services and infrastructure. the newer systems include well segregated bus lanes, accessible and enclosed stations with prepayment and level boarding, lower emission buses, integrated information systems for centralised control and user information, and a distinctive image. mass transit \u2019 s greater affordability, and its accessibility for people too young or unable to drive, makes it a form of transport that more people can use to meet their needs : to get to health and other services, to make vital social connections and, as just noted, to work, shop and learn. thus it is a factor leading to greater equality and social inclusion ( vasconcellos, 2011 ). ( note that public transit in fact is often expensive and unaffordable for people on low incomes, but it is cheaper than car ownership, and the challenge for governments \u2013 as discussed above \u2013 is to make it as affordable as possible. ) clean, efficient mass transit makes for healthier communities, because it is responsible for less pollution and fewer traffic accidents, and it encourages walking and cycling. and communities with fewer private vehicles, an effective mass transit system and good walking and cycling routes are pleasant places to live in, with less congestion and noise, and greater levels of social interaction \u2013 all factors that have been shown to boost health and happiness. mass transit can move large numbers of people at less cost to the individual and society. it is much cheaper to transport a large number in one vehicle than to move one person in each of a large number of vehicles. ( while cars can potentially transport four or five people, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4603362755750054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.134716"} {"text": "numbers of people at less cost to the individual and society. it is much cheaper to transport a large number in one vehicle than to move one person in each of a large number of vehicles. ( while cars can potentially transport four or five people, in fact they only transport 1. 52 on average, based on the 84 city survey described in chapter 2. ) thus, it is not surprising that cities and countries that have high rates of mass transit use spend much less on transport overall than do localities where larger proportions of the population use private vehicles ( newman & kenworthy, 1999 ; vasconcelos, 2010 ). mass transit also makes it easier for people who can \u2019 t afford private vehicles, or can \u2019 t drive them, to get to workplaces, shopping areas and educational institutions. this means that more people are able to be economically active as workers, buyers and sellers, and as well - educated workers of the future. public transit and denser cities reinforce one another through a \u2018 virtuous circle \u2019. transit moves large numbers of people in a smaller space, thus saving space and allowing greater urban density. vuchic first set out the passenger capacity in the different modes. he suggested that a train service could carry up to 50, 000 people per hour in a space that could only convey 2, 500 car travellers per hour. in the same time and space light rail and brt could both convey 10 - 20, 000, while conventional buses could convey 5, 000 ( vuchic, 1981 ). since then, there have been data claims of over 40, 000 passengers per hour on the bogota brt and over 80, 000 per hour on the hong kong metro and mumbai rail system ( which carries 10 million passengers a day ). such huge numbers are related to the density of these cities as only mass transit can adequately service places where space is at such a premium. in car - based cities densities are much lower. it is argued that viable transit requires densities over thirty - five people or jobs per hectare ( newman & kenworthy, 2006 ). moreover, the provision of transit, given its benefits, can further increase densities in its corridor ( bailey et al, 2008 ). finally, a denser city \u2019 s infrastructure costs less per resident ( trubka et al, 2010 ). as well as using less energy and emitting less greenhouse gas than private vehicles do, mass transit has many other environmental benefits. as just noted, much larger numbers of people can be transported within a given space and period of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4983250953225507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.135713"} {"text": "et al, 2010 ). as well as using less energy and emitting less greenhouse gas than private vehicles do, mass transit has many other environmental benefits. as just noted, much larger numbers of people can be transported within a given space and period of time than private vehicles can transport, and this contributes to higher densities. in denser urban areas, less energy and other resources are required per urban resident for the provision not only of roads, but also of all the other services these residents need \u2013 footpaths, bicycle paths, electricity, gas, telecommunication lines, water, sewerage, stormwater drainage, and so on. and in denser urban areas people travel shorter distances for work, shopping, leisure and social purposes, and this leads to further energy savings. and despite being denser, if cities have clean, efficient mass transit they will have less of the crowding, noise and pollution that cars, motor - bikes, motor - scooters and other private vehicles generate. pollutants like particulates from diesel are major causes of asthma and other respiratory diseases. a well - designed mass transit city will also have good networks of safe walkways and cycleways to enable residents to walk or cycle for short trips, or to walk or cycle to transit stations for longer ones. these non - motorised means of travel are of course completely non - polluting and, to the extent that they replace trips using other transport modes, they help to reduce overall pollution and greenhouse gas emission levels. figure 5 summarizes energy efficiency data by mode in 84 cities. in some cities exceptionally low energy usage can be found, such as 0. 05 mj / pass - km in chinese light - rail, due mainly to high loadings. when estimating greenhouse gas reduction potential from mass transit it is also necessary to consider the \u2018 transit leverage \u2019 factor, i. e. the tendency for every kilometre travelled on transit to replace between 5 and 7 kilometres of total travel. [ media : image : 5 ] comparing the costs of various modes of mass transit is fraught with difficulty as so many local factors can make costs vary hugely for each mode. the costs of going above ground or underground are always higher than on - ground though this may just not be possible in some dense cities. the main consideration is the capacity of the system to attract patronage and the mode that is best able to do that needs to then be assessed against the costs of the cars that will be cramming the city if the system is not built. high capacity systems like fast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5168432270386076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.136863"} {"text": "is the capacity of the system to attract patronage and the mode that is best able to do that needs to then be assessed against the costs of the cars that will be cramming the city if the system is not built. high capacity systems like fast rail ( regional, metro and suburban ) are most expensive to build, but will take the highest proportion of car travel out of the urban system, and this can be demonstrated to provide higher benefits than costs ( wright & fjellstrom, 2005 ). and transport that is more costly to build may also be cheaper to run ( see for example afd & meeddm, 2009 ). when assessing the benefits and costs of mass transit, many factors need to be taken into account, including predicted travel time savings, reductions in fuel, pollution and accidents, and space saved when the city builds up around the transit infrastructure ( known as \u2018 agglomeration economies \u2019 ) ( see australian government, department of infrastructure and transport ) a rapid train system costs about the same per kilometre as a freeway, whether the train or freeway are at ground level, underground or above ground. perth \u2019 s new southern train system costs much less than a normal freeway to build ( $ a17 million per km ) and frequently carries the equivalent of eight lanes of traffic ( newman et al, 2009 ). transit systems can be financed and managed through public - private - partnerships, with private partners building the system, operating it, or both. when the transit system in buenos aires switched to private operators, patronage doubled over a five year period and the budget burden of the system was reduced by nearly us $ 1 billion per year. systems can also be financed through land development, as mentioned in the tod section. real estate above and around transit stations can be sold by government or private developers to help finance the transit system. such property will sell for a higher price because of its closeness both to good transit and to the many facilities clustered around transit stations. it will tend to keep its value in bad times and appreciate faster in good times. hong kong and tokyo financed their rail systems in this way, and many us cities are using tax increment financing based on land development to fund new rail projects. in relation to hong kong, see rail and property development in hong kong : experiences and extensions ( cervero & murakami, 2009 ). public funds may also be available through the world bank, regional development banks or bilateral development cooperation arrangements. in addition, climate change funding mechanisms may fund transit projects, specifically, the clean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4357826098746621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.138024"} {"text": "extensions ( cervero & murakami, 2009 ). public funds may also be available through the world bank, regional development banks or bilateral development cooperation arrangements. in addition, climate change funding mechanisms may fund transit projects, specifically, the clean development mechanism ( cdm ) and the global environment facility ( gef ). transit operating costs can of course be at least partially covered by passenger fares. almost all modern public transit systems are subsidised by government, and each city or locality must decide the amount of subsidy it can afford to provide. making transit affordable for all socio - economic groups should be a high priority, and one option is to offer concessional fares for specific groups, such as older people, children and those out of work or unable to work. in this way public support is being targeted at those who might not otherwise be able to afford the transit. agence francaise de developpement ( afd ) and the french ministry of ecology, energy, sustainable development and the sea ( meeddm ) ( 2009 ). who pays what for good transport? handbook of good practices, codau, available at http : / / www. codatu. org / english / studies / handbook _ good _ practices. pdf, viewed 23 feb 2011. australian government, department of infrastructure and transport : www. infrastructure. gov. au, viewed 23 feb 2011. bailey, l., p. l. molchtarian & a. little, ( 2008 ). the broader connection between public transportation, energy conservation and ghg reduction, icf international, february 2008 ; cervero r. & j. murakami ( 2009 ). \u2018 rail and property development in hong kong : experiences and extensions \u2019, urban studies, vol. 46, no. 10, 2009, pp. 2019 - 2043. embarq. bus karo : a guidebook on bus planning and operations, available at http : / / www. embarq. org / en / bus - karo - a - guidebookbus - planning - operations, viewed 23 feb 2011. embarq ( b ). modernizing public transportation : lessons learnt from major bus improvements in latin america and asia, http : / / www. embarq. org / en / modernizing - publictransportation, viewed 23 feb 2011. feiner. j. p. et al, ( 2002 ). \u2018 priming sustainability : the kunming urban regional development project \u2019, disp 151, 2002, pp 59", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4657605778994941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.139074"} {"text": "modernizing - publictransportation, viewed 23 feb 2011. feiner. j. p. et al, ( 2002 ). \u2018 priming sustainability : the kunming urban regional development project \u2019, disp 151, 2002, pp 59 - 67, available www. nsl. ethz. ch / index. php / de / content / download / 435 / 2831 / file, viewed 23 feb 2011. itdp ( 2007 ). bus rapid transit planning guide in english, available at http : / / www. itdp. org / index. php / microsite / brt _ planning _ guide _ in _ english, viewed 23 feb 20011, newman, p. & j. kenworthy ( 1999 ). sustainability and cities, island press, washington, 1999. newman, p. & j. kenworthy, ( 2006 ). \u2018 urban design to reduce automobile dependence in centers \u2019, opolis 2 ( 1, 2006 ), pp 35 - 52. newman, p., beatley. t. & boyer, h. ( 2009 ). resilient cities : responding to peak oil and climate change, island press, washington dc, 2009. rogat, jorge ( ed ) ( 2009 ). planificacion e implementacion de un sistema de bus rapido en america latina resumen orientado a tomadores decisions, unep, unep riso centre, gef, 2009, available at http : / / nestlac. org / publicaciones / planificacion & implementacionbusrapidoamericalatina. pdf, viewed 23 feb 2011. sierra, k. ( 2008 ). foreword. in safe, clean and affordable... transport for development, the world bank group \u2019 s transport business strategy for 2008 - 2012, washington dc, 2008. trubka, r., p. newman & d. bilsborough ( 2010 ). \u2018 the costs of urban sprawl \u2019, in parts 1 - 3, environmental design guide, april 2010. vasconcellos, e. ( 2001 ). urban transport, environment, and equity : the case for developing countries, earthscan publications ltd. november 2001. vasconcelos, e. ( 2010 ). \u2018 analisis de la movilidad urbana espacio, medio ambiente y equidad \u2019, caf, available at http : / / omu. caf. com / media / 14683 / analisis _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48042373989314424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.139916"} {"text": "api for probabilities. finite - distributions full namespace name : clojure. contrib. probabilities. finite - distributions finite probability distributions this library defines a monad for combining finite probability public variables and functions usage : ( certainly v ) returns a distribution in which the single value v has probability 1. usage : ( choose & choices ) construct a distribution from an explicit list of probabilities and values. they are given in the form of a vector of probability - value pairs. in the last pair, the probability can be given by the keyword : else, which stands for 1 minus the total of the other probabilities. variant of the dist monad that can handle undefined values. usage : ( cond - prob pred dist ) returns the conditional probability for the values in dist that satisfy the predicate pred. monad describing computations on fuzzy quantities, represented by a finite probability distribution for the possible values. a distribution is represented by a map from values to probabilities. usage : ( join - with f dist1 dist2 ) returns the distribution of ( f x y ) with x from dist1 and y from dist2. usage : ( make - distribution coll f ) returns the distribution in which each element x of the collection has a probability proportional to ( f x ) usage : ( normalize weights ) convert a weight map ( e. g. a map of counter values ) to a distribution by multiplying with a normalization factor. if the map has a key : total, its value is assumed to be the sum over all the other values and it is used for normalization. otherwise, the sum is calculated explicitly. the : total key is removed from the resulting distribution. usage : ( prob pred dist ) return the probability that the predicate pred is satisfied in the distribution dist, i. e. the sum of the probabilities of the values that satisfy pred. usage : ( uniform coll ) return a distribution in which each of the elements of coll has the same probability. usage : ( zipf s n ) returns the zipf distribution in which the numbers k = 1.. n have probabilities proportional to 1 / k ^ s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5780425881369029, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.142338"} {"text": "how to avoid being a victim of identity theft, online fraud identity theft and online fraud are two of the fastest - growing crimes in the nation. these crimes can rob you of your money, time, and peace of mind. typically, these crimes happen on the internet where a criminal steals an individual ' s personal information like his social security number or password, and uses these to commit fraud and other crimes. these crimes are particularly harmful as the crime can be ongoing and happen over a long period of time before you actually become aware. in addition, identity thieves and online frauds may access all of your personal information, giving them the potential to wipe you out. the best way to fight identity theft is to prevent it from happening in the first place. keep the following three tips in mind on how to avoid being a victim of identity theft or online fraud. 1. keep your personal records safe. while identity theft and fraud generally happen online, you may also be robbed of your identity offline. prior to the internet, many criminals would dumpster dive and look for your sensitive information in the garbage. this still happens. so keep your personal information secure in your home such as in a safe or locked drawer. if you must dispose of such information, you should shred it first. 2. use a password that is unique. \" password \" and \" mypassword1234 \" are easy to remember, but hardly unique. other passwords to avoid are pet ' s names, phone numbers, birthdays, and anything else easily guessed. also, you should avoid using the same password for all your accounts. this way, if one password is compromised, some of your accounts will be unaffected. 3. don ' t give out personal information over the phone. there are many scammers that are attempting to use telephone calls to get personal information. these phone calls will often sound official, such as a department store \u2019 s credit department calling in order to get payment. typically, legitimate businesses will not require anything too personal over the phone. - identity theft ( findlaw ) - detecting identity theft : has someone stolen your identity? ( findlaw ' s common law ) - irs trash puts consumers at risk of identity theft, report finds ( findlaw ' s common law )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4461739361274046, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.146887"} {"text": "1 - \u201c see the women and children going to the train, fair - you - well, my husband, if i never see you again, the engineer turned his head when he heard so many were dead ; so many have lost their lives. isn \u2019 t it sad, isn \u2019 t it sad? excursion left durham going to charlotte, north carolina isn \u2019 t it sad, isn \u2019 t it sad? so many have lost their lives. 2 - some of us have mothers standing at the train, fare - well - well, my daughters, i may never see you again, and the train began to fly and some didn \u2019 t come back alive ; so many have lost their lives. 3 - the firemen said to the engineer, \u201c we are something late, we don \u2019 t want to meet up with the local freight, \u201d the local was on the line and they could not get there on time ; so many have lost their lives. 4 - when the news got to durham, some said it was a lie, but there were some in the hospital almost ready to die, and there poor old mothers, you know, they were running from door to door ; because so many have lost their lives. 5 - now colored people i will tell you to your face, the train that left durham was loaded with our race, and some did not think of dying when they rode on down the line ; so many have lost their lives ; 6 - they put the dead in coffins and sent them back to town, and then they were taken to the burying ground, you could hear the coffin sound when they let those bodies down ; so many have lost their lives. by franklin williams and william firkins. click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections. the images and audio files contained in the \" so mote it ever be : the folksong heritage of north carolina ' s northern blue ridge mountains \" collection are available for free personal, non - commercial, and educational use, provided that proper citation is used ( e. g. i. g. greer / w. amos abrams manuscript files series, folksong files subseries, w. l. eury appalachian collection, special collections, appalachian state university, boone, nc ). any commercial use of the materials without the written permission of appalachian state university is strictly prohibited. please contact the appalachian state university w. l. eury appalachian collection with specific questions or with requests for further information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4702349582226927, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.151134"} {"text": "autism is a genetic disorder. we ' ve known this ever since the 1970s when studies by susan folstein and michael rutter showed that genetically identical twins are much more likely to both be autistic than non - identical twins. these findings were incredibly important at the time and fundamentally changed the way people think about autism. but they didn ' t tell us which genes cause autism or, perhaps more importantly, how they do it. i ' ve just been attending the autism brain research meeting in san diego. much of the first day was dedicated to genetic research and animal models of autism. the gist of the talks was that, while there are some genetic variations that carry a high risk for autism, these are probably very rare and only account for a very small proportion of cases. most ' genes for autism ' will actually carry a very low risk of the person actually having autism, so identifying these genes is going to be difficult. however, a recent study, just out in science translational medicine, offers a new perspective. ashley scott - van zeeland and colleagues focused on one particular gene - cntnap2 - apparently referred to colloquially as the \" catnap \" gene. previous studies have linked cntnap2 to autism, but also to specific language impairment, adhd, tourette syndrome, and schizophrenia. it encodes a protein, caspr2, which is thought to be involved in the migration of cells during brain development and is expressed in frontal and temporal lobes in humans. in the first part of the study, the authors conducted a genetic test on the saliva of 32 children, half of whom had a diagnosis of autism. across the whole sample, they identified 9 kids who carried the allele ( variant ) of the cntnap2 gene that has been linked to autism. it ' s not clear how many of the 9 ' at risk ' kids were in the autism group, but reading between the lines it seems like a 5 : 4 split. then, rather than comparing the autism group to the non - autism group, they compared the 9 children with the ' risk allele ' to the remaining 23 children fmri was used to record brain activity while participants completed a reward - guided implicit learning task in which they were given a monetary reward for correct responses. the first main finding was that the ' non - risk ' group showed reduced activity in the medial prefrontal cortex ( mpfc ). this might sound a bit counter - intuitive, but the mpfc is part of what is termed the ' default", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5134039640770952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.158039"} {"text": "the first main finding was that the ' non - risk ' group showed reduced activity in the medial prefrontal cortex ( mpfc ). this might sound a bit counter - intuitive, but the mpfc is part of what is termed the ' default mode network ' - a collection of brain regions that show reduced rather than increased activity during cognitive tasks. so the risk allele was associated with a reduction in normal reduction in mpfc activity. if that makes sense. previous studies have reported abnormal patterns of mpfc activity in autism during theory of mind tasks, as well as abnormalities of the default mode network. so this finding fits nicely with the autism research, except for the fact that it ' s looking at the cntnap2 gene, irrespective of autism diagnosis. the authors also conducted connectivity analysis on residual time series. put simply, this involved subtracting out activity related to actually completing the task and then looking at which brain regions showed a similar pattern of changes in activity over time as the mpfc. individuals with the risk allele showed greater connectivity between the mpfc and neighbouring right frontal cortex, but reduced connectivity with more distant regions including the medial occipital cortex and the lateral temporal cortices *. this fits in nicely with the idea that \" the frontal cortex in autism might be only talking to itself \". except again this a study relating to a risk allele, not to autism per se. just to be sure, the authors then analysed the data from a second study, using a completely different task and a completely different group of subjects. this time none of the subjects were autistic. but the connectivity analysis showed a very similar pattern of results. individuals with the risk allele showed stronger local connectivity and weaker long - range connectivity with the mpfc. so really, this study isn ' t about autism. it ' s showing a link between a gene associated with autism ( cntnap2 ) and individual differences in patterns of brain activity that have been associated with autism. having this gene doesn ' t mean that you ' ve got autism. it doesn ' t even mean there ' s a high risk of autism. but it may have a subtle effect on the way the brain is wired up and this may put you at an ever - so - slightly higher risk of having autism. or schizophrenia. or language difficulties. presumably, all depending on a host of other genetic and environmental risk factors to which you ' re also exposed. one thing i ' d really like to know is whether non", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5571357293835292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.159105"} {"text": "so - slightly higher risk of having autism. or schizophrenia. or language difficulties. presumably, all depending on a host of other genetic and environmental risk factors to which you ' re also exposed. one thing i ' d really like to know is whether non - autistic individuals with the ' risky ' variant of the cntnap2 gene differ in terms of their behaviour or cognitive processes. are there subtle differences, for example, in language or perceptual processing, or their social characteristics? or are they only observable at the brain level? looking at this might help us work out which particular aspects of autism might be linked to this neural / genetic pathway. * the authors also reported that the non - risk group showed focal patterns of connectivity between the mpfc and regions in the left hemisphere classically associated with language processing, including left inferior frontal gyrus, insula, anterior temporal pole, superior temporal gyrus, and angular gyrus. in contrast, the at - risk group showed much more widespread connectivity across both left and right hemispheres. however, while tantalising, it doesn ' t appear that these differences were statistically significant when direct comparisons were made between the two groups. - virginia hughes ( as per usual ) had the scoop on this research last year. - discover and time also covered the study - lindsay at autist ' s corner has recently written about the cntnap2 gene and has covered some other autism genetics stories here and here scott - van zeeland aa, abrahams bs, alvarez - retuerto ai, sonnenblick li, rudie jd, ghahremani d, mumford ja, poldrack ra, dapretto m, geschwind dh, & bookheimer sy ( 2010 ). altered functional connectivity in frontal lobe circuits is associated with variation in the autism risk gene cntnap2. science translational medicine, 2 ( 56 ) pmid : 21048216", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5069145822448586, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.159819"} {"text": "bessie ( lake erie ) lake erie \u2013 lake monster lake erie is located in cleveland ohio and there is said to be a creature roaming its waters. there have been many sightings in the waters of lake erie of a unknown creature that is known to many by the nickname of \u201c bessie \u201d. the lake erie locals have themselves given this unknown cryptid a name \u201c south bay bessie \u201d. the creature has been reported as far back as the 1800 \u2032 s up until many present day sightings. most discriptions vary some but the creature is said to have a snake like frame ranging in length from 30 to 40 feet long and having a grayish color. sightings of bessie have started to become a little more frequent over the last two decades. there was an attack in 1992 where 3 people were killed on the lake and the creature was reportedly linked to the tragidy. one of the people who survived the attack was said to make a quote saying \u201c the creature that attacked him has a head the size of a car \u201d, but this report cannot be confirmed so it is considered by many to simply be a local myth or legend. many main stream scientist still reject the notion that \u201c bessie \u201d could be alive and well in lake erie. they refer to the fact that the lake does not offer a habitat capable of sustaining a creature the size of bessie alone much less anykind of breading population of the creatures. but many in the cryptozoological field say that it is possible the creature could have adapted to the lake conditions over the years and could very well be alive and well and able to sustain itself. there is still to this day a reward offered for a humane capture of the living creature known as \u201c bessie \u201d. does this lake monster really exist in the waters of lake erie? well there is yet to be any solid proof to the existance of any cryptid among the waters, but only time will tell if this turns out to be simply a local legend. the search continues \u2013 cryptoreports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39067855312710353, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.161778"} {"text": "ball & beam : system modeling a ball is placed on a beam, see figure below, where it is allowed to roll with 1 degree of freedom along the length of the beam. a lever arm is attached to the beam at one end and a servo gear at the other. as the servo gear turns by an angle, the lever changes the angle of the beam by. when the angle is changed from the horizontal position, gravity causes the ball to roll along the beam. a controller will be designed for this system so that the ball ' s position can be manipulated. for this problem, we will assume that the ball rolls without slipping and friction between the beam and ball is negligible. the constants and variables for this example are defined as follows : ( m ) mass of the ball 0. 11 kg ( r ) radius of the ball 0. 015 m ( d ) lever arm offset 0. 03 m ( g ) gravitational acceleration 9. 8 m / s ^ 2 ( l ) length of the beam 1. 0 m ( j ) ball ' s moment of inertia 9. 99e - 6 kg. m ^ 2 ( r ) ball position coordinate ( alpha ) beam angle coordinate ( theta ) servo gear angle - settling time < 3 seconds - overshoot < 5 % the second derivative of the input angle actually affects the second derivative of. however, we will ignore this contribution. the lagrangian equation of motion for the ball is then given by the following : linearization of this equation about the beam angle,, gives us the following linear approximation of the system : the equation which relates the beam angle to the angle of the gear can be approximated as linear by the equation below : substituting this into the previous equation, we get : 1. transfer function taking the laplace transform of the equation above, the following equation is found : rearranging we find the transfer function from the gear angle ( ) to the ball position ( ). it should be noted that the above plant transfer function is a double integrator. as such it is marginally stable and will provide a challenging control problem. the transfer function can be implemented in matlab as follows : m = 0. 111 ; r = 0. 015 ; g = - 9. 8 ; l = 1. 0 ; d = 0. 03 ; j = 9. 99e - 6 ; s = tf ( ' s ' ) ; p _ ball = - m * g * d / l / ( j / r", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5595568801602969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.165756"} {"text": "8 ; l = 1. 0 ; d = 0. 03 ; j = 9. 99e - 6 ; s = tf ( ' s ' ) ; p _ ball = - m * g * d / l / ( j / r ^ 2 + m ) / s ^ 2 p _ ball = 0. 21 - - - - s ^ 2 continuous - time transfer function. the linearized system equations can also be represented in state - space form. this can be done by selecting the ball ' s position ( ) and velocity ( ) as the state variable and the gear angle ( ) as the input. the state - space representation is shown below : however, for our state - space example we will be using a slightly different model. the same equation for the ball still applies but instead of controlling the position through the gear angle,, we will control the torque of the beam. below is the representation of this system : note : for this system the gear and lever arm would not be used, instead a motor at the center of the beam will apply torque to the beam, to control the ball ' s position. the state - space equations can be represented in matlab with the following commands ( these equations are for the torque control model ). h = - m * g / ( j / ( r ^ 2 ) + m ) ; a = [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 h 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ] ; b = [ 0 0 0 1 ] ' ; c = [ 1 0 0 0 ] ; d = ; ball _ ss = ss ( a, b, c, d ) ball _ ss = a = x1 x2 x3 x4 x1 0 1 0 0 x2 0 0 7 0 x3 0 0 0 1 x4 0 0 0 0 b = u1 x1 0 x2 0 x3 0 x4 1 c = x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 1 0 0 0 d = u1 y1 0 continuous - time state - space model.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5599504007698157, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.166426"} {"text": "virtual sailing program helps people with disabilities \" it provides participants with a sense of purpose and hope, \" says dexter township resident larry courson, who is working to gauge interest in bringing the v - sail trainer simulator to the community. a virtual sailing program that helps people with spinal cord injuries develop upper body strength and boost coordination skills might be implemented in dexter. dexter township resident larry courson is working to bring the v - sail trainer program to the community to help children and adults with developmental and physical disabilities. \" right now we ' re just in the planning stages, \" courson said. \" i ' m really looking for volunteers and families with special needs children to indicate whether or not there is an interest. \" similar to flight simulators, the v - sail trainer program is a sailboat simulator operated by custom designed software. the sailor sails the simulator around virtual courses displayed on a computer screen, or overhead display, in the same way as a real sailboat on water. electronic sensors provide real time feedback to match the movements of the virtual sailboat displayed on the screen with those of the simulator. \" for some participants, therapeutic sailing acts as a life preserver pulling them out of the depths of despair. it allows them to take control of the wheel and put aside the uncertainty that often capsizes their everyday life. by facilitating teamwork and communication, \" courson said. \" it provides participants with a sense of purpose and hope. \" courson said he would like to partner with local organizations to acquire the simulator, which costs roughly $ 40, 000. \" the simulator costs too much for just one group, but if we partner together, the cost is negligible, \" he said. \" ideally we could house the simulator at the dexter wellness center or at a local church and allow any group to use it, \" courson said. \" i think it has great potential to help not only special needs children and adults in dexter, but also cancer patients and people throughout southeast michigan with other rehabilitative needs, as well. \" courson said the idea came to him after participating in a recreational sailing club at the university of michigan last year. \" i wasn ' t very good ( at sailing ), and after doing more and more research, i stumbled on this virtual sailing program, \" he said. the program is currently available at john \u2019 s hopkins university, and is endorsed by dr. norman saunders, a prominent australian neurologist, and dave mccabe, a former nasa engineer. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.470030278479063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.171137"} {"text": "stray dogs have learned to use the subway in their search travel for food. they board the trains daily and travel back and forth without paying any fares ; quite a feat for supposedly \u201c dumb animals. \u201d according to russian biology professor andrew poyarkov, dogs in moscow have learned to use the city ' s underground rail system. he told the press that he has seen them travel into the center of the city, where they can more easily find food, each morning and travel back to where they live each evening. in his words : \u201c they do not just go to the subway station, they actually board the trains. they seem to have learnt how long they need to stay on the train to leave at the right station. sometimes they fall asleep and miss their stop. then they get off take another train back to the centre. \u201d moscow ecologists believe that this phenomenon began in the early 1990s after the soviet union collapsed and moscow fell into the hands of new class of russian capitalists. this commercial revolution, which was marked by the removal of moscow \u2019 s industrial complexes that had served as shelters for homeless dogs, eliminated access to habitual feeding places like trash bins. the dogs were forced to make lemons out of lemonade, so to speak, and find new ways to reach different feeding grounds. it is as if the animals commute in the same manner as their human counterparts ; they travel to the center in the morning and back home again in the evening. amazingly, these dogs have the ability to usually not miss their stop while traveling by subway. biologists feel this talent relates to an innate sense of timing. they also know to cross the street on a green traffic light, which scientists feel has more to do with the picture that appears on the light rather than the color. the dogs usually choose the first or the last car on the subway, which are generally the least crowded. despite their desperate existences, the dogs often play while they travel back and forth. they often jump into the train just seconds before the door closes and risking injury to their tails. this is a sad commentary on the lot of stray animals but its message is clearly one of survival. the world may be going to the dogs but not without the dogs adjusting to it and marking it with their own particular stamp of animal ingenuity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4569141569446253, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.187577"} {"text": "concept 39 a genome is an entire set of genes. cross pure - bred pea plants to identify dominant flower color. hi! one of the first steps in locating a disease gene is screening families with the disease for markers that are linked to the gene. scientists use short tandem repeats ( str ) as markers. these repeats can vary from ten to hundreds of base pairs, and are usually found in multiple copies. different people will have different numbers of these repeats. in this example, a has two copies and b has four copies of the tandem repeat. the dna sequences flanking the repeats are unique sequences found in everyone. pcr primers can be made to the unique flanking sequences and the intervening fragments can be amplified. these fragments are different sizes because of the number of repeats present in the individuals. the size difference can be seen when the fragments are electrophoresed on a gel. assuming that a and b are homozygous for the length of an str, what would the gel pattern look like for their progeny c? no, if c is the progeny of a and b, then it should have both bands. no, if c is the progeny of a and b, then it should have two bands. no, if c is the progeny of a and b, then it should not have a different size band. a progeny from a cross between a and b will be heterozygous for the length of the str. in other words, c will have the smaller - size fragment from a and the larger - size fragment from b. the size differences of strs are markers that can be associated with the occurrence of a disease or genetic trait. which of the following gels and associated pedigrees shows an str linked with an autosomal, recessive disease gene? no, two affected individuals have different str patterns ; there is no linkage. no, two unaffected individuals have different str patterns ; there is no linkage. no, both the affected and unaffected parent have the same str pattern ; there is no linkage. in this example, the str is linked to an autosomal, recessive disorder. carriers and the affected individual all have the same str fragment. this is only a very small sample size. larger, multi - generational analysis can confirm the linkage of this str with the disease trait. gene hunters try to find two markers linked to one gene. which two markers ( labeled 1 and 2 ) will be most useful?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5785005175676322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.202805"} {"text": "sample size. larger, multi - generational analysis can confirm the linkage of this str with the disease trait. gene hunters try to find two markers linked to one gene. which two markers ( labeled 1 and 2 ) will be most useful? gene hunters look for markers that are tightly linked to the disease gene. this indicates that the gene is nearby. by finding two flanking markers, gene hunters narrow their search to a defined stretch of dna. though the flanking markers are relatively close together, there may be a million base pairs and a hundred genes to wade through. your next step is to find the coding sequences in this region. first you need to clone the dna between the two markers, and order them with additional markers. if your biggest clone is 150, 000 bp, which of the following \" clone maps \" is most useful in your hunt? no, there are gaps between the clones. no, the clones are too big. remember, you don ' t know where the gene is, so you have to clone the entire region. overlapping clones are needed to put each clone in the proper order. now, you need to locate the coding sequences on the clones. what method cannot be used to identify coding sequences? a ) look for hybridization between cloned dna and a human cdna library. ( no, human cdna will identify coding sequences by hybridization. ) b ) look for hybridization between cloned dna and dna from other species. ( no, dna from other species will identify coding sequences by hybridization if the genes are conserved. ) c ) sequence the clones and look for tell - tale signs of coding sequences. ( no, common promoter sequences can be used to find the beginnings of coding sequences. ) d ) look for hybridization between cloned dna and dna from patients with the disease. b and d. ( no, only one of these is incorrect. ) when using dna instead of cdna, hybridization will reveal noncoding as well as coding sequences. suppose you get lucky, and your analysis only reveals three candidate genes. for each, you compare sequences of unaffected people and disease patients. candidate gene # 1 no differences found. candidate gene # 3 disease patients are missing an exon. candidate gene # 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms found in some disease patients. which candidate is most likely the disease gene? candidate # 1 no differences found. ( no, that is incorrect. ) candidate gene # 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms found in some disease patients. ( no, that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4864876387319677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.208865"} {"text": "the fourth volume covers the period of governor johnston ' s administration, the longest known in the annals of north carolina. governor gabriel johnston, the successor of burrington, was a scotchman by birth, and received his education in the university of st. andrews. he also spent a few years in studying medicine, after which, still in early manhood, he was made professor of the oriental languages in st. andrews. later still, he removed to london, where he employed himself as a political writer with such effect that he was appointed governor of north carolina, spence compton, baron of wilmington, being his chief patron. his administration began on the 2d november, 1734, when he took the oaths of office at brunswick, and continued till his death, which occurred on 17th july, 1752. unlike his immediate predecessors, governor johnston was neither a profane man nor a drunkard, and he has come down to us with the enviable reputation of having done more to promote the prosperity of the colony than perhaps all the other colonial governors put together. one of our historians goes so far as to say that he deserved the gratitude of every citizen of north carolina as a statesman, a scholar and a patriot. another lauds him as a general benefactor of the province and its special patron of learning, declaring that he was so earnest in his efforts to advance the cause of education that he urged its importance upon every legislature during his stay here. a still later writer says he was the ablest of all the colonial governors, not less distinguished for his energy and prudence than for his extensive classical and scientific attainments. chalmers, who lived nearer to his time than any other historian, says \u201c he was a man of sufficient knowledge and prudence, but whose experience degenerated a little into cunning. \u201d it may well be doubted, however, in view of the facts now presented, whether his enviable reputation has a sure foundation. the fact that his brother was the founder of a distinguished and influential family, and that a noted fort and a prominent county in the state have borne his name, and the further fact that the province grew and thrived greatly during his administration, have doubtless had much to do with creating and perpetuating a favorable public opinion in regard to him. but the fact that a county was named after him proves nothing, unless it be that our ancestors were wise in their day and generation, for every royal governor, save burrington, was thus honored, just as in the days of the proprietary government, the lords proprietors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4337608568251343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.268107"} {"text": "a county was named after him proves nothing, unless it be that our ancestors were wise in their day and generation, for every royal governor, save burrington, was thus honored, just as in the days of the proprietary government, the lords proprietors were the recipients of such honors. at the breaking out of the revolution there were four counties in north carolina named after royal governors, viz : johnston, dobbs, tryon and martin. wake county, too, may almost be put in the same list, for it was named after esther wake, a sister of governor tryon ' s wife. in the course of time, after the revolutionary fever had reached its height, dobbs and tryon counties disappeared, glasgow and lenoir in the east and lincoln and rutherford in the west taking their places. wake county came very near sharing the same fate, but when the proposition was made in the legislature to change its name, it was replied that the county was named after a woman who was as charming in manner as lovely in person, and with one consent, our gallant ancestors declared the name should remain, and it is to be hoped it will ever remain as a memorial, not only of the beauty and attractions of esther wake, but of the gallantry of our forefathers. neither does the fact that the province advanced rapidly and steadily during his administration prove anything, if it be remembered that the province had already entered upon and was well on the way in a career of prosperity before he landed upon our shores. and in the matter of his efforts to advance the cause of education, the truth seems to be that in all the years he was governor of the province, governor johnston called the attention of the legislature to the subject only one time \u2014 an effort that, made shortly after his arrival, seems to have exhausted his interest in the subject. indeed, so far as now appears, if he had any influence whatever upon the province it was to retard its growth. his intentions doubtless were good, and his motives pure enough, but he was exceedingly arbitrary, not to say unscrupulous, in his methods. in one case, according to his own admission, he sought to procure the passage of a bill he favored by calling the legislature together at a time and place that would prevent its opponents from being present, and, he significantly adds, \u201c some of the most troublesome leading men were prevailed upon to be absent ; \u201d but it was all in vain. at another time, using similar means in behalf of another measure, he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39971107930515454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.269932"} {"text": "opponents from being present, and, he significantly adds, \u201c some of the most troublesome leading men were prevailed upon to be absent ; \u201d but it was all in vain. at another time, using similar means in behalf of another measure, he was more successful, but the \u201c management, \u201d as he called it, was so glaring that the crown refused to accept the fruits of it, though much desired and much to its advantage. at still another time, when he wished to move the seat of government from brunswick to newton, the place he afterwards named wilmington, in honor of his patron, the earl of wilmington, his course was equally arbitrary, to call it by no harsher name. there were eight members of the upper house, four of whom voted against the bill for the removal, and four, including the presiding officer, voted for it. the presiding officer, chief justice smith, claimed the right to give a casting vote, and having done so, that is to say, having voted twice in favor of the bill, declared it had passed, and sent it to the governor. the governor, thereupon, formally gave his assent to the bill, and announced that he would regard all bills passed in that way as being legally enacted. at still another time, when he wished to save chief justice smith from impeachment and trial for malfeasance in office, he induced members of the legislature to absent themselves, and then a quorum not being present he dissolved the legislature for want of a quorum and sent the members home. in spite of all his \u201c management, \u201d however, he seems to have been but little if any more successful in controlling the legislatures of his day than were his predecessors, and was in favor neither with the people in the province nor the government at home in england. one of his first acts as governor was to initiate a bitter quarrel with the leading men of the cape fear on the subject of the blank patents, as they were called, in which he alleged that the grossest fraud had been perpetrated. later, governor johnston was doubtless well enough versed in the learning of the books, and doubtless, too, he was not unacquainted with the learning so easily to be acquired in london under walpole ' s administration, as to the \u201c management \u201d of legislative bodies. it not unfrequently happens, however, that a mere scholar is unfitted to grapple with the practical details of daily life. especially is a mere theorist unfitted to solve the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48616143717674803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.271250"} {"text": ", as to the \u201c management \u201d of legislative bodies. it not unfrequently happens, however, that a mere scholar is unfitted to grapple with the practical details of daily life. especially is a mere theorist unfitted to solve the problems that constantly present themselves in frontier life. had johnston been a practical man, he would have seen the importance of answering the queries annually propounded to him by the board of trade as to the material condition of the province, its resources and development, and we would not have been left so much to conjecture in that regard. had he been a man of practical business capacity, he would certainly have collected money enough to pay his own salary and the salary of the other officers of the government. as it was, when he died his salary was thirteen years in arrears \u2014 years during which the province had grown greatly in wealth and population. his salary was \u00a31, 000 per annum, and he might have paid himself out of the quit renis under his instructions if he had collected them. had he been a practical man, he would have counted the cost, to say nothing of the chances of success, before entering upon a quarrel like that with the northern counties, the outcome of which he ought to have known would be confusion and anarchy, if not open insurrection, that he was helpless to suppress. but counting the cost and weighing chances of success, he seemed to think not worth considering. sharp practice, intrigue, \u201c management, \u201d as he termed it, and the manifold devices of a cunning nature, were much more to his taste. but they availed not but what better could have been expected from a man who, going from the atmosphere of a scotch university to that of a london political writer at a time when political writings were characterized by \u201c equal animosity and argument, \u201d was suddenly transplanted to the wilds of america and made governor not because of his fitness for the place, but as a reward for his vigor or his zeal in the defence of his patron? in a word, our present knowledge of the condition of the province during his administration does by no means justify the impression that he exerted any influence for good on its destinies. nor does it increase our respect for him as a man, after bringing about a deplorable state of affairs, to find him complaining to the authorities in england, that without help from there he could not much longer maintain even the semblance of a government, a complaint that he had occasion to make more than once", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4368937242623395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.272383"} {"text": "a deplorable state of affairs, to find him complaining to the authorities in england, that without help from there he could not much longer maintain even the semblance of a government, a complaint that he had occasion to make more than once during his administration. nor does it improve one ' s regard for his memory to find him abusing, as \u201c wild and barbarous, \u201d the people he could not mould to his will. it is difficult to believe, too, that a man could have exercised a controlling influence in a province without leaving some record showing the fact. governor johnston left no such record. in none of the many papers he wrote during the eighteen years he was governor is there anything by which we may form an estimate of the population of the province or its material growth. happily, burrington and dobbs left us information by which its condition at the beginning and at the end of johnston ' s administration may be known. of his quarrel about the blank patents, that with the northern counties, that with mcculloh, and those about the currency, the king ' s quit rents, about the chief justice, about the removal from brunswick to wilmington, the records are full enough, but nowhere do we find a word from him to show the condition of the agricultural, commercial or manufacturing interest of the province, and but once any reference to the great tide of population that was so rapidly filling up the western section of the province. in this regard he was inferior to burrington, and greatly inferior to both dobbs and tryon. it may be that, in the later years of his life, but, perhaps after all, governor johnston ' s great fault was not that of the individual, but the fault of the age in which he lived, an age that regarded a province simply as a mine, to be worked solely for the profit of its owner, the king. accordingly, never during his whole administration did he seem to think the colonist subjects had any rights that he, as the king ' s representative, was bound to respect, and so, when he found upon his arrival in the country that of all of the proprietary statutes only six had been confirmed by the lords proprietors, as had been required by a practically dead provision of the law, he proceeded to declare all of the unconfirmed laws to be null and void wherever, in his opinion, trenching upon the king ' s prerogative. to promote the interest of the king and to magnify his prerogative, seemed to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4236910868073558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.273963"} {"text": "declare all of the unconfirmed laws to be null and void wherever, in his opinion, trenching upon the king ' s prerogative. to promote the interest of the king and to magnify his prerogative, seemed to have been the mainspring to every action during his administration. many masters doubtless have had more discreet servants, but none one more zealous than was johnston. in 1735, was run the first or eastern part of the boundary line between north and south carolina. it began at the mouth of little river, on the seashore, thirty miles below the mouth of cape fear river, and was extended in a northwest direction 64\u00bd miles, to a point two miles northwest of one of the branches of little pedee. in 1737, the line was extended in the same direction 22 miles, to a stake in a meadow, erroneously supposed to be at the point of intersection with the 35th parallel of north latitude. the commissioners on the part of north carolina were robert halton, eleazer allen, mathew rowan, edward moseley and roger moore. in 1738, the act was passed appointing sheriffs in the place of the marshal and his deputies in the province, directing the mode of choosing them and prescribing their duties, and providing that the precincts should be called counties. in september, 1739, \u201c dugald mcneal, col. mcalister and several other scotch gentlemen, \u201d arrived with three hundred and fifty scotch people, doubtless in the cape fear country, and, in 1740, at the ensuing resolved that the persons mentioned in the said petition, shall be free from payment of any publick or county tax for ten years next ensueing their arrival. resolved that towards their subsistance the sum of one thousand pounds be paid out of the publick money, by his excellency ' s warrant to be lodged with duncan campbell, dugald mcneal, daniel mcneal, coll. mcalister and neal mcneal esqrs to be by them distributed among the several families in the said petition mentioned. resolved that as an encouragement for protestants to remove from europe into this province, to settle themselves in bodys or townships, that all such as shall so remove into this province, provided they exceed forty persons in one body or company, they shall be exempted from payment of any publick or county tax for the space of ten years, next ensueing their arrival. resolved that an address be presented to his excellen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4448881362256184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.275228"} {"text": "provided they exceed forty persons in one body or company, they shall be exempted from payment of any publick or county tax for the space of ten years, next ensueing their arrival. resolved that an address be presented to his excellency the governor to desire him to use his interest, in such manner, as he shall think most proper to obtain an instruction for giveing encouragement to protestants from foreign parts, to settle in townships within this province, to be set apart for that purpose after the manner, & with such priviledges and advantages, as is practised in south carolina. the lower house concurred with the several resolves of the upper house save that relating to the thousand pounds, which was held over till the next assembly for consideration. this was on the 29th february, 1740. further consideration was shown to the new comers on the next day by the appointment by the governor and council of duncan campbell, dugald mcneil, dan. mcneil, col. mcalister and neil mcneil as magistrates for the county of bladen, being the first scotch names that appear in the record of magistrates for bladen county. among other charges brought against the governor was an inordinate fondness for his brother scotchmen, even scotch rebels. his partiality in 1740, england having declared war against spain, over four hundred men were raised in the colony, and distributed into four companies for service in the expedition against st. augustine. two hundred more could have been easily raised if it had been possible to negotiate bills of exchange so as to get ready money. the troops embarked, some at cape fear and some at edenton. three of the companies were raised in the northern counties. the legislature appropriated \u00a31, 200 sterling to aid in the expedition. early in the following year these troops were transported from florida to jamaica, and there embarking on board the british fleet, under command of admiral vernon, sailed to the harbor of carthagena, in south america, where they took part in the attack on fort st. lazarus. in 1744, lord granville ' s one - eighth part of carolina, under the original grants from king charles, was set off to him by grant from king george, entirely in north carolina, all that territory lying between the virginia line on the north and the parallel of 35\u00b0 34 \u2032 on the south, being thus set off to him. the line ran near or through the old town of bath, the present towns of snow hill and princeton, along the southern borders of the counties of chatham", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4377243587520645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.276722"} {"text": "north and the parallel of 35\u00b0 34 \u2032 on the south, being thus set off to him. the line ran near or through the old town of bath, the present towns of snow hill and princeton, along the southern borders of the counties of chatham, randolph, davidson and rowan, a little below the southern border of catawba county but not as low down as lincolnton, and so on west to the mississippi. in the winter of 1743 - ' 44 the line was run from the coast to the town of bath, and in the spring of 1746 from bath to peter parker ' s house, on the west side of cape fear river, now the southeast corner of chatham county. the reason given by the commissioners for not continuing the line at that in 1747, several small sloops and barcalonjos crept along the coast from st. augustine, full of armed men, mostly mulattoes and negroes, their small draught securing them from the attacks of the only ship of war then on our coast. they landed at ocacock, core sound, bear inlet and cape fear, where they killed several people, burned some ships and small vessels, carried off some negroes and slaughtered a great number of cattle and hogs. these practices were continued all the summer of 1747, and led to the erection of several forts along the coast, one of which, fort johnston, still survives. in 1748, on the 29th september, samuel davis, charles robinson and thomas smith, in behalf of themselves and sundry other inhabitants of the pedee, exhibited to the governor and council a petition setting forth in substance that the inhabitants on the river were some eight hundred to twelve hundred in number, and that the court house of bladen was about 100 miles from the nearest inhabitant, and the roads at times very bad if not impracticable, and praying that a new county be erected to be called anson county. the petition was granted and the new county erected, the boundary between it and bladen being the little pedee river, to the head of the main branch of it, and thence a line equi - distant between haw river and great pedee river. in 1749, on the 11th july, died colonel edward moseley. as has been well said of him, 1 : \u201c of all the men who watched and guarded the tottering footsteps of our infant state, there was not one who, in intellectual ability, in solid and polite learning, in scholarly cultivation and refinement, in courage and endurance, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4485532698121625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.277706"} {"text": "1 : \u201c of all the men who watched and guarded the tottering footsteps of our infant state, there was not one who, in intellectual ability, in solid and polite learning, in scholarly cultivation and refinement, in courage and endurance, in high christian morality, in generous consideration for the welfare of others, in all the true merit, in fine, which makes a man among men, could equal edward moseley. \u201d and yet it is to no one of these qualities, nor to all of them, that the great debt of gratitude north carolina will ever owe to him is due, but to his undying love of free government, and his indomitable maintenance of the rights of the people. doubtless no man ever more fully realized than he, that eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, nor was there ever upon any watchtower a more faithful sentinel than he. and to him, above all others, should north carolina erect her first statue, for to him, above all others, is she indebted for stimulating that love of liberty regulated by law, and that hatred of arbitrary government that has ever characterized her people. in him, arbitrary and oppressive government ever found a bold, prompt and effective opponent. not a mere brawling demagogue, by any means, but a true patriot, who knew the rights of the people, who knew how to assert them and feared not to do it. happily for our state, he came to the front in the formative period of her existence, and, so far as her records show, did more than any man ever within her borders to give shape and direction to the character of her people. it was under his lead that the assembly, in 1716, in a formal resolve, told the governor and his council, \u201c that the impressing of the inhabitants or their property under pretence of its being for the public service, without authority from the assembly, was unwarrantable, and a great infringement of the liberty of the subject. \u201d the man who, at that early day, could formulate that resolve, and the people whose assembly could fling it in the face of the government, were worthy of each other. his first appearance upon the records that have come down to us is as a member of the council in the year 1705, at the meeting at which the county of bath was divided into three precincts. he was then a house - holder, and the council met at his house. how long he had been a member of the council does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48662855606139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.278639"} {"text": "council in the year 1705, at the meeting at which the county of bath was divided into three precincts. he was then a house - holder, and the council met at his house. how long he had been a member of the council does not appear, this being the first record of that body that has come down to us. from that time to the day of his death he was continuously in the public service, in some high office or employment. in 1708, he was elected to the assembly of that year, chosen to decide between the claims of cary and glover to the governorship, and was made speaker of that body. from that time until 1734, when he became a member of the council by royal appointment, and as such a he was also surveyor general of the colony, and for near twenty years one of the commissioners in behalf of north carolina in her famous controversy with virginia about their boundary line. he was also one of the commissioners that ran the line between north and south carolina, chief baron of the exchequer, and associate justice of the general court of the province. he was also for many years public treasurer. meanwhile, he was also the foremost lawyer in the province, and an active member of the vestry in his parish and ever a friend of learning. the list of books he gave to found a provincial library in edenton is still extant. he was also one of the commissioners that ran the line between lord granville ' s possessions and the king ' s domain in the province. his last public service was as a member of the commission to revise the laws of the province. surely, it is no mean tribute to his character that while he was so beloved by the people, that he received through life every possible mark of their regard and confidence, he was so respected by the government, also, that upon all important occasions, when honesty, ability, and courage, were required, and the interests of the province were to be subserved, it too, called his services into requisition. the name of moseley will never be without honor in north carolina so long as time and gratitude shall live. in october, 1749, the line between virginia and north carolina was extended from peter ' s creek, where it stopped in 1728, to steep rock creek, a distance of 90 miles. william churton and daniel weldon were the commissioners on the part of north carolina, and joshua fry and peter jefferson on the part of virginia. governor johnston says \u201c they crossed a large branch of the mississippi [ new river ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39564626985125767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.279595"} {"text": "distance of 90 miles. william churton and daniel weldon were the commissioners on the part of north carolina, and joshua fry and peter jefferson on the part of virginia. governor johnston says \u201c they crossed a large branch of the mississippi [ new river ] which runs between the ledges of the mountains, and nobody ever dreamt of before. \u201d it so happens, however, that no record of this survey has been preserved, and we are to - day without evidence, save from tradition, to ascertain the location of our boundary for ninety miles. in 1750, by a statute of the british parliament, the old method of computing time was abolished in all the king ' s dominions and the new style introduced, under which the years began on the 1st of january instead of the 25th of march. in 1752, the day after the 2d of september was counted the 14th of september, eleven days being omitted. in 1752, appeared the first printed revisal of the laws of the province ever published. the revisal was the work principally of samuel swann, edward moseley, his colleague on the commission, having died before the completion of the work. the printing was done at new bern by james davis, who, in 1749, had carried there the first printing press ever in the province. this revisal was known in common talk in the province as \u201c the yellow jacket, \u201d from the color of its covers. governor johnston began the quit rent quarrel in less than ninety days after his arrival, by seeking to limit the number of places for the collection of quit rents. the importance of the question at issue will be appreciated when it is remembered that the people of the province did not own their lands in fee simple, as is now the case, but were mere tenants of the crown, holding the lands upon payment of an annual rent per acre. the people contended that unless they agreed upon a different place, the rents were collectable only upon the land upon which they accrued, and were payable in certain products, or \u201c commoditys, \u201d as they were called, at fixed prices. governor johnston held that, as the representative of the king, he had a right to fix not only the place of payment, but how it should be made, and the bill then pending was amended in the upper house so as to reduce the number of places to four. the house of burgesses refusing to agree to this view of the case, the bill fell through, and thereupon governor johnston issued a proclamation directing where the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47296891633461025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.280567"} {"text": "pending was amended in the upper house so as to reduce the number of places to four. the house of burgesses refusing to agree to this view of the case, the bill fell through, and thereupon governor johnston issued a proclamation directing where the rents should be collected and the prices at which commodities should be received. against this proclamation the house of burgesses on the 26th february, 1735, made the following respectful protest : \u201c we are very much concerned to see your excellency ' s proclamation commanding us to pay in sterling money or in bills at the difference that your excellency and council shall be pleased to assess which we \u201c wherefore we humbly pray your excellency would be pleased to issue out a proclamation directing the officers who are appointed to collect the quit rents to proceed in the said collections according to the laws and customs of this province and that no distress may be made upon his majesties poor tenants contrary to the same untill a law shall be passed directing some other method for collecting the said rents more agreeable to his majesties instructions and as much as may be for the ease of his majesties tenants which we were in hopes would have been done by the bill we offered this session and that your excellency would be pleased to give a further time for the payment of arrears which does not become due by any default of the tenants refusing to pay those rents but in the officers neglecting to collect the same. \u201d the protest had no effect, however, and the governor ' s officers proceeded to demand the rents as directed in the proclamation, and to distrain for them when not paid. thereupon ensued what the governor called \u201c great confusion and disorder. \u201d on the 7th october, 1736, the legislature having again met, the house of burgesses presented the following address to the governor, viz. : \u201c we the members of the lower house of assembly humbly beg leave to lay before your excellency the several grievances represented to us by the committee appointed for that purpose which are in the words following ( vizt ) \u201c on reading the petition of perquimons, bertie and other precincts and also several other informations complaining of the illegal proceedings and methods of collecting & receiving the quit rents, it appears to this committee, that the collectors or receivers, have compelled the inhabitants of this province, who hold their land by grants from the late lords proprietors, to carry their quit rents to certain places appointed, tho ' such rents were only demandable and payable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4470197869250818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.281560"} {"text": "committee, that the collectors or receivers, have compelled the inhabitants of this province, who hold their land by grants from the late lords proprietors, to carry their quit rents to certain places appointed, tho ' such rents were only demandable and payable on the lands for which they were due, and had by custom time out of mind been received by the collectors at the people ' s respective dwelling houses ; and that they the governor paying no attention to this respectful address, and his officers continuing to distrain for the rents, the assembly ordered the officers into custody. thereupon, as the record states, \u201c his excellency being now come to the upper house, and having sent a message to command the immediate attendance of the house of burgesses, they not paying obedience thereto, his excellency was pleased to send another message to them ; but they still neglecting to give their attendance, his excellency then by and with the advice and consent of his majesty ' s council, prorogued the general assembly to the first day of march next, then to meet at newbern. \u201d but putting an end to the legislature did not reconcile the people to the collection of the quit rents at unlawful places. some months thereafter, in 1737, at the general court at edenton, a man was imprisoned for insulting the marshal in the execution of his office during the sitting of the court, and the people of bertie and edgecombe precincts, hearing that he was imprisoned about his quit rents, rose in arms to the number of 500, and marched within five miles of the town, intending to rescue him by force, in the meantime cursing the king and uttering a great many rebellious speeches. by this time the man had made his peace with the court, and the crowd learning the truth, dispersed without doing any mischief, threatening, however, \u201c the most cruel usage to such persons as durst come to demand any quit rents of them for the future, \u201d and the governor goes on to say further, \u201c how to quell them i cannot tell if they should attempt an insurrection against next collection. \u2217 \u2217 the people seem here to be persuaded that they may do what they please, and that they are below the notice of the king and his ministers, which makes them highly insolent. they never were of any service to the lords proprietors, and if something is not speedily done to convince them that his majesty will not be so used, i am afraid they will be of as little profit to the crown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.463233199444206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.282501"} {"text": "highly insolent. they never were of any service to the lords proprietors, and if something is not speedily done to convince them that his majesty will not be so used, i am afraid they will be of as little profit to the crown. \u201d this state of things continued until 1739, when the governor, having become convinced that the collection of the quit rents was impossible except in a way satisfactory to the people, a bill was permitted to pass the legislature to which all parties agreed. from the governor ' s representation regarding this bill, it would seem that it was also passed in part, at least, by \u201c management, \u201d that is to say, in consideration of an abatement of his demands in the matter of blank patents set forth in the bill. he seems, too, to have thought he had overreached the assembly in the prices at which the commodities agreed upon were rated ; at least, he represented to the board of trade that the rates were fixed so much below their real value that none of them would be offered in payment. a great concession was that the bill contained a provision, whereby the power of fixing the value of paper money was given to a committee consisting of the governor and council and the attorney general and receiver general on the one side, and an equal number of the house of burgesses on the other. another great concession was as to the number of places at which payment might be made, which he said \u201c it could have been wished were fewer in number, but there was no possibility of avoiding it. \u201d the next year, 1740, the crown disallowed the act, on the ground that the vesting the power to regulate the price of money \u201c in any person whatsoever, might be of dangerous consequence, and highly prejudicial to the trade of the nation. \u201d in 1741, an attempt was made to pass a new quit rent law, but although, as the governor said, \u201c the assembly was called in the most southern part of the province on purpose to keep at home the northern members who were most numerous and from whom the greatest opposition was expected and some of the most troublesome leading men were prevailed upon to be absent, \u201d he was obliged to prorogue the legislature without accomplishing anything. at the next session of the legislature, 1744, the committee on propositions and grievances reported, on 29th november, the following resolution, in which the house concurred, viz. : \u201c resolved by this committee that no produce of this province being accepted in payment of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4429284501078362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.283458"} {"text": "legislature, 1744, the committee on propositions and grievances reported, on 29th november, the following resolution, in which the house concurred, viz. : \u201c resolved by this committee that no produce of this province being accepted in payment of quit rents of late years nor the current bills at less than 10 for 1 which is equal to sterling money as this from the on the 4th december the governor prorogued the legislature. in april of next year, 1745, the legislature met again, but neither side was in better temper than when they parted. in his opening address, the governor reviled the assembly for having passed no bills at the last session, and informed them that he had \u201c orders from his majestie and lord carteret to insist on their passing a quit rent law. \u201d the assembly replied that they had \u201c frequently in former assemblys had under their consideration matters of consequence recommended by his excellency but had been unhappily prevented from doing anything therein with effect by unexpected dissolutions and prorogations, \u201d and no quit rent law was passed. in 1746, in june, the assembly again declared the refusal to receive \u201c commoditys \u201d in payment of quit rents to be a very great grievance. after this session, the northern counties were not represented in the legislature during johnston ' s administration, and in april, 1749, the governor succeeded in passing a quit rent law, but in the condition the province was from that time to the end of his administration, it could not have accomplished much. his quarrel with the albemarle or northern counties and its consequences deserve a more extended notice, if for no other reason, to show into what gross and unpardonable errors historians can fall upon the most important points. when governor johnston came to north carolina, the precincts of albemarle county sent five members each to the lower house of the legislature, while the precincts of bath, that is to say, the newer precincts, sent only two. of course, this gave the older counties controlling influence in the assembly. doubtless this was not an equitable representation, and ought to have been changed if possible, but in a legal and fair way. the governor, however, determined to bring about the change in his own peculiar way, that is to say, in a manner neither legal nor fair. so he called a session of the legislature to meet on the in the meanwhile the northern counties sent agents to london to represent matters to the authorities there, and after a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4280336462151577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.284567"} {"text": "own peculiar way, that is to say, in a manner neither legal nor fair. so he called a session of the legislature to meet on the in the meanwhile the northern counties sent agents to london to represent matters to the authorities there, and after a full investigation, the crown disallowed the act, on the ground that it had been improperly and unfairly obtained, and the order of repeal was brought over by governor dobbs. the unequal representation being restored, continued until the provincial assemblies of the revolution came into existence, as appears from the records preserved here from that day to this. to these bodies each county sent five delegates, equality of representation doubtless being considered as a necessary preliminary step to united harmonious action, especially in view of the fact that the bulk of population was then in the west. in spite of the records, both here and in london, the historian williamson, after reciting the main facts in the case, when governor johnston undertook forcibly and fraudulently to deprive the northern counties of the greater part of their representation in the legislature, he had been governor of the province for twelve years, and he must have studied the people over whom he ruled those twelve years to but little purpose if he supposed they would submit to a deprivation of their rights, either by force or by fraud. he must have known, too, that if they did not choose to submit, he was utterly without power to compel them to do so ; but in spite of everything, and seemingly regardless of consequences, he pursued a policy that resulted in an open defiance of the law, that he dared not even to attempt to punish. such a state of things probably never existed in any other province for such a length of time \u2014 open, bold resistance and defiance of the constituted authorities for eight years, without an attempt even to enforce obedience. the population of north carolina at the beginning of johnston ' s administration was near 50, 000 in all, and at the close it was somewhere about 90, 000, that is to say, just about double the number usually given. of course this great addition was made up from immigration as well as from natural increase. this immigration came in part from adjacent virginia counties, covering the northern border generally, west of the chowan. these immigrants simply followed the tributaries of the chowan and the roanoke rivers in their search for \u201c bottom land ; \u201d other immigrants came from the adjacent south carolina counties, on the 15th february, 1751, governor johnston wrote to the board of trade that inhabitants flocked in daily,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43984045215090584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.285644"} {"text": "tributaries of the chowan and the roanoke rivers in their search for \u201c bottom land ; \u201d other immigrants came from the adjacent south carolina counties, on the 15th february, 1751, governor johnston wrote to the board of trade that inhabitants flocked in daily, mostly from pennsylvania and other parts of america already overstocked with people, and some directly from europe. many thousand people, he said, had then come in, settling mainly in the west, so that they had nearly reached the mountains. on the 28th june, 1753, president rowan wrote, that in the year 1746 he was in the territory composing the counties of anson, orange and rowan, and there were then not above one hundred fighting men in all that country ; whereas, at the time he wrote, there were at least three thousand, mostly irish protestants and germans, and their numbers were daily increasing. at these figures this new population must have numbered near twenty thousand. in 1776, their settlements had extended beyond the present state limits. the route that these immigrants from pennsylvania took to reach their future homes in north carolina is plainly laid down on the maps of that day. on jeffreys ' map, a copy of which is in the congressional library at washington city, there is plainly laid down a road called \u201c the great road from the yadkin river thro ' virginia to philadelphia, distant 435 miles. \u201d it ran from philadelphia through lancaster and york to winchester, thence up the shenandoah valley, crossing the fluvanna river at looney ' s ferry, thence to staunton river and down the river through the blue ridge, thence southward, crossing dan river below the mouth of mayo river, thence still southward near the moravian settlement to the yadkin river, just above the mouth of linville creek and about ten miles above the mouth of reedy creek. remembering the route general lee took when he went into pennsylvania on the memorable gettysburg campaign, it will be seen that very many of the north carolina boys, both of german and scotch - irish the following is a brief statement of the condition of the currency of the province during governor johnston ' s administration : in 1735, by act of assembly, bills for \u00a340, 000 to be exchanged for the bills issued in 1729. not a legal tender at any rated exchange. in the same year, bills for \u00a310, 000 for the more immediate discharge of the public debts, not issued at any rated exchange, but for the payment of them a poll tax was laid. the rate of exchange in 1739 was 1000 per cent., and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41987875005984826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.286567"} {"text": "same year, bills for \u00a310, 000 for the more immediate discharge of the public debts, not issued at any rated exchange, but for the payment of them a poll tax was laid. the rate of exchange in 1739 was 1000 per cent., and there was outstanding about \u00a350, 000. the above seem to have been redeemed by bills for \u00a321, 350 issued in 1747, of which \u00a3189. 13. 3 in april, 1749, and \u00a3513. 12. 0 were burned in april, 1750, leaving in circulation \u00a320, 646. 14. 0 proclamation money, equal to \u00a315, 485. 1. 0 sterling money. these bills maintained the value they were issued at as late as 29th september, 1850. no question seems to have arisen during johnston ' s administration as to the right of the house of burgesses to control the purse strings \u2014 about the only trouble that he seems to have avoided. but that the people for eight years refused to recognize, in any way, the authority of the government under which they lived, because they were not represented in its legislature, is evidence enough that even at that day they were fully inspired with the principles that underlaid the great american revolution, and foreshadowed plainly enough what their course would be in that great struggle. 1 a study in colonial history. hon. george davis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4666280832354186, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.287080"} {"text": "astrocytoma is type of brain tumor. it is a malignant ( cancerous ) tumor. this type of tumor begins from small, star - shaped cells in the brain. they are called astrocytes. astrocytes are one of several types of supporting cells in the brain. these types of cells are called glial cells. an astrocytoma is a type of the larger group of brain tumors called gliomas. astrocytoma is the most common form of glioma. it may occur anywhere in the brain. it is most commonly found in : - the cerebrum in adults \u2014 the largest part of the brain - the cerebellum \u2014 a smaller part of the brain in the rear - brainstem \u2014 connects the brain to the spinal cord - optic nerves in children \u2014 nerve that leads from the brain to the eye when an astrocytoma is diagnosed, the most important factors are : - grade of tumor ( how aggressive it looks under a microscope ) - degree of side effects from the tumor - age of the patient these factors will determine the symptoms, outlook, and treatment. the exact cause is unknown. some possible causes of brain tumors include : - certain occupations - environmental factors the exact risk factors for astrocytomas have not been identified. some studies suggest the following risk factors increase your chance of this tumor : - genetic disorders ( including neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis ) occupational exposure to : - oil refining - rubber manufacturing the first symptoms of any brain tumor can be caused as the tumor grows. the growth can increase pressure in the brain. symptoms may include : - visual changes - personality changes - problems with memory, thinking, and concentration - problems with walking symptoms will vary depending on the location of the tumor. for example : - frontal lobe \u2014 gradual changes in mood and personality, loss of muscle function on one side of the body - temporal lobe \u2014 problems with coordination, speech, and memory - parietal lobe \u2014 problems with sensation, writing, or fine motor skills - cerebellum \u2014 problems with coordination and balance - occipital lobe \u2014 problems with vision, visual hallucinations the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. your doctor may need to look at pictures of your brain. this can be done through : you may also have biopsy / resection to remove a sample of brain tissue to test it for cancer cells. a specialist will determine the grade of the tumor. astrocytomas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.515202299862026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.290701"} {"text": "look at pictures of your brain. this can be done through : you may also have biopsy / resection to remove a sample of brain tissue to test it for cancer cells. a specialist will determine the grade of the tumor. astrocytomas are graded from i to iv. these grades indicate the outlook and rate of tumor growth. - grades i and ii \u2014 these low - grade astrocytomas grow slowly. they generally stay in an area of the brain. they are more commonly found in younger patients. grade ii astrocytomas can spread. - grades iii and iv \u2014 these high - grade tumors grow rapidly. they can spread throughout the brain and spinal cord. aggressive treatment is needed. this is the most common type found in adults. grade iii tumors are called anaplastic astrocytoma. grade iv tumors are called glioblastoma multiforme or gbm. treatment is based on the location, size, and grade of the tumor. treatment may include : surgery involves the removal of as much of the tumor as possible. high grade tumors are treated with surgery. surgery is followed by radiation or chemotherapy to help prevent further spread. radiation therapy ( or radiotherapy ) radiation therapy involves the use of radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink the tumor. radiation may be : - external radiation therapy \u2014 radiation aimed at the tumor from a source outside the body - internal radiation therapy ( also called brachytherapy ) \u2014 radioactive materials placed into the body near the cancer cells chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. it may be given in many forms including pill, injection, and catheter ( iv or port ). the drugs enter the bloodstream. they travel through the body killing mostly cancer cells. some healthy cells are killed as well. there are no prevention guidelines because the exact cause of astrocytoma is not known. it has been suggested that the electromagnetic waves emitted from high - tension wires or even cell phones may increase the risk of developing brain tumors. there is no scientific evidence supporting this theory. - reviewer : mohei abouzied, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 08 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46465166716844847, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.291808"} {"text": "more women are obtaining ph. d. \u2019 s in science than ever before, but those women \u2014 largely because of pressures from having a family \u2014 are far more likely than their male counterparts to \u201c leak \u201d out of the research science pipeline before obtaining tenure at a college or university. that \u2019 s the conclusion of a study by researchers at the university of california, berkeley, who warned that the loss of these scientists \u2014 together with the increased research capabilities of asian and european countries \u2014 may threaten america \u2019 s pre - eminence in science. the study, \u201c keeping women in the science pipeline, \u201d found that women who are married with young children are 35 percent less likely to enter a tenure - track position after receiving a ph. d. in science than are married men with young children and ph. d. \u2019 s in science. not only that, the married women with young children are 28 percent less likely than women without children to achieve tenure in the sciences. moreover, women ph. d. \u2019 s with young children are 27 percent less likely than men with children to receive tenure after entering a tenure - track job in the sciences. the report notes that single women without young children are roughly as successful as married men with children in attaining tenure - track jobs. read more \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4879654010921974, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.293182"} {"text": "ed home ( text ) - trc home - sciencelines index fermilab prairie project organizers teach volunteers to recognize particular plants and then clip the ripe flower heads for seeds. fermilab uses the seeds to enrich newer prairie tracts at fermilab and to share with other prairie restoration projects. although a mechanical harvest is also done, the public harvest is vital for grassland growth. \" with mechanical harvesting, prairie keepers can ' t get as many of the specialized plants as when the volunteers go out, \" said bob lootens, lead grounds - keeper. \" the seed is used to enrich young prairie and help build diversity into the grasslands, \" lootens added. the fall event is becoming increasingly popular, with about 180 people participating last year, including many families and school classes. prairies, or native american grasslands, are thriving communities rich with plant and animal life, all interrelating in a complex ecosystem. tallgrass prairies once blanketed northern illinois, \" the prairie state. \" however, during the area ' s settlement in the 19th century, agriculture consumed all but a tiny remnant of the native grasslands. fermilab, the nation ' s premier high - energy physics laboratory, has a longstanding dedication to restoring the prairie, working for more than 20 years to revive the historical grasslands on its batavia site. more than 1, 000 acres of tallgrass prairie are in various stages of reconstruction, thanks in part to the effort of volunteers who have participated in past seed harvests. this year ' s harvest will take place on saturday, september 28 and saturday, november 2, from 10 a. m. to 2 p. m. volunteers are welcome to spend as much or as little time as they wish, and refreshments will be provided. persons interested in participating should wear field clothing and gloves, and are encouraged to bring pruning shears and paper grocery bags, if possible. on - site directional signs will direct volunteers to harvest sites. in case of bad weather on the scheduled dates, please call the fermilab switchboard at 630 - 840 - 3000 to see if the harvest is canceled. for more information, call the fermilab public affairs office at 630 - 840 - 3351. additional opportunities for participating in harvesting activities are available through the kane county forest preserve district. these workdays are hosted by the volunteer stewards and the forest preserve staff. participants learn special techniques related to restoration work and enjoy a tour of the site. new volunteers are especialy encouraged and welcome to these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016153457934251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.297253"} {"text": "county forest preserve district. these workdays are hosted by the volunteer stewards and the forest preserve staff. participants learn special techniques related to restoration work and enjoy a tour of the site. new volunteers are especialy encouraged and welcome to these workdays. september 29, 1 p. m. to 4 p. m., elburn woods, 45w061 route 38, maple park. woodland seed harvesting is fun for the whole family. learn how the seeds will be used for district natural areas restoration projectss. november 17, 10 a. m. to 4 p. m., tekakwitha woods barn, 35w076 villa maria road, st. charles. harvest fest! join this final seed processing and mixing day. come for a few hours, or spend the day! food and music add to the celebration of harvesting and preparing the mixes for distribution to the various woodland restoration projects. weekly seed harvest outings are also coordinated by grace koehler, volunteer coordinator. district staff lead outings will be held at different preserves on wednesdays at 10 am. and fridays at 1 p. m. locations vary each week. call grace at 847 - 741 - 9798 to have your name put on a call list for locations the tuesday prior to the outing day you want to participate. harvesting begins september 25.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4061595954714248, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.297767"} {"text": "filed under : digestive health pancreatic cysts are sac - like pockets of fluid on or within your pancreas. the pancreas is a large organ located behind the stomach. it produces hormones and enzymes that help digest food. most pancreatic cysts aren ' t cancerous, and many don ' t cause symptoms. in fact, many pancreatic cysts technically aren ' t cysts at all. called pseudocysts, these noncancerous ( benign ) pockets of fluids are lined with scar or inflammatory tissue, not the type of cells found in true cysts. but some pancreatic cysts can be cancerous. your doctor may want to take a sample of the pancreatic cyst fluid to determine if cancer cells are present. sometimes, your doctor may not be able to tell whether a cyst may become cancerous. your doctor may recommend monitoring the cyst over time for changes in size or shape that may suggest the need to remove it surgically. some cysts have a low potential for becoming cancerous, and your doctor may recommend watching them carefully. want to know more about this article or other health related issues? ask your question and we ' ll post some each week for cnn. com reader to discuss or for our experts to weight in. | most viewed | | most emailed |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42948922263274963, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.299147"} {"text": "in november the arabs said ' no ' there are no uneventful months in the tortured history of the arab - israel conflict. november is no exception. it was on november 2, 1917 that chaim weizmann won the backing of the british government for \" the establishment in palestine of a national home for the jewish people \" famously codified by foreign secretary arthur james balfour ( 1848 - 1930 ) in his letter to lord rothschild, titular head of the british jewish community, as the balfour declaration. and as if to bookend the month, november 29th will mark the 64th anniversary of the un general assembly ' s adoption of the 1947 partition plan : the two - state solution that was recklessly spurned by the arabs ; a rebuff that has embodied arab rejection of a jewish homeland ever since. on november 9th the israel britain and commonwealth association held a gala anniversary dinner in tel aviv to mark balfour ' s pronouncement. guests included britain ' s ambassador to israel, the eu head of delegation and ambassadors from several commonwealth countries ( including those who reflexively vote against jerusalem at the u. n. ). the israeli government does not make too much of the occasion though prime minister benjamin netanyahu made passing reference to the balfour declaration in his september 2011 remarks to the un general assembly and deputy foreign minister danny ayalon did address the tel aviv banquet. for its part, hamas makes it a point to issue an annual denunciation of the declaration accompanied this year by a blood - curdling montage. al - hayat al - jadida, the official daily newspaper of the palestinian authority, routinely condemns balfour claiming his declaration granted rights to \" those who had no connection \" to the land \u2013 meaning the jewish people. chaim weizmann ( 1874 - 1952 ), then a distinguished chemist living in london, was instrumental in fashioning the zionist - british alliance that resulted in the declaration. fittingly, it was in november 60 years ago that weizmann was re - elected to the presidency of israel despite failing health. in fact, both weizmann ' s 59th yahrzeit and the 137th anniversary of his birth are also commemorated this month. weizmann ' s achievement was never preordained, as jonathan schneer, by no means a zionist sympathizer, notes in his the balfour declaration. the early zionist leader had to overcome influential assimilationists jews, including edwin montagu, who strenuously lobbied their government against cooperating with the zionists, as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3886637410490465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.304946"} {"text": "by no means a zionist sympathizer, notes in his the balfour declaration. the early zionist leader had to overcome influential assimilationists jews, including edwin montagu, who strenuously lobbied their government against cooperating with the zionists, as well as grand sharif hussein of mecca and his sons the emirs abdullah and feisal who lobbied through british proxies. ( the family ultimately lost control of arabia to the saudis. ) while the palestinian arabs had scarcely any unique identity at the time, arab intellectuals in syria pressured against zionism on the grounds that palestine was an integral part of syria and could therefore not be delinked from britain ' s magnanimous territorial bequest to the arabs. at the end of the day britain, the preeminent power during and in the aftermath of world war one ( 1914 \u2013 1918 ), promised the jews a sliver of the middle east, while the arabs would get everything else. even these commitments to the jews and arabs would have come to naught had secret talks conducted between britain and the ottoman empire led to a separate peace, according to schneer. after world war i, both the paris peace conference ( 1919 ) and the san remo conference ( 1920 ) ratified britain ' s mandate for palestine. france ' s presence in syria notwithstanding, britain ' s role assured that both arabs and jews would be on their way to self - determination. balfour ' s expectation was that the arabs would be willing to share a small sliver of the vast mideast landscape with the jews. indeed, on march 3, 1919 faisal encouragingly wrote zionist leader felix frankfurter : \" we arabs, especially the educated among us look with the deepest sympathy on the zionist movement. \" tragically, pragmatists like faisal did not carry the day. instead, anti - zionist arab riots instigated by the fanatical husseini clan were launched in 1920. london immediately went wobbly and embarked on a series of moves that first backtracked and then reversed its balfour declaration commitments. to assuage arab demands, britain brought abdullah from arabia to eastern palestine in november 1920. this immense area \u2013 today ' s jordan \u2013 comprising four - fifths of the palestine mandate promised to the jews by balfour was ceded to the arabs by 1921. put another way, 80 percent of palestine as defined by the league of nations was lopped off leaving the jews only the area between the jordan river and mediterranean. in 1937, in response to intensified arab violence, britain ' s peel commission called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.454809220318346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.305877"} {"text": "1921. put another way, 80 percent of palestine as defined by the league of nations was lopped off leaving the jews only the area between the jordan river and mediterranean. in 1937, in response to intensified arab violence, britain ' s peel commission called for further splitting the remaining 20 % of palestine to create an additional arab state within what was supposed to be jewish palestine. the zionists reluctantly acquiesced ; the arabs said no. by 1939, neville chamberlain had completely reneged on the balfour declaration and blocked jewish immigration to palestine just as the nazi killing machine was going into lethal gear. none of this can be blamed on balfour who deserves to be remembered as a friend of the jews. statesmen do not act purely out of altruism and he like other british politicians were partly motivated by an exaggerated sense of zionist influence in the international arena which they hoped to exploit for the war effort. at the same time, balfour believed that christian anti - semitism had been a \" disgrace \" and wanted to make amends by providing the jews with a \" small notch \" of territory, according to his biographer r. j. q. adams. in 1925, he famously helped dedicate the hebrew university on mount scopus. like theodor herzl, balfour may have assumed that british jews would either thoroughly assimilate or choose to live in the jewish homeland. ninety - four years after balfour ' s declaration the right of the jewish people to re - establish their national homeland is still rejected by even palestinian arab \" moderates. \" the unremitting threat of renewed violence remains the arabs ' default position. emboldened by the gilad schalit deal, arab violence in judea, samaria and gaza has seen an upswing. cairo ' s renewed efforts to bring hamas leader khaled mashaal and fatah chief mahmoud abbas together will perforce necessitate more militancy from fatah rather than greater flexibility from hamas. in the words of mahmoud zahhar, the notion that hamas will ever make peace with israel is \" insane. \" sixty - four years after palestinian arabs rejected the partition plan, abbas claims to be having second thoughts. yet instead of negotiating with the jewish state he is forging ahead at the un for unilateral statehood without making peace with israel. sadly, abba eban ' s 1973 quip that the arabs \" never miss an opportunity to miss an opportunity \" holds stubbornly true. to be fair, time does not stand completely still. abbas - like moderates are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.471867469770079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.306943"} {"text": "primitives are objects that you can render. there isn \u2019 t really much else in a fluxus scene, except lights, a camera and lots of primitives. the normal way to create a primitive is to set up some state which the primitive will use, then call it \u2019 s build function and keep it \u2019 s returned id ( using with - primitive ) to modify it \u2019 s state later on. ( define myobj ( with - state ( colour ( vector 0 1 0 ) ) ( build - cube ) ) ) ; makes a green cube ( with - primitive myobj ( colour ( vector 1 0 0 ) ) ) ; changes its colour to red so primitives contain a state which describes things like colour, texture and transform information. this state operates on the primitive as a whole \u2013 one colour for the whole thing, one texture, shader pair and one transform. to get a little deeper and do more we need to introduce primitive data. primitive data arrays [ aka. pdata ] a pdata array is a fixed size array of information contained within a primitive. each pdata array has a name, so you can refer to it, and a primitive may contain lots of different pdata arrays ( which are all the same size ). pdata arrays are typed \u2013 and can contain floats, vectors, colours or matrices. you can make your own pdata arrays, with names that you choose, or copy them in one command. some pdata is created when you call the build function. this automatically generated pdata is given single character names. sometimes this automatically created pdata results in a primitive you can use straight away ( in commands such as build - cube ) but some primitives are only useful if pdata is setup and controlled by you. in polygons, there is one pdata element per vertex \u2013 and a separate array for vertex positions, normals, colours and texture coordinates. so, for example < code > ( build - sphere ) < / code > creates a polygonal object with a spherical distribution of vertex point data, surface normals at every vertex and texture coordinates, so you can wrap a texture around the primitive. this data ( primitive data, or pdata for short ) can be read and written to inside a with - primitive corresponding to the current object. ( pdata - set! name vertnumber vector ) sets the data on the current object to the input vector ( pdata - ref name vertnumber ) returns the vector from the pdata on the current object returns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5737567487344648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.312578"} {"text": "current object. ( pdata - set! name vertnumber vector ) sets the data on the current object to the input vector ( pdata - ref name vertnumber ) returns the vector from the pdata on the current object returns the size of the pdata on the current object ( the number of vertices ). the name describes the data we want to access, for instance \u201c p \u201d contains the vertex positions : ( pdata - set! \u201c p \u201d 0 ( vector 0 0 0 ) ) sets the first point in the primitive to the origin ( not all that useful ) ( pdata - set! \u201c p \u201d 0 ( vadd ( pdata - ref \u201c p \u201d 0 ) ( vector 1 0 0 ) ) ) the same, but sets it to the original position + 1 in the x offsetting the position is more useful as it constitutes a deformation of the original point. ( see deforming, for more info on deformations ) pdata - ref procedures are useful, but there is a more powerful way of deforming primitives. map and fold relate to the scheme functions for list processing, it \u2019 s probably a good idea to play with them to get a good understanding of what these are doing. ( pdata - map! procedure read / write - pdata - name read - pdata - name... ) maps over pdata arrays \u2013 think of it as a for - every pdata element, and writes the result of procedure into the first pdata name array. an example, using pdata - map to invert normals on a primitive : ( define p ( build - sphere 10 10 ) ) ( with - primitive p ( pdata - map! ( lambda ( n ) ( vmul n - 1 ) ) \" n \" ) ) this is more concise and less error prone than using the previous functions and setting up the loop yourself. ( pdata - index - map! procedure read / write - pdata - name read - pdata - name... ) pdata - map! but also supplies the current pdata index number to the procedure as the first argument. ( pdata - fold procedure start - value read - pdata - name read - pdata - name... ) this example calculates the centre of the primitive, by averaging all it \u2019 s vertex positions together : ( define my - torus ( build - torus 1 2 10 10 ) ) ( define torus - centre ( with - primitive my - tor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5323626734317685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.313824"} {"text": "this example calculates the centre of the primitive, by averaging all it \u2019 s vertex positions together : ( define my - torus ( build - torus 1 2 10 10 ) ) ( define torus - centre ( with - primitive my - torus ( vdiv ( pdata - fold vadd ( vector 0 0 0 ) \u201c p \u201d ) ( pdata - size ) ) ) ) ) ( pdata - index - fold procedure start - value read - pdata - name read - pdata - name... ) pdata - fold but also supplies the current pdata index number to the procedure as the first argument. sometimes retained mode primitives can be unwieldy to deal with. for instance, if you are rendering thousands of identical objects, or doing things with recursive graphics, where you are calling the same primitive in lots of different states \u2013 keeping track of all the ids would be annoying to say the least. this is where instancing is helpful, all you call is : will redraw any given object in the current state ( immediate mode ). an example : ( define myobj ( build - nurbs - sphere 8 10 ) ) ; make a sphere ( define ( render - spheres n ) ( cond ( ( not ( zero? n ) ) ( with - state ( translate ( vector n 0 0 ) ) ; move in x ( draw - instance myobj ) ) ; stamp down a copy ( render - spheres ( - n 1 ) ) ) ) ) ; recurse! ( every - frame ( render - spheres 10 ) ) ; draw 10 copies built in immediate mode primitives to make life even easier than having to instance primitives, there are some built in primitives that can be rendered at any time, without being built : ( draw - cube ) ( draw - sphere ) ( draw - plane ) ( draw - cylinder ) ( define ( render - spheres n ) ( cond ( ( not ( zero? n ) ) ( with - state ( translate ( vector n 0 0 ) ) ; move in x ( draw - sphere ) ) ; render a new sphere ( render - spheres ( - n 1 ) ) ) ) ) ; recurse! ( every - frame ( render - spheres 10 ) ) ; draw 10 copies these built in primitives are very restricted in that you can \u2019 t edit them or change their resolution settings etc, but they are handy to use for quick scripts with simple shapes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5403961501000981, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.314698"} {"text": "kutahya tiles and ceramics forms and motifs stylised floral motifs, religious motifs and human and animal figures decorate most of the 18th century tiles and ceramics in the suna and inan k\u0131rac foundation ' s kutahya tiles and ceramics collection. the pieces dating from this period have a white or cream coloured paste, white slip and transparent glaze. the motifs are painted underglaze in green, turquoise, yellow, cobalt blue and, from the mid - 18th century onwards, manganese purple, the motifs being outlined in black. a second group of kutahya ware consisting of dishes, lemon squeezer, bowls, bottles, plates and cups dating from the 18th century are decorated with stylised flowers, leaves and curling tendrils in cobalt blue, with the occasional addition of yellow, green or turquoise. ewers and jugs of various shapes and sizes are decorated with cypress tree motifs in relief, circular crosshatched medallions and floral scrolls worked in free brushstrokes. one of the foremost characteristics of the ottoman empire was the tolerant attitude and absence of discrimination on grounds of religion, race or culture. consequently muslim and christian potters work together in kutahya producing objects designed to meet the needs of both communities. striking examples in this exhibition are pottery and tiles with motifs relating to the christian liturgy. kutahya ' s contribution to architectural decoration over the centuries is illustrated by tiles dating from various periods in the last section of the exhibition, showing how kutahya pottery set its mark to ottoman society at every level, from coffee cups to monumental building decoration.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4329451885870669, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.316646"} {"text": "a - level geography / as ocr geography / investigation paper spearman ' s rank this is a concept to find the statistical significance of the correlation between the two variables. first, a null hypothesis needs to be made. mann - whitney u test mann - whitney u test is a test for difference between 2 data sets. using a critical values table, the level of confidence in the relationship can be established, and the null hypotheses can be accepted or rejected. there are both advantages and disadvantages which accompany this statistical test for analysis of statistical data. one advantage is that it can compare two data sets that are different sizes. this makes the test much more versatile, and can be applied to a range of different data sets. secondly, the test is not based on observed values. this means that there are no assumptions made about the distribution of the data. this is particularly useful in geography because most of the data we collect will be either positively or negatively skewed. finally, mann - whitney u uses non - parametric ( non - grouped ) data. this is an advantage because the trends in the data cannot be generalised, and thus producing a more statistically sound result. it does however carry some disadvantages with it, one being the fact that it cannot be applied to more than 2 data sets at one time. this is because it is non - parametric data. if the test was done using parametric ( grouped ) data, you would be able to compare multiple data sets at once. an example of this is the student \u2019 s \u201c t \u201d test. this is because parametric data provides a result in proportion to the data, and can therefore be contrasted with many data sets. also, mann - whitney becomes increasingly less effective as the data sets get larger. this reduces its effectiveness because the calculation becomes too long - winded, and it takes a very long time to complete. it also reduces the precision of the result, as with a bigger sample size there is more margin for error. in conclusion, despite the obvious flaws with the test, it is a very effective way of looking at the differences between 2 pairs of data sets. five sections of investigation pragmatic = essentially safety and accessibility. for example, if a student is carrying out a river investigation they might use pragmatic sampling methods meaning only areas that were easily accessible and did not pose a risk would be studied. it is reliable and practical. random = not as one might assume randomly selecting a site or throwing a quadrat, in order to use random", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5369310339074602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.320940"} {"text": "pragmatic sampling methods meaning only areas that were easily accessible and did not pose a risk would be studied. it is reliable and practical. random = not as one might assume randomly selecting a site or throwing a quadrat, in order to use random sample methods either a calculator, grid or computer is needed to generate random statistics that have not been influenced by human decision. systematic = this type of technique would be used if progressional change over distance or time was being studied. a transect would be measured and data recorded at regular intervals along said transect, so that change over time or distance could be observed. for example, if a student wished to study psammosere succession, a transect might be measured from the sea to the climax environment ( woodland ) and at every 25m or so measurements would be taken. stratified = to be completed by magneto and river ' s landmass. statistics : mode most = mode the most frequent sample number. this is the sample figure which occurs the most times e. g. 7, 8, 9, 5, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5 = mode comes from the french word \" la mode \" for fashion statistics : median this is the middle sample when all the samples are placed in arithmetic order. e. g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 5 = median statistic : range the area which the samples stretch from. statistics : standard deviation to describe the data regarding an infiltration rate statistically i would use the mean and the standard deviation as a measure of central tendency and dispersion. these two are always used together. the mean is simply the sum of all values of x ( infiltration rate ) divided by n ( total number of samples ) the standard deviation is more complicated and requires the use of the formula ; where x is the individual infiltration rate and x bar is the mean of x \u2019 s ( as above ) this is simply done by listing the value of x on a table, and subtracting x bar from each. in the next column, square the subsequent result. then add up all the values of ( x - xbar ) \u00b2 ( \u03c3 ( x - xbar ) \u00b2. divide this by n ( 100 in this case ), and then square root the answer. these methods are the most powerful and sensitive, because they include all the values of all the data. they do not exclude", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5433870491223962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.322038"} {"text": "daguerreotype of washington irving ( modern copy by mathew brady, original by john plumbe ) april 3, 1783 | new york city, new york | died | | november 28, 1859 sunnyside, tarrytown, new york | occupation | | short story writer, essayist, biographer, magazine editor, diplomat | washington irving ( april 3, 1783 \u2013 november 28, 1859 ) was an american author, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. he is best known for his short stories \" the legend of sleepy hollow \" and \" rip van winkle \", both of which appear in his book the sketch book of geoffrey crayon, gent. his historical works include biographies of george washington, oliver goldsmith and muhammad, and several histories of 15th - century spain dealing with subjects such as christopher columbus, the moors, and the alhambra. irving served as the u. s. ambassador to spain from 1842 to 1846. he made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the morning chronicle, written under the pseudonym jonathan oldstyle. after moving to england for the family business in 1815, he achieved international fame with the publication of the sketch book of geoffrey crayon, gent. in 1819. he continued to publish regularly \u2014 and almost always successfully \u2014 throughout his life, and completed a five - volume biography of george washington just eight months before his death, at age 76, in tarrytown, new york. irving, along with james fenimore cooper, was among the first american writers to earn acclaim in europe, and irving encouraged american authors such as nathaniel hawthorne, herman melville, henry wadsworth longfellow, and edgar allan poe. irving was also admired by some european writers, including sir walter scott, lord byron, thomas campbell, francis jeffrey, and charles dickens. as america ' s first genuine internationally best - selling author, irving advocated for writing as a legitimate profession, and argued for stronger laws to protect american writers from copyright infringement. early years washington irving ' s parents were william irving, sr., originally of quholm, shapinsay, orkney, and sarah ( nee sanders ), scottish - english immigrants. they married in 1761 while william was serving as a petty officer in the british navy. they had eleven children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. their first two sons, each named william, died in infancy, as did their fourth child, john. their surviving children were : william, jr. ( 1766 ), ann", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.361064147606129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.355027"} {"text": "british navy. they had eleven children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. their first two sons, each named william, died in infancy, as did their fourth child, john. their surviving children were : william, jr. ( 1766 ), ann ( 1770 ), peter ( 1772 ), catherine ( 1774 ), ebenezer ( 1776 ), john treat ( 1778 ), sarah ( 1780 ), and washington. the irving family settled in manhattan, new york city, and was part of the city ' s small, vibrant merchant class when washington irving was born on april 3, 1783, the same week city residents learned of the british ceasefire that ended the american revolution ; irving \u2019 s mother named him after the hero of the revolution, george washington. at age six, with the help of a nanny, irving met his namesake, who was then living in new york after his inauguration as president in 1789. the president blessed young irving, an encounter irving later commemorated in a small watercolor painting, which still hangs in his home today. the irvings lived at 131 william street at the time of washington irving ' s birth. the family later moved across the street to 128 william st. several of washington irving ' s older brothers became active new york merchants, and they encouraged their younger brother ' s literary aspirations, often supporting him financially as he pursued his writing career. an uninterested student, irving preferred adventure stories and drama and, by age fourteen, was regularly sneaking out of class in the evenings to attend the theater. the 1798 outbreak of yellow fever in manhattan prompted his family to send him to healthier climes upriver, and irving was dispatched to stay with his friend james kirke paulding in tarrytown, new york. it was in tarrytown that irving became familiar with the nearby town of sleepy hollow, with its quaint dutch customs and local ghost stories. irving made several other trips up the hudson as a teenager, including an extended visit to johnstown, new york, where he passed through the catskill mountain region, the setting for \" rip van winkle \". \" [ o ] f all the scenery of the hudson \", irving wrote later, \" the kaatskill mountains had the most witching effect on my boyish imagination \". the 19 - year old irving began writing letters to the new york morning chronicle in 1802, submitting commentaries on the city ' s social and theater scene under the name of jonathan oldstyle. the name, which purposely evoked the writer ' s federalist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38352832996454134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.356475"} {"text": "langstaff, irving lampooned new york culture and politics in a manner similar to today ' s mad magazine. salmagundi was a moderate success, spreading irving ' s name and reputation beyond new york. in its seventeenth issue, dated november 11, 1807, irving affixed the nickname \" gotham \" \u2014 an anglo - saxon word meaning \" goat ' s town \" \u2014 to new york city. in late 1809, while mourning the death of his seventeen - year - old fiancee matilda hoffman, irving completed work on his first major book, a history of new - york from the beginning of the world to the end of the dutch dynasty, by diedrich knickerbocker ( 1809 ), a satire on self - important local history and contemporary politics. prior to its publication, irving started a hoax akin to today ' s viral marketing campaigns ; he placed a series of missing person adverts in new york newspapers seeking information on diedrich knickerbocker, a crusty dutch historian who had allegedly gone missing from his hotel in new york city. as part of the ruse, irving placed a notice \u2014 allegedly from the hotel ' s proprietor \u2014 informing readers that if mr. knickerbocker failed to return to the hotel to pay his bill, he would publish a manuscript knickerbocker had left behind. unsuspecting readers followed the story of knickerbocker and his manuscript with interest, and some new york city officials were concerned enough about the missing historian that they considered offering a reward for his safe return. riding the wave of public interest he had created with his hoax, irving \u2014 adopting the pseudonym of his dutch historian \u2014 published a history of new york on december 6, 1809, to immediate critical and popular success. \" it took with the public \", irving remarked, \" and gave me celebrity, as an original work was something remarkable and uncommon in america \". today, the surname of diedrich knickerbocker, the fictional narrator of this and other irving works, has become a nickname for manhattan residents in general. after the success of a history of new york, irving searched for a job and eventually became an editor of analectic magazine, where he wrote biographies of naval heroes like james lawrence and oliver perry. he was also among the first magazine editors to reprint francis scott key ' s poem \" defense of fort mchenry \", which would later be immortalized as \" the star - spangled banner \", the national anthem of the united states. like many merchants and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39280525808767086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.358691"} {"text": "among the first magazine editors to reprint francis scott key ' s poem \" defense of fort mchenry \", which would later be immortalized as \" the star - spangled banner \", the national anthem of the united states. like many merchants and new yorkers, irving originally opposed the war of 1812, but the british attack on washington, d. c. in 1814 convinced him to enlist. he served on the staff of daniel tompkins, governor of new york and commander of the new york state militia. apart from a reconnaissance mission in the great lakes region, he saw no real action. the war was disastrous for many american merchants, including irving ' s family, and in mid - 1815 he left for england to attempt to salvage the family trading company. he remained in europe for the next seventeen years. life in europe the sketch book irving spent the next two years trying to bail out the family firm financially but was eventually forced to declare bankruptcy. with no job prospects, irving continued writing throughout 1817 and 1818. in the summer of 1817, he visited the home of novelist walter scott, marking the beginning of a lifelong personal and professional friendship for both men. irving continued writing prolifically \u2014 the short story \" rip van winkle \" was written overnight while staying with his sister sarah and her husband, henry van wart in birmingham, england, a place that also inspired some of his other works. in october 1818, irving ' s brother william secured for irving a post as chief clerk to the united states navy, and urged him to return home. irving, however, turned the offer down, opting to stay in england to pursue a writing career. in the spring of 1819, irving sent to his brother ebenezer in new york a set of essays that he asked be published as the sketch book of geoffrey crayon, gent. the first installment, containing \" rip van winkle \", was an enormous success, and the rest of the work would be equally successful : it was published over the course of 1819 \u2013 1820 in seven installments in new york and in two volumes in london ( \" the legend of sleepy hollow \" would appear in the sixth issue of the new york edition and the second volume of the london edition ). like many successful authors of this era, irving struggled against literary bootleggers. in england, some of his sketches were reprinted in periodicals without his permission, an entirely legal practice as there was no international copyright law at the time. to prevent further piracy in britain, irving paid to have the first four american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42205705206563865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.359716"} {"text": "literary bootleggers. in england, some of his sketches were reprinted in periodicals without his permission, an entirely legal practice as there was no international copyright law at the time. to prevent further piracy in britain, irving paid to have the first four american installments published as a single volume by john miller in london. irving appealed to walter scott for help procuring a more reputable publisher for the remainder of the book. scott referred irving to his own publisher, london powerhouse john murray, who agreed to take on the sketch book. from then on, irving would publish concurrently in the united states and britain to protect his copyright, with murray being his english publisher of choice. irving ' s reputation soared, and for the next two years, he led an active social life in paris and britain, where he was often feted as an anomaly of literature : an upstart american who dared to write english well. bracebridge hall and tales of a traveller with both irving and publisher john murray eager to follow up on the success of the sketch book, irving spent much of 1821 travelling in europe in search of new material, reading widely in dutch and german folk tales. hampered by writer ' s block \u2014 and depressed by the death of his brother william \u2014 irving worked slowly, finally delivering a completed manuscript to murray in march 1822. the book, bracebridge hall, or the humorists, a medley ( the location was based loosely on aston hall, occupied by members of the bracebridge family, near his sister ' s home in birmingham ) was published in june 1822. the format of bracebridge was similar to that of the sketch book, with irving, as crayon, narrating a series of more than fifty loosely connected short stories and essays. while some reviewers thought bracebridge to be a lesser imitation of the sketch book, the book was well - received by readers and critics. \" we have received so much pleasure from this book, \" wrote critic francis jeffrey in the edinburgh review, \" that we think ourselves bound in gratitude... to make a public acknowledgement of it. \" irving was relieved at its reception, which did much to cement his reputation with european readers. still struggling with writer ' s block, irving traveled to germany, settling in dresden in the winter of 1822. here he dazzled the royal family and attached himself to mrs. amelia foster, an american living in dresden with her five children. irving was particularly attracted to mrs. foster ' s 18 - year - old daughter emily, and vied in frustration for her hand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4246529390276247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.360734"} {"text": "dazzled the royal family and attached himself to mrs. amelia foster, an american living in dresden with her five children. irving was particularly attracted to mrs. foster ' s 18 - year - old daughter emily, and vied in frustration for her hand. emily finally refused his offer of marriage in the spring of 1823. he returned to paris and began collaborating with playwright john howard payne on translations of french plays for the english stage, with little success. he also learned through payne that the novelist mary wollstonecraft shelley was romantically interested in him, though irving never pursued the relationship. in august 1824, irving published the collection of essays tales of a traveller \u2014 including the short story \" the devil and tom walker \" \u2014 under his geoffrey crayon persona. \" i think there are in it some of the best things i have ever written, \" irving told his sister. but while the book sold respectably, traveller was dismissed by critics, who panned both traveller and its author. \" the public have been led to expect better things, \" wrote the united states literary gazette, while the new - york mirror pronounced irving \" overrated. \" hurt and depressed by the book ' s reception, irving retreated to paris where he spent the next year worrying about finances and scribbling down ideas for projects that never materialized. spanish books while in paris, irving received a letter from alexander hill everett on january 30, 1826. everett, recently the american minister to spain, urged irving to join him in madrid, noting that a number of manuscripts dealing with the spanish conquest of the americas had recently been made public. irving left for madrid and enthusiastically began scouring the spanish archives for colorful material. with full access to the american consul ' s massive library of spanish history, irving began working on several books at once. the first offspring of this hard work, a history of the life and voyages of christopher columbus, was published in january 1828. the book was popular in the united states and in europe and would have 175 editions published before the end of the century. it was also the first project of irving ' s to be published with his own name, instead of a pseudonym, on the title page. the chronicles of the conquest of granada was published a year later, followed by voyages and discoveries of the companions of columbus in 1831. irving ' s writings on columbus are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history / historical fiction. irving based them on extensive research in the spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3633616218018394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.361910"} {"text": "columbus in 1831. irving ' s writings on columbus are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history / historical fiction. irving based them on extensive research in the spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story. the first of these works is the source of the durable myth that medieval europeans believed the earth was flat. ( see myth of the flat earth. ) in 1829, irving moved into granada ' s ancient palace alhambra, \" determined to linger here \", he said, \" until i get some writings under way connected with the place \". before he could get any significant writing underway, however, he was notified of his appointment as secretary to the american legation in london. worried he would disappoint friends and family if he refused the position, irving left spain for england in july 1829. secretary to the american legation in london arriving in london, irving joined the staff of american minister louis mclane. mclane immediately assigned the daily secretary work to another man and tapped irving to fill the role of aide - de - camp. the two worked over the next year to negotiate a trade agreement between the united states and the british west indies, finally reaching a deal in august 1830. that same year, irving was awarded a medal by the royal society of literature, followed by an honorary doctorate of civil law from oxford in 1831. following mclane ' s recall to the united states in 1831 to serve as secretary of treasury, irving stayed on as the legation ' s charge d ' affaires until the arrival of martin van buren, president andrew jackson ' s nominee for british minister. with van buren in place, irving resigned his post to concentrate on writing, eventually completing tales of the alhambra, which would be published concurrently in the united states and england in 1832. irving was still in london when van buren received word that the united states senate had refused to confirm him as the new minister. consoling van buren, irving predicted that the senate ' s partisan move would backfire. \" i should not be surprised \", irving said, \" if this vote of the senate goes far toward elevating him to the presidential chair \". return to america washington irving arrived in new york, after seventeen years abroad, on may 21, 1832. that september, he accompanied the u. s. commissioner on indian affairs, henry leavitt ellsworth, along with companions charles la trobe and count albert - alexandre de pourtales, on a surveying mission deep in indian territory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4341776163831833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.363232"} {"text": "1832. that september, he accompanied the u. s. commissioner on indian affairs, henry leavitt ellsworth, along with companions charles la trobe and count albert - alexandre de pourtales, on a surveying mission deep in indian territory. at the completion of his western tour, irving traveled through washington, d. c. and baltimore, where he became acquainted with the politician and novelist john pendleton kennedy. frustrated by bad investments, irving turned to writing to generate additional income, beginning with a tour on the prairies, a work which related his recent travels on the frontier. the book was another popular success and also the first book written and published by irving in the united states since a history of new york in 1809. in 1834, he was approached by fur magnate john jacob astor, who convinced irving to write a history of his fur trading colony in the american northwest, now known as astoria, oregon. irving made quick work of astor ' s project, shipping the fawning biographical account titled astoria in february 1836. in 1835 irving, astor and a few others founded the saint nicholas society in the city of new york. during an extended stay at astor ' s, irving met the explorer benjamin bonneville, who intrigued irving with his maps and stories of the territories beyond the rocky mountains. when the two met in washington, d. c. several months later, bonneville opted to sell his maps and rough notes to irving for $ 1, 000. irving used these materials as the basis for his 1837 book the adventures of captain bonneville. these three works made up irving ' s \" western \" series of books and were written partly as a response to criticism that his time in england and spain had made him more european than american. in the minds of some critics, especially james fenimore cooper and philip freneau, irving had turned his back on his american heritage in favor of english aristocracy. irving ' s western books, particularly a tour on the prairies, were well - received in the united states, though british critics accused irving of \" book - making \". in 1835, irving purchased a \" neglected cottage \" and its surrounding riverfront property in tarrytown, new york. the house, which irving named sunnyside in 1841, would require constant repair and renovation over the next twenty years. with costs of sunnyside escalating, irving reluctantly agreed in 1839 to become a regular contributor to the knickerbocker magazine, writing new essays and short stories under the knickerbocker and crayon pseudonyms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36917619293440235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.364247"} {"text": "twenty years. with costs of sunnyside escalating, irving reluctantly agreed in 1839 to become a regular contributor to the knickerbocker magazine, writing new essays and short stories under the knickerbocker and crayon pseudonyms. irving was regularly approached by aspiring young authors for advice or endorsement, including edgar allan poe, who sought irving ' s comments on \" william wilson \" and \" the fall of the house of usher \". irving also championed america ' s maturing literature, advocating stronger copyright laws to protect writers from the kind of piracy that had initially plagued the sketch book. writing in the january 1840 issue of knickerbocker, he openly endorsed copyright legislation pending in the u. s. congress. \" we have a young literature \", irving wrote, \" springing up and daily unfolding itself with wonderful energy and luxuriance, which... deserves all its fostering care \". the legislation did not pass. irving at this time also began a friendly correspondence with the english writer charles dickens, and hosted the author and his wife at sunnyside during dickens ' s american tour in 1842. minister to spain in 1842, after an endorsement from secretary of state daniel webster, president john tyler appointed irving as minister to spain. irving was surprised and honored, writing, \" it will be a severe trial to absent myself for a time from my dear little sunnyside, but i shall return to it better enabled to carry it on comfortably \". while irving hoped his position as minister would allow him plenty of time to write, spain was in a state of perpetual political upheaval during most of his tenure, with a number of warring factions vying for control of the twelve - year - old queen isabella ii. irving maintained good relations with the various generals and politicians, as control of spain rotated through espartero, bravo, then narvaez. however, the politics and warfare were exhausting, and irving \u2014 homesick and suffering from a crippling skin condition \u2014 grew quickly disheartened : i am wearied and at times heartsick of the wretched politics of this country.... the last ten or twelve years of my life, passed among sordid speculators in the united states, and political adventurers in spain, has shewn me so much of the dark side of human nature, that i begin to have painful doubts of my fellow man ; and look back with regret to the confiding period of my literary career, when, poor as a rat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3755082930409892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.365345"} {"text": "spain, has shewn me so much of the dark side of human nature, that i begin to have painful doubts of my fellow man ; and look back with regret to the confiding period of my literary career, when, poor as a rat, but rich in dreams, i beheld the world through the medium of my imagination and was apt to believe men as good as i wished them to be. with the political situation in spain relatively settled, irving continued to closely monitor the development of the new government and the fate of isabella. his official duties as spanish minister also involved negotiating american trade interests with cuba and following the spanish parliament ' s debates over slave trade. he was also pressed into service by the american minister to the court of st. james ' s in london, louis mclane, to assist in negotiating the anglo - american disagreement over the oregon border that newly elected president james k. polk had vowed to resolve. final years and death returning from spain in 1846, irving took up permanent residence at sunnyside and began work on an \" author ' s revised edition \" of his works for publisher george palmer putnam. for its publication, irving had made a deal that guaranteed him 12 percent of the retail price of all copies sold. such an agreement was unprecedented at that time. on the death of john jacob astor in 1848, irving was hired as an executor of astor ' s estate and appointed, by astor ' s will, as first chairman of the astor library, a forerunner to the new york public library. as he revised his older works for putnam, irving continued to write regularly, publishing biographies of the writer and poet oliver goldsmith in 1849 and the 1850 work about the islamic prophet muhammad. in 1855, he produced wolfert ' s roost, a collection of stories and essays he had originally written for the knickerbocker and other publications, and began publishing at intervals a biography of his namesake, george washington, a work which he expected to be his masterpiece. five volumes of the biography were published between 1855 and 1859. irving traveled regularly to mount vernon and washington, d. c. for his research, and struck up friendships with presidents millard fillmore and franklin pierce. he continued to socialize and keep up with his correspondence well into his seventies, and his fame and popularity continued to soar. \" i don \u2019 t believe that any man, in any country, has ever had a more affectionate admiration for him than that given to you in america \", wrote senator william c. preston in a letter to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3890753415618512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.366338"} {"text": "and popularity continued to soar. \" i don \u2019 t believe that any man, in any country, has ever had a more affectionate admiration for him than that given to you in america \", wrote senator william c. preston in a letter to irving. \" i believe that we have had but one man who is so much in the popular heart \". by 1859, author oliver wendell holmes, sr. noted that sunnyside had become \" next to mount vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land \". on the night of november 28, 1859, at 9 : 00 pm, only eight months after completing the final volume of his washington biography, washington irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at sunnyside at the age of 76. legend has it that his last words were : \" well, i must arrange my pillows for another night. when will this end? \" he was buried under a simple headstone at sleepy hollow cemetery on december 1, 1859. irving and his grave were commemorated by henry wadsworth longfellow in his 1876 poem, \" in the churchyard at tarrytown \", which concludes with : how sweet a life was his ; how sweet a death! living, to wing with mirth the weary hours, or with romantic tales the heart to cheer ; dying, to leave a memory like the breath of summers full of sunshine and of showers, a grief and gladness in the atmosphere. literary reputation irving is largely credited as the first american man of letters, and the first to earn his living solely by his pen. eulogizing irving before the massachusetts historical society in december 1859, his friend, the poet henry wadsworth longfellow, acknowledged irving ' s role in promoting american literature : \" we feel a just pride in his renown as an author, not forgetting that, to his other claims upon our gratitude, he adds also that of having been the first to win for our country an honourable name and position in the history of letters \". irving perfected the american short story, and was the first american writer to place his stories firmly in the united states, even as he poached from german or dutch folklore. he is also generally credited as one of the first to write both in the vernacular, and without an obligation to the moral or didactic in his short stories, writing stories simply to entertain rather than to enlighten. irving also encouraged would - be writers. as george william curtis noted, there \" is not a young literary aspirant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3743815883308794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.367271"} {"text": "without an obligation to the moral or didactic in his short stories, writing stories simply to entertain rather than to enlighten. irving also encouraged would - be writers. as george william curtis noted, there \" is not a young literary aspirant in the country, who, if he ever personally met irving, did not hear from him the kindest words of sympathy, regard, and encouragement. \" some critics, however \u2014 including edgar allan poe \u2014 felt that while irving should be given credit for being an innovator, the writing itself was often unsophisticated. \" irving is much over - rated \", poe wrote in 1838, \" and a nice distinction might be drawn between his just and his surreptitious and adventitious reputation \u2014 between what is due to the pioneer solely, and what to the writer \". a critic for the new - york mirror wrote : \" no man in the republic of letters has been more overrated than mr. washington irving. \" some critics noted especially that irving, despite being an american, catered to british sensibilities and, as one critic noted, wrote \" of and for england, rather than his own country \". other critics were inclined to be more forgiving of irving ' s style. william makepeace thackeray was the first to refer to irving as the \" ambassador whom the new world of letters sent to the old \", a banner picked up by writers and critics throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. \" he is the first of the american humorists, as he is almost the first of the american writers \", wrote critic h. r. hawless in 1881, \" yet belonging to the new world, there is a quaint old world flavor about him \". early critics often had difficulty separating irving the man from irving the writer \u2014 \" the life of washington irving was one of the brightest ever led by an author \", wrote richard henry stoddard, an early irving biographer \u2014 but as years passed and irving ' s celebrity personality faded into the background, critics often began to review his writings as all style, no substance. \" the man had no message \", said critic barrett wendell. yet, critics conceded that despite irving ' s lack of sophisticated themes \u2014 irving biographer stanley t. williams could be scathing in his assessment of irving ' s work \u2014 most agreed he wrote elegantly. impact on american culture the surname of his dutch historian, diedrich knickerbocker, is generally associated with new york and new yorkers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4129864727656988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.368561"} {"text": "williams could be scathing in his assessment of irving ' s work \u2014 most agreed he wrote elegantly. impact on american culture the surname of his dutch historian, diedrich knickerbocker, is generally associated with new york and new yorkers, and can still be seen across the jerseys of new york ' s professional basketball team, albeit in its more familiar, abbreviated form, reading simply knicks. in bushwick, brooklyn, a neighborhood of new york city, there are two parallel streets named irving avenue and knickerbocker avenue ; the latter forms the core of the neighborhood ' s shopping district. one of irving ' s most lasting contributions to american culture is in the way americans perceive and celebrate christmas. in his 1812 revisions to a history of new york, irving inserted a dream sequence featuring st. nicholas soaring over treetops in a flying wagon \u2014 a creation others would later dress up as santa claus. in his five christmas stories in the sketch book, irving portrayed an idealized celebration of old - fashioned christmas customs at a quaint english manor, that depicted harmonious warm - hearted english christmas festivities he experienced while staying in aston hall, birmingham, england, that had largely been abandoned. he used text from the vindication of christmas ( london 1652 ) of old english christmas traditions, he had transcribed into his journal as a format for his stories. the book contributed to the revival and reinterpretation of the christmas holiday in the united states. the community area of irving park in chicago was named in irving ' s honor. the irving trust corporation ( now the bank of new york mellon corporation ) was named after him. since there was not yet a federal currency in 1851, each bank issued its own paper and those institutions with the most appealing names found their certificates more widely accepted. his portrait appeared on the bank ' s notes and contributed to their wide appeal. in his biography of christopher columbus, irving introduced the erroneous idea that europeans believed the world to be flat prior to the discovery of the new world. borrowed from irving, the flat - earth myth has been taught in schools as fact to many generations of americans. the american painter john quidor based many of his paintings on scenes from the works of irving about dutch new york, including such paintings as ichabod crane flying from the headless horseman ( 1928 ), the return of rip van winkle ( 1849 ), and the headless horseman pursuing ichabod crane ( 1858 ). washington irving ' s home, sunnyside, is still standing, just south", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43451572792469995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.369628"} {"text": "the headless horseman ( 1928 ), the return of rip van winkle ( 1849 ), and the headless horseman pursuing ichabod crane ( 1858 ). washington irving ' s home, sunnyside, is still standing, just south of the tappan zee bridge in tarrytown, new york. the original house and the surrounding property were once owned by 18th - century colonialist wolfert acker, about whom irving wrote his sketch wolfert ' s roost ( the name of the house ). the house is now owned and operated as a historic site by historic hudson valley and is open to the public for tours. the washington irving memorial by daniel chester french stands near the entrance to sunnyside in the village of irvington, which renamed itself from dearman in his memory, and visitors to christ episcopal church in nearby tarrytown, where he served as a vestryman in the last years of his life, can see his pew. west, over the catskills and in the finger lakes, cornell university ' s oldest continuous student - run organization, the irving literary society, is named for washington irving. his name is also frequently mentioned in joseph heller ' s novel catch - 22 in a recurring theme where his name is signed by other people to documents which triggers several military investigations as to who washington irving is. throughout the united states, there are many schools named after irving or after places in his fictional works. a washington irving memorial park and arboretum exists in oklahoma. the city of irving, texas gives credit to washington irving for the town ' s name. it is believed by local historians that irving co - founders otis brown and j. o. schulze decided in 1902 to name the city after the favorite author of otis brown ' s wife, netta barcus brown. schulze, a graduate engineer from the university of iowa and member of the washington irving literary society, also was partial to the name irving. the irving city council officially adopted author washington irving as the city ' s namesake in 1998. the chicago, illinois neighborhood of irving park is named after him. the town of knickerbocker, texas was founded by two of irving ' s nephews who named the town in honor of their uncle ' s literary pseudonym. list of works | letters of jonathan oldstyle | | 1802 | | jonathan oldstyle | | observational letters | | salmagundi | | 1807 \u2013 1808 | | launcelot langstaff, will wizard | | satire | | a history of new york", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40089269747709055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.370772"} {"text": "letters of jonathan oldstyle | | 1802 | | jonathan oldstyle | | observational letters | | salmagundi | | 1807 \u2013 1808 | | launcelot langstaff, will wizard | | satire | | a history of new york | | 1809 | | diedrich knickerbocker | | satire | | the sketch book of geoffrey crayon, gent. | | 1819 \u2013 1820 | | geoffrey crayon | | short stories / essays | | bracebridge hall | | 1822 | | geoffrey crayon | | short stories / essays | | tales of a traveller | | 1824 | | geoffrey crayon | | short stories / essays | | a history of the life and voyages of christopher columbus | | 1828 | | washington irving | | biography / history | | the chronicles of the conquest of granada | | 1829 | | fray antonio agapida | | romantic history | | voyages and discoveries of the companions of columbus | tales of the alhambra | | 1832 | | \" the author of the sketch book \" | | short stories / travel | | the crayon miscellany | | 1835 | | geoffrey crayon | | short stories | | the adventures of captain bonneville | | 1837 | | washington irving | | biography / romantic history | | the life of oliver goldsmith | | 1840 | biography and poetical remains of the late margaret miller davidson | mahomet and his successors | | 1850 | | washington irving | | biography | | wolfert ' s roost | | 1855 | | geoffrey crayon | the life of george washington ( 5 volumes ) | | 1855 \u2013 1859 | | washington irving | | biography | - burstein, 7. - pmi, 1 : 26, et al. - pmi, 1 : 27. - jones, 5. - \" the life and letters of washington irving \" archive. org - warner, 27 ; pmi, 1 : 36. - jones, 11. - pmi, 1 : 42 \u2013 43. - burstein, 19. - jones, 36. - burstein, 43. - see jones, 44 \u2013 70 - washington irving to william irving jr., september 20, 1804, works 23 : 90. - irving, washington. \" memoir of washington allston \", works 2 : 175. - washington irving to mrs. amelia foster, [ april \u2013 may 1823 ], works, 23 : 740 - 41. see also pmi, 1 : 173, williams, 1 : 77", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.379632959400801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.371807"} {"text": "memoir of washington allston \", works 2 : 175. - washington irving to mrs. amelia foster, [ april \u2013 may 1823 ], works, 23 : 740 - 41. see also pmi, 1 : 173, williams, 1 : 77, et al. - burstein, 47. - jones, 82. - burrows, edwin g. and mike wallace. gotham : a history of new york city to 1898. ( oxford university press, 1999 ), 417. see jones, 74 \u2013 75. - jones, 118 - 27. - burstein, 72. - washington irving to mrs. amelia foster, [ april \u2013 may, 1823 ], works, 23 : 741. - oxford english dictionary. - hellman, 82. - jones, 121 \u2013 22. - jones, 121. - jones, 122. - hellman, 87. - hellman, 97. - jones, 154 - 60. - jones, 169. - william irving jr. to washington irving, new york, october 14, 1818, williams, 1 : 170 - 71. - washington irving to ebenezer irving, [ london, late november 1818 ], works, 23 : 536. - see reviews from quarterly review and others, in the sketch book, xxv \u2013 xxviii ; pmi 1 : 418 \u2013 19. - burstein, 114 - irving, washington. \" preface to the revised edition \", the sketch book, works, 8 : 7 ; jones, 188 - 89. - mcclary, ben harris, ed. washington irving and the house of murray. ( university of tennessee press, 1969 ). - see comments of william godwin, cited in pmi, 1 : 422 ; lady littleton, cited in pmi 2 : 20. - aderman, ralph m., ed. critical essays on washington irving. ( g. k. hall, 1990 ), 55 \u2013 57 ; stw 1 : 209. - aderman, 58 \u2013 62. - see reichart, walter a. washington irving and germany. ( university of michigan press, 1957 ). - jones, 207 - 14. - see sanborn, f. b., ed. the romance of mary wollstonecraft shelley, john howard payne and washington irving. boston : bibliophile society, 1907. - irving to catharine paris, paris, september 20, 1824, works 24 : 76 - see reviews in blackwood ' s edinburgh magazine, westminster review, et al., 1824. cited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3736243876032887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.372647"} {"text": "boston : bibliophile society, 1907. - irving to catharine paris, paris, september 20, 1824, works 24 : 76 - see reviews in blackwood ' s edinburgh magazine, westminster review, et al., 1824. cited in jones, 222. - hellman, 170 \u2013 89. - burstein, 191. - bowers, 22 \u2013 48. - burstein, 196. - jones, 248. - burstein, 212. - burstein, 225. - russell, jeffrey burton. inventing the flat earth : columbus and modern historians. praeger paperback, 1997. isbn 0 - 275 - 95904 - x - washington irving to peter irving, alhambra, june 13, 1829. works, 23 : 436 - hellman, 208. - pmi, 2 : 429, 430, 431 \u2013 32 - pmi, 3 : 17 \u2013 21. - washington irving to peter irving, london, march 6, 1832, works, 23 : 696 - jill eastwood ( 1967 ). \" la trobe, charles joseph ( 1801 \u2013 1875 ) \". australian dictionary of biography, volume 2. mup. pp. 89 \u2013 93. retrieved july 13, 2007. - see irving, \" a tour on the prairies \", works 22. - williams, 2 : 48 \u2013 49 - jones, 318. - jones, 324. - williams, 2 : 76 \u2013 77. - jones, 323. - burstein, 288. - williams, 2 : 36. - jones, 316. - jones, 318 - 28. - monthly review, new and improved, ser. 2 ( june 1837 ) : 279 \u2013 90. see aderman, ralph m., ed. critical essays on washington irving. ( g. k. hall, 1990 ), 110 \u2013 11. - burstein, 295. - jones, 333. - edgar allan poe to n. c. brooks, philadelphia, september 4, 1838. cited in williams, 2 : 101 - 02. - washington irving to lewis g. clark, ( before january 10, 1840 ), works, 25 : 32 \u2013 33. - jones, 341. - hellman, 257. - washington irving to ebenezer irving, new york, february 10, 1842, works, 25 : 180. - bowers, 127 \u2013 275. - irving to thomas wentworth storrow, madrid, 18 may 1844, works, 25 : 751 - jones, 415 - 56. - jones, 46", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4548606254503159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.373509"} {"text": "10, 1842, works, 25 : 180. - bowers, 127 \u2013 275. - irving to thomas wentworth storrow, madrid, 18 may 1844, works, 25 : 751 - jones, 415 - 56. - jones, 464. - hellman, 235. - williams, 2 : 208 \u2013 209. - bryan, william alfred. george washington in american literature 1775 \u2013 1865. new york : columbia university press, 1952 : 103. - william c. preston to washington irving, charlottesville, may 11, 1859, pmi, 4 : 286. - kime, wayne r. pierre m. irving and washington irving : a collaboration in life and letters. wilfrid laurier university press, 1977 : 151. isbn 0 - 88920 - 056 - 4 - nelson, randy f. the almanac of american letters. los altos, california : william kaufmann, inc., 1981 : 179. isbn 0 - 86576 - 008 - x - pmi, 4 : 328. - longfellow, henry wadsworth. \" in the churchyard at tarrytown \", quoted in burstein, 330. - longfellow, henry wadsworth. \" address on the death of washington irving \", poems and other writings, j. d. mcclatchy, editor. ( library of america, 2000 ). - leon h. vincent, american literary masters, 1906. - pattee, fred lewis. the first century of american literature, 1770 \u2013 1870. new york : cooper square publishers, 1935. - kime, wayne r. pierre m. irving and washington irving : a collaboration in life and letters. wilfrid laurier university press, 1977 : 152. isbn 0 - 88920 - 056 - 4 - poe to n. c. brooks, philadelphia, september 4, 1838. cited in williams 2 : 101 - 02. - jones, 223 - jones, 291 - thackeray, roundabout papers, 1860. - hawless, american humorists, 1881. - stoddard, the life of washington irving, 1883. - wendell, a literary history of america, 1901. - see williams, 2 : appendix iii. - kelly, richard michael ( ed. ) ( 2003 ), a christmas carol. p. 20. broadview literary texts, new york : broadview press, isbn 1 - 55111 - 476 - 3 - restad, penne l. ( 1995 ), christmas in america : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38606730311594395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.374334"} {"text": "), a christmas carol. p. 20. broadview literary texts, new york : broadview press, isbn 1 - 55111 - 476 - 3 - restad, penne l. ( 1995 ), christmas in america : a history, oxford : oxford university press, isbn 0 - 19 - 510980 - 5 - see stephen nissebaum, the battle for christmas ( vintage, 1997 ) - see irving, 1828 ; and his 1829 abridged version. - see irving, 1829, chapter vii : \" columbus before the council at salamanca \", pp. 40 \u2013 47, especially p. 43. - grant ( edward ), 2001, p. 342. - grant ( john ), 2006, p. 32, in the subsection \" the earth \u2013 flat or hollow? \" beginning at p. 30, within chapter 1 \" worlds in upheval \". - caldwell, john ; rodriguez roque, oswaldo ( 1994 ). kathleen luhrs, ed. american paintings in the metropolitan museum of art. volume i : a catalogue of works by artists born by 1815. dale t. johnson, carrie rebora, patricia r. windels. the metropolitan museum of art in association with princeton university press. pp. 479 \u2013 482. - roger panetta, ed. ( 2009 ). dutch new york : the roots of hudson valley culture. hudson river museum. pp. 223 \u2013 235. isbn 978 - 0 - 8232 - 3039 - 6. - irving ' s publisher, john murray, overrode irving ' s decision to use this pseudonym and published the book under irving ' s name \u2014 much to the annoyance of its author. see jones 258 - 59. - composed of the three short stories \" a tour on the prairies \", \" abbotsford and newstead abbey \", and \" legends of the conquest of spain \". - burstein, andrew. the original knickerbocker : the life of washington irving. ( basic books, 2007 ). isbn 978 - 0 - 465 - 00853 - 7 - bowers, claude g. the spanish adventures of washington irving. ( riverside press, 1940 ). - hellman, george s. washington irving, esquire. ( alfred a. knopf, 1925 ). - grant, edward. ( 2001 ) god & reason in the middle ages, cambridge university press, isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 80279 - 2 hardcover ; isbn 978 - 0 - 521", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41263190996820426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.375202"} {"text": "alfred a. knopf, 1925 ). - grant, edward. ( 2001 ) god & reason in the middle ages, cambridge university press, isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 80279 - 2 hardcover ; isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 00337 - 7 softcover. - grant, john. ( 2006 ) discarded science : ideas that seemed good at the time... [ sic ], ff & f ( facts, figures & fun ), publisher, isbn 978 - 1 - 904332 - 49 - 7 hardcover. - irving, pierre m. life and letters of washington irving. 4 vols. ( g. p. putnam, 1862 ). cited herein as pmi. - irving, washington. the complete works of washington irving. ( rust, et al., editors ). 30 vols. ( university of wisconsin / twayne, 1969 \u2013 1986 ). cited herein as works. - irving, washington. ( 1828 ) history of the life of christopher columbus, 3 volumes, 1828, g. & c. carvill, publishers, new york, new york ; as 4 volumes, 1828, john murray, publisher, london ; and as 4 volumes, 1828, paris a. and w. galignani, publishers, france. - irving, washington. ( 1829 ) the life and voyage of christopher columbus, 1 volume, 1829, g. & c. & h. carvill, publishers, new york, new york ; an abridged version prepared by irving of his 1828 work. - jones, brian jay. washington irving : an american original. ( arcade, 2008 ). isbn 978 - 1 - 55970 - 836 - 4 - warner, charles dudley. washington irving. ( riverside press, 1881 ). - williams, stanley t. the life of washington irving. 2 vols. ( oxford university press, 1935 ). isbn 0 - 7812 - 5291 - 1 | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : washington irving | | wikisource has original works written by or about : | wikimedia commons has media related to : washington irving | - works by or about washington irving at internet archive ( scanned books original editions color illustrated ) - works by washington irving at project gutenberg ( plain text and html ) - famous quotes by washington irving - washington irving ' s sunnyside - timothy hopkins ' washington irving collection, 1683 \u2013 1839 ( 5 volumes ) is housed in the department of special collections and university archives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4143606191167206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.376237"} {"text": "| nickname ( s ) : city of jasmin | | governorates | | damascus governorate, capital city | | \u2022 governor | | bishr al sabban | | \u2022 city | | 105 km2 ( 41 sq mi ) | | \u2022 urban | | 77 km2 ( 30 sq mi ) | | elevation | | 680 m ( 2, 230 ft ) | | population ( 2009 est. ) | | time zone | | eet ( utc + 2 ) | | \u2022 summer ( dst ) | | eest ( utc + 3 ) | | area code ( s ) | | country code : 963, city code : 11 | | sources : damascus city area | damascus ( arabic : \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 dimashq, metropolitan arabic : dimishe\u02bc ), commonly known in syria as ash - sham ( arabic : \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 ash - sham ) and nicknamed as the city of jasmine ( arabic : \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 madinat al - yasmin ), is the capital and the second largest city of syria after aleppo. it borders quneitra, daraa and as - suwayda to the south, jordan to the east, homs to the north, and lebanon to the west. it is also the capital city of one of the country ' s 14 governorates. in addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, damascus is a major cultural and religious center of the levant. the city has an estimated population of 1, 711, 000 ( 2009 est. ). located in southwestern syria, damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2. 6 million people ( 2004 ). geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the anti - lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) inland from the eastern shore of the mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres ( 2, 230 ft ) above sea - level, damascus experiences a semi - arid climate due to the rain shadow effect. the barada river flows through damascus. first settled in the second millennium bc, it was chosen as the capital of the umayyad caliphate from 661 to 750. after the victory of the abbasid dynasty, the seat of islamic power was moved to baghdad. damascus saw a political decline throughout the abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the ayyubid and mamluk periods. during ottoman rule, the city decayed completely while maintaining a certain cultural prestige. today, it is the seat of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3736460020703908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.421831"} {"text": "a political decline throughout the abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the ayyubid and mamluk periods. during ottoman rule, the city decayed completely while maintaining a certain cultural prestige. today, it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries. during the ongoing civil war in syria, damascus has witnessed intense anti - government protests and violent government responses in which thousands of people have died. the name of damascus first appeared in the geographical list of thutmose iii as t - m - s - q in the 15th century bc. the etymology of the ancient name \" t - m - s - q \" is uncertain, but it is suspected to be pre - semitic. it is attested as dimasqa in akkadian, t - ms - kw in egyptian, dammasq ( \u05d3\u05de\u05e9\u05e7 ) in old aramaic and dammeseq ( \u05d3\u05de\u05e9\u05e7 ) in biblical hebrew. the akkadian spelling is found in the amarna letters, from the 14th century bc. later aramaic spellings of the name often include an intrusive resh ( letter r ), perhaps influenced by the root dr, meaning \" dwelling \". thus, the qumranic darmeseq ( \u05d3\u05e8\u05de\u05e9\u05e7 ), and darmsuq ( ) in syriac. the english and latin name of the city is \" damascus \" which was imported from greek : \u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, which originated in aramaic : \u05d3\u05e8\u05de\u05e9\u05e7 ; \" a well - watered place \". in arabic, the city is called dimashqu sh - sham ( \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 ), although this is often shortened to either dimashq or ash - sham by the citizens of damascus, of syria and other arab neighbors. ash - sham is an arabic term for \" levant \" and for \" syria \" ; the latter, and particularly historical greater syria, is called biladu sh - sham ( \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 / \" land of the levant \" ). | ancient city of damascus | | name as inscribed on the world heritage list | | criteria | | i, ii, iii, iv, vi | | unesco region | | arab states | | inscription | | 1979 ( 3rd session ) | early settlement carbon - 14 dating at tell ramad, on the outskirts of damascus, suggests that the site may have been occupied since the second half of the seventh millennium bc, possibly around 6300 bc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42636750837393067, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.422842"} {"text": "inscription | | 1979 ( 3rd session ) | early settlement carbon - 14 dating at tell ramad, on the outskirts of damascus, suggests that the site may have been occupied since the second half of the seventh millennium bc, possibly around 6300 bc. however, evidence of settlement in the wider barada basin dating back to 9000 bc exists, although no large - scale settlement was present within damascus walls until the second millennium bc. damascus was part of the ancient province of amurru in the hyksos kingdom, from 1720 to 1570 bc. some of the earliest egyptian records are from the 1350 bc amarna letters, when damascus - ( called dimasqu ) was ruled by king biryawaza. the damascus region, as well as the rest of syria, became a battleground circa 1260 bc, between the hittites from the north and the egyptians from the south, ending with a signed treaty between hattusili and ramesses ii where the former handed over control of the damascus area to ramesses ii in 1259 bc. the arrival of the sea peoples, around 1200 bc, marked the end of the bronze age in the region and brought about new development of warfare. damascus was only the peripheral part of this picture which mostly affected the larger population centers of ancient syria. however, these events had contributed to the development of damascus as a new influential center that emerged with the transition from the bronze age to the iron age. damascus is mentioned in genesis 14 : 15 as existing at the time of the war of the kings. ( however, the verse can also be understood to mean that damascus existed when genesis was written \u2013 by tradition around the 13th century bc, and several centuries later according to some [ who? ] scholars \u2013 regardless of whether damascus existed at the time of the war of the kings. ) according to the 1st century jewish historian flavius josephus in his twenty - one volume antiquities of the jews, damascus ( along with trachonitis ), was founded by uz, the son of aram. elsewhere, [ where? ] he stated : nicolaus of damascus, in the fourth book of his history, says thus : \" abraham reigned at damascus, being a foreigner, who came with an army out of the land above babylon, called the land of the chaldeans : but, after a long time, he got him up, and removed from that country also, with his people, and went into the land then called the land of canaan, but now the land of judea,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4081824442846139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.423899"} {"text": "of the chaldeans : but, after a long time, he got him up, and removed from that country also, with his people, and went into the land then called the land of canaan, but now the land of judea, and this when his posterity were become a multitude ; as to which posterity of his, we relate their history in another work. now the name of abraham is even still famous in the country of damascus ; and there is shown a village named from him, the habitation of abraham. damascus is not documented as an important city until the arrival of the aramaeans, semitic people from mesopotamia, in the 11th century bc. by the start of the first millennium bc, several aramaic kingdoms were formed, as aramaeans abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and formed federated tribal states. one of these kingdoms was aram - damascus, centered on its capital damascus. the aramaeans who entered the city without battle, adopted the name \" dimashqu \" for their new home. noticing the agricultural potential of the still - undeveloped and sparsely populated area, they established the water distribution system of damascus by constructing canals and tunnels which maximized the efficiency of the river barada. the same network was later improved by the romans and the umayyads, and still forms the basis of the water system of the old part of the city today. the aramaeans initially turned damascus into an outpost of a loose federation of aramaean tribes, known as aram - zobah, based in the beqaa valley. the city would gain preeminence in southern syria when ezron, the claimant to aram - zobah ' s throne who was denied kingship of the federation, fled beqaa and captured damascus by force in 965 bc. ezron overthrew the city ' s tribal governor and founded the independent entity of aram - damascus. as this new state expanded south, it prevented the kingdom of israel from spreading north and the two kingdoms soon clashed as they both sought to dominate trading hegemony in the east. under ezron ' s grandson, ben - hadad i ( 880 \u2013 841 bc ), and his successor hazael, damascus annexed bashan ( modern - day hauran region ), and went on the offensive with israel. this conflict continued until the early 8th century bc when ben - hadad ii was captured by israel after unsuccessfully besieging samaria. as a result, he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4224109249935293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.425032"} {"text": "( modern - day hauran region ), and went on the offensive with israel. this conflict continued until the early 8th century bc when ben - hadad ii was captured by israel after unsuccessfully besieging samaria. as a result, he granted israel trading rights in damascus. another possible reason for the treaty between aram - damascus and israel was the common threat of the neo - assyrian empire which was attempting to expand into the mediterranean coast. in 853 bc, king hadadezer of damascus led a levantine coalition, that included forces from the northern aram - hamath kingdom and troops supplied by king ahab of israel, in the battle of qarqar against the neo - assyrian army. aram - damascus came out victorious, temporarily preventing the assyrians from encroaching into syria. however, after hadadzezer was killed by his successor, hazael ii, the levantine alliance collapsed. aram - damascus attempted to invade israel, but was interrupted by the renewed assyrian invasion. hazael ordered a retreat to the walled part of damascus while the assyrians plundered the remainder of the kingdom. unable to enter the city, they declared their supremacy in the hauran and beqa ' a valleys. by the 8th century bc, damascus was practically engulfed by the assyrians and entered a dark age. nonetheless, it remained the economic and cultural center of the near east as well as the arameaen resistance. in 727, a revolt took place in the city, but was put down by assyrian forces. after assyria went on a wide - scale campaign of quelling revolts throughout syria, damascus became totally subjugated by their rule. a positive effect of this was stability for the city and benefits from the spice and incense trade with arabia. however, assyrian authority was dwindling by 609 \u2013 605 bc, and syria - palestine was falling into the orbit of pharaoh necho ii ' s egypt. in 572, all of syria had been conquered by the neo - babylonians, but the status of damascus under babylon is relatively unknown. damascus was conquered by alexander the great. after the death of alexander in 323 bc, damascus became the site of a struggle between the seleucid and ptolemaic empires. the control of the city passed frequently from one empire to the other. seleucus i nicator, one of alexander ' s generals, made antioch the capital of his vast empire, which led to the decline of damascus ' importance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3952091515692807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.426222"} {"text": ". the old borough of bab tuma was developed at the end of the roman / byzantine era by the local eastern orthodox community. according to the acts of the apostles, saint paul and saint thomas both lived in that neighborhood. roman catholic historians also consider bab tuma to be the birthplace of several popes such as john v and gregory iii. islamic arab era after most of the syrian countryside was conquered by the rashidun caliphate during the reign of caliph umar, damascus itself was conquered by the muslim - arab general khalid ibn al - walid in september \u2013 august 635 ce. his army had previously attempted to capture the city in april 634, but without success. with damascus now in muslim - arab hands, the byzantines, alarmed at the loss of their most prestigious city in the near east, had decided to wrest back control of it. under emperor heraclius, the byzantines fielded an army superior to that of the rashidun in manpower. they advanced into southern syria during the spring of 636 and consequently khalid ibn al - walid ' s forces withdrew from damascus to prepare for renewed confrontation. in august, the two powers met along the yarmouk river where they a fought a major battle which ended in a decisive muslim victory, solidifying the latter ' s rule in syria and palestine. while the muslims administrated the city, the population of damascus remained mostly christian \u2014 eastern orthodox and monophysite \u2014 with a growing community of muslims from mecca, medina, and the syrian desert. the governor assigned to the city which had been chosen as the capital of islamic syria was mu ' awiya i. after the death of caliph ali in 661, mu ' awiya was chosen as the caliph of the expanding islamic empire. because of the vast amounts of assets his clan, the ummayads, owned in the city and because of its traditional economic and social links with the hijaz as well as the christian arab tribes of the region, mu ' awiya established damascus as the capital of the entire caliphate. with the ascension of caliph abd al - malik in 685, an islamic coinage system was introduced and all of the surplus revenue of the caliphate ' s provinces were forwarded to the treasury of damascus. arabic was also established as the official language, giving the muslim minority of the city an advantage over the aramaic - speaking christians in administrative affairs. it is critical to note that, at the time damascus was conquered by the muslims, the majority of arabs were either pagans or christians. damascus itself", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36572038425699277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.429096"} {"text": ", giving the muslim minority of the city an advantage over the aramaic - speaking christians in administrative affairs. it is critical to note that, at the time damascus was conquered by the muslims, the majority of arabs were either pagans or christians. damascus itself was predominantly aramaic with arab speaking people. abd al - malik ' s successor, al - walid initiated construction of the grand mosque of damascus ( known as the umayyad mosque ) in 706. the site originally had been the christian cathedral of st. john and the muslims maintained the building ' s dedication to john the baptist. by 715, the mosque was complete. al - walid died that same year and he was succeeded at first by suleiman ibn abd al - malik and then by umar ii, who each ruled for brief periods before the reign of hisham in 724. with these successions, the status of damascus was gradually weakening as suleiman had chosen ramla as his residence and later hisham chose rusafa. following the murder of the latter in 743, the caliphate of the umayyads \u2014 which by then stretched from spain to india \u2014 was crumbling as a result of widespread revolts. during the reign of marwan ii in 744, the capital of the empire was relocated to harran in the northern jazira region. on 25 august 750, the abbasids, having already beaten the umayyads in the battle of the zab in iraq, conquered damascus after facing little resistance. with the heralding of the abbasid caliphate, damascus became eclipsed and subordinated by baghdad, the new islamic capital. within the first six months of abbasid rule, revolts began erupting in the city, albeit too isolated and unfocused to present a viable threat. nonetheless, the last of the prominent umayyads were executed, the traditional officials of damascus ostracized, and army generals from the city were dismissed. afterward, the umayyad family cemetery was desecrated and the city walls were torn down, reducing damascus into a provincial town of little importance. it roughly disappeared from written records for the next century and the only significant improvement of the city was the abbasid - built treasury dome in the umayyad mosque in 789. in 811, distant remnants of the umayyad dynasty staged a strong uprising in damascus that was eventually put down. ahmad ibn tulun, a dissenting turkish governor appointed by the abbasids, conquered syria, including damascus, from his overlord", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36016304240690367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.430686"} {"text": "in 811, distant remnants of the umayyad dynasty staged a strong uprising in damascus that was eventually put down. ahmad ibn tulun, a dissenting turkish governor appointed by the abbasids, conquered syria, including damascus, from his overlords in 878 - 79. in an act of respect for the previous umayyad rulers, he erected a shrine on the site of mu ' awiya ' s grave in the city. tulunid rule of damascus was brief, lasting only until 906 before being replaced by the qarmatians who were adherents of shia islam. due to their inability to control the vast amount of land they occupied, the qarmatians withdrew from damascus and a new dynasty, the ikhshidids, took control of the city. they maintained the independence of damascus from the arab hamdanid dynasty of aleppo and the baghdad - based abbasids until 967. a period of instability in the city followed, with a qarmatian raid in 968, a byzantine raid in 970, and increasing pressures from the fatimids in the south and the hamdanids in the north. the shia fatimids gained control in 970, inflaming hostilities between them and the sunni arabs of the city who frequently revolted. a turk, alp takin drove out the fatimids five years later, and through diplomacy, prevented the byzantines from attempting to annex the city. however, by 977, the fatimids under caliph al - aziz, wrested back control of the city and tamed sunni dissidents. the arab geographer, al - muqaddasi, visited damascus in 985, remarking that the architecture and infrastructure of the city was \" magnificent \", but living conditions were awful. under al - aziz, the city saw a brief period of stability that ended with the reign of al - hakim ( 996 \u2013 1021 ). in 998, hundreds of damascene leaders were rounded up and executed by him for incitement. three years after al - hakim ' s mysterious disappearance, the arab tribes of southern syria formed an alliance to stage a massive rebellion against the fatimids, but they were crushed by the fatimid turkish governor of syria and palestine, anushtakin al - duzbari, in 1029. this victory gave the latter mastery over syria, displeasing his fatimid overlords, but gaining the admiration of damascus ' citizens. he was exiled by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36209341767420505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.431775"} {"text": "jerusalem to resist zengi ' s forces. consequently, zengi withdrew his army and focused on campaigns against northern syria. in 1144 zengi conquered edessa, a crusader stronghold, which led to a new crusade from europe in 1148. in the meantime zengi was assassinated and his territory was divided among his sons, one of whom, nur ad - din, emir of aleppo, made an alliance with damascus. when the european crusaders arrived, they and the nobles of jerusalem agreed to attack damascus. their siege, however, was a complete failure. when the city seemed to be on the verge of collapse, the crusader army suddenly moved against another section of the walls, and were driven back. by 1154, damascus was firmly under nur ad - din ' s control. in 1164, king amalric of jerusalem invaded fatimid egypt, which requested help from nur ad - din. the nur ad - din sent his general shirkuh, and in 1166 amalric was defeated at the battle of al - babein. when shirkuh died in 1169, he was succeeded by his nephew yusuf, better known as saladin, who defeated a joint crusader - byzantine siege of damietta. saladin eventually overthrew the fatimid caliphs and established himself as sultan of egypt. he also began to assert his independence from nur ad - din, and with the death of both amalric and nur ad - din in 1174, he was well - placed to begin exerting control over damascus and nur ad - din ' s other syrian possessions. in 1177 saladin was defeated by the crusaders at the battle of montgisard, despite his numerical superiority. saladin also besieged kerak in 1183, but was forced to withdraw. he finally launched a full invasion of jerusalem in 1187, and annihilated the crusader army at the battle of hattin in july. acre fell to saladin soon after, and jerusalem itself was captured in october. these events shocked europe, resulting in the third crusade in 1189, led by richard i of england, philip ii of france and frederick i, holy roman emperor, though the last drowned en route. the surviving crusaders, joined by new arrivals from europe, put acre to a lengthy siege which lasted until 1191. after re - capturing acre, richard defeated saladin at the battle of arsuf in 1191 and the battle of jaffa in 1192, recovering most of the coast for the christians, but could not recover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3697932444603427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.436626"} {"text": "lengthy siege which lasted until 1191. after re - capturing acre, richard defeated saladin at the battle of arsuf in 1191 and the battle of jaffa in 1192, recovering most of the coast for the christians, but could not recover jerusalem or any of the inland territory of the kingdom. the crusade came to an end peacefully, with the treaty of ramla in 1192. saladin allowed pilgrimages to be made to jerusalem, allowing the crusaders to fulfill their vows, after which they all returned home. the native crusader barons set about rebuilding their kingdom from acre and the other coastal cities. saladin died in 1193, and there were frequent conflicts between different ayyubid sultans ruling in damascus and cairo. damascus was the capital of independent ayyubid rulers between 1193 and 1201, from 1218 to 1238, from 1239 to 1245, and from 1250 to 1260. at other times it was ruled by the ayyubid rulers of egypt. the patterned byzantine and chinese silks available through damascus, one of the western termini of the silk road, gave the english language \" damask \". mamluk period ayyubid rule ( and independence ) came to an end with the mongol invasion of syria in 1260, and following the mongol defeat at ain jalut in the same year, damascus became a provincial capital of the mamluk empire, ruled from egypt, following the mongol withdrawal. the black death of 1348 \u2013 1349 killed as much as half of the city ' s population. in 1400 timur, the turco - mongol conqueror, besieged damascus. the mamluk sultan dispatched a deputation from cairo, including ibn khaldun, who negotiated with him, but after their withdrawal he put the city to sack. the umayyad mosque was burnt and men and women taken into slavery. a huge number of the city ' s artisans were taken to timur ' s capital at samarkand. these were the luckier citizens : many were slaughtered and their heads piled up in a field outside the north - east corner of the walls, where a city square still bears the name burj al - ru ' us, originally \" the tower of heads \". rebuilt, damascus continued to serve as a mamluk provincial capital until 1516. ottoman rule in early 1516, the ottoman turks, wary of the danger of an alliance between the mamluks and the persian safavids, started a campaign of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3898733605465454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.437629"} {"text": "continued to serve as a mamluk provincial capital until 1516. ottoman rule in early 1516, the ottoman turks, wary of the danger of an alliance between the mamluks and the persian safavids, started a campaign of conquest against the mamluk sultanate. on 21 september, the mamluk governor of damascus fled the city, and on 2 october the khutba in the umayyad mosque was pronounced in the name of selim i. the day after, the victorious sultan entered the city, staying for three months. on 15 december, he left damascus by bab al - jabiya, intent on the conquest of egypt. little appeared to have changed in the city : one army had simply replaced another. however, on his return in october 1517, the sultan ordered the construction of a mosque, tekkiye and mausoleum at the shrine of shaikh muhi al - din ibn arabi in al - salihiyah. this was to be the first of damascus ' great ottoman monuments. the ottomans remained for the next 400 years, except for a brief occupation by ibrahim pasha of egypt from 1832 to 1840. because of its importance as the point of departure for one of the two great hajj caravans to mecca, damascus was treated with more attention by the porte than its size might have warranted \u2014 for most of this period, aleppo was more populous and commercially more important. in 1560 the tekkiye al - sulaimaniyah, a mosque and khan for pilgrims on the road to mecca, was completed to a design by the famous ottoman architect mimar sinan, and soon afterwards a madrasa was built adjoining it. under ottoman rule, christians and jews were considered dhimmis and were allowed to practice their religious precepts. the damascus affair that took place in 1840 was an incident in which the accusation of ritual murder was brought against members of the jewish community of damascus. in addition the massacre of christians in 1860 was also one of the most notorious incidents of these centuries, when fighting between druze and maronites in mount lebanon spilled over into the city. several thousand christians were killed, with many more being saved through the intervention of the algerian exile abd al - qadir and his soldiers ( three days after the massacre started ), who brought them to safety in abd al - qadir ' s residence and the citadel. the christian quarter of the old city ( mostly inhabited by catholics ), including a number of churches, was burnt down. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3621460953692503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.438576"} {"text": "after the massacre started ), who brought them to safety in abd al - qadir ' s residence and the citadel. the christian quarter of the old city ( mostly inhabited by catholics ), including a number of churches, was burnt down. the christian inhabitants of the notoriously poor and refractory midan district outside the walls ( mostly orthodox ) were, however, protected by their muslim neighbours. american missionary e. c. miller records that in 1867 the population of the city was ' about ' 140, 000, of whom 30, 000 were christians, 10, 000 jews and 100, 000 ' mohammedans ' with fewer than 100 protestant christians. in the early years of the 20th century, nationalist sentiment in damascus, initially cultural in its interest, began to take a political colouring, largely in reaction to the turkicisation programme of the committee of union and progress government established in istanbul in 1908. the hanging of a number of patriotic intellectuals by jamal pasha, governor of damascus, in beirut and damascus in 1915 and 1916 further stoked nationalist feeling, and in 1918, as the forces of the arab revolt and the british imperial forces approached, residents fired on the retreating turkish troops. on 1 october 1918, t. e. lawrence entered damascus, the third arrival of the day, the first being the 3rd australian light brigade, led by major a. c. n. ' harrry ' olden. two days later, 3 october 1918, the forces of the arab revolt led by prince faysal also entered damascus. a military government under shukri pasha was named and faisal ibn hussein was proclaimed king of syria. political tension rose in november 1917, when the new bolshevik government in russia revealed the sykes - picot agreement whereby britain and france had arranged to partition the arab east between them. a new franco - british proclamation on 17 november promised the \" complete and definitive freeing of the peoples so long oppressed by the turks. \" the syrian national congress in march adopted a democratic constitution. however, the versailles conference had granted france a mandate over syria, and in 1920 a french army commanded by the general mariano goybet crossed the anti - lebanon mountains, defeated a small syrian defensive expedition at the battle of maysalun and entered damascus. the french made damascus capital of their league of nations mandate for syria. when in 1925 the druze revolt in the hauran spread to damascus, the french suppressed it brutally, bombing and shelling the city on 9 may 1926. as a result the area of the old city between al -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3894790834737906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.439710"} {"text": "nations mandate for syria. when in 1925 the druze revolt in the hauran spread to damascus, the french suppressed it brutally, bombing and shelling the city on 9 may 1926. as a result the area of the old city between al - hamidiyah souq and medhat pasha souq was burned to the ground, with many deaths, and has since then been known as al - hariqa ( \" the fire \" ). the old city was surrounded with barbed wire to prevent rebels infiltrating from the ghouta, and a new road was built outside the northern ramparts to facilitate the movement of armored cars. on 29 may 1945, the french once more bombed damascus, but on this occasion british forces intervened and the french agreed to withdraw, thus leading to the full independence of syria in 1946. damascus remained the capital. syrian civil war the uprising started with peaceful protests in the spring of 2011 and had grown to a civil war over the past year. on 6 january 2012, a car bomb exploded in damascus killing over than 26 people, most of them civilians. state media said it was a suicide attack and blamed terrorists. in january 2012, clashes between the regular army and rebels reached the outskirts of damascus, reportedly preventing people from leaving or reaching their houses, especially when security operations there intensified from the end of january into february. on 17 march 2012, twin car bombs hit the heart of the city, targeting the air force intelligence service and the headquarters of the security forces killing at least 27 people, most of them civilians. an islamic jihadi faction called \" jabhat al - nusra \" claimed responsibility for the bomb attacks. in the early morning of 19 march, firefights and explosions broke out in the west villas section of the heavily guarded and upscale mezzeh neighborhood. by june 2012, bullets and shrapnel shells smashed into homes in damascus overnight as troops battled the free syrian army in the streets. at least three tank shells slammed into residential areas in the central damascus neighborhood of qaboun, according to activist. intense exchanges of assault - rifle fire marked the clash, according to residents and amateur video posted online. since the battle of damascus, the city has witnessed a security crackdown. checkpoints have sprung up in the city, and the sight of red dirt spilling from sandbags and ids held out the window, of kalashnikov - toting shabiha and soldiers have become widespread. traffic jams, like unemployment, became widespread and countryside refugees sleep in city parks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3864468160161352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.440764"} {"text": "and the sight of red dirt spilling from sandbags and ids held out the window, of kalashnikov - toting shabiha and soldiers have become widespread. traffic jams, like unemployment, became widespread and countryside refugees sleep in city parks. damascus lies about 80 km ( 50 mi ) inland from the mediterranean, sheltered by the anti - lebanon mountains. it lies on a plateau 680 metres ( 2, 230 ft ) above sea - level. the city has an area of 105 km2 ( 41 sq mi ), out of which 77 km2 ( 30 sq mi ) is urban, while jabal qasioun occupies the rest. the old city of damascus, enclosed by the city walls, lies on the south bank of the river barada which is almost dry ( 3 cm left ). to the south - east, north and north - east it is surrounded by suburban areas whose history stretches back to the middle ages : midan in the south - west, sarouja and imara in the north and north - west. these neighborhoods originally arose on roads leading out of the city, near the tombs of religious figures. in the 19th century outlying villages developed on the slopes of jabal qasioun, overlooking the city, already the site of the al - salihiyah neighborhood centred around the important shrine of sheikh muhi al - din ibn arabi. these new neighborhoods were initially settled by kurdish soldiery and muslim refugees from the european regions of the ottoman empire which had fallen under christian rule. thus they were known as al - akrad ( the kurds ) and al - muhajirin ( the migrants ). they lay two to three kilometres ( 2 mi ) north of the old city. from the late 19th century on, a modern administrative and commercial centre began to spring up to the west of the old city, around the barada, centred on the area known as al - marjeh or the meadow. al - marjeh soon became the name of what was initially the central square of modern damascus, with the city hall on it. the courts of justice, post office and railway station stood on higher ground slightly to the south. a europeanised residential quarter soon began to be built on the road leading between al - marjeh and al - salihiyah. the commercial and administrative centre of the new city gradually shifted northwards slightly towards this area. in the 20th century, newer suburbs developed north of the barada, and to some extent to the south, invading the ghouta oasis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38818932276707974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.442461"} {"text": "salihiyah. the commercial and administrative centre of the new city gradually shifted northwards slightly towards this area. in the 20th century, newer suburbs developed north of the barada, and to some extent to the south, invading the ghouta oasis. from 1955 the new neighborhood of yarmouk became a second home to thousands of palestinian refugees. city planners preferred to preserve the ghouta as far as possible, and in the later 20th century some of the main areas of development were to the north, in the western mezzeh neighborhood and most recently along the barada valley in dummar in the north west and on the slopes of the mountains at berze in the north - east. poorer areas, often built without official approval, have mostly developed south of the main city. damascus used to be surrounded by an oasis, the ghouta region ( \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0629 al - guta ), watered by the barada river. the fijeh spring, west along the barada valley, used to provide the city with drinking water. the ghouta oasis has been decreasing in size with the rapid expansion of housing and industry in the city and it is almost dry. it has also become polluted due to the city ' s traffic, industry, and sewage. damascus has a hot arid climate ( koppen bsh ), due to the rain shadow effect of the anti - lebanon mountains and the prevailing ocean currents. summers are dry and hot with less humidity. winters are mild and comparatively rainy, sometimes snowy. annual rainfall is around 130 mm ( 5 in ), occurring from october to may. | climate data for damascus | | record high \u00b0c ( \u00b0f ) | | 21 | average high \u00b0c ( \u00b0f ) | | 12. 6 | average low \u00b0c ( \u00b0f ) | | 0. 4 | record low \u00b0c ( \u00b0f ) | | \u22126 | precipitation mm ( inches ) | | 27. 9 | avg. precipitation days ( \u2265 0. 1 mm ) | | 7 | | 7 | | 5 | | 3 | | 1 | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | 2 | | 4 | | 6 | | 35 | | mean monthly sunshine hours | | 164. 3 | | 182. 0 | | 226. 3 | | 249. 0 | | 322. 4 | | 357. 0 | | 365. 8 | | 353. 4 | | 306. 0 | | 266. 6 | | 207. 0 | | 164. 3 | | 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3798292575901051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.443462"} {"text": "3 | | 249. 0 | | 322. 4 | | 357. 0 | | 365. 8 | | 353. 4 | | 306. 0 | | 266. 6 | | 207. 0 | | 164. 3 | | 3, 164. 1 | | source # 1 : bbc weather | | source # 2 : world meteorological organization, hong kong observatory ( sun 1961 \u2013 1990 ) | the historical role that damascus played as an important trade center has changed in recent years due to political development in the region as well as the development of modern trade. most goods produced in damascus, as well as in syria, are distributed to countries of the arabian peninsula. damascus also holds an annual international trade exposition in the fall since 1955. damascus has the potential for a highly successful tourism industry. the abundance of cultural wealth in damascus has been modestly employed since the late 1980s with the development of many accommodation and transportation establishments and other related investments. since the early 2000s, numerous boutique hotels and bustling cafes opened in the old city which attract plenty of european tourists and damascenes alike. the real - estate sector is booming in damascus. real - estate adviser cushman & wakefield listed damascus office space as the eighth most expensive in the world in 2009. the office market in damascus is rather immature and the demand for premium office space surpasses supply. however, new supply of office space is expected to be delivered in 2009. damascus is home to a wide range of industrial activity, such as textile, food processing, cement and various chemical industries. the majority of factories are run by the state, however. limited privatization in addition to economic activities let by the private sector were permitted starting in the early 2000s with the liberalization of trade that took place. traditional handcrafts and artisan copper engraving are still produced in the old city. the damascus stock exchange formally opened for trade in march 2009, and the exchange is the only stock exchanges in syria. it is currently located in the barzeh district, within syria ' s financial markets and securities commission. its final home is to be the upmarket business district of yaafur. the estimated population of damascus in 2011 was 1, 711, 000. but damascus is the centre of an over - crowded metropolitan area with an estimated population of 5 million. the metropolitan area of damascus includes the cities of douma, harasta, darayya, al - tall and jaramana. the majority of the population in damascus came as a result of rural - urban migration. the majority", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38960689583094826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.444572"} {"text": "of 5 million. the metropolitan area of damascus includes the cities of douma, harasta, darayya, al - tall and jaramana. the majority of the population in damascus came as a result of rural - urban migration. the majority of the inhabitants of damascus are muslims. it is believed that there are more than 2, 000 mosques in damascus, the most well - known being the umayyad mosque. [ verification needed ] christians represent 10 % of the population. there are few christian districts in the city, such as bab tuma, qassaa and ghassani, with many churches, most notably the ancient chapel of saint paul. at the suburb soufanieh a series of apparitions of the virgin mary have reportedly been observed between 1982 and 2004. there is a small jewish community namely in what is called haret al - yahud the jewish quarter. they are the remnants of an ancient and much larger jewish presence in syria, dating back at least to roman times, if not before to the time of king david. historical sites damascus has a wealth of historical sites dating back to many different periods of the city ' s history. since the city has been built up with every passing occupation, it has become almost impossible to excavate all the ruins of damascus that lie up to 8 feet ( 2. 4 m ) below the modern level. the citadel of damascus is located in the northwest corner of the old city. the damascus straight street ( referred to in the conversion of st. paul in acts 9 : 11 ), also known as the via recta, was the decumanus ( east - west main street ) of roman damascus, and extended for over 1, 500 metres ( 4, 900 ft ). today, it consists of the street of bab sharqi and the souk medhat pasha, a covered market. the bab sharqi street is filled with small shops and leads to the old christian quarter of bab tuma ( st. thomas ' s gate ). medhat pasha souq is also a main market in damascus and was named after midhat pasha, the ottoman governor of syria who renovated the souk. at the end of the bab sharqi street, one reaches the house of ananias, an underground chapel that was the cellar of ananias ' s house. the umayyad mosque, also known as the grand mosque of damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37226733694791736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.448103"} {"text": "of ananias, an underground chapel that was the cellar of ananias ' s house. the umayyad mosque, also known as the grand mosque of damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of islam. a shrine in the mosque is said to contain the body of st. john the baptist. the mausoleum where saladin was buried is located in the gardens just outside the mosque. sayyidah ruqayya mosque, the shrine of the youngest daughter of husayn ibn ali, can also be found near the umayyad mosque. the ancient district of amara is also within a walking distance from these sites. another heavily visited site is sayyidah zaynab mosque, where the tomb of zaynab bint ali is located. shias, fatemids and dawoodi bohras believe that after the battle of karbala ( 680 ad ), in iraq, the ummayad caliph yezid brought imam husain ' s head to damascus, where it was first kept in the courtyard of yezid mahal, now part of umayyad mosque complex. all other remaining members of imam husain ' s family ( left alive after karbala ) along with heads of all other companions, who were killed at karbala, were also brought to damascus. these members were kept as prisoners on the outskirts of the city ( near bab al - saghir ), where the other heads were kept at the same location, now called \" raous - us - sohda - e - karbala \", visited by all shias. there is a qibla ( place of worship ) marked at the place, where imam ali - zain - ul - abedin used to pray while in captivity. the walls and gates of damascus the old city of damascus with an approximate area of 128 hectares is surrounded by ramparts on the northern and eastern sides and part of the southern side. there are seven extant city gates, the oldest of which dates back to the roman period. these are, clockwise from the north of the citadel : - bab al - faradis ( \" the gate of the orchards \", or \" of the paradise \" ) - bab al - salam ( \" the gate of peace \" ), all on the north boundary of the old city - bab tuma ( \" touma \" or \" thomas ' s gate \" ) in the north - east corner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41530164240954803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.449152"} {"text": ") - bab al - salam ( \" the gate of peace \" ), all on the north boundary of the old city - bab tuma ( \" touma \" or \" thomas ' s gate \" ) in the north - east corner, leading into the christian quarter of the same name, - bab sharqi ( \" eastern gate \" ) in the east wall, the only one to retain its roman plan - bab kisan in the south - east, from which tradition holds that saint paul made his escape from damascus, lowered from the ramparts in a basket ; this gate has been closed and turned into saint paul chapel marking this event, - bab al - saghir ( the small gate ) - bab al - jabiya at the entrance to souk midhat pasha, in the south - west. churches in the old city - chapel of saint paul - house of saint ananias - mariamite cathedral of damascus - the roman catholic cathedral in zaitoon ( olive ) alley - saint johnn the damascene church - saint paul ' s laura - saint george ' s syriac orthodox church islamic sites in the old city old damascene houses threats to the future of the old city due to the rapid decline of the population of old damascus ( between 1995 \u2013 2005 more than 20, 000 people moved out of the old city for more modern accommodation ), a growing number of buildings are being abandoned or are falling into disrepair. in march 2007, the local government announced that it would be demolishing old city buildings along a 1, 400 - metre ( 4, 600 ft ) stretch of rampart walls as part of a redevelopment scheme. these factors resulted in the old city being placed by the world monuments fund on its 2008 watch list of the 100 most endangered sites in the world. it is hoped that its inclusion on the list will draw more public awareness to these significant threats to the future of the historic old city of damascus. current state of old damascus - souk el atik, a protected buffer zone, was destroyed in three days in november 2006 ; - king faysal street, a traditional hand - craft region in a protected buffer zone near the walls of old damascus between the citadel and bab touma, is threatened by a proposed motorway. - in 2007, the old city of damascus and notably the district of bab tuma have been recognized by the world monument fund as one of the most endangered sites in the world. damascus is the main center of education in syria. it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40057869990806616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.450210"} {"text": ". - in 2007, the old city of damascus and notably the district of bab tuma have been recognized by the world monument fund as one of the most endangered sites in the world. damascus is the main center of education in syria. it is home to damascus university, which is the oldest and largest university in syria. after the enactment of legislation allowing private higher institutions, several new universities were established in the city and in the surrounding area, including : - syrian virtual university - international university for science and technology - syrian private university - arab international university the institutes play an important rule in the education, including : - higher institute of business administration - higher institute for applied science and technology - national institute of administration the main airport is damascus international airport, approximately 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) away from the city, with connections to many asian, european, african, and recently, south american cities. streets in damascus are often narrow, especially in the older parts of the city, and speed bumps are widely used to limit the speed of vehicles. public transport in damascus depends extensively on minibuses. there are about one hundred lines that operate inside the city and some of them extend from the city center to nearby suburbs. there is no schedule for the lines, and due to the limited number of official bus stops, buses will usually stop wherever a passenger needs to get on or off. the number of buses serving the same line is relatively high, which minimizes the waiting time. lines are not numbered, rather they are given captions mostly indicating the two end points and possibly an important station along the line and taxicab. served by chemins de fer syriens, the former main railway station of damascus was al - hejaz railway station, about 1 km west of the old city. the station is now defunct and the tracks have been removed, but there still is a ticket counter and a shuttle to damacus kadam station in the south of the city, which now functions as the main railway station. in 2008, the government announced a plan to construct a damascus metro with opening time for the green line scheduled for 2015. the green line will be an essential west - east axis for the future public transportation network, serving moadamiyeh, sumariyeh, mezzeh, damascus university, hijaz, the old city, abbassiyeen and qaboun pullman bus station. a four - line metro network is expected be in operation by 2050. damascus was chosen as the 2008 arab capital of culture. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42781402008642483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.451352"} {"text": "university, hijaz, the old city, abbassiyeen and qaboun pullman bus station. a four - line metro network is expected be in operation by 2050. damascus was chosen as the 2008 arab capital of culture. the arab capital of culture is an initiative undertaken by unesco, under the cultural capitals program to promote and celebrate arab culture and encourage cooperation in the arab region. the preparation for the festivity began in february 2007 with the establishing of the administrative committee for \" damascus arab capital of culture \" by a presidential decree. - national museum of damascus - azem palace - military museum - october war panorama museum - museum of arabic calligraphy - nur al - din bimaristan sports and leisure popular sports include football, basketball, swimming, tennis, table tennis, equestrian and chess. damascus is home to many football clubs that participate in the syrian premier league including al - jaish, al - shurta, al - wahda and al - majd. many other sport clubs are located in several districts of the city : barada sc, qasioun sc, nidal sc, al - muhafaza sc, al - fayhaa sc, al - thawra sc, dummar sc and al - arin sc. damascus has quite busy midnights. coffeehouses, where \u2014 in addition to arabic coffee and tea \u2014 nargileh ( water pipes ) are served, proliferate damascus. card games, tables ( backgammon variants ), and chess are activities frequented in cafes. tishreen park is one of the largest and popular parks in damascus. it is home to the yearly - held damascus flower show. other parks include : al - jahiz, al - sibbki, al - tijara, al - wahda, etc. damascus ' ghouta ( oasis ) is also a popular weekend - destination for recreation. many recreation centres operate in the city including sport clubs, swimming pools and golf courses. the syrian arab horse association in damascus offers a wide range of activities and services for horse breeders and riders. nearby attractions - madaya : a small mountainous town well known holiday resort. - bloudan : a town located 51 km north - west of the damascus, its moderate temperature and low humidity in summer attracts many visitors from damascus and throughout syria, lebanon and the persian gulf. - zabadani : a city in close to the border with lebanon. its mild weather along with the scenic views, made the town a popular resort both for tourists and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4322542765412097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.452399"} {"text": "summer attracts many visitors from damascus and throughout syria, lebanon and the persian gulf. - zabadani : a city in close to the border with lebanon. its mild weather along with the scenic views, made the town a popular resort both for tourists and for visitors from other syrian cities. - maaloula : a town dominated by speakers of western neo - aramaic. - saidnaya : a city located in the mountains, 1, 500 metres ( 4, 921 ft ) above sea level, it was one of the episcopal cities of the ancient patriarchate of antioch. twin towns and sister cities - dubai, united arab emirates - toledo, spain - tripoli, lebanon - cordoba, spain - sao paulo, brazil - istanbul, turkey - yerevan, armenia, since 1997 - fars province, iran - ningxia region, people ' s republic of china - ankara, turkey since 2010 - central bureau of statistics in syria : chapter 2 : population & demographic indicators table 3 : estimates of population actually living in syria in 31 december 2011 by mohafazat and six ( in thousands ) - albaath. news statement by the governor of damascus, syria ( arabic ), april 2010 - central bureau of statistics syria syria census 2004 - list i, 13 in j. simons, handbook for the study of egyptian topographical lists relating to western asia, leiden 1937. see also y. aharoni, the land of the bible : a historical geography, london 1967, p147, no. 13. - \" ( in book reviews ) ' ' ancient damascus : a historical study of the syrian city - state from earliest times until its fall to the assyrians in 732 bc. ' ', wayne t. pitard. review author : paul e. dion, ' ' bulletin of the american schools of oriental research ' ', no. 270, ancient syria. ( may, 1988 ), p. 98 \". links. jstor. org. retrieved 20 june 2010. - \" ' ' the stele dedicated to melcarth by ben - hadad of damascus ' ', frank moore cross. ' ' bulletin of the american schools of oriental research ' ', no. 205. ( feb., 1972 ), p. 40 \". links. jstor. org. retrieved 20 june 2010. - \" online etymology dictionary \". etymonline. com. retrieved 20 june 2010. - \" damascus \u2013 wiktionary \". en. wiktionary. org. 9 may 2010. retrieved 20 june", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40766286184140055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.453386"} {"text": "retrieved 20 june 2010. - \" online etymology dictionary \". etymonline. com. retrieved 20 june 2010. - \" damascus \u2013 wiktionary \". en. wiktionary. org. 9 may 2010. retrieved 20 june 2010. - moore, a. m. t. the neolithic of the levant. oxford, uk : oxford university, 1978. 192 \u2013 198. print. - burns 2005, p. 2 - macmillan, pp. 30 \u2013 31 - burns 2005, pp. 5 \u2013 6 - burns 2005, p. 7 - genesis 14 : 15 ( new international version ). bible gateway. retrieved 25 november 2009. - burns 2005, p. 9 - burns 2005, p. 10 - burns 2005, pp. 13 \u2013 14 - burns 2005, p. 11 - burns 2005, pp. 21 \u2013 23 - burns 2005, pp. 98 \u2013 99 - burns 2005, p. 100 - burns 2005, pp. 103 \u2013 104 - burns 2005, p. 105 - burns 2005, pp. 106 \u2013 107 - burns 2005, pp. 110 - burns 2005, p. 113 - burns 2005, pp. 121 \u2013 122 - burns 2005, pp. 130 \u2013 132 - burns 2005, pp. 135 \u2013 136 - burns 2005, pp. 137 \u2013 138 - burns 2005, p. 139 - burns 2005, pp. 142 - burns 2005, p. 147 - burns 2005, pp. 148 \u2013 149 - burns 2005, p. 151 - phillips, jonathan ( 2007 ). the second crusade : extending the frontiers of christendom. yale university press. pp. 216 \u2013 227. - hans e. mayer, the crusades ( oxford university press, 1965, trans. john gillingham, 1972 ), pp. 118 \u2013 120. - tyerman, christopher ( 2006 ). god ' s war : a new history of the crusades. penguin. p. 350. - hamilton, bernard ( 2000 ). the leper king and his heirs : baldwin iv and the crusader kingdom of jerusalem. cambridge university press. pp. 132 \u2013 136. - \" the third crusade : richard the lionhearted and philip augustus \", in a history of the crusades, vol. ii : the later crusades, 1189 \u2013 1311, ed. r. l. wolff and h. w. hazard ( madison, wisconsin : university of wisconsin press, 1969 ), pp. 45 \u2013 49. - wolff and hazard, pp. 67 \u2013 85. - islamic city. encyclop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4286289882287627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.454331"} {"text": ". r. l. wolff and h. w. hazard ( madison, wisconsin : university of wisconsin press, 1969 ), pp. 45 \u2013 49. - wolff and hazard, pp. 67 \u2013 85. - islamic city. encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. - ellen clare miller, ' eastern sketches \u2013 notes of scenery, schools and tent life in syria and palestine '. edinburgh : william oliphant and company. 1871. page 90. quoting eli jones, a quaker from new england. - barker, a. ( 1998 ) \" the allies enter damascus \", history today, volume 48 - roberts, p. m., world war i, a student encyclopedia, 2006, abc - clio, p. 657 - blasts hit damascus as syria gears up monitors - \" public transportation in damascus is having an uphill go of it \" - twin bombings in damascus kill at least 27 - flashpoint international : jabhat al - nusra claims credit for twin bombings in damascus - barnard, anne ( 19 march 2012 ). \" clashes rock mezze, an upscale area of damascus \". new york times. - \" heavy gunfire in syria ' s capital during the weekend \". haaretz. 10 june 2012. retrieved 10 june 2012. - damascus metropolitan area urban planning and development : dma - upd discussion paper series no. 2 october 2009 p. 2 - tyson, patrick j. ( 2010 ). \" sunshine guide to the damascus area, syria \". www. climates. com. retrieved 26 november 2010. - \" average conditions damascus, syria \". bbc weather. july 2011. retrieved 3 november 2010. [ dead link ] - \" world weather information service \u2013 damascus \". world meteorological organization. - \" climatological information for damascus, syria \". hong kong observatory. - \" damascus \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. retrieved 28 november 2009. - \" damascus international fair \". retrieved 28 november 2009. - cummins, chip. \" damascus revels in its new allure to investors \". the wall street journal. retrieved 28 november 2009. - \" report : office space across the world 2009 \". cushman & wakefield. retrieved 28 november 2009. - \" inauguration of damascus stock exchange \". syrian enterprise and business center. retrieved 28 november 2009. - \" afp : syria launches first stock exchange \". google. com. 10 march 2009. retrieved 20 june 2010. - flood, finbarr barry ( 2001 ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4423365102802602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.455298"} {"text": "\". syrian enterprise and business center. retrieved 28 november 2009. - \" afp : syria launches first stock exchange \". google. com. 10 march 2009. retrieved 20 june 2010. - flood, finbarr barry ( 2001 ). the great mosque of damascus : studies on the makings of an umayyad visual culture 33. brill. p. 12. isbn 90 - 04 - 11638 - 9, 9789004116382 check | isbn = value ( help ). retrieved 26 november 2009. - sbalchiero in : laurentin / sbalchiero ( 2007 ), p. 1093 - 1097. - katz, ketsi ' ah ( 1981 ), masoret ha - lashon ha - ' ibrit shel yehude aram - tsoba ( halab ) bi - qri ' at ha - miqra ve - ha - mishnah ( the hebrew language tradition of the jews of aleppo in the reading of the bible and mishnah ) - old damascus - the british syrian society. the british syrian society. retrieved 29 may 2009. - \" worldmonuments. org \". worldmonuments. org. retrieved 6 november 2011. - \" ghf \". global heritage fund. retrieved 1 june 2011. - \" \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0636\u0631 \" \u0627\u0647\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0636\u0631 \". damascus - metro. com. retrieved 29 may 2009. - \" \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 2008 \". damascus. org. sy. retrieved 27 december 2012. - herbert, ian ; nicole leclercq, international theatre institute ( 2003 ). the world of theatre : an account of the world ' s theatre seasons 1999 \u2013 2000, 2000 \u2013 2001 and 2001 \u2013 2002. routledge. p. 225. isbn 0 - 415 - 30621 - 3. - \" \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \". damascus. org. sy. 22 october 2007. retrieved 20 june 2010. - beatties and pepper, 2001, p. 102. - \" syrian arab horse association \". saha - sy. org. retrieved 20 june 2010. - uaeinteract. com. \" sister cities delegates praise dubai ' best practices '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43881044855200824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.456100"} {"text": "- beatties and pepper, 2001, p. 102. - \" syrian arab horse association \". saha - sy. org. retrieved 20 june 2010. - uaeinteract. com. \" sister cities delegates praise dubai ' best practices ' uae \u2013 the official web site \u2013 news \". uaeinteract. com. retrieved 29 may 2009. - \" sister cities \". toledo turismo ( patronato municipal de turismo ). retrieved 16 october 2008. - ayuntamento de cordoba cordoba city council web, sister cities - \" international relations \u2013 sao paulo city hall \u2013 official sister cities \". prefeitura. sp. gov. br. retrieved 20 june 2010. - sister cities of istanbul \u2013 turkey. sister cities of istanbul \u2013 turkey. retrieved 24 november 2009. - \" yerevan municipality \u2013 sister cities \". yerevan. am. retrieved 22 june 2009. - the syrian - iranian joint supreme committee meetings ( in arabic ). alwehda publications. 8 march 2009. retrieved 30 november 2009. - \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0629. syria news. retrieved 22 april 2010. - \" damascus, ankara become sister cities \". worldbulletin. net. 6 july 2010. retrieved 9 november 2010. - burns, ross ( 2005 ). damascus : a history. routledge. isbn 0 - 415 - 27105 - 3, 9780415271059 check - jill, duchess of hamilton ( 2002 ). first to damascus : the story of the australian light horse and lawrence of arabia. isbn 0 - 7318 - 1071 - 6.. - aharoni, yohanan ; avi - yonah, michael ( 1977 ). the macmillan bible atlas. carta ltd. isbn 0 - 7318 - 1071 - 6.. - cammelli, stefano ( 2006 ). il minareto di gesu. il mulino.. - icomos heritage at risk 2001 / 2002 : damascus, a major eastern mediterranean site at risk - syria, historic damascus : the destruction of the old city | look up damascus in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | | wikimedia commons has media related to : damascus | - philip k. hitt, the imperial capital, 1973, saudi aramco world - damascus on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3942945519735325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.456968"} {"text": "a helium \u2013 neon laser or hene laser, is a type of gas laser whose gain medium consists of a mixture of helium and neon inside of a small bore capillary tube, usually excited by a dc electrical discharge. history of hene laser development the first hene laser emitted at 1. 15 \u03bcm in the infrared and was the first gas laser. however a laser that operated at visible wavelengths was much more in demand, and a number of other neon transitions were investigated to identify ones in which a population inversion can be achieved. the 633 nm line was found to have the highest gain in the visible spectrum, making this the wavelength of choice for most hene lasers. however other visible as well as infrared lasing wavelengths are possible, and by using mirror coatings with their peak reflectance at these other wavelengths, hene lasers could be engineered to employ those transitions ; this includes visible lasers appearing red, orange, yellow, and green. lasing transitions are known from over 100 \u03bcm in the far infrared to 540 nm in the visible. since visible transitions at wavelengths other than 633 nm have somewhat lower gain, these lasers generally have lower output powers and are more costly. the 3. 39 \u03bcm transition has a very high gain but is prevented from lasing in an ordinary hene laser ( of a different intended wavelength ) since the cavity and mirrors are lossy at that wavelength. however in high power hene lasers having a particularly long cavity, superluminescence at 3. 39 \u03bcm can become a nuisance, robbing power from the lasing medium, often requiring additional suppression. the best known and most widely used hene laser operates at a wavelength of 632. 8 nm in the red part of the visible spectrum. it was developed at bell telephone laboratories in 1962, 18 months after the pioneering demonstration at the same laboratory of the first continuous infrared hene gas laser in december 1960. construction and operation the gain medium of the laser, as suggested by its name, is a mixture of helium and neon gases, in approximately a 10 : 1 ratio, contained at low pressure in a glass envelope. the gas mixture is mostly helium, so that helium atoms can be excited. the excited helium atoms collide with neon atoms, exciting some of them to the state that radiates 632. 8 nm. without helium, the neon atoms would be excited mostly to lower excited states responsible for non - laser lines. a neon laser with no helium can be constructed but it is much more difficult without this means of energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5733890675673781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.466081"} {"text": "radiates 632. 8 nm. without helium, the neon atoms would be excited mostly to lower excited states responsible for non - laser lines. a neon laser with no helium can be constructed but it is much more difficult without this means of energy coupling. therefore, a hene laser that has lost enough of its helium ( e. g., due to diffusion through the seals or glass ) will most likely not lase at all since the pumping efficiency will be too low. the energy or pump source of the laser is provided by a high voltage electrical discharge passed through the gas between electrodes ( anode and cathode ) within the tube. a dc current of 3 to 20 ma is typically required for cw operation. the optical cavity of the laser usually consists of two concave mirrors or one plane and one concave mirror, one having very high ( typically 99. 9 % ) reflectance and the output coupler mirror allowing approximately 1 % transmission. commercial hene lasers are relatively small devices, among gas lasers, having cavity lengths usually ranging from 15 cm to 50 cm ( but sometimes up to about 1 meter to achieve the highest powers ), and optical output power levels ranging from 0. 5 to 50 mw. the red hene laser wavelength of 633 nm has an actual vacuum wavelength of 632. 991 nm, or about 632. 816 nm in air. the wavelength of the lasing modes lie within about 0. 001 nm above or below this value, and the wavelengths of those modes shift within this range due to thermal expansion and contraction of the cavity. frequency - stabilized versions enable the wavelength of a single mode to be specified to within 1 part in 108 by the technique of comparing the powers of two longitudinal modes in opposite polarizations. absolute stabilization of the laser ' s frequency ( or wavelength ) as fine as 2. 5 parts in 1011 can be obtained through use of an iodine absorption cell. the mechanism producing population inversion and light amplification in a hene laser plasma originates with inelastic collision of energetic electrons with ground state helium atoms in the gas mixture. as shown in the accompanying energy level diagram, these collisions excite helium atoms from the ground state to higher energy excited states, among them the 23s1 and 21s0 long - lived metastable states. because of a fortuitous near coincidence between the energy levels of the two he metastable states, and the 3s2 and 2s2 ( paschen notation ) levels of neon, collisions between these helium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5856199701724023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.467199"} {"text": "- lived metastable states. because of a fortuitous near coincidence between the energy levels of the two he metastable states, and the 3s2 and 2s2 ( paschen notation ) levels of neon, collisions between these helium metastable atoms and ground state neon atoms results in a selective and efficient transfer of excitation energy from the helium to neon. this excitation energy transfer process is given by the reaction equations : - he * ( 23s1 ) + ne1s0 \u2192 he ( 1s0 ) + ne * 2s2 + \u03b4e - he * ( 21s ) + ne1s0 + \u03b4e \u2192 he ( 1s0 ) + ne * 3s2 where ( * ) represents an excited state, and \u03b4e is the small energy difference between the energy states of the two atoms, of the order of 0. 05 ev or 387 cm\u22121, which is supplied by kinetic energy. excitation energy transfer increases the population of the neon 2s2 and 3s2 levels manyfold. when the population of these two upper levels exceeds that of the corresponding lower level neon state, 2p4 to which they are optically connected, population inversion is present. the medium becomes capable of amplifying light in a narrow band at 1. 15 \u03bcm ( corresponding to the 2s2 to 2p4 transition ) and in a narrow band at 632. 8 nm ( corresponding to the 3s2 to 2p4 transition at 632. 8 nm ). the 2p4 level is efficiently emptied by fast radiative decay to the 1s state, eventually reaching the ground state. the remaining step in utilizing optical amplification to create an optical oscillator is to place highly reflecting mirrors at each end of the amplifying medium so that a wave in a particular spatial mode will reflect back upon itself, gaining more power in each pass than is lost due to transmission through the mirrors and diffraction. when these conditions are met for one or more longitudinal modes then radiation in those modes will rapidly build up until gain saturation occurs, resulting in a stable continuous laser beam output through the front ( typically 99 % reflecting ) mirror. the gain bandwidth of the hene laser is dominated by doppler broadening rather than pressure broadening due to the low gas pressure, and is thus quite narrow : only about 1. 5 ghz full width for the 633 nm transition. with cavities having typical lengths of 15 cm to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6428275553371852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.468222"} {"text": "by doppler broadening rather than pressure broadening due to the low gas pressure, and is thus quite narrow : only about 1. 5 ghz full width for the 633 nm transition. with cavities having typical lengths of 15 cm to 50 cm, this allows about 2 to 8 longitudinal modes to oscillate simultaneously ( however single longitudinal mode units are available for special applications ). the visible output of the red hene laser, long coherence length, and its excellent spatial quality, makes this laser a useful source for holography and as a wavelength reference for spectroscopy. a stabilized hene laser is also one of the benchmark systems for the definition of the meter. prior to the invention of cheap, abundant diode lasers, red hene lasers were widely used in barcode scanners at supermarket checkout counters. laser gyroscopes have employed hene lasers operating at 0. 633 \u03bcm in a ring laser configuration. hene lasers are generally present in educational and research optical laboratories. red hene lasers have many industrial and scientific uses. they are widely used in laboratory demonstrations in the field of optics in view of their relatively low cost and ease of operation compared to other visible lasers producing beams of similar quality in terms of spatial coherence ( a single mode gaussian beam ) and long coherence length ( however since about 1990 semiconductor lasers have offered a lower cost alternative for many such applications ). a consumer application of the red hene laser is the laserdisc player, made by pioneer. the laser is used in the device to read the optical disk. see also - c. s. willet \" an introduction to gas lasers \" pergamon press 1974, pages 407 \u2013 411 - a. d. white and j. d. rigden, \" continuous gas maser operation in the visible \". proc ire vol. 50, p1697 : july 1962. - a. d. white, \" recollections of the first continuous visible laser \". optics and photonics news vol. 22, p34 - 39 : october 2011. - javan, a., bennett, w. r. and herriott, d. r. : \" population inversion and continuous optical maser oscillation in a gas discharge containing a he - ne mixture \". phys. rev. lett. 63, 106 \u2013 110 ( 1961 ). - \" sam ' s laser faq - helium - neon lasers : \". - nieb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5831241554074752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.469171"} {"text": "john c. stennis space center | john c. stennis space center | | the b - 1 / b - 2 test stand holding space shuttle components ( 1987 ) | | preceding agencies | | mississippi test operations national space technology laboratories | jurisdiction | | u. s. federal government | | headquarters | | hancock county, mississippi | | agency executive | | dr. richard j. gilbrech, director | | stennis space center home page | the john c. stennis space center ( ssc ) is a nasa rocket testing facility. it is located in hancock county, mississippi, on the banks of the pearl river ( mississippi \u2013 louisiana ) at the mississippi \u2013 louisiana border. as of 2012 [ update ], it is nasa ' s largest rocket engine test facility. as of 2007 [ update ], british manufacturer rolls - royce plc has been operating an outdoor aero - engine test facility within ssc due to noise pollution concerns at its uk testing facility at hucknall airfield ( near its main uk site at derby ). rolls - royce is just one of the over 30 local, state, national, international, private, and public companies and agencies using ssc for their rocket testing facilities. the initial requirements for nasa ' s proposed rocket testing facility required the site to be located between the rockets ' manufacturing facility at michoud assembly facility in eastern new orleans, louisiana and the launch facility at the kennedy space center in florida. also, the site required barge access as the rocket motors to be tested for apollo were too large for overland transport. the selected area was thinly populated and met all other requirements ; however before construction began, five small communities ( gainesville, logtown, napoleon, santa rosa, and westonia ), plus the northern portion of a sixth ( pearlington ), and a combined population of 700 families had to be completely relocated off the facility. remnants of the communities, including city streets and a one - room school house, still exist within the facility. the 13, 500 acres ( 55 km2 ) site was selected on october 25, 1961 on the mississippi test facility or pearl river site. on december 18, 1961 nasa officially designated the facility as nasa mississippi test operations. the test area ( officially known as the fee area ) is surrounded by a 125, 000 acres ( 506 km2 ) acoustical buffer zone. the facility ' s large concrete and metal test stands were originally used to test - fire the first and second stages of the saturn v rockets. all space shuttle main engines were flight - certified at ste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4794327966167018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.474669"} {"text": "( 506 km2 ) acoustical buffer zone. the facility ' s large concrete and metal test stands were originally used to test - fire the first and second stages of the saturn v rockets. all space shuttle main engines were flight - certified at stennis. the facility was renamed again to mississippi test facility on july 1, 1965, became a part of the marshall space flight center on june 14, 1974 and renamed national space technology laboratories a name that continued until may 20, 1988 when it was renamed for mississippi senator and space program supporter john c. stennis. with the end of the apollo program, use of the base decreased, with economic impact to the surrounding communities. over the years other government organizations have moved to the facility, providing a major economic benefit to the communities. in the 1990s, a new test complex named \" e \" was constructed to test a variety of new engine concepts. a series of tests conducted there eventually led to the commercialization of hybrid rocket motors, one of which was used to power the first privately funded spaceship, scaled composites spaceshipone. in 2007 rolls - royce plc opened an outdoor aero engine test facility at john c. stennis. the test stand is built on the old h1 test bed, rolls - royce relocated their engine testing facility from hucknall near its main derby site in the uk due to noise pollution issues. test stands the engineering & science directorate ( esd ) at ssc operates and maintains ssc ' s rocket test stands. - the a - 1 test stand was originally designed to test the apollo saturn v second stage ( s - ii ). it supports a maximum dynamic load of 1. 7 m lbf. - the a - 2 test stand is used for j - 2x engine testing. it supports a maximum dynamic load of 1. 1 m lbf. - nasa has begun construction of the new a - 3 test stand at ssc. the a - 3 stand will be used for testing j - 2x engines under vacuum conditions simulating high altitude operation. a - 3 will also be operable as a sea - level test facility. - the b - 1 / b - 2 test stand is a dual - position stand supporting a maximum dynamic load of 11m lbf. it was originally built to simultaneously test the five f - 1 engines of a complete saturn - v s1 - c first stage. during the shuttle era it was modified to test the space shuttle main engine ( ssme ). it is currently under retrofit for sls main engine testing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4869946435986412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.475736"} {"text": "f - 1 engines of a complete saturn - v s1 - c first stage. during the shuttle era it was modified to test the space shuttle main engine ( ssme ). it is currently under retrofit for sls main engine testing. - the e - complex supports testing of small engine and single / multiple components. installation of a 35, 000 - gallon liquid oxygen tank atop the a - 3 test stand. in 2005, the center was home to over 30 government agencies and private companies. by far the largest of these were elements of the united states navy with some 3, 500 personnel, which was far larger than the nasa civil servant contingent. some of the prominent resident agencies include : - the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s national data buoy center - a branch of the naval research laboratory - the lockheed martin mississippi space and technology center - the naval meteorology and oceanography command - the naval oceanographic office - navy special boat team 22 and navsciatts ( naval small craft instruction and technical training school ). - the university of southern mississippi ' s high performance visualization center - rolls - royce outdoor engine testing centre - the us geological survey hydrologic instrumentation facility - mississippi army ammunition plant the museum and visitor center for the stennis space center was known as stennisphere, but closed its doors to the public on february 15, 2012. exhibits focused on the activities of nasa, space, space exploration, science, geography, weather and more. many of the exhibits from stennisphere have been moved into the new infinity visitor facility. the infinity science center officially opened in april 2012 to replace the old stennisphere visitors center. the new center features state - of - the - art science and space exhibits, including a full - sized international space station module. see also - kelley, mike ( september 26, 2012 ). \" scheuermann appointed new msfc director \". the huntsville times. retrieved november 28, 2012. - \" may 1961 speech leads to stennis facility \". lagniappe. 11 may 2011. - \" a - 1 test stand \". nasa. - \" nasa ' s stennis space center marks new chapter in space exploration \". nasa. - \" environmental assessment for stennis space center a - 3 test stand \". nasa. - \" stennisphere museum and visitor center to close \" ( press release ). nasa. jan. 30, 2012. - \" history of infinity science center \". nasa. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13. | wi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4614352413706841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.476714"} {"text": "leonard harrison state park | leonard harrison state park | | pennsylvania state park part of pine creek gorge, a national natural landmark view north of pine creek gorge, pine creek, and the pine creek rail trail from the main lookout area in leonard harrison state park | named for : leonard harrison | | location | | pine creek gorge | | - elevation | | 1, 821 ft ( 555 m ) | | area | | 585 acres ( 237 ha ) | | management | | pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources | | iucn category | | v - protected landscape / seascape | | website : leonard harrison state park | leonard harrison state park is a 585 - acre ( 237 ha ) pennsylvania state park in tioga county, pennsylvania, in the united states. it is on the east rim of the pine creek gorge, also known as the grand canyon of pennsylvania, which is 800 feet ( 240 m ) deep and nearly 4, 000 feet ( 1, 200 m ) across here. it also serves as headquarters for the adjoining colton point state park, its sister park on the west rim of the gorge. leonard harrison state park is known for its views of the pine creek gorge, and offers hiking, fishing and hunting, whitewater boating, and camping. the park is in shippen and delmar townships, 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of wellsboro at the western terminus of pennsylvania route 660. pine creek flows through the park and has carved the gorge through five major rock formations from the devonian and carboniferous periods. native americans once used the pine creek path along the creek. the path was later used by lumbermen, and then became the course of a railroad from 1883 to 1988. since 1996, the 63. 4 - mile ( 102. 0 km ) pine creek rail trail has followed the creek through the park. the pine creek gorge was named a national natural landmark in 1968 and is also protected as a pennsylvania state natural area and important bird area, while pine creek is a pennsylvania scenic and wild river. the gorge is home to many species of plants and animals, some of which have been reintroduced to the area. although the pine creek gorge was clearcut in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it is now covered by second growth forest, thanks in part to the conservation efforts of the civilian conservation corps ( ccc ) in the 1930s. the park is named for leonard harrison, a wellsboro lumberman who cut the timber there, then established the park, which he donated to the state in 1922. the ccc improved the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37581630279713896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.515368"} {"text": "the civilian conservation corps ( ccc ) in the 1930s. the park is named for leonard harrison, a wellsboro lumberman who cut the timber there, then established the park, which he donated to the state in 1922. the ccc improved the park and built many of its original facilities. since a successful publicity campaign in 1936, the park has been a popular tourist destination and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. leonard harrison state park was chosen by the pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources ( dcnr ) bureau of parks for its \" twenty must - see pennsylvania state parks \" list, which praised its \" spectacular vistas and a fabulous view of pine creek gorge, also known as pennsylvania ' s grand canyon \". native americans humans have lived in what is now pennsylvania since at least 10, 000 bc. the first settlers were paleo - indian nomadic hunters known from their stone tools. the hunter - gatherers of the archaic period, which lasted locally from 7000 to 1000 bc, used a greater variety of more sophisticated stone artifacts. the woodland period marked the gradual transition to semi - permanent villages and horticulture, between 1000 bc and 1500 ad. archeological evidence found in the state from this time includes a range of pottery types and styles, burial mounds, pipes, bows and arrows, and ornaments. leonard harrison state park is in the west branch susquehanna river drainage basin, the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the iroquoian - speaking susquehannocks. they were a matriarchal society that lived in stockaded villages of large long houses, and \" occasionally inhabited \" the mountains surrounding the pine creek gorge. their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the five nations of the iroquois, and by 1675 they had died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes. after this, the lands of the west branch susquehanna river valley were under the nominal control of the iroquois. the iroquois lived in long houses, primarily in what is now new york, and had a strong confederacy which gave them power beyond their numbers. they and other tribes used the pine creek path through the gorge, traveling between a path on the genesee river in modern new york in the north, and the great shamokin path along the west branch susquehanna river in the south. the seneca tribe of the iroquois believed that pine creek gorge was sacred land and never established a permanent settlement there. they used the path through the gorge and had seasonal hunting camps along it, including one just north of the park near what is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41770719275045304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.516555"} {"text": "the south. the seneca tribe of the iroquois believed that pine creek gorge was sacred land and never established a permanent settlement there. they used the path through the gorge and had seasonal hunting camps along it, including one just north of the park near what is now the village of ansonia. to fill the void left by the demise of the susquehannocks, the iroquois encouraged displaced tribes from the east to settle in the west branch watershed, including the shawnee and lenape ( or delaware ). the french and indian war ( 1754 \u2013 1763 ) led to the migration of many native americans westward to the ohio river basin. on november 5, 1768, the british acquired the new purchase from the iroquois in the treaty of fort stanwix, including what is now leonard harrison state park. the purchase line established by this treaty was disputed, as it was unclear whether the border along \" tiadaghton creek \" referred to present - day pine creek or to lycoming creek, further to the east. as a result, the land between them was disputed territory until 1784 and the second treaty of fort stanwix. after the american revolutionary war, native americans almost entirely left pennsylvania, although some isolated bands of natives remained in pine creek gorge until the war of 1812. lumber era prior to the arrival of william penn and his quaker colonists in 1682, up to 90 percent of what is now pennsylvania was covered with woods : more than 31, 000 square miles ( 80, 000 km2 ) of eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, and a mix of hardwoods. the forests near the three original counties, philadelphia, bucks, and chester, were the first to be harvested, as the early settlers used the readily available timber to build homes, barns, and ships, and cleared the land for agriculture. the demand for wood products slowly increased and by the time of the american revolution the lumber industry had reached the interior and mountainous regions of pennsylvania. lumber thus became one of the leading industries in pennsylvania. trees were used to furnish fuel to heat homes, tannin for the many tanneries that were spread throughout the state, and wood for construction, furniture, and barrel making. large areas of forest were harvested by colliers to fire iron furnaces. rifle stocks and shingles were made from pennsylvania timber, as were a wide variety of household utensils, and the first conestoga wagons. by the early 19th century the demand for lumber reached the pine creek gorge, where the surrounding mountainsides were covered with eastern white pine 3 to 6 feet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4281138056752464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.517667"} {"text": ", as were a wide variety of household utensils, and the first conestoga wagons. by the early 19th century the demand for lumber reached the pine creek gorge, where the surrounding mountainsides were covered with eastern white pine 3 to 6 feet ( 0. 9 to 1. 8 m ) in diameter and 150 feet ( 46 m ) or more tall, eastern hemlock 9 feet ( 2. 7 m ) in circumference, and huge hardwoods. each acre ( 0. 4 ha ) of these virgin forests produced 100, 000 board feet ( 236 m3 ) of white pine and 200, 000 board feet ( 472 m3 ) of hemlock and hardwoods. for comparison, the same area of forest today produces a total of only 5, 000 board feet ( 11. 8 m3 ) on average. according to steven e. owlett, environmental lawyer and author, shipbuilders considered pine from pine creek the \" best timber in the world for making fine ship masts \", so it was the first lumber to be harvested on a large scale. pine creek was declared a public highway by the pennsylvania general assembly on march 16, 1798, and rafts of spars were floated down the creek to the susquehanna river, then to the chesapeake bay and the shipbuilders at baltimore. the lumbermen would then walk home, following the old pine creek path at the end of their journey. a spar sold for one dollar and three spars up to 90 feet ( 27 m ) long were lashed together to make a ship ' s mast. the largest spar produced on pine creek was 43 inches ( 110 cm ) in diameter 12 feet ( 3. 7 m ) above the base, 93 feet ( 28 m ) long, and 33 inches ( 84 cm ) in diameter at the top. by 1840, tioga county alone produced over 452 such spar rafts with more than 22, 000, 000 board feet ( 52, 000 m3 ) of lumber. as the 19th century progressed, fewer pines were left and more hemlocks and hardwoods were cut and processed locally. by 1810 there were 11 sawmills in the pine creek watershed, and by 1840 there were 145, despite a flood in 1832 which wiped out nearly all the mills along the creek. selective harvesting of pines was replaced by clearcutting of all lumber in a tract. the first lumbering activity to take place close to what is now leonard harrison state park occurred in 1838 when william dodge and some partners built a settlement at big meadows and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42304589626828526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.518706"} {"text": "selective harvesting of pines was replaced by clearcutting of all lumber in a tract. the first lumbering activity to take place close to what is now leonard harrison state park occurred in 1838 when william dodge and some partners built a settlement at big meadows and formed the pennsylvania joint land and lumber company. dodge ' s company purchased thousands of acres of land in the area, including what is now colton point state park. in 1865 the last pine spar raft floated down the creek, and on march 28, 1871 the general assembly passed a law allowing splash dam construction and clearing of creeks to allow loose logs to float better. the earliest spring log drives floated up to 20, 000, 000 board feet ( 47, 000 m3 ) of logs in pine creek at one time. these logs floated to the west branch susquehanna river and to sawmills near the susquehanna boom at williamsport. hemlock wood was not widely used until the advent of wire nails, but the bark was used to tan leather. after 1870 the largest tanneries in the world were in the pine creek watershed, and required 2, 000 pounds ( 910 kg ) of bark to produce 150 pounds ( 68 kg ) of quality sole leather. in 1883 the jersey shore, pine creek and buffalo railway opened, following the creek through the gorge. the new railroad used the relatively level route along pine creek to link the new york central railroad with the clearfield coalfield. in the surrounding forests, log drives gave way to logging railroads, which transported lumber to local sawmills. there were 13 companies operating logging railroads along pine creek and its tributaries between 1886 and 1921, while the last log drive in the pine creek watershed started on little pine creek in 1905. the west rim, which became colton point state park, had a logging railroad by 1903, which was able to harvest lumber on fourmile run that had been previously inaccessible. the old - growth forests were clearcut by the early 20th century and the gorge was stripped bare. nothing was left except the dried - out tree tops, which became a fire hazard, so much of the land burned and was left barren. on may 6, 1903 the wellsboro newspaper had the headline \" wild lands aflame \" and reported landslides through the gorge. the soil was depleted of nutrients, fires baked the ground hard, and jungles of blueberries, blackberries, and mountain laurel covered the clearcut land, which became known as the \" pennsylvania desert \". disastrous floods swept the area periodically and much of the wildlife was wiped out. nessmuk and leonard harrison", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40926900839637315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.519885"} {"text": "and jungles of blueberries, blackberries, and mountain laurel covered the clearcut land, which became known as the \" pennsylvania desert \". disastrous floods swept the area periodically and much of the wildlife was wiped out. nessmuk and leonard harrison george washington sears, an early conservationist who wrote under the pen name \" nessmuk \", was one of the first to criticize pennsylvania lumbering and its destruction of forests and creeks. in his 1884 book woodcraft he wrote of the pine creek watershed where \" a huge tannery... poisons and blackens the stream with chemicals, bark and ooze.... the once fine covers and thickets are converted into fields thickly dotted with blackened stumps. and, to crown the desolation, heavy laden trains of ' the pine creek and jersey shore r. r. ' go thundering [ by ] almost hourly... of course, this is progress ; but, whether backward or forward, had better be decided sixty years hence. \" nessmuk ' s words went mostly unheeded in his lifetime and did not prevent the clearcutting of almost all of the virgin forests in pennsylvania. sears lived in wellsboro from 1844 until his death in 1890, and was the first to describe the pine creek gorge. he also described a trip to what became leonard harrison state park : after a 6 - mile ( 9. 7 km ) buggy ride, he then had to hike 7 miles ( 11 km ) through tangles of fallen trees and branches, down ravines, and over banks for five hours. at least he reached \" the point \", which he wrote was \" the jutting terminus of a high ridge which not only commands a capital view of the opposite mountain, but also of the pine creek valley, up and down for miles \". a pennsylvania historical and museum commission ( phmc ) state historical marker commemorating nessmuk was dedicated in the park in 1972. the creation of the park was the work of leonard harrison, a former lumberman and businessman from wellsboro who owned a substantial amount of land in the pine creek gorge. in the 1890s harrison operated a sawmill at tiadaghton in the middle of the gorge, which was supplied with logs, not by train as was most common in that era, but by a log slide built into the side of the gorge. the log slide was used on a year round basis : during the winter the logs slid down on ice ; following the snowmelt the slide was greased to ease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42673985962092986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.520952"} {"text": "in that era, but by a log slide built into the side of the gorge. the log slide was used on a year round basis : during the winter the logs slid down on ice ; following the snowmelt the slide was greased to ease the descent of the logs. after the village and the mill were destroyed by a fire, harrison turned his attention to tourism. he purchased 121 acres ( 49 ha ) of land at the site of the current park in 1906, then developed this land, known as \" the lookout \", and invited the public to enjoy the beauty of pine creek gorge. harrison donated the picnic grounds to the commonwealth of pennsylvania in 1922. although the park was donated to the state, the wellsboro chamber of commerce made initial improvements there and operated it for the first two decades. elsewhere in the gorge the state bought land abandoned by lumber companies, sometimes for less than $ 2 per acre ( $ 5 per ha ). except for the adjoining colton point state park, this land became the tioga state forest, which was officially established in 1925 and lies just north and south of the park. as of 2008 the state forest encompasses 160, 000 acres ( 65, 000 ha ), mostly in tioga county. modern era despite its status as leonard harrison state forest park, it took time for the park to become more well known. access to the park over small roads was still difficult. an elderly woman who had lived nearby all her life visited the park for the first time in 1932 and asked, on seeing the gorge, \" how long has this been here? \" the civilian conservation corps ( ccc ) improved access and constructed many of the amenities at leonard harrison park from 1933 to 1936, during the great depression. leonard harrison state park is one of many examples of the work of the ccc throughout north - central pennsylvania. the ccc built picnic and comfort facilities, made roads and trails ( often following old logging roads ), and planted stands of white pine, spruce and larch. some of the ccc - constructed facilities remain and are still used, and the park has hosted a reunion of former ccc workers each summer since 1990. in 1936 larry woodin of wellsboro and other tioga county business owners began a tourism campaign to promote the pine creek gorge as \" the grand canyon of pennsylvania \". greyhound bus lines featured a view of the canyon from a leonard harrison lookout on the back cover of its atlantic coast timetable. the bus line ' s chicago to new york city tour had an overnight stay in wellsboro and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4090235131459016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.522199"} {"text": "grand canyon of pennsylvania \". greyhound bus lines featured a view of the canyon from a leonard harrison lookout on the back cover of its atlantic coast timetable. the bus line ' s chicago to new york city tour had an overnight stay in wellsboro and a morning visit to the canyon for $ 3. more than 300, 000 tourists visited the canyon by the autumn of 1936, and 15, 000 visited leonard harrison over memorial day weekend in 1937. that year more visitors came to the pine creek gorge than to yellowstone national park. in response to the heavy use of the local roads, the ccc widened the highways in the area, and guides from the ccc gave tours of the canyon. a phmc state historical marker honoring the ccc ' s work in the park and county was dedicated on june 3, 1995. near the lookout over the gorge there is a bronze statue of a \" tioga county ccc worker \", unveiled on august 14, 1999, as a monument to the achievements of the ccc. after the second world war the state took over operation of the park, and expanded its size beyond the original land donated by harrison : six purchases between 1946 and 1949 increased the park ' s area from 128 acres ( 52 ha ) to 585 acres ( 237 ha ) at a cost of $ 26, 328. the pennsylvania geographic board dropped the word forest and officially named it leonard harrison state park on november 11, 1954. the park was improved in the following decade with the completion of new latrines ( 1963 ) and a new concession stand and visitor center ( 1968 ). pine creek was named a state scenic river on december 4, 1992, which ensured further protection of pine creek gorge in its natural state. in 1997 the park ' s important bird area ( iba ) was one of the first 73 ibas established in pennsylvania. in 2000 the park became part of the hills creek state park complex, an administrative grouping of eight state parks in potter and tioga counties. in 2005 the state began a $ 1. 2 million upgrade of park facilities, including a new maintenance building, the replacement of three pit latrines at the overlook and campground, the addition of showers at the campground, and the conversion of all restrooms to flush toilets. the second half of the 20th century saw great changes in the rail line through the park. regular passenger service on the canyon line ended after the second world war, and in 1960 the second set of train tracks was removed. conrail abandoned the section of the railroad passing through the gorge on september 21", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4069685615174682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.523265"} {"text": "changes in the rail line through the park. regular passenger service on the canyon line ended after the second world war, and in 1960 the second set of train tracks was removed. conrail abandoned the section of the railroad passing through the gorge on september 21, 1988. the right - of - way eventually became the pine creek rail trail, which follows the path of the former pine creek path. the first section of the rail trail opened in 1996 and included the 1 mile ( 1. 6 km ) section in the park : as of 2008 the pine creek rail trail is 63. 5 miles ( 102. 2 km ) long. leonard harrison state park continued to attract national attention in the post - war era. the new york times featured the park and its \" breath - taking views of the gorge \" as well as its trails and picnic groves in a 1950 article, and in 1966 praised the whitewater boating on pine creek and the park ' s \" outstanding look - out points \". the pine creek gorge, including leonard harrison and colton point state parks and a 12 - mile ( 19 km ) section of tioga state forest, was named a national natural landmark ( nnl ) in april 1968. the plaque for the entire nnl is on the lookout terrace of leonard harrison state park. another new york times article on whitewater canoeing in 1973 noted the damage along the creek done by hurricane agnes the year before, and leonard harrison ' s waterfalls. in the new millennium, the two state parks on either side of the pine creek gorge are frequently treated as one. a 2002 new york times article called leonard harrison and colton point state parks \" two state parks, divided by a canyon \" and noted their \" overlooks offer the most spectacular views \". leonard harrison and colton point were each part of the twenty - one state parks chosen by the dcnr pennsylvania bureau of parks for its \" twenty must - see pennsylvania state parks \" list. they are the only two parks treated as one unit for the list. the dcnr describes the parks together, noting how they \" offer spectacular vistas and a fabulous view of pine creek gorge, also known as pennsylvania ' s grand canyon \". it goes on to praise their inclusion in a national natural landmark and state park natural area, hiking and trails, and the pine creek rail trail and bicycling. pine creek gorge leonard harrison state park lies on the east side of the pine creek gorge, also known as the grand canyon of pennsylvania. a sister park, colton point state park, is on the west side,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40615569207170177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.524326"} {"text": "rail trail and bicycling. pine creek gorge leonard harrison state park lies on the east side of the pine creek gorge, also known as the grand canyon of pennsylvania. a sister park, colton point state park, is on the west side, and the two parks combined form essentially one large park that includes parts of the gorge and creek and parts of the plateau dissected by the gorge. pine creek has carved the gorge nearly 47 miles ( 76 km ) through the dissected allegheny plateau in northcentral pennsylvania. the canyon begins in southwestern tioga county, just south of the village of ansonia, and continues south to near the village of waterville in lycoming county. the depth of the gorge in colton point state park is about 800 feet ( 240 m ) and it measures nearly 4, 000 feet ( 1, 200 m ) across. the pine creek gorge national natural landmark includes colton point and leonard harrison state parks and parts of the tioga state forest along 12 miles ( 19 km ) of pine creek between ansonia and blackwell. this federal program does not provide any extra protection beyond that offered by the land owner. the national park service ' s designation of the gorge as a national natural landmark notes that it \" contains superlative scenery, geological and ecological value, and is one of the finest examples of a deep gorge in the eastern united states. \" the gorge is also protected by the state of pennsylvania as the 12, 163 - acre ( 4, 922 ha ) pine creek gorge natural area, which is the second largest state natural area in pennsylvania. within this area, 699 acres ( 283 ha ) of colton point and leonard harrison state parks are designated a state park natural area. the state natural area runs along pine creek from darling run in the north ( just below ansonia ) to jerry run in the south ( just above blackwell ). it is approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) long and 2 miles ( 3. 2 km ) wide, with state forest roads providing all of the western border and part of the eastern border. within the park, pine creek and the walls of the gorge \" visible from the opposite shoreline \" are also protected by the state as a pennsylvania scenic river. in 1968 pine creek was one of only 27 rivers originally designated as eligible to be included in the national wild and scenic river system, and one of only eight specifically mentioned in the law establishing the program. before pine creek could be included in the federal program, the state enacted its state scenic rivers act, then asked that pine creek be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40813054288560024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.525357"} {"text": "included in the national wild and scenic river system, and one of only eight specifically mentioned in the law establishing the program. before pine creek could be included in the federal program, the state enacted its state scenic rivers act, then asked that pine creek be withdrawn from the national designation. however, there was much local opposition to its inclusion on the state ' s list, based at least partly on mistaken fears that protection would involve seizure of private property and restricted access. eventually this opposition was overcome, but pennsylvania did not officially include it as one of its own state scenic and wild rivers until november 25, 1992. the state treated pine creek as if it were a state scenic river between 1968 and 1992. it protected the creek from dam - building and water withdrawals for power plants, and added public access points to reduce abuse of private property. geology and climate although the rock formations exposed in leonard harrison state park and the pine creek gorge are at least 300 million years old, the gorge itself formed only about 20, 000 years ago, in the last ice age. pine creek had flowed northeasterly until then, but was dammed by rocks, soil, ice, and other debris deposited by the receding laurentide continental glacier. the dammed creek formed a lake near the present village of ansonia, and the lake ' s glacial meltwater overflowed the debris dam, which caused a reversal of the flow of pine creek. the creek flooded to the south and quickly carved a deep channel on its way to the west branch susquehanna river. the park is at an elevation of 1, 821 feet ( 555 m ) on the allegheny plateau, which formed in the alleghenian orogeny some 300 million years ago, when gondwana ( specifically what became africa ) and what became north america collided, forming pangaea. while the gorge and its surroundings appear mountainous, these are not true mountains : instead years of erosion have made this a dissected plateau, causing the \" mountainous \" terrain seen today. the hardest of the ancient rocks are on top of the ridges, while the softer rocks eroded away forming the valleys. the land on which leonard harrison state park sits has undergone tremendous change over the last 400 million years. it was once part of the coastline of a shallow sea that covered a great portion of what is now north america. the high mountains to the east of the sea gradually eroded, causing a buildup of sediment made up primarily of clay, sand and gravel. tremendous pressure on the sediment caused the formation of the rocks that are found today in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4533153841740668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.526360"} {"text": "what is now north america. the high mountains to the east of the sea gradually eroded, causing a buildup of sediment made up primarily of clay, sand and gravel. tremendous pressure on the sediment caused the formation of the rocks that are found today in the pine creek drainage basin : sandstone, shale, conglomerates, limestone, and coal. five major rock formations are present in leonard harrison state park, from the devonian and carboniferous periods. the youngest of these, which forms the highest points in the park and along the gorge, is the early pennsylvanian pottsville formation, a gray conglomerate that may contain sandstone, siltstone, and shale, as well as anthracite coal. low - sulfur coal was once mined at three locations within the pine creek watershed. below this is the late mississippian mauch chunk formation, which is formed with grayish - red shale, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate. millstones were once carved from the exposed sections of this conglomerate. together the pottsville and mauch chunk formations are some 300 feet ( 91 m ) thick. next below these is the late devonian and early mississippian huntley mountain formation, which is made of grayish - red shale and olive - gray sandstone. this is relatively hard rock and forms many of the ridges. below this is the red shale and siltstone of the catskill formation, about 760 feet ( 230 m ) thick and some 375 million years old. this layer is relatively soft and easily eroded, which helped to form the pine creek gorge. cliffs formed by the huntley mountain and catskill formations are visible north of the park at barbour rock. the lowest and oldest layer is the lock haven formation, which is gray to green - brown siltstone and shale over 400 million years old. it forms the base of the gorge, contains marine fossils, and is up to 600 feet ( 180 m ) thick. the dominant soil in leonard harrison state park is somewhat excessively drained oquaga channery loam, which is often associated with well drained lordstown channery loam. much of the campground near the eastern boundary is supported by morris gravelly silt loam, which is somewhat poorly drained due to a subsoil fragipan. the oquaga tends to be very strongly acidic ( ph 4. 8 ), morris is strongly acidic ( ph 5. 3 ) and lordstown is moderately acidic ( ph 5. 5 ). all of these soils belong to the inceptisol soil order. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47341864257861815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.527391"} {"text": "to be very strongly acidic ( ph 4. 8 ), morris is strongly acidic ( ph 5. 3 ) and lordstown is moderately acidic ( ph 5. 5 ). all of these soils belong to the inceptisol soil order. the allegheny plateau has a continental climate, with occasional severe low temperatures in winter and average daily temperature ranges of 20 \u00b0f ( 11 \u00b0c ) in winter and 26 \u00b0f ( 14 \u00b0c ) in summer. the mean annual precipitation for the pine creek watershed is 36 to 42 inches ( 914 to 1, 070 mm ). the highest recorded temperature at the park was 104 \u00b0f ( 40 \u00b0c ) in 1936, and the record low was \u221230 \u00b0f ( \u221234 \u00b0c ) in 1934. on average, july is the hottest month at leonard harrison, january is the coldest, and june the wettest. | climate data for leonard harrison state park | | average high \u00b0f ( \u00b0c ) | | 30 | average low \u00b0f ( \u00b0c ) | | 13 | precipitation inches ( mm ) | | 1. 88 | source : the weather channel | descriptions from early explorers and settlers give some idea of what the pine creek gorge was like before it was clearcut. the forest was up to 85 percent hemlock and white pine, with the rest hardwoods. many animal species that are now vanished inhabited the area. a herd of 12, 000 american bison migrated along the west branch susquehanna river in 1773. pine creek was home to large predators such as wolves, lynx, wolverines, panthers, fishers, foxes and bobcats, all save the last three now locally extinct. the area had herds of elk and deer, and large numbers of black bears, river otters, and beavers. in 1794, two of the earliest white explorers to travel up pine creek found so many rattlesnakes on its banks that they had to sleep in their canoe. further upstream, insects forced them to do the same. the virgin forests cooled the land and streams. centuries of accumulated organic matter in the forest soil caused slow percolation of rainfall into the creeks and runs, so they flowed more evenly year - round. pine creek was home to large numbers of fish, including trout, but dams downstream on the susquehanna river have eliminated the shad, salmon, and eels once found in the creek. the clearcutting of forests destroyed habitat for animals, but there was also a great deal of hunting, with bounties paid for large predators. state natural area and wildlife while leonard harrison and colton point state parks and parts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44033969811603113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.529100"} {"text": "found in the creek. the clearcutting of forests destroyed habitat for animals, but there was also a great deal of hunting, with bounties paid for large predators. state natural area and wildlife while leonard harrison and colton point state parks and parts of the surrounding tioga state forest are now the pine creek gorge national natural landmark, it is their status as part of a pennsylvania state natural area that provides the strongest protection for them. within this natural area, all logging, mining, and oil and gas drilling are prohibited, and only foot trail access is allowed. in 1988 the pennsylvania department of environmental resources, precursor to the dcnr, described it as \"... about 95 % state owned, unroaded, and designated the pine creek gorge natural area. it is a place of unique geologic history and contains some rare plant communities, an old growth hemlock stand,... active bald eagle nest [ s ]... and is a major site of river otter reintroduction. departmental policy is protection of the natural values of the canyon from development and overuse, and restoration of the area to as near a natural condition as possible. \" the gorge has over 225 species of wildflowers, plants and trees, with scattered stands of old growth forest on some of its steepest walls. the rest of the gorge is covered with thriving second growth forest that can be over one hundred years old. however, since clearcutting, nearly 90 percent of the forest land has burnt at least once. typical south - facing slopes here have mountain laurel below oak and hickory trees, while north - facing slopes tend to have ferns below hemlocks and hardwoods. large chestnuts and black cherry can also be found. the grand canyon of pennsylvania is known for its fall foliage, and leonard harrison state park is a popular place to observe the colors, with the first three weeks of october as the best time to see the leaves in their full color. red leaves are found on red maple, red oak, and black cherry, while orange and yellow leaves are on black walnut, sugar maple, aspen, birch, tulip poplar and chestnut oak, and brown leaves are from beech, white oak, and eastern black oak trees. plants of \" special concern \" in pennsylvania that are found in the gorge include jacob ' s ladder, wild pea, and hemlock parsley. there are over 40 species of mammals in the pine creek gorge. leonard harrison state park ' s extensive forest cover makes it a habitat for \" big woods \" wildlife,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42188827138361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.530335"} {"text": "the gorge include jacob ' s ladder, wild pea, and hemlock parsley. there are over 40 species of mammals in the pine creek gorge. leonard harrison state park ' s extensive forest cover makes it a habitat for \" big woods \" wildlife, including white - tailed deer, black bear, wild turkey, red and gray squirrels. less common creatures include bobcats, coyote, fishers, river otters, and timber rattlesnakes. there are over 26 species of fish in pine creek, including trout, suckers, fallfish, and rock bass. other aquatic species include crayfish and frogs. several species have been reintroduced to the gorge. white - tailed deer were imported from michigan and released throughout pennsylvania to reestablish what had once been a thriving population. the current population of deer in pennsylvania are descended from the original stock introduced beginning in 1906, after the lumberman had moved out of the area. the deer population has grown so much that today they exceed their carrying capacity in many areas. river otters were successfully reintroduced in 1983 and now breed in the gorge. despite the fears of anglers, their diet is only 5 percent trout. fishers, medium - sized weasels, were reintroduced to pine creek gorge as part of an effort to establish a healthy population of fishers in pennsylvania. prior to the lumber era, fishers were numerous throughout the forests of pennsylvania. they are generalized predators and will hunt any smaller creatures in their territory, including porcupines. elk have been reintroduced west of the gorge in clinton county and occasionally wander near the west rim of the canyon. coyotes have come back on their own. invasive insect species in the gorge include gypsy moths, which eat all the leaves off trees, especially oaks, and hemlock woolly adelgids, which weaken and kill hemlocks. invasive plant species include purple loosestrife and japanese knotweed. important bird area leonard harrison state park is part of important bird area # 28, which encompasses 31, 790 acres ( 12, 860 ha ) of both publicly and private held land. state managed acreage accounts for 68 percent of the total area and includes leonard harrison and colton point state parks and the surrounding tioga state forest lands. the pennsylvania audubon society has designated all 585 acres ( 237 ha ) of leonard harrison state park as part of the iba, which is an area designated as a globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations. ornithologists and bird watchers have recorded a total of 128 species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4093820193187132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.531640"} {"text": "the south. this moderately difficult loop passes reminders of the ccc ' s work in the park, including a plantation of red pines and an old incinerator. - turkey path is a difficult trail, 2 miles ( 3. 2 km ) long ( down and back ), that follows little fourmile run down the side of the canyon, descending over 800 feet ( 240 m ) to pine creek and the rail trail at the bottom of the gorge. it was originally a mule drag used to haul timber to the creek. there are several waterfalls on the trail, which passes through an environmentally sensitive area and is on a steep slope. hikers are encouraged to remain on the path to reduce erosion and protect fragile plant life along the trail. in 2006 a hiker who had left the path slipped near a waterfall and fell to his death. a vista at the halfway point on turkey path was constructed in 1978 by the youth conservation corps. hand rails, steps and observation decks were added to the path in 1993 by the pennsylvania conservation corps. the park website classifies it as a \" down and back trail \" since there is no bridge across pine creek. however, there is also a turkey path from colton point state park on the west rim of the gorge down to a point on pine creek just upstream of the end of this trail. according to owlett and the dcnr pine creek rail trail map, the creek can be forded with care when the water is low, and the turkey path connects the two parks. - pine creek rail trail is a 63. 4 - mile ( 102. 0 km ) rail trail from wellsboro junction, just north of wellsboro, south through the pine creek gorge to jersey shore : 1 mile ( 1. 6 km ) of this trail is in leonard harrison and colton point state parks. a 2001 article in usa today said the scenic beauty of the grand canyon of pennsylvania made the trail one of \" 10 great places to take a bike tour \" in the world. camping and picnics camping is a popular pastime at leonard harrison state park, with 3, 511 persons using the rustic camping facilities in 2003. the dcnr classifies camping facilities as \" rustic \" if they do not have flush toilets or showers. the state has renovated the park camping area since 2003, building modern bathrooms with flush toilets and hot showers, and no longer considers it \" rustic \". the park has updated electric sites for rv campers as well. the campground has picnic tables and fire rings. the park has almost 100 picnic tables", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42232238478343354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.534112"} {"text": "2003, building modern bathrooms with flush toilets and hot showers, and no longer considers it \" rustic \". the park has updated electric sites for rv campers as well. the campground has picnic tables and fire rings. the park has almost 100 picnic tables for use ; seven of these tables are in shelters. the park hosted some 29, 150 picnickers in 2003. hunting, fishing, and whitewater hunting is permitted on about 250 acres ( 100 ha ) of leonard harrison state park : hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the pennsylvania state game commission. the common game species are ruffed grouse, eastern gray squirrel, wild turkey, white - tailed deer, and black bear ; however, hunting groundhog is prohibited. additional acres of forested woodlands are available for hunting on the grounds of the adjacent tioga state forest. fishing is permitted at the state park, though anglers must descend the turkey path to reach pine creek. this has been designated as approved trout waters by the pennsylvania fish and boat commission, which means the waters will be stocked with trout and may be fished during trout season. other species of fish found in pine creek include smallmouth bass and some panfish. several small trout streams are accessible from within the park, which had 2, 597 anglers in 2003. historically, fishermen of note on the stretch of pine creek in the park include president theodore roosevelt and pennsylvania governor william a. stone. edward gertler writes in keystone canoeing that pine creek \" is possibly pennsylvania ' s most famous canoe stream \" and attributes this partly to the thousands who decide to boat on it after they \" peer into pine creek ' s spectacular abyss from the overlooks of leonard harrison and colton point state parks \". the park contains 1 mile ( 1. 6 km ) of pine creek, which is class 1 to class 2 whitewater here. boaters do not normally start or end their run in the park, which has no launches : it is part of the 16. 8 - mile ( 27. 0 km ) trip from ansonia ( marsh creek ) south to blackwell ( babb creek ). nearby state parks leonard harrison state park is mostly in shippen township, with a small portion in delmar township north of stowell run. it is 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of wellsboro at the western terminus of pennsylvania route 660. the following state parks are within 30 miles ( 48 km ) of the park : - \" leonard harrison state park \". geographic names information system. united states geological survey. august 30,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41328031525107806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.535269"} {"text": "west of wellsboro at the western terminus of pennsylvania route 660. the following state parks are within 30 miles ( 48 km ) of the park : - \" leonard harrison state park \". geographic names information system. united states geological survey. august 30, 1990. retrieved june 4, 2008. - fermata inc. of austin, texas ( august 2005 ). \" pine creek valley early action recommendations \" ( pdf ). pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved july 25, 2008. - \" find a park : twenty must - see parks \". pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved november 26, 2011. note : despite the title, there are twenty - one parks in the list, with colton point and leonard harrison state parks treated as one. - kent, barry c. ; smith iii, ira f. ; mccann, catherine ( editors ) ( 1971 ). foundations of pennsylvania prehistory. anthropological series of the pennsylvania historical and museum commission 1. harrisburg, pennsylvania : commonwealth of pennsylvania, the pennsylvania historical and museum commission. pp. 4, 7 \u2013 11, 85 \u2013 96, 195 \u2013 201. oclc 2696039. - wallace, paul a. w. ( 2000 ). indians in pennsylvania. harrisburg, pennsylvania : commonwealth of pennsylvania, the pennsylvania historical and museum commission. pp. 4 \u2013 12, 84 \u2013 89, 99 \u2013 105, 145 \u2013 148, 157 \u2013 164. isbn 978 - 0 - 89271 - 017 - 1. note : for a general overview of native american history in the west branch susquehanna watershed, see meginness, john franklin ( 1892 ). \" chapter i. aboriginal occupation. \". history of lycoming county, pennsylvania : including its aboriginal history ; the colonial and revolutionary periods ; early settlement and subsequent growth ; organization and civil administration ; the legal and medical professions ; internal improvement ; past and present history of williamsport ; manufacturing and lumber interests ; religious, educational, and social development ; geology and agriculture ; military record ; sketches of boroughs, townships, and villages ; portraits and biographies of pioneers and representative citizens, etc. etc. ( 1st ed. ). chicago, il : brown, runk & co. isbn 0 - 7884 - 0428 - 8. retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17. note : isbn refers to the heritage books july 1996 reprint. url is to a scan of the 1892 version with some ocr typos. - the earliest written record of contact with the susquehannocks comes from captain john smith of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3639717817621859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.536196"} {"text": "note : isbn refers to the heritage books july 1996 reprint. url is to a scan of the 1892 version with some ocr typos. - the earliest written record of contact with the susquehannocks comes from captain john smith of jamestown, who met members of the tribe near the mouth of the susquehanna river on chesapeake bay in 1608. the tribe controlled the susquehanna drainage basin and are believed to have lived there for at least a few centuries prior to this contact. - owlett, steven e. ( 1993 ). \" the land that was \". seasons along the tiadaghton : an environmental history of the pine creek gorge ( 1st ed. ). petaluma, california : interprint. pp. 39, 40, 43, 46, 49, 50. isbn 0 - 9635905 - 0 - 2. - donehoo, dr. george p. ( 1999 ). a history of the indian villages and place names in pennsylvania ( pdf ) ( second reprint ed. ). lewisburg, pennsylvania : wennawoods publishing. pp. 154 \u2013 155, 215 \u2013 219. isbn 1 - 889037 - 11 - 7. retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17. note : isbn refers to a 1999 reprint edition, url is for the susquehanna river basin commission ' s web page of native american place names, quoting and citing the book. - morey, tim. \" park spotlight : leonard harrison and colton point state parks \". resource : the pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26. - \" leonard harrison state park \". pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved 2006 - 10 - 29. - wallace, paul a. w. ( 1987 ). indian paths of pennsylvania ( fourth printing ed. ). harrisburg, pennsylvania : pennsylvania historical and museum commission. pp. 66 \u2013 72, 130 \u2013 132. isbn 0 - 89271 - 090 - x. note : isbn refers to 1998 impression - sexton jr., john l. ( 1883 ). \" shippen township \". history of tioga county, pennsylvania with illustrations, portraits and sketches. new york, new york : w. w. munsell & co. pp. 313 \u2013 326. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 23. - \" the pennsylvania lumber museum \u2013 history \". pennsylvania historical and museum commission. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22. - taber iii, thomas t. ( 1995 ). \" chapter two : the boom \u2014 making it all possible \". williams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.425557810552027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.537094"} {"text": ". - \" the pennsylvania lumber museum \u2013 history \". pennsylvania historical and museum commission. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22. - taber iii, thomas t. ( 1995 ). \" chapter two : the boom \u2014 making it all possible \". williamsport lumber capital ( 1st ed. ). montoursville, pennsylvania : paulhamus litho, inc. pp. 23 \u2013 34. oclc 35920715. - owlett, steven e. ( 1993 ). \" the death of a forest \". seasons along the tiadaghton : an environmental history of the pine creek gorge ( 1st ed. ). petaluma, california : interprint. pp. 53 \u2013 62. isbn 0 - 9635905 - 0 - 2. - dillon, chuck ( 2006 ). \" nessmuk : the voice for conservation \". pennsylvania ' s grand canyon : a natural & human history ( 2nd ed. ). wellsboro, pennsylvania : pine creek press. pp. 31 \u2013 32. ( no isbn ) - nessmuk ( sears, george washington ) ( 1884 ). \" chapter vi camp cookery \u2014 how it is usually done, with a few simple hints on plain cooking \u2014 cooking fire and outdoor range \". woodcraft ( 1920 ed. ). new york : forest and stream. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03. - \" phmc : historical markers program ( tioga county ) \". pennsylvania historical and museum commission. retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10. - quoted in owlett, steven e. ( 1993 ). \" the birth of pennsylvania ' s ' grand canyon ' \". seasons along the tiadaghton : an environmental history of the pine creek gorge ( 1st ed. ). petaluma, california : interprint. p. 67. isbn 0 - 9635905 - 0 - 2. - forrey, william c. ( 1984 ). history of pennsylvania ' s state parks. harrisburg, pennsylvania : bureau of state parks, office of resources management, department of environmental resources, commonwealth of pennsylvania. pp. 14, 90. oclc 17824084. - owlett, steven e. ( 1993 ). \" a pine creek odyssey \". seasons along the tiadaghton : an environmental history of the pine creek gorge ( 1st ed. ). petaluma, california : interprint. pp. 12 \u2013 13. isbn 0 - 9635905 - 0 - 2. - owlett, steven e. ( 1993 ). \" the birth of pennsylvania ' s '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46930421042677095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.537970"} {"text": "ed. ). petaluma, california : interprint. pp. 12 \u2013 13. isbn 0 - 9635905 - 0 - 2. - owlett, steven e. ( 1993 ). \" the birth of pennsylvania ' s ' grand canyon ' \". seasons along the tiadaghton : an environmental history of the pine creek gorge ( 1st ed. ). petaluma, california : interprint. pp. 65, 67, 68, 72. isbn 0 - 9635905 - 0 - 2. - pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources ( december 2007 ). a public use map for pine creek rail trail ( map ). 1 \" = 2 miles. harrisburg, pennsylvania. - morey, tim. \" park spotlight : leonard harrison and colton point state parks ( part 2 ) \". resource : the pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26. - cupper, dan ( 1993 ). our priceless heritage : pennsylvania \u2019 s state parks 1893 \u2013 1993. harrisburg, pennsylvania : commonwealth of pennsylvania, pennsylvania historical and museum commission for pennsylvania department of natural resources, bureau of state parks. pp. 18, 24. isbn 0 - 89271 - 056 - x. - thomas ii, lee ed ( august 18, 1999 ). \" statue unveiled at park honoring work of ccc \". the marketplace ( wellsboro, pennsylvania : the gazette and free press courier ). pp. 1, 16. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12. - \" calendar of event : ccc reunion picnic \". pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. august 9, 2008. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12. - \" pennsylvania state parks : the ccc years \". pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved 2006 - 11 - 28. - \" ccc statues \". national new deal preservation association. november 2007. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06. - dillon, chuck ( 2006 ). \" protection for pine creek \". pennsylvania ' s grand canyon : a natural & human history ( 2nd ed. ). wellsboro, pennsylvania : pine creek press. pp. 51 \u2013 52. ( no isbn ) - \" audubon names 73 important bird areas in state \". resource : pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. 1997 - 01 - 07 ( vol. 1 no. 3 ). retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05. - \" manager named at hills creek lake \". wellsboro gazette. 2000 - 02 - 02. p. 6. retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42705924814038054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.539955"} {"text": "- 01 - 07 ( vol. 1 no. 3 ). retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05. - \" manager named at hills creek lake \". wellsboro gazette. 2000 - 02 - 02. p. 6. retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09. note : the eight parks in the hills creek state park complex are cherry springs, colton point, denton hill, hills creek, leonard harrison, lyman run, patterson, and prouty place. - \" governor rendell says pa. investing in the future with environmental grants ; safeguarding communities, attracting business investment : 140 critical projects in 50 counties first to receive funding \". press release. pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. november 2, 2005. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06. - owlett, steven e. ( 1993 ). \" rails to trails \". seasons along the tiadaghton : an environmental history of the pine creek gorge ( 1st ed. ). petaluma, california : interprint. pp. 87, 88, 92, 94. isbn 0 - 9635905 - 0 - 2. - bryan, curtis townley ( july 16, 1950 ). \" pennsylvania ' s grand canyon : camps and picnic areas abound in wilds along pine creek gorge \". the new york times. p. x19. - van dyne, ed ( march 13, 1966 ). \" spring means ' white water ' in pennsylvania \". the new york times. p. 458. - \" national natural landmark : pine creek gorge \". national park service. retrieved september 30, 2008. - ingram, george ( june 10, 1973 ). \" running the rapids ' deliverance ' - style in pennsylvania \". the new york times. p. 542. - \" if you go : two state parks, divided by a canyon \". the new york times. november 22, 2002. p. f4. - \" 51 great places to hike \". usa today. retrieved june 25, 2011. - \" colton point state park \". pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved september 30, 2008. - mcglade, william g. \" pennsylvania trail of geology, leonard harrison and colton point state parks, the grand canyon of pennsylvania, geologic features of interest ( park guide 5 ) \" ( pdf ). pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved september 30, 2008. - \" pine creek gorge \". pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved september 30, 2008. - fergus, charles ( 2002 ). natural pennsylvania :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39417240691674293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.541344"} {"text": "( pdf ). pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved september 30, 2008. - \" pine creek gorge \". pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved september 30, 2008. - fergus, charles ( 2002 ). natural pennsylvania : exploring state forest natural areas. mechanicsburg, pennsylvania : stackpole books. pp. 189 \u2013 193. isbn 0 - 8117 - 2038 - 1. - \" natural areas \". pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved september 30, 2008. - pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources, bureau of forestry ( pdf ). tioga state forest ( map ). 1 inch is 2 miles. http : / / www. dcnr. state. pa. us / forestry / stateforests / images / fd16 _ map. pdf. retrieved on september 30, 2008. - owlett, steven e. ( 1993 ). \" a wild and scenic river? \". seasons along the tiadaghton : an environmental history of the pine creek gorge ( 1st ed. ). petaluma, california : interprint. pp. 75, 76, 80, 82, 84. isbn 0 - 9635905 - 0 - 2. - \" pennsylvania scenic rivers program : location map \". pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved september 30, 2008. - owlett, steven e. ( 1993 ). \" of brachiopods and glaciers \". seasons along the tiadaghton : an environmental history of the pine creek gorge ( 1st ed. ). petaluma, california : interprint. pp. 27, 28, 31, 34, 36. isbn 0 - 9635905 - 0 - 2. - van diver, bradford b. ( 1990 ). roadside geology of pennsylvania. missoula, montana : mountain press publishing company. pp. 31 \u2013 35, 113 \u2013 115. isbn 0 - 87842 - 227 - 7. - shultz, charles h. ( editor ) ( 1999 ). the geology of pennsylvania. harrisburg and pittsburgh, pennsylvania : pennsylvania geological society and pittsburgh geological society. pp. 372 \u2013 374, 391, 399, 818. isbn 0 - 8182 - 0227 - 0. - shaw, lewis c. ( june 1984 ). pennsylvania gazetteer of streams part ii ( water resources bulletin no. 16 ). prepared in cooperation with the united states department of the interior geological survey ( 1st ed. ). harrisburg, pa : commonwealth of pennsylvania, department of environmental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4278433824578612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.542298"} {"text": "june 1984 ). pennsylvania gazetteer of streams part ii ( water resources bulletin no. 16 ). prepared in cooperation with the united states department of the interior geological survey ( 1st ed. ). harrisburg, pa : commonwealth of pennsylvania, department of environmental resources. p. 167. oclc 17150333. - berg, t. m. ( 1981 ). \" atlas of preliminary geologic quadrangle maps of pennsylvania : tiadaghton \" ( pdf ). pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources, bureau of topographic and geologic survey. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05. - \" map 67 : tabloid edition explanation \" ( pdf ). pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources, bureau of topographic and geologic survey. retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03. - \" climate of pennsylvania \" ( pdf ). pennsylvania state university, pennsylvania state climatologist. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12. - \" monthly averages for leonard harrison state park \". the weather channel interactive, inc. retrieved march 7, 2009. - dillon, chuck ( 2006 ). \" wealth of the forests : lumber \". pennsylvania ' s grand canyon : a natural & human history ( 2nd ed. ). wellsboro, pennsylvania : pine creek press. pp. 23 \u2013 24. ( no isbn ) - dillon, chuck ( 2006 ). \" human issues affecting the stream \". pennsylvania ' s grand canyon : a natural & human history ( 2nd ed. ). wellsboro, pennsylvania : pine creek press. p. 46. ( no isbn ) - early accounts of \" salmon \" in pine creek may have been referring to shad. - owlett, steven e. ( 1993 ). \" epilogue \". seasons along the tiadaghton : an environmental history of the pine creek gorge ( 1st ed. ). petaluma, california : interprint. pp. 97 \u2013 98. isbn 0 - 9635905 - 0 - 2. - dillon, chuck ( 2006 ). \" the forest today \". pennsylvania ' s grand canyon : a natural & human history ( 2nd ed. ). wellsboro, pennsylvania : pine creek press. pp. 34 \u2013 36. ( no isbn ) - audubon pennsylvania ; department of conservation and natural resources, commonwealth of pennsylvania ( 2004 ). susquehanna river birding and wildlife trail ( searchable database ). harrisburg, pennsylvania. p. 26. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30. [ dead link ] note : this guide is available both as a book ( page number given ) and website ( url given ). - \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43338430434697306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.543316"} {"text": "( searchable database ). harrisburg, pennsylvania. p. 26. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30. [ dead link ] note : this guide is available both as a book ( page number given ) and website ( url given ). - \" abbreviated history of pennsylvania \u2019 s white - tailed deer management \". pennsylvania game commission. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 13. - serfass, tom ; mitcheltree, denise. \" fisher \" ( pdf ). pennsylvania game commission. archived from the original on april 4, 2006. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03. - \" from the wild bunch : the fisher \". predator conservation alliance. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03. - doug kibbe ( may 2004 ). \" pennsylvania important bird area # 28 \" ( pdf ). pennsylvania audubon society. retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17. - robinson, bryan g. ( june 23, 2006 ). \" marine dies at pennsylvania grand canyon \". the wellsboro gazette. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27. - bly, laura ( july 27, 2001 ). \" 10 great places to take a bike tour \". usa today. p. 3d. - \" the wellsboro area chamber of commerce : pennsylvania grand canyon \". wellsboro area chamber of commerce. retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12. - pennsylvania fish and boat commission ( pfbc ). \" 2008 pfbc county maps \u2013 tioga county \". retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02. - gertler, edward ( 1985 ). keystone canoeing : a guide to canoeable waters of eastern pennsylvania ( 1st ed. ). silver spring, maryland : seneca press. pp. 304 \u2013 308. isbn 0 - 9605908 - 2 - x. - pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources ( november 2002 ) ( pdf ). leonard harrison & colton point state parks ( map ). 1 \" = 800 feet. http : / / www. dcnr. state. pa. us / stateparks / parks / coltonpoint / coltonpoint _ mini. pdf. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25. - \" find a park by region ( interactive map ) \". pennsylvania department of conservation and natural resources. retrieved november 18, 2011. - michels, chris ( 1997 ). \" latitude / longitude distance calculation \". northern arizona university. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23. - pennsylvania department of transportation, bureau of planning and research, geographic information division ( pdf ). \" 2007 general highway map tioga county pennsylvania \" ( map ). 1 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4237818539915468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.544292"} {"text": "line - of - sight propagation refers to electro - magnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation. electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling in a straight line. the rays or waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected, or absorbed by atmosphere and obstructions with material and generally cannot travel over the horizon or behind obstacles. at low frequencies ( below approximately 2 mhz or so ) radio signals travel as ground waves, which follow the earth ' s curvature due to diffraction with the layers of atmosphere. this enables am radio signals in low - noise environments to be received well after the transmitting antenna has dropped below the horizon. additionally, frequencies between approximately 1 and 30 mhz can be reflected by the f1 / f2 layer, thus giving radio transmissions in this range a potentially global reach ( see shortwave radio ), again along multiple deflected straight lines. the effects of multiple diffraction or reflection lead to macroscopically \" quasi - curved paths \". however, at higher frequencies and in lower levels of the atmosphere, neither of these effects are significant. thus any obstruction between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna will block the signal, just like the light that the eye may sense. therefore, since the ability to visually see a transmitting antenna ( disregarding the limitations of the eye ' s resolution ) roughly corresponds to the ability to receive a radio signal from it, the propagation characteristic of high - frequency radio is called \" line - of - sight \". the farthest possible point of propagation is referred to as the \" radio horizon \". in practice, the propagation characteristics of these radio waves vary substantially depending on the exact frequency and the strength of the transmitted signal ( a function of both the transmitter and the antenna characteristics ). broadcast fm radio, at comparatively low frequencies of around 100 mhz, are less affected by the presence of buildings and forests. radio horizon the radio horizon is the locus of points at which direct rays from an antenna are tangential to the surface of the earth. if the earth were a perfect sphere and there were no atmosphere, the radio horizon would be a circle. the radio horizon of the transmitting and receiving antennas can be added together to increase the effective communication range. antenna heights above 1, 000, 000 feet ( 189 miles ; 305 kilometres ) will cover the entire hemisphere and not increase the radio horizon. radio wave propagation is affected by atmospheric conditions, ionospheric absorption, and the presence of obstructions, for example mountains or trees. simple formulas that include the effect of the atmosphere give the range as : the simple formulas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6031072419447783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.552540"} {"text": "increase the radio horizon. radio wave propagation is affected by atmospheric conditions, ionospheric absorption, and the presence of obstructions, for example mountains or trees. simple formulas that include the effect of the atmosphere give the range as : the simple formulas give a best - case approximation of the maximum propagation distance but are not sufficient to estimate the quality of service at any location. earth bulge and atmosphere effect earth bulge is a term used in telecommunications. it refers to the circular segment of earth profile which blocks off long distance communications. since the geometric line of sight passes at varying heights over the earth, the propagating radio wave encounters slightly different propagation conditions over the path. the usual effect of the declining pressure of the atmosphere with height is to bend radio waves down toward the surface of the earth, effectively increasing the earth ' s radius, and the distance to the radio horizon, by a factor around 4 / 3. this k - factor can change from its average value depending on weather. geometric distance to horizon assuming a perfect sphere with no terrain irregularity, the distance to horizon from a high altitude transmitter ( i. e., line of sight ) can readily be calculated. let r be the radius of earth and h be the altitude of a telecommunication station. line of sight distance d of this station is given by the pythagorean theorem ; since the altitude of the station is much less than the radius of the earth, if the height is given in metres, and distance in kilometres, if the height is given in feet, and the distance in miles, the actual service range the above analysis doesn \u2019 t take the effect of atmosphere on the propagation path of the rf signals into consideration. in fact, the rf signals don \u2019 t propagate in straight lines. because of the refractive effects of atmospheric layers, the propagation paths are somewhat curved. thus, the maximum service range of the station, is not equal to the line of sight ( geometric ) distance. usually a factor k is used in the equation above k > 1 means geometrically reduced bulge and a longer service range. on the other hand, k < 1 means a shorter service range. under normal weather conditions k is usually chosen to be 4 / 3. that means that, the maximum service range increases by % 15 for h in meters and d in km. for h in feet and d in miles ; but in stormy weather, k may decrease to cause fading in transmission. ( in extreme cases k can be less than 1. ) that is equivalent to a hypothetical decrease in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5290510358050583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.553665"} {"text": "in meters and d in km. for h in feet and d in miles ; but in stormy weather, k may decrease to cause fading in transmission. ( in extreme cases k can be less than 1. ) that is equivalent to a hypothetical decrease in earth radius and an increase of earth bulge. in normal weather conditions, the service range of a station at an altitude of 1500 m. with respect to receivers at sea level can be found as, line - of - sight propagation as a prerequisite for radio distance measurements travel time of radio waves between transmitters and receivers can be measured disregarding the type of propagation. but, generally, travel time only then represents the distance between transmitter and receiver, when line of sight propagation is the basis for the measurement. this applies as well to radar, to real time locating and to lidar. this rules : travel time measurements for determining the distance between pairs of transmitters and receivers generally require line of sight propagation for proper results. whereas the desire to have just any type of propagation to enable communication may suffice, this does never coincide with the requirement to have strictly line of sight at least temporarily as the means to obtain properly measured distances. however, the travel time measurement may be always biased by multi - path propagation including line of sight propagation as well as non line of sight propagation in any random share. a qualified system for measuring the distance between transmitters and receivers must take this phenomenon into account. thus filtering signals traveling along various paths makes the approach either operationally sound or just tediously irritating. impairments to line - of - sight propagation low - powered microwave transmitters can be foiled by tree branches, or even heavy rain or snow. if a direct visual fix cannot be taken, it is important to take into account the curvature of the earth when calculating line - of - sight from maps. the presence of objects not in the direct visual line of sight can interfere with radio transmission. this is caused by diffraction effects : for the best propagation, a volume known as the first fresnel zone should be kept free of obstructions. reflected radiation from the ground plane also acts to cancel out the direct signal. this effect, combined with the free - space r\u22122 propagation loss to a r\u22124 propagation loss. this effect can be reduced by raising either or both antennas further from the ground : the reduction in loss achieved is known as height gain. mobile telephones although the frequencies used by mobile phones ( cell phones ) are in the line - of - sight range, they still function in cities. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5433665452932912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.554666"} {"text": "or both antennas further from the ground : the reduction in loss achieved is known as height gain. mobile telephones although the frequencies used by mobile phones ( cell phones ) are in the line - of - sight range, they still function in cities. this is made possible by a combination of the following effects : - r\u22124 propagation over the rooftop landscape - diffraction into the \" street canyon \" below - multipath reflection along the street - diffraction through windows, and attenuated passage through walls, into the building - reflection, diffraction, and attenuated passage through internal walls, floors and ceilings within the building the combination of all these effects makes the mobile phone propagation environment highly complex, with multipath effects and extensive rayleigh fading. for mobile phone services these problems are tackled using : - rooftop or hilltop positioning of base stations - many base stations ( a phone can typically see six at any given time ) - rapid handoff between base stations ( roaming ) - extensive error correction and detection in the radio link - sufficient operation of mobile phone in tunnels when supported by split cable antennas - local repeaters inside complex vehicles or buildings other conditions may physically disrupt the connection surprisingly without prior notice : - local failure when using the mobile phone in buildings of concrete with steel reinforcement - temporal failure inside metal constructions as elevator cabins, trains, cars, ships see also - anomalous propagation - field strength in free space - knife - edge effect - non - line - of - sight propagation - over - the - horizon radar - radial ( radio ) - rician fading, stochastic model of line - of - sight propagation - christopher haslett, essentials of radio wave propagation, cambridge university press, 2008 052187565x pages 119 - 120 - mean radius of the earth is \u22486. 37 x 106 metres = 6370 km. see earth radius - r. busi : technical monograph3108 - 1967 high altitude vhf and uhf broadcasting stations, european broadcasting union brussels, 1967 - this analysis is for high altitude to sea level reception. in microwave radio link chains, both stations are high altitudes. - article on the importance of line of sight for uhf reception - attenuation levels through roofs - approximating 2 - ray model by using binomial series by matthew bazajian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5395427850809295, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.555571"} {"text": "mercury ( pron. : / / ; latin : mercurius listen ( help \u00b7 info ) ) is a major roman god, being one of the dii consentes within the ancient roman pantheon. he is the patron god of financial gain, commerce, eloquence ( and thus poetry ), messages / communication ( including divination ), travelers, boundaries, luck, trickery and thieves ; he is also the guide of souls to the underworld. he was considered the son of maia and jupiter in roman mythology. his name is possibly related to the latin word merx ( \" merchandise \" ; compare merchant, commerce, etc. ), mercari ( to trade ), and merces ( wages ). in his earliest forms, he appears to have been related to the etruscan deity turms, with characteristics and mythology subsequently borrowed from the analogous greek god, hermes. latin writers rewrote hermes ' myths and substituted his name with that of mercury. however, there are at least two myths that involve mercury that are roman in origin. in virgil ' s aeneid, mercury reminds aeneas of his mission to found the city of rome. in ovid ' s fasti, mercury is assigned to escort the nymph larunda to the underworld. mercury, however, fell in love with larunda and made love to her on the way. larunda thereby became mother to two children, referred to as the lares, invisible household gods. mercury has influenced the name of many things in a variety of scientific fields, such as the planet mercury, and the element mercury. the word mercurial is commonly used to refer to something or someone erratic, volatile or unstable, derived from mercury ' s swift flights from place to place. he is often depicted holding the caduceus in his left hand. | practices and beliefs | mercury did not appear among the numinous di indigetes of early roman religion. rather, he subsumed the earlier dei lucrii as roman religion was syncretized with greek religion during the time of the roman republic, starting around the 4th century bc. from the beginning, mercury had essentially the same aspects as hermes, wearing winged shoes ( talaria ) and a winged ( petasos ), or hat, and carrying the caduceus, a herald ' s staff with two entwined snakes that was apollo ' s gift to hermes. he was often accompanied by a cockerel, herald of the new day, a ram or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4796237445897933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.564258"} {"text": "), or hat, and carrying the caduceus, a herald ' s staff with two entwined snakes that was apollo ' s gift to hermes. he was often accompanied by a cockerel, herald of the new day, a ram or goat, symbolizing fertility, and a tortoise, referring to mercury ' s legendary invention of the lyre from a tortoise shell. like hermes, he was also a god of messages, eloquence and of trade, particularly of the grain trade. mercury was also considered a god of abundance and commercial success, particularly in gaul, where he was said to have been particularly revered. he was also, like hermes, the romans ' psychopomp, leading newly - deceased souls to the afterlife. additionally, ovid wrote that mercury carried morpheus ' dreams from the valley of somnus to sleeping humans. archeological evidence from pompeii suggests that mercury was among the most popular of roman gods. the god of commerce was depicted on two early bronze coins of the roman republic, the sextans and the semuncia. when they described the gods of celtic and germanic tribes, rather than considering them separate deities, the romans interpreted them as local manifestations or aspects of their own gods, a cultural trait called the interpretatio romana. mercury in particular was reported as becoming extremely popular among the nations the roman empire conquered ; julius caesar wrote of mercury being the most popular god in britain and gaul, regarded as the inventor of all the arts. this is probably because in the roman syncretism, mercury was equated with the celtic god lugus, and in this aspect was commonly accompanied by the celtic goddess rosmerta. although lugus may originally have been a deity of light or the sun ( though this is disputed ), similar to the roman apollo, his importance as a god of trade made him more comparable to mercury, and apollo was instead equated with the celtic deity belenus. in celtic areas, mercury was sometimes portrayed with three heads or faces, and at tongeren, belgium, a statuette of mercury with three phalli was found, with the extra two protruding from his head and replacing his nose ; this was probably because the number 3 was considered magical, making such statues good luck and fertility charms. the romans also made widespread use of small statues of mercury, probably drawing from the ancient greek tradition of hermae markers. names and epithets mercury is known to the romans as mercurius and occasionally in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46792809729312923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.565220"} {"text": "such statues good luck and fertility charms. the romans also made widespread use of small statues of mercury, probably drawing from the ancient greek tradition of hermae markers. names and epithets mercury is known to the romans as mercurius and occasionally in earlier writings as merqurius, mirqurios or mircurios, had a number of epithets representing different aspects or roles, or representing syncretisms with non - roman deities. the most common and significant of these epithets included the following : - mercurius artaios, a combination of mercury with the celtic god artaios, a deity of bears and hunting who was worshiped at beaucroissant, france. - mercurius arvernus, a combination of the celtic arvernus with mercury. arvernus was worshiped in the rhineland, possibly as a particular deity of the arverni tribe, though no dedications to mercurius arvernus occur in their territory in the auvergne region of central france. - mercurius cissonius, a combination of mercury with the celtic god cissonius, who is written of in the area spanning from cologne, germany to saintes, france. - mercurius esibraeus, a combination of the iberian deity esibraeus with the roman deity mercury. esibraeus is mentioned only in an inscription found at medelim, portugal, and is possibly the same deity as banda isibraiegus, who is invoked in an inscription from the nearby village of bemposta. - mercurius gebrinius, a combination of mercury with the celtic or germanic gebrinius, known from an inscription on an altar in bonn, germany. - mercurius moccus, from a celtic god, moccus, who was equated with mercury, known from evidence at langres, france. the name moccus ( \" pig \" ) implies that this deity was connected to boar - hunting. - mercurius visucius, a combination of the celtic god visucius with the roman god mercury, attested in an inscription from stuttgart, germany. visucius was worshiped primarily in the frontier area of the empire in gaul and germany. although he was primarily associated with mercury, visucius was also sometimes linked to the roman god mars, as a dedicatory inscription to \" mars visucius \" and visucia, visicius ' female counterpart, was found in gaul. mercury ' s net vulcan created a net", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42115068700250746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.566058"} {"text": "wearing. - the now defunct mercury car brand was named after the roman god. the first logo the mercury brand used was a side profile of mercury ' s head, complete with winged helmet. - the united states ' so called mercury dime, issued from 1916 to 1945, actually features a winged liberty and not the god mercury, but is so named because of the uncanny similarity between the two. | wikimedia commons has media related to : mercurius ( deus ) | - glossary to ovid \u2019 s fasti, penguin edition, by boyle and woodard at 343 - rupke, the religion of the romans, at 4 - mike campbell. \" meaning, origin and history of the name mercury \". behind the name. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09. - \u201c mercury and hazel \u201d explores the analogies of mercury in mythology, metallurgy and astronomy, and the traditional association of mercury with the fast - growing hazel tree. - caesar, gallic war, at 55 - littleton, c. scott ( ed. ) ( 2002 ). mythology : the illustrated anthology of world myth and storytelling ( pp. 195, 251, 253, 258, 292 ). london : duncan baird publishers. isbn 1 - 904292 - 01 - 1. - beard, pompeii : the life of a roman town at 295 - 298 - sear, david r. ( 2000 ). roman coins and their values - the millennium edition. volume i : the republic and the twelve caesars, 280bc - ad96 ( pp. 187 - 189 ). london : spink. isbn 1 902040 35 x - de bello gallico 6. 17 - germania 9 - green, miranda j. ( 1992 ). dictionary of celtic myth and leg, end ( pp. 148 \u2013 149 ). london : thames and hudson. isbn 0 - 500 - 01516 - 3. - alarcao, jorge de ( 1988 ). roman portugal. volume i : introduction ( p. 93 ). warminster : aris and phillips. - esperandieu, e. ( 1931 ). recueil general des bas - relief, statues et bustes de la germanie romaine. paris and brussels. - ariosto, ludovico. orlando furioso, canto xv lines 47 \u2013 64. oxford : oxford up, 1998.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43784292373378414, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.568057"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( august 2011 ) | | ancient region of anatolia | traditional rural pontic house | ethnic groups | | pontic greeks, laz, hemsin, chepni, turks | | historical capitals | | amasya, neocaesarea, sinope, trabzon | | notable rulers | | mithradates eupator | the modern definition of the pontus : the area claimed for the \" republic of pontus \" after world war i, based on the extent of the six local greek orthodox bishoprics. pontus ( pron. : / / ; greek : \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \" sea \" ) is a historical greek designation for a region on the southern coast of the black sea, located in modern - day northeastern turkey. the name was applied to the coastal region in antiquity by the greeks who colonized the area, and derived from the greek name of the black sea : \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 pontos euxeinos ( \" hospitable sea \" ), or simply pontos. having originally no specific name, the region east of the river halys was spoken of as the country \u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 en pontoi, \" on the [ euxeinos ] pontos \", and hence acquired the name of pontus, which is first found in xenophon ' s anabasis. the extent of the region varied through the ages, but generally it extended from the borders of colchis ( modern georgia ) until well into paphlagonia in the west, with varying amounts of hinterland. several states and provinces bearing the name of pontus or variants thereof were established in the region in hellenistic, roman and byzantine times. pontus is known for the residence of the amazons, with the name amasia not only used for a city ( amasya ) but for all of pontus in greek mythology. mythological inhabitants the amazons were an all female tribe warriors, well known in greek mythology. they are said to have lived mainly in pontus with some also living in taurica ( see crimea ) which is also an important place with pontic greeks. pontus became their area of residence, a kingdom for the amazon women, as amasya, a city in pontus, itself is named after the legendary amazon women. early inhabitants considering that the anatolian peninsula lies near to sinai peninsula, which is the isthmus across which various species of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4556658203443139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.582157"} {"text": "for the amazon women, as amasya, a city in pontus, itself is named after the legendary amazon women. early inhabitants considering that the anatolian peninsula lies near to sinai peninsula, which is the isthmus across which various species of hominids have migrated out of africa and into asia, pontus in particular has probably been inhabited by known and unknown tribes of various species and ethnicities throughout its history. the caucasian kartvelian languages, such as laz, probably represent the tongues of the earliest - known inhabitants of the area. according to some researchers, one of the early pontic tribes were called the leucosyri. other names for the earliest - known, probably caucasian, tribes that inhabited the area include the moskhians, the mares, the makrones, the mossynoikians, the tibarenians, the tzans ( armenian : chaniuk, probably the laz ), and the chaldians ( armenian : khaghtik ). in light of the strong possibility that indo - european languages originated in the anatolian peninsula, tribes speaking indo - european languages such as armenian, hittite, or another anatolian language may have inhabited the area more or less contemporaneously with tribes speaking caucasian languages. regardless of that possibility, though, the historical record makes clear that seafaring greeks, speakers of a different indo - european language, began colonizing the area at a later date, displacing caucasian tribes in the process. ancient greek colonization the first travels of greek merchants and adventurers to the pontian region occurred probably from around 1000 bc, whereas their settlements would become steady and solidified cities only by the 8th and 7th centuries bc as archaeological findings document. this fits in well with a foundation date of 731 bc as reported by eusebius of caesarea for sinope, perhaps the most ancient of the greek colonies in what was later to be called pontus. the epical narratives related to the travels of jason and the argonauts to colchis, the tales of heracles ' navigating the black sea and odysseus ' wanderings into the land of the cimmerians, as well as the myth of zeus constraining prometheus to the caucasus mountains as a punishment for his outwitting the gods, can all be seen as reflections of early contacts between early greek colonists and the local, probably caucasian, peoples. the earliest known written description of pontus, however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4181476044649961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.583166"} {"text": "prometheus to the caucasus mountains as a punishment for his outwitting the gods, can all be seen as reflections of early contacts between early greek colonists and the local, probably caucasian, peoples. the earliest known written description of pontus, however, is that of scylax of korianda, who in the 7th century bc described greek settlements in the area. persian empire expansion by the 5th or 6th centuries bc, pontus had become officially a part of the achaemenid empire, which probably meant that the local greek colonies were paying tribute to the persians. when the athenian commander xenophon passed through pontus around a century later in 401 - 400 bc, in fact, he found no persians in pontus. pontus came out from persian domination when the kingdom of cappadocia separated from the achaemenid empire, taking pontus with it as one of its provinces. subsequently, pontus itself separated from the kingdom of cappadocia under mithridates i ktistes ( \" ktistes \", \u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 meaning \" the founder \", constructor in greek ) in 302 bc and became independent. as the greater part of the kingdom he eventually established lay within the immense region of cappadocia, which in early ages extended from the borders of cilicia to the euxine ( black sea ), the kingdom as a whole was at first called \" cappadocia towards the pontus \", but afterwards simply \" pontus \", the name cappadocia being henceforth restricted to the southern half of the region previously included under that title. kingdom of pontus the kingdom of pontus extended generally to the east of the halys river. the persian dynasty which was to found this kingdom had during the 4th century bc ruled the greek city of cius ( or kios ) in mysia, with its first known member being ariobarzanes i of cius and the last ruler based in the city being mithridates ii of cius. mithridates ii ' s son, also called mithridates, would become mithridates i ktistes of pontus. during the troubled period following the death of alexander the great, mithridates ktistes was for a time in the service of antigonus, one of alexander ' s successors, and successfully maneuvering in this unsettled time managed, shortly after 302 bc, to create the kingdom of pontus which would be ruled by his descendants mostly bearing the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42731253926272983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.584215"} {"text": "in the service of antigonus, one of alexander ' s successors, and successfully maneuvering in this unsettled time managed, shortly after 302 bc, to create the kingdom of pontus which would be ruled by his descendants mostly bearing the same name, until 64 bc. thus, this persian dynasty managed to survive and prosper in the hellenistic world while the main persian empire had fallen. this kingdom reached its greatest height under mithridates vi or mithridates eupator, commonly called the great, who for many years carried on war with the romans. under him, the realm of pontus included not only pontic cappadocia but also the seaboard from the bithynian frontier to colchis, part of inland paphlagonia, and lesser armenia. despite ruling lesser armenia, king mithridates vi was an ally of armenian king tigranes the great, to whom he married his daughter cleopatra. eventually, however, the romans defeated both king mithridates vi and his son - in - law, armenian king tigranes the great, during the mithridatic wars, bringing pontus under roman rule. roman province with the subjection of this kingdom by pompey in 64 bc, in which little changed in the structuring of life, neither for the oligarchies that controlled the cities nor for the common people in city or hinterland, the meaning of the name pontus underwent a change. part of the kingdom was now annexed to the roman empire, being united with bithynia in a double province called pontus and bithynia : this part included only the seaboard between heraclea ( today eregli ) and amisus ( samsun ), the ora pontica. the larger part of pontus, however, was included in the province of galatia. hereafter the simple name pontus without qualification was regularly employed to denote the half of this dual province, especially by romans and people speaking from the roman point of view ; it is so used almost always in the new testament. the eastern half of the old kingdom was administered as a client kingdom together with colchis. its last king was polemon ii. in ad 62, the country was constituted by nero a roman province. it was divided into the three districts : pontus galaticus in the west, bordering on galatia ; pontus polemoniacus in the centre, so called from its capital polemonium ; and pontus cappadocicus in the east, bordering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41516766153506085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.585307"} {"text": "was divided into the three districts : pontus galaticus in the west, bordering on galatia ; pontus polemoniacus in the centre, so called from its capital polemonium ; and pontus cappadocicus in the east, bordering on cappadocia ( armenia minor ). subsequently, the roman emperor trajan moved pontus into the province of cappadocia itself in the early 2nd century ad. in response to a gothic raid on trebizond in 457 ad, the roman emperor diocletian decided to break up the area into smaller provinces under more localized administration. - galatian pontus, also called diospontus, later renamed helenopontus by constantine the great after his mother. it had its capital at amisus, and included the cities of sinope, amasia, andres, ibora, and zela as well. - pontus polemoniacus, with its capital at polemonium ( also called side ), and including the cities of neocaesarea, argyroupolis, comana, and cerasus as well. - cappadocian pontus, with its capital at trebizond, and including the small ports of athanae and rhizaeon. this province extended all the way to colchis. byzantine province and theme the byzantine emperor justinian further reorganized the area in 536 : - pontus polemoniacus was dissolved, with the western part ( polemonium and neocaesarea ) going to helenopontus, comana going to the new province of armenia ii, and the rest ( trebizond and cerasus ) joining the new province of armenia i magna with its capital at justinianopolis. - helenopontus gained polemonium and neocaesarea, and lost zela to armenia ii. the provincial governor was relegated to the rank of moderator. - paphlagonia absorbed honorias and was put under a praetor. by the time of the early byzantine empire, trebizond became a center of culture and scientific learning. in the 7th century, an individual named tychicus returned from constantinople to establish a school of learning. one of his students was the early armenian scholar anania of shirak. under the byzantine empire, the pontus came under the armeniac theme, with the westernmost parts ( paphlagonia ) belonging to the bucellarian theme. progressively, these large early themes were divided into smaller ones, so that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3761023064875878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.586269"} {"text": ". under the byzantine empire, the pontus came under the armeniac theme, with the westernmost parts ( paphlagonia ) belonging to the bucellarian theme. progressively, these large early themes were divided into smaller ones, so that by the late 10th century, the pontus was divided into the themes of chaldia, which was governed by the gabrades family, and koloneia. after the 8th century, the area experienced a period of prosperity, which was brought to an end only by the seljuk conquest of asia minor in the 1070s and 1080s. restored to the byzantine empire by alexios i komnenos, the area was governed by effectively semi - autonomous rulers, like the gabras family of trebizond. empire of trebizond following constantinople ' s loss of sovereignty to the fourth crusade in 1204, the pontus retained independence as the empire of trebizond under the komnenos dynasty. through a combination of geographic remoteness and adroit diplomacy, this remnant managed to survive, until it was conquered by the ottomans in 1461 after the fall of constantinople itself. this political adroitness included becoming a vassal state at various times to both georgia and to various inland turkic rulers. in addition, the empire of trebizond became a renowned center of culture under its ruling komnenos dynasty. ottoman vilayet | distribution of nationalities in trebizond vilayet | official ottoman statistics, 1910 | | 1, 047, 889 | ecumenical patriarchate statistics, 1912 | | 957, 866 under the subsequent ottoman rule which began with the fall of trebizond, particularly starting from the 17th century, some of the region ' s pontic greeks became muslim through the devsirme system. but at the same time some valley ' s inhabited by greeks converted by own will, most notably those in the of - valley ; and large communities ( around 25 % of the population ) of christian pontic greeks remained throughout the area ( including trabezon and kars in northeastern turkey / the russian caucasus ) until the 1920s, and in parts of georgia and armenia until the 1990s, preserving their own customs and dialect of greek. one group of islamicized greeks were called the kromli - they numbered between 12, 000 and 15, 000, were suspected of secretly having remained christians, and lived in villages including krom, imera, livadia, prdi, alitinos, mokh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37095097256373616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.587263"} {"text": "greeks were called the kromli - they numbered between 12, 000 and 15, 000, were suspected of secretly having remained christians, and lived in villages including krom, imera, livadia, prdi, alitinos, mokhora, and ligosti. a remarkable change during the last period of the ottoman empire is the creation of \" the republic of pontus \" and the \" ponto - armenian federation \" that did not take place as it was aimed to be and had as a result the genocide of at least 353, 000 pontian greeks at the same time that the armenian genocide took place. the number is based at facts from the relatives of murdered persons, red cross, french, and american reports from that period. mentioned three times in the new testament, inhabitants of pontus were some of the very first converts to christianity. acts 2 : 9 mentions them present during the day of pentecost. acts 18 : 2 mentions a jewish couple from pontus that had converted to christianity. and 1 peter 1 : 1, peter the apostle addresses the pontians in his letter as the \" elect \" and \" chosen ones \". as early as the first council of nicea, trebizond had its own bishop. subsequently, the bishop of trebizond was subordinated to the metropolitan bishop of poti. then during the 9th century, trebizond itself became the seat of the metropolitan bishop of lazica. famous pontians - strabo, a greek historian, geographer, and philosopher. - evagrius ponticus, a greek theologian / monk of the 4th century - chrysanthos theodoridis singer - a. i. bezzerides, an american novelist and screenwriter. famous for writing humphrey bogart movies, and co - creator of the tv series the big valley. born in samsun. - mike lazaridis, ceo of research in motion and creator of blackberry phones. see also notes and references - bryer, anthony a. m. ( 1980 ), the empire of trebizond and the pontos, london : variorum reprints, isbn 0 - 86078 - 062 - 7 - ramsay macmullen, 2000. romanization in the time of augustus ( yale university press ) - \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, henry george liddell, robert scott, a greek - english lexicon, on perseus - \u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, william j. slater, lexicon to pin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4074800003367116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.588241"} {"text": "augustus ( yale university press ) - \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, henry george liddell, robert scott, a greek - english lexicon, on perseus - \u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, william j. slater, lexicon to pindar, on perseus - meyer, geschichte d. konigr. pontos ( leipzig, 1879 ) - hewsen, 40 - 41 - hewsen, 43 - hewsen, 46 - remco bouckaert ; philippe lemey, michael dunn, simon j. greenhill, alexander v. alekseyenko, alexei j. drummond, russell d. gray, marc a. suchard, quentin d. atkinson ( 24 ). \" mapping the origins and expansion of the indo - european language family \". science 337 ( 6097 ) : 957 \u2013 960. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1219669. - hewsen, 39 - 40 - hewsen, 39 - hewsen, 40 - hewsen, 41 - hewsen, 41 - 42 - hewsen, robert h. ( 2009 ). \" armenians on the black sea : the province of trebizond \". in richard g. hovannisian. armenian pontus : the trebizond - black sea communities. costa mesa, ca : mazda publishers, inc. pp. 42, 37 \u2013 66. isbn 1 - 56859 - 155 - 1. - hewsen, 47 - hewsen, 49 - hewsen, 48 - pentzopoulos, dimitri ( 2002 ). the balkan exchange of minorities and its impact on greece. c. hurst & co. publishers. pp. 29 \u2013 30. isbn 978 - 1 - 85065 - 702 - 6. - hewsen, 54", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45053017205780843, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.588830"} {"text": "radio music ripping | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( november 2008 ) | the term ripping ( slang term for digital media extraction ) can also apply to radio. new software, techniques and cloud services now makes it possible to extract the songs played on the radio and digitally save them on separate audio tracks. available techniques make it possible to rip the music from internet radio broadcasts, satellite radio broadcasts and fm radio broadcasts. ripping is more than simply recording the audio. the key aspect of ripping is disambiguation. when ripping songs from any source, the songs should be split into separate tracks or files, and the songs should be tagged. otherwise, you are simply recording or dubbing the audio. internet radio popular audio formats for internet radio include aac, aac +, and mp3. many am / fm stations simulcast online use the more efficient aac format while internet only stations more typically use mp3. the shoutcast database featured 34, 281 online radio stations covering almost every conceivable music genre. cloud recording services such as dar. fm can record from all of these formats. most pc based internet radio ripping software is built for shoutcast - style of streams as this mp3 based protocol offers the widest selection of internet radio stations. such wide selection of music is one of the major advantages for recording songs from internet radio compared to fm and satellite radio as well as the fact that it works with cloud services that do not require a separate audio receiver. the disadvantages may include fairly low audio quality in the saved mp3s, which varies from stream to stream. to begin the recording process, the software connects to the audio stream over tcp. the stream is then buffered 15 \u2013 30 seconds ahead. some internet radio ripping software, utilize special metadata that is being broadcast along with actual song content. these programs are generally more successful in determining the boundaries of songs ( providing for a cleaner mp3 cut ) as well as correctly identifying the song in question. such metadata, however, is available for only a subset of internet radio stations, commonly associated with the shoutcast standard. the existence of open directories of shoutcast - compliant radio stations such as shoutcast enables internet radio rippers to provide an abundant selection of recordable radio stations that are reasonably expected to emit detailed song metadata. the metadata also helps avoiding commercials from being recorded along with the songs. satellite radio timetrax has developed software that can record the audio broadcast on xm satellite radio. the software saves songs as individual mp3 files after identifying the name and the artist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4951673907340612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.596588"} {"text": ". the metadata also helps avoiding commercials from being recorded along with the songs. satellite radio timetrax has developed software that can record the audio broadcast on xm satellite radio. the software saves songs as individual mp3 files after identifying the name and the artist. timetrax is both a software and hardware solution : the timetrax software can interface with any pc - compatible satellite receiver, and the adapter box is necessary to allow certain receivers to interface with a pc. the xm pcr was the first device to allow audio stream ripping from xm radio. the device itself is simple enough : an xm \" can \" ( the actual receiver and decoding hardware ) is enclosed in a box with a usb interface chip and audio connector. the pcr plugs into a pc usb port and line - in jack. timetrax, or some other similar software, then controls the radio and records the incoming audio. after a legal battle, the timetrax software is no longer being sold. to end the problem for good, xm discontinued the xm pcr receiver. however, timetrax almost immediately released a hardware companion product that turned virtually any device capable of receiving xm satellite radio and its primary competitor at the time, sirius satellite radio. timetrax went on to also include the ability to rip and tag music from the online music streaming services that were being provided by both xm and sirius. notably, timetrax went on to extend its technology in a seamless package for fm radio, and further, any music source. it developed this portion of its technology hardware and software offering with swedish company popcatcher. timetrax was the first company that offered music ripping ( aka audio disambiguation, ripping and tagging, de - aggregation ) for the 3 largest and widespread music distribution methods : satellite radio, internet streaming and traditional broadcast. the original timetrax software was developed by scott maclean, a canadian citizen. it went viral and a corporation and formal management team along with funding were brought in the form the enterprise around maclean ' s discovery. the company was led by business executive elliott frutkin. fm radio there are three ways of ripping songs from an fm broadcast. radio data system some fm receivers are capable of receiving a data stream known as radio data system or rds. this provides artist and title information that can be shown on the display of a compatible fm receiver. a compatible receiver, connected to the computer, can tag saved audio streams with this data. the disadvantage of rds is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5100303737512542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.597683"} {"text": "radio data system or rds. this provides artist and title information that can be shown on the display of a compatible fm receiver. a compatible receiver, connected to the computer, can tag saved audio streams with this data. the disadvantage of rds is that the title may change before or after the song itself changes, causing the recording process to miss part of the beginning or end of the song. in the near future rds will include a new feature called rt + or radio text plus. as well as providing discrete text fields for artist, album & track title, rt + includes ' item running ' and ' item toggle ' bits which can be used to accurately mark the track transitions and dj / commercial interruptions, aiding the process of recording, filenaming and id3 tagging. separating music from non - music swedish company popcatcher has patented a technology that enables distinguishing between music, chatter and commercials. it is a self - learning process that first identifies the broadcasting habits of a given radio station. popcatcher is designed to automatically exclude commercials and dj patter from the recording, which results in \" cleaner \" audio files. the process is fully independent from the internet. however, it does not recognize the names and the artists of the recorded songs. manual tagging certain recording packages allow you to set markers in the file, which you can use later to split the file into separate tracks. this process can be tedious and time consuming, but has the advantage of being the only truly reliable way to ensure that the song is captured as accurately as possible without cutting off the beginning or end of a track. legal issues this expanding way of ripping music may lead to \u2018 strong legal debates \u2019 in a near future, even if it is permitted to record music from the radio for private use in most countries. in germany it is allowed. there even is a campaign to put focus on it. it ' s called tauschnix, which in essence stands for : no need to download via filesharing. see link below. european context the eu passed in may 2001 the information society directive which has since then been transposed into the national laws of most of the member states. article 5 \u2013 2 / b of the directive states that \u201c [ member states may provide for exceptions or limitations to the reproduction right provided for ] in respect of reproductions on any medium made by a natural person for private use and for ends that are neither directly nor indirectly commercial, on condition that the rightholders receive fair compensation which takes account of the application or non -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4943289134898379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.598819"} {"text": "reproduction right provided for ] in respect of reproductions on any medium made by a natural person for private use and for ends that are neither directly nor indirectly commercial, on condition that the rightholders receive fair compensation which takes account of the application or non - application of technological measures referred to in article 6 [ ie. digital rights management ] to the work or subject - matter concerned \u201d. in short, copying music from the radio for private use is permissible if the artists receive a \u201c fair compensation \u201d. in case of a lawsuit against radio music ripping technologies, the whole debate will be about the meaning of the term \u201c fair compensation \u201d. it can be argued that radio stations are already paying a \u201c fair compensation \u201d to artists as they know their songs might be copied. moreover, in an increasing number of eu member states, importers are charged a private copying levy on the purchase of recordable media ( mp3 players, writable cds or dvds ). the tax or levy is usually administrated by copyright collectives. however, at the time of digital copies, the outcome of such a lawsuit is far from being certain if it should occur. uk context beginning in 1981, the british phonographic industry began a campaign against so - called \" home taping \", or recording songs from the radio onto cassettes, due to fears that home taping would decrease album sales. iconic of the campaign is a picture of the silhouette of a cassette tape, with two crossed bones underneath, with the words \" home taping is killing music \" written across the top, and the words \" and it ' s illegal \" printed in smaller letters at the bottom. us context the doctrine of fair use should make it legal to record songs from the radio for private use. [ original research? ] traditionally, the recording industry expressed little or no concern with individuals who recorded music from the radio on a cassette recorder. however, the digital format in this case changes the whole issue since it does not degrade over time and can be easily copied. that popcatcher has developed a technology that automatically removes commercials may lead to a legal case similar to replaytv \u2019 s and sonicblue \u2019 s. in 2001 these dvr manufacturers had issued a digital video recorder equipped with a commercial advance feature enabling the automatic removing of commercials from recorded programming. they were sued by 28 companies of the entertainment industry in the usa until they ran out of money to pay the expensive litigation. in 2003, they filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy. the case itself has never been judged. the audio home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49546974331070953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.599952"} {"text": "| 16th chief justice of the united states | september 26, 1986 \u2013 september 3, 2005 | appointed by | | ronald reagan | | preceded by | | warren burger | | succeeded by | | john roberts | | associate justice of the supreme court of the united states | january 7, 1972 \u2013 september 26, 1986 | appointed by | | richard nixon | | preceded by | | john marshall harlan ii | | succeeded by | | antonin scalia | | united states assistant attorney general for the office of legal counsel | | preceded by | | frank wozencraft | | succeeded by | | ralph erickson | | born | | william donald rehnquist october 1, 1924 milwaukee, wisconsin, u. s. | died | | september 3, 2005 arlington, virginia, u. s. | alma mater | | stanford university william hubbs rehnquist ( october 1, 1924 \u2013 september 3, 2005 ) was an american lawyer, jurist, and political figure who served as an associate justice of the supreme court of the united states and later as the 16th chief justice of the united states. considered a conservative, rehnquist favored a conception of federalism that emphasized the tenth amendment ' s reservation of powers to the states. under this view of federalism, the supreme court of the united states, for the first time since the 1930s, struck down an act of congress as exceeding its power under the commerce clause. rehnquist served as chief justice for nearly 19 years, making him the fourth - longest - serving chief justice after john marshall, roger taney, and melville fuller, and the longest - serving chief justice who had previously served as an associate justice. the last 11 years of rehnquist ' s term as chief justice ( 1994 \u2013 2005 ) marked the second - longest tenure of a single unchanging roster of the supreme court, exceeded only between february 1812 and september 1823. he is the eighth longest - serving justice in supreme court history. early life rehnquist was born william donald rehnquist in milwaukee, wisconsin, on october 1, 1924. he grew up in the suburb of shorewood. his father, william benjamin rehnquist, was a paper salesman ; his mother, margery peck rehnquist, was a translator and homemaker. rehnquist changed his middle name to hubbs, a family name, because a numerologist told his mother he would be successful with a middle initial of h. his paternal grandparents immigrated from sweden. rehnquist graduated from shorewood high school in 1942. he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43981090021747626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.655994"} {"text": "his middle name to hubbs, a family name, because a numerologist told his mother he would be successful with a middle initial of h. his paternal grandparents immigrated from sweden. rehnquist graduated from shorewood high school in 1942. he attended kenyon college, in gambier, ohio, for one quarter in the fall of 1942, before entering the u. s. army air forces. he served from march 1943 \u2013 1946, mostly in assignments in the united states. he was put into a pre - meteorology program and was assigned to denison university until february 1944, when the program was shut down. he served three months at will rogers field in oklahoma city, three months in carlsbad, new mexico, and then went to hondo, texas for a few months. he was then chosen for another training program, which began at chanute field, illinois, and ended at fort monmouth, new jersey. the program was designed to teach the maintenance and repair of weather instruments. in the summer of 1945, he went overseas and served as a weather observer in north africa. after the war ended, rehnquist attended stanford university with assistance under the provisions of the g. i. bill. in 1948, he received both a bachelor of arts and a master of arts degree in political science. in 1950, he attended harvard university, where he received another master of arts, this time in government. he later returned to stanford, and graduated from the stanford law school in the same class as sandra day o ' connor, with whom he would later serve on the supreme court. they briefly dated at stanford. it has been said that rehnquist graduated first in his class, probably based on the fact that he was class valedictorian during graduation ceremonies, but stanford ' s official position is that the law school did not rank students in 1952. law clerk at the supreme court rehnquist went to washington, d. c. to work as a law clerk for justice robert h. jackson during the court ' s 1952 \u2013 1953 term. there, he wrote a memorandum arguing against federal court - ordered school desegregation while the court was considering the landmark case of brown v. board of education, which was later decided in 1954. rehnquist ' s 1952 memo, entitled \" a random thought on the segregation cases \", defended the \" separate - but - equal \" doctrine. in that memo, rehnquist said : i realize that it is an unpopular and unhumanitarian position, for which i have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43937685461734877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.657293"} {"text": ", entitled \" a random thought on the segregation cases \", defended the \" separate - but - equal \" doctrine. in that memo, rehnquist said : i realize that it is an unpopular and unhumanitarian position, for which i have been excoriated by \" liberal \" colleagues, but i think plessy v. ferguson was right and should be reaffirmed. to the argument that a majority may not deprive a minority of its constitutional right, the answer must be made that while this is sound in theory, in the long run it is the majority who will determine what the constitutional rights of the minority are. in both his 1971 hearing for associate justice and his 1986 hearing for chief justice of the united states, rehnquist alleged that the memorandum reflected the views of justice jackson rather than his own views. rehnquist said, \" i believe that the memorandum was prepared by me as a statement of justice jackson ' s tentative views for his own use. \" elsie douglas, long - time secretary and confidante of justice jackson, stated during rehnquist ' s 1986 hearings that his allegation was \" a smear of a great man, for whom i served as secretary for many years. justice jackson did not ask law clerks to express his views. he expressed his own and they expressed theirs. that is what happened in this instance. \" at his 1986 hearings for chief justice, rehnquist tried to put further distance between himself and the 1952 memo : \" the bald statement that ' plessy was right and should be reaffirmed ', was not an accurate reflection of my own views at the time. \" however, rehnquist acknowledged defending plessy in arguments with fellow law clerks. some commentators have concluded that the memo reflected rehnquist ' s own views rather than those of justice jackson. a biography on jackson corroborates this explanation, stating that jackson instructed his clerks to express their own views, not his. in any event, while later serving on the supreme court, rehnquist made no effort to reverse or undermine the brown decision, and frequently relied upon it as precedent. rehnquist stated in 1985 that there was a \" perfectly reasonable \" argument against brown v. board and in favor of plessy, even though he now saw the court ' s decision in brown as correct. in a memorandum to justice jackson about terry v. adams, which involved the right of african - americans to vote in an allegedly private texas election, rehnquist wrote : the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4934952372975043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.658361"} {"text": "even though he now saw the court ' s decision in brown as correct. in a memorandum to justice jackson about terry v. adams, which involved the right of african - americans to vote in an allegedly private texas election, rehnquist wrote : the constitution does not prevent the majority from banding together, nor does it attaint success in the effort. it is about time the court faced the fact that the white people of the south do not like the colored people. the constitution restrains them from effecting this dislike through state action, but it most assuredly did not appoint the court as a sociological watchdog to rear up every time private discrimination raises its admittedly ugly head. in another memorandum to justice jackson regarding the same case ( terry ), rehnquist wrote : clerks began screaming as soon as they saw this that ' now we can show those damn southerners, etc. ' i take a dim view of this pathological search for discrimination and as a result i now have something of a mental block against the case. nevertheless, rehnquist recommended to justice jackson that the supreme court should agree to hear the terry case. after leaving jackson ' s employ, rehnquist wrote an article in the december 13, 1957 u. s. news & world report arguing that justices ' votes are influenced by their law clerks ' ideologies. an empirical assessment conducted by peppers and zorn in 2008 supported rehnquist ' s view. private practice rehnquist moved to phoenix, arizona, where he was in private law practice from 1953 to 1969. during these years, he was active in the republican party and served as a legal advisor to barry goldwater ' s 1964 presidential campaign, including collaborating with harry jaffa on goldwater ' s speeches. many years later, during the 1971 hearing for associate justice and later during the 1986 senate hearings on his chief justice nomination, several people came forward to complain about what they viewed as rehnquist ' s attempts to discourage minority voters in arizona elections when rehnquist served as a \" poll watcher \" in the early 1960s. rehnquist denied the charges, and \" vincent maggiore, then chairman of the phoenix - area democratic party, said he had never heard any negative reports about rehnquist ' s election day activities. ' all of these things ', he said, ' would have come through me. ' \" justice department when president richard nixon was elected in 1968, rehnquist returned to work in washington. he served as assistant attorney general of the office of legal counsel,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4392724142023552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.659375"} {"text": "of these things ', he said, ' would have come through me. ' \" justice department when president richard nixon was elected in 1968, rehnquist returned to work in washington. he served as assistant attorney general of the office of legal counsel, from 1969 to 1971. in this role, he served as the chief lawyer to attorney general john mitchell. president nixon mistakenly referred to him as \" renchburg \" in several of the tapes of oval office conversations revealed during the watergate investigations. because he was well - placed in the justice department, rehnquist was mentioned for many years as a possibility for the source known as deep throat during the watergate scandal. once bob woodward revealed on may 31, 2005, that w. mark felt was deep throat, this speculation ended. it was william rehnquist who determined that government national mortgage association guarantees constituted a full faith and credit promise of the united states. in fall 1971, nixon received the resignations of two supreme court justices, hugo black and john marshall harlan ii. after compiling an initial list of possible appointees that ran afoul of chief justice burger and the american bar association, nixon considered rehnquist for one of the slots. henry kissinger discussed the possible pick with presidential advisor h. r. haldeman and asked. \" rehnquist is pretty far right, isn ' t he? \" haldeman responded, \" oh, christ! he ' s way to the right of buchanan \", referring to then - presidential advisor patrick buchanan. associate justice nixon nominated rehnquist to replace john marshall harlan ii on the supreme court upon harlan ' s retirement, and after being confirmed by the senate by a 68 \u2013 26 vote on december 10, 1971, rehnquist took his seat as an associate justice on january 7, 1972. there were two vacancies on the court at the time ; nixon nominated lewis franklin powell, jr. to fill the other, left by the retirement of hugo black. black died september 25, 1971, and harlan died on december 29 of that year. on the burger court, rehnquist promptly established himself as the most conservative of nixon ' s appointees, taking a narrow view of the fourteenth amendment and a broad view of state power. rehnquist almost always voted \" with the prosecution in criminal cases, with business in antitrust cases, with employers in labor cases, and with the government in speech cases \". although rehnquist was often a lone dissenter in cases early on, his views would later often become the majority", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42645115764191105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.660379"} {"text": "prosecution in criminal cases, with business in antitrust cases, with employers in labor cases, and with the government in speech cases \". although rehnquist was often a lone dissenter in cases early on, his views would later often become the majority view of the court. professor david shapiro of harvard law school suggested that rehnquist ' s votes were guided by three basic propositions : - conflicts between an individual and the government should, whenever possible, be resolved against the individual ( this also holds for conflicts between an individual and an employer, including civil rights litigation ). - conflicts between state and federal authority should, whenever possible, be resolved in favor of the states. - questions of the exercise of federal jurisdiction should, whenever possible, be resolved against such exercise. in 1977s national league of cities v. usery, rehnquist ' s majority opinion invalidated a federal law extending minimum wage and maximum hours provisions to state and local government employees. rehnquist wrote that \" this exercise of congressional authority does not comport with the federal system of government embodied in the constitution. \" as chief justice, rehnquist presided over what law professor erwin chemerinsky has called a \" federalist revolution, \" during which the court limited federal power in cases such as new york v. united states, united states v. lopez, printz v. united states, and united states v. morrison. similarly, cato institute scholar roger pilon has said that \" [ t ] he rehnquist court has revived the doctrine of federalism... only at the edges and in very easy cases. \" equal protection, civil rights, and abortion rehnquist rejected a broad view of the fourteenth amendment ; he believed that it was meant only as a solution to the problems of slavery, and was misapplied when applied towards abortion rights or prisoner ' s rights. rehnquist believed that the court \" had no business reflecting society ' s changing and expanding values \" and argued that this was the domain of the congress. rehnquist tried to weave his view of the amendment into his opinion for fitzpatrick v. bitzer, but it was rejected by the other justices. rehnquist later extended what he said he saw as the scope of the amendment, writing in trimble v. gordon : \" except in the area of the law in which the framers obviously meant it to apply \u2013 classifications based on race or on national origin \". he voted against the expansion of school desegregation plans and the establishment of legalized abortions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5001747705591302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.661384"} {"text": ": \" except in the area of the law in which the framers obviously meant it to apply \u2013 classifications based on race or on national origin \". he voted against the expansion of school desegregation plans and the establishment of legalized abortions, dissenting in roe v. wade, 410 u. s. 113 ( 1973 ). rehnquist expressed his views about the equal protection clause in cases like trimble v. gordon : unfortunately, more than a century of decisions under this clause of the fourteenth amendment have produced.... a syndrome wherein this court seems to regard the equal protection clause as a cat - o ' - nine - tails to be kept in the judicial closet as a threat to legislatures which may, in the view of the judiciary, get out of hand and pass ' arbitrary ', ' illogical, ' or ' unreasonable ' laws. except in the area of the law in which the framers obviously meant it to apply \u2014 classifications based on race or on national origin, the first cousin of race \u2014 the court ' s decisions can fairly be described as an endless tinkering with legislative judgments, a series of conclusions unsupported by any central guiding principle. other issues rehnquist held a restrictive view of criminals ' and prisoners ' rights, and held the view that capital punishment is constitutionally permissible. he supported the view that the fourth amendment permitted a warrantless search incident to a valid arrest. in 1977s nixon v. administrator of general services, rehnquist dissented from a decision upholding the constitutionality of an act that gave a federal agency administrator certain authority over former president nixon ' s presidential papers and tape recordings. he dissented solely on the ground that the law was \" a clear violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers. \" during oral argument in duren v. missouri ( 1978 ), the court faced a challenge to laws and practices that made jury duty voluntary for women in that state. at the end of ruth ginsburg ' s oral presentation rehnquist asked her, \" you will not settle for putting susan b. anthony on the new dollar, then? \" rehnquist wrote the majority opinion in diamond v. diehr, 450 u. s. 175 ( 1981 ), which began a gradual trend toward overturning the ban on software patents in the united states first established in parker v. flook, 437 u. s. 584 ( 1978 ). in sony corp. of america v. universal city studios, inc., pertaining to video", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5022379097861187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.663284"} {"text": "overinclusive to survive equal protection analysis. in dissent, rehnquist attacked powell ' s opinion, saying : if legislative bodies are to be permitted to draw a line anywhere short of the delivery room, i can find no judicial standard of measurement which says the ones drawn here were invalid. shapiro writes that rehnquist ' s opinion implied : that there is no constitutionally significant difference between a classification that encompasses virtually no one outside the scope of its purpose and a classification so overinclusive that the vast majority of those falling within are beyond its intended scope. rehnquist ' s dissent in united states department of agriculture v. murry illuminates his view that a classification should pass muster under the rational basis test so long as that classification is not entirely counter - productive with respect to the purposes of the legislation in which it is contained. shapiro alleges that rehnquist ' s stance \" makes rational basis a virtual nullity. \" relations on the court rehnquist built warm personal relations with his colleagues, even with ideological opposites. justice william brennan, jr. \" startled one acquaintance by informing him that ' bill rehnquist is my best friend up here. ' \" rehnquist and justice william o. douglas bonded over a shared iconoclasm and love of the west. the brethren claims that the court ' s \" liberals found it hard not to like the good - natured, thoughtful rehnquist \", despite finding his legal philosophy \" extreme \", and that justice stewart regarded rehnquist as \" excellent \" and \" a \" team player, a part of the group in the center of the court, even though he usually ended up in the conservative bloc \". since rehnquist ' s first years on the supreme court, other justices criticized what they saw as his \" willingness to cut corners to reach a conservative result \", \" gloss [ ing ] over inconsistencies of logic or fact \" or distinguishing indistinct cases to reach their destination. in jefferson v. hackney, for example, douglas and justice thurgood marshall charged that rehnquist ' s opinion \" misrepresented the legislative history \" of a federal welfare program. rehnquist did not correct what the brethren characterizes as an \" outright misstatement,... [ and thus ] publish [ ed ] an opinion that twisted the facts \". rehnquist ' s \" misuse \" of precedents in another case \" shocked \" justice john paul stevens. for his part, rehnquist was often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5050727087116843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.665607"} {"text": ".. [ and thus ] publish [ ed ] an opinion that twisted the facts \". rehnquist ' s \" misuse \" of precedents in another case \" shocked \" justice john paul stevens. for his part, rehnquist was often \" contemptuous of brennan ' s opinions \", seeing them as \" bending the facts or law to suit his purposes \". reluctant to compromise, rehnquist was the most frequent sole dissenter during the burger years, garnering the nickname \" the lone ranger \". he usually voted with chief justice burger, and \u2013 recognizing \" the importance of his relationship with burger \" \u2013 often went along to get along, joining burger ' s majority opinions even when he disagreed with them, and, in important cases, \" tr [ ying ] to straighten him out \". chief justice when chief justice warren burger retired in 1986, president ronald reagan nominated rehnquist to fill the position. although rehnquist was to the right of burger, \" his colleagues were unanimously pleased and supportive, \" even his \" ideological opposites. \" the nomination \" was met with ' genuine enthusiasm on the part of not only his colleagues on the court but others who served the court in a staff capacity and some of the relatively lowly paid individuals at the court. there was almost a unanimous feeling of joy. ' \" justice thurgood marshall would later call him \" a great chief justice. \" during confirmation hearings, senator edward kennedy challenged rehnquist on his unwitting ownership of property that had a restrictive covenant against sale to jews ( such covenants were held to be unenforceable under the 1948 supreme court case shelley v. kraemer ). despite this and other controversies, including a concern over his membership in the alfalfa club ( which at the time did not allow women to join ), the senate confirmed his appointment by a 65 \u2013 33 vote, and he assumed the office on september 26. rehnquist ' s seat as an associate justice was filled by newly appointed antonin scalia. in 1999, rehnquist became the second chief justice ( after salmon p. chase ) to preside over a presidential impeachment trial, during the proceedings against president bill clinton. in 2000, rehnquist wrote a concurring opinion in bush v. gore, the case that effectively ended the presidential election controversy in florida. he concurred with four other justices in that case that the equal protection clause barred a \" standardless \" manual recount of the votes as ordered by the florida supreme court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44298747254430554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.666685"} {"text": ". gore, the case that effectively ended the presidential election controversy in florida. he concurred with four other justices in that case that the equal protection clause barred a \" standardless \" manual recount of the votes as ordered by the florida supreme court. in his capacity as chief justice, rehnquist administered the oath of office to the following presidents of the united states : leadership of the court rehnquist ' s predecessor as chief justice, warren burger, had foundered as a leader, alienating his colleagues with his overbearing manner, his inability to effectively manage the justices ' conference sessions, and abuse of his seniority \u2013 in particular, his tendency to change his vote on important cases so that he could maintain control over opinion assignments. rehnquist, in sharp contrast, won over his fellow justices with his easygoing, humorous, and unpretentious personality. he also tightened up the justices ' conferences, keeping the justices from going too long or off track and not allowing any justice to speak twice before all had spoken once, and gained a reputation for scrupulous fairness in assigning opinions : rehnquist assigned no justice ( including himself ) two opinions before everyone had been assigned one, and made no attempts to interfere with assignments for cases in which he was in the minority. most significantly, rehnquist successfully lobbied congress in 1988 to give the court control of its own docket, cutting back on mandatory appeals and certiorari grants in general. rehnquist added four yellow stripes to the sleeves of his robe in 1995. he was a lifelong fan of gilbert and sullivan operas, and after appreciating the lord chancellor ' s costume in a community theater production of iolanthe he thereafter appeared in court with the same striped sleeves. ( the lord chancellor was traditionally the senior member of the british judiciary. ) his successor, chief justice john roberts, chose not to continue the practice. federalism doctrine rehnquist was expected [ by whom? ] to push the supreme court in a more conservative direction during his tenure. one area many commentators expected to see changes was in limiting the power of the federal government and in increasing the power of state governments. however, legal reporter jan crawford greenburg says some of rehnquist ' s victories towards the federalist goal of scaling back congressional power over the states had little practical impact. chief justice rehnquist voted with the majority in city of boerne v. flores ( 1997 ) and would later refer to that decision as precedent for requiring congress to defer to the court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4195761644003468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.667775"} {"text": "scaling back congressional power over the states had little practical impact. chief justice rehnquist voted with the majority in city of boerne v. flores ( 1997 ) and would later refer to that decision as precedent for requiring congress to defer to the court as regards interpretation of the fourteenth amendment ( including the equal protection clause ) in a number of cases. boerne held that any statute that congress enacted to enforce the provisions of the fourteenth amendment ( including the equal protection clause ) had to show \" a congruence and proportionality between the injury to be prevented or remedied and the means adopted to that end \". the rehnquist court ' s congruence and proportionality theory replaced the \" ratchet \" theory that had arguably been advanced in katzenbach v. morgan ( 1966 ). according to the \" ratchet \" theory, congress could \" ratchet up \" civil rights beyond what the court had recognized, but congress could not \" ratchet down \" judicially recognized rights. according to the majority opinion of justice anthony kennedy, which chief justice rehnquist joined in boerne : there is language in our opinion in katzenbach v. morgan, 384 u. s. 641 ( 1966 ), which could be interpreted as acknowledging a power in congress to enact legislation that expands the rights contained in \u00a7 1 of the fourteenth amendment. this is not a necessary interpretation, however, or even the best one.... if congress could define its own powers by altering the fourteenth amendment ' s meaning, no longer would the constitution be ' superior paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means. ' the rehnquist court ' s congruence and proportionality standard made it easier to revive older precedents preventing congress from going too far [ clarification needed ] in enforcing equal protection of the laws. one of the rehnquist court ' s major developments involved reinforcing and extending the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which limits the ability of congress to subject non - consenting states to lawsuits by individual citizens seeking money damages. in both kimel v. florida board of regents ( 2000 ) and board of trustees of the university of alabama v. garrett ( 2001 ), the court held that congress had exceeded its power to enforce the equal protection clause. in both those cases, chief justice rehnquist was in the majority that held discrimination by states based upon age or disability ( as opposed to race or gender ) need satisfy only rational basis review as opposed to strict scrutiny. though the eleventh amendment by its terms applies only to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5140051986932767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.668802"} {"text": ", chief justice rehnquist was in the majority that held discrimination by states based upon age or disability ( as opposed to race or gender ) need satisfy only rational basis review as opposed to strict scrutiny. though the eleventh amendment by its terms applies only to suits against a state by citizens of another state, the rehnquist court often extended this principle to suits by citizens against their own states. one such case was alden v. maine ( 1999 ), in which the court explained that the authority to subject states to private suits does not follow from any of the express enumerated powers in article one of the constitution, and therefore the alden court looked to the necessary and proper clause to see if that clause authorized congress to subject the states to lawsuits by the state ' s own citizens. chief justice rehnquist agreed with justice kennedy ' s statement that such lawsuits were not \" necessary and proper \" : nor can we conclude that the specific article i powers delegated to congress necessarily include, by virtue of the necessary and proper clause or otherwise, the incidental authority to subject the states to private suits as a means of achieving objectives otherwise within the scope of the enumerated powers. however, the court acknowledged that various amendments to the constitution were intended to give congress power to abrogate sovereign immunity, one of those amendments being the fourteenth, and thus congress may authorize suits for money damages pursuant to ( for example ) its power to enforce the fourteenth amendment, which includes the equal protection clause. chief justice rehnquist also led the court toward a more limited view of congressional power under the commerce clause of the u. s. constitution. for example, he wrote for a 5 - to - 4 majority in united states v. lopez, 514 u. s. 549 ( 1995 ), striking down a federal law as exceeding congressional power under the clause. lopez was followed by united states v. morrison, 529 u. s. 598 ( 2000 ), in which rehnquist wrote the court ' s opinion striking down the civil damages portion of the violence against women act of 1994 as regulating conduct that does not have a significant direct effect on interstate commerce. rehnquist ' s majority opinion in morrison also rejected an equal protection argument on behalf of the act. all four dissenters disagreed with the court ' s interpretation of the commerce clause, and two dissenters ( stevens and stephen breyer ) also took issue with the court ' s equal protection analysis. regarding the commerce clause, justice david souter asserted that the court was improperly seeking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47729119446511564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.669905"} {"text": "the court ' s interpretation of the commerce clause, and two dissenters ( stevens and stephen breyer ) also took issue with the court ' s equal protection analysis. regarding the commerce clause, justice david souter asserted that the court was improperly seeking to convert the judiciary into a \" shield against the commerce power \". regarding the equal protection clause, chief justice rehnquist ' s majority opinion in morrison cited precedents limiting the clause ' s scope, such as united states v. cruikshank ( 1876 ), which held that the fourteenth amendment applied only to state actions, not private acts of violence. dissenting justice breyer, joined by justice stevens, agreed with the majority that it \" is certainly so \" that congress may not \" use the fourteenth amendment as a source of power to remedy the conduct of private persons \". however, breyer and stevens took issue with another aspect of the morrison court ' s equal protection analysis : they argued that cases that the majority had cited ( including united states v. harris and the civil rights cases regarding lynching and segregation respectively ) did not consider \" this kind of claim \" in which state actors \" failed to provide adequate ( or any ) state remedies \". in response, the morrison majority asserted that the violence against women act was \" directed not at any state or state actor, but at individuals who have committed criminal acts motivated by gender bias \". the federalist trend set by lopez and morrison was seemingly halted by gonzales v. raich ( 2005 ), in which the court broadly interpreted the commerce clause to allow congress to prohibit the intrastate cultivation of medicinal cannabis. rehnquist, along with o ' connor and thomas, dissented in raich. rehnquist authored the majority opinion in south dakota v. dole ( 1987 ), upholding congress ' s reduction of funds to states not complying with the national 21 - year - old drinking age. rehnquist ' s broad reading of congress ' s spending power was also seen as a major limitation on the rehnquist court ' s push towards redistribution of power from the federal government to the states. stare decisis some commentators expected the rehnquist court to overrule several controversial decisions broadly interpreting the bill of rights. the rehnquist court, however, expressly declined to overrule miranda v. arizona in its decision in dickerson v. united states. rehnquist believed that federal judges should not impose their personal views on the law or stray beyond the intent of the framers by reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4579738595270475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.672074"} {"text": ", expressly declined to overrule miranda v. arizona in its decision in dickerson v. united states. rehnquist believed that federal judges should not impose their personal views on the law or stray beyond the intent of the framers by reading broad meaning into the constitution ; he saw himself as an \" apostle of judicial restraint \". time magazine suggested, however, that rehnquist violated this belief by overruling many cases, particularly from the warren court era. columbia law school professor vincent blasi said of rehnquist in 1986 that \" [ n ] obody since the 1930s has been so niggardly in interpreting the bill of rights, so blatant in simply ignoring years and years of precedent \". ( in the same article, rehnquist was quoted as retorting that \" such attacks come from liberal academics and that ' on occasion, they write somewhat disingenuously about me ' \". ) chief justice rehnquist was a foe of the court ' s 1973 roe v. wade decision. in 1992, that decision survived by a 5 \u2013 4 vote, in planned parenthood v. casey, which relied heavily on the doctrine of stare decisis. dissenting in casey, rehnquist criticized the court ' s \" newly minted variation on stare decisis \", and asserted his belief \" that roe was wrongly decided, and that it can and should be overruled consistently with our traditional approach to stare decisis in constitutional cases \". rehnquist was not reluctant to apply stare decisis in the fashion he believed appropriate. for example, in dickerson v. united states ( 2000 ), rehnquist voted to reaffirm the court ' s famous decision in miranda v. arizona ( 1966 ) based not only on the notion of adhering to precedent but also on his belief that \" the totality - of - the - circumstances test... is more difficult than miranda for law enforcement officers to conform to, and for courts to apply in a consistent manner \". shortly after dickerson was decided, the court dealt with another abortion case, this time dealing with partial birth abortion in stenberg v. carhart ( 2000 ). again, a 5 \u2013 4 decision, and again a dissent from rehnquist urged that stare decisis should not be the sole consideration : \" i did not join the joint opinion in planned parenthood of southeastern pa. v. casey, 505 u. s. 833 ( 1992 ), and continue to believe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4511121313460902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.673301"} {"text": "dissent added : i would not myself indulge in... official praise for heterosexual monogamy, because i think it no business of the courts ( as opposed to the political branches ) to take sides in this culture war. but the court today has done so, not only by inventing a novel and extravagant constitutional doctrine to take the victory away from traditional forces, but even by verbally disparaging as bigotry adherence to traditional attitudes. with the case of lawrence v. texas in 2003, the supreme court under rehnquist went on to overrule bowers. rehnquist again dissented along with scalia and clarence thomas. the court ' s result in romer had described the struck - down statute as \" a status - based enactment divorced from any factual context from which we could discern a relationship to legitimate state interests \". the sentiment behind that statute had led to the court evaluating it with a \" more searching \" form of review. similarly, in lawrence, \" moral disapproval \" was found to be an unconstitutional basis for condemning a group of people. the court protected homosexual behavior in the name of liberty and autonomy. rehnquist sometimes reached results favorable to homosexuals, for example voting to allow a gay cia employee to sue for improper personnel practices, voting to allow same - sex sexual harassment claims to be adjudicated, and voting to allow the university of wisconsin \u2013 madison to require students to pay a mandatory fee that subsidized gay groups along with all other student organizations. civil rights act rehnquist voted with the majority in denying a private right to sue for discrimination based on race or national origin involving a disparate impact under title vi of the civil rights act of 1964, in alexander v. sandoval ( 2001 ), which involved the issue of whether a citizen could sue a state for not providing driver ' s license exams in languages other than english. sandoval cited cannon v. university of chicago ( 1979 ) as a precedent. the court voted 5 \u2013 4 that various facts ( regarding disparate impact ) mentioned in a footnote of cannon were not part of the holding of cannon. the majority also viewed it as significant that \u00a7 602 of title vi did not repeat the rights - creating language ( race, color, or national origin ) in \u00a7 601. religion clauses in 1985, rehnquist joined lee v. weisman ' s dissenting opinion that the free excercise clause of the first amendment to the constitution only forbids government from preferring one particular religion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4643952186295553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.675444"} {"text": "national origin ) in \u00a7 601. religion clauses in 1985, rehnquist joined lee v. weisman ' s dissenting opinion that the free excercise clause of the first amendment to the constitution only forbids government from preferring one particular religion over another. justice souter wrote a dissent specifically addressed to rehnquist on this issue in 1992. rehnquist also led the way in allowing greater state assistance to religious schools, writing for another 5 - to - 4 majority in zelman v. simmons - harris. in zelman, the court approved a school voucher program that aided church schools along with other private schools. in june 2005, rehnquist wrote the plurality opinion upholding the constitutionality of a display of the ten commandments at the texas state capitol in austin. the case was van orden v. perry. rehnquist wrote : our cases, janus like, point in two directions in applying the establishment clause. one face looks toward the strong role played by religion and religious traditions throughout our nation ' s history.... the other face looks toward the principle that governmental intervention in religious matters can itself endanger religious freedom. this decision was joined by justices scalia, thomas, breyer, and kennedy. first amendment university of chicago law school professor geoffrey stone explains that rehnquist was by an impressive margin the member of the supreme court least likely to invalidate a law as violating \" the freedom of speech, or of the press \". justice burger, who was chief justice when rehnquist started as an associate justice, was 1. 8 times more likely to vote in favor of the first amendment ; scalia, 1. 6 times ; thomas, 1. 5 times. excluding unanimous court decisions, rehnquist voted to reject first amendment claims 92 % of the time. in issues involving freedom of the press, rehnquist rejected first amendment claims 100 % of the time. stone says : there were only three areas in which rehnquist showed any interest in enforcing the constitutional guarantee of free expression : in cases involving advertising, religious expression, and campaign finance regulation. fourteenth amendment rehnquist wrote a concurrence agreeing to strike down the male - only admissions policy of the virginia military institute, as violative of the fourteenth amendment ' s equal protection clause. however, he declined to join the majority opinion ' s basis for using the fourteenth amendment, writing : this rationale supported facilities separated on the basis of gender : it is not the ' exclusion of women ' that violates the equal protection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46326765279908155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.676467"} {"text": "protection clause. however, he declined to join the majority opinion ' s basis for using the fourteenth amendment, writing : this rationale supported facilities separated on the basis of gender : it is not the ' exclusion of women ' that violates the equal protection clause, but the maintenance of an all - men school without providing any \u2014 much less a comparable \u2014 institution for women.... it would be a sufficient remedy, i think, if the two institutions offered the same quality of education and were of the same overall caliber. rehnquist remained skeptical about the court ' s equal protection clause jurisprudence ; some of his opinions most favorable to equality resulted from statutory rather than constitutional interpretation. for example, in meritor savings bank v. vinson ( 1986 ), rehnquist established a hostile - environment sexual harassment cause of action under title vii of the civil rights act of 1964, including protection against psychological aspects of harassment in the workplace. analysis of tenure as chief justice | | this article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. ( november 2009 ) | professor charles fried has described the rehnquist court ' s \" project \" as being \" to reverse not the course of history but the course of constitutional doctrine ' s abdication to politics. \" according to legal reporter jan crawford greenburg, the rehnquist court ' s conservatives failed to dig up the foundation cemented by the more left - leaning justices and lower courts. however, in 2005 law professor john yoo wrote : \" it is telling to see how many of rehnquist ' s views, considered outside the mainstream at the time by professors and commentators, the court has now adopted. \" greenburg says conservative critics noted that the rehnquist court did little to overturn the left ' s successes in the lower courts, and in many cases actively furthered them. rehnquist was unable to build consensus and forge coalitions on key cases, and in his later years often came to care more about case outcomes than legal reasoning, disappointing justice scalia. more often than not, on volatile social issues, the court did not take the conservative path. a 2012 biography by journalist john a. jenkins concludes, based on an analysis of rehnquist ' s papers, that \" rehnquist \u2019 s judicial philosophy was nihilistic at its core, disrespectful of precedent, and dismissive of... institutions that did not comport with his black - and - white view of the world. \" personal health after rehnquist ' s death in 2005,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48548893081800937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.677527"} {"text": "its core, disrespectful of precedent, and dismissive of... institutions that did not comport with his black - and - white view of the world. \" personal health after rehnquist ' s death in 2005, the fbi honored a freedom of information act request detailing the bureau ' s background investigation prior to rehnquist ' s nomination as chief justice. the files reveal that for a period, rehnquist had been addicted to placidyl, a drug widely prescribed for insomnia. placidyl can be addictive and it was not until he was hospitalized that doctors learned of the depth of his dependency. rehnquist was prescribed placidyl by dr. freeman cary, a physician at the u. s. capitol, for insomnia and back pain from 1972 through 1981 in doses exceeding the recommended limits. the fbi report concluded, however, that rehnquist was already taking the drug as early as 1970. by the time he sought treatment, rehnquist was taking three times the prescribed dose of the drug nightly. on december 27, 1981, rehnquist entered george washington university hospital for treatment of back pain and dependency on placidyl. there, he underwent a month - long detoxification process. while hospitalized, he had typical withdrawal symptoms, including hallucinations and paranoia. for example, \" one doctor said rehnquist thought he heard voices outside his hospital room plotting against him and had ' bizarre ideas and outrageous thoughts ', including imagining ' a cia plot against him ' and seeming to see the design patterns on the hospital curtains change configuration. \" for several weeks prior to hospitalization, rehnquist had slurred his words, but there were no indications he was otherwise impaired. law professor michael dorf has observed that \" none of the justices, law clerks or others who served with rehnquist have so much as hinted that his placidyl addiction affected his work, beyond its impact on his speech \". declining health and death on october 26, 2004, the supreme court press office announced that rehnquist had recently been diagnosed with anaplastic thyroid cancer. in the summer of 2004, rehnquist traveled to england to teach a constitutional law class at tulane university law school ' s program abroad. after several months out of the public eye, rehnquist administered the oath of office to president george w. bush at his second inauguration on january 20, 2005, despite doubts over whether his health would permit his participation. he arrived using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4758696698528342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.678697"} {"text": "program abroad. after several months out of the public eye, rehnquist administered the oath of office to president george w. bush at his second inauguration on january 20, 2005, despite doubts over whether his health would permit his participation. he arrived using a cane, walked very slowly, and left immediately after the oath itself was administered. after missing 44 oral arguments before the court in late 2004 and early 2005, rehnquist appeared on the bench again on march 21, 2005. during his absence, however, he remained involved in the business of the court, participating in many of the decisions and deliberations. on july 1, 2005, rehnquist ' s colleague sandra day o ' connor announced her impending retirement from her position of associate justice, after consulting with rehnquist and learning that he intended to remain on the court. commenting on the frenzy of speculation over his retirement, rehnquist joked with a reporter who asked if he would be retiring, \" that ' s for me to know and you to find out. \" rehnquist died at his arlington, virginia, home on september 3, 2005, just four weeks before his 81st birthday. rehnquist was the first member of the supreme court to die in office since justice robert h. jackson in 1954, and the first chief justice to die in office since fred m. vinson, in 1953. on september 6, 2005, eight of rehnquist ' s former law clerks, including judge john roberts, his eventual successor, served as pallbearers as his casket was placed on the same catafalque that bore abraham lincoln ' s casket as he lay in state in 1865. rehnquist ' s body remained in the great hall of the supreme court until his funeral on september 7, 2005, a lutheran service conducted at the roman catholic cathedral of st. matthew the apostle in washington, d. c. rehnquist was eulogized by president george w. bush and justice sandra day o ' connor, as well as by members of his family. the rehnquist funeral was the largest gathering of political dignitaries at the cathedral since the funeral of president john f. kennedy in 1963. rehnquist ' s funeral was followed by a private burial service, in which he was interred next to his wife, nan, at arlington national cemetery. replacement as chief justice rehnquist ' s death, just over two months after o ' connor announced her impending retirement, left two vacancies to be filled by president george w. bush. on september 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37635502395620646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.679893"} {"text": ", nan, at arlington national cemetery. replacement as chief justice rehnquist ' s death, just over two months after o ' connor announced her impending retirement, left two vacancies to be filled by president george w. bush. on september 5, 2005, bush withdrew the nomination of judge john roberts of the d. c. circuit court of appeals to replace o ' connor as associate justice, and instead nominated him to replace rehnquist as chief justice. roberts was confirmed by the u. s. senate and sworn in as the new chief justice on september 29, 2005. roberts had clerked for rehnquist in 1980 \u2013 1981. o ' connor, who had made the effective date of her resignation the confirmation of her successor, continued to serve on the supreme court until the confirmation and swearing in of samuel alito in january 2006. eulogizing his predecessor in the harvard law review, roberts wrote that rehnquist was \" direct, straightforward, utterly without pretense \u2013 and a patriot who loved and served his country. he was completely unaffected in manner. \" family life rehnquist ' s paternal grandparents immigrated separately from sweden in 1880. his grandfather olof andersson, who changed his surname from the patronymic andersson to the family name rehnquist, was born in the province of varmland and his grandmother was born adolfina ternberg in vreta kloster ( parish ) in ostergotland. rehnquist is one of two chief justices of swedish descent, the other being earl warren, who had norwegian - swedish ancestry. rehnquist married natalie \" nan \" cornell on august 29, 1953. she died on october 17, 1991, after suffering from ovarian cancer. the couple had three children : james, a lawyer and former college basketball star, janet, a lawyer, and nancy, who worked as an editor on many of her father ' s books. at the time of his death rehnquist was survived by nine grandchildren, one of whom, natalie lynch, delivered one of the eulogies at his funeral. - rehnquist, william h. ( 2004 ). the centennial crisis : the disputed election of 1876. new york : knopf publishing group. isbn 0 - 375 - 41387 - 1. - rehnquist, william h. ( 1998 ). all the laws but one : civil liberties in wartime. new york : william morrow & co. isbn 0 - 688 - 05142 - 1. - rehnquist, william h. ( 1992", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4020038795845648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.682094"} {"text": "., john g. ( october 24, 2006 ). \" william h. rehnquist : a remembrance \". vermont law review. retrieved august 8, 2011. - rosen, jeffrey ( 2005 ). \" rehnquist the great? \". the atlantic. retrieved may 30, 2010. - it means, in direct translation to english : reindeer twig. - lane, charles. \" head of the class : fresh from service in world war ii, william rehnquist went west unsure of his future. what he found on the farm changed his life, and the future of the country. \", stanford magazine, july / august 2005. accessed september 17, 2007. \" so, for the brainy kid they had called \" bugs \" back home at suburban shorewood high school, just outside milwaukee, weather was a key criterion in selecting a college. \" - christopher l. tomlins ( 2005 ). the united states supreme court. houghton mifflin. isbn 978 - 0 - 618 - 32969 - 4. retrieved october 21, 2008. - biskupic, joan. sandra day o ' connor : how the first woman on the supreme court became its most influential justice. new york : harper collins, 2005 - debbie kornmiller, \" o ' connor ' s class rank an error that will not die \", arizona daily star ( july 10, 2005 ). - biskupic, joan. \" rehnquist left supreme court with conservative legacy \". usa today. september 4, 2005. - william rehnquist, \" a random thought on the segregation cases \", s. hrg. 99 - 1067, hearings before the senate committee on the judiciary on the nomination of justice william hubbs rehnquist to be chief justice of the united states ( july 29 \u2013 31, and august 1, 1986 ). - 1971 confirmation hearings. - \" 132 cong. rec. 23548 ( speech of senator paul sarbanes ) \". 1986. - justice william o. douglas wrote : \" in the original conference there were only four who voted that segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional. those four were black, burton, minton, and myself. \" see bernard schwartz, decision : how the supreme court decides cases, page 96 ( oxford 1996 ). likewise, justice felix frankfurter wrote : \" i have no doubt that if the segregation cases had reached decision last term, there would have been four dissenters \u2014 vinson, reed, jackson, and clark. \" ibid. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5091546062524258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.684245"} {"text": "1996 ). likewise, justice felix frankfurter wrote : \" i have no doubt that if the segregation cases had reached decision last term, there would have been four dissenters \u2014 vinson, reed, jackson, and clark. \" ibid. - adam liptak, \" the memo that rehnquist wrote and had to disown \", ny times ( september 11, 2005 ) - \" memos may not hold roberts ' s opinions \", the boston globe, peter s. canellos, august 23, 2005 rehnquist said in 1986 about his conversations with other clerks about plessy that he : thought plessy had been wrongly decided at the time, that it was not a good interpretation of the equal protection clause to say that when you segregate people by race, there is no denial of equal protection. but plessy had been on the books for 60 years. congress had never acted, and the same congress that had promulgated the 14th amendment had required segregation in the district schools. i saw factors on both sides. i did not agree then, and i certainly do not agree now, with the statement that \" plessy against ferguson is right and should be reaffirmed \". i had ideas on both sides, and i do not think i ever really finally settled in my own mind on that. around the lunch table i am sure i defended it. i thought there were good arguments to be made in support of it. - schwartz, bernard ( 1988 ). \" chief justice rehnquist, justice jackson, and the \" brown \" case \". supreme court review 1988 ( 1988 ) : 245 \u2013 267. issn 0081 - 9557. jstor 3109626. - kluger, richard ( 1976 ). simple justice : the history of brown v. board of education and black america ' s struggle for equality. note 4. pp. 606 n. - \" reagan ' s mr. right \". time. june 30, 1986. retrieved march 6, 2009. - \" cases where justice rehnquist has cited brown v. board of education in support of a proposition \", s. hrg. 99 - 1067, hearings before the senate committee on the judiciary on the nomination of justice william hubbs rehnquist to be chief justice of the united states ( july 29, 30, 31, and august 1, 1986 ). - rosen, jeffery ( april 2005 ). \" rehnquist the great? \". atlantic monthly. (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45802573229705956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.685182"} {"text": "secinfo. com. retrieved september 19, 2008. - perlstein, rick ( 2008 ), p. 605 - hughes, ken, \" nixon and the supreme court : the appointment of william h. rehnquist \", presidential recordings program, miller center of public affairs - bob woodward & scott armstrong, the brethren : inside the supreme court. 1979. simon and schuster. page 221. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 111. - bob woodward & scott armstrong, the brethren : inside the supreme court. 1979. simon and schuster. page 222. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 114. - chemerinsky, erwin ( march 11, 2005 ) keynote address : rehnquist court ' s federalism revolution, 41 willamette law review 827 - roh, jane ( june 14, 2005 ) rehnquist ' s legacy : a balanced court, fox news - bob woodward & scott armstrong, the brethren : inside the supreme court. 1979. simon and schuster. page 411. - trimble v. gordon, 430 u. s. 762 ( 1977 ) - bob woodward & scott armstrong, the brethren : inside the supreme court. 1979. simon and schuster. page 235. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 124. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 122. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 113. - von drehle, david ( july 19, 1993 ). \" redefining fair with a simple careful assault. step - by - step strategy produced strides for equal protection \". the washington post. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 115. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 116. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43903951510451056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.687133"} {"text": "- friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. page 116. - friedman, leon. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions, volume v. chelsea house publishers. 1978. pages 116 \u2013 117. - david garrow, \" the rehnquist reins \", new york times, october 6, 1996. - undated 2003 \u2013 04 charlie rose show interview with rehnquist. - woodward & armstrong, the brethren 267 ( 2005 ) ( 1979 ed. at _ _ ). - the brethren, 2005 ed. at 498 ( 1979 ed. at _ _ _ ). - the bretheren, 2005 ed. at 268, 499 ( 1979 ed. at 407 \u2013 8, _ _ ) - leon friedman, the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions ( 1978 ), page 121. - the brethren, 2005 ed. at 268 ( 1979 ed. at 222 ). - see jefferson v. hackney, 406 u. s. 535, 554 ( 1972 ) ( douglas, j., dissenting ). - the brethren, 2005 ed. at _ _ ( 1979 ed. at 222, 408. - the brethren, 2005 ed. at 499. - the brethren, 2005 ed. at _ _ ( 1979 ed. at 269 ). - eisler, kim isaac ( 1993 ). a justice for all : william j. brennan, jr., and the decisions that transformed america. page 272. new york : simon & schuster. isbn 0 - 671 - 76787 - 9 - alan s. oser, \" unenforceable covenants are in many deeds \", new york times ( august 1, 1986 ). mr. rehnquist has said he was unaware of discriminatory restrictions on properties he bought in arizona and vermont, and officials in those states said today that he had never even been required to sign the deeds that contained the restrictions.... he told the committee he would act quickly to get rid of the covenants. the restriction on the vermont property prohibits the lease or sale of the property to \" members of the hebrew race \".... the discriminatory language appears on the first page of the single - spaced document in the middle of a long paragraph filled with unrelated language regarding sewers and the construction of a mailbox. - \" president asserts he will withhold re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44665631535061323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.688003"} {"text": "... the discriminatory language appears on the first page of the single - spaced document in the middle of a long paragraph filled with unrelated language regarding sewers and the construction of a mailbox. - \" president asserts he will withhold rehnquist memos \", new york times, august 1, 1986. - woodward, bob ; armstrong, scott ( 1979 ). the brethren : inside the supreme court. new york : simon & schuster. p. [ page needed ]. isbn 0 - 671 - 24110 - 9. - toobin, jeffrey. the nine : inside the secret world of the supreme court. new york : anchor books, 2007. - barrett, john q. \" a rehnquist ode on the vinson court \", the green bag, second series, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 289, spring 2008 - mcelroy, lisa tucker. john g. roberts, jr. minneapolis : lerner publications co., 2007. - \" rehnquist ' s federalist legacy \". cato. org. retrieved september 19, 2008. - greenburg, jan crawford. supreme conflict : the inside story of the struggle for control of the united states supreme court. 2007. penguin books. page 29. - age discrimination in employment law. barbara lindemann and david d. kadue. page 699. 2003, washington dc. - \" planned parenthood of southeastern pa. v. casey \". cornell law school. june 29, 1992. retrieved march 5, 2009. - \" weaver v. nebo school district \". acluutah. org. retrieved september 19, 2008. - \" lawrence v. texas \". law. cornell. edu. retrieved september 19, 2008. - webster v. doe, 486 u. s. 592 ( 1988 ). - oncale v. sundowner offshore services, inc., 523 us 75 ( 1998 ). - board of regents v. southworth, 529 u. s. 217 ( 2000 ). - greenhouse, linda ( july 3, 1992 ). \" souter anchoring the court ' s new center \". new york times. retrieved june 27, 2008. - \" university of chicago law school > news 09. 06. 2005 : stone says rehnquist ' s legacy does not measure up \". law. uchicago. edu. retrieved september 19, 2008. - united states v. virginia, 518 u. s. 515", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4859371956478912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.688809"} {"text": "09. 06. 2005 : stone says rehnquist ' s legacy does not measure up \". law. uchicago. edu. retrieved september 19, 2008. - united states v. virginia, 518 u. s. 515 ( 1996 ) - \" united states v. virginia - 518 u. s. 515 ( 1996 ) : : justia us supreme court center \". supreme. justia. com. retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22. - charles freid, saying what the law is 46 \u2013 7 ( 2004 ). - yoo, john ( april 27, 2005 ). \" he advocated limitations of public power \". philadelphia inquirer. retrieved october 27, 2008. - greenburg, jan crawford. supreme conflict : the inside story of the struggle for control of the united states supreme court. 2007. penguin books. page 28. - greenburg, jan crawford. supreme conflict : the inside story of the struggle for control of the united states supreme court. 2007. penguin books. pages 27 \u2013 28. - american bar association, law news now, 2012 sept. 27, \" biographer doesn \u2019 t pull punches, calls rehnquist \u2019 s judicial philosophy \u2018 nihilistic at its core, ' \" http : / / www. abajournal. com / news / article / biographer _ doesnt _ pull _ punches _ calls _ rehnquists _ judicial _ philosophy /? utm _ source = maestro & utm _ medium = email & utm _ campaign = weekly _ email - \" rehnquist fbi file sheds new light on drug dependence, confirmation battles \". tony mauro. legal times. january 4, 2007. accessed january 4, 2007. - fbi releases rehnquist drug problem records, associated press - cooperman, alan ( january 5, 2007 ). \" sedative withdrawal made rehnquist delusional in ' 81 \". the washington post. p. a01. retrieved march 15, 2008. - jack shafer, \" rehnquist ' s drug habit \", slate, september 9, 2005. - michael c. dorf, \" the big news in the rehnquist fbi file : there is none \", findlaw ' s writ, _ january _ 15, _ 2007. - nina totenberg. \" ailing rehnquist administers oath of office : npr \". npr. org. retrieved september 19, 2008. - \" online newshour : rehnquist returns to bench as supreme court reviews", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4494420498647981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.690866"} {"text": "_ 2007. - nina totenberg. \" ailing rehnquist administers oath of office : npr \". npr. org. retrieved september 19, 2008. - \" online newshour : rehnquist returns to bench as supreme court reviews restraining order case \u2013 march 21, 2005 \". pbs. org. retrieved september 19, 2008. - \" foxnews. com \u2013 chief justice rehnquist returns to court \u2013 u. s. & world \". fox news. march 21, 2005. retrieved september 19, 2008. - \" d. c. wonders when rehnquist will go \". foxnews. com, july 10, 2005. - richard w. stevenson and david stout ( september 6, 2005 ). \" roberts hearing set for monday ; rehnquist ' s coffin lies in court \". the new york times. retrieved september 19, 2008. - lane, charles ( september 8, 2005 ). \" rehnquist eulogies look beyond bench \". the washington post. retrieved july 3, 2010. - weil, martin ; jackman, tom ( september 5, 2005 ). \" funeral set for wednesday at st. matthew ' s cathedral \". the washington post. retrieved september 19, 2008. - \" william h. rehnquist, sergeant. united states army air corps \u2013 chief justice of the united states \". arlingtoncemetery. net. retrieved september 19, 2008. - christensen, george a., journal of supreme court history volume 33 issue 1, pages 17 \u2013 41 ( february 19, 2008 ), here lies the supreme court : revisited, university of alabama. - adam liptak and todd s. purdum ( published : july 31, 2005 ). \" as clerk for rehnquist, nominee stood out for conservative rigor \u2013 new york times \". the new york times. retrieved september 19, 2008. - roberts, john g. ( november 2005 ). \" in memoriam : william h. rehnquist \". harvard law review 119 ( 1 ) : 1. issn 0017 - 811x. retrieved march 5, 2009. - \" speech chief justice william h. rehnquist \u2013 april 9, 2001 \". supremecourt. gov. retrieved september 19, 2008. - \" natalie cornell rehnquist \". arlingtoncemetery. net. retrieved september 19, 2008. - lane, charles ( september 6, 2005 ). \" emotion overcomes sober court \". washington post. retrieved may 28, 2010. - to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39154743149665305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.692190"} {"text": "natalie cornell rehnquist \". arlingtoncemetery. net. retrieved september 19, 2008. - lane, charles ( september 6, 2005 ). \" emotion overcomes sober court \". washington post. retrieved may 28, 2010. - totenberg, nina ( september 8, 2005 ). \" family, peers pay respects to rehnquist \". national public radio. retrieved may 28, 2010. - levine, susan and charles lane ( september 7, 2005 ). \" for chief justice, a final session with his court \". washington post. retrieved may 28, 2010. - united church of christ further reading - abraham, henry j. ( 1992 ). justices and presidents : a political history of appointments to the supreme court ( 3rd ed. ). new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3. - cushman, clare ( 2001 ). the supreme court justices : illustrated biographies, 1789 \u2013 1995 ( 2nd ed. ). ( supreme court historical society, congressional quarterly books ). isbn 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7. - frank, john p. ( 1995 ). in friedman, leon ; israel, fred l. the justices of the united states supreme court : their lives and major opinions. chelsea house publishers. isbn 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4. - hudson,, david l. ( 2006 ). the rehnquist court : understanding its impact and legacy. new york : raeger publishers. isbn 0 - 275 - 98971 - 2. - hall, kermit l., ed. ( 1992 ). the oxford companion to the supreme court of the united states. new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6. - martin, fenton s. ; goehlert, robert u. ( 1990 ). the u. s. supreme court : a bibliography. washington, d. c. : congressional quarterly books. isbn 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3. - obermayer, herman ( 2009 ). rehnquist : a personal portrait of the distinguished chief justice of the united states. new york, ny. : threshold editions. isbn 978 - 1 - 4391 - 4082 - 6. - perlstein, rick ( 2009 ). nixonland : the rise of a president and the fracturing of america. scribner. isbn 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4303 - 2. - schwartz, herman ( 2003 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4286753742045688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.693217"} {"text": "- perlstein, rick ( 2009 ). nixonland : the rise of a president and the fracturing of america. scribner. isbn 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4303 - 2. - schwartz, herman ( 2003 ). the rehnquist court : judicial activism on the right. new hork : hill and wang. isbn 0 - 8090 - 8074 - 5. - tushnet, mark ( 2005 ). a court divided : the rehnquist court and the future of constitutional law,. new york : w. w. norton co. isbn 0 - 393 - 05868 - 9. - urofsky, melvin i. ( 1994 ). the supreme court justices : a biographical dictionary. new york : garland publishing. p. 590. isbn 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1. - woodward, robert ; armstrong, scott ( 1979 ). the brethren : inside the supreme court. new york : avon books. isbn 0 - 671 - 24110 - 9. | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : william rehnquist | | wikimedia commons has media related to : william rehnquist | - supreme court official site with biographies - profile at the biographical directory of federal judges, a public domain publication of the federal judicial center - legal resources at the law library of congress - biography and writings at the legal information institute - profile at the oyez project - appearances on c - span - appearances on charlie rose - profile at the internet movie database - collected news and commentary at the new york times - works by or about william rehnquist in libraries ( worldcat catalog ) - profile at notable names database - booknotes interview with david savage on turning right : the making of the rehnquist supreme court, june 28, 1992. - booknotes interview with rehnquist on grand inquests : the historic impeachments of justice samuel chase and president andrew johnson, july 5, 1992. - profile at answers. com - \" in memoriam : william h. rehnquist \", 119 harvard law review 2005 ( tributes to rehnquist ) - william rehnquist at find a grave - original source william rehnquist fbi file - 1986 senate confirmation hearing - supreme court official bio ( pdf ) - supreme court justice rehnquist ' s key decisions \u2013 the washington post - the legacy of william h. rehnquist \u2013 majority and dissenting opinions in major supreme court cases john marshall harlan ii |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4492171958988919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.694157"} {"text": "roman catholic archdiocese of chicago | archdiocese of chicago | territory | | counties of cook and lake | | ecclesiastical province | | archdiocese of chicago | | area | | 1, 411 sq mi ( 3, 650 km2 ) | | established | | november 28, 1843 | | cathedral | | holy name cathedral | | patron saint | | holy name of lord jesus christ | | archbishop | | archbishop of chicago | | auxiliary bishop | | francis j. kane, john r. manz, joseph n. perry, george j. rassas, alberto rojas, andrew p. wypych | | vicars general | | auxiliary bishop francis j. kane ( effective july 1, 2013 ) ; rev. msgr. john canary ( retiring ) | | emeritus bishops | | most rev. raymond e. goedert, d. d., most rev. john r. gorman, d. d., most rev. thad j. jakubowski, d. d., most rev. timothy joseph lyne | the roman catholic archdiocese of chicago was established as a diocese in 1843 and as an archdiocese in 1880. it serves more than 2. 3 million catholics in cook and lake counties in northeastern illinois, a geographic area of 1411 square miles. the archdiocese is divided into six vicariates and 31 deaneries. this local church is shepherded by francis cardinal george, omi, assisted by six episcopal vicars, each responsible for a vicariate ( region ). cardinal george is the first chicago native to become archbishop of chicago. installed in may 1997, he became the 13th ordinary for chicago since its establishment as a diocese. cardinal george is a member of the missionary oblates of mary immaculate and is the sixth cardinal to lead the archdiocese of chicago. diocesan history arrival of missionaries french jesuit missionary rev. jacques marquette, sj first explored the area that is now chicago in the mid - 17th century. on december 4, 1674, father marquette arrived at the mouth of the chicago river where he built a cabin to recuperate from his travels. his cabin became the first european settlement in the area now known as chicago. marquette published his survey of the new territories, and soon, more french missionaries and settlers arrived. first priest in 1795, the potawatomi tribe signed the treaty of greenville that ceded to the united states a tract of land at the mouth of the chicago river. there in 1804, fort dearborn was erected and protected newly arrived catholic pioneers. in 1822, alexander beaubien became the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.363925465526624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.706068"} {"text": "tribe signed the treaty of greenville that ceded to the united states a tract of land at the mouth of the chicago river. there in 1804, fort dearborn was erected and protected newly arrived catholic pioneers. in 1822, alexander beaubien became the first person to be baptized in chicago. in 1833, jesuit missionaries wrote a letter to most rev. joseph rosati, bishop of saint louis and vicar general of bardstown, pleading for the appointment of a resident pastor to serve over one hundred professing roman catholics living in chicago. rosati appointed a diocesan priest, rev. john mary irenaeus saint cyr. fr. saint cyr celebrated his first mass in a log cabin owned by the beaubien family on lake street, near market street, in 1833. first parish at the cost of four hundred dollars, father saint cyr purchased a plot of land on what is now the intersection of lake and state streets and constructed a church building of 25 by 35 feet ( 7. 6 by 11 m ). it was dedicated in october 1833. the following year, the bishop of vincennes visited chicago, where he found over 400 catholics with only one priest to serve them all. the bishop asked permission from bishop rosati to send fathers fischer, shaefer, saint palais, dupontavice, and joliet from vincennes to tend to the needs of the chicago region. in 1837, fr. saint cyr was allowed to retire and was replaced by chicago ' s first english - speaking priest, rev. james timothy o ' meara. father o ' meara moved the church built by fr. saint cyr to what is now the intersection of wabash avenue and madison street. when fr. o ' meara left chicago, saint palais tore down the church and replaced it with a new brick structure. diocesan establishment the first plenary council of baltimore concluded that the roman catholic population of chicago was growing exponentially and was in dire need of an episcopal see of its own. with the consent of pope gregory xvi, the diocese of chicago was canonically erected on november 28, 1843. in 1844, william quarter of ireland was appointed as the first bishop of chicago. upon his arrival, quarter summoned a synod of 32 chicago priests to begin the organization of the diocese. one of quarter ' s most important achievements was his successful petitioning for the passage of an illinois state law in 1845 that declared the bishop of chicago an incorporated entity, a corporation sole, with power to hold real and other property in trust for religious purposes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3690857593653861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.706989"} {"text": "one of quarter ' s most important achievements was his successful petitioning for the passage of an illinois state law in 1845 that declared the bishop of chicago an incorporated entity, a corporation sole, with power to hold real and other property in trust for religious purposes. this allowed the bishop to pursue mass construction of new churches, colleges and universities to serve the needs of chicago ' s roman catholic faithful. after four years of service as bishop of chicago, bishop quarter died on april 10, 1848. fire of 1871 archdiocese establishment the southern section of the state of illinois split from chicago diocese in 1853, becoming the diocese of quincy. the quincy diocese was renamed the diocese of alton in 1857, and eventually became diocese of springfield. the diocese of peoria was established in 1877 from another territorial split from the chicago diocese. from 1844 to 1879, the residential bishop of the diocese of chicago held the title bishop of chicago. with the elevation of the diocese to an archdiocese in 1880, the residential bishop held the title archbishop of chicago. since 1915, all archbishops of chicago have been honored in consistory with the title of cardinal priest and membership in the college of cardinals. the archbishops also have responsibilities in the dicasteries of the roman curia. all but two residential bishops were diocesan priests before assuming the episcopacy in chicago. two came from religious institutes : the society of jesus and the missionary oblates of mary immaculate. our lady of the angels fire the our lady of the angels school fire occurred at the our lady of angels school on december 1, 1958 in the humboldt park area of western chicago. the school, which was operated by the archdiocese, lost 92 students and three nuns in five classrooms on the second floor. archbishop ' s residence the archbishop ' s residence at 1555 north state parkway is the official home of the archbishop of chicago and is listed on the national register of historic places. built in 1885 by most rev. patrick feehan, first archbishop of chicago, the archbishop ' s residence is a three - story, red brick building and is one of the oldest structures in the astor street district, according to the landmarks preservation council. when pope john paul ii visited chicago in 1979, he became the first pontiff to stay at the residence. two previous popes stayed at the residence as cardinals : eugenio cardinal pacelli, who became pope pius xii ; and giovanni cardinal montini, who became pope paul vi. before the establishment of the archbishop ' s residence, the bishops of chicago were in residence at a home on lasalle street and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38271577427608633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.708103"} {"text": ", italians, and mexicans. many local nuns living in convents established and operated catholic schools. the school construction boom ended when cardinal john cody, the archbishop at the time, decided to limit construction of catholic schools in lake county and suburban areas in cook county. due to changes in demographics, the archdiocese has since closed more than half of its urban schools since 1966. between 1984 and 2004, the office of catholic schools closed 148 schools and 10 school sites. an august 17, 2000 article by the chicago sun - times refers to the archdiocese of chicago office of catholic schools as the largest private school system in the united states. - university of saint mary of the lake ( mundelein seminary ) - major seminary - st. joseph college seminary - undergraduate seminary program of the archdiocese of chicago ( affiliated with loyola university chicago ) - archbishop quigley preparatory seminary - high - school seminary ( closed 2007 ) province of chicago see also - category : roman catholic archdiocese of chicago - the catholic new world, the official newspaper of the archdiocese - our lady of perpetual help ( glenview, illinois ), one of the largest parishes in the archdiocese - polish cathedral style churches of chicago - st. anne catholic community, another of the largest parishes in the archdiocese - ukrainian catholic eparchy of chicago - syro - malabar catholic diocese of saint thomas the apostle of chicago - list of the roman catholic bishops of the united states - list of the roman catholic cathedrals of the united states - list of the roman catholic dioceses of the united states - united states conference of catholic bishops - shrine # united states ( re christ the king, sovereign priest, shrine of ; in chicago, illinois ) - \" dictionary of canadian biography online \". retrieved april 29, 2006. - \" archdiocese of chicago \". retrieved april 29, 2006. - \" father o ' meara biography \". archived from the original on march 10, 2007. retrieved april 29, 2006. - \" roman catholic archdiocese of chicago \". retrieved april 29, 2006. - \" bishop william quarter ( 1806 - 1848 ) \". archived from the original on january 5, 2006. retrieved april 29, 2006. - \" chicago encyclopedia \". retrieved april 29, 2006. - \" roman catholic archdiocese of chicago history \". retrieved april 29, 2006. - \" departments and agencies \" ( shtm ). retrieved april 29, 2006. - http : / / www. encyclopedia. chicagohistory. org / pages / 218. html school system - http : / / findarticles. com / p / articles / mi _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3943211747465505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.711119"} {"text": "a three - ccd camera is a camera whose imaging system uses three separate charge - coupled devices ( ccds ), each one taking a separate measurement of the primary colors, red, green, or blue light. light coming into the lens is split by a trichroic prism assembly, which directs the appropriate wavelength ranges of light to their respective ccds. the system is employed by still cameras, telecine systems, professional video cameras and some prosumer video cameras. compared to cameras with only one ccd, three - ccd cameras generally provide superior image quality through enhanced resolution and lower noise. by taking separate readings of red, green, and blue values for each pixel, three - ccd cameras achieve much better precision than single - ccd cameras. by contrast, almost all single - ccd cameras use a bayer filter, which allows them to detect only one - third of the color information for each pixel. the other two - thirds must be interpolated with a demosaicing algorithm to ' fill in the gaps ', resulting in a much lower effective resolution. the combination of the three sensors can be done in the following ways : - composite sampling, where the three sensors are perfectly aligned to avoid any color artifact when recombining the information from the three color planes - pixel shifting, where the three sensors are shifted by a fraction of a pixel. after recombining the information from the three sensors, higher spatial resolution can be achieved. pixel shifting can be horizontal only to provide higher horizontal resolution in standard resolution camera, or horizontal and vertical to provide high resolution image using standard resolution imager for example. the alignment of the three sensors can be achieved by micro mechanical movements of the sensors relative to each other. - arbitrary alignment, where the random alignment errors due to the optics are comparable to or larger than the pixel size. three - ccd cameras are generally more expensive than single - ccd cameras because they require three times as many elements to form the image detector, and because they require a precision color - separation beam - splitter optical assembly. some design goals for a prism assembly are : - that the light path lengths for the three colors are the same ( with correction for the different index of refraction of the glass at different colors ). - that the separation works regardless of the polarization of the incoming light ; this polarization is quite challenging in practice, and there are various strategies for dealing with the resulting polarization - dependent color separation. - that the output images are oriented the same way around (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5126246279658218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.716664"} {"text": "separation works regardless of the polarization of the incoming light ; this polarization is quite challenging in practice, and there are various strategies for dealing with the resulting polarization - dependent color separation. - that the output images are oriented the same way around ( in the case of ccd image sensors ). in the prism assembly illustrated above, where the red light is the direct path, the blue path is reflected once and the resultant image is not laterally inverted, unlike the red and green. in cameras using vacuum tube video pickup devices this was solved by merely reversing the connections for the line scan coils ; with cmos imagers, the row or column address sequence is simply reversed. but with ccd sensors it is necessary to build a mirror image sensor for one channel. the philips prism assembly ( center right ) has all three color channels laterally inverted and can thus use three similar ccds. the concept of cameras using three image pickups, one for each primary color, was first developed for color photography on three glass plates in the late nineteenth century, and in the 1960s through 1980s was the dominant method to record color images in television, as other possibilities to record more than one color on the video camera tube were difficult. three - ccd cameras are often referred to as \" three - chip \" cameras ; this term is actually more descriptive and inclusive, since it includes cameras that use cmos active pixel sensors instead of ccds. camcorders with three chips were called \" 3ccd \" earlier and some are still called \" 3mos \" ( derived from 3xcmos, panasonic ) today. dielectric mirrors can be produced as low - pass, high - pass, band - pass, or band - stop filters. in the example shown, a red and a blue mirror reflect the respective bands back, somewhat off axis. the angles are kept as small as practical to minimize polarization - dependent color effects. to reduce unwanted reflections, air - glass interfaces are minimized ; the image sensors may be attached to the exit faces with an index - matched optical epoxy, sometimes with an intervening color trim filter. the philips type prism includes an air gap with total internal reflection in one light path, while the other prism shown above does not. a typical bayer filter single - chip image sensor absorbs at least two - thirds of the visible light with its filters, while in a three - ccd sensor the filters absorb only stray light and invisible light, and possibly a little more for color tuning, so that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5777117122788327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.717785"} {"text": "page : popular science monthly volume 23. djvu / 236 by gordon a. stewart. the worst of our social evils, personal wrongs, and political sins arise from the ununiform operation of our marriage and divorce laws. the loose manner in which a contract of marriage may he entered into and the reckless facility with which a marriage contract may be dissolved are a disgrace to our high civilization and professed christianity. however learned commentators and jurists may differ as to the correct definition of marriage, it is not only a partially executed agreement to marry, but is a contract continuous in its obligations governing the status of the parties, until it is dissolved by the death of one of the parties, or by one of them obtaining a divorce for some wrongful or invalidating act committed by the other. in nearly all of the states marriage is recognized as a civil contract only, and has no ecclesiastical obligation so far as society and the state are concerned. the contracting parties are subjects of the law. the person performing the ceremony by which the contract is publicly acknowledged by the parties, whether he be magistrate, parson, or layman, becomes a civil officer by authority of the law for that occasion. generally, however, the marriage contract is solemnized by a clergyman, agreeably to the rules and regulations of the religious denomination to which he belongs, and for which one or the other of the parties has a religious attachment or preference ; or, because a religious solemnization in church gives a better opportunity to gratify the desire for social rivalry and display. but perhaps most persons, especially when young and looking forward to a long future of connubial happiness, consider the act of marriage more as a religious rite than a civil contract, and hence the forms and ceremonies of the church accord more agreeably with the sentiment of love and affection than the business - like and informal words of the magistrate, who, in response to their acknowledgment of intention to marry, simply pronounces them man and wife. this sentiment, no doubt, is largely the result of a lingering belief in marriage as a divine institution and a sacrament of the church, as taught when the ecclesiastical court had exclusive jurisdiction of marriage and divorce. it is perhaps not until later, not until they have become dissatisfied with the conditions of the solemn obligation they had agreed to faithfully perform through life, that they discover it is simply a civil contract that binds them, and from which the law has generously provided unlimited means of escape. lawful marriage is the basis of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5675259907896669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.720523"} {"text": "definition from wiktionary, the free dictionary double - dip ( plural double - dips ) - ( informal ) an ice cream cone with two scoops of ice cream. - we each got double - dips with chocolate on top and strawberry on the bottom. - ( roller coasters ) a hill that levels off for a while about halfway down. - ( informal ) to dip a piece of food ( e. g. a chip ) into a communal sauce container after already having taken a bite of the food. - i don ' t mind double - dipping when eating with my family, but i ' d be embarrassed to do it when out with friends. - ( informal ) to be illegitimately compensated a second time for the same activity. - he got caught double - dipping by billing the government directly as well as the primary contractor. - 2006, wulf kansteiner, in pursuit of german memory : history, television, and politics after auschwitz - they worried about the possibility that some forced laborers, in particular jewish survivors, might be double - dipping, that is, that they might be collecting compensation for their work as forced laborers while continuing to receive payments as holocaust survivors and thus absorbing funds that should be directed toward other groups of victims... - ( informal ) to draw a government pension or benefit for one job while also working in the government at another job or to draw two pensions at the same time as a result of reaching the retirement criteria twice for the same entity. - ( entertainment industry ) to re - release a movie or tv series, sometimes as a compilation or with additional features. - ( us, finance ) to use a single debt instrument to obtain interest tax expense ( and therefore a lower tax base ) in two or more tax jurisdictions. as long as the practice follows the tax law of each jurisdiction, the practice is legal and can be likened to the use of a tax loophole. - ( softball ) to defeat a team twice in the finals. - spc ladies double dipped the sudbury storm in the nsa canadian world series.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5661727394418772, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.723322"} {"text": "a recent headline in the new york times blared, \" india asks, should food be a right for the poor? \" [ jim yardley, 9 august 2010 ]. before examining yardley ' s article, i ' m going to answer the question about feeding the poor using information from children ' s healthwatch [ \" why food matters, \" washington post, 12 december 2009 ]. \" studies show that growing up in a home without adequate food can damage children in many ways. even if they are not hungry themselves, babies and toddlers in households with slight food shortages are more likely to be hospitalized, at risk for developmental delays and to be raised by mothers who are depressed. while not all children develop these problems, here are some of the other effects researchers have found can be associated with food shortages : - - slower brain and cognitive development by age 3. - - less ready for school by age 5. - - lower academic performance ages 6 to 17. - - slower physical, mental and social development through age 17. - - worse social skills and behavior, and greater chance of mental health problems, ages 6 to 17. - - children report themselves as less happy ages 6 to 17. \" if those results don ' t convince you that feeding poor children is important, consider the broader effects on the family. \" research shows that hunger and poor nutrition among children are rooted in a complex web of strains on poor families, not just a shortage of food. this is because parents must make hard trade - offs in how they spend scarce money, and groceries sometimes suffer when other bills mount. here are some specific effects : - - children whose families are on waiting lists for government housing subsidies are eight times more likely to be underweight than those whose families already are getting housing assistance. - - in poor families that do not get the government ' s main form of energy assistance,... babies and toddlers are nearly one - quarter more likely than those who get the help to be underweight and one - third more likely to have been hospitalized. \" even people who are opposed to welfare programs in general understand that poverty can perpetuate and exacerbate future problems that inevitably become an economic drain on society. addressing challenges like hunger can mitigate some long - term effects and are therefore cost - effective. returning to yardley ' s article, india does not dispute the importance of good nutrition for its poor ; what they are questioning is how best to meet their needs. yardley explains : \" for the governing indian national congress party, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46270678547899785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.741816"} {"text": "- effective. returning to yardley ' s article, india does not dispute the importance of good nutrition for its poor ; what they are questioning is how best to meet their needs. yardley explains : \" for the governing indian national congress party, which has staked its political fortunes on appealing to the poor, [ the ] persistent inability to make government work for [ impoverished ] people... has set off an ideological debate over a question that once would have been unthinkable in india : should the country begin to unshackle the poor from the inefficient, decades - old government food distribution system and try something radical, like simply giving out food coupons, or cash? the rethinking is being prodded by a potentially sweeping proposal that has divided the congress party. its president, sonia gandhi, is pushing to create a constitutional right to food and expand the existing entitlement so that every indian family would qualify for a monthly 77 - pound bag of grain, sugar and kerosene. such entitlements have helped the congress party win votes, especially in rural areas. to ms. gandhi and many left - leaning social allies, making a food a legal right would give people like mr. bhuria a tool to demand benefits that rightfully belong to them. many economists and market advocates within the congress party agree that the poor need better tools to receive their benefits but believe existing delivering system needs to be dismantled, not expanded ; they argue that handing out vouchers equivalent to the bag of grain would liberate the poor from an unwieldy government apparatus and let them buy what they please, where they please. ' the question is whether there is a role for the market in the delivery of social programs, ' said bharat ramaswami, a rural economist at the indian statistical institute. ' this is a big issue : can you harness the market? ' india \u2019 s ability, or inability, in coming decades to improve the lives of the poor will very likely determine if it becomes a global economic power, and a regional rival to china, or if it continues to be compared with africa in poverty surveys. \" frankly, i side with those who are pushing to let markets help deliver social programs. certainly there needs to be government oversight to help reduce corruption, but markets are generally much better at distribution than governments. one program that politicians in india might want to keep an eye on is being implemented in kenya [ \" exploring a market - based approach to malnutrition, \" by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48385330680396166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.742872"} {"text": "to help reduce corruption, but markets are generally much better at distribution than governments. one program that politicians in india might want to keep an eye on is being implemented in kenya [ \" exploring a market - based approach to malnutrition, \" by sarah murray, financial times, 27 january 2010 ]. murray reports : \" soon, low - income families in kenya will be able to add to their diet a pre - cooked porridge product that is rich in proteins and vitamins and supplies the nine essential amino acids required by the human body. the porridge will not be delivered under the auspices of an aid agency or a government - funded programme. most families will buy it as part of a revenue - based approach to attacking malnutrition. the market - based approach to malnutrition is something being explored by large companies such as unilever, pepsico and danone, as awareness grows of the need to address malnutrition \u2013 something that affects not only the poorest communities but also higher income populations \u2013 and the potential of doing so through for - profit products. however, some believe that there is a role for smaller entrepreneurs in coming up with hybrid models that can address what is often known as ' hidden hunger '. it is for this reason that acumen fund \u2013 a new york - based social venture fund that provides financing to enterprises using market - based approaches to addressing poverty \u2013 has invested in insta products, a kenya - based private company that supplies organisations such as the world food programme and unicef with emergency relief food. ' the majority of their revenue is going to come from the big aid contracts, ' says omer imtiazuddin, health portfolio manager at acumen fund, which is working on these types of food products with the geneva - based global alliance for improved nutrition, a non - profit group that promotes public - private partnerships to fight malnutrition. ' but for insta this could be a significant source of revenue. ' the food product insta is developing \u2013 known locally as uji \u2013 is particularly well suited to kenyan tastes, as the porridge is eaten by 80 to 90 per cent of the local population across all age groups and income segments.... acumen fund \u2019 s investment will, over the next six years, allow insta to establish a local factory to produce and distribute up to 12, 600 tonnes of the porridge a year. it will also help pay for product launches and marketing campaigns. the porridge will be priced so that it is affordable for low - income", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4806089548197017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.743883"} {"text": "on some crops are falling and import levels are rising. so are food prices, which jumped 19 % last year. the country now produces less rice per hectare than its far poorer neighbors : pakistan, sri lanka and bangladesh. agriculture ' s decline is emerging as one of the hottest political issues in the world ' s biggest democracy.... the setback of the green revolution matters enormously to india ' s future. the country of 1. 2 billion has positioned itself as a driver of global growth and as a significant commercial power in coming decades. india likely will struggle to get there, and to return to the heady days of 9 % economic growth, unless it figures out how to reinvigorate its agricultural sector, on which the majority of its citizens still rely for a living.... india spends almost twice as much on food imports today as it did in 2002, according to the ministry of agriculture. wheat imports hit 1. 7 million tons in 2008, up from about 1, 300 tons in 2002. food prices rose 19 % last year. \" keeping hungry populations fed is not just a challenge for india and african countries ; hunger and food security are topics that will increasingly engage governments around the world [ \" global hunger forces itself to the top of political agenda, \" by javier blas, financial times, 10 november 2009 ]. blas reports : \" hunger and food security used to be the staple talking points of agriculture and development officials. but the food crisis of 2007 - 08... elevated the issue to the highest level of government. ' massive hunger poses a threat to the stability of governments, societies and borders, ' [ said ] hillary clinton, us secretary of state.... ' food security is not just about food. but it is all about security \u2013 economic security, environmental security, even national security. ' the move to involve the ' whole of the government ', as officials describe it, signals how food security has become a global political preoccupation as the number of chronically hungry people tops 1bn and agricultural commodity prices soar. policymakers are concerned that high food prices will steadily increase the number of those chronically hungry, triggering political instability in developing countries or forced migration towards rich nations.... the emergence of food security as a key policy topic reverses almost 30 years of neglect, during which time the share of official development aid devoted to agriculture plunged ; by 2006 it had sunk to 3. 8 per cent, down from 17 per cent in 1980.... food accounts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42199138975787953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.747538"} {"text": "key policy topic reverses almost 30 years of neglect, during which time the share of official development aid devoted to agriculture plunged ; by 2006 it had sunk to 3. 8 per cent, down from 17 per cent in 1980.... food accounts for 50 - 85 per cent of household spending in emerging markets, far higher than the 10 per cent seen in rich countries.... the impact of higher prices is being compounded by the urbanisation of developing countries such as pakistan and ethiopia. city dwellers spend far more buying food than rural people.... a straw poll among business executives, policymakers and agronomists at a recent conference held at the fao found that 85 per cent feared further spikes in food commodities prices, and a third doubted the world could feed itself by 2050. \" as recent events in russia and pakistan have demonstrated, climate change and natural disasters can result in unanticipated negative consequences. although there is not a global shortage of wheat, for example, fires that devastated russia ' s wheat crops resulted in increases in global wheat prices [ \" no wheat shortage, but prices may rise, \" by graham bowley and andrew martin, new york times, 6 august 2010 ]. although the economist agrees that food security has risen to the top of the international agenda and that investment dollars have begun to flood the agricultural sector, it also believes that there are some worrying trends being seen that could undermine global agricultural trade [ \" if words were food, nobody would go hungry, \" 19 november 2009 ]. the magazine reports : \" alongside the increases in investment and attention is something more insidious : a turn away from trade, markets and efficiency. depending on how far this goes, the trend could undo much of the benefits of new investment.... when thailand and vietnam, the world \u2019 s two largest rice exporters, banned exports, the philippines, the world \u2019 s largest importer, concluded that the international grain trade could no longer be trusted to supply its needs. fearing what might happen as a result of india \u2019 s poor harvest,... the philippines... concluded contracts to buy 1. 5m tonnes of rice \u2014 equivalent to 5 % of the total annual trade in the grain. this is panic buying driven by mistrust. in turn, india is negotiating directly with thailand and vietnam for rice, which would further reduce the tradable supply of an already thinly traded commodity. the large ' land grabs ' in africa and asia are also signs of distrust in world markets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46733622802454555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.748750"} {"text": ". in turn, india is negotiating directly with thailand and vietnam for rice, which would further reduce the tradable supply of an already thinly traded commodity. the large ' land grabs ' in africa and asia are also signs of distrust in world markets. food importers which can afford it \u2014 like saudi arabia, kuwait, china, south korea \u2014 have opted to grow food on land they own or control abroad rather than import it through international trade.... trust in world grain markets seems weak among industrial countries, too. western countries share the blame for the failure to complete the doha round of trade talks. they have done little to reduce subsidies to biofuels, which have taken large quantities of maize out of food markets and put it into petrol tanks.... and just as distrust of world trade seems to be growing, so confidence in domestic markets seems to be falling. according to a review of national farm policies by the fao, around two - thirds of developing countries have undertaken some sort of non - market - based measures to support farmers since 2007, including input subsidies and price interventions.... perhaps the most striking trend is the move from ' food security ' towards ' food self - sufficiency ' as a goal of national policy. the first means ensuring everyone has enough to eat ; the second, growing it yourself.... this shift towards self - sufficiency coincides with growing scepticism about world trade, examples of price controls and more extensive government involvement. the fao has even suggested the shift may amount to \u201c a change of paradigm \u201d in farming. such a shift could undermine the hopes raised by new investment because farmers would get bogus price signals, efficiency would be compromised and because, says ifad \u2019 s head of operation, ' it \u2019 s harder to do good projects where the policy environment is poor. ' food policy has never been free. for the past 20 years, agriculture in developing countries has been dominated by a gradual decline in investment and a shift towards a somewhat more liberal policy environment. the first trend is now being reversed, for the better. the worry is that the second trend will be reversed, too \u2014 for the worse. \" i agree with the economist that policies that undermine global agricultural trade are not beneficial for the future. the world is going to have to pull together to meet the food needs of a growing worldwide population. although i believe that regionalization of agricultural trade will probably be the dominant pattern in the future, global food transshipments are also going to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4532642429609037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.749844"} {"text": "highlighting the history of french radio astronomy. 3 : the wurzburg antennas at marcoussis, meudon and nancay orchiston, wayne, lequeux, james, steinberg, jean - louis, and delannoy, jean ( 2007 ) highlighting the history of french radio astronomy. 3 : the wurzburg antennas at marcoussis, meudon and nancay. journal of astronomical history and heritage, 10 ( 3 ). pp. 221 - 245. | pdf ( published version ) - repository staff only - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview, xpdf or adobe acrobat reader | view at publisher website : http : / / www. jcu. edu. au / school / mathphys / as... during the 1940s and 1950s ex - world war ii 7. 5m worzburg radar antennas played a crucial role in the early development of radio astronomy in a number of european nations. one of these was france, where three different antennas began to be used during the late 1940s. two of these were associated with the ecole normale superieure in paris, and were in itially sited at marcoussis, near paris, before being transferred to the nan9ay field station in 1957. the third worzburg antenna was used by staff from the institut d ' astrophysique de paris, and was installed at meudon observatory on the outskirts of paris. this paper describes the three antennas, lists the personnel involved. discusses the observations made, evaluates the significance of this research in a national and international context, and comments on their current whereabouts. | item type : | | article ( refereed research - c1 ) | reproduced with permission from journal of astronomical history and heritage | keywords : | | astronomical history ; radio astronomy | | for codes : | | 02 physical sciences > 0299 other physical sciences > 029999 physical sciences not elsewhere classified @ 100 % | | seo codes : | | 97 expanding knowledge > 970102 expanding knowledge in the physical sciences @ 100 % | | deposited on : | | 07 may 2009 15 : 59 | | last modified : | | 10 nov 2011 18 : 02 | last 12 months : 0 repository staff only : item control page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.510926768057155, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.751947"} {"text": "esrl science making a difference in real - time gps positioning scientists at esrl ' s global systems division ( gsd ) are known for transferring their advances in science and technology to operations and have made exciting progress with a product called noaatrop. noaatrop was developed to improve gps positioning, navigation and timing accuracy using real - time weather data. the california spatial reference center ( csrc ) at scripps institution of oceanography recently started using noaatrop for real - time engineering applications in southern california. \" this is the first known operational application of a weather model being used to improve high accuracy gps surveying, \" said seth gutman, noaa scientist whose years of research at esrl ' s global systems division in boulder have made this advancement possible. almost everyone has heard of gps - the satellite global positioning system. gps was developed by the u. s. department of defense to tell us basically three things - where we are, how to get where we want to be, and what time it is right now. this is commonly referred to as \" pnt \" which stands for positioning, navigation, and timing. gps is a \" dual - use \" system in that it has both military and civilian applications. to facilitate the development of civilian applications, the u. s. government makes the radio signals broadcast by the gps satellites available to every user free of fees. as a result of this policy, a multi - billion dollar industry has developed to exploit the benefits of gps for civilian applications. for example, a commercial gps navigation system in your car tells you where you are on an electronic map that is constantly updated as you move. computer software in the navigation system tells you the best route to take to get to your destination. wireless communications between your navigation system and a traffic management system tell you the best route to take to avoid delays or hazards. according to gutman, \" the largest source of pnt error comes from the slowing and bending of the gps radio signals as they pass through the earth ' s atmosphere \" scientists involved in using gps for very high accuracy positioning applications, like the ones at noaa ' s national geodetic survey, developed techniques to treat the atmosphere as a source of noise or measurement error and remove it to improve their gps positioning accuracy. gutman continued, \" we realized that most of the \" noise \" actually comes from water vapor in the lower atmosphere, and that improved ways to monitor water vapor would lead to improved weather forecasts and climate monitoring. \" the operational use of this new and here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5190348331488985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.758411"} {"text": "continued, \" we realized that most of the \" noise \" actually comes from water vapor in the lower atmosphere, and that improved ways to monitor water vapor would lead to improved weather forecasts and climate monitoring. \" the operational use of this new and heretofore unavailable water vapor information by the national centers for environmental prediction ( figure 1 ) has resulted in substantial improvement in u. s. weather forecast accuracy in recent years. it did not take long for esrl scientists to realize that if they could use gps data to improve weather forecasts, then improved weather model assimilating gps observations could probably be used to estimate and correct for the atmospheric signal delays that are a major source of gps pnt error. to verify this, they developed noaatrop, a model that uses the esrl rapid update cycle ( ruc ) weather prediction model to calculate real - time atmospheric correctors for high accuracy gps positioning applications. figure 2 is a map of the continental u. s. highlighting three regions where the use of the noaatrop model has been independently evaluated by three universities. the table in this figure compares gps positioning accuracy using the noaatrop model with the accuracy achieved using a conventional correction method known as the saastamoinen model. this model does not use information about the atmosphere per se, but uses information about how the atmosphere changes on average over north america. the smallest improvement in real - time positioning accuracy ( about 9 % ) is seen in the southeast u. s. where moisture variability is high and terrain relief is low. the largest improvement ( about 25 % ) is seen in the western u. s. ( california ) where moisture variability is low but terrain relief is high. in between is the great lakes region ( michigan ) where terrain and moisture variability vary widely. the improvement here is better than 16 %. the ruc forecast model is reinitialized every hour using the latest observations including approximately 300 gps precipitable water vapor measurements made every half - hour over the united states. \" ruc is the highest frequency noaa weather model and particularly well suited for this unique real - time application, \" stated gutman. figure 3 illustrates how it works. initial tests in california using noaatrop as part of the csrc height modernization project were very positive, yielding 15 - 25 % improvement in accuracy with the greatest improvement shown in height measurements made during rapidly changing weather conditions. \" from csrc ' s perspective, using noaatrop increases the accuracy and productivity of field surveys for its user community,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5158698078807957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.759438"} {"text": ", yielding 15 - 25 % improvement in accuracy with the greatest improvement shown in height measurements made during rapidly changing weather conditions. \" from csrc ' s perspective, using noaatrop increases the accuracy and productivity of field surveys for its user community, \" said yehuda bock, director of csrc. based on their experience, the noaatrop is currently being used in the central valley as a way to increase accuracy and productivity of their road and infrastructure surveys. gutman highlighted his lab ' s cooperation with several agencies on the noaatrop project. one in particular, the nationwide differential gps service, has served as part of the nationwide backbone for high accuracy surveys like the ones in california. the exciting thing is that the new development of applications for noaatrop extends beyond these surveys and leads to cooperation with a number of external partners. \" the potential for this product doesn ' t stop here \", said gutman. national resources canada ( nrcan ) canadian geological survey is working with the california spatial reference center at scripps on noaatrop applications to serve another valuable societal need. by using noaatrop, scientists who study changes in the land surface due to earthquakes can continuously monitor the positions of gps receivers in real time with unprecedented accuracy. this has potential application in tsunami warnings along the pacific coast on the us and canada. esrl research efforts have helped attain milestones within the surveying community and the laboratories look forward to broader applications of this technology within and outside of noaa in the future. they continue to support noaa ' s mission goal to serve society ' s needs for weather and water information as well as the goal to support our nation ' s commerce with information for safe, efficient, and environmentally sound transportation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48540982444210995, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.760158"} {"text": "this page is part of the emailserver article. switch to postfix we need to switch from the to switch, do the following : # yum - t install postfix # yum - t install system - switch - mail the first 2 you will be presented with a choice on screen, go for let ' s first make a backup copy of these config files, just in case : # cp master. cf master. cf. original # cp main. cf main. cf. original now, edit the myorigin = $ mydomain this says that mail sent from your server will take the form firstname. lastname @ example. org. note that by default, $ myhostname and $ mydomain are automatically derived from your machine ' s name. this name should be a fully qualified domain name ( fqdm ) like mail. example. com. mydestination = $ myhostname localhost. $ mydomain localhost $ mydomain defines which domains you want to receive mail for. we should always allow the variations of localhost so the server can accept mail sent to itself, and $ myhostname and $ mydomain ensure that you will get mail sent to both mail. example. com and example. com. mynetworks _ style = subnet allows people on the local network to be able to use the server to relay their emails. people from outside the subnet ( outside of the ip addresses defined by your network ' s netmask, such as 255. 255. 255. 0 ) will not be able to use the server to send email. this is safe, you never want unknown people from the internet to be able to relay their mail through your server : it would only take a few minutes for your machine to become a spam hub. relay _ domains = $ mydestination authorises people from the outside to send email that is supposed to be for us. notify _ classes = resource, software defines what sort of information should be sent to the postmaster when there is a problem. there are more options to that, but using too many could flood your mailbox. confirms we ' re not using any external relays as we want the server to deliver our emails directly to other servers. if your isp doesn ' t let you send emails by yourself ( some block port 25 ), then you can put their own email server there [ mail. isp. com ] ( including the brackets )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4871624236583111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.767395"} {"text": "deliver our emails directly to other servers. if your isp doesn ' t let you send emails by yourself ( some block port 25 ), then you can put their own email server there [ mail. isp. com ] ( including the brackets ). any mail you sent through your server will be given to your isp ' s email server for delivery. note that this is not very reliable as isp have usually no guarantee that your email will be delivered to its destination : you ' re in effect sending your mail through a black hole. proxy _ interfaces = 22. 214. 171. 124 is only needed if your server is not directly connected to the internet but is for instance behind a firewall that uses port forwarding to redirect traffic to it on a local subnet ( for instance, your server address is 192. 168. 0. 1 or another reserved lan ip class ). in that case, you have to tell postfix what is the outside address of the mail server ( replace 126. 96. 36. 199 by whatever is your real ip ). note though that if you don ' t have a fixed ip, this can be a bit annoying and you may be better off with connecting the server directly to the internet and using iptables as a good internal firewall. inet _ interfaces = all makes postfix listen to all interfaces for email. message _ size _ limit = 20971520 limits the size of emails. here we set it to 20mb which should be more than enough for most systems. it ' s a good idea to set a limit. i ' ve have users trying to send 150mb emails to people who only had a dial - up connection ( since delivery to the server from the local network is fast, people tend not to notice much the size of the emails they send ). masquerade _ domains = $ mydomain ensures that mail from other hosts being sent through the server gets rewritten with our domain name correctly appended. this means that if email @ example. com sends an email through the server, it will be rewritten as firstname. lastname @ example. org. mail _ name = myownpostoffice optional and replaces the default name returned by postfix. it ' s not a bad idea to replace the default string as it is par of the messages exchanged every time an email is being delivered. potentially, it could allow someone to use that information to exploit a known security hole ( the default string contains the full version number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4647118522543154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.768358"} {"text": "a bad idea to replace the default string as it is par of the messages exchanged every time an email is being delivered. potentially, it could allow someone to use that information to exploit a known security hole ( the default string contains the full version number of postfix ). home _ mailbox = email / if that directive is present, it will tell postfix to deliver messages to the note : you do not need to create the directories : postfix will do that for you if they don ' t exist. as we ' ve discussed before, ensuring that your server is locked down is vital if you don ' t want to become the next spam relay. sasl is a way of authenticating users when they are trying to send mail. it uses a variety of methods and it ' s fairly flexible, at the expense of being simple. to ensure proper sasl authentication, add the following to your smtpd _ sasl _ auth _ enable = yes broken _ sasl _ auth _ clients = yes the first line enables authentication for email being sent through the server from the outside ( allowing roaming users to send email from the internet ). for security reasons, postfix runs as an unprivileged user, meaning that it doesn ' t have access to your password files. fortunately, this is already installed on fedora and probably on most distributions as well. just to be sure, do the following from the prompt : # yum - t install cyrus - sasl the only configuration that tells mech _ list : plain login note : on other linux systems, this file may be missing or may be located under make sure you restart the the minimum alias that must be set - up is for the postmaster who will receive errors and warnings issued by postfix : the administrator user must have been created and you should probably the one using that account regularly to check for issues. note : after every modification of the alias file, you must run to add more aliases, just add them to don ' t forget to run aliases are ok, but not very powerful, especially if you ' re hosting multiple domains and want a mail sent to email @ example. com be redirected to john while a mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org should go to suzan. in that case, edit the here, anything sent to any variation of susan ' s email address will be redirected to susan ' s account, regardless of the domain they were sent to : email @ example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4746439845165793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.769312"} {"text": "editor ' s note : african voices is a weekly show that highlights africa ' s most engaging personalities, exploring the lives and passions of people who rarely open themselves up to the camera. ( cnn ) - - inside the gahaya links workshop on the outskirts of kigali, rwanda ' s capital, a group of women sit side by side against a brightly - painted wall. using natural fibers and grasses, they pool their weaving skills to create exquisite hand - made baskets, inspired by the eastern african country ' s art and tradition. seeing these women talking, laughing and working together, it ' s hard to imagine that many of them were once enemies, belonging to warring tribes during the 1994 rwanda genocide. \" [ it ' s ] really amazing to see how a small piece of work, how culture can restore values in people, how healing comes through a small basket, \" says janet nkubana, co - founder of gahaya links, the company that has made rwanda ' s hand - woven baskets internationally famous. \" and then people open up, forgive one another and get back together. they say hello, they interact, they visit, they share what they used to share before, \" adds nkubana, a master weaver herself. women in rwanda have been handcrafting baskets for centuries, using them as containers to carry food and transport goods or as decorations during weddings and baby christenings. today, gahaya links ' baskets have been coined \" peace baskets, \" an embodiment of reconciliation and healing in a country torn by conflict. \" if you just meet someone on the streets and go - you don ' t really heal from what you went through, \" says one of the women at the workshop. \" but through this kind of association where we meet everyday, spending all day together, it makes you understand one another and forgive one another. \" an estimated 800, 000 tutsis and politically - moderate hutus were murdered in just 100 days during the rwanda genocide nearly two decades ago. after the violence ended, many rwandan women whose husbands, fathers and sons were killed found themselves thrust into the unfamiliar role of being sole breadwinners for their families. at the same time, rwandans who had fled the genocide and earlier internal conflicts started returning in droves from neighboring countries. one of them was nkubana - - decades ago, she had fled to uganda where she grew up in a refugee camp. upon her return to the country, nkubana opened a hotel with her elder sister in kigali. many trauma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4248787872056061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.773302"} {"text": "one of them was nkubana - - decades ago, she had fled to uganda where she grew up in a refugee camp. upon her return to the country, nkubana opened a hotel with her elder sister in kigali. many traumatized women and children would often come to the hotel to beg for food. \" one thing that struck me one day was [ that ] after you give somebody food, they would be scared to come back, \" remembers nkubana. \" a lady walked in with a basket and said, ' can you take this basket and give me something to eat. ' \" that prompted nkubana to start encouraging the distressed women to bring their woven baskets to the hotel so they could sell them to the hotel guests. \" we started organizing women and we started trying to make the baskets so fine so that they suit in the market, \" says nkubana. \" and in that sense, they restored their dignity. \" nkubana ' s efforts to empower the underprivileged women of rwanda cultivated to the creation of gahaya links - - the company started operations in 2004 with only 27 women. today, it has over 4, 500 artisans in more than 40 cooperatives across the country. through gahaya links, nkubana has taken the traditional basket from rwanda to the shelves of high - end u. s. stores. under the \" africa growth and opportunity act, \" which allows nkubana ' s products duty - free entrance into the u. s. market, gahaya links sells its handicrafts in american department stores such as macy ' s, kate spade, anthropologie and same sky. the company has helped to break the cycle of poverty for thousands of rural families, by turning a traditional handicraft into a profit - making venture. \" once you earn an income, \" says nkubana, \" you are economically empowered. you are given a voice, you can argue your values, you can argue your point, you can argue your rights. \" see also : teaching ' reconciliation over revenge ' at the same time, it has helped to improve the quality of life in the homes of the women \" where we have married couples, men are embracing it with dignity and appreciation that my wife is really working hard, \" says nkubana. \" when you look at what women are doing, it is like what men used to do. because now they earn an income, they provide for homes... it also reduces what we call", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4126577412528202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.774277"} {"text": "pashtunwal - the code of the pashtuns in the pashto language, \" - wal \" is a suffix that most strongly resembles \" - ness \" in english. pashtunwal, sometimes jokingly translated as \" pashtunity \", is the traditional code of ethics and behavior for ethnic pashtuns. the pashtuns have a dubious and likely impenetrable ancient history. oral tradition post - islam is that the pashtuns are a lost tribe of israel, and will compose the most important part of the mahdi army during the end times. interestingly enough, there are a few shreds of genetic evidence to support the claim, but nothing conclusive. scattered accounts of various tribes of the region in the histories of herodotus and his predecessors seem to indicate that the ancestors of today ' s pashtuns have existed largely unchanged for thousands and thousands of years. it should be no surprise then, that an extremely tribal society based on the ideal of the warrior - poet should not fail to produce a fairly consistent and rigid code of behavior, even without the advantage of a written language. pashtunwal, sometimes called a code of honor, is passed down not just as a set of stories, but as the fabric of pashtun society. there are several general principles that show up with consistent emphasis. they are, in english alphabetical order : aitbar ; badal ; jirga ; melmastia ; nanawatey ; namus ; nang ; saz ; and tor. there are of course many, many more parts and sub - parts, some of which will be detailed along with the major points., or \" to trust \", is an acknowledgement and systemization of the reality of conducting contractual business without a written language. the customs of aitbar include the public swearing of oaths, and conducting contractual business like the sale of land with respected witnesses, usually tribal elders and members of family. translates variously to \" exchange \", \" reciprocation \", and \" retribution \", depending on the context. it is chiefly the latter with which the idea of badal in the context of pashtunwal is concerned. in fact, badal is often translated as \" vengeance \". badal takes many forms, practically speaking, but is generally seen in the form of long - held grudges and feuds. there is a very strong tradition of retribution in kind, particularly for injuries or murders, and the problem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5029540000839018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.789870"} {"text": "vengeance \". badal takes many forms, practically speaking, but is generally seen in the form of long - held grudges and feuds. there is a very strong tradition of retribution in kind, particularly for injuries or murders, and the problem can very quickly escalate without intervention, usually in the form of formalized apologies and blood money. in fact, large parts of pashtunwal deal specifically with mitigation of, and satisfaction of, badal. many famous and longstanding blood feuds started in distant memory over things as simple as an offhand remark. the remark demanded a similar slander, which was in turn taken as an offense, which demanded badal of its own, tempers flared, and two hundred years later, there are two villages that periodically shoot each other up as soon as they ' ve stockpiled enough bullets to do so. it ' s enough to make the hatfields and mccoys scratch their heads. jirga is a meeting of elders for the purpose of making decisions. this tradition is in fact codified in current afghan law, and has roots going back beyond recorded history. most people don ' t realize it, but pashtuns have been using representative democracy for a few thousand years. a jirga can be held on as small a scale as a single village, and on as large a scale as a loya jirga, a gathering of representatives from every nook and cranny of the pashtun tribes. jirgas are composed of spingheri, or \" white beards \", a respectful term for an elder or village headman. a jirga will hear disputes, make laws ( known as badnarr, or prohibitions, and tarr, or accords ), and generally function as both a legislative and judicial system. they resolve everything from land disputes to blood feuds, and very often mediate. as noted under badal, one of the more important functions of the jirga is known as teega, or \" stone \", which refers to the symbolic placing of a stone in a public place as an ad - hoc monument to a temporary truce in bloodshed. the tradition carries with it a story regarding the mythical \" first jirga \", where a stone was placed to end a legendary feud with the words \" until i move this stone, no more blood may be shed. \" teega is usually placed only in the direst of circumstances, and after deliberation both within the jirga and with both parties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48315448831610697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.790839"} {"text": "end a legendary feud with the words \" until i move this stone, no more blood may be shed. \" teega is usually placed only in the direst of circumstances, and after deliberation both within the jirga and with both parties. the primary reason for the placing of a teega is to allow a cooling - off period for both parties, so that negotiations and tarr can be done with a clearer head. it is also important to note that \" temporary \" can be a very flexible amount of time ; there are accounts of teega still physically in place in villages that have outlived the original dispute by generations, but are still considered inviolate. violation of teega carries severe penalties ; not only would any right to badal or other resulting grievances be forfeit, but the offenders would also be subject to the primary punitive tool of a jirga, a nagha, or fine. a nagha is any forfeiture ordered by the jirga, usually as restitution to the wronged party. should the hypothetical offender refuse to obey a badnarr or tarr, violate teega, or refuse a nagha, among other infractions, the jirga can resort to its most potent powers, the raising of lashkar. a lashkar is basically a posse, empowered and drafted by the authority of the jirga and commanded to fulfill specific purposes, such as seizing property, killing an outlaw, escorting a protected party, and in some cases, making war. melmastia, or \" hospitality \", is probably the most famous component of pashtunwal. made famous by the factual account \" lone survivor \", by us navy seal marcus luttrell, pashtun hospitality is one of the most interesting parts of pashtunwal and frequently makes foreigners wonder how it could possibly work. aside from the absolute imperative to be as generous a host as is physically possible, certain facets of melmastia extend to obligations not typically encountered in any other culture, such as the sheltering of even your worst enemies and the obligation to die in their defense. essentially, upholding melmastia requires that one shelter and aid anybody who asks for assistance, with no exceptions and no reluctance. it was illustrated to me this way : if president bush ( this was when he was still in office ) knocked on mullah omar ' s door and asked for shelter, mullah omar would have to take him in, feed him, put him in the best bed in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48003960760428277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.791989"} {"text": "this way : if president bush ( this was when he was still in office ) knocked on mullah omar ' s door and asked for shelter, mullah omar would have to take him in, feed him, put him in the best bed in the house, and do so indefinitely, even to the extent that mullah omar would be required to take up arms in his guest ' s defense against any comer. the host does, however, have recourse. if the host feels that melmastia is being abused in any way, he can petition the jirga, who may elect to relocate the guest, order the guest to leave, or even punish the guest. petitioning a jirga is not something you would do to, say, boot out a freeloading inlaw, but it definitely keeps the more serious possibilities from ever happening. notably, the requirement even extends to fugitives from the law. even if the host knows that the fugitive is fleeing justice, he will still offer full melmastia until the situation is clarified by a jirga or one of its representatives. a humorous story regarding melmastia : mullah nasruddin ( a common butt of jokes in pashtun culture - typically very dimwitted or ignorant ) goes for a visit at his cousin ' s house. his cousin prepares a huge feast, and everybody is happy. the second night, another huge feast. the third night, another huge feast. the fourth night, his cousin serves a side of dal ( a bland mush of lentils, typically seen as the food of the abjectly poor and not well liked ) with the lamb. the fifth night, his cousin serves only dal. the sixth night, cold dal. mullah nasruddin, on the seventh night, seeing dal again on the table, says \" what ' s wrong with this place? all the time, it ' s dal, dal, dal! \" the joke here is that mullah nasruddin is too thick to see the polite, unspoken, but increasingly pointed suggestion that he has overstayed his welcome. a pashtun would never directly ask a guest to leave, though it would be very clear to the guest if they had overstayed their welcome with signals even more discrete than a side of dal. the other part of the joke is that mullah nasruddin is so abrasive that his cousin was only willing to have him for three days ; visits of friends and even acquaintances commonly extend for weeks at a time, though may only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4614560855080127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.793084"} {"text": "dal. the other part of the joke is that mullah nasruddin is so abrasive that his cousin was only willing to have him for three days ; visits of friends and even acquaintances commonly extend for weeks at a time, though may only happen once a year or even less frequently, due to logistics. very closely related to melmastia is the concept of nanawatey, or \" going in \". nanawatey takes different forms in different places, but it is the ritual asking of pardon for grievances. there are several common rituals, some of which are directly dependent on melmastia. a person ( let us call him the ' trespasser ' ) may wish to end a feud or clear the air with an enemy or rival ( the ' wronged ' ), and will present himself as a guest at the wronged person ' s home, staying under melmastia until his host relents and pardons him. this happens even in extreme cases, such as a blood feud or similarly \" capital offenses \". bear in mind that the wronged will have a strong case to make with the jirga to have the guest evicted, depending on the severity of the grievance. the trespasser may also rush to a funeral for the relatives of the wronged and beg to be a pallbearer, or as a last ditch effort, may publicly throw himself on the mercy of the wronged. one utterly outdated, but interesting form of this public obeisance is that the trespasser will appear in public with a lead around his neck and a piece of grass in his mouth, and press the lead into the hand of the wronged - a potent symbol, essentially saying \" i am like livestock to you, below even a servant \". another regional ritual for nanawatey is for the women of the trespasser ' s household to approach the home of the wronged literally under cover of a quran, and ask in the name of the holy book to have the grievances aired. the women of the two households will typically negotiate amongst themselves either as a form of initial contact, an icebreaker if you will, or sometimes even to the extent of forming a tarr between the families to end the hostilities. it is unthinkable to deny a woman ' s request under such circumstances to be at least heard, even if it is not entertained ; to slight her honor, or even worse, to physically harm her, would be a violation of namus, or the integrity of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48153414178606985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.794362"} {"text": "word, nang would be it. however, it ' s not untranslatable, it just requires quite a bit of illustration and explication. one ' s nang would be preserved by killing a rival ' s son in retaliation for the death of one ' s own son even if it meant escalating an exchange of badal. one ' s nang would be utterly destroyed by killing, accidentally, in the course of badal, or otherwise, a rival ' s daughter. one ' s nang would be preserved by the ritual murder or forced suicide of one ' s own daughter who sullies her own namus by sneaking off with a boy. one ' s nang would be tarnished perhaps beyond repair by covering the incident up and trying to backdate a marriage proposal with the boy ' s family. in the incident above, the boy ' s own nang would be severely damaged, and in fact, his life is probably forfeit to preserve the nang and namus of his family and avoid badal. ( for this particular instance, see \" tor \" below ) one ' s nang would be strengthened by accepting the nanawatey and blood money from the person who accidentally killed your brother. one ' s nang would be restored for offering nanawatey and paying the blood price for accidentally killing someone ' s brother. one ' s nang would be ruined for not carrying out badal, or, on the flipside, for letting badal drag on to the detriment of the family or tribe when one is originally at fault. also known as \" swarah \", saz is compensation for murder, often known in english as blood money. it is sometimes money or other tangibles, but also often takes the form of intermarriage ; one who is penitent for murder, or wishes to go beyond nanawatey will approach the jirga and make the offer to pay saz. this is sometimes a direct offer, and sometimes the result of the jirga ' s mediation, and will be very much driven by individual circumstance and standards. the acceptance of saz by the wronged party carries with it complete forgiveness and in the case of intermarriage, usually very close future ties between the families in question. intermarriage for grievances is usually a very complex social and political game ; the severity of the grievance, the social standing of both families, the available matches, and more will all go into determining the match. in some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5097867020907098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.797265"} {"text": ". intermarriage for grievances is usually a very complex social and political game ; the severity of the grievance, the social standing of both families, the available matches, and more will all go into determining the match. in some instances, the marriage of one ' s best daughter to the other ' s finest son is just barely sufficient ; in other cases, having one ' s least desirable daughter marry off to the wronged party ' s distant cousin is enough. tor literally translates as \" black \", but is used in the pashto language to mean many things, including blame, accusation, wrongdoing, guilt, and shame. as a concept relating to pashtunwal, tor is the absolute and inflexible treatment of violations of namus. given that description, in a typically contradictory and paradoxical fashion, tor is situation - dependent. for example, if a couple elopes without permission, but are officially married ( usually by a sympathetic or unwitting outside mullah ) they may only face essential exile from their entire extended families, with the families both suffering a good deal of embarrassment. however, in the case of adultery or premarital relations of any sort, even between a couple who is formally betrothed, the punishment is almost always death for both, to cleanse the namus of both families and avoid badal. in the case of rape, the woman is traditionally not held responsible, though there is usually unfortunately a social stigma. instead, the rapist is handed over, usually by his own family, to the woman ' s family. the woman ' s family has, essentially, two options : they can kill him, or hand him over to the jirga, who will almost always sentence him to death in any case. if he is handed over to the jirga, his family avoids badal by disowning the son prior to his execution. if the woman ' s family kills him, the family is effectively exiled from the community. in the event that the rapist ' s family refuses to hand him over, or he flees justice, the woman ' s family has the right to kill the rapist ' s brother or father, and in some cases the entire male line. even if the rapist ' s brother or father are killed in his place, his life is still considered forfeit and it is not uncommon for the male relatives of the woman to hunt him down later. one saying regarding tor is \" \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0648", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5147869752997096, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.798314"} {"text": "' s brother or father are killed in his place, his life is still considered forfeit and it is not uncommon for the male relatives of the woman to hunt him down later. one saying regarding tor is \" \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u067e\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \" - \" only death changes tor to spin ( white ). \" the pitfalls of writing oral tradition this is all pretty well according to oral tradition, which is subject to variations in emphasis and application based on region. sometimes the \" region \" in question is as small as a cluster of buildings that barely qualifies as a village ; sometimes, it ' s a diaspora community relying on retellings of stories about the olden days ; sometimes, it ' s a variation in both space and time. a quick internet perusal of information regarding \" pashtunwal \" will turn up different names for the same concepts, different levels of regard, different customs, and different organizations and sub - headings. some people consider namus to be the feminine version of nang. some people put pashtun wedding traditions under the heading of bota ( ransoming, something i didn ' t cover here ) and consider them to be integral to pashtunwal. just like fairytales, everybody has their own version, but it ' s easy to trace the consistencies. don ' t expect this to get you integrated into a village somewhere in the hindu kush, but also consider it a good baseline, and food for thought the next time you run into mentions of tribal politics, power brokers, and infighting in the pashtun regions of afghanistan. many thanks to clockmaker for help with organization, clarity, trimming, and proofreading!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4922576826102233, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.799008"} {"text": "xix. the bite of the adder by friedrich nietzsche one day had zarathustra fallen asleep under a fig - tree, owing to the heat, with his arms over his face. and there came an adder and bit him in the neck, so that zarathustra screamed with pain. when he had taken his arm from his face he looked at the serpent ; and then did it recognise the eyes of zarathustra, wriggled awkwardly, and tried to get away. not at all, said zarathustra, as yet hast thou not received my thanks! thou hast awakened me in time ; my journey is yet long. thy journey is short, said the adder sadly ; my poison is fatal. zarathustra smiled. when did ever a dragon die of a serpent ' s poison? - - said he. but take thy poison back! thou art not rich enough to present it to me. then fell the adder again on his neck, and licked his wound. when zarathustra once told this to his disciples they asked him : and what, o zarathustra, is the moral of thy story? and zarathustra answered the destroyer of morality, the good and just call me : my story is when, however, ye have an enemy, then return him not good for evil : that would abash him. but prove that he hath done something good to you. and rather be angry than abash any one! and when ye are cursed, it pleaseth me not that ye should then desire to bless. rather curse a little and should a great injustice befall you, then do quickly five small ones besides. hideous to behold is he on whom injustice presseth alone. did ye ever know this? shared injustice is half justice. and he who can bear it, shall take the injustice upon himself! a small revenge is humaner than no revenge at all. and if the be not also a right and an honour to the transgressor, i do not like your nobler is it to own oneself in the wrong than to establish one ' s right, especially if one be in the right. only, one must be rich enough to do so. i do not like your cold justice ; out of the eye of your judges there always glanceth the executioner and his cold steel. tell me : where find we justice, which is love with seeing eyes? devise me, then, the love which not only beareth all punishment,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47928626451295664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.801628"} {"text": "can mono be cured? no, there isn ' t a cure for mono. but the virus will go away on its own. symptoms usually last about 4 weeks. how is mono treated? the main goal of treatment is to relieve your symptoms. the following list includes tips on treatment : - rest. sleep helps your body fight infection. - drink plenty of fluids. they help prevent dehydration. - if you have a sore throat, gargle with salt water or suck on throat lozenges, hard candy or flavored frozen desserts ( such as popsicles ). - you may want to take acetaminophen ( one brand name : tylenol ) or ibuprofen ( some brand names : advil, motrin, nuprin ) to relieve pain and fever. do not give aspirin to children. aspirin should be avoided because it has been associated with a disease called reye ' s syndrome in children. reye ' s syndrome is a serious illness that can lead to death. do i need an antibiotic? antibiotics are not effective against mono. mono is caused by a virus and antibiotics don ' t work against viruses. if you have a bacterial infection in addition to having mono ( such as strep throat ), your doctor may give you an antibiotic to treat that infection. what about sports and exercise? avoid sports, physical activities or exercise of any kind until your doctor tells you it ' s safe. moving around too much puts you at risk of rupturing your spleen, especially if it is enlarged. you need to avoid physical activities and contact sports for about 3 to 4 weeks after you ' ve had mono. written by familydoctor. org editorial staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39347386002306395, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.804692"} {"text": "thuringia - sachsen weimar - eisenach \u2013 herzogtum ( duchy ) edit this page from familysearch wiki back to germany ( add introductory text and / or an image here ) ( add text and / or an image here ) ( add text and / or an image here ) did you know? research problems and strategies when children were born illegitimately and the father \u2019 s name is not known what research strategy is suggested? 1. check who the witnesses were at birth of child. likelihood is that there might be a relationship there might exist a separate section in the church book for illegitimate births. 2. check whether the mother marries the father later and the child became legitimized by the father \u2019 s acknowledgment. 3. check confirmation records. 4. find school records to see if school fees were paid for the child and by whom ( search in school records. one possibility \u201c kirchenvisitationen \u201d, \u201c schulerverzeichnis \u201d ) 5. was the child adopted? ( search in court records, key word : \u201c adoptionen \u201d, \u201c vormundschaft \u201d ) 6. see if a will exists in which the child was bequeathed money or property. ( search in court records for \u201c testamente \u201d ) when parents came from a city unknown what would be the research strategy? 1. check the witnesses at the children \u2019 s baptisms. witnesses might be relatives and there may be a place name which could give a clue. 2. check citizenship records of present residence ( search for \u201d burgerrolle \u201d, \u201c burgerbuch \u201d, \u201c burgerliste \u201d, \u201d burgerverzeichnis \u201d, \u201c einwohnermeldeverzeichnis \u201d ) 3. check for journeymen or servants records ( search for \u201c geburtsbriefe \u201d, \u201c gesindebuch \u201d, \u201c heimatscheine \u201d, \u201c wanderbucher \u201d, \u201c gutsarchiv \u201d records ) 4. check census records. search for \u201c volkszahlungen \u201d. 5. check guild records. search for \u201c innungen \u201d 6. check neighboring church records to see if parents appeared as witnesses. when given and surnames are present more than once in a parish and additional persons cannot easily be assigned to each other, what would be the research strategy? 1. establish whole families. see who has married whom and had what children. 2. compare findings in church books with court records. 90 % of the population in germany were dependent farmers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46267443985781426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.809377"} {"text": "be assigned to each other, what would be the research strategy? 1. establish whole families. see who has married whom and had what children. 2. compare findings in church books with court records. 90 % of the population in germany were dependent farmers. they did not own their farms but had usufruct, for which they were taxed and recorded in administrative records. parents would bequeath, sell, lease or retire, and children inherit personal property. all such actions were recorded in court records. ( search in archival records, such as \u201d schuld - und pfandprotokolle \u201d ) 3. check tax lists. twice a year people were required to pay taxes. see if the same heads of family pay each time. if the head of household dies, the widow continues to pay taxes until her child becomes of age and takes over or she remarries. ( search for \u201c steuerlisten \u201d, \u201c steuerrollen \u201d, \u201c amtsrechnungen \u201d ). when different spellings exist for a family name what would be the research strategy? 1. be aware that spelling rules are not set until the early 1900s. dialects can apply when writing official records. some consonants and vowels are interchangeable. the name triebenbach can be spelled driebenbach, treubenbach, drubenbach. 2. names can be latinized : the name keller becomes cellarius, names can sound as if they are latin, such as debelius. 3. the priest simply made a mistake 4. consider looking at neighboring parish registers 5. always compare the spelling of a name with other documents available for the time period. ( the most common ones are taxlists, in german \u201c steuerlisten \u201d, \u201c steuerrollen \u201d ). when church records from a parish cannot be located what should be the research strategy? 1. check if the correct parish was chosen. a good source to check is a gazetteer. 2. have parish jurisdictions changed? 3. check with the diocese ( bistum ) or deanery ( dekanat ) if a duplicate record does exist and where it was deposited. for evangelical records check here ( evangelische kirche in thuringen ) catholic church ( adressen, gemeinden, dekanate ) when church books no longer exist because they were destroyed what should the research strategy be? gather information from other records : 1. tax records ( steuerlisten, schatzungslisten ) \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47643524270663246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.810259"} {"text": "gemeinden, dekanate ) when church books no longer exist because they were destroyed what should the research strategy be? gather information from other records : 1. tax records ( steuerlisten, schatzungslisten ) \u2013 located in state archives 2. debt registers, citizenship records, fire insurance registers ( schuldenregister, loscheimerlisten, brandregister, burgerlisten ) \u2013 located in city archives, mayor \u2018 s office 3. guild records, notary records, land records ( innungslisten, zunftbucher, notarielle akten, grundbuchsachen \u2013 state archives 4. kataster, bannbucher ( cadastral, absolvent books ) \u2013 state archives, cadastral offices, finance departments 5. tax records of parishes ( lagerbucher ) \u2013 church archives 6. house lists, address books, house ownership lists, military records, vaccination records ( hauserlisten, adressbucher, hauswirtslisten, stammrollen, impflisten ) \u2013 city archives 7. news papers ( zeitungen, amtsblatter ) - city archive, state archive 8. emigration records, census records, wahlerlisten ( auswanderungsakten, volkszahlungen, voting records ) \u2013 state archive 9. cemetery records ( graber, gottesacker ) \u2013 city archive check out the archive list available for thuringen ( your text or images here ) ( your text or images here, or use the table below : ) things you can do ( in order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! many tasks need to be done. you can help by : - this page was last modified on 28 november 2012, at 22 : 55. - this page has been accessed 395 times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4177545182872163, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.810938"} {"text": "biofuel crops are not the only sources of renewable energy that farmers can cultivate. a national geographic magazine article discusses the emerging practice of constructing wind turbines on mid - western farmland and the implications for crop productivity. according to research cited in the article, wind turbines could help mitigate extreme temperatures on the farm, keeping crops from overheating or freezing. but this area of study is still in its infancy, and scientists say that more data is needed to present a complete picture of the trade - offs for farmers. if wind farms turn out to be a beneficial fixture on farms, the u. s. corn belt could soon be producing a new crop for the market \u2013 wind energy. as the international year of forests winds to a close, a new fao study released this week shows how plants and fruits from amazonian forests can be used to improve people \u2019 s diets and livelihoods. written in easy - to - grasp language, fruit trees and useful plants in amazonian life seeks to take science out of the ivory tower and put it to work on the ground, in the hands of people. while we \u2019 re on the subject of forest food, check out what \u2019 s cooking in chef heinz beck \u2019 s kitchen in this video from our friends at the international year of forests : in celebration of its 50th anniversary, the world wildlife fund u. s. recently held its sixth annual kathryn fuller science for nature symposium. themed conservation forward : ideas that work and how science can effect change, the two - day event covered many topics from alternative mechanisms to promote conservation to ways to communicate environmental challenges. the first two speakers, lester brown from the earth policy institute and jon foley of the university of minnesota, focused much of their talks on food security and global change. lester brown began the symposium revisiting the drought in russia in the summer of 2010, during which the country lost 40 % of its grain harvest from wild fires. he posited that if instead, the major grain exporting \u201c u. s. had lost 40 % of its grain harvest of 400 million tons, \u201d there would have been resounding impacts on the price, trade and consumption of food. citing the collapse of past civilizations such as the mayans, brown noted that \u201d for a long time i \u2019 ve rejected that food could be the weak link in our society \u2026 but now i think it is. \u201d following this assertion, he outlined three indicators of future food security : - economic : price of grain - social : number of hungry people - political : number of failed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4784576556718916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.819020"} {"text": "food could be the weak link in our society \u2026 but now i think it is. \u201d following this assertion, he outlined three indicators of future food security : - economic : price of grain - social : number of hungry people - political : number of failed states jon foley built upon this foundation by laying out three big challenges for agriculture : - meeting current demands for food - meeting future demands for food, with more people and shifting diets - becoming truly sustainable, with agriculture encompassing 40 % of the earth \u2019 s land surface under cultivation, 80 - 90 % of water consumption, and at least 35 % of greenhouse gas emissions. one of his papers in the journal nature lays out five recommendations for moving towards addressing these challenges. however, he ultimately concluded by arguing for a new type of agriculture \u2013 \u201c terraculture \u201d \u2013 in which agriculture and food security are approached holistically. watch videos of all the presentations on the symposium website. according to usaid, the auction, which runs through 18 december, \u201c features exclusive items and experiences from mtv artists and show talent \u201d such as snooki, rob dyrdek, nick jonas and kelly clarkson. proceeds will go to a group of eight organizations, including the american refugee committee, care, catholic relief services, mercy corps, save the children, world vision, unicef usa, and world food program usa. the auction is part of the usaid and ad council fwd ( famine, war, drought ) campaign. launched in september, it is aimed at raising awareness of the crisis in the horn of africa and linking americans to actions that can help those in need. the u. s. department of agriculture has moved to improve the management of the application of nutrients on farm land, which could save money and yield environmental benefits. the step came 13 december as usda revised its national conservation practice standard on nutrient management. the department said, proper application of nitrogen and phosphorus can save producers money and offers protection or improvement of ground and surface water, air quality, soil quality and agricultural sustainability. staff of the department \u2019 s natural resources conservation service ( ncrs ) \u2013 which offers technical and financial assistance to producers to plan and implement nutrient management plans or to help meet federal, state or other environmental regulations \u2013 use the nutrient management conservation practice to help farmers and ranchers apply nutrients more effectively. proper management of nitrogen and phosphorus, including use of such organic nitrogen sources as manure, legumes and cover crops, can save money, and the standard offers a roadmap to assist producers in applying nutrient sources in the right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4802102891427058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.820186"} {"text": "more effectively. proper management of nitrogen and phosphorus, including use of such organic nitrogen sources as manure, legumes and cover crops, can save money, and the standard offers a roadmap to assist producers in applying nutrient sources in the right amount, from the right source, in the right place, at the right time for the best agricultural and environmental benefits. the standard was developed with the help of universities, nongovernmental organizations, industry and others. key changes include expanding the use of technology to speed the nutrient management process and allowing states more flexibility in providing site - specific nutrient management planning using local information. ncrs staff offices will have until the beginning of 2013 to comply with erosion, nitrogen and phosphorus criteria for their state nutrient management standards. the revised standard comes as the ncrs is working with other entities to address nutrient concerns identified in three recent studies assessing the effectiveness of conservation practices in the upper mississippi basin, the chesapeake bay watershed and the great lakes basin. the studies all pointed to loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from cropland as a significant concern. most nitrogen losses are attributed to nitrate leaching through the soil to groundwater, while most phosphorus is lost because of erosion, as phosphorus attaches itself to soil particles that are carried by runoff to waterways. improved nutrient management and effective erosion control reduce loss of nutrients from agricultural land, improving downstream water quality. the revised standard will provide tools and strategies to help producers address the natural resource concerns relating to excess nutrients on agricultural land. meat consumption is projected to rise nearly 73 percent by 2050 \u2013 but how will the world deal with the greenhouse gas emissions and groundwater pollution that will result from intensive livestock production? a new fao report \u2013 world livestock 2011 \u2013 proposes measures to make intensive production \u201c more environmentally benign \u201d. while many young people in the united states have been leaving family farms behind, and the average age of farmers continues to rise, npr \u2019 s all things considered explores a surge in interest in organic farming among young people. read more or listen to the story : who are the young farmers of \u2018 generation organic \u2018. residual biomass energy sources \u2013 such as manure and corn \u201c stover \u201d ( cobs, leaves, etc. ) or other byproducts of farming or other activities \u2013 could be an important energy source for the u. s. midwest, according to a report sponsored by the chicago council on global affairs. harnessing the power of biomass residuals : opportunities and challenges for midwestern renewable energy is partly based on the hope that such residual biomass might be less controversial than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4860284318834478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.821417"} {"text": ". s. midwest, according to a report sponsored by the chicago council on global affairs. harnessing the power of biomass residuals : opportunities and challenges for midwestern renewable energy is partly based on the hope that such residual biomass might be less controversial than biofuels, which raise environmental concerns or issues related to competition with food needs. among the study \u2019 s findings are that ecologically sustainable residual biomass could produce 17 percent of regional gasoline needs or 14 percent of electricity requirements, that these resources are concentrated in certain areas, that a broad \u201c landscape - based \u201d framework should be used to evaluate the costs and benefits of bioenergy use, and that non - energy benefits may be as important as energy benefits in using these resources. the report also found that technology now exists to produce bioenergy from animal manure, while technology to produce ethanol from corn stover and similar feedstocks is not yet ready for the market. in addition, it said, most bioenergy systems using residuals are not competitive, and subsidies and other public actions will be needed if they are to become practical. the study recommended that manure resources be utilized by increasing farms \u2019 use of anaerobic digesters \u2013 which produce bioenergy while helping to eliminate odors and providing other benefits \u2013 and developing watershed - based nutrient trading systems. it also called for regional corn farmers to be prepared to participate in a cellulose market by increased research on stover harvesting and how different tillage systems affect grain and stover production. finally, it recommended that a landscape - based perspective be used to analyze biofuel feedstock potential. news21 \u2032 s food safety project has provided an opportunity for journalism students and fellows at arizona state university and university of maryland to investigate different facets of food safety in the country. topics range from high - risk foods to inspection and regulation to local food systems, presented with videos, articles, and interactive infographics. citing recent outbreaks of food - borne illness, the project introduces shortcomings and new innovations to ensure food safety. check out the news21 food safety project.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4577816981719414, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.822438"} {"text": "heaney, et al. 2011. fieldiana life and earth sciences, 2 : 34. type locality : 3. 5 km sw mt. cetaceo peak, cagayan province, luzon island, philippines, elevation 1400 m ( 17. 69561d n, 122. 01683d e ) \u00a9 the field museum. photograph by l heaney and a niedzielski. english common names : sierra madre apomys, sierra madre forest mouse total length : 262 - 296 mm ; tail : 124 - 154 mm ; hind foot : 34 - 39 mm ; ear : 18 - 21 mm ; weight : 73 - 110 g. in the sierra madre range, apomys sierrae has dorsal fur that is dark brown with rusty - reddish tints, while on mt. palali ( caraballo mountains ), the dorsal fur is medium brown with a yellow tint. also, the skin of the ears and feet of this latter group is paler than in the individuals from the sierra madre. ventral fur is medium to pale gray at the base and white or white washed with pale ochraceous at the tips. the tail, which is about equal to head and body length, is distinctly bicolored \u2014 dark brown dorsally and, usually, white ventrally ; only a few individuals have a white tip. the dorsal surface of the hind foot is white with scattered dark hairs. apomys minganensis has longer, denser and darker dorsal fur and also many dark hairs on the dorsal surface of the hind foot. apomys sierrae is usually smaller than a. magnus, and the dorsal fur of the former is dark brown with rusty reddish tones or rich rusty orange - brown as opposed to the dark brown with prominent black guard hairs of the latter. apomys magnus has ventral fur that is paler gray at the base and nearly white at the tip. apomys sierrae has a reddish tint in its dorsal fur as opposed to the more yellow tint of a. aurorae ; otherwise, they are quite similar externally. also, a. sierrae tends to have a longer hind foot, although other measurements are similar. apomys sierrae is smaller than a. zambalensis in almost all measurements, and the dorsal pelage of a. zambalensis is a bright rusty umber, rather than dark brown with rusty - red tints. apomys microdon and a. musculus occur sympatrically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40203073614558343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.826143"} {"text": "all measurements, and the dorsal pelage of a. zambalensis is a bright rusty umber, rather than dark brown with rusty - red tints. apomys microdon and a. musculus occur sympatrically in some areas ; both are much smaller with proportionately longer tails. known from palaui island ( fmnh ), the northern sierra madre range in cagayan province ( usnm ) ; mt. lataan and mungiao mountains, quirino province ( fmnh ) ; and mt. palali, caraballo mountains, nueva viscaya ( fmnh ), luzon island ( heaney et al., 2011 ). \u00a9 the field museum habitat and ecology : currently documented from ca. 475 to 1800 m on luzon, although it was found at 153 m on palaui island, where the maximum elevation is approximately 300 m. on an elevational survey of mt. palali, apomys sierrae was the most frequently captured species of non - volant small mammals in all the collection sites : 780 m, 900 m, 1040 m, 1300 m, 1420 m, and 1707 m. the forest type at these elevations included lowland disturbed agro - forest, regenerated dipterocarp forest, transitional lowland / lower montane forest, mature montane forest, and mossy forest. on an elevational survey of mt. cetaceo, a. sierrae was the most abundant non - volant small mammal at all four survey localities : 1300 m, 1400 m, 1500 m and 1550 m. these elevations represent lower montane forest, montane forest, and old - growth mossy forest. apomys sierrae forages on the ground at night nocturnally, searching for earthworms and seeds. apomys microdon and a. musculus both occur sympatrically over parts of its range ; both are small, primarily arboreal species. apomys sierrae from mt. cetaceo. \u00a9 the field museum. illustration by v simeonovski. apomys sierrae from mt. palali. \u00a9 the field museum. illustration by v simeonovski. widespread and abundant. comments : surveys in the area of where the caraballo mountains and the central cordillera come together, a potential overlap in the distribution of apomys sierrae, a. abrae, and a. datae, could produce interesting data as to the comparative habitat usage and interactions of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4074131623654413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.827047"} {"text": "alphabet > letter k > kite k is for kite letter k > activity > color & decorate a kite holidays & events * april > kite month * may 12th > kite day * june 15 > fly a kite day * june 30th > sky day toys and games > kite online story time > fly weather > windy 2 to 6 years old activity # 1 : literacy : read fly a kite an online story ( or the book version ) ages 3 + * a fantasy day story with grandpa flying a here are topics and themes to discuss after reading the online climate and weather conditions : * ask what helps the kite fly? wind. * could the kite fly without wind? shapes & colors * discuss the shape of the kite? the diamond shape - the diamond shape is the perfect shape for a kite, it helps it fly. * what other shape can you see inside the kite : * what color is the kite, etc. activity # 2 : kite safety, history of kites, multicultural celebrations : visit this kite theme lesson plan to learn about kite flying safety, view real images of kites around the world, and assemble an easy homemade kite that flies! activity # 3 : alphabet activities : k is for kite activities ( ages 3 - 6 ) choose activity # 4 or # 5 or conduct each one on separate days to reinforce letter k practice. activity # 4 : decorating a kite : all ages ( reinforce letter k ) * print this kite coloring page, write a large and bold letter k and the word kite somewhere in somewhere in the margin. suggestion : print onto light blue paper for a sky background. * prepare a container with a variety of materials to decorate : crayons, pencils, cut - up construction paper, tissue paper, stickers, s. * shapes : discuss the kite is a diamond shape. identify and count the six triangles that form the bows in the kite ' s tail. activity # 5 : printable print this adorable craft from dltk - holidays. com in your choice of color or coloring version. practice counting the pieces, scissor cutting skills, colors and more. * print this kite coloring page on white or light blue paper ( for a blue sky something to color or paint with. * cut - up construction paper or tissue paper in several colors * glue or glue stick * spring, summer or autumn related stickers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46340985610803254, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.830165"} {"text": "posted aug 24, 2003 by joe otten the thing that has always puzzled me about black holes is what happens to the entropy of objects that fall into them? by its description, a single infinitely dense point seems to have a very low entropy. but if we then let a high entropy object fall into a black hole, we appear to have a contradiction to the second law of thermodynamics. this topic is an active one in the field of astrophysics and quantum gravitation. in general, however, it is required of a black hole that its event horizon always increase, much like the total entropy of a closed system ( i. e. - the universe ). this thought lead to the hypothesis that a black hole ' s entropy is proportional to its event horizon ' s surface area. this came to be the bekenstein - hawking formula : if a black hole has an entropy, then it follows all the other laws of thermodynamics and has a temperature, also. so the black hole will radiate energy. this is where things start getting fuzzy. how can something that is impossible to escape radiate anything? i ' m afraid i don ' t know much about what ' s new in that field of thought. thanks for that. there is hawking radiation, but i guess that is not what you are talking about. could it be a mistake to consider a black hole demarcated by its event horizon to be an object, and thus to apply thermodynamic principles to that object. after all the event horizon is not a physical structure and need not be in the same place from one moment to the next. ( that episode of voyager where the ship was stuck inside the event horizon of a black hole, looking for a crack to get out would have been hilarious if it had been slightly less obtuse. ) the natural answer is that the laws of physics break down in a black hole. the entropy just vanishes. entropy is a property of the universe, and all properties of the universe break down at the event horizo of a black hole. please note that not panicking ltd is not responsible for the content of any external sites listed. the content on h2g2 is created by h2g2 ' s researchers, who are members of the public. unlike edited guide entries, the content on this page has not necessarily been checked by a h2g2 editor. in the event that you consider anything on this page to be in breach of the site '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5531162675950623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.836447"} {"text": "| subject : naked eye galaxies. | posted may 17, 2001 by civilian in the article you claim that the milky way is the only galaxy that can be seen with the naked eye. this is not entirely true. our milky way is surrounded by a group of small galaxies known as the local group. although most of these simply resemble bright stars to the naked eye, two stand out. in the southren hemisphere we have the pleasure of being able to see both of them. on a clear, dark night you will notice two large bright blobs slightly to the south of the milky way. these are galaxies, known as the \" clouds of magellan \". they are visible with the naked eye and they are almost impossible to miss unless you find yourself in a bright city. if you happen to be in the southren hemisphere, look south. if the southren cross is to the left of the celestial pole then the clouds will be on the right of it. if that doesnt help try this : on a southren autumn night, quite early ( say 8pm ) look south ( if you see leo youre looking the wromg way ). find the milky way. got it? good. now find the southren cross. once you have it. scan your eyes right until you find carina ( the keel ). once that is done scan your eyes down slowly. viola.. yes, and you can catch m30 if it ' s dark enough and clear enough. it doesn ' t look like much, as you can ' t resolve it at all without a telescope, but it can been seen naked - eye. sorry, that should be m31. you are right - this article needs some small tweaking! the galaxy i was referring to was m31, and it is commonly known that it is possible to see it with the naked eye, so long as your eyesight is good of course. i will try to make some much needed corrections to this article in december. please note that not panicking ltd is not responsible for the content of any external sites listed. the content on h2g2 is created by h2g2 ' s researchers, who are members of the public. unlike edited guide entries, the content on this page has not necessarily been checked by a h2g2 editor. in the event that you consider anything on this page to be in breach of the site ' s house rules, please", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4911297342297393, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.841150"} {"text": "[ privatier ] wrote in to let us know about lxardoscope, his project that lets you use an arduino as hardware input for a linux - based oscilloscope display. this implementation offers two channels with about 3000 samples per second from each. he touts some of the gui options like vertical resolution between 2mv and 10v per division. that part kind of stumps us because we don \u2019 t see how a measurement of 10v ( or more ) can be taken using the schematic included. but you \u2019 re comprehension may surpass ours so do take a look yourself. he is using an arduino uno for his testing. but to get around some issues he \u2019 s experienced with other usb - based solutions he implemented a serial port connection instead. you \u2019 ll need to remove the atmega chip from the arduino board after flashing the code to it, and then build a circuit around it which includes a power source where - 2. 5v is ground and 2. 5v is vcc. all in all, you \u2019 ll need a 16 mhz crystal, hef4069 hex inverter, atmega8 - family microcontroller, and a few passive components to build this on a breadboard.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5131058257658084, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.842362"} {"text": "what is campylobacteriosis? campylobacteriosis is an infection of the gut caused by campylobacter bacteria. these bacteria are a frequent cause of food poisoning. how do you get it? you get campylobacteriosis by eating foods or by drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. you can also get it from infected people or pets especially kittens and puppies. persons at highest risk of getting the disease are workers who handle animal products, agricultural and wildlife workers, and veterinarians who handle infected animals. infection usually occurs while processing animal products, either by direct contact with the contaminated raw material or by indirect contact in a contaminated environment. the bacteria are resistant to drying and disinfection, and can remain alive in contaminated soil for years after the death of the animal. what are the symptoms? the symptoms of campylobacteriosis include mild to severe diarrhea ( often bloody ), stomach pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting. when do symptoms start? the symptoms usually start 2 to 5 days after infection with the bacteria and may continue for a week. for how long is a person contagious? infected people will shed the bacteria in their stools for a few days to as much as a week or more. should an infected person stay home from school or work? students with diarrhea should stay home from school until the diarrhea stops. food handlers, day care workers and health care workers should not return to work until they have their doctor \u2019 s permission. what is the treatment for campylobacteriosis? most persons with campylobacteriosis will recover without treatment. severe diarrhea and / or vomiting over a long time may cause the body to lose fluid too quickly. lost fluids should be replaced by drinking liquids such as fruit juices, soups, and special fluids called oral rehydration salts. a doctor can prescribe medications for severe cases or to shorten the length of illness. this may be important for food handlers, health care workers, and children in day care. how can you keep from getting it? wash your hands thoroughly after using the toilet, after changing diapers, after touching pets or cleaning up after them, and especially before preparing or eating food. after changing diapers, wash the child \u2019 s hands as well as your own. do not drink untreated water ( ponds, streams, rivers ). do not drink unpasteurized ( raw ) milk or eat raw or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4462668839553216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.845644"} {"text": "monday, nov. 19 ( healthday news ) - - children who regularly attend daycare are more likely to be overweight than those who stay at home with a parent, but the reasons for this difference are unknown, according to a new study. canadian researchers looked at more than 1, 600 families in quebec with children born in 1997 or 1998. mothers were interviewed about the care of their children at one and a half, two and a half, three and a half and four years of age. \" we found that children whose primary - care arrangement between one and a half and four years was in a daycare center or with an extended family member were around 50 percent more likely to be overweight or obese between the ages of 4 and 10 years compared to those cared for at home by their parents, \" study leader dr. marie - claude geoffroy said in a university of montreal news release. \" this difference cannot be explained by known risk factors such as socioeconomic status of the parents, breastfeeding, body - mass index of the mother or employment status of the mother, \" she added. the study also uncovered only an association between daycare attendance and overweight, not a cause - and - effect relationship. the study was published this month in the journal of pediatrics. diet and physical activity levels are among the areas that need to be examined in order to determine why children who go to daycare are more likely to gain weight, noted study co - director dr. sylvana cote. \" parents don ' t have to worry ; however, i suggest to parents they ensure their children eat well and get enough physical activity, whether at home or at daycare, \" she said in the news release. the researchers said daycare has the potential to reduce weight problems in children, through methods such as encouraging physical activity and healthy eating. the u. s. department of health and human services explains how to keep children at a healthy weight. copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4676718791516087, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.848441"} {"text": "the threat of metabolic syndrome metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors that greatly raises your risk for heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. if you have three or more of these factors, you are said to have metabolic syndrome : a high level of triglycerides, or more than 150 mg / dl a low level of hdl ( \" good \" ) cholesterol, or below 40 mg / dl for men or 50 mg / dl for women abdominal obesity, or a waist circumference of greater than 40 for men, or greater than 35 for women high blood pressure, or 130 / 85 mmhg or greater high blood sugar that is classified as prediabetes, 100 mg to 125 mg / dl, or diabetes, 126 mg / dl or casual blood sugar greater than 200 mg / dl according to the national heart, lung, and blood institute, if you have metabolic syndrome, you are two times more likely to have develop heart disease. your risk of developing type 2 diabetes is five times greater if you have metabolic syndrome. yet there ' s good news. lifestyle changes can prevent or reverse some of these risk factors, if you are among the 35 percent of adults who already has metabolic syndrome. although you can ' t change how genes contribute to your risk factors, you can do a lot to lower your risk. eat a low - fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables, for instance, and most days get 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise that raises your heart rate. get to and maintain a healthy weight.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4789082542041796, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.850290"} {"text": "wednesday, july 18 ( healthday news ) - - while many people don ' t know it, there ' s more than one kind of aids virus. besides the hiv - 1 strain that ' s common throughout the world, a type known as hiv - 2 is found in some parts of africa. now, a new study finds that people infected with hiv - 2 and later with hiv - 1 appear to be better equipped to fight off the virus. double - infected people can still go on to develop aids, and there ' s no indication that anyone infected with hiv - 1 should go out in search of hiv - 2. however, \" this study should prompt researchers to take a fresh look at hiv - 2 infection \" and why it seems weaker, and the potential implications for a vaccine, said sarah rowland - jones, an aids specialist and professor of immunology at john radcliffe hospital in oxford, england. the big questions, she said, are these : is there something about the hiv - 2 virus that makes it less dangerous to the human body ' s immune system defenses? or is it perhaps the other way around, and the body ' s defenses are the key? \" if we understood this, it would have a lot of relevance for hiv vaccine design, \" said rowland - jones, who ' s familiar with the new study ' s findings. the hiv - 2 strain is largely found in west africa and hasn ' t spread much beyond there, although there have been cases reported in europe, india, japan and the united states, rowland - jones said. many people who are infected with the hiv - 2 virus develop aids and die, but some live normal lives, she said. the new study looked at west africans in the country of guinea - bissau and focused on 223 people who first became infected with hiv - 2 and then with hiv - 1 or those who only got the hiv - 1 strain. the researchers tracked the patients for about 20 years. they found that it took an average of 104 months ( nine years ) for those with dual infections to develop aids, but just 68 months ( nearly six years ) for those infected solely with the hiv - 1 virus. \" those infected with hiv - 2 first seem to be better prepared to handle the more aggressive hiv - 1 infection and thereby have a longer progression time to aids, \" said study lead author joakim esbjornsson, a postdoctoral researcher at lund university, in sweden. \" it is clear that the effect is huge, \" esbjornsson said, and it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47231638435666135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.853787"} {"text": "longer progression time to aids, \" said study lead author joakim esbjornsson, a postdoctoral researcher at lund university, in sweden. \" it is clear that the effect is huge, \" esbjornsson said, and it probably affects death rates, too. esbjornsson emphasized that the research only looked at people who became infected with hiv - 2 first : \" people already single - infected with hiv - 1 should under no circumstances try to get infected with hiv - 2, \" he said. phyllis kanki, an aids specialist and professor of immunology and infectious diseases at the harvard school of public health, suggested that people who get infected with hiv - 2, which affects the body more slowly, may develop better defenses against the virus. that, in turn, could help them more effectively fight the hiv - 1 strain, she said. the study appears in the july 19 issue of the new england journal of medicine. to learn more about hiv, visit the u. s. national library of medicine. sources : sarah rowland - jones, aids specialist and professor of immunology, john radcliffe hospital, oxford, england ; joakim esbjornsson, ph. d., department of experimental medical science, lund university, lund, sweden ; phyllis kanki, dvm, aids specialist and professor of immunology and infectious diseases, harvard school of public health, boston ; july 19, 2012, new england journal of medicine copyright \u00a9 2013 healthday. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43452796123728893, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.854566"} {"text": "it may seem like sleep and diabetes have nothing to do with each other but studies are now showing that a lack of sleep can prevent you from maintaining a healthy weight and can lead to diabetes. here \u2019 s what dr. michael j. breus reported over at the huffington post : while sleep may not seem like it belongs in the same category as words that revolve around weight, it actually has everything to do with weight and whether or not you \u2019 re at risk for diabetes. two fascinating studies that just came out to further prove it : 1. one study out of a sleep lab at penn state college showed that insomniacs who slept only five to six hours a night had greater odds of developing diabetes. 2. the other study, this one from the university of chicago and published in this month \u2019 s journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, demonstrated that sleep deprivation mixed with sedentary living and free access to food can change the body \u2019 s physiology to the point it resembles that of a prediabetic. in other words, the body \u2019 s insulin resistance and glucose tolerance shifts, leaning toward a dangerous condition that \u2019 s a precursor to full - blown diabetes. i don \u2019 t know about you, but i think that \u2019 s pretty remarkable \u2026 and scary. this change in physiology, by the way, in the second study happened over the course of just two weeks as healthy adults were forced to get by on only five hours a night. getting in those extra hours of sleep has never meant more now.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4238049719017878, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.856328"} {"text": "the sampling check generates a set of features from one or more layers that you can step through to visually inspect. the sample is generated from the feature classes you choose to include based on what is loaded in the map. you can also assign weights to the feature classes, which increases or decreases the number of features for the feature classes that are included in the sample. a value of 1 is the highest weight ; 5 is the lowest. the sample is calculated based on one of the following methods : - a fixed number of features - a percentage of all the features in the specified extent - a number derived from a calculation based on the confidence level, margin of error, and acceptance level - a polygon grid that is loaded in the map or from a geodatabase you can choose to run this check on any of the extents that are usually available with checks, such as the selection set, current extent, or the full database. once you have defined the criteria for the check, you can configure the notes and a severity rating. the notes allow you to provide a more specific description for the feature that has been written to the reviewer table and are copied to the notes field in the reviewer table. the severity rating allows you to indicate how important the results from a check are in terms of your quality assurance / quality control processes. the lower the number, the greater the priority the check ' s results have. - start arcmap. - open a map document or load data in the map. - on the main menu, click customize > toolbars > data reviewer. - start a reviewer session in one of the following : - click the select data check drop - down arrow on the data reviewer toolbar, click the plus sign next to advanced checks, then click sampling check. the sampling check properties dialog box appears. all the visible layers that are currently loaded in the map appear in the choose layers list. - if necessary, type a unique name for the check in the check title text box. note : the check title can be used to describe the conditions you are looking for with the check. this is useful when you have multiple instances of the same check to validate the same feature classes or tables but with different validation parameters. - uncheck the check boxes next to the names of the layers you do not want to include in the sample. by default, all the visible layers are included in the sample. tip : you can click select all or clear all to check or uncheck all the check boxes next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48110000154794663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.861947"} {"text": "to the names of the layers you do not want to include in the sample. by default, all the visible layers are included in the sample. tip : you can click select all or clear all to check or uncheck all the check boxes next to the layer names, respectively. - to adjust the weight, or the significance of the layer in the sample, right - click the layer name in the choose layers list and choose a weight option. - weight 1 ( highest ) \u2014 the layer is going to have more features included in the sample than other layers with weight values of 2, 3, 4, or 5. - weight 2 \u2014 the layer is going to have more features included in the sample than other layers with weight values of 3, 4, or 5. - weight 3 \u2014 the layer is going to have more features included in the sample than other layers with weight values of 4 or 5. - weight 4 \u2014 the layer is going to have more features included in the sample than other layers with a weight value of 5. - weight 5 \u2014 the layer is going to have the fewest features included in the sample. - chose a method for generating the sample. - number \u2014 a specified number of features from the feature classes chosen in the choose layers list is included in the sample. - percentage \u2014 a specified percentage of the features from the feature classes chosen in the choose layers list are included in the sample. - auto calculate \u2014 the number of features included in the sample is determined by the following : - confidence level \u2014 the level of confidence that the sample size is statistically significant. the default value is 95 %, but you can also choose 90 %, 98 %, or 99 % - margin of error \u2014 the acceptable margin of error in the confidence level. the default value is 4 %, but you can also choose other values that range from 1 % to 10 %. - acceptable error \u2014 indicates the acceptable error ratio. the default value is 2 %, but you can also choose 1 %, 5 %, or 10 %. - do one of the following to configure the calculation method : to create the sample based on a specific number of features click the number option, then type the number of features you want to include in the sample in the text box. to create the sample based on a percentage click the percentage option, then type the value that represents the percentage of all the features you want to include in the sample in the text box. note : the value specified for the percentage is divided by 100. for example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48274100801432285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.863472"} {"text": "the sample based on a percentage click the percentage option, then type the value that represents the percentage of all the features you want to include in the sample in the text box. note : the value specified for the percentage is divided by 100. for example, if you want to sample 50 percent of the features, type 50 not. 5. to create the sample based on automatic calculation click the auto calculate option, then click the confidence level drop - down arrow to choose the confidence level for the data, click the margin of error drop - down arrow to choose the acceptable margin of error for the data, or click the acceptable error drop - down arrow and choose the acceptable level of error for the sample. to create the sample using a polygon grid click the use grid option. click the drop - down arrow in the grid parameters area to choose the polygon grid or click browse to load one. click the unique id field drop - down arrow and choose the field that contains the field you want to use to identify the grid cell. type the number of cells you want to use in the sample in the number of grids to sample text box. tip : the value you choose from the unique id field drop - down list populates the qc _ grid cell in the reviewer table. - if necessary, type descriptive text for the check results in the notes text box in the reviewer remarks area. if necessary, click the severity drop - down arrow and choose a value that indicates the priority of the check ' s results in the reviewer remarks area. the severity indicates the importance of the check result. the values range from 1 to 5, with 1 being the highest priority and 5 being the lowest. click the run data check button on the data reviewer toolbar. the features to validate dialog box appears. choose an option in the features to validate area. - selection set \u2014 the check is run on the features that are currently selected in the map. - current extent \u2014 the check is run on the current map extent, which is controlled by the map scale. - definition query \u2014 the check is run on the features that are displayed based on definition queries that have been created for the feature class. - full database \u2014 the check is run on all the features in the feature class. to run the check only on features that have been edited in a versioned workspace, check the changed features only check box. the changed features only option is available only for a versioned database. - click ok. a progress window appears while the sample is being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5024726627411067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.864655"} {"text": "the school says my child needs ritalin ; where do i get it? can ' t find what you ' re looking for? our health information specialists are here to help. contact us at 800 - 233 - 4050 or online. school personnel do not have the medical training necessary to tell parents to place their children on medication. chadd and the national resource center on adhd believe that it is inappropriate for individual professionals to offer advice outside their field of training, expertise, or licensing. while teachers and other school personnel play a critical role in identifying potential education problems, they are not qualified either to diagnose a medical condition or suggest specific treatments for addressing that medical condition. in general, only a physician ( m. d. or d. o. ) who is properly licensed may prescribe medications used to treat adhd ( prescribing privileges are regulated by state law for other professions, including nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and, in two states [ new mexico and louisiana ] ph. d. psychologists with with advanced training in psychopharmacology ). because adhd is a medical condition, it should be diagnosed by a pediatrician, neurologist, psychiatrist, psychologist, clinical social worker, or other properly licensed mental health provider who has experience evaluating and treating individuals with adhd. because some symptoms of adhd may be symptoms of other conditions, it is essential that you consult a trained professional and obtain a thorough evaluation and formal diagnosis for your child before beginning any particular course of treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4002250335597024, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.866349"} {"text": "handwaved answer to your first question is that the national identity as a big thing likely emerged as a result of a 30 - year - war ( more specifically, peace of westphalia ), with nation - state being an efficient unit for maintaining balance of power that the westphalian system demanded. to quote from wiki : the edicts agreed upon during the signing of the peace of westphalia were instrumental in laying the foundations for what are even today considered the basic tenets of the sovereign nation - state. aside from establishing fixed territorial boundaries for many of the countries involved in the ordeal ( as well as for the newer ones created afterwards ), the peace of westphalia changed the relationship of subjects to their rulers. in earlier times, people had tended to have overlapping political and religious loyalties. now, it was agreed that the citizenry of a respective nation were subjected first and foremost to the laws and whims of their own respective government rather than to those of neighboring powers, be they religious or secular. why has national identity or being part of a country, become so important, as opposed to being part of a neighborhood, a city or the whole world? as far as why not whole world, it ' s not an easy question. the best answer probably lies in the fact that anything beyond a nation usually has has too divergent interests, and is too large to effectively govern long term absent a strong central tyrant ( see alexander ' s empire, or ghengizids ). you can see it happening in eu issues in 2011 - greeks and germans just can ' t exist as a single unit, since either one culture will feel as if they are being taken advantage of ( germans don ' t want to pay for \" lazy not - working - enough greeks \" social spending ), or some strong central power - which doesn ' t exist in europe - must mandate and enforce uniform rules. as far as \" why not city / neighborhood \" - because the modern system of the world, both military and industrial and economy, makes things much more efficient when unification synergies are realized, and make the world uniform enough ( due to literacy / printing press, among other things - thus peace of westphalia as a start ) that uniting many cities into a nation doesn ' t present that much of a conflict of interest. answer to your second question is \" absolutely yes \". as a random example, plenty of immigrants from ussr to usa feel 100 % american and zero percent either soviet or russian. if you want a reference to specific example, you are reading his writing this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5033743409126609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.870213"} {"text": "five days after the \u201c victory \u201d at antietam, lincoln changed the purpose of the civil war with his issuance of the emancipation proclamation. with these few words, lincoln changed the reason for fighting from the legalistic \u201c preservation of the union \u201d to the moral and ethical imperative of \u201c freedom and emancipation. \u201d frankly, many in congress felt that lincoln should have definitively rejected slavery much sooner, and there was the danger that congress would act on this impulse whether lincoln agreed or not. as you read, consider the following questions : 1. what would have happened to slaves living in areas not in rebellion against the government, i. e. the border states like missouri, under the terms of this proclamation? 2. why does lincoln specifically list the areas to which this proclamation applied? why are the areas of emancipation so tightly defined? why were some counties ( counties are called \u201c parishes \u201d in louisiana ) excluded? 3. lincoln first wrote a draft of the proclamation in july of 1862. why didn \u2019 t he issue it then? ( think \u2013 what was going on in the war at the time? ) the emancipation proclamation abraham lincoln, september 22, 1862 by the president of the united states of america : a proclamation whereas on the 22nd day of september, a. d. 1862, a proclamation was issued by the president of the united states, containing, among other things, the following, to wit : \u201c that on the 1st day of january, a. d. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the united states shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free ; and the executive government of the united states, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. \u201c that the executive will on the 1st day of january aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the states and parts of states, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the united states ; and the fact that any state or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the congress of the united states by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such states shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such state and the people thereof are not then in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39252003179779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.875505"} {"text": "united states by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such states shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such state and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the united states. \u201d now, therefore, i, abraham lincoln, president of the united states, by virtue of the power in me vested as commander - in - chief of the army and navy of the united states in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the united states, and as a fit and necessary war measure for supressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of january, a. d. 1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the first day above mentioned, order and designate as the states and parts of states wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the united states the following, to wit : arkansas, texas, louisiana ( except the parishes of st. bernard, palquemines, jefferson, st. john, st. charles, st. james, ascension, assumption, terrebone, lafourche, st. mary, st. martin, and orleans, including the city of new orleans ), mississippi, alabama, florida, georgia, south carolina, north carolina, and virginia ( except the forty - eight counties designated as west virginia, and also the counties of berkeley, accomac, morthhampton, elizabeth city, york, princess anne, and norfolk, including the cities of norfolk and portsmouth ), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. and by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, i do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are, and henceforward shall be, free ; and that the executive government of the united states, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. and i hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self - defence ; and i recommend to them that, in all case when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. and i further declare and make known that such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the united states to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43801768126261736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.876717"} {"text": "medical scientists have developed a controversial ivf technique that could cure deadly genetic diseases. this is incredible and scary at the same time! doctors in the reproductive medicine department at newcastle university in the uk have asked an expert panel from the human fertilization and embryology authority to review a new fertility treatment that could prevent the some genetic diseases. the technique would involve not two, but technically three biological parents. around one in 6, 500 children are born with serious diseases caused by faulty mitochondrial dna, including liver and heart failure and neurological disorders. this new in - vitro treatment would use a \u201c second mother \u201d in order to cancel out the mitochondrial dna that would lead to these genetic diseases. this \u201c bad \u201d mitochondrial dna is passed on exclusively by the mother and located in every human cell. mitochondria act as the \u201c power houses \u201d and provide energy for each cell. mitochondrial dna is not located in the nucleus of fertilized eggs, so doctors have decided to test this new technique to see if they could prevent genetic disorders completely. first, scientists would take the mother \u2019 s egg and the father \u2019 s sperm to create an embryo. then they would remove the nucleus containing the parent \u2019 s dna and transfer it to a donor embryo \u2014 whose nucleus has already been disposed off. the donor embryo \u2013 which acts as a kind of surrogate carrier \u2013 contains healthy mitochondria. the baby will have 98 percent of the dna from its parents and 2 percent dna from the donor woman. \u201c we are not ready to do this in patients now, but the science is progressing very rapidly and we need to get parliament to discuss this again now, \u201d alison murdoch, head of the department of reproductive medicine at newcastle university tells the daily mail. \u201c we anticipate that the process of review could take about a year so we are asking for this process to start now. \u201d although this kind of genetic engineering is very risky, it could help end the death rate of babies with genetic diseases, as in the case of sharon and neil bernardi \u2018 s seven kids. the english couple lost six of their babies and recently lost their 21 - year - old son edward to leigh \u2019 s disease, caused by a mitochondrial defect. so hollymoms, do you agree with this kind of science? get more hollybaby news and gossip! friend us on facebook, follow us on twitter and subscribe to our newsletter!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4984653611514434, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.880653"} {"text": "a bit of gyan ( knowledge ) the internet is maturing at an extremely fast rate day - by - day, and the world - wide - web ( www ) has become a central hub for information available worldwide. nowadays, communication between the far ends of the world has become trivial. the dot - com boom happened in the mid - 1990 \u2032 s and companies have started depending hugely on the internet since then. this has paved way to a huge number of possibilities, along with risks. companies and customers and retailers can buy and sell online and e - commerce has become substantially important because of this. what i \u2019 ve found is that however fast technology grows, people \u2019 s minds don \u2019 t change. no matter how secure you tend to keep your transaction between the client and server, e - commerce \u2019 s growth has not increased very much because of the constant fear in people \u2019 s minds \u2013 \u201c how can i trust this fellow when i cannot even see him? what if i pay online but don \u2019 t get my package? \u201d. a typical example is the huge number of credit card frauds over the decades, which has just increased the fear in people \u2019 s minds. each time a vulnerability is discovered on a particular website, it has been exploited and has incurred huge losses for the company hosting that website. time and again, people have tried to keep websites as secure as possible. theoretically, algorithms ( used in security ) have been proven to be secure ( till date ) and yet, attackers have always found ways and means to breach security. in my opinion, it is just plain ignorance of the designer to ignore the security aspects to make his work easier. though development of technology is rapidly increasing and we learn new things everyday, secure coding practices are not learnt in the process. this in turn leads to security holes in the implementation of software, which are then exploited by attackers causing huge losses to companies. let \u2019 s try to answer some simple questions : - how do you host webpages over the world - wide - web? - in most cases, web pages are accessed using the http ( s ) or ( s ) ftp protocols. if a person wants to host a website over the world - wide - web, ( s ) he has to first register his / her domain name. this means that the domain name will get mapped to a particular ip address which is reachable from anywhere in the world ( called as \u2018 public ip \u2019 ). next, the person has to enable the website to be accessible from the machine having the assigned ip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5268730095558443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.887646"} {"text": "means that the domain name will get mapped to a particular ip address which is reachable from anywhere in the world ( called as \u2018 public ip \u2019 ). next, the person has to enable the website to be accessible from the machine having the assigned ip address, which is generally done using a web server to host his / her website. now, the website is available to anyone who either knows the public ip or the registered domain name. - what programming language can be used while implementing the same? - there are a huge number of scripting languages available, which designers can use to create websites. examples are php, jsp, asp, etc. programming constructs differ in each language, but end up doing the same things. there is also cgi ( common gateway interface ) where you can use scripting languages such as python, perl, ruby, etc. to do the same job. - what should one do to make my web application secure? - this question cannot be answered in one paragraph. anyway, i \u2019 ll try listing a few : - firstly, it requires a good knowledge of the exact working of the code which designers write. talking with an example, it means that knowing that \u201c strcpy ( ) \u201d function copies one string to another is not enough, but rather the programmer needs to know how exactly it copies and why it is made so. - secondly, the programmer who implements the software needs to have deep knowledge about secure coding practices \u2013 what, why and how. secure coding practices try to ensure that there are minimal security holes in software being designed, thus ensuring safety, security and stability of software. other factors such as reliability, integrity tag along if these conditions are met. now, based on the three questions answered above, we can come to a standpoint as to what factors determine how secure a website is. in decreasing order of importance and difficulty : - knowledge of the programmer. - network layout being used. - configurations being used in software. we know that the only way to access a website hosted on a public ip is through the internet. without the internet, the world - wide - web becomes a big joke. when we look at how the internet is designed, we see that networking plays a huge role. hence, the protocols being implemented during transfer of data have to be secure. no matter how secure the application is, if the networking protocols being implemented are insecure, security is threatened. this is one basic fact that all web designers have to understand. most of the devices used in the internet today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5481359533149197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.888651"} {"text": "data have to be secure. no matter how secure the application is, if the networking protocols being implemented are insecure, security is threatened. this is one basic fact that all web designers have to understand. most of the devices used in the internet today, use the 5 layer hybrid protocol stack. this protocol stack is known to be insecure, and is prone to mitm attacks ( dns cache poisoning, arp spoofing, ip spoofing, etc. ) management of a website is normally done through configuration settings. these configuration settings determine how users of the website can access data and with what level of permissions. these configuration settings for the website can be divided into two parts \u2013 configurations of web server and the configurations of the user who is accessing the website. configurations of the web server mean those configurations which affect all users accessing the website, whereas user - specific configurations apply to single users accessing the website. an example of a web - server configuration is the \u201c directory listing \u201d option, where a user can list the contents of a directory accessible through the website, without a webpage displaying it. an example of a user - specific configuration is the access control being specified to each user, controlled by an acl ( access control list ). programming languages sometimes influence how these user - specific configurations are specified. can we make the world - wide - web \u2018 entirely \u2019 secure? a simple answer would be \u201c entirely secure?! i don \u2019 t think so! \u201d. but there are a lot of factors to consider while answering this question. let \u2019 s look at some of them. firstly, the programmer implementing the software has a good knowledge of secure coding practices. he / she has to know exactly how the code is being implemented and how secure it is. this is where programming languages play an important role. some programming languages provide very high - level programming constructs to make the job easier for the programmer, but this actually blinds the programmer from the inner implementation of the constructs and how secure they are. thus security does not only rely on how the the programmer codes, but also how the code is being implemented by the compiler / interpreter of that particular programming language. the programmer has to take care of this, carefully considering the programming language that is being used and how it is actually being implemented. there isn \u2019 t much that can be done about the security level of the entire protocol stack. this is because if we have to modify the protocols in the protocol stack to make it secure ( below the application layer ), then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5638547734164396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.889794"} {"text": "is actually being implemented. there isn \u2019 t much that can be done about the security level of the entire protocol stack. this is because if we have to modify the protocols in the protocol stack to make it secure ( below the application layer ), then we would have to change the firmware in every hub, switch, router and computer all around the world. for a long time, people have been changing the protocols at the application layer to secure ones ( such as ssl ), trying to prevent mitm attacks at the application layer. but then we have to understand that whatever is done on the application layer is specific only to that layer. the security mechanisms used in the application layer are totally blind to attacks happening at the lower layers. thus, if we actually would have to make the network layout totally secure, that wouldn \u2019 t be possible. but what we can do is to provide more encryption mechanisms at the application layer, hoping for the best. so from the network point of view, the world - wide - web is still insecure and will continue to be until the entire protocol stack can be made secure. in most of today \u2019 s websites, vulnerabilities arise due to insecure configurations being used. the programmer is lazy, thus leaving insecure configurations on the website, paving way for information leak and potential exploits. though this is relatively easier to handle when compared to the other factors, it is important when it comes to security of a website. the very need of security arises because of the fact \u2013 all of us are not responsible citizens. there would be no need for policemen if there were no thieves. but this is definitely not achievable, because changing hardware and software is a lot easier than changing people! there is a reason that i \u2019 ve said that \u201c knowledge of the programmer \u201d is more important and harder to achieve than \u201c making the network layout secure \u201d. what i mean is that it is easier to change all the hubs, switches, routers and computers all over the world to achieve security, than to strive to achieve that every programmer has to have the knowledge of secure coding practices! during my under - graduation, a professor had once said \u201c it is a never - ending race between designers, attackers and security experts \u201d. designers keep developing technology, while attackers keep finding security holes in the implementation of that technology, and security experts try to come up with workarounds to patch these holes. this seems to be true, not only with computers, but with any technology used in this world! we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5832442035175951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.890835"} {"text": "the theme of 4aos is big stuff - astronomy - and small stuff - macro and microscopy - and anything else that takes my fancy in between. the title, the four ages of sand, is taken from a speech by the great douglas adams in 1998 : \" there are some oddities in the perspective with which we see the world. the fact that we live at the bottom of a deep gravity well, on the surface of a gas covered planet going around a nuclear fireball 90 million miles away and think this is perfectly normal is obviously some indication of how skewed our perspective tends to be, but we have done various things over intellectual history to slowly correct some of our misapprehensions. curiously enough, quite a few of these have come from sand, so let ' s talk about the four ages of sand... \" we use sand to make glass, glass to make lenses, and lenses to make telescopes. through astronomy, we discovered the universe was a very different place than we expected, and so began the first age of sand. next we used lenses to make microscopes and discovered that life itself was very different to what we had believed. then we discovered something else we can make from sand : silicon chips. the computer is the basis of the next stage in our intellectual evolution ; the third of sand. what else can we make from sand? fibre - optics. fibre - optics allowed us to connect computers together, and the fourth age of sand - the internet - was born.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5901113613502321, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.893587"} {"text": "as shown in the previous section, the table expression in the select command constructs an intermediate virtual table by possibly combining tables, views, eliminating rows, grouping, etc. this table is finally passed on to processing by the select list. the select list determines which columns of the intermediate table are actually output. the simplest kind of select list is * which emits all columns that the table expression produces. otherwise, a select list is a comma - separated list of value expressions ( as defined in section 4. 2 ). for instance, it could be a list of column names : select a, b, c from... the columns names a, b, and c are either the actual names of the columns of tables referenced in the from clause, or the aliases given to them as explained in section 188. 8. 131. 52. the name space available in the select list is the same as in the where clause, unless grouping is used, in which case it is the same as in the having clause. if more than one table has a column of the same name, the table name must also be given, as in : select tbl1. a, tbl2. a, tbl1. b from... when working with multiple tables, it can also be useful to ask for all the columns of a particular table : select tbl1. *, tbl2. a from... ( see also section 7. 2. 2. ) if an arbitrary value expression is used in the select list, it conceptually adds a new virtual column to the returned table. the value expression is evaluated once for each result row, with the row ' s values substituted for any column references. but the expressions in the select list do not have to reference any columns in the table expression of the from clause ; they can be constant arithmetic expressions, for instance. the entries in the select list can be assigned names for subsequent processing, such as for use in an order by clause or for display by the client application. for example : select a as value, b + c as sum from... if no output column name is specified using as, the system assigns a default column name. for simple column references, this is the name of the referenced column. for function calls, this is the name of the function. for complex expressions, the system will generate a generic name. the as keyword is optional, but only if the new column name does not match any postgresql keyword (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4906276751789026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.900150"} {"text": "for function calls, this is the name of the function. for complex expressions, the system will generate a generic name. the as keyword is optional, but only if the new column name does not match any postgresql keyword ( see appendix c ). to avoid an accidental match to a keyword, you can double - quote the column name. for example, value is a keyword, so this does not work : select a value, b + c as sum from... but this does : select a \" value \", b + c as sum from... for protection against possible future keyword additions, it is recommended that you always either write as or double - quote the output column name. note : the naming of output columns here is different from that done in the from clause ( see section 184. 108. 40. 206 ). it is possible to rename the same column twice, but the name assigned in the select list is the one that will be passed on. after the select list has been processed, the result table can optionally be subject to the elimination of duplicate rows. the distinct key word is written directly after select to specify this : select distinct select _ list... ( instead of distinct the key word all can be used to specify the default behavior of retaining all rows. ) obviously, two rows are considered distinct if they differ in at least one column value. null values are considered equal in this comparison. alternatively, an arbitrary expression can determine what rows are to be considered distinct : select distinct on ( expression [, expression... ] ) select _ list... here expression is an arbitrary value expression that is evaluated for all rows. a set of rows for which all the expressions are equal are considered duplicates, and only the first row of the set is kept in the output. note that the \" first row \" of a set is unpredictable unless the query is sorted on enough columns to guarantee a unique ordering of the rows arriving at the distinct filter. ( distinct on processing occurs after order by sorting. ) the distinct on clause is not part of the sql standard and is sometimes considered bad style because of the potentially indeterminate nature of its results. with judicious use of group by and subqueries in from, this construct can be avoided, but it is often the most convenient alternative.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5222392164723708, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.903396"} {"text": "david lynn, instructor / partner | georgia institute of technology | laughing dog design studio, llc from the very beginnings of automotive design in the late 1800s, automotive design education has relied heavily on oral tradition, or correspondence, as in the case of andrew johnson, and personal relationships not unlike those between master and apprentice. the tools and skills of automotive design have been taught by experienced practitioners to eager students primarily via demonstration and word of mouth. this method has produced a rich heritage but perhaps at the expense of innovation and broader understanding of the field outside of a relatively small circle of professionals. although the number of practitioners of automotive design is small, the influence is great ; over 60 million cars a year are built ( mcelroy, 2005 ). the introduction of computer - based design tools, along with the ongoing recognition of additional fields that are integral to modern automotive design ( product planning, branding, marketing, ergonomics, interface, aerodynamics, design engineering, materials science, and manufacturing to name a few ) has opened great opportunities and the need for automotive design education to evolve in response. the profession currently enjoys unprecedented influence within the automotive industry. design is widely recognized as an efficient means to distinguish one vehicle from another and increase market share via the superior design of otherwise similar competing products. market analyst autopacific inc. estimates that by 2009, there will be 277 distinct models of cars and light trucks offered in the u. s. ( vlasic, 2006 ). competing in numerous niche markets requires a greater number of vehicle models, each tailored for a specific market and each requiring its own design. the proliferation of models and ever - shrinking development times mean that there is more design work to be done and less time to accomplish it. phil mertens, former group vice president for product creation, ford motor company, points out that \u201c design is increasingly more important due to fragmentation of the global market and required technology and amenities. \u201d ( mcelroy, 2005 ) \u201c the only thing that is going to separate our company from the rest is great design, \u201d declares j mays, ford \u2019 s group vice president of design ( fonda, 2006 ). as competitive economic forces require companies to run leaner, the training and hiring of the best young designers becomes increasingly critical. industry is demanding graduates ready to perform fresh out of school and is no longer in a position to take time to train new hires. this responsibility is falling ever more heavily upon academic design programs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46721626712451475, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.906554"} {"text": "is copy and paste programming really a problem? but it \u2019 s also a natural way to get stuff done \u2013 find something that already works, something that looks close to what you want to do, take a copy and use it as a starting point. almost everybody has done in at some point. this is because there are times when copy and paste programming is not only convenient, but it might also be the right thing to do. first of all, let \u2019 s be clear what i mean by copy and paste. this is not copying code examples off of the internet, a practice that comes with its own advantages and problems. by copy and paste i mean when programmers take a shortcut in reuse \u2013 when they need to solve a problem that is similar to another problem in the system, they \u2019 ll start by taking a copy of existing code and changing what they need to. early in design and development, copy and paste programming has no real advantage. the code and design are still plastic, this is your chance to come up with the right set of abstractions, routines and libraries to do what the system needs to do. and there \u2019 s not a lot to copy from anyways. it \u2019 s late in development when you already have a lot of code in place, and especially when you are maintaining large, long - lived systems, that the copy and paste argument gets much more complicated. why copy and paste? programmers copy and paste because it saves time. first, you have a starting point, code that you know works. all you have to do is figure out what needs to be changed or added. you can focus on the problem you are trying to solve, on what is different, and you only need to understand what you are going to actually use. you are more free to iterate and make changes to fit the problem in front of you \u2013 you can cleanup code when you need to, delete code that you don \u2019 t need. all of this is important, because you may not know what you will need to keep, what you need to change, and what you don \u2019 t need at all until you are deeper into solving the problem. copy and paste programming also reduces risk. if you have to go back and change and extend existing code to do what it does today as well as to solve your new problem, you run the risk of breaking something that is already working. it is usually safer and less expensive ( in the short term at least ) to take a copy and work from there. what if you are building a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44867876108828536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.919827"} {"text": "well as to solve your new problem, you run the risk of breaking something that is already working. it is usually safer and less expensive ( in the short term at least ) to take a copy and work from there. what if you are building a new b2b customer interface that will be used by a new set of customers? it probably makes sense to take an existing interface as a starting point, reuse the scaffolding and plumbing and wiring at least and as much of the the business code as makes sense, and then see what you need to change. in the end, there will be common code used by both interfaces ( after all, that \u2019 s why you are taking a copy ), but it could take a while before you know what this code is. finding a common design, the right abstractions and variations to support different implementations and to handle exceptions can be difficult and time consuming. you may end up with code that is harder to understand and harder to maintain and change in the future \u2013 because the original design didn \u2019 t anticipate the different exceptions and extensions, and refactoring can only take you so far. you may need a new design and implementation. changing the existing code, refactoring or rewriting some of it to be general - purpose, shared and extendable, will add cost and risk to the work in front of you. you can \u2019 t afford to create problems for existing customers and partners just because you want to bring some new customers online. you \u2019 ll need to be extra careful, and you \u2019 ll have to understand not only the details of what you are trying to do now ( the new interface ), but all of the details of the existing interface, its behavior and assumptions, so that you can preserve all of it. it \u2019 s naive to think that all of this behavior will be captured in your automated tests \u2013 assuming that you have a good set of automated tests. you \u2019 ll need to go back and redo integration testing on the existing interface. getting customers and partners who may have already spent weeks or months to test the software to retest it is difficult and expensive. they ( justifiably ) won \u2019 t see the need to go through this time and expense because what they have is already working fine. copying and pasting now, and making a plan to come back later to refactor or even redesign if necessary towards a common solution, is the right approach here. when copy and paste makes sense in making software \u2019 s chapter on \u201c copy -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49290697948455253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.921070"} {"text": "copying and pasting now, and making a plan to come back later to refactor or even redesign if necessary towards a common solution, is the right approach here. when copy and paste makes sense in making software \u2019 s chapter on \u201c copy - paste as a principled engineering tool \u201d, michael godfrey and cory kapser explore the costs of copy and paste programming, and the cases where copy and paste make sense : - forking \u2013 purposely creating variants for hardware or platform variation, or for exploratory reasons. - templating \u2013 some languages don \u2019 t support libraries and shared functions well so it may be necessary to copy and paste to share code. somewhere back in the beginning of time, the first cobol programmer wrote a complete cobol program \u2013 everybody else after that copied and pasted from each other. - customizing \u2013 creating temporary workarounds \u2013 as long as it is temporary. practice of \u201c clone and own \u201d to solve problems in big development organizations. one team takes code from another group and customizes it or adapts it to their own purposes \u2013 now they own their copy. this is a common approach with open source code that is used as a foundation and needs to be extended to solve a proprietary problem. when copy and paste becomes a problem when to copy and paste, and how much of a problem it will become over time, depends on a few important factors. first, the quality of what you are copying \u2013 how understandable the code is, how stable it is, how many bugs it has in it. you don \u2019 t want to start off by inheriting somebody else \u2019 s problems. how many copies have been made. a common rule of thumb from fowler and beck ` s refactoring book is \u201c three strikes and you refactor \u201d. this rule comes from recognizing that by making a copy of something that is already working and changing the copy, you \u2019 ve created a small maintenance problem. it may not be clear what this maintenance problem is yet or how best to clean it up, because only two cases are not always enough to understand what is common and what is special. but the more copies that you make, the more of a maintenance problem that you create \u2013 the cost of making changes and fixes to multiple copies, and the risk of missing making a change or fix to all of the copies increases. by the time that you make a third copy, you should be able to see patterns \u2013 what \u2019 s common between the code, and what isn \u2019 t. and if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4907466741447709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.922069"} {"text": "the risk of missing making a change or fix to all of the copies increases. by the time that you make a third copy, you should be able to see patterns \u2013 what \u2019 s common between the code, and what isn \u2019 t. and if you have to do something in three similar but different ways, there is a good chance that there will be a fourth implementation, and a fifth. by the third time, it \u2019 s worthwhile to go back and restructure the code and come up with a more general - purpose solution. how often you have to change the copied code and keep it in sync \u2013 particularly, how often you have to change or fix the same code in more than one place. how well you know the code, do you know that there are clones and where to find them? how long it takes to find the copies, and how sure you are that you found them all. tools can help with this. source code analysis tools like clone detectors can help you find copy and paste code \u2013 outright copies and code that is not the same but similar ( fuzzier matching with fuzzier results ). copied code is often fiddled with over time by different programmers, which makes it harder for tools to find all of the copies. some programmers recommend leaving comments as markers in the code when you make a copy, highlighting where the copy was taken from, so that a maintenance programmer in the future making a fix will know to look for and check the other code. copy and paste programming doesn \u2019 t come for free. but like a lot of other ideas and practices in software development, copy and paste programming isn \u2019 t right or wrong. it \u2019 s a tool that can be used properly, or abused. brian foote, one of the people who first recognized the big ball of mud problem in software design, says that copy and paste programming is the one form of reuse that programmers actually follow, because it works. it \u2019 s important to recognize this. if we \u2019 re going to copy and paste, let ' s do a responsible job of it. ( note : opinions expressed in this article and its replies are the opinions of their respective authors and not those of dzone, inc. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.486336840009905, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.923052"} {"text": "average annual precipitation for the basin ranges from 31 inches in the northern part of the basin to 35 inches in the southern portion of the basin ( usda - scs 1982 ). the greatest amount of precipitation usually occurs during june, while the least amount of precipitation generally occurs during the months of january and february ( figure hy01 ). the basin is covered primarily in glacial till, and due to the clay content, movement of water to the subsurface is greatly diminished ( detroy and skelton 1983 ). thus, most rainfall runs off the surface rather than percolating into the soil. streams in the basin show rapid flow increases in conjunction with rains, but quickly return to low flow conditions shortly after runoff ceases ( mdnr 1995 ). average annual runoff ranges from five inches in the northern portion of the basin to seven inches in the southern part of the basin ( usda - scs 1982 ). united states geological survey ( usgs ) gage stations there are five active and 26 inactive usgs water gage stations throughout the platte river basin ( table hy01 ). two of the active gage stations are located on the 102 river in iowa, near the towns of gravity ( crest station ) and bedford ( figure hy02 ). the remaining three active stations are located in missouri. one station is located on little platte river 2. 4 miles below smithville reservoir, one is located at smithville reservoir in the dam, and the remaining one is located on the platte river at sharps station ( figure hy02 ). discharges at these active gaging stations are presented in table hy02. permanency of flow in streams within the platte river basin is best illustrated on usgs 7. 5 minute topographic maps. the usgs identified perennial reaches of streams ( defined as having water 12 months of the year during years of normal precipitation ) on these maps with solid blue lines. intermittent streams ( defined as having water less than 12 months of the year ) were indicated with broken blue lines. a listing of the 7. 5 minute quadrangle maps covering each of the 435 third order and larger streams within the platte river basin is provided in table hy03 ( figure hy03 ). funk ( 1968 ) classified missouri streams as permanent if they maintained flow during drought. intermittent streams were defined as those that maintained permanent pools when flow ceased during drought periods. based on these criteria, funk ( 1968 ) determined that the entire 138 miles of the platte river in missouri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42825484385247986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.928707"} {"text": "missouri streams as permanent if they maintained flow during drought. intermittent streams were defined as those that maintained permanent pools when flow ceased during drought periods. based on these criteria, funk ( 1968 ) determined that the entire 138 miles of the platte river in missouri had permanent flow. in addition, the entire 70 miles of the 102 river in missouri maintained permanent flow as well ( table hy04 ). information on the permanence / intermittence of flows in smaller tributaries within the basin is presented in table hy04. average annual discharge for the platte river at sharps station, which is 3. 3 miles below the confluence of the little platte river in platte county at river mile 25. 1 ( 98 % of the drainage basin ), is 1, 925 cfs ( table hy02 ). examination of the flow duration curve for the platte river at sharps station shows that temporal discharge variability within the basin is high ( figure hy04 ). the highest instantaneous daily flow was 37, 800 cfs recorded on july 26, 1993, while the lowest instantaneous daily flow was 12 cfs recorded on august 7, 8, 13, and 14, 1989. stream flows within the basin are generally lowest in january, while peak flows occur during may, june, and july ( figure hy05 ), and these flows coincide with monthly precipitation values. low flows in the little platte river below smithville dam are maintained at 8 cfs. hauth ( 1974 ) presented flood magnitudes at various recurrence intervals for several locations within the platte river basin, and these are presented in table hy05. skelton ( 1976 ) noted that low - flow characteristics of streams vary among physiographic regions in missouri, and that the low - flow potential of most streams in the dissected till plains region is poor because of the low hydraulic conductivity of the clays and shales in the area. skelton ( 1976 ) estimated that the 7 - day q2 would be zero for drainage basins less than 100 miles2. in addition, about 60 % of streams with drainage basins of 100 to 200 miles2 would have 7 - day q2 values of zero, and the remaining streams of this size would have 7 - day q2 values ranging from 0. 1 to 1. 0 cfs. skelton ( 1976 ) also estimated that the 7 - day q10 would be zero for drainage basins less than 200 miles2 in this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.470596287216967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.930149"} {"text": "this size would have 7 - day q2 values ranging from 0. 1 to 1. 0 cfs. skelton ( 1976 ) also estimated that the 7 - day q10 would be zero for drainage basins less than 200 miles2 in this region, with about 70 % of the streams with drainage basins of 200 to 1, 000 miles2 having 7 - day q10 values of zero. the remaining 30 % would have 7 - day q10 values ranging from 0. 1 to 1. 5 cfs. data from the platte river basin for seven day low - flows at two and ten year intervals were reported in skelton ( 1970 ) and skelton ( 1976 ), and these are presented in table hy06. the slope index ( the ratio of the 7 - day q2 to 7 - day q20 ) for the platte river at agency was 73. 3, and this high value indicates extremely high variability in annual low flows and poor groundwater supply. the average slope index for ten streams within the dissected till plains region was 25 ( todd et al. 1994 ), and ranged from 8. 7 in the grand river near gallatin to 73. 3 for the platte river. channelization and watershed modifications were attributed to the wide range in slope index values within northern missouri ( todd et al. 1994 ). dam and hydropower influences smithville lake, a 7, 190 - acre impoundment on the little platte river, and mozingo lake, a 1, 000 - acre impoundment on mozingo creek, are the two largest impoundments within the basin. in 1984, there were 59 impoundments greater than two surface acres within the missouri portion of the basin, and these totaled 635 acres ( mdnr 1995 ). although no information exists on the total number of impoundments within the iowa portion of the basin, ten public impoundments totaling 1, 042 acres were identified. undoubtedly, the number of impoundments greater than two acres has increased dramatically throughout the basin since 1984 in association with pl 83 - 566, salt, earth, and other erosion control projects. concern exists on what effects these impoundments have on low flow conditions because they intercept runoff and provide little or no provisions for maintenance of stream flows. there are no hydropower facilities within the platte river basin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5078149131654269, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.931103"} {"text": "podcasts & rss feeds fri november 18, 2011 climate panel : more extreme weather on the way brace yourself for more extreme weather. a group of more than 200 scientists convened by the united nations says in a new report that climate change will bring more heat waves, more intense rainfall and more expensive natural disasters. these conclusions are from the latest effort of the intergovernmental panel on climate change \u2014 a consensus statement from researchers around the world. and since this is a consensus, the conclusions are carefully couched. take, for example, the issue of rainfall. \" it is likely that the frequency of heavy precipitation will increase in the 21st century over many regions, \" says the report, which defines \" likely \" as more than a 66 percent chance. you might expect heavy rainfall would lead to flooding, but the report is reluctant to make that strong a link. one of the authors, david easterling from the national climatic data center in asheville, n. c., says dams and flood - control projects in some places can handle the heavier bursts of rain, so it ' s not automatically the case that downpours lead to flooding. another example of this deliberate, cautious approach is evident in the report ' s conclusions about hurricanes and typhoons ( hurricanes ' equivalent in the western pacific ). the science suggests strongly that hurricanes will eventually become more powerful, \" but we won ' t really be able to detect an increase for another 30 to 40 years, \" easterling tells npr. \" it may be there, but the increases are not huge. it ' s not like you ' ll see a doubling of wind speeds, but [ storms are ] expected to become more intense. \" that said, the report finds no compelling evidence that hurricanes and typhoons will become more frequent as a result of climate change. much clearer is the trend about who is vulnerable to disaster. the report finds that 95 percent of the lives lost to natural disasters are in the developing world, where people often lack the infrastructure and resources to cope with calamity. most of the financial costs are borne by the developed world, where valuable property is in harm ' s way. and that ' s not simply because of natural disasters \u2014 it ' s principally because of the deliberate choices we ' ve made to develop along vulnerable coastlines and floodplains. you don ' t have to look far for evidence of those costs. this year \" has been one of the most costly from extreme weather events, with more billion - dollar events than ever before, \" says mindy lu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4939459284692127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.935704"} {"text": "sledding has been a winter ritual for generations. anywhere there ' s snow and a hillside, you can find people sledding. your grandparents probably did it, as did your parents, and someday your kids will do it, too. why? it ' s tons of fun, and it doesn ' t require any special skills or equipment other than a sled and a helmet. but sledding can also cause injuries, some of them pretty serious. to keep yourself safe, follow these tips. why is sledding safety important? though it may seem like harmless fun, sledding injuries send tens of thousands of people to hospital emergency rooms each year. more than half of all sledding injuries are head injuries, which can be very serious and even deadly. sledders are actually more likely to be injured in collisions than skiers or snowboarders. choose the right hill when hills get coated with snow, they may all look like great locations for sledding. but not all hills are safe. choose yours carefully. here are a few guidelines to follow : select a hill that is not too steep and has a long flat area at the bottom for you to glide to a stop. avoid hillsides that end near a street or parking lot. avoid hillsides that end near ponds, trees, fences or other hazards. make sure the hill is free of obstacles such as jumps, bumps, rocks, or trees before you begin sledding. choose hills that are snowy rather than icy. if you fall off your sled, icy slopes make for hard landings. try to sled during the daytime, when visibility is better. if you go sledding at night, make sure the hillside is well lit and all potential hazards are visible. dress for success since sledding involves playing in the snow outdoors during wintertime, chances are it ' s going to be cold. frostbite and even hypothermia are potential dangers. so is hitting your head. be sure to wear the proper clothing to stay warm and safe. wear sensible winter clothing \u2014 hats, gloves or mittens, snow pants, winter jacket, snow boots \u2014 that is waterproof and warm, and change into something dry if your clothes get wet. avoid wearing scarves or any clothing that can get caught in a sled and pose a risk of strangulation. wear a helmet designed for winter sports. if you don ' t have a ski or winter sports helmet, at least wear the helmet you use for biking or skateboarding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4136918980549914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.942259"} {"text": "that can get caught in a sled and pose a risk of strangulation. wear a helmet designed for winter sports. if you don ' t have a ski or winter sports helmet, at least wear the helmet you use for biking or skateboarding. the best sleds can be steered by their riders and have brakes to slow them down. avoid sleds that can ' t be steered, such as saucers or plastic toboggans, and never use a sled substitute like an inner tube, lunch tray, or cardboard box. good sleds are relatively cheap to buy and are well worth the extra money. follow these simple safety rules you ' ve got the right kind of sled and a helmet, you ' re dressed warmly, and you ' ve picked out a perfect hill. you ' re ready to go. follow these rules to keep yourself and other sledders safe : designate a go - to adult. in the event someone gets injured, you ' ll want an adult on hand to administer first aid and, if necessary, take the injured sledder to the emergency room. always sit face - forward on your sled. never sled down a hill backwards or while standing, and don ' t go down the hill face - first, as this greatly increases the risk of a head injury. young kids ( 5 and under ) should sled with an adult, and kids under 12 should be actively watched at all times. go down the hill one at a time and with only one person per sled ( except for adults with young children ). piling more than one person on a sled just means there are more things on the hill that you can collide with. never build an artificial jump or obstacle on a sledding hill. keep your arms and legs within the sled at all times, and if you fall off the sled, move out of the way. if you find yourself on a sled that won ' t stop, roll off it and get away from it. walk up the side of the hill and leave the middle open for other sledders. never ride a sled that is being pulled by a moving vehicle. while it ' s unlikely that you ' ll be injured while sledding, the possibility definitely exists. just take a little extra time to dress properly and make sure you ' re following these safety guidelines, and you ' ll have a better time knowing you have less to worry about. sledding is supposed to be fun. stay safe and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4484679149219629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.943296"} {"text": "my 6 - year - old daughter is undergoing tests at our local hospital to see if she ' s in puberty. how can this be happening so early? - joy puberty, the time when kids develop physically and emotionally into young adults, usually begins around 8 to 15 years of age. but for some kids it can happen much earlier. the medical term for this early development is precocious puberty. precocious puberty might be the result of a problem in the brain or a hormonal imbalance, but more often there ' s no specific underlying health issue. some kids just have an early timer. a doctor who specializes in early puberty can help distinguish between normal early development and a medical issue, and can help with treatment if it is needed. going through puberty early can be difficult on any child emotionally and socially, but can be even more difficult if that child is too young to understand what ' s happening. give your daughter a simple, truthful explanation about what ' s happening, and keep her informed about what can be expected along the way. although we can ' t reply personally, you may see your question posted to this page in the future. if you ' re looking for medical advice, a diagnosis, or treatment, consult your doctor or other qualified medical professional. if this is an emergency, contact emergency services in your area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4550231466616973, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.945643"} {"text": "can a girl get pregnant if she has sex during her period? can a girl get pregnant if she has sex during her period? - jamie * yes. a lot of people think that if a girl has sex during her period, she can ' t get pregnant. but it is possible for a girl to get pregnant while she is bleeding. this can happen for a couple of reasons : not all vaginal bleeding is a menstrual period. sometimes a girl will have a small amount of vaginal bleeding at the time of \u2014 the time when she is most fertile. girls who are ovulating sometimes have some vaginal bleeding that can be mistaken for a period. sometimes ovulation can happen before the bleeding from a girl ' s period has stopped or within a few days after her period is over. all girls can ovulate at different points from cycle to cycle, making it impossible for a girl to know exactly when she is most fertile. because sperm can fertilize an egg for 72 hours ( 3 days ) after ejaculation, having sex during a girl ' s period is risky. having unprotected sex at any time is risky : along with the chance of getting pregnant, you can also get a sexually transmitted disease ( std ), such as chlamydia, genital warts, or hiv. the only way to prevent pregnancy and stds is abstinence. if you do have sex, use a condom every time to protect against unplanned pregnancy and stds. and talk to your doctor about additional forms of contraception.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38735050639410595, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.950956"} {"text": "blood test : basic metabolic panel what is a basic metabolic panel and why is it done? a basic metabolic panel ( bmp ) is a group of blood tests that provide doctors with clues about how the body is working. doctors usually order this as part of a routine physical or as a way to help diagnose a medical problem. although the basic metabolic panel tests for several different things, you should only need to get blood taken once. the lab uses the same blood sample to run all the tests. the bmp test looks at : - glucose. the body uses this type of sugar for energy. abnormal glucose levels can indicate diabetes or hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ). - calcium. this mineral plays an important role in muscle contraction, transmitting messages through the nerves, and the release of hormones. elevated or decreased calcium levels may be a sign of a hormone imbalance or problems with the kidneys, bones, or pancreas. - sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, and chloride. these electrolytes help balance the body ' s fluid levels, among other things. they also play a role in regulating heart rhythm, muscle contraction, and brain function. abnormal levels of these electrolytes may be a sign of heart disease, kidney disease, or dehydration. - blood urea nitrogen ( bun ) and creatinine. these waste products are filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. high levels in the blood may be a sign that the kidneys aren ' t working as well as they should. in an emergency, the basic metabolic panel can be done without any special preparation. but the results are more accurate when a person has been fasting. so your doctor may ask you not to eat or drink for 8 to 12 hours before having your blood taken. you should tell your doctor about any medications you ' re taking ( including over - the - counter medicines or herbal supplements ) because certain drugs might alter the test results. it can help to wear a t shirt or other short - sleeve top on the day of the test to make things faster and easier for the technician who will be drawing the blood. a health professional will usually draw the blood from a vein in your arm \u2014 most often on the inside of the elbow, but sometimes on the back of the hand. the technician cleans the skin surface with antiseptic and ties an elastic band ( tourniquet ) around the upper arm so the veins swell with blood and are easy to see. next, it ' s time for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49489022390134163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.955465"} {"text": "back of the hand. the technician cleans the skin surface with antiseptic and ties an elastic band ( tourniquet ) around the upper arm so the veins swell with blood and are easy to see. next, it ' s time for the needle. it should feel like a quick pinprick. occasionally, it can be hard to find a vein so a nurse, doctor, or technician may need to try more than once. that ' s not the norm, though \u2014 most people ' s veins are easy to find. it ' s best to try to relax and stay still during the procedure since tensing muscles can make it harder and more painful to draw blood. and if you don ' t want to watch the needle being inserted or see the blood collecting, you don ' t have to. look the other way and maybe relax by focusing on saying the alphabet backwards, doing some breathing exercises, thinking of a place that makes you happy, or listening to your favorite music. the technician will draw the blood so it collects in a vial or syringe. collecting blood will only take a few minutes. once the technician has enough blood, he or she removes the needle and covers the area with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. after the test, you may notice some bruising \u2014 that ' s normal and it should go away in a few days. don ' t be afraid to ask the technician if you have any questions about the blood draw. a blood test is a safe procedure and there are no real risks. some people may feel faint or lightheaded during a blood test. and, while nobody really loves needles, a few teens have a strong fear of them. if that ' s you, talk to your doctor since there are ways to make the procedure easier for you. the blood sample will be processed by a machine. it usually only takes a few hours or a day or so for your doctor to get the results. if your doctor has any concerns after the test results are in, he or she may want to do additional tests. reviewed by : steven dowshen, md date reviewed : february 2011 share this page using : note : all information on teenshealth\u00ae is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. \u00a9 1995 - the nemours foundation. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.444025500803396, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.956505"} {"text": "pub. date : 2008 | online pub. date : may 28, 2008 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412963930 | print isbn : 9781412941655 | online isbn : 9781412963930 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia immigration, united states often described as a nation of immigrants, the united states had a foreign - born population of 12. 4 percent in 2005. before the 19th century, however, people rarely used the term immigrant. instead, the foreign - born came as settlers, pioneers, slaves, or indentured servants. the naturalization act of 1790 first established a centralized process for becoming a citizen, originally open to any free white individual who could demonstrate residence in the country for 2 years. in the mid - 19th century, the short - lived know - no thing movement emerged as a reaction to a surge in immigration, particularly of irish catholics after the potato famine of 1845 \u2013 1851. no national legislation, however, was enacted in response. immigration was, for the most part, welcomed as a route to national development until the late 19th century. this changed with the passing of the chinese exclusion act of 1882, which barred chinese from entering the country and excluded those already in...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4476989251359551, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.958003"} {"text": "about this base converter base - 2 to base - 62 are accepted. \" a \" stands for 10, \" z \" for 35, \" a \" ( lower - case ) for 36 and \" z \" ( lower - case ) for 61. decimals are supported. this is a custom function because php ' s base _ convert ( ) doesn ' t accept decimals and only goes up to base - 36. it ' s only as precise as php is, so don ' t blindly copy the smallest decimal thinking it will always be correct. is there any standard for displaying numbers higher than base - 36? i ' ve used lowercase letters to go up to base - 62, but i couldn ' t find if that ' s what is commonly done. ( then again, i guess nothing is commonly done, since anything beyond base - 16 doesn ' t really have much use, to my knowledge. ) fun game : enter your name and supply base - 36 ( or higher ) as the starting base and see what number you get in another base. my first name in base - 38 for instance returns epkco in base - 42. what ' s this about? a base is the system with which numbers are displayed. if we talk about base - n, the system has n characters ( including 0 ) available to display a number. numbers are represented with digits which are smaller than n. therefore, 3 in base - 3 is 10 : because that system doesn ' t have a \" 3 \", it starts over ( 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 20, 21, 22, 100, etc. ). the base we usually use is base - 10, because we have 10 ( when including 0 ) digits until we start over again ( 8, 9, 10 ). in base - 2 ( binary ), we only have 2 characters, i. e. 0 and 1, until we start over again. following this example, the binary number 10 is 2 in our ( base - 10 ) system. does it make sense that a finite fraction ( \" decimal \" ) is infinite in another base? it totally does. if you want to convert 645 from base - 8 to base - 10, you do 6 * 82 + 4 * 81 + 5 * 80 = 421. after the comma you keep on decrementing the exponent, meaning that if you have 21. 35 in base - 7 you get to its base - 10 equivalent by doing 2 * 71 + 1 * 70 + 3 * 7 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502329117231094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.960459"} {"text": "from time to time in the workplace, it is up to us to provide feedback to others. perhaps to your mentee, a colleague or teammate, or even your boss. how can you make sure your words are well received, while also honest and effective? follow the simple guidelines below, and you \u2019 ll do fine. don \u2019 t be vague or speak in generalities. instead, a specific example, such as, \u201c when you gave the presentation, you spent 5 minutes giving background before telling us why you were speaking, or the goal you wanted to achieve. instead, next time, could you start with one or two sentences that give context and tell the team precisely what you want from us? in this way, people will be more inclined to listen to the rest of what you say. does this make sense to you? \u201d you want to specify what the problem is, why it was a problem ( in your opinion ) and a specific suggestion as to how it could be resolved. finally, you want to ask for the other person \u2019 s input and understanding. keep it confined to one instance or event stay focused on the clear difference you would like to see in their actions from this most recent event. phrases like, \u201c you always \u2026 \u201d or \u201c you never \u2026 \u201d are not helpful, and tend to put one on the defensive. when giving critique, make sure to focus on precisely what happened, and how it needs to be improved, for the one example you are going to offer. be timely ( but don \u2019 t give critique when you \u2019 re angry, or emotional ) make sure and give feedback near to the time of the event that you \u2019 re critiquing. not only will the event be fresh in your mind, it will also be more relevant and helpful to the person receiving the feedback. you don \u2019 t want to wait too long, or the impact of your input will be lost. on the other hand, if you are upset about what happened, make sure you give yourself time to calm down, so the criticism you give can be objective and helpful. state what you want ( not only what you don \u2019 t ) it \u2019 s important that critique be useful and give someone a place to go. simply telling someone that they blew it isn \u2019 t helpful. moreover, saying, \u201c don \u2019 t do this, and don \u2019 t do that \u201d tells your recipient what you don \u2019 t want, but doesn \u2019 t tell them what you do want. instead, give concrete ideas for what could have been done differently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4428932288849081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.966983"} {"text": ", saying, \u201c don \u2019 t do this, and don \u2019 t do that \u201d tells your recipient what you don \u2019 t want, but doesn \u2019 t tell them what you do want. instead, give concrete ideas for what could have been done differently, and why you think it would be better that way. ask for understanding and reflection when giving critique, it is important that the person giving feedback be open to hearing that the input was given without a whole understanding of the facts, or was somehow misplaced. you want to be clear about your version of events, and why you think there is a situation that needs to be resolved, but you want to be open to hearing another version of the events, as well. remember you \u2019 re going for true communication. you want to share your ideas, but you need to be able to hear from the other side. the idea is not to bully the other side into submission, but rather that everyone have a better understanding of what happened, and how you can work together to do better next time. if you follow the above guidelines, your criticism should be well received, and effective. giving critique can be tough, so go slow, learn to do it well, and be open to hearing it as well. and never forget, your critique will be so much better received if you \u2019 re also verbal with your praise. when was the last time you had to give critique, and what happened? aurelia flores is senior counsel at a fortune 500 company and former fulbright fellow who graduated from stanford law school. her website, powerfullatinas. com, offers stories of success, along with resources and programs focused on latino empowerment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.442717836682442, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.967665"} {"text": "the definite article the is the most frequent word in english. we use the definite article in front of a noun when we believe the hearer / reader knows exactly what we are referring to. \u2022 because there is only one : the pope is visiting russia. the moon is very bright tonight. the shah of iran was deposed in 1979. this is why we use the definite article with a superlative adjective : he is the tallest boy in the class. it is the oldest building in the town. \u2022 because there is only one in that place or in those surroundings : | we live in a small village next to the church. | | = | | ( the church in our village ) | | dad, can i borrow the car? | | = | | ( the car that belongs to our family ) | | when we stayed at my grandmother \u2019 s house we went to the beach every day. | | = | | ( the beach near my grandmother \u2019 s house ) | | look at the boy in the blue shirt over there. | | = | | ( the boy i am pointing at ) | \u2022 because we have already mentioned it : a woman who fell 10 metres from high peak was lifted to safety by a helicopter. the woman fell while climbing. the rescue is the latest in a series of incidents on high peak. in january last year two men walking on the peak were killed in a fall. we also use the definite article : \u2022 to say something about all the things referred to by a noun : the wolf is not really a dangerous animal ( = wolves are not really dangerous animals ) the kangaroo is found only in australia ( = kangaroos are found only in australia ) the heart pumps blood around the body. ( = hearts pump blood around bodies ) we use the definite article in this way to talk about musical instruments : joe plays the piano really well. ( = george can play any piano ) she is learning the guitar. ( = she is learning to play any guitar ) \u2022 to refer to a system or service : how long does it take on the train. i heard it on the radio. you should tell the police. \u2022 with adjectives like rich, poor, elderly, unemployed to talk about groups of people : life can be very hard for the poor. i think the rich should pay more taxes. she works for a group to help the disabled. the definite article with names : we do not normally use the definite article with names : william shakespeare wrote hamlet. paris is the capital of france. iran is in asia. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4975563530367143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.971001"} {"text": "should pay more taxes. she works for a group to help the disabled. the definite article with names : we do not normally use the definite article with names : william shakespeare wrote hamlet. paris is the capital of france. iran is in asia. but we do use the definite article with : \u2022 countries whose names include words like kingdom, states or republic : the united kingdom ; the kingdom of nepal ; the united states ; the people \u2019 s republic of china. \u2022 countries which have plural nouns as their names : the netherlands ; the philippines \u2022 geographical features, such as mountain ranges, groups of islands, rivers, seas, oceans and canals : the himalayas ; the canaries ; the atlantic ; the atlantic ocean ; the amazon ; the panama canal. the times ; the washington post \u2022 well known buildings or works of art : the empire state building ; the taj mahal ; the mona lisa ; the sunflowers the united nations ; the seamen \u2019 s union \u2022 hotels, pubs and restaurants * : the ritz ; the ritz hotel ; the king \u2019 s head ; the deja vu * note : we do not use the definite article if the name of the hotel or restaurant is the name of the owner, e. g., brown \u2019 s ; brown \u2019 s hotel ; morel \u2019 s ; morel \u2019 s restaurant, etc. the obamas ; the jacksons tags for teachers a - z of content - 1 de 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4593711691627064, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.971601"} {"text": "genealogy : cracking the soundex code there are some nuances to soundex coding that affect names that may be on your lists. men and women in religious orders were usually coded as if sister, brother, or mother were their surnames. indian and hawaiian names may be coded as if they had a surname. running bear may be coded as b600 and then alphabetically as if his first name were \u201c running. \u201d for more information about special situations, consult kathleen hinckley ' s your guide to the federal census and tony burroughs article \u201c the original soundex instructions, \u201d published in the national genealogical society quarterly. names that sound the same, but begin with different letters such as courll and kurl, or fillip and phillip, can give researchers problems because they will be coded differently. in cases like these you may need to use both codes to be successful. daitch - mokotoff soundex system is a modification of the soundex system used to accommodate eastern european names in some indexes, but not those for the census. eastern european names did not always fit the soundex coding system. same - sounding names might be spelled differently enough to code differently, making it difficult to find the individual sought in indexes. names such as moskowitz and moskovitz sound the same, but their codes are m232 and m213, respectively. to remedy this situation, two researchers devised a modification of the soundex known as the daitch - mokotoff soundex system. it is not used for the federal census indexes, but reading about the system may provide new ideas on what variations of your surnames you need to know for successful census searches. many genealogy programs will generate the soundex codes for every surname in your database. also, there are soundex code generators online in which you enter a surname and the code is generated for you. one ( http : / / resources. rootsweb. com / cgi - bin / soundexconverter ) is a rootsweb page that will return not only the code for surname you enter, but also a list of other names with the same code. some online code generators such as www. stevemorse. org / census / soundex. html will return the surnames with both the soundex and daitch mokotoff soundex codes. math teachers often express concern when students use calculators for all their arithmetic work, wondering if they understand the underlying concepts. the same is true of using these generators. they are convenient to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4812629823747676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.975381"} {"text": "soundex and daitch mokotoff soundex codes. math teachers often express concern when students use calculators for all their arithmetic work, wondering if they understand the underlying concepts. the same is true of using these generators. they are convenient to use, but it is important to understand the basic systems of coding as well. soundex codes and online indexes although soundex codes are not necessary to use online indexes to censuses, understanding the soundex and applying it to the surnames on your list is still important. you may be unable to find your surnames with a simple alphabetical search, in which case you will want to use the soundex code search option. also, other online indexes, particularly those for ships ' passenger lists, use soundex codes to increase the chances of success in finding the person whose name was not spelled the way you thought it was. more on : family history and genealogy excerpted from the complete idiot ' s guide to genealogy \u00bf a\u00bd 2005 by christine rose and kay germain ingalls. all rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. used by arrangement with alpha books, a member of penguin group ( usa ) inc. to order this book visit the idiot ' s guide web site or call 1 - 800 - 253 - 6476.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42605181608704906, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.975940"} {"text": "arabian spiny mouse ( english ), eastern spiny mouse ( english ), \u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u0649 ( arabic ) eastern spiny mouse has coarse, dark tan and spine - like fur on the upperparts of the body extended from behind the shoulder onto rump. body color varies from pale - brown to brown in color on the upperparts especially mid - dorsum while the underparts and feet white. the ear is large with white patches. whitish suborbital region. tail long, slender, hairless except on closer inspection has short bristles, shorter than the head and body length, upper surface of the tail pale grayish brown and buff or white on the ventral surface. palm and sole of the feet buff and without hairs. claws whitish. status in egypt largely nocturnal mammal. sociable species, living in large groups. omnivorous, feeding on snails, insects, scorpions, spiders, and also various plant parts. eastern spiny mice can survive without food or water for nearly nine days and can erect its dorsal spines to enlarge its size and hence deceive predators. the tail and large patches of dorsal skin come off easily when handled ; also act as an anti - predator device. eastern spiny mice breed throughout the year with peak in breeding activity from february to july and female gives birth to a litter of two to five young after a gestation period of around 42 days. body length : 93 \u2013 125 mm. tail length : 85 \u2013 123 mm. weight : 37 \u2013 48 gm. ecology and distribution distribution in egypt localized ( south sinai ). spiny mice inhabits in mountains, wadis near wild plants, and in bedouin gardens. - mus dimidiatus cretzschmar, 1826 ( synonym ) - acomys flavidus thomas, 1917 ( synonym ) - acomys cahirinus ( cretzschmar, 1826 ) ssp. dimidiatus ( synonym )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4354938448864557, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.977683"} {"text": "by gina trapani everyone ' s got files they ' d like to keep out the the hands of intruders or casual passerby. ever concerned you ' ll lose the thumb drive where you backed up four years of post - graduate research? every worried your 5 - year - old will accidentally open the um, grownup files just meant for mommy and daddy? worry no more. today we ' ll go over a simple way to encrypt sensitive files or entire external disk drives to protect them from prying eyes. recently - featured truecrypt is a free, open source encryption application that works on windows and linux. given the right credentials, truecrypt will create a virtual hard drive that will read and write encrypted files on the fly. huh - wha? fear not ; this ' ll make sense once we get it set up. let ' s get started. set up the encrypted volume location - download truecrypt, install and launch. - hit the \" create volume \" button to launch the wizard that prepares the encrypted drive location. choose \" create a standard truecrypt volume \" and hit next. hit the \" select file \" button and navigate to a location to store your encrypted files and type a name for it. i ' m going with \" c : \\ documents and settings \\ gina \\ my documents \\ gtrapani. 4meonly \" as shown. ( click to enlarge. ) ( that. 4meonly extension is my own creation ; your file can have any - or no - extension. ) keep in mind that this isn ' t the file you want to encrypt ; it ' s a big file container that will store the files you want encrypted all scrambled up like eggs inside it. hit next. - choose your encryption algorithm. the curious can flip through the dropdown and view info on each option, but you pretty much can ' t go wrong here ; the default aes selection will work for most purposes. ( hey, if it works for top secret government files, it probably will work for you. ) hit next. choose the size of the virtual drive - for example, 100mb, as shown. ( click to enlarge. ) yes, it ' s a pain to have to commit to a size beforehand, but the advantage here is that the file will always look like it ' s exactly 100mb, giving no hint to the actual size of its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5727328061615387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.986683"} {"text": "to enlarge. ) yes, it ' s a pain to have to commit to a size beforehand, but the advantage here is that the file will always look like it ' s exactly 100mb, giving no hint to the actual size of its contents. hit next. - choose your volume password. truecrypt wants something totally badass, like 20 characters with letters and numbers mixed together, something hard to crack. the whole point here is to keep snoopers at bay, so make your password reasonably difficult to crack or guess. - format the \" volume. \" this part is cool : truecrypt gathers random information from your system - including the location of your mouse pointer - to format the file drive location with random data to make it impossible to read. hit the format button to go ahead with this operation, which may slow down your computer for a few seconds. ( and don ' t be scared by the word \" format \" ; you ' re not erasing your hard drives or anything, you ' re just formatting the drive location file - in this example, the gtrapani. 4meonly file - you just created. ) congrats! your encrypted volume location is ready for use. store and retrieve files from the encrypted volume now you ' ve got a truecrypt file that can hold all your highly - sensitive data files locked up tight as a drum. here ' s how to get to it. - from truecrypt, choose \" select file \" and navigate to the volume file you created above, as shown. ( click to enlarge. ) - select an available drive letter from the list in truecrypt, like z :. hit the \" mount \" button, and enter the volume password you created above. - if you enter the correct password, the virtual drive z : will be mounted. go to my computer and listed alongside all the other drives on your computer, there will be a new one listed \" local disk z :. \" drag and drop all your sensitive data to this drive and work from it as if you would any other disk. - once you ' re finished working with the data, in truecrypt, select the mounted drive ( like z : ) and hit the \" dismount \" button. the z : drive will no longer be available, and all you ' ll have left is the gtrapani. 4meonly file you created, which can be dropped onto a thumb drive, email", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5384249184677461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.987766"} {"text": "hit the \" dismount \" button. the z : drive will no longer be available, and all you ' ll have left is the gtrapani. 4meonly file you created, which can be dropped onto a thumb drive, emailed to yourself, burned to cd or placed on your ipod, totally encrypted. note : using truecrypt you can secure an entire drive - like a usb thumb drive. to do so, instead of hitting \" select file, \" use \" select device \" and choose your thumb drive. alternate method : openssl the downside to truecrypt is that it has to be installed everywhere you want to access the passworded files, and it ' s not compatible with mac os x. ( note : reader pmhesse says you can carry around the truecrypt files on a thumb drive and use it from there instead of installing the whole app on every computer you need it. ) for those of you comfortable on the command line, there ' s an alternative way to password a file using the free utility openssl. say you want to password protect a tar archive of documents called unencrypted - data. tar. from the command line, type : $ openssl des3 - salt - in unencrypted - data. tar - out encrypted - data. tar. des3 enter des - ede3 - cbc encryption password : verifying - enter des - ede3 - cbc encryption password : $ that command will encrypt the unencrypted - data. tar file with the password you choose and output the result to encrypted - data. tar. des3. to unlock the encrypted file, use the following command : $ openssl des3 - d - salt - in encrypted - data. tar. des3 - out unencrypted - data. tar enter des - ede3 - cbc encryption password : $ this method works with cygwin on windows, os x and linux. how do you keep your sensitive files from getting into the wrong hands? let us know in the comments or to tips at lifehacker. com. gina trapani, the editor of lifehacker, is currently encrypting all the terrible poetry and humiliating love stories she ' s ever written. her semi - weekly feature, geek to live, appears every wednesday and friday on lifehacker. subscribe to the geek to live feed to get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5003049560399284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.988708"} {"text": "tuesday, april 19, 2011 three billion years b. c. as we turn back the cosmic clock the rate of accumulation of material increases. the pockmarked lunar surface has served as a proxy for reconstructing the history of asteroidal and cometary impact on the earth. without an atmosphere or significant geophysical activity the moon has an excellent memory of impacts, while the earth had eroded and resurfaced itself in continual reinvention. this record has indicated that during a period between about 4. 1 and 3. 8 billion years ago the earth must have been subject to a particularly brutal pummeling. a substantial fraction of the outer shell of our planet could have been laid down during what has become known as the late heavy bombardment. it ' s a fascinating time in the history of our world. the first indications that microbial life might have been at work come not so very long after this quite cataclysmic episode ended. the reason for this infall of material seems likely to be connected to a period of dynamical evolution in the outer planets. models suggest that both neptune and uranus could have migrated outwards and dug into a rich belt of outer, kuiper or trans - neptunian objects. many of those distant small bodies would have been pushed into orbital paths that would eventually lead to passage through the inner solar system and collision with the earth. at the same time, jupiter and saturn would have migrated inwards and could have scattered material from the asteroid belt onto inbound trajectories. once the dynamical reorganization of the giant planets was finished the late heavy bombardment would have tailed off. a settling planet earth then gave rise to the tentative steps of biochemistry and single - celled organisms. or so we thought. new evidence is emerging from the terrestrial rock record that the earth actually continued to be pounded by very significant impacts from 3. 8 billion years ago all the way up to around 2. 5 billion years ago. \" life killer \" type asteroid impacts seem to have happened roughly every 40 million years during this timespan, rather than every 500 million years as had previously been thought. so what gives? where did these chunks of material come from? w. bottke and colleagues have studied the gravitational dynamics of the teenage solar system and suggest that a now - depleted inner belt of material between mars and jupiter could have been scattered onto an inclined set of orbits - out of the plane of the planets. this population would then slowly \" leak \" into earth - crossing paths, thereby greatly extending the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5247349758593172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.992609"} {"text": "that a now - depleted inner belt of material between mars and jupiter could have been scattered onto an inclined set of orbits - out of the plane of the planets. this population would then slowly \" leak \" into earth - crossing paths, thereby greatly extending the tail of the late heavy bombardment over another billion years or so. the leftovers of these bodies are still there, known as the hungaria asteroids. it all looks to fit rather well. the dynamics are believable, and provide a mechanism for the impacts that littered the planet with the molten globs of rock that geologists find in layers of ancient strata. there ' s just one teensy question. what are the implications for the evolution of life on earth? while evidence of microbe - built structures like stromatolites from 3. 5 to 3. 8 billion years ago remain a little controversial, the presence of a diverse planet - wide biosphere is pretty incontrovertible in the 3 to 2. 5 billion year ago span. apparently microbial life not only dealt with continual destructive asteroid impacts but really did rather well for itself. this raises another intriguing issue. as w. bottke and colleagues point out, this prolonged period of heavy impacts does effectively stop around 2. 5 billion years ago. that is suspiciously coincident with the first signs of a rising oxygen content in the earth ' s atmosphere ( the \" great oxidation event \" ), and the eventual emergence of multi - cellular life somewhere around 1. 6 to 2 billion years ago. is there a connection? could the continual accumulation of planetary material have held back the full - on evolutionary party of early life? it ' s highly speculative, but one is tempted to think that this might be further evidence for the incredible resilience of life and its near - relentless nature once it becomes entrenched on a planet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5105240720769628, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.993468"} {"text": "the 2011 nobel peace prize was awarded to a trio of women ' s rights activists : president ellen johnson sirleaf and leymah gbowee of liberia, and tawakkul karman of yemen. the norwegian nobel committee awarded this year ' s nobel peace prize to three women for promoting women \u2019 s rights through peacebuilding work in liberia and yemen, and passed over contenders from the launching pads of the arab uprisings \u2013 tunisia and egypt. the award, which had only been bestowed on a dozen women before today, was shared between liberia \u2019 s ellen johnson sirleaf, africa \u2019 s first democratically elected female president ; leymah gbowee, who mobilized women across ethnic and religious lines to bring an end to war in liberia ; and tawakkul karman, head of women journalists without chains, who played a leading part in the struggle for women \u2019 s rights and democracy and peace in yemen. committee chairman thorbj\u00f8rn jagland acknowledged the widespread expectation that the award would be given to at least one arab spring activist, but said that the committee ' s larger goal was to highlight that the freedom and rights of women was an important prerequisite to a society becoming truly democratic. \u201c we have included the arab spring in this prize, but we have put it into a particular context and i think the most important context maybe, \" said mr. jagland. \" if we fail to include the women in the revolutions of democracy, there will be no real democracy. this is the most important issue in all of the arab world, namely the oppression of women. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4144408794708316, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:07.998242"} {"text": "i have no excuse for not remembering my daughter \u2019 s birthday, which is sept. 18. while waiting in the hospital room for her delivery a couple of decades ago, there was a near constant stream of the orange and black monarch butterflies that would approach the building, climb the additional floors to clear the roof and continue their southward migration to mexico. every year since then, when i see the monarch migration beginning, i know that her birthday is rapidly approaching. unlike the more familiar bird migrations, monarch migration is a multi - generational endeavor. the butterflies that we see coming back north in missouri next spring will be the descendants of the ones that are passing through here now. on their way back here next spring, they \u2019 ll produce a brood in texas or oklahoma and those offspring will be our first monarchs of 2012. here in missouri, broods are produced in summer and fall. the life cycle from egg to caterpillar to chrysalis to adult only takes a little over a month to complete. adults live for only four or five weeks, except for the last generation each year that can live for seven to eight months, reaching mexico in the fall and coming part of the way back north in the spring. if you \u2019 re spending much time outside, or staring out hospital windows, you have probably observed the recent increasing number of monarchs in the air or visiting flowering plants for nectar. because monarchs don \u2019 t fly at night, a few lucky missourians may also discover night roosts, where the insects will mass on trees for a night or two of rest before resuming their southward flight. along with the autumnal equinox, which is this friday, the annual monarch migration through missouri marks the seasonal change from summer to fall.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4184364783858213, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.000009"} {"text": "cholera infections are ten times higher than the number of cases reported to the world health organisation ( who ), according to new estimates of the global disease burden. cholera is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with the vibrio cholera bacterium. the disease causes watery diarrhoea and severe dehydration that can be fatal. in a study published in the bulletin of the world health organisation this month ( 1 march ), researchers from the international vaccine institute, in south korea found a more accurate estimate of the global cholera burden is nearly three million cases a year, and around 93, 000 deaths \u2014 the majority in children under the age of five. these figures are ten times higher than those reported to the who, and suggest that many governments are unable to provide reliable figures or are deliberately under - reporting outbreaks despite an international law requiring them to do so. to reach this conclusion, the team used data on cholera reported to the who, but also incorporated information from previous multi - country studies, alternative disease monitoring systems, and media and government reports. they evaluated each country surveyed individually in order to estimate the disease ' s likely extent. the study ' s authors said several factors were to blame for the official underestimation of the disease burden, including poor in - country surveillance, but also a reluctance on the part of many governments to conduct cholera surveillance or report cases because it could result in losses to trade and tourism. \" unless the magnitude of the problem is reported, we will not know how to solve [ it ], \" mohammad ali, who led the study, told scidev. net. under - reporting of cholera is a major problem in india, according to g. balakrish nair, executive director of the country ' s translational health science and technology institute. \" the moment you say cholera, there is a certain political connotation. it is clear indicator that there is lack of hygiene or a mix up of drinking and sewage water, which is a reflection of poor governance, \" he told scidev. net. he also said the resources were not always available to diagnose cholera, especially in remote areas. access to resources and funding are more of a problem than under - reporting in africa, according to martin mengel, project coordinator for africhol, which aims to improve cholera prevention and treatment in africa. \" many countries simply can ' t afford it, \" he said. worldwide, around 1. 4 billion people are at risk of cholera \u2014 mostly in china, india, indonesia, and on the african", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4122154660197415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.003451"} {"text": "decimals : terminating or repeating? date : 01 / 26 / 2001 at 15 : 10 : 31 from : seegee subject : how to tell if decimals are terminating or repeating? how can you tell just by looking at a fraction whether, in decimal form, it will terminate or repeat? my math teacher said there was a way, but i don ' t see how. please help. date : 01 / 26 / 2001 at 15 : 49 : 23 from : doctor greenie subject : re : how to tell if decimals are terminating or repeating? hi, seegee - if a decimal fraction terminates, then it has a name like one of the following : \" _ _ _ _ tenths \" \" _ _ _ _ hundredths \" \" _ _ _ _ thousandths \" \" _ _ _ _ ten - thousandths \"... \" _ _ _ _ millionths \"... \" _ _ _ _ ten - billionths \"... etc., etc. when you write these numbers as common fractions, what is special about the denominators? the answer to that question should be a big hint toward the answer to your question, but it won ' t give the complete answer. for example, here are a couple of fractions whose decimal representations terminate but that don ' t have names from the \" infinite \" list above : 3 / 4 ( =. 75 ) and 5 / 8 ( =. 625 ). so why do these two have terminating decimals, while a fraction like 1 / 3 does not? it is because the first two can be written as equivalent fractions with names from the list above, while the fraction 1 / 3 cannot : 3 / 4 = 75 / 100 = seventy - five hundredths 5 / 8 = 625 / 1000 = six hundred twenty - five thousandths but you can ' t write 1 / 3 = a / 10 or = b / 100 or = c / 1000 or.... where a, b, c, or any other of the numerators are integers. i have still only hinted at the precise answer to your question. if you can ' t quite figure out the whole answer after studying what i ' ve written, you can find the complete answer in the dr. math archives. click on the \" search the archives \" link on the main dr. math page and use \" repeating decimal \" or \" terminating decimal \" as the phrase to search for ( do not use quotation marks, but be sure to click on the button that makes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47343440521770075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.007287"} {"text": "on the \" search the archives \" link on the main dr. math page and use \" repeating decimal \" or \" terminating decimal \" as the phrase to search for ( do not use quotation marks, but be sure to click on the button that makes the search engine look for the entire phrase instead of the individual words ). the search will provide you with links to several pages where this question is discussed. - doctor greenie, the math forum http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / date : 01 / 26 / 2001 at 15 : 32 : 14 from : doctor rob subject : re : how to tell if decimals are terminating or repeating? thanks for writing to ask dr. math, seegee. the fraction will terminate if and only if the denominator has for prime divisors only 2 and 5, that is, if and only if the denominator has the form 2 ^ a * 5 ^ b for some exponents a > = 0 and b > = 0. the number of decimal places until it terminates is the larger of a and b. the proof of this lies in the fact that every terminating decimal has the form n / 10 ^ e, for some e > = 0 ( e is the number of places to the right that the decimal point must be moved to give you an integer, and n is that integer ), and every fraction of that form has a terminating decimal found by writing down n and moving the decimal point e places to the left. now when you cancel common factors from n / 10 ^ e = n / ( 2 * 5 ) ^ e = n / ( 2 ^ e * 5 ^ e ), it may reduce the exponents in the denominator, but that is all that can happen. - doctor rob, the math forum http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / search the dr. math library : ask dr. mathtm \u00a9 1994 - 2013 the math forum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.472492827307015, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.008209"} {"text": "the first televised presidential debate in 1960 gave rise to an enduring media myth \u2014 the notion that television viewers and radio listeners interpreted the encounter quite differently. vancil and pendell noted that reports of viewer - listener disagreement in the first of four debates between john f. kennedy and richard m. nixon in 1960 typically were impressionistic and anecdotal. moreover, they wrote, the few surveys that hinted at a viewer - listener disconnect were too small and unrepresentative to allow confident or sweeping judgments. vancil and pendell also challenged the notion that nixon \u2019 s haggard appearance and sweaty brow contributed powerfully to television viewers \u2019 perceptions about the debate, which took place september 26, 1960. \u201c appearance problems, such as nixon \u2019 s perspiring brow, could have had a negative impact on viewer perceptions, \u201d vancil and pendell wrote, \u201c but it is also possible for viewers to be sympathetic to such problems, or to interpret them as evidence of attractive or desirable qualities. \u201d they also wrote that \u201c the inference that appearance problems caused nixon \u2019 s loss, or kennedy \u2019 s victory [ in the debate ] is classic post hoc fallacy. \u201d their debunking notwithstanding, the myth of viewer - listener disagreement tends to resurface at or near the anniversaries of the first kennedy - nixon debate. the commentary describes the first kennedy - nixon debate as \u201c a bellwether \u201d and asserts that \u201c listeners tuning in via radio considered the debate a draw or even a slight win for nixon. but the 65 million who tuned in by tv saw something very different. kennedy appeared vigorous yet relaxed, while nixon looked pale and nervous. \u2026 those viewing the debate on television judged kennedy as the clear winner. \u201d but as vancil and pendell reported years ago, there is no persuasive, compelling evidence to support such claims. not only that, but contemporaneous evidence, including public opinion polls, offer scant support for the notion that television audiences \u201c judged kennedy as the clear winner. \u201d to be sure, not all observers saw it that way in late september 1960. in its post - debate editorial, the washington post declared, for example : \u201c of the two performances mr. nixon \u2019 s probably was the smoother. \u201c he is an accomplished debater with a professional polish, and he managed to convey a slightly patronizing air of a master instructing a pupil. \u201d and the los angeles times said in an editorial ( beneath the headline \u201c a slow fight to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5074199989293975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.017243"} {"text": ". \u201c he is an accomplished debater with a professional polish, and he managed to convey a slightly patronizing air of a master instructing a pupil. \u201d and the los angeles times said in an editorial ( beneath the headline \u201c a slow fight to a draw \u201d ) that most television viewers of the debate probably \u201c felt as we did : they were disappointed because ( a ) they could not pick a winner and ( b ) they could not find that any single issue had been sharpened up by the abrasives of debate. \u201d the nationally prominent columnist, james reston, wrote in the new york times after the debate : \u201c this tv program did not do any of the dramatic things predicted for it. it did not make or break either candidate. \u2026 who took the first round is a matter of individual opinion. my own view is that kennedy gained more than nixon, but it was a fielder \u2019 s choice, settling nothing. \u201d a gallup poll released in october 1960 reported that 43 percent of the debate \u2019 s viewers and listeners thought kennedy \u201c did the better job. \u201d twenty - three percent thought nixon \u2019 s performance was better, and 29 percent said the candidates were about the same. five percent offered no opinion. but opinions about the debate did not translate into a decisive advantage for kennedy. the same survey reported kennedy was narrowly ahead in the race, by 49 percent to 46 percent, with 5 percent undecided. that result represented a modest change from gallup \u2019 s poll taken just before the debate, which reported nixon leading narrowly, by 47 percent to 46 percent. but gallup described the post - debate shift as too slight to be meaningful. \u201c the prudent reader can see, \u201d george gallup, head of the polling organization, wrote in describing the results, \u201c that polling accuracy has not reached the degree of accuracy required to say with certainty which candidate is ahead in a close race such as the present one. \u201d recent or related : - recalling george romney \u2019 s \u2018 brainwashing \u2019 \u2014 and gene mccarthy \u2019 s \u2018 light rinse \u2019 retort - kennedy - nixon debate myth certain to circulate anew - indulging in myth on debate \u2019 s 50th anniversary - appearance decisive in politics? revisiting the kennedy - nixon debate - on gingrich, jfk, and the appearance factor in presidential politics - why history is badly taught, poorly learned - on media myths and the \u2018 golden age \u2019 fallacy - the washington post \u2018 wrecked \u2019 nixon \u2019 s life? sure it did - fast and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4438670966241709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.018334"} {"text": "the franciskan cloister in hamburg was demolished in 1806 - 07 and nobody really know what it looked like. recent archaeological excavations have however resulted in remarkable findings. as the history behind the cloister is rather fascinating, the archaeologist are exited. the story goes : in 1231 count adolph iv von schauenburg won a decisive victory over a danish army headed by the king, valdemar sejr. the story behind is that a german count heinrich von schwerin kidnapped the king and his son in 1223. in a danish chronicle the incident was described as follows : \u201c 1223. king valdemar was together with his son treacherously kidnapped, while they were lying in their beds, by count heinrich at the island of ly\u00f8 of the 6th of may. they were taken to the castle of schwerin. there they had to stay the next three years, while the danes ransomed them for 60. 000 mark lubish. but the horses, clothes and other things, which were captured by the saxons that year was worth the double. notice reader, that the germans never or very seldom have won and triumphed without deceit and treason, as it is in their nature, which is apparent from the kidnapping of the two kings and from many other incidents. \u201d ( rydarbogen ). from other sources it appears that the count was the vassal of the king and had taken part at both the hunt and the following party. his plan was to deliver the two kings into the hands of the holy roman emperor. unfortunately the pope intervened and threa - tened with ban if the king was not returned unharmed. the emperor held back, but the german counts continued to pursue a heavy ransom. after some warring it ended at christmas 1225 with the release of the king and at easter 1226 with that of his son. the ransom was extremely heavy. all in all it consisted of 45. 000 mark plus the je - wels of the queen berengaria plus equipment of dresses and horses for 100 knights. added to this was the loss of all the land between the rivers ejdern and elbe ( the duchy of schleswig - holstein ) plus the slavic provinces captured in the endless wars along the baltic and northern german seashore. well at home, the danish king mustered an army in order to pursue the aggressors and regain the lost. july 1227 the two armies met at bornhoved in holstein where the army of the king was routed. although he lost an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41791652247228983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.021183"} {"text": "- discuss with your merit badge counselor the history of the game of chess. explain why it is considered a game of planning and strategy. - discuss with your merit badge counselor the following : - a. the benefits of playing chess, including developing critical thinking skills, concentration skills, and decision - making skills, and how these skills can help you in other areas of your life - b. sportsmanship and chess etiquette - demonstrate to your counselor that you know each of the following. then, using scouting ' s teaching edge, teach the following to a scout who does not know how to play chess : - a. the name of each chess piece - b. how to set up a chessboard - c. how each chess piece moves, including castling and en passant captures - do the following : - a. demonstrate scorekeeping using the algebraic system of chess notation. - b. discuss the differences between the opening, the middle game, and the endgame. - c. explain four opening principles. - d. explain the four rules for castling. - e. on a chessboard, demonstrate a \" scholar ' s mate \" and a \" fool ' s mate. \" - f. demonstrate on a chessboard four ways a chess game can end in a draw. - do the following : - a. explain four of the following elements of chess strategy : exploiting weaknesses, force, king safety, pawn structure, space, tempo, time. - b. explain any five of these chess tactics : clearance sacrifice, decoy, discovered attack, double attack, fork, interposing, overloading, overprotecting, pin, remove the defender, skewer, zwischenzug. - c. set up a chessboard with the white king on e1, the white rooks on a1 and h1, and the black king on e5. with white to move first, demonstrate how to force checkmate on the black king. - d. set up and solve five direct - mate problems provided by your merit badge counselor. - do one of the following : - a. play at least three games of chess with other scouts and / or your merit badge counselor. replay the games from your score sheets and discuss with your counselor how you might have played each game differently. - b. play in a scholastic ( youth ) chess tournament and use your score sheets from that tournament to replay your games with your merit badge counselor. discuss with your counselor how you might have played each game differently. - c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5177369817430839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.023843"} {"text": "samuel colt ( 1814 \u2013 1862 ) was one of the most famous and successful american inventors and entrepreneurs of the early industrial age. by patenting the first mass - produced multishot revolving firearms, colt achieved worldwide fame and a vast personal fortune. his introduction of precise machine - made weapons and his promotion of the interchangeability of parts were innovations that transformed the arms industry. colt actively promoted sales through advertising and displays at international fairs, and by presenting deluxe arms to men of influence, including heads of state. his precise and reliable standard - model revolvers were highly valued by soldiers and frontiersmen. his more elaborately embellished exhibition and presentation arms appealed as functional objects of beauty. the museum \u2019 s revolver is considered one of colt \u2019 s finest. apparently, it was created as part of a set of three pairs of gold - inlaid revolvers that colt took with him to europe in 1854. that year saw the outbreak of the crimean war, which pitted russia against turkey and her allies, great britain and france. colt aggressively marketed arms to both sides. in november 1854, he presented three gold - inlaid revolvers, one example from each pair, to czar nicholas i of russia. of these, the third model dragoon serial number 12407 ( now in the hermitage, saint petersburg ) is actually the mate to the museum \u2019 s pistol, serial number 12406. the gift clearly demonstrated the technical and artistic aspects of colt \u2019 s product, while its patriotic motifs proudly proclaimed its american origin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4562183908696425, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.025491"} {"text": "turning from coal means more demand for nuclear and alternative energy sourcesby stephanie hemphill, minnesota public radio minnesota utilities are planning to invest in wind and and other renewable sources, but they ' re also taking another look at nuclear power. and that could mean expanded or even new nuclear plants in minnesota down the road. st. paul, minn. \u2014 every two years electric companies file plans with the state, showing how they intend to meet the ever - increasing demand for electricity in minnesota. the next generation energy act of 2007 is forcing a second look at those plans. the law requires minnesota to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050. for xcel energy, the biggest electricity supplier in the state, that means no more coal - fired power plants, given the limitations of existing technology, according to beth engelking, manager of resource planning and bidding for xcel. \" three years ago in our resource plans in minnesota and colorado, we both contemplated constructing new coal plants. we now have a ceo who says that we will not construct a coal plant that doesn ' t capture and sequester carbon, \" engelking says. xcel is already on track to reduce carbon emissions, engelking says. the company is converting two plants in the twin cities to natural gas, and works with customers to reduce demand by operating more efficiently. but she says xcel also plans to boost production at its nuclear plants in monticello and prairie island. that means more fuel storage at prairie island, an issue that ' s bound to generate resistance. but concern about climate change is prompting some legislators to view nuclear power more favorably, engelking says. \" as a company right now, we ' re not looking at new nuclear plants. but we do expect that our policymakers are going to take the carbon factor into account when they consider whether or not to extend the lives of our current plants, \" she says. many environmentalists in minnesota continue to oppose expansion of nuclear plants in the state. j. drake hamilton with st. paul - based fresh energy is one of them. \" there will be additional nuclear waste storage needs, it ' s highly toxic, and we haven ' t seen any information to suggest that it will ever leave minnesota. so we will have to isolate that from the biosphere for many thousands of years, \" hamilton says. the state ' s new goal of reducing 1. 5 percent of its electricity use every year should level out the need for new power plants, hamilton says. not so, says jon brek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43754382755425714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.030444"} {"text": "biosphere for many thousands of years, \" hamilton says. the state ' s new goal of reducing 1. 5 percent of its electricity use every year should level out the need for new power plants, hamilton says. not so, says jon brekke, vice president for member services for great river energy, the second largest utility in minnesota. he says in 20 years, great river will likely look for a partner to build a new nuclear plant. \" homeowners are putting new loads in their homes all the time. they ' re buying new computers, new televisions, they ' re putting in a second refrigerator, \" says brekke. \" those things are all adding to the sales ( of electricity ) ; meanwhile we ' ve got efficiency that ' s reducing the sales. there ' s no great way to measure how much of the sales increase is caused by new loads in homes versus how much savings is by putting in cfls. \" cfls are compact fluorescent lights. great river energy is asking its customers to switch five regular light bulbs to cfls. that could save 6. 5 percent of the energy demand from its residential customers. it will take years to achieve that goal, brekke says. besides conservation and carbon emission reduction goals, minnesota is now requiring its utilities to use renewable sources for 25 percent of their electricity by 2025. for xcel, that means nearly three times as much wind power as previously planned. since wind is intermittent, the company will need plants that can fill in to meet peak demand. and the company will probably turn to natural gas plants for that power. building renewable sources of energy has taken on added urgency as recent research indicates climate change is happening faster than many scientists had predicted as recently as five years ago. - morning edition, 10 / 29 / 2007, 7 : 20 a. m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4541799613379575, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.031764"} {"text": "this entire site is designed for you. whether it is human biology, health, or even economics, this information is ready to use in the classroom. drug education or drug - proofing, as i call it, is required by california state law on a yearly basis, at the minimum. if we don ' t give them the information, their friends will. please use and share these powerpoints! major points to one time use of methamphetamine can result in addiction. there is very little \u201c casual use \u201d of methamphetamine. addiction progresses rapidly with significant adverse results. over time causes permanent brain changes. effects of long - term methamphetamine use can still be evident up to two years after discontinuing the most methamphetamine users are poly - drug abusers ( more than one ). where is meth coming from? major suppliers in the west and southwest are mexican criminal gangs cooking in superlabs and bringing the product over the border for distribution. local gangs and some private cookers are main suppliers in our community. methamphetamine is a money maker for our local gangs and is often used in recruitment of members. signs of possible meth use poor hygiene, chemical smell, tremors, bruxism ( teeth grinding ), acne, scabs or scratches, especially on face and arms, sleeping in class or complaints of being tired, burnt fingertips, lowered grades / academics, attendance issues such as cutting class and truancy ( most policies are 5 - 6 days undocumented absences or 3 tardies = truancy ), verbal expressions of inability to be with other students in class often with a push to move to home school or another alternative setting, drug language and paraphernalia such as pipes, burnt foil, small baggies, symptoms of depression, symptoms of anxiety, flushed look when high and poor color, wearing sunglasses indoors, dilated pupils, darting eyes, weight loss. students into treatment students under the influence of methamphetamine are not thinking clearly and are not motivated for treatment. parents who use : \u201c what \u2019 s the problem? \u201d parents in denial : \u201c what \u2019 s the problem? \u201d students who have been neglected or abused have trust issues. students are used to running their own lives with no consistent reasonable limits set by adults. these kids have trouble giving up control. they often fight moving to a shelter or foster home because of rules and fear of abandonment. treatment is scary and perceived as loss of control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49991692713119956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.042940"} {"text": "used to running their own lives with no consistent reasonable limits set by adults. these kids have trouble giving up control. they often fight moving to a shelter or foster home because of rules and fear of abandonment. treatment is scary and perceived as loss of control. only outpatient treatment is available for adolescents who are substance abusers in our county. county mental health and new morning have a 30 - day wait for outpatient services. placement in group homes outside our county often means no reciprocity for the other county for mental health, medical, or recovery services. students into treatment teenage methamphetamine abusers typically enter treatment through the juvenile justice system. they are prosecuted for crimes related to their substance abuse such as possession of drugs and paraphernalia, sales, burglary, and assault. treatment is mandated as part of their probation. while incarceration in juvenile hall is not ideal, it is one way to insure a methamphetamine abusing child refrains from using meth. adolescence is a time of crisis with wide ranges of physical and emotional maturity levels. major mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder often are first seen during adolescence. meth use symptoms often mimic these disorders. shortage of health care providers and facilities designed to treat dual diagnoses in teens, especially in rural areas where meth use is most common. methamphetamine addiction requires intervention from a variety of health care providers such as medical, dental, psychiatric, and recovery providers. addicts often have legal issues, housing issues, and employment issues and require extensive social services assistance. practitioners with middle - class values are often very uncomfortable hearing about the life styles of substance abusing patients. many antidepressants are not ruled safe for use in teens. use of antidepressants in teens associated with some risk for suicide. one girl \u2019 s diagnoses over a two - year poly drug abuse borderline personality disorder reactive attachment disorder post traumatic stress disorder antisocial personality disorder meth can cause extreme disorganization of behavior young women getting into stranger \u2019 s cars for a hit of meth. prostitution for methamphetamine ( whether for money or the drug ). jumping out of a second story window to avoid talking to a family member. hanging around dangerous adults, some who carry weapons or are abusive because these adults will supply the drug. criminal behavior to earn money to purchase drugs. aggressive behavior. family members assaulted. hallucinations and delusions that are very frightening. ( strangers perceived as fbi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4439058175004793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.044137"} {"text": "dangerous adults, some who carry weapons or are abusive because these adults will supply the drug. criminal behavior to earn money to purchase drugs. aggressive behavior. family members assaulted. hallucinations and delusions that are very frightening. ( strangers perceived as fbi agents who are after the meth user. one young man peeked out of his blinds 7 hours straight as he was worried someone was after him. ) running away from home, sometimes days at a time. unplanned pregnancy with lack of prenatal care. continuing meth use during the pregnancy resulted in a positve tox baby. there is a high risk of domestic violence and child abuse in households where meth is used. parents who use often expose children to dangerous drugs, dangerous people, and dangerous situations. tweakers are never seen at school. kids who are binging on meth will do so away from school and sleep it off, sometimes attendance records will show this pattern until the student stops coming to school. a person who is tweaking can be very dangerous. he / she will often be paranoid and delusional. set up your office with your safety in mind. sit closest to the door ; bathrooms that lock should have a key to open them from outside. hard chairs are easier to get out of than soft chairs. be observant to details. reduce stimuli any way possible : don \u2019 t stand too close, keep light low, lower voice, slow speech, move slowly, keep keep the person talking. silence may mean the person \u2019 s delusions have taken over and the current environment incorporated in the delusion. back - up help is always welcome! do not confront! adverse childhood experiences a study by vincent j. felitti, md and robert anda, md 17, 421 patients of kaiser permanente \u2019 s department of preventive medicine in san diego. 80 % white, 10 % black, 10 % asian, generally in their fifties, middle class. detailed biomedical, psychological, and social evaluations done. the study measured effects of adverse childhood experiences on adult health status a half century after they occurred. ace scores ran from 0 - 8. adverse childhood experiences recurrent physical abuse recurrent severe emotional abuse contact sexual abuse household member in prison mother treated violently in household alcoholic or drug abuser in household household member chronically depressed, mentally ill, or suicidal biological parent lost during childhood regardless of cause results of ace adverse childhood experiences are more common than previously believed. adverse childhood experiences have a powerful relation to adult health. health risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47403256437014396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.045441"} {"text": "drug abuser in household household member chronically depressed, mentally ill, or suicidal biological parent lost during childhood regardless of cause results of ace adverse childhood experiences are more common than previously believed. adverse childhood experiences have a powerful relation to adult health. health risk behaviors such as smoking, overeating, and drug use are actually coping mechanisms to deal with ace. slightly more than half experienced one or more categories of ace. one in four exposed to two categories of one in sixteen exposed to four categories exposure to one category increases likelihood of exposure to another category by 80 %. physical diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hepatitis, sexually transmitted disease, tobacco use, and iv drug abuse all showed progressive dose response with every increase in ace score. other diseases with a graded response to ace score were heart disease, fractures, diabetes, obesity, unintended pregnancy, and alcoholism. depression and suicide attempts had a similar strong relationship to ace score. a patient with an ace score of 4 or more was 460 % more likely to be depressed and 1, 220 % more likely to attempt suicide. between 66 % and 80 % of all suicide attempts could be attributed to ace. 22 % of kaiser patients were sexually abused ( 28 % women and 16 % men ). a male child with an ace score of 6 has a 4, 600 % increase in likelihood to be an iv drug user compared to a male child with an ace score of 0. ace scores above 4 had a 3000 % - 5, 100 % increase in attempted suicide over the group with an ace core of 0. it is important to ask questions routinely in intakes to elicit information about possible adverse childhood experiences. dr. felitti recommends asking after an ace is confirmed, \u201c how do you think this experience affects your adult health? \u201d dr. felitti reported a 35 % reduction in office visits after a biopsychosocial approach adopted at the clinic. prevention is of prevention of ace is of great importance for optimum adult health. 5 million children a year are exposed to traumatic events. dr. bruce perry, m. d., ph. d, a fellow of the child trauma academy uses the term \u201c neuroarcheology \u201d to describe how our experiences change our brains. his research on trauma and neglect in children demonstrates that the traumas we experience in childhood can permanently limit our ability to react appropriately to our environment. dr. perry states : \u201c childhood maltreatment has profound effect on the emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and physical functioning of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46328564175078013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.047411"} {"text": "children demonstrates that the traumas we experience in childhood can permanently limit our ability to react appropriately to our environment. dr. perry states : \u201c childhood maltreatment has profound effect on the emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and physical functioning of children. developmental experiences determine the organizational and functional status of the mature brain and, therefore, adverse events can have a tremendous negative impact on the development of the brain. in turn, these neurodevelopmental effects may result in significant cost to the individual, their family, community, and ultimately, society. in essence, childhood maltreatment alters the potential of a child and, thereby, robs us all. \u201d of brain development we each have a set of genes that makes us unique ; the full expression of our gene potential is through interaction with the environment. a brain develops in sequence and hierarchically from least to most complex ( brainstem to limbic to cortex ). rapidly organizing brain systems are more sensitive to insults than slower organizing brain systems. the brain organizes in a use - dependent way ; undeveloped neural systems are dependent upon environmental and micro - environmental cues to organize. there are windows of opportunity and vulnerability in brain development. there are times when a developing neural system is more sensitive to environment than others. the unique demands of the environment create from a broad genetic potential those characteristics that best fit the environment. \u201c hot zones \u201d are sensitive periods when an area of the brain is rapidly organizing. the brainstem which controls basic body functions like breathing, must be developed by birth. the hot zone for the brainstem is the prenatal period. the neocortex which controls reasoning, problem - solving, abstraction, and sensory organization develops over a long period of time, from childhood to adulthood. there is a shifting of the vulnerability of the brain to experience. an infant or child whose brain is more malleable to experience than an adult, is also more vulnerable. it is easier to influence the function of a developing brain system than to alter the functioning of a developed system. a baby \u2019 s development and ultimate ability to function is much more affected by lack of stimulation than an adult \u2019 s ability. permanent changes in the brain, i. e. lack of neural connections and pathways may permanently limit the child \u2019 s ability to develop normally. children \u2019 s brain development just as lack of sensory stimuli can permanently limit a brain \u2019 s development, so can traumatic stress such as the adverse childhood experiences in felitti \u2019 s study. external threat is met by significant and persistent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49350773110682683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.048630"} {"text": "to develop normally. children \u2019 s brain development just as lack of sensory stimuli can permanently limit a brain \u2019 s development, so can traumatic stress such as the adverse childhood experiences in felitti \u2019 s study. external threat is met by significant and persistent neurophysiologic systems designed to respond to the threat. the longer the activation of a threat response, the more likely a use - dependent change in neural systems will occur. it is adaptive for a child growing up in a chronically stressed environment to be hypersensitive to stimuli and hyper vigilant in an environment. neural systems will adapt to this kind of state and literally organize around it. while adults with ptsd have cue - specific stimuli relating to a specific traumatic event that set off stress responses, children develop a generalized hypersensitivity to all cues that activate the stress - response. trauma on children \u2019 s behavior as dr. perry states about children exposed to chronic trauma : \u201c these children are hyper vigilant ; they do not have a core abnormality of their capacity to attend to a given task. these children have behavioral impulsivity, and cognitive distortions all of which result from a use - dependent organization of the brain. during development, these children spent so much time in a low - level state of fear, that they consistently were focusing on non - verbal but not verbal cues. \u201d often these kids are not able to operate on a cognitive level. the hyper arousal of the brainstem and limbic system must be addressed. the child \u2019 s ability to participate in treatment must be assessed. a developmental assessment is most useful. modalities such as dance therapy and a supportive positive environment are most effective initially. the big problem as mentioned before, there is little casual use with methamphetamine. there comes a time with escalating use when behavior becomes more disorganized and the teenager is at high risk for terrible consequences yet does not qualify for commitment. how do we keep these kids safe? where do we put them? who treats them? california healthy kids survey most recent performance indicators, el dorado high school, 2004 - 2005. capri * concerned advocates for perinatal related issues. handout from presentation for the perinatal council of el dorado, ems conference room, placerville, california. february 17, 2004. dansie, roberto. \u201c anger, pain, and healing in the native american indian community. \u201d february 24, 2006 < http : / / www. robertodansie. com / articles /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45624798203077155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.049616"} {"text": "placerville, california. february 17, 2004. dansie, roberto. \u201c anger, pain, and healing in the native american indian community. \u201d february 24, 2006 < http : / / www. robertodansie. com / articles / anger. htm >. dube, shanta r. mph ; felitti, vincent j. md ; dong, maxia, md, phd ; chapman, daniel p., phd ; giles, wayne h., md ; anda, robert f., md. \u201c childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use : the adverse childhood experiences study. \u201d pediatrics. march 2003. february 2, 2006 < http : / / pediatrics. aappublication. org / cgi / content / full / 111 / 3 / 564 >. el dorado county meth awareness and prevention project ( mapp ). handout. felitti, vincent j. md. presentation given to healthy start and after school program coordinators. hilton hotel. napa, california. january 26, 2006. felitti, vj. english translation of \u201c belastungen in der kindheitund gesundheit im erwachsenenalter : die verwandlung von gold in blei. \u201d z psychom med psychother. 2002 ; 48 ( 4 ) : 359 - 369. perry, bruce md, phd. \u201c the neuroarcheology of childhood mistreatment the neurodevelopmental costs of adverse childhood events. \u201d july 27, 2000. february 2, 2006 < http : / / www. childtrauma. org / >. perry, bruce md, phd. presentation \u201c the power of community : how healthy communities create healthy children. \u201d sponsored by placer county health and human services, california state department of health services, and first five commission of placer county. sierra bible church. sonora, california. march 31, 2005. perry, bruce md, phd. presentation \u201c working with children exposed to trauma and violence. \u201d sponsored by the perinatal multidisciplinary team of tuolumne county, the tuolumne county yes partnership, with support from the california attorney general \u2019 s office - safe from the start initiative. sierra bible church. sonora, california. september 1, copyright 2006 dr. mitchell a. goodis, dds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4605438725904951, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.050561"} {"text": "sunday, february 14, 2010 norwegian emigration to sa immigrants from countries other than britain also chose south africa as their destination. in 1879, the year of the anglo - zulu war, a group of 47 norwegians left bergen to establish a colony on an atoll in the indian ocean, aldabra. the debora expedition, as the venture is known, didn \u2019 t work out as planned ; some of its members remained in madagascar and others decided to settle in the british colony of natal. they were the first norwegian immigrants to settle at port natal ( later called durban ). you can read everything there is to know about the fascinating debora expedition at http : / / salbu. co. za / debora / also visit companion pages at http : / / salbu. co. za / until about 1880, america had been the favoured destination of norwegian emigrants, but reports sent back by norwegian missionaries in south africa encouraged interest, particularly in the colony of natal. the farming community around aalesund, norway, made contact with the natal immigration agent, walter peace, in london and a scheme for government - assisted immigration was set in place. this resulted in 32 families sailing first to england from norway in july 1880, then continuing on to natal on c. h. m. s. lapland. they were settled on land between the umzimkulu and izotsha rivers on the south coast of natal. although some of these immigrants found conditions in natal disappointing, later returning to norway, many remained to form the nucleus of a thriving community. descendants of the marburg settlers, as they are generally called, still live in natal. so do descendants of early norwegian missionaries to the colony. www. norsettler. co. za / history. htm norwegian settlers association of marburg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4011608530202782, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T00:20:08.052330"}