demand with others for redd + projects a company backed by british capital is eyeing up about 15 million hectares ( 19 % of mozambican territory ) for redd + ( 6 ) activities. cases of land grabbing linked to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation could make this figure even higher, if agrofuel production and the growing of different monocultures are included here. these practices can also be included under redd + as the system includes carbon credits from cultivation and land use and not just from forestry. according to the 2008 national forest inventory, about 70 % of the country ( 54. 8 million hectares ) is currently covered by forest and other wooded areas. these areas are at risk of being exploited for carbon capturing. areas targeted for “ investment ” in redd + projects in mozambique by a british - backed company mozambique finds itself in a privileged position, among the most “ coveted ” countries in africa when it comes to the implementation of so - called development projects benefitting from foreign investment. the world bank for instance considers mozambique an appropriate location for redd projects, the clean development mechanism ( 7 ) and industrial agriculture. companies in the north have been acquiring land in mozambique for export - oriented production, agrofuels and now for redd +. currently even the so - called emerging economies, namely india and brazil, are acquiring land for use in agro - business and for mining. in most of these cases local communities, and particularly farmers and indigenous populations, are heavily affected and often their rights are violated. in the case of the redd + programmes there is a significant risk that farmers will find themselves serving as employees of companies who use forest resources and local land to take advantage of the carbon credits system internationally, thus maximising their profits but not necessarily contributing to eliminating poverty in the communities. in uganda 22 000 farmers were displaced from their lands by a forestry carbon offsetting project in 2011. the nhambita project as a model for rio + 20 and the green economy the nhambita carbon project will serve as a model at rio + 20, the united nations conference on sustainable development and the green economy, and appears on the website of the rio + 20 commission for sustainable development. civil society organisations criticise the rio + 20 summit harshly for trying to bring approval and legitimacy to the commercialisation of nature. “ we are awaiting the redd national strategy and outcomes of rio + 20 in order to broaden implementation of the redd + programme in other locations ”, aristides muhate of en


approval and legitimacy to the commercialisation of nature. “ we are awaiting the redd national strategy and outcomes of rio + 20 in order to broaden implementation of the redd + programme in other locations ”, aristides muhate of envirotrade confirmed when interviewed by us at one of the company ’ s camps on may 23rd, 2012. in fact, envirotrade has a further two projects in addition to the nhambita one, which operate with the same objective of selling carbon : one in the zambezi delta region and one in the maconia district of the quirimbas archipelago in cabo delgado province in northern mozambique. envirotrade is actively developing plans for a further two large - scale redd + projects. the nhambita redd + project might be copied in other areas of mozambique. members of the mozambican government as well as international representatives, including zambian ex - president kenneth kaunda, have visited the project, which could also serve as a model to be copied outside mozambique in other african countries. what is redd... the idea behind reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is that developed countries wishing to reduce their emissions should receive financial compensation for doing so. thanks to photosynthesis, trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, which means they serve as a sort of “ sponge ” absorbing pollution. the redd concept is marketed as a way of preserving forests, stopping climate change, protecting biodiversity, eradicating poverty and financing communities. however, according to the united nations, redd could lead to “ locking up forests ”, “ loss of land ”, “ conflict over resources ”, “ the concentration of power in the hands of elites ”, “ new risks for the poor ” and could “ marginalise the landless ”. ( 8 ) many sectors in civil society warn of the risk that redd projects could result in massive takeovers of land and constitute a way of colonising forests. the redd + legal framework in mozambique work on developing the redd national strategy started in 2009. with the technical support of the amazonas sustainable foundation and indufor ( brazil ), the ministry for coordination of environmental action ( micoa ) and the ministry for agriculture ( minag ) held provincial meetings in maputo to present the redd + programme. however, during these meetings the information given basically centred on the benefits and opportunities for mozambique in implementing redd +, thus creating expectations concerning income among participants. the negative aspects of redd +


meetings in maputo to present the redd + programme. however, during these meetings the information given basically centred on the benefits and opportunities for mozambique in implementing redd +, thus creating expectations concerning income among participants. the negative aspects of redd + were not mentioned. “ the process was not very transparent, there was no access to the process for representatives of civil society who wished to follow it. access to information was also lacking ”, said anabela lemos of justica ambiental ( “ environmental justice ” ). the redd national strategy is still being debated in mozambique. its drafting has been the target of criticism from civil society organisations, including the national farmers ’ union ( uniao nacional de camponeses, unac ) and justica ambiental ( friends of the earth mozambique ), because of its focus on clean development mechanisms and carbon markets, because it has named agrofuel and monoculture projects as eligible for redd + and because it did not involve civil society from the outset. for example, community consultations that have been carried out reveal themselves to be unrepresentative – community and farmers ’ consultations involved only 889 people in a country with a population of over 20 million. “ the redd national strategy is still being discussed, but the ( sofala ) provincial government authorised it because the idea was to see how it would turn out. all the experiences will be compiled here ( in nhambita ), that ’ s why we are a sort of laboratory, a model project ”, said aristides muhate, carbon “ head ” at envirotrade. recently, charles hall of envirotrade told british newspaper the observer ( 9 ) that “ the business model for envirotrade frankly remains to be proven ”. according to him, “ the fact that this can be made into a sustainable business on the basis of selling carbon offsets remains to be seen ”. international peasant movement la via campesina ( which includes unac in mozambique ), recently released a position paper ahead of the rio + 20 conference, condemning among others the redd mechanisms, carbon markets and the green economy. “ we repudiate and denounce the green economy as a new mask to hide increasing levels of corporate greed and food imperialism in the world, and as a brutal “ green washing ” of capitalism that only implements false solutions, like carbon trading, redd, [ … ] and all of the market - based solutions to the environmental crisis ”, part of the


and food imperialism in the world, and as a brutal “ green washing ” of capitalism that only implements false solutions, like carbon trading, redd, [ … ] and all of the market - based solutions to the environmental crisis ”, part of the position paper reads. augusto mafigo, president of the mozambican national farmers ’ union, is concerned by the involvement of nhambita farmers in carbon and redd + projects. mafigo is convinced that redd + can be detrimental to farmers. “ as farmers we reject redd, as it is clear that this is not a sustainable programme, and we run the risk of losing our resources and aggravating the poverty which already plagues us ”, he said. via campesina africa news * real names withheld to protect the sources. translator ’ s note : translation of the contract terms originally in portuguese. 8 un - redd framework document, http : / / www. undp. org / mdtf / un - redd / docs / annex - a - framework - docoment. pdf, p. 4 - 5 a poverty environment partnership ( pep ) policy brief, based on the report “ making redd work for the poor ”, ( peskett et al, 2008 ) http : / / www. povertyenvironment. net / pep / pep includes undp, unep, iucn, oci, sida, adb, dfid, wcmc for footnotes and complete textual citations of un documents : see earth peoples http : / / www. earthpeoples. org / blog redd brochure


ward ' s book of days. pages of interesting anniversaries. what happened on this day in history. on this day in history in 1689, died george jeffreys. jeffreys, known as the ‘ hanging judge ’, was a lawyer notorious for his sycophancy, brutality and corruption. jeffreys was born in wrexham, clwyd, into the welsh gentry. he was educated at westminster school, and at trinity college, cambridge and was called to the bar in 1668. during the panic that ensued after the ‘ popish plot ’, an alleged conspiracy against the king, jeffreys was leading prosecuting council in many of the trials of suspects. despite flimsy evidence, jeffreys often obtained convictions by ridiculing defendants and introducing suspect evidence. he drew the attention of james duke of york, later james ii, brother of charles ii, and declared to him that he would take any measures necessary to assist the king and his brother. jeffreys quickly rose through the ranks of the judiciary. he became first a knight and a judge of the king ’ s bench, then a baron and later lord chief justice and finally lord chancellor. he presided over the trial of algernon sydney in the case of the rye house plot, an alleged conspiracy to kidnap the king, and convicted him on insubstantial evidence. jeffreys became known for taking bribes and would release any defendant who paid him enough. those who had no money, he hanged. jeffreys successfully opposed the exclusion bill, which would have barred james, a catholic, from the throne. when james ii became king and the duke of monmouth led a rebellion against him, jeffreys presided over the trial of those who fought in the insurrection. the ‘ bloody assizes, as the court was known, tried 1300 men, all of whom were convicted by jeffreys, whatever the evidence. he hanged 320 and sent the remainder for transportation to the colonies as slave labour. on this occasion, he did not allow himself to be seduced by bribery, but sentenced all the defendants after finding them guilty. he sentenced the leader, monmouth, to death by beheading and ordered the executioner to blunt the axe so that his head would not be severed in one stroke. when james was deposed in 1688, jeffreys tried to escape the country, disguised as a sailor, but was captured and held in the tower of london. he died before he could be indicted for his actions. the original room where the ‘ bloody assizes ’ were held still remains unchanged.


this summer at our annual biome camp for elementary students, i had a chance to get back into the classroom for a couple of weeks. i chose to focus on what happens when land and water meet. our studies culminated with the island in a kiddie pool above. but first... i wanted each child to experience subtracting the piece of clay from the middle of the land and placing it on a blank dish to make their own lake and island when they added the water. potter ' s clay was inexpensive and easy to manipulate. however, the clay dried and shrunk on the paper plates we put it on. i am sure that even the most nostalgic parent tossed the product that came home. next time, i will use ceramic plates and let the children wash them as part of the process. it is all about the experience not the product. then, we took it to a more abstract representation by drawing our land and waterforms on watercolor paper and painting the water with blue watercolor. the land was made by painting with watered down glue and sprinkling sand on it. the result was lovely and worthy of a frame. we repeated the two steps with the gulf / peninsula, cape / bay, and isthum / strait. as a final event, we created the island above. i did it with a small group of seven students. it would be difficult with a larger group unless you had a bigger pool and more clay. the first task was to flatten the big block of clay i put in the center. as i turned around looking for the right tool for the job, the children solved our problem with their feet. it was quite effective. then, we molded it and created the land and water forms we had learned about. i love it when the nomenclature is used in context of a project. " i ' ll make a peninsula over here. " they wanted a volcano since we had read about how volcanoes can create islands in the ocean. we sprinkled sand on the beach and brought in moss for the vegetation. the final step was to add blue food coloring to the water and stand back to admire it! we followed up the lessons with the landform mat and the imaginary island puzzle from mandala. we also collaborated to make a big island with brown paper on a large blue sheet of paper. it became 3d with paper boats, bridges and docks.


- americans ( 1 ) - devices ( heraldry ) ( 1 ) - discovery and exploration ( 1 ) - ethnic groups ( 1 ) - perry, matthew calbraith, 1794 - 1858 ( 1 ) - priests ( 1 ) - saigyo ( 1 ) - ships ( 1 ) - ukiyo - e ( 1 ) - united states naval expedition to japan ( 1852 - 1854 ) ( 1 ) - voyages and travels ( 1 ) type of item an actor in the role of sato norikiyo who becomes saigyo : an actor in the role of yoshinaka the japanese art of ukiyo - e ( “ pictures of the floating [ or sorrowful ] world ” ) developed in the city of edo ( now tokyo ) during the tokugawa or edo period ( 1600 - 1868 ), a relatively peaceful era during which the tokugawa shoguns ruled japan and made edo the seat of power. the ukiyo - e tradition of woodblock printing and painting continued into the 20th century. this diptych print of between 1849 and 1852 shows saigyo surrounded by men trying to prevent him from leaving his house to become a priest. the poet saigyo ( 1118 - 90 ) was born into... people of many nations during the nearly two centuries of restricted foreign contact during the edo period ( 1600 – 1868 ), the japanese people still maintained a curiosity about foreign cultures. this map, published in the early 19th century, depicts an enormous archipelago representing japan at the center of the world. inset images and descriptions of foreign people, the distance from japan to their lands, and differences in climate are noted. the locations listed include the “ pygmy country, 14, 000 ri ” ( 1 ri = 2. 4 miles ), “ woman country, 14, 000 ri, ” and “ black people country, 75... united states of north america : perry arrives in uraga, soshu province commodore matthew c. perry ( 1794 – 1858 ) of the united states navy entered the port of yokohama in 1853 with an intimidating fleet of steam warships, in order to force japan to open up after nearly two centuries of restricted foreign contact. the “ black ships ” that he came with became a common subject for popular prints. the japanese people were increasingly exposed to western culture as new trade agreements prompted cross - cultural interaction, and a mixture of curiosity, awe, and anxiety at the influx of unfamiliar technology and customs can be seen...


- africa, west ( 1 ) - america ( 1 ) - brazil, french colony, 1555 - 1567 ( 1 ) - discovery and exploration ( 1 ) - thevet, andre, 1502 - 1590 ( 1 ) type of item guinea itself, as well as the greatest portion of nigritia or the land of the blacks, the one called ethiopia inferior by modern geographers, the other southern ethiopia this 1743 map shows western africa from the territory of present - day gabon in the south to niger, mali, and mauritania in the north. the map was published in nuremberg, germany, by the firm of homannische erben, meaning the successors of the nuremberg engraver and publisher johann baptist homann ( 1663 - 1724 ) and his son, johann christoph homann ( 1703 - 30 ). it is based on an earlier work by the great french mapmaker jean baptiste d ’ anville ( 1697 - 1782 ). the illustration at the lower left depicts an african village. items such as dress, houses and other... the special features of french antarctica, otherwise called america, and of several lands and islands discovered in our time andre thevet ( 1516 / 17 - 92 ) was a franciscan friar who traveled widely and, through his writings, helped to establish cosmographie - - as geography was called at the time - - as a science in 16th - century france. after making trips to africa and the middle east in the 1540s, he was appointed chaplain to the expedition of nicolas durand de villegagnon, which set out from le havre in may 1555 to establish a colony in brazil. the expedition landed near present - day rio de janeiro in november of the same year. in january 1556, thevet fell ill...


| home | cars | inventions | what & where | tourist info | business info | classifieds | about | archive | the unhappiest country in the world moldovans are the unhappiest people in the world. that ' s according to data from the world values survey, whose researchers interviewed tens of thousands of people in over 60 countries during the last decade. only 44 % of people in moldova said they were happy, the lowest proportion of all the countries surveyed. is moldova really such an unhappy place, and why? these statistics from the world values survey are often quoted in a growing body of academic research into what causes happiness, and what implications there are for public policy. often the answers to the “ are you happy? ” question are averaged with those to another, slightly different question – “ are you satisfied with your life? ” – to produce a broader measure called subjective well - being. moldova comes out bottom on this count, too. source : world values surveys, so what does cause happiness? your instinctive response might be “ money, of course ” – and you ' d be right, but only up to a point. a glance at the table shows that the unhappy countries are much poorer than the happy ones. but when you plot subjective well - being against a country ' s average income on a graph, you find there ' s a strong relationship up to a certain point – around $ 10, 000 per year – but after that the relationship breaks down. even more income doesn ' t make you even happier. of course, moldova isn ' t anywhere near that point yet. but poverty can ' t be the whole story. there are countries even poorer than moldova which are nonetheless much happier : nigeria and bangladesh, for example, have a lower average income than moldova but their happiness rates are 81 % and 85 % respectively. brazilians are only slightly better off than moldovans, but 83 % of them are happy. a whopping 93 % of people in the philippines consider themselves happy, despite income levels on a par with moldova. nigeria, brazil, bangladesh and the philippines are warm and sunny places, so might harsh moldovan winters be at fault? that hardly seems plausible when you consider that the happiest place in the world is iceland. could it be that language problems are to blame? perhaps the word “ happiness ” translates differently in bangladesh and the philippines than it does in moldova, leading people to apply different standards. this is a possibility, but the evidence is against it : french - speaking swiss people are happier than


are to blame? perhaps the word “ happiness ” translates differently in bangladesh and the philippines than it does in moldova, leading people to apply different standards. this is a possibility, but the evidence is against it : french - speaking swiss people are happier than french people, italian speakers in switzerland are happier than italians, and swiss who speak german are happier than germans. this suggests that it ' s not something about what language they speak that makes swiss people happy, but something about living in switzerland. perhaps moldovans were asked at a bad time. the data collected from different countries was not all gathered simultaneously, and that for moldova came from a survey in 1995, arguably at the height of the difficulties caused by the transition from the soviet era. but another, more comprehensive survey carried out in 2001 by a different organization suggests little has changed : moldovans were slightly happier, 51 % compared to 44 %, but still came out bottom of the eight former soviet states surveyed ( ukraine and belarus were next most unhappy, at 53 % and 60 % respectively ; moldova seems to be the worst - hit victim of some kind of regional malaise ). it must be in political history where much of the answer lies, as all the other countries towards the bottom of the happiness list had also lived under communism. while it ' s easy to find examples of happy and poor countries, it ' s hard to find former communist states among them, azerbaijan ( 78 % ) being the best candidate. the happiest states with a communist history, such as poland ( 86 % ), the former east germany ( 79 % ) and hungary ( 78 % ), tend also to be the ones which have made the most economic progress. even then, they are less happy than other countries with similar income levels but without a communist past. as ronald inglehart and hans - dieter klingemann, two of the leading academic researchers into the data on happiness, note : “ virtually all societies that experienced communist rule show relatively low levels of subjective well - being, even when compared with societies at a much lower economic level. ” were people happier under communism? that ' s a difficult question to answer because only one survey of happiness was conducted in the soviet union. but the data from this survey suggests so. the tambov region of russia, the only part surveyed in the soviet era, recorded 64 % happiness in 1981 and only 47 % in 1995. ( the answers to the “ satisfaction ” question are even starker, down from 76 % to 25 % in the same period. ) the


the only part surveyed in the soviet era, recorded 64 % happiness in 1981 and only 47 % in 1995. ( the answers to the “ satisfaction ” question are even starker, down from 76 % to 25 % in the same period. ) the only other country surveyed while under a communist regime was hungary, 78 % happy in 1981, dipping to 68 % as communism ended in 1990 and back up to 78 % by 1998. ( “ satisfaction ”, though, continued to decline : from 71 % to 56 % to 52 % ). while inhabitants of both hungary and tambov were significantly unhappier in 1981 than those of other states with similar income levels, the ending of communism made them even less happy. it seems reasonable to think the same historical pattern of happiness will be true for moldova. so what is it about life after communism that causes such misery? the increase in poverty is an obvious reason : according to the united nations development program, the incidence of poverty in moldova increased from 2. 1 % to 40. 6 % between 1991 and 1993. but there are other reasons. unemployment and lack of job security are strongly correlated with unhappiness, and both increased markedly with the end of communism. health is another strong contributor to happiness. ( although, interestingly, “ self - reported ” health – how healthy you think you are – is much more closely related to happiness than “ objective ” health, or how healthy a doctor thinks you are. having a positive outlook on your health seems to be the biggest factor ). the ending of communism took a toll on moldovans ' health. again according to the undp, the general mortality rate increased from 9. 7 persons per 1000 in 1990 to 12. 2 in 1995, and the infant mortality rate from 19. 0 in 1990 to 22. 6 four years later. in 1994, 26, 300 people were treated at moldovan medical institutions, down from 69, 500 in 1980, presumably because the escalating costs of medical treatment led to more illnesses going untreated rather than because there were fewer illnesses needing treatment. as noted in a strategy paper issued by the british government, inequality also makes people unhappy – in europe, at least ; americans say they don ' t mind it so much. assuming moldovans share the european cultural preference for more equal societies, the rapid increases in inequality that accompanied the transition from communism must have increased levels of unhappiness. the same paper notes that the quality of a country ' s governance also affects happiness ; in particular, there is


cultural preference for more equal societies, the rapid increases in inequality that accompanied the transition from communism must have increased levels of unhappiness. the same paper notes that the quality of a country ' s governance also affects happiness ; in particular, there is evidence that the more democracy and political freedoms people enjoy, the happier they are. in theory, the increase in political freedom and democracy after communism should have made moldovans happier, but in practice it is arguable that the overall quality of governance may not have improved or may even have deteriorated. corruption of public officials is also strongly correlated with unhappiness. and there are exceptions to the freedom rule : china, although a highly authoritarian society, has relatively high levels of subjective well - being. finally, there is a strong relationship between how happy people are and how much control they feel they have over their lives. as inglehart, klingemann and chris welzel point out : “ in each of 148 national representative surveys, conducted in diverse societies ranging from uganda to china, iran, brazil, sweden and poland, there is a strong correlation between people ' s perception of how much choice they have in shaping their lives, and their level of life satisfaction. ” the lack of choice under communism may well explain why communist societies were more unhappy than others with similar incomes, but the uncertainties that accompanied the transition from communism may actually have led people to feel even less in control of their destinies. at an individual level, there are other factors to be considered. marriage has a big effect on an individual ' s happiness – equivalent to an increase of over $ 100, 000 in annual income, according to one estimate. religious people are slightly happier, as are those who exercise or play sport. but differences in marital status, income, job satisfaction, health and so on explain surprisingly little of the variations in people ' s levels of subjective well - being. a large amount of our propensity to be happy seems to be beyond our personal control, coded in our genetic inheritance. a study of over 3, 000 twins ( lykken and tellegen, 1996 ) showed that identical twins report similar levels of happiness regardless of their life experiences, whereas non - identical twins – who shared a womb, but have different genes – do not. these studies suggest that around 45 - 50 % of happiness is genetic. how happy your identical twin is, or even how happy your identical twin was ten years ago, is a much better predictor of your happiness than your income, education or social


picture of red tide taken from the noaa research vessel ron brown click on image for full size courtesy of noaa robots watch out for poisonous plankton! news story originally written on january 30, 2003 tiny plankton that live in the sea may look harmless but certain types are able to kill fish, poison seafood and even choke swimmers. now robots have been developed to search the seas for the dangerous plankton! plankton spend most of their life floating in ocean water. they cannot swim like fish, but instead float wherever the currents take them. the harmful types of plankton are single - celled, microscopic creatures called algae that photosynthesize like plants. most types of algae are very important for life in the sea because they are food for animals like clams, fish and whales. however, a few types of algae have poisons within them that are harmful to other creatures. when the dangerous types of algae grow so fast that they darken the ocean water with a reddish cloud called a red tide, they are dangerous to animals that eat them. when people eat seafood that ate the poisonous algae, they get sick too. special underwater robots have been released into the gulf of mexico to look for dangerous algae. the robots are called autonomous underwater vehicles, or auvs. they look like small airplanes that glide underwater. they carry sensors to detect algae and record salinity and temperature of the water so that scientists can study when the red tides form. researchers hope that with the information from their robots and satellite images, they will be able to warn people living near the coast if a giant cloud of algae is in the ocean near them. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, classroom activities in the earth scientist specimens, and educational games you might also be interested in : about 70 % of the earth is covered with water. over 97 % of that water is found in the oceans. everyone who has taken in a mouthful of ocean water while swimming knows that the ocean is really salty! dissolved... more it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately,... more the space shuttle discovery lifted off from kennedy space center on october 29th at 2 : 19 p. m. est. the weather was great as discovery took 8 1 / 2 minutes to reach orbit. this was the united states ' 123rd... more a moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid


the image above reproduces " the coyolxauhqui stone, " a giant monolith found at the great temple of tenochtitlan. click on image for full size image courtesy of the museo del templo mayor, mexico. coyolxauhqui was the moon goddess according the aztec mythology. her name means " golden bells. " she was the daughter of the earth goddess, coatlicue and the sister of the sun god, huitzilopochtli. coyolxauhqui encouraged her four hundred sisters and brothers to kill their dishonored mother. coatlicue gave birth to huitzilopochtli after a ball of feathers fell into the temple where she was sweeping and touched her. huitzilopochtli sprang out of his mother as an adult fully armed and saver her. coatlicue regretted such violence. thus, huitzilopochtli cut off coyolxauhqui ' s head and threw it into the sky to form the moon. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist, full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science, ranging from seismology, rocks and minerals, and earth system science you might also be interested in : ahsonnutli was the sky father and chief god for the navajo. he created heaven, earth, and the sky. each of the four directions, or cardinal points, are supported by a giant. each direction is symbolized... more amphitrite was one of the sea - nymphs called the nereids. one day the sea god poseidon saw her dancing and fell desperately in love with her. he promptly asked her to marry him but unfortunately she refused.... more aphrodite was the greek goddess of love and beauty. she was known to the romans as venus. to the perfection of her figure and the purity of her features she added an innocent grace. on her sweet face she... more in greek mythology, apollo was the son of jupiter ( in greek zeus ) and leto ( letona ). he was the god of the sun, logic, and reason, and was also a fine musician and healer. leto travelled all over greece... more according to an ancient greek legend, the figure of a gigantic crab was placed in the nighttime sky by the goddess hera to form the constellation cancer. hera swore to kill heracles, the


the basic forces in nature contemporary physics education project the interactions in the universe are governed by four forces ( strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational ). physicists are trying to find one theory that would describe all the forces in nature as a single law. so far they have succeeded in producing a single theory that describes the weak and electromagnetic forces ( called electroweak force ). the strong and gravitational forces are not yet described by this theory. table courtesy of university of guelph, guelph, ontario ( cananda ) shop windows to the universe science store! cool it! is the new card game from the union of concerned scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change — and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : the neutrino is an extremely light particle. it has no electric charge. the neutrino interacts through the weak force. for this reason and because it is electrically neutral, neutrino interactions with... more some ideas are used throughout the sciences. they are " tools " that can help us solve puzzles in different fields of science. these " tools " include units of measurement, mathematical formulas, and graphs.... more mechanics is the term used to refer to one of the main branches of the science of physics. mechanics deals with the motion of and the forces that act upon physical objects. we need precise terminology... more the interactions in the universe are governed by four forces ( strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational ). physicists are trying to find one theory that would describe all the forces in nature as... more when the temperature in the core of a star reaches 100 million degrees kelvin fusion of helium into carbon occurs. oxygen is also formed from fusion of carbon and helium together when the temperature is... more a plot of the binding energy per nucleon vs. atomic mass shows a peak atomic number 56 ( iron ). elements with atomic mass less then 56 release energy if formed as a result of a fusion reaction. above this... more there are several experiments where nuclear fusion reactions have been achieved in a controlled manner ( that means no bombs are involved!! ). the two main approaches that are being explored are magnetic... more


bad news, guys. the chances of making it to 100 are much greater if you ' re a woman. the 2010 census found 80 % of the 53, 364 people age 100 and older are women, according to a report out today. for every 100 centenarians, only 20. 7 % were men. the overall number of centenarians has increased 5. 8 % since 2000. what helps the women? the largest study of centenarians in this country, the new england centenarian study, suggests that women handle age - related diseases better than men. but among men who do survive to 100, they seem better able to function than the women. the census report finds the men were more likely to be living with others in a household ( 43. 5 % ) while women are more likely to be living in a nursing home ( 35. 2 % ). the census report also finds : the report also shows that centenarians were less diverse than the rest of the population. nearly 83 % of centenarians are white, compared to about 72 % in the total population. nearly 6 % ( 5. 8 % ) are hispanic compared to the 16. 3 % of hispanics who make up the total population. most centenarians lived in the south ( 17, 444 ), followed by the midwest ( 13, 112 ), northeast ( 12, 244 ) and west ( 10, 564 ). california has the highest number ( 5, 921 ), followed by florida, new york and texas. copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : living to 100 : 80 % are women, report shows


first we have the monarch butterflies. these incredible creatures spend their summer days in the northern parts and then migrate ( leaving for another place ) to the south for the winter. they travel thousands of miles - some almost 2900 km from canada to mexico. just looking at a map, you can see how far canada is from mexico, but these little butterflies fly all the way to protect themselves from the cold winters. traveling so much certainly does tire them out, which is why some of them cannot make a return trip. these butterflies have never been to these foreign places, but they still make the trip successfully. how do they do it? a map showing the monarch butterfly migration. they travel from canada to mexico. then there are the green sea turtles ( or the scientific term is chelonia mydas ) who swim for months and months in the east direction to migrate from a sea in brazil in south america to an island called ascension island, which is about 3200 km away. apparently these turtles were hatched on this island, and after they grow up in south america, they return to their birthplace, the ascension island, to hatch their own eggs. another example is that of some crabs that are willing to walk about 240 km from deep water to shallow water, just to lay their eggs. these creatures have some kind of inborn compass or instinct that tells them where to go and at what is the right time for migration. no one has taught them this, most of them have never been to the new place, but they still manage to migrate safely. scientists till today, cannot give good, complete explanations for these migrations. it probably is just one of nature ' s powers and mysteries.....


learn something new every day more info... by email during the early part of the 20th century, instrument makers created the electric double bass, a stringed instrument that has a built - in sound amplifier with electronic controls. musicians also call this instrument the electric upright bass to avoid confusing it with the bass guitar. double bass is the musical octave played by this instrument, which is one octave below the cello, or single bass. resembling a giant violin, the original double bass is an acoustic stringed instrument. as early as the 1950s, different designs for the electric double bass appeared on the market. two main styles have survived in to the 21st century. one design is a smaller version of the classic acoustic double bass. it keeps the basic shape of the original acoustic double bass, but it usually is no larger than 75 percent of the normal size of the acoustic instrument. the second design, known as a stick bass, retains only the post that hold the instrument ’ s strings and electronics. in addition to the increased sound volume the amplifier provides, both of these designs offer musicians advantages over the traditional instrument. the electric versions have less weight and bulk, making them easier to transport. they also give musicians the option of positioning the instrument on a stand during practice and performances, which can reduce the physical stress experienced by bass players, who normally keep the instrument upright by leaning their bodies forward. an electric double bass has four or five strings. they commonly are made of lightweight steel. before play, each of these strings must be tightened properly using screws at the top of the handle to reduce any slack that would distort the instrument ’ s sound. one plays this instrument with a bow or a pick. the tonal range, or voice, for the double bass and the electric double bass is the lowest of all stringed instruments. musicians who play the electric double bass find all of their music on the bass clef of a music score. the actual notes bassists play are one octave below the lowest note on the bass clef. in classical compositions, the musical part for an electric double bass is similar to that of the percussion instruments, such as drums. accomplished bassists who play the amplified instrument are able to take advantage of its enhanced capabilities and contribute lower - range notes to a composition ' s harmony. in jazz performances, an electric double bass often plays solos that accentuate the composition ’ s melody.


definition of wrath. meaning of wrath. synonyms of wrath here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word wrath. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word wrath and, of course, wrath synonyms and on the right images related to the word wrath. definition of wrath wrathwrath wrath (? ; 277 ), n. [ oe. wrathe, wra [ thorn ] [ thorn ] e, wrethe, wr [ ae ] [ eth ] [ eth ] e, as. wr [ = ae ] [ eth ] [ eth ] o, fr. wr [ = a ] [ eth ] wroth ; akin to icel. rei [ eth ] i wrath. see 1. violent anger ; vehement exasperation ; indignation ; rage ; wrath is a fire, and jealousy a weed. - - spenser. when the wrath of king ahasuerus was appeased. now smoking and frothing its tumult and wrath in. 2. the effects of anger or indignation ; the just punishment of an offense or a crime. ` ` a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. ' - - rom. xiii. 4. syn : anger ; fury ; rage ; ire ; vengeance ; indignation ; resentment ; passion. see anger. wrathwrath wrath, a. see wroth. [ obs. ] wrath wrath, v. t. to anger ; to enrage ; - - also used impersonally. [ obs. ] ` ` i will not wrathen him. ' - - chaucer. if him wratheth, be ywar and his way shun. - - piers meaning of wrath from wikipedia - in islam, god ' s mercy outweighs or takes precedence of it the characteristics upon whom god ' s wrath will fall is as is the sixth studio album by american groove metal band lamb of god. it was released 23, 2009. it achieved number - the wrath is the name of two fictional comic by dc comics. the original wrath debuted in batman special - the currently recognized version of the sins are usually given, lust, envy, and gluttony - he exclusively attacks wrath during the movie, the battle leading to alphonse elric sacrificing the two upon wrath ' s demand, in order - in 1997, clark rejoined wcw as wrath, a helmeted martial artist,


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - cardozo, benjamin nathan 1870 - 1938. american jurist and writer who served as an associate justice of the u. s. supreme court ( 1932 - 1938 ). “ in late 2008, peter markowitz, professor of law at the benjamin cardozo school of law at yeshiva university in new york, explained : ” “ benjamin cardozo, appointed by president herbert hoover in 1932, was the first. ” “ that honor goes to benjamin cardozo, a descendant of portuguese jews who immigrated to america. ” “ justice benjamin cardozo was on the sc for 6 years. ” “ i suggest you look up the word " hispanic " before you blast democrats and jews - jusice benjamin cardozo was sephardi jew and portugese - he was not hispanic in contemp. terms - as portugese is not considered hispanic... ” “ karl rove said that judge sotomayor would not be the first hispanic justice on the court ; he says that honor fell to benjamin cardozo, whom mr. rove claims to have been " sephardic. ” “ claudia francis, benjamin cardozo ( oakland gardens, n. y. ), 2 : 05. 47 ; ” “ benjamin cardozo ( oakland gardens, n. y. ), 3 : 39. 96 ; ” “ benjamin cardozo, appointed by herbert hoover in 1938, was the first hispanic supreme court justice. ” “ one legal scholar has lamented that the correspondence of benjamin cardozo, a profoundly private man, was handled by the judge ' s executor " the way warwick handled jeanne d ' arc. ” looking for tweets for cardozo.


- latin defensare, defensatum, to defend diligently, intensive of defendere. see defend. ( wiktionary ) “ i would rather forgive pride in a poor body, than in a rich : for in the rich it is insult and arrogance, proceeding from their high condition ; but in the poor it may be a defensative against dishonesty, and may shew a natural bravery of mind, perhaps, if properly directed, and manifested on right occasions, that the frowns of fortune cannot depress. ” “ a short defensative about church government, toleration, and petitions about these things. ” “ christian magistrates, - - is so suited to our present frame and temper, but so unworthy of them, that i should wrong them by a defensative. ” “ charged they were that they worshipped an ass ' s head ; which impious folly - - first fastened on the jews by tacitus, hist., lib. v. cap. 1, in these words, " effigiem animalis, quo monstrante errorem sitimque depulerant, penetrali sacravere " ( having before set out a feigned direction received by a company of asses ), which he had borrowed from apion, a railing egyptian of alexandria - - was so ingrafted in their minds that no defensative could be allowed. ” “ so whereas one of them says, " fundus animae meae tangit fundum essentiae dei, " it had certainly been better for him to have kept his apprehensions or fancy to himself, than to express himself in words which in their own proper sense are blasphemous, and whose best defensative is that they are unintelligible. ” “ it is not, then, a sure and infallible defensative. ” “ i say, i would suppose that this might divert our doctor from casting his eye upon vedelius, whose defensative would have informed him that these epistles had been opposed as false and counterfeit before ever salmasius or ” “ the dedication of books to the names of men worthy and of esteem in their generation takes sanctuary in so catholic and ancient prescription, that to use any defensative about my walking in the same path cannot but forfeit the loss of somewhat more than the pains that would he spent therein. ” “ and, indeed, the foisted passages in many


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. the act or state of expecting ; expectation : tense with expectancy, i waited for my name to be called. - n. the state of being expected. - n. something expected. - n. an expected amount calculated on the basis of actuarial data : a life expectancy of 70 years. - n. expectation or anticipation ; the state of expecting something - n. the state of being expected - n. something expected or awaited - n. an expectation - n. something expected ( as on the basis of a norm ) “ university of michigan at ann arbor, who has studied health inequalities and reproductive patterns, points out that healthy life expectancy is short for african americans and women depend on extended family networks for support. ” “ there ' s too much of … what i call an expectancy culture of things being provided. ” “ because of that, there ' s what we call the expectancy effect. ” “ life expectancy is only longer because fewer babies die ; people who reach 65 live about the same number of years as they used to. ” “ the increase in life expectancy is very small by comparison. ” “ if he ' s extremely obese and a smoker, his life expectancy is 60, a difference of 21 years. ” “ at the extremes, the gap in life expectancy is wide : there is a nearly 18 - year difference in life expectancy between black men and asian / pacific islander women ( 69. 4 vs. 86. 9 years ). ” “ doing screening tests on patients whose life expectancy is extremely limited because of cancer is just not a cost - effective thing to do, " said dr. allen lichter, ceo of the american society of clinical oncology, who wasn ' t involved in the research. ” “ calculating life expectancy is a tough task that requires analyzing extensive information about how people died and how old they were, as well as statistical modeling to predict how long people born today will live if current trends continue. ” “ hispanics, life expectancy is nearly two years lower in puerto rico, more than two years lower in cuba, and more than four years lower in mexico, according to world health organization figures. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ expectancy ’. all words that could come in handy in stories. favorites from crim, civpro, and contracts - a little entertainment to make finals a little more bearable looking for twee


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. the fruit of any of various related plants, such as the cantaloupe, watermelon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin, and melon, having a hard or leathery rind, fleshy pulp, and numerous flattened seeds. - from latin pepo, from ancient greek πεπων ( pepon, " large melon " ), from πεπων ( pepon, " ripe " ), from πεπτω ( pepto, " ripen " ). compare pumpkin. ( wiktionary ) - latin pepo, a kind of melon, from greek pepon, ripe ; see pekw - in indo - european roots. ( american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) “ all members of the family bear a fruit called a pepo, which is the edible portion that we call the squash, melon, pumpkin or cucumber. ” “ most cucur - bits produce a particular form of berry called a pepo, with a protective rind and a mass of storage tissue containing many seeds. ” “ they “ believe in a benevolent deity or supernatural power which they identify with the forest ” ; it is “ regarded as the source of pepo life force and of their whole existence. ” ” “ while most are either maxima, moschata or pepo, the cushaw is a strain of mixta. ” “ = cucurbita pepo = pumpkin ( used for halloween pumpkins ) ” “ swahili - punga pepo, - toa pepo, - lema pepo ; zaramo kuhunga madogoli. back ” “ = cucurbita pepo = pumpkin used for halloween pumpkins ” “ the curcurbitaceae are divided into four subspecies, one of which, the mexican native curcurbita pepo, includes pumpkins, ornamental squash, acorn squash and summer squash, also known as vegetable marrow. ” “ pumpkin seeds pumpkin seeds come from the fruits of the new world native cucurbita pepo, are notable for being deep green with chlorophyll, and for containing no starch, as much as 50 % oil, and 35 % protein. ” “ one of the simplest treatments to help maintain prostate health is to eat a few tablespoons of pumpkin seeds cucurbita pepo each day. ” these user -


anaphylaxis is an acute, life - threatening hypersensitivity reaction, involving the whole body, which is usually brought on by something eaten or injected. the term anaphylaxis is often used only for a severe allergic reaction affecting the whole body. a second term, non - allergic anaphylaxis, may be used to describe identical reactions that are not caused by allergy, but involve other mechanisms in the body. the clinical diagnosis and management are identical, whatever the cause of the anaphylaxis. anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that develops rapidly and can be fatal. a few or all of the following symptoms, often developing in this order, may be experienced : - itching of the lips, tongue and palate, swelling of the lips, tongue and throat - swelling of the eyelids, itchy, watery eyes - generalized itching, flushing, swelling of the skin, and hives ( urticaria ) - increased heart rate - abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea - difficulty in breathing due to throat swelling, wheezing and asthma - a sense of impending doom - collapse, loss of consciousness, weakness and faintness caused by a drop in blood pressure. severe initial symptoms can develop within minutes following an encounter with an allergen, and usually reach peak severity within 3 - 30 minutes. sometimes there can be a second phase reaction, 1 – 8 hours after the initial anaphylaxis. 1. anaphylaxis caused by an allergen after a first encounter with an allergen, for example a bee sting, the allergic person can develop a particular type of antibody known as immunoglobulin e ( ige ). this antibody is unique in that it attaches to cells in the body called mast cells and cells in the bloodstream known as basophils. the next time the individual is stung by a bee, the allergy antibodies attached to the cells react to the bee venom. this binding of the antibodies to cells and basophils with the bee venom allergen causes the release of chemicals, including histamine, into the bloodstream. the systemic allergic reaction that follows is called anaphylaxis. the whole body is involved. the reactions can be mild, and only involve the skin ( hives or welts, redness of the skin and generalized itching ), to severe ( severe shortness of breath and / or unconsciousness with loss of blood pressure )


involved. the reactions can be mild, and only involve the skin ( hives or welts, redness of the skin and generalized itching ), to severe ( severe shortness of breath and / or unconsciousness with loss of blood pressure ). in theory, any food protein is capable of causing anaphylaxis. foods most frequently responsible for anaphylaxis are : - peanut ( a legume ) - tree nuts ( walnut, hazel nut / filbert, cashew, pistachio nut, brazil nut, pine nut, almond ) - shellfish ( shrimp, crab, lobster, oyster, scallops ) - milk ( cow, goat ) - hen ’ s eggs - seeds ( cotton seed, sesame, psyllium, mustard ) - fruits, vegetables. rarely, food sensitivity can be so severe that anaphylaxis can occur after allergen inhalation, such as the odor of cooked fish or the opening of a package of peanuts. a severe allergy to pollen, for example, ragweed, grass or tree pollen, can indicate that an individual may be susceptible to anaphylaxis or to the oral allergy syndrome ( severe itching in the mouth and throat, with or without facial swelling ) caused by eating certain plant - derived foods. this is due to the close relationship between proteins found in both the pollens and the foods. specific examples of these types of associations are : - birch pollen : apples, raw potatoes, carrots, celery and hazelnuts - mugwort pollen : celery, apple, peanut and kiwifruit - ragweed pollen : melons ( watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew, etc ) and bananas - latex : bananas, avocado, kiwifruit, chestnut and papaya food - associated, exercise - induced anaphylaxis may occur when individuals exercise within 2 - 4 hours after ingesting a food they are allergic to. the combination of the exercise and the food can cause anaphylaxis, but the individual is able to exercise without symptoms or ingest the food without symptoms. antibiotics and other drugs penicillin, cephalosporin and muscle relaxants used in anesthesia penicillin is the most common cause of anaphylaxis, for whatever reason, not just drug - induced cases. serious reactions to penicillin occur more frequently if the drug is injected or given intravenously, rather than taken by mouth


drinks to prevent deterioration and are also used as preservatives in a variety of medications. sulfites are converted to gas in the stomach and are then inhaled. rarely, they can cause asthma and anaphylaxis in susceptible people. whole blood, serum, plasma, serum products, immunoglobulins anaphylactic reactions can occur after the administration of whole blood or its products. a mismatched blood transfusion can cause anaphylaxis. individuals who have a serum protein deficiency may become sensitized to the missing proteins when they are provided in blood products. radiocontrast media, low - molecular weight chemicals used in < edical procedures and narcotic drugs when injected into the body, these chemicals can cause the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals from cells in the body and blood stream, resulting in anaphylaxis. women may rarely suffer anaphylaxis attacks as a result of hypersensitivity caused by the progesterone secreted during the menstrual cycle. where recurrent symptoms of flushing, increased heart - rate, skin rashes, skin swelling, and difficulty breathing occur, but no recognized cause can be found, these cases are sometimes referred to as idiopathic ( unknown cause ) anaphylaxis. emergency medical assistance should be sought at the first sign of anaphylaxis. the sooner the attack is treated, the less severe it will be. if the patient carries an epinephrine injection kit, this should be administered into a muscle immediately while the ambulance is awaited. if there is no improvement after several minutes, a second injection should be given. even if the attack responds to the epinephrine injection, the patient should be transferred to the hospital for further observation, because of the risk that a second phase anaphylaxis attack may develop. treatment in the hospital may involve the use of glucocorticosteroid and antihistamine drugs in addition to adrenalin. prevention of anaphylaxis an individual who has suffered anaphylaxis should seek immediate medical help in identifying the cause of the reaction. the patient ’ s family doctor should be informed as soon as possible about the attack. the doctor should be asked to provide a prescription for at least two epinephrine ( adrenalin ) auto - injector syringes and to train the patient and his / her family how to use them. patients should carry a sy


doctor should be asked to provide a prescription for at least two epinephrine ( adrenalin ) auto - injector syringes and to train the patient and his / her family how to use them. patients should carry a syringe at all times and have a spare at home. as soon as a syringe is used it must be replaced immediately. it is important to ensure that each epinephrine syringe is within its " use - by " date ; the effectiveness of the injection rapidly decreases after this date. a referral to an allergy specialist for appropriate blood tests should be arranged, to help identify the allergy antibodies present in the blood, and to determine the allergen likely to have caused anaphylaxis. an allergist will be able to explain how to recognize the symptoms that occur at the onset of anaphylaxis. patients judged by a doctor to be at risk, and those who have experienced an anaphylaxis episode, should consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklet detailing known allergies. at home, work and school, others should be alerted to the patient ’ s problem, and what to do in an emergency. advice for avoiding food allergens - ask your doctor for a referral to a dietician who can advise you about food labeling ; there are many hidden ingredients in processed food. for example, peanuts in ice cream and cow ’ s milk protein in fast food – " emulgator " is often the cow ’ s milk protein casein - read food labels carefully - when eating at a restaurant or hotel, advise the chef and waiter of your allergy - if you are traveling abroad, obtain a translation card in the language of the country you are visiting, explaining what you are allergic to, and what should be done in the event of an emergency ( translation cards can be obtained from the british allergy foundation ) - contact your local allergy organization for support and advice about coping with anaphylaxis - make sure that school teachers and school meal supervisors are informed about a child ’ s food allergies. advice for preventing insect stings - avoid potential contact with stinging insects : stay clear of areas where stinging insects build or have nests, and be careful when picking ripe fruit or when such fruit is on the ground under a fruit tree - keep food covered at all times, particularly outdoors. keep barbecues and waste disposal areas clean - don ’ t wear perfume, bright colors, and bold or flower


careful when picking ripe fruit or when such fruit is on the ground under a fruit tree - keep food covered at all times, particularly outdoors. keep barbecues and waste disposal areas clean - don ’ t wear perfume, bright colors, and bold or flower - print clothing - keep an insecticide spray in the car - wear closed - toe shoes outdoors and don ’ t go barefoot - don ’ t wear loose - fitting garments that can trap insects. allergen immunotherapy ( hyposensitization / desensitization injections ) are very effective in preventing further reactions to insect stings. as the allergist administers doses of venom in increasingly higher concentrations over time, the patient ’ s immune system becomes resistant to the effects of the venom. advice for preventing drug reactions - ensure that your doctor and dentist are informed immediately if a reaction occurs to a drug which has been prescribed - any new physician who is consulted should be notified of drug reactions - check the content of cold and flu treatments to make sure they do not contain a drug to which you react. advice for avoiding latex reactions - avoid contact with natural latex products - inform physicians and other health care professionals, family, employers and school personnel about the allergy - use synthetic products instead of natural latex products - health care professionals should avoid the use of powdered latex gloves to prevent inhalation of latex proteins attached to the powder - some foods contain the same allergenic proteins as latex and may need to be avoided. these are avocados, bananas, kiwi fruit and european chestnuts, as well as others other conditions which have similar symptoms to anaphylaxis - anxiety attacks - severe asthma - swallowing or inhaling a foreign body - blood clots in the lungs ( pulmonary embolism ) - inflammation of the tissues at the top of the throat - heart attack - hormone - producing tumor in the small intestine ( carcinoid syndrome ) - hereditary angioedema - increased output of hormones from the adrenal gland ( pheochromocytoma ) - low blood sugar - overdoses of medications - hives brought on by exposure to cold temperature ( cold urticaria ) - hives brought on by emotion, temperature, etc ( cholinergic urticaria ) - sulfite or monosodium glutamate ingestion if anaphylaxis occurs during a medical procedure it is important to consider a possible reaction to latex or anesthetic drugs. the


suggest incidences of anaphylaxis caused by hymenoptera venom ranging from 0. 4 % to 4 % of the population. food - associated, exercise - induced anaphylaxis this is more common in females, and over 60 % of cases occur in individuals less than 30 years of age. anaphylaxis is a severe hypersensitivity reaction that can be fatal. it is essential to identify the cause of anaphylaxis in order to prevent further occurrence. individuals with a history of anaphylaxis should carry an epinephrine injector kit with them at all times. if, while eating a particular food or after being stung by an insect, you start to notice symptoms that you suspect could develop into anaphylaxis, do not delay in seeking treatment ; tell someone what is happening immediately, and get to the hospital as soon as possible. if an epinephrine injection is available, use it immediately. allergy awareness association new zealand allergy society of south africa ( allsa ) www. allergysa. org. go to online literature, then to anaphylaxis. american academy of allergy, asthma and immunology ( aaaai ) www. aaaai. org / public / publicedmat / tips / spanishtips / que _ es _ la _ anafilaxis. stm ( in spanish ) anaphylaxis campaign ( uk ) : www. anaphylaxis. org. uk australasian society of clinical immunology and allergy ( ascia ) british allergy foundation www. allergyfoundation. com. click on translation cards. food allergy network ( usa ) food anaphylactic children training support ( australia ) mayo clinic ( usa )


importing files in other formats benefits of importing files in other formats into microsoft word 2010 : - if the object is too complicated to be created directly in word, such as an equation for example, it can still be included in the document, even though it was created in a different program. - rather than referring a reader to an external source, file, or object, you can embed all or parts of that file directly into your document. embedding images in your document - put your cursor at the desired location in your document where you would like to insert an image. - from the insert tab, select picture. - an insert picture window opens. browse for the image on your pc. - when you have finished browsing, select ok. the image should now appear at the desired location in your document. embedding other files formats into your document the instructions below are for non - media content - type files only. if you have media that you would like to embed into your document, such as a sound or video clip, contact firstname. lastname @ example. org for assistance in streaming these files via the atcis media server. - put your cursor at the desired location in your document where you would like to insert an object. - from the insert tab, select object. - select the create from file tab and browse for your file on your local pc. - select the link to file checkbox so that the file contents appear directly in your file. - when you have finished, select ok. the file contents appears at the desired location in your document. examples of supported file formats - picture files including jpeg, gif & bmp - microsoft excel spreadsheets - microsoft powerpoint slides - adobe pdf documents why canit i insert a sound or video clip into my document? typically, sound and video file sizes are too large for microsoft word to embed directly in the file. instead, shortcuts are embedded, linking to the original file on the authoris pc. if you attempt to upload your document to mywpi, it will upload without the linked files and readers will not be able to play the sound or video clip. the atc can assist you with embedding multimedia that is stored on a streaming media server. instead of shortcuts to a directory, the shortcut will be to a web link, which any user can play with an internet connection. maintained by email @ example. com last modified : jun 24, 2011, 12


this week on kentucky ’ s backroads we travel to a place where an autumn tradition intersects with the civil war. a 135 acre farm in northern garrard county has an eleven acre corn maze featuring three and a half miles of paths. what makes matt howland ’ s maze unique is its focus on the civil war. the maze is laid out in the shape of 13 southeastern u - s states with paths to key battles in the war between the states. “ we ' re trying to match the fun with getting a little bit of education out of it, ” said howland. " as you ' re going through you ’ re actually going to travel from state to state along the same pathways the troops would have traveled. " the maze matches a fifth grade curriculum which focuses on kentucky ’ s role in the war and the underground railroad. but, the day we visited the maze, it was little kids who were romping in the maze. " those kids just want to see how fast they can run from one side to the other and they ' re having a good time and you know when they ' re ready to learn they ' ll come back. " to find out more about howland ’ s farm, which also includes a bed and breakfast and an equestrian center, you can click on this link.


the " skinny kid with a funny name " - - as president barack obama referred to himself in his 2004 democratic national convention keynote address - - made history in 2008 by becoming the first black man to be elected president of the united states. breaking racial barriers is nothing new for him, however. obama has been trying to find his place in society as an african - american starting in elementary school and continuing through his college years. obama ' s diverse background and strong foundation of american principles matches the melting pot appearance of the country he hopes to lead. barack obama - - barack means " blessed " in the central african language of luo - - was born aug. 4, 1961, in honolulu, hawaii, to ann dunham and barack obama sr. obama ' s father was born in the nyanza province, kenya, and grew up herding goats with his own father. in 1959, at the age of 23, barack obama sr. won a scholarship that allowed him to leave kenya and study economics at the university of hawaii. it was there that he met ann dunham. dunham grew up in wichita, kan., where her father worked on oil rigs during the depression and marched across europe in patton ' s army. her mother worked on a bomber assembly line during world war ii. after the war, the family moved to hawaii. obama ' s parents met at the university of hawaii. they were both students when they married and obama was born in 1961. in 1963, when obama was 2, the couple separated when his father moved from hawaii to boston with a scholarship to finish his ph. d at harvard. barack sr. returned to kenya after his schooling with the goal of bettering his poverty - stricken country. besides visiting his son once, barack sr. remained in kenya until his death in a car accident in 1982. later, dunham was remarried to lolo soetoro, a university of hawaii student from indonesia. in 1967, the whole family moved to jakarta, indonesia. here, obama ' s half - sister maya soetoro - ng was born in 1970. while living in indonesia, obama found an american magazine article that showed blacks using skin - bleaching agents to make themselves lighter. obama told a & e, " i first realized that i was an african - american ( at that moment ), but also there were all sorts of implications to race and there were power relationships in race.... i remember feeling shocked by that. " this event would trigger obama ' s journey to find his identity in the


with the world undergoing a rapid technological revolution, cultures, political systems and ethical standards are changing just as quickly. with such an upheaval in how we live and relate to each other, there has never been a greater need for solid leaders in our society. institutions of higher learning have responded by offering training and degree programs in leadership. leadership school is designed to help you lead a team in transforming an organization, taking it to a higher level. in short, leadership school trains you to craft a vision, communicate your vision to others, and execute your vision in a way that makes your organization better positioned to thrive economically be seen as industry leaders. leadership school success factors successful professionals in leadership typically display superior communication skills, are excellent working with a variety of personality types, are able to inspire people to perform at their highest level, can craft a clear vision for accomplishment, have the patience and persistence to see projects through to completion, and are always eager to learn new information and be adaptable to changing circumstances. leadership school specializations leadership schools offer specializations in many areas of leadership to match your career aspirations. leadership school specializations include organizational leadership, organizational management, human resources, and project management, among many others. leadership school curriculum a leadership school curriculum is designed to prepare you for the many challenges of a career in leadership. a curriculum in leadership includes complex issues in leadership and the social dynamics of organizations. courses focus on problem - solving, strategic planning, critical thinking, research methodology, policy formulation, ethics, motivation, creativity, vision, customer service, organizational development, psychology, sociology, theology, organization theory, cultural understanding, and business practices. leadership school degrees possible leadership degrees include bachelor ' s degrees, master ' s degrees, and doctoral or ph. d. programs. leadership certificates are designed to help you enhance your leadership practices within your organization. a bachelor of arts or sciences specializing in leadership helps to cultivate your skills and learn more about the theory of effective leadership in a variety of contexts. a master ' s degree in leadership may qualify you for a leadership role at the management level. an mba in leadership will help you develop skills in critical analysis, research methods, communication, and application of the theories covered. a doctoral degree in leadership will prepare you to lead, consult, or teach in the field of leadership. leadership graduates usually work in a corporation in a role where they can apply their entrepreneurial thinking, strong decision - making skills, and visionary approach to business solutions. leadership graduates also work as an organization development consultant, or od consultant


the sacred name : whether to pronounce yahweh ’ s name with a “ v ” or “ w ” hinges on which letter accurately transliterates the sound of the hebrew letter w or “ waw ” in the tetragrammaton, yhwh. we must take into consideration the ancient pronunciation of the waw and whether “ v ”, “ w ” or “ u ” as we know them accurately reflect that ancient pronunciation. the following information is derived from a number of sources, including g. b. palatino ’ s lettere romane ( 1545 ). ‘ u ’ and ‘ w ’ are variants of ‘ v ’ which was being used for two different sounds in medieval england. ‘ u ’ was introduced to give a soft vowel sound as opposed to the harder consonant sound of ‘ v ’. ‘ w ’ began as a ligature. two ‘ v ’ letterforms were joined into ‘ vv ’ to represent ‘ double u ’ in 12th - century england. those who use the “ v ” form of yahweh ’ s name ( yahveh ) should note that the name is spelled “ yahweh ” in almost all academic publications, many by people well - studied in the hebrew language, including hebrew speakers. hebrew linguists believe the third letter waw was in ancient times pronounced as “ w ” ( hence it is named “ waw ” ). in later hebrew its pronunciation, influenced by european languages, was changed to “ v ” and the letter was later called “ vav, ” according to the encyclopædia judaica. the judaica shows that the semitic languages nearest israel use the “ w ” pronunciation as opposed to the “ v ” pronunciation found in those speakers of hebrew living in or closer to europe. those using the “ w ” sound include jews of babylonia, yemeni, morocco, samaria, the sephardi ( temple hebrew ) and portuguese. those using the “ v ” sound of “ waw ” include hebrew - speaking communities in italy, poland, germany, and lithuania. these europeans picked up the germanic “ v ” and transferred it to the waw. the change from w to v is very well known, for example, in most of the continental languages like german ( also the descendants of latin ). we know from historical comparisons that direction of change in latin was from w to v. english has remained faithful to an old w sound for over six thousand years, while it changed to v


the continental languages like german ( also the descendants of latin ). we know from historical comparisons that direction of change in latin was from w to v. english has remained faithful to an old w sound for over six thousand years, while it changed to v in late latin almost two thousand years ago ( but had not yet changed in classical latin ). the “ w ” is formed by putting two “ v ” letters together, but it is called a double - u because it is made up of two letters originally pronounced as we do the “ u. ” one needs only to look at old government building architecture with inscriptions bearing a “ v ” but pronounced like a “ u ” to see that the “ v ” was originally a vowel sound like “ u ” ( e. g. bvilding, jvly ). it was not until the dictionary was published that a decided difference was made between the “ v ” and the “ u. ” it is more than coincidence that the u, v, and w occur together in our alphabet ; it shows a common relationship that these letters had in derivation and similar pronunciation. the v is a consonant that some have used for the sound of the hebrew waw in yahweh ’ s name ( yahveh ). the problem is, the waw in his name was considered a vowel anciently. in fact, all the letters of the tetragrammaton are called vowels by josephus ( wars of the jews, 5. 5. 556 ) as well as by hebrew grammars. bagster ’ s helps to bible study also says these are vowel - letters in the sacred name, “ as having been originally used to represent vowels, and they still frequently serve as vowels in combination with the points. ” bagsters says the waw represents the letters o or u. another authority says, “ the sound of waw a long time ago wasn ’ t ‘ vav ’ at all but ‘ w ’ and ‘ w ’ is weak. the yemenite jews of arabia who retain an ancient, correct, and pure pronunciation of hebrew still pronounce the waw as ‘ w, ’ as does arabic, the close sister language of hebrew, ” how the hebrew language grew, edward horowitz, pp. 29 - 30. as the online wikipedia notes : “ there was no ‘ u ’ ; instead, there was the semi - vowel ‘ v ’. there was no ‘ w ’, although ‘ v ’ was pronounced as the modern english ‘ w ’. ” as for


as the online wikipedia notes : “ there was no ‘ u ’ ; instead, there was the semi - vowel ‘ v ’. there was no ‘ w ’, although ‘ v ’ was pronounced as the modern english ‘ w ’. ” as for the “ j ” in “ jehovah, ” the letter j is the last letter to be added to our alphabet. ‘ j ’ was an ‘ outgrowth ’ of ‘ i ’ and was used to give a sound of greater consonant force, particularly as the first letter of some words. it was used interchangeably with the letter “ i ” at first, showing that its original pronunciation stemmed from the vowel sound of “ i ” and only later got its “ juh ” sound through french influence. the english name “ jehovah ” was invented by roman catholics sometime in the middle ages, based on a misunderstanding of masoretic hebrew texts. it is a hybrid word consisting of the tetragrammaton yhwh ( “ j ” used to be pronounced as “ y ” ) and the vowels for the word “ adonai. ” though “ jehovah ” is used a few times in the 1611 king james version ( e. g., gen 22 : 14 ; exod 6 : 3 ; isa 12 : 2 ; ps 83 : 18 ) and is found in many older christian hymns, it is not the authentic biblical pronunciation of the sacred name ( for a discussion of the “ jehovah or yahweh ” question see “ god, names of ” in encyclopædia judaica, vol. 7, col. 680, or george f. moore, judaism in the first centuries of the christian era : the age of the tannaim ( 3 vols., cambridge, mass. : harvard univ. press, 1927 - 30 ), vol. 1, p. 219 and note 1, p. 427. most modern bible translations have notes on this issue in their introductions, agreeing that the true name of the heavenly father is yahweh.


service learning, a form of civic engagement, is defined as a credit - bearing educational experience that involves students participating in organized service activities that meet identified community needs, then reflecting on the service to gain further understanding of course content, a broader appreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced sense of civic responsibility. y. it is experiential education. learning occurs through a cycle of action and reflection. service learning improves students ' depth in a field of knowledge, and improves self - directed lifelong learning. it is faith and mission in action. participants in service learning make connections to the mission of the university as it seeks to promote justice in the world. they care for the common good, promote spiritual growth, find common humanity in diversity through personal connections, promote the preferential option for the poor, live catholic social teaching, and develop values. it is citizenship development. ● requires reflection on issues that concern the community ● promotes a commitment to improve conditions in the world ● seeks to increase community / political engagement ● desires reciprocity ● develops leadership it promotes ethical and moral development. “ judging the quality of a college education by asking if students see the connection between what they learn and how they live, looking for the deeper significance, for the moral dilemmas of and the ethical responses. the college succeeds if it ’ s graduates are inspired by a larger vision, using the knowledge that have acquired to form values and advance the common good. ” ( boyer, page 296 )


emphasize that we are talking about the " acquired immune response " antigen - - any agent ( molecule ) that binds to components of the immune response - - lymphocytes and their receptors - - antibodies and the immunogen - - any agent capable of inducing an immune response. this distinction is probably most clear when discussing the situation of a hapten and its carrier. hapten - - is antigenic but not immunogenic unless it is attached to a carrier molecule of some sort which supplies the immunogenicity. requirements for immunogenicity : foreignness - - note the example of the rabbit immunized with its own serum albumin vs. the rabbit immunized with guinea pig serum albumin. how do you prove that the rabbit unable to respond to its own albumin is still immunocompetent? note also that it is possible for self " antigens " to be immunogenic. thus the foreignness requirement can be overcome. when this happens it results in autoimmunity. high molecular weight - - note that these are general categories and that there are some exceptions. how could you make a small " non - immunogenic " molecule " immunogenic "? chemical complexity - - what is meant by the term " homopolymer "? how can you make a non - complex molecule more complex? note the discussion about the immunogenicity of the different levels of protein complexity and its discussion in fig. 3. 1. degradability - - most protein antigens need to be processed and presented by antigen presenting cells. the digested fragments become bonded to " mhc " proteins ( or mhc antigens ) on the surface of the apc and this whole complex then binds to t - cells. carbohydrate antigens are not processed or presented. they can bind to b - cells directly and activate them to produce antibody. other requirements for immunogenicity : - - the number and quality of the genes for the mhc proteins vary in a population of animals and this will affect the ability of the individual animal to develop an immune response. individual animals can also vary with regard to their repertoire of t and b cell antigen receptors. dose and route of the antigen - - too low or too high a dose of antigen can actually induce a state of tolerance or non - responsiveness in the animal. the route of immunization can cause very different responses - - for instance antigens that come in contact with mucous membranes generally induce iga antibodies


a dose of antigen can actually induce a state of tolerance or non - responsiveness in the animal. the route of immunization can cause very different responses - - for instance antigens that come in contact with mucous membranes generally induce iga antibodies, whereas intramuscular and intravenous immunization often induces igg and igm responses. please study fig. 4. 12 on page 51 which describes the kinetics of an antibody response to an one antigen. pay particular attention to the terms which are either in the figure, in the text or which are described in lecture : this figure is intimately related to the clonal selection theory described in figure 1. 1 on page 4. review the structure of the antibody molecule ( fig. 4. 3, pg. 42 ). particularly note where variable regions of both the light chain and the heavy chains come together. the antigen binding site is formed by the association of the vheavy and the vlight domains. since these are protein domains it would follow that the conformation of these domains determines this antigen binding function. thus we should expect that particular amino acids in certain areas of the domain would play a large role in binding to antigen. ( see if you can figure out what they are trying to show you in figures 4. 4, 4. 5 and 4. 6. in these figures they are trying to diagram which amino positions actually bind to the antigen epitope in the binding site ). the section of the antigen which actually binds to the the antibody binding site is called the epitope of the antigen. this is also called the antigenic determinant of the antigen. the antibody binding site is sometimes called the paratope or the idiotope or the idiotype. t - cells and b - cells can recognize and react to different epitopes even if they are on the same study table 3. 1 on page 31. much of this table can be summarize by these simple statements : b - cells recognize and bind to free antigen in solution. b - cell epitopes are exposed and easily accessible. t - cells recognize and bind to antigen that has been processed and presented in the context of mhc on antigen presenting cells. please read this over. note that an immune response can be mounted to just about any kind of molecule. this has important implications for autoimmunity and tolerance. note also that the binding of epitopes to their paratopes is non - covalent. this section starts off with a discussion about toxin and tox


about any kind of molecule. this has important implications for autoimmunity and tolerance. note also that the binding of epitopes to their paratopes is non - covalent. this section starts off with a discussion about toxin and toxoid. what is the difference? then they go on to describe what is meant by cross - reacting antigens. essentially what they are saying here is that there are many examples of totally unrelated antigens that have small parts or epitopes ( or antigenic determinants ) in common. thus an immune response to one such antigen can cause the production of antibodies that react with the second antigen. such antigens can be call heterophile antigens. likewise, the antibodies made to such antigens are often called heterophile antibodies. please note the examples given with regard to : human blood group a antigen and pneumococcal capsule polysaccharide human blood group b antigen and e. coli polysaccharide antigens i ' d also like to mention the relationship between streptococcus pygenes m - protein and human heart muscle antigenic similarity between horse - red - blood cell antigens and epstein - barr virus we ' ll have a short discussion about adjuvants.


march 1, 2010 the celebration of the year of international human rights 2009 - 10 : the right to food & water continues human rights : using new tools to grow food and protect resources panel discussion featuring regional experts webster university will host a panel discussion titled “ human rights : using new tools to grow food and protect resources, ” tuesday, march 16, at 7 p. m. in the university center sunnen lounge, 175 edgar road, webster groves, missouri. the panel features regional experts who will discuss their work, research, and experience in areas that address the use of technology for food and water issues. the event is free and open to the public. participants and their topics include : dr. peter raven, president, missouri botanical garden and a member of the college of arts & sciences advisory board, who will speak on “ biodiversity : how india and underdeveloped countries need technology to protect natural resources. ” raven also will be the panel ’ s moderator. maureen mazurek, monsanto human rights lead, “ monsanto ’ s human rights program ” dr. mark manary, helene b. roberson professor of pediatrics, washington university school of medicine, “ importance of childhood nutrition. ” manary ’ s research interests focus on different aspects of nutrition in populations of developing countries, especially malawi, africa. dr. paul anderson, executive director of international programs, danforth plant science center, “ biofortified cassava for africa. ” dr. anderson served for four years as principal investigator of a program funded by the bill & melinda gates foundation to develop biofortified sorghum for arid and semi - arid areas of africa. for more information on webster university ' s year of international human rights, go to : http : / / www. webster. edu / depts / artsci / ihr / yofw. htm.


lent 3 : 11 march john 2 : 13 - 22 according to the first three gospels this incident played a major role in the events leading up to jesusi execution. in the fourth gospel it is portrayed as taking place three years earlier. yet it is also seen as being a cause for jesusi death. we see this in the citation of psalm 69 : 10, dzeal for your house will consume me. i the choice of the future tense rather than the past of the original underlines this. elsewhere john seems to have transferred traditions which pertained to jesusi last days back into his ministry. the jewish trial, for instance, takes place throughout the ministry! so the place of the temple clearing near the beginning of jesusi ministry is probably a deliberate rearrangement. whichever gospel we follow, we find that this action is highly controversial. in the case of the fourth gospel we now have two parts to the account : the event itself ( 2 : 14 - 17 ) and the controversy about it ( 2 : 18 - 22 ). the latter section includes jesusi prediction that the temple will be destroyed and be rebuilt in three days. it also begins with the jews questioning jesusi right to act the way he did. both elements echo markis story. in mark the chief priests question jesusi right to do such things and jesus replies by linking his authority to john the baptistis ( 11 : 27 - 33 ) and by telling the parable of the wicked tenants ( 12 : 1 - 12 ). in mark words about destroying the temple and rebuilding it in three days appear in the trial before the high priest ( 14 : 58 ). there they are on the lips of false witnesses, although the main thing that is false is the claim that jesus, himself, will destroy the temple. everything else is true. only john links the saying with the temple episode. both the event and the saying have obviously been a rich source for reflection. to imagine anything like the original event, we need to appreciate the scene. it takes place in the outer court of the temple, a huge area, big enough to house a few football fields. it does not take place in the sanctuary, itself. at passover time there would have been crowds of people. people needed to change their money into the currency acceptable in the temple and needed to be able to buy birds or animals for sacrifices. the area was usually closely guarded by soldiers. a major commotion would immediately attract attention and arrests. assuming the story has historical roots, jesusi action must have been swift and


in the temple and needed to be able to buy birds or animals for sacrifices. the area was usually closely guarded by soldiers. a major commotion would immediately attract attention and arrests. assuming the story has historical roots, jesusi action must have been swift and limited, sufficient not to lead to his immediate arrest. it must have been a symbolic action. but what did it mean? the account in mark draws on isaiah and jeremiah to portray what jesus might have said. dden of thievesi has led people to believe that jesus was objecting to unfair commercial practices, whereas it may well have intended something more like : den of brigands. here in john the trading is objected to in itself. yet everyone knew that the money exchange and the sale of sacrificial animals was essential. is the problem the activity or the location? did jesus have such high respect for sacred space? john certainly has him speak of his fatheris house and uses the passage from the psalm to speak of jesusi zeal for it. is jesus stepping up as a temple reformer, demanding greater respect for the sanctity of its precincts? then he would be outdoing the pharisees and many others in zeal for what for practical reasons had to be able to encompass the comings and goings of thousands of people at a time. we may never know what the action was meant to signify. to state only the likely conclusions from the kind of complex detailed analysis which i cannot undertake here, it is likely that jesus objected to what the temple had come to represent : power and exploitation. the otherwise innocent structures of exchange and sale were part of a system which he and many others of the day ( such as those who wrote many of the dead sea scrolls ) saw as corrupt and fit only for destruction. he is no more to be seen as opposing the temple in itself than is jeremiah. it is likely then that his action expressed both disapproval of what the temple had become and signified also what godis response would be : judgement. i think it quite possible that in this context he spoke words about a new temple to replace the old, an act of god ( in three days, a favourite dshort timei in scripture ), but they may have been spoken at another time. the bible based religious system of the day had lost its way. the parable of the good samaritan is a not so subtle commentary on why and how. such traditions about jesus and the temple have a boomerang quality : they have a habit of coming back and


of the day had lost its way. the parable of the good samaritan is a not so subtle commentary on why and how. such traditions about jesus and the temple have a boomerang quality : they have a habit of coming back and landing e on us! in a way mark sets this up well. he has a new community become the new temple built on the new foundation stone which the builders rejected, a temple not built with hands. in john we find something which only indirectly leads in this direction. john is quite dup fronti about acknowledging that it was only well after the event that people began to interpret what was going on. twice ( 2 : 17 and 2 : 22 ) he mentions the delay. in between he employs typically johannine playfulness in which jesusi opponents remain dense and preoccupied with surface features ( 46 years of building ). instead, we are told, jesus was speaking about his own body ( 2 : 21 ). this should not be confused with paulis image of the church as the body of christ. it means jesus, himself, his embodied person which after three days will be raised from the dead after his zeal for godis house destroys him. john is really saying : godis temple will be no more. instead we will have jesus as the one in whom we find god. 4 : 19 - 26 effectively says the same thing : only one sacred site : jesus. the rest of john, and especially the farewell discourses, will explain that this jesus is known through faith and especially through the community of faith and love. john never says, as does mark, that the community is the temple. nevertheless the boomerang still lands. for john the community is so centred on jesus that it cannot help but invite comparison with the temple community. is the community good news for the poor or is it chaplain to the rich who oppress? mark with telling irony contrasts the widow and her poverty with the oppression of the temple authorities who exploit widows ( 12 : 38 - 44 ). lent is also a time for the church to take a good look at itself. epistle : lent 3 : 11 march 1 corinthians 1 : 18 - 25 return to home page


examining the relationship between cholesterol and cancer does hdl - c have a protective role? by genna rollins an inverse relationship between cholesterol levels and cancer mortality and incidence has been noted in many studies. however, there has been conflicting evidence and few large, long - term prospective trials to clarify whether the association is causal or due to reverse causality. now, new research that addresses this question has been published and is described in this issue of strategies. a series of studies dating back to the 1980s found an association between low circulating levels of total cholesterol and increased cancer incidence and mortality. this inverse relationship largely had been attributed to reverse causality, meaning that undiagnosed cancer triggered lower serum cholesterol levels. however, there was conflicting evidence, so researchers had not been able to entirely exclude the possibility that low total cholesterol levels in some way led to cancer. for instance, one study found an association between low cholesterol levels and elevated cancer incidence even after excluding the first 6 years of follow - up, while another found a small but persistent association between low cholesterol levels and modestly increased cancer mortality after excluding the first 5 years of follow - up. in addition to the questions about total cholesterol, little was known about any association between high - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( hdl - c ) and cancer risk. however understanding these relationships is important in the context of current cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) prevention strategies, according to demetrius albanes, md, senior investigator at the national cancer institute. “ these findings about total cholesterol from well - conducted studies were troubling in that public health recommendations related to cardiovascular disease have lowering serum cholesterol as a key component, ” he explained. albanes was the senior investigator of a recent study that prospectively examined the cholesterol - cancer association ( cancer epidemiol biomarkers prev 2009 ; 18 : 2814 - 21 ). albanes and his colleagues evaluated the relationship between serum total cholesterol and hdl - c and risk of overall and site - specific cancer among more than 29, 000 participants in the alpha - tocopherol, beta - carotene cancer prevention ( atbc ) study. atbc tested whether α - tocopherol or β - carotene supplementation would reduce the incidence of lung or other cancers in a population of middle - aged male smokers in finland. baseline fasting serum cholesterol levels were available from virtually all participants ( 99.