van oven, barnard : english physician and communal worker ; born in london 1796 ; died there july 9, 1860 ; youngest son of joshua van oven. he was brought up for the medical profession, studying under sir william blizard and receiving the degree of l. r. c. s. in 1818. he practised in london during his whole life, and had an extensive clientele among the jewish community. van oven was one of the pioneers in the movement for the removal of the disabilities of the jews in england. in 1829 he wrote the first appeal which directed public attention to the subject, and which was entitled " an appeal to the british nation on behalf of the jews. " he followed this up by organizing committees in support of the movement, and by convening public meetings, at which he was an indefatigable speaker. in 1847 he published the pamphlet " ought baron rothschild to sit in parliament? " he was subsequently appointed chairman of the committee which celebrated the success of the agitation by the establishment of commemoration scholarships at several public schools. van oven served on the committees of most of the jewish institutions of his day, and was instrumental in establishing the jews ' infant schools. in 1827 he had been appointed physician to the poor of the great synagogue, which position he filled for many years. van oven was the author of a work entitled " the decline of life in health and disease " ( london, 1853 ). - jew. chron. july 13, 1860 ; - brit. mus. cat. s. v.


according to a recent university of haifa poll, over 94 % of israeli high school students use social networks in class ( via cell phones ). mostly, they ’ re not checking facts, but facebook profiles. this came to my inbox today, a day after i wrote a blog from a cell phone ’ s point of view. in that blog, i mentioned that jewish teens may not be aware of the rich jewish resources available for the taking from such a small device. i also referred to the fact that teachers sometimes take away cell phones all together. i was once a proponent of this. i thought that ( much like the practice at summer camps of instituting a ‘ cell phone fast ’ for campers to increase the ‘ here and now ’ opportunities ) keeping phones out of the class increased class connections between students and teacher. i don ’ t think in those black and white terms any more. what i believe now, is that like any good educational tool, media needs to be mediated. in this light, it ’ s particularly interesting to examine the findings of the poll, which states that the more permissive a teacher is, the less that cell phones will be used in class. conversely, the study results also showed that the more authoritarian the teacher – those with a more rigid approach, the more students will use cell phones in class. so, what are the boundaries that teachers should put in place? what are the school ’ s policies that should not be broken, but bent to advance the curriculum? these are things that need to be thought through before the school year. from a student ’ s point of view. so, this what i learned, none of which strikes me as so illuminating, but for me, the benefits were a game changer : 1. it is very difficult to separate teens from their phones, as some teens see it as their lifeline. 2. teachers need to figure out ways of using the phones as tools, to expand teen ’ s horizons about the subject area. 3. the way in which this is handled, can be crucial when building community in the class, and respect from students. photo credit : wikipedia - a q & a : with a jewish teen ’ s cell phone ( jteennews. wordpress. com ) - va. school district encourages cell phone use in class ( wtvr. com ) - cell phone addiction may be contagious ( fox8. com )


also, it was also a place of owners to release fishes and other animals ' back to their nature '. some of these released animals were not native in our region. over time, a community of both native and invasive species is created within the longkang, eventually forming a longkang habitat......... recently, while walking along a road in pulau ubin with ks, ry, jl and iv, we chanced upon a longkang which was teaming with life. with one glance, we saw animals from 2 phylums and about 5 classes, mainly from the subphylum vetebrata which is under phylum chordata. apparently, like other longkangs, there were some invasive species, for example the tortise ( class reptilia ), which we could not take pictures of due to reflection of the water. also, this fish ( identification unknown ) may not be a native as well. schools of what looked like small half - beaks were also seen as well ( picture below ). as this longkang is in close proximity to a mangrove habitat, some of the mangrove species were also seen, mainly the gobies.. also, a tree climbing crab ( episesarma sp. ) was spotted by ks at the edge of the longkang ( picture above ). some small mudlobster mounds ( no picture ) and burrows ( picture below ) were seen around the longkang as well. species from the subphylum crustacea ( refer to the spiders at our backyard.. ) seems to have a foothold here as well. couldn ' t resist the temptation, i decided to enter the longkang ( picture below ) to ' be 1 with the habitat ' as well while the rest remained on the road to watch from a distance ( picture far below ). there, i tasted the water as well to confirm that it was fresh water. however, time passed quite quickly and we had to move on. reluctantly, i had to leave the longkang, bringing nothing but pictures and an experience which not many urban dwellers have in our air - conditioned nation.... note : scientifically, there is no such term as longkang habitat. longkang = = > drain vetebrate : chordates which has a backbone, or vertebral column, that forms the skeletal axis of the body. chordates : deuterostome animals that, at some time in their lives, have


we got hit by one 1, 200 years ago. it came from two colliding neutron stars from a few thousand light years away and scientists were just now able to pick it up because of the existence of carbon - 14 in tree rings. what did it do around the year 775 ad? pretty much nothing. the estimate two - second blast had really zero effect on the earth since the most high tech thing on the planet at the time was the castle and the crossbow. had that blast happened today we would be in some serious trouble since it would short out power grids and knock out all of our satellites. if the blast happened from say, 100 light years away, we would have been a crispy cinder. these gamma ray bursts were the result of the creation of a black hole from the collision of the neutron stars. so you ' ll have to excuse science for taking a while to figure this mystery out since there ' s no evidence visible. had it been a supernova, people would have seen it in the 700s because it would have been so bright it would have been visible during the day. had it been a solar flare, it would have been the largest flare every recorded. the black hole theory pretty much settles everything. except, when is this going to happen again? ( buy this awesome book on space by neil degrasse tyson - the guy that killed pluto. )


— internaciona idokonfero, 23 - 29 julio 2012, dessau ( germania ) — the esperanto suffix - id means child. from bovo ( cow ) we form bovido ( calf ) ; from hundo ( dog ) we form hundido ( puppy ). ido is a child of esperanto, the first of many esperanto " reform " projects. ido shares much of esperanto ' s vocabulary, but replaces many germanic and slavic roots with their romantic counterparts. nonetheless, speakers of either language can read the other with little difficulty. as in esperanto, antonyms can be formed by use of the appropriate prefix. one thing that i find intriguing about ido is that although this sort of antonym formation is both possible and acceptable, ido also provides a greater number of unique antonyms for common terms than esperanto does, and in many cases these antonyms are the same as those words which you will find marked literary in an esperanto dictionary. in both esperanto and ido, adjectives end in - a. but in esperanto, adjectives must agree in number and case with the nouns they qualify. an adjective in the plural must have the suffix - j appended ; and if in the accusative, it will also need - n. ido does away with adjectival agreement, and requires the accusative only when nonstandard word order is used. in esperanto and many other languages, words for people and animals refer either to the male or to neither sex specifically, with the word for the female being derived by use of a suffix. some say that this is sexist because it is demeaning to the female ; i would argue the opposite, that it is demeaning to the male for he has no suffix to call his own. this was probably not a sexism issue in the early 20th century, but it was a logical issue and one that zamenhof wished to address but for some reason never did. esperantists have proposed several solutions and some are fairly common today. the ido approach is this : the root word is epicene ( specifies neither sex, or either sex, depending how you look at it ) ; the suffix - ul denotes the male, and - in the female. thus we speak of an aktoro ( actor ) ; if we wish to specify sex, we can refer to this person as an aktorulo or an ak


it ) ; the suffix - ul denotes the male, and - in the female. thus we speak of an aktoro ( actor ) ; if we wish to specify sex, we can refer to this person as an aktorulo or an aktorino. frato ( brother or sister ( sibling ) ) spawns fratulo and fratino ; spozo ( husband or wife ( spouse ) ) spawns spozulo and spozino. ( however, ido does have some explicit pairs, such as patro and matro. ) and the personal pronoun lu ( he, she, or it ( epicene! ) ) neatly resolves the old he / she problem. ido also reduces the esperantish adverbial overload problem. another advantage in today ' s wired world is that ido uses no accented characters. uncommon characters don ' t bother me personally, in fact i ' m rather fond of some of them and love to use ð ( that ' s a lowercase eth in latin - 1 ) whenever possible, but it is undoubtedly advantageous to restrict our choice of characters to a common set found on most keyboards. for these and several other reasons, ido deserves your consideration. it is very much like esperanto, but you will probably find that one language fits you better than the other. the international language society of great britain ( ilsgb ) mr david weston, secretary 24 nunn street leek, staffs, st13 8ea see forumi at uniono por la linguo internaciona ido for more. " la odoroza sapono " da fernando tejon, a story about a wonderfully sniffy bar of soap which does not shrink with use, but instead seems to grow a bit... while its users become rather, uh, tenuous... may be read in and / or heard in podkasto numero 1 of radio - idia internaciona. ( the home pages for those links are


- a narrow student body. moocs claim to be open to everyone, and sure, anyone can sign up. but how many students can succeed? what does your educational background need to be? how about your motivation level? the creators of moocs are themselves highly successful highly motivated people who have excelled in the traditional classroom. i believe they have themselves in mind when they create moocs. perhaps the vision of themselves extends to " what if i had grown up in a remote part of the world without access to great educational resources? " but it is still a narrow vision. - limited pedagogical views. online courses, because of technological limitations, have a limited number of ways that students can interact with each other and the teacher. these are typically videos, online chat rooms, and forums. there is nothing to mimic in - class group work ; working with your peers while asking questions from the professor. there is nothing to mimic in - person immediate interactions ; the ability to gesture wildly and draw pictures and receive hints, not answers. to give credit where it ' s due, the udacity courses apparently stop the video frequently for quick " check that you ' re following " quizzes. i do that in my own classes, and it ' s great - no class should be a lecture. but what if the students can ' t answer the question on the short quiz, even after they rewind? - emphasizes the mind / body split. bell hooks writes about the mind / body split in teaching. how teachers are viewed purely as minds and lacking in body and lives outside of the classroom. i believe this is frequently true for students as well, and moocs make this split harder to overcome and potentially more permanent. there is nothing to mimic longer term mentoring ; asking your professor how to get a job, talking about what you should do with your life, or asking for a recommendation. there is no mentor who knows you, in the context of your community and in the context of the class. there is no teacher to determine if you ' re doing poorly because you ' re not working hard enough or because you ' re sick or because you ' re working three jobs just to pay the rent. and there ' s no teacher to make sure you get through that, by being lenient or tough, depending on what you need. and when we consider awarding ap credit for online courses, we bring online courses into high school. high schools are not filled with dedicated intelligent students who are determined to get an education no matter the intellectual


i think i have a problem with overeating. what can i do? - maya * the first thing to do is to figure out if your overeating is something that happens occasionally or all of the time. we all eat too much every now and then, like on holidays. but if you ' re overeating often, there are some things that might help you avoid doing so. for example, instead of eating when you ' re not hungry, find other ways to keep yourself busy, like taking a walk or talking on the phone. put your food on a plate or in a bowl and sit down at the table to eat — don ' t eat out of a bag or container. and don ' t eat meals or snack while doing something else, like watching tv or doing homework — that ' s a set - up for overeating! binge eating, also called compulsive overeating, is different from simply overeating. people with binge eating disorder feel a compulsion ( a powerful urge ) to overeat. they regularly eat unusually large amounts of food and don ' t stop eating when they become full. with binge eating a person feels out of control and powerless to stop eating while they ' re doing it, then may feel guilty or ashamed afterward. if you think you may have an overeating problem, talk to a parent or doctor. treatments are available that can help you feel better about yourself and have a healthy relationship with food.


huh? can you speak up? oh! you want to know if loud music can hurt your ears. are you asking because you like to put on your headphones and crank up the volume of your favorite cd? maybe your mom or dad has told you, " turn that down before you go deaf! " well, they have a point. loud noise ( from music or other sources such as machinery or jet engines ) can cause both temporary and permanent hearing loss. hearing loss means someone can ' t hear as well as other people do. for some people, that means not being able to hear at all. if the noise around you is so loud that you have to shout to be heard, there is a chance that the mechanism inside your ear can be injured. temporary hearing loss can happen after you ' ve been exposed to loud noise for any duration. if you have temporary hearing loss, you won ' t be able to hear as well as you normally do for a while. don ' t worry, it will go away ( usually after a good night ' s sleep ). but it means that the next time you ' re around loud noise, you should wear protection to avoid permanent hearing loss. you also could have tinnitus ( say : tih - neye - tus ), which is a medical term for ringing in the ears. your ears can feel " full, " too. although your hearing often returns to normal, the dangerous part is that you can lose it permanently if you listen to loud noise or music over and over again. if someone is exposed to loud noise over a long period of time, like every day, permanent hearing loss can occur. this means the person ' s hearing won ' t ever be as good as it once was. that ' s why construction workers and factory workers need to wear ear protection. lawn mowers and power tools, like chainsaws, also can be loud enough to affect someone ' s ability to hear high - pitched noises. this kind of noise also can cause a person to have tinnitus all the time. listening to loud music a lot can cause the same kind of damage, especially if headphones or ear buds are used. some famous musicians have suffered hearing loss and developed tinnitus — a real problem for someone who needs to hear to make and enjoy music. that ' s why now you might notice that some of your favorite musicians wear hearing protection while they ' re playing. you too can help keep your hearing in tip - top shape. protect your ears by wearing


the brown recluse spider is one of a few poisonous kinds of spiders in the united states. it is part of the arachnid family, which includes not just spiders, but ticks, mites, and scorpions, too. it has long, skinny legs and is about ½ to 1 inch long overall. its entire body is brown, except for a dark mark in the shape of a violin on its head. brown recluse spiders are most commonly found in midwestern and southern states of the united states, and they usually hang out in dark places. when they are outside, they like to spend time in piles of rocks, wood, or leaves. if they come inside, brown recluse spiders will go to dark closets, attics, or basements. they aren ' t aggressive, and they bite only when disturbed. what a bite looks and feels like a person who gets bitten by a brown recluse spider may not notice anything at first or only feel a little sting at first. after about 4 to 8 hours, the sting will start to hurt a little more. it might look like a bruise or might form a blister surrounded by a bluish - purple area that turns black or brown and becomes crusty after a few days. what you should do if you ever think that you ' ve been bitten by a brown recluse spider, tell an adult immediately. brown recluse spider bites rarely kill people, but it ' s important to get medical attention as soon as you can because they can make you pretty sick. with an adult ' s help, wash the bite well with soap and water. you can also apply ice to the area, elevate it, and keep it still. if it ' s possible, have an adult catch and bring the spider to the doctor ' s office with you — this is important because it can sometimes be hard to diagnose a spider bite correctly. the spider can be killed first before you bring it with you ; just be sure not to squish it so much that no one can tell what it is. what a doctor will do doctors treat people who have been bitten by a brown recluse spider with different types of medications like antibiotics, antihistamines, or pain medicines. rarely, a skin graft might be needed if the skin is really damaged at the area of the bite. ( a skin graft is when a small amount of skin is removed from some part of the body and put in a place where skin


" time to get ready for bed! " someone calls from the other room. oh, no! you ' re really into the great book you ' re reading or that computer game that you ' re winning. " why do i have to go to bed? " you ask. " sleep is boring, and i ' m not even tired! " but sleep is more important than you may think. maybe you can think of a time when you didn ' t get enough sleep. that heavy, groggy feeling is awful and, when you feel that way, you ' re not at your best. so if you ' re not too tired, let ' s talk about sleep. why you need sleep the average kid has a busy day. there ' s school, taking care of your pets, running around with friends, going to sports practice or other activities, and doing your homework. phew! it ' s tiring just writing it all down. by the end of the day, your body needs a break. sleep allows your body to rest for the next day. everything that ' s alive needs sleep to survive. even your dog or cat curls up for naps. animals sleep for the same reason you do — to give your body a tiny vacation. your brain needs zzzzzs not only is sleep necessary for your body, it ' s important for your brain, too. though no one is exactly sure what work the brain does when you ' re asleep, some scientists think that the brain sorts through and stores information, replaces chemicals, and solves problems while you snooze. most kids between 5 and 12 get about 9. 5 hours a night, but experts agree that most need 10 or 11 hours each night. sleep is an individual thing and some kids need more than others. when your body doesn ' t have enough hours to rest, you may feel tired or cranky, or you may be unable to think clearly. you might have a hard time following directions, or you might have an argument with a friend over something really stupid. a school assignment that ' s normally easy may feel impossible, or you may feel clumsy playing your favorite sport or instrument. one more reason to get enough sleep : if you don ' t, you may not grow as well. that ' s right, researchers believe too little sleep can affect growth and your immune system — which keeps you from getting sick. as you ' re drifting off to sleep, it doesn ' t seem like much is happening... the room is getting fuzzy


' s right, researchers believe too little sleep can affect growth and your immune system — which keeps you from getting sick. as you ' re drifting off to sleep, it doesn ' t seem like much is happening... the room is getting fuzzy and your eyelids feel heavier and heavier. but what happens next? a lot! your brain swings into action, telling your body how to sleep. as you slowly fall asleep, you begin to enter the five different stages of sleep : in this stage, your brain gives the signal to your muscles to relax. it also tells your heart to beat a little slower, and your body temperature drops a bit. after a little while, you enter stage 2, which is a light sleep. you can still be woken up easily during this stage. for example, if your sister pokes you or you hear a car horn outside, you ' ll probably wake up. when you ' re in this stage, you ' re in a deeper sleep, also called slow - wave sleep. your brain sends a message to your blood pressure to get lower. your body isn ' t sensitive to the temperature of the air around you, which means that you won ' t notice if it ' s a little hot or cold in your room. it ' s much harder to be awakened when you ' re in this stage, but some people may sleepwalk or talk in their sleep at this point. this is the deepest sleep yet and is also considered slow - wave sleep. it ' s very hard to wake up from this stage of sleep, and if you do wake up, you ' re sure to be out of it and confused for at least a few minutes. like they do in stage 3, some people may sleepwalk or talk in their sleep when going from stage 4 to a lighter stage of sleep. r. e. m. stands for rapid eye movement. even though the muscles in the rest of your body are totally relaxed, your eyes move back and forth very quickly beneath your eyelids. the r. e. m. stage is when your heart beats faster and your breathing is less regular. this is also the stage when people dream! while you ' re asleep, you repeat stages 2, 3, 4, and r. e. m. about every 90 minutes until you wake up in the morning. for most kids, that ' s about four or five times a night. who said sleep was boring? dream a little dream you ' re walking down the street and you pass a monkey in a green hat eating a


you wake up in the morning. for most kids, that ' s about four or five times a night. who said sleep was boring? dream a little dream you ' re walking down the street and you pass a monkey in a green hat eating a donut. suddenly you ' re in school — but why does your teacher have such big teeth? and how come you ' re wearing polka - dot pants? no, this isn ' t a scene from a scary movie — it ' s a dream! people dream during r. e. m. sleep, the period that follows the deepest stage of sleep. everybody has dreams, although some people have a tough time remembering them. when you wake up can affect whether you can remember your dreams. if you wake up during r. e. m. sleep, you might remember everything about your dream. if you wake up during another stage of sleep, you might not remember a thing. no one knows for sure why people dream. some scientists think that dreams are your brain ' s way of making sense of what happened during the day. others think that dreams allow your brain to sort through the events of the day, storing the important stuff and getting rid of the junk. some scientists say that dreams are a clue to what you ' re worried about or thinking about. for most kids, sleeping comes pretty naturally. here are some tips to help you catch all the zzzs you need : try to go to bed at the same time every night ; this helps your body get into a routine. follow a bedtime routine that is calming, such as taking a warm bath or reading. limit foods and drinks that contain caffeine. these include some sodas and other drinks, like ice tea. don ' t have a tv in your room. research shows that kids who have one in their rooms sleep less. if you have a tv, turn it off when it ' s time to sleep. don ' t watch scary tv shows or movies close to bedtime because these can sometimes make it hard to fall asleep. don ' t exercise just before going to bed. do exercise earlier in the day — it helps a person sleep better. use your bed just for sleeping — not doing homework, reading, playing games, or talking on the phone. that way, you ' ll train your body to associate your bed with sleep. if you have a hard time falling asleep for more than one or two nights or have worries that are keeping you from sleeping, tell your mom or dad. they can help you solve


pub. date : 2009 | online pub. date : december 16, 2009 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412972048 | print isbn : 9780761929574 | online isbn : 9781412972048 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia richard k. popp press clipping services monitor media for content of interest to their clients. they scan through newspapers, magazines, and electronic media, select pertinent items, and then package ( “ clip ” ) them for easy perusal. the industry ' s name derives from the traditional practice of clipping items with a pair of scissors from the newspaper for safekeeping. modern - day services track not only newspapers but nearly every print, broadcast, cable, and web - based information outlet, running the spectrum from network news broadcasts to teenagers ' blogs. clipping services have their origins in the expanding media environments of late - nineteenth - century cities. as the number of newspaper titles grew, editions multiplied, and issues expanded in length, a handful of entrepreneurs independently hit on the idea of a press monitoring service. henry romeike started the earliest clipping ( or cutting ) service in london in 1881 and quickly expanded its operations to new york, paris, and berlin. romeike relocated to the united states in...


wed july 25, 2012 massive ice melt in greenland worries scientists originally published on wed july 25, 2012 2 : 53 pm a pair of nasa satellite images taken just four days apart tells a potentially worrying story of melting ice in the polar summer. the first, snapped from orbit on july 8, shows about 40 percent of the greenland ice sheet shaded in pink or red to illustrate probable or confirmed surface melting. the second photo, taken on july 12, shows nearly the entire land mass — 97 percent — blotched in a red hue. in a typical year, only about half of the greenland ice sheet undergoes this kind of melting before it later refreezes. but the rapidity and extent of the july change is what has caught scientists off guard, said thomas mote, a professor at the university of georgia, who helped confirm the data from three satellites. " several of us were looking at the data with multiple different instruments and we began talking to each other when we realized we were seeing something quite unusual, " he says. scientists note that besides covering a large area, the melting is happening at the top of the ice cap, where temperatures are coldest. they blame a massive heat dome parked over the island that has set up perfect conditions for melting high - altitude snow and ice. alarming? " i wouldn ' t use that word, " say mote. " we know from looking at ice cores that melt at the highest levels of elevation in greenland has occurred in the past — not in our lifetimes, and not since the era of satellites, but it certainly has occurred. " the last time it happened was about 150 years ago, in 1889, according to ice core records. but the greenland melt roughly coincides with a giant chunk of ice described as " twice the size of manhattan, " breaking off the petermann glacier in northern greenland. it ' s all part of a bad year for the arctic, helped along by north america ' s record - breaking heat wave, says mark serreze, a senior research scientist at the national snow and ice data center at the university of colorado boulder. the heat has shrunk and thinned ice not just in greenland but across the region. " the greenland ice sheet is part of a larger picture, " he says. " we ' ve always known that it is the arctic where we ' re going to be seeing the effects of climate change first and it is the arctic where these changes are going to be most pronounced, " serreze says. " the events unfolding over the


note : this lesson was originally published on an older version of the learning network ; the link to the related times article will take you to a page on the old site. teaching ideas based on new york times content. overview of lesson plan : in this lesson, students use prototypical fantasy themes to create an original role - playing game and cast of characters based on their own community. rachel mcclain, the new york times learning network suggested time allowance : 45 minutes 1. explore the importance of characters in dungeons and dragons and other role - playing games. 2. learn about the new movie “ dungeons and dragons ” by reading and discussing the article “ ‘ dungeons and dragons ’ : after d and d, you may need r and r. ” 3. as a class, create the outline for a role - playing game based on their own community. 4. in groups, create character profiles for the game. 5. write a dialogue between two of the characters from the game. resources / materials : - copies of the article “ ‘ dungeons and dragons ’ : after d and d, you may need r and r ” ( one per student ) activities / procedures : 1. warm - up / do now : in their journals, students respond to the following prompt ( written on the board prior to class ) : “ if you could choose to be a character from any book or movie, who would you choose and why? how does your chosen character impact the plot and the other characters in the book or movie? ” after 5 - 10 minutes, have some students read their journals aloud. as a class, discuss dungeons and dragons and how it offers people the opportunity to role - play fantastical and magical characters. discuss the appeal of this and other role - playing games. 2. as a class, read the article “ ‘ dungeons and dragons ’ : after d and d, you may need r and r, ” focusing on the following questions : a. what is dungeons and dragons? b. according to the article, what are some archetypes upon which dungeons and dragons is based? c. how does a. o. scott describe the special effects in the movie? d. according to the article, why was the movie shot in prague? e. which line of dialogue does a. o. scott cite to show the low quality of the script? why do you think he chose this line? f. what is the main conflict in the plot of the film? g. what phrase is used to advertise the film? how does a. o


to show the low quality of the script? why do you think he chose this line? f. what is the main conflict in the plot of the film? g. what phrase is used to advertise the film? how does a. o. scott use this phrase to criticize the film? 3. create a class role - playing game set in a mythical city that parallels the real one in which the students live. have the class choose a name for their mythical city and create a map, including at least five key locations where action might take place ( examples are a pizza shop, a school, a forest, etc. ). the class should also brainstorm possible characters that might be included in the game, keeping in mind the types of characters usually found in such games ( examples are an evil sorcerer mayor, or the wizard of the pizza shop ). avoid a sensitive situation by having students create prototypical characters and not ones based directly on actual people in the community. divide the class into groups of 3 or 4. each group creates a character profile of one of the characters discussed in class. the profile should consist of a brief description of the character, the character ’ s strengths and weaknesses, and an illustration of the character complete with the character ’ s mode of dress and special weapons or other articles that might assist him or her throughout the game. 4. wrap - up / homework : write a dialogue between two of the characters created by your class. use a prototypical fantasy game conflict ( such as the battle over the rod in the “ dungeons and dragons ” movie, ) and set it in one of the key locations chosen in class. keep in mind a. o. scott ’ s criticism of the dialogue in the movie dungeons and dragons, and try to make your dialogue more realistic and compelling than the examples from the article. further questions for discussion : – what do you think a. o. scott is trying to achieve by using parentheses throughout the article? – what is the overall tone of a. o. scott ’ s review? how does he reveal his opinion of the movie? – do you think that role - playing games are a healthy outlet for the imagination? do you think such games can have a negative effect on a person? how? – do you play or know people who play interactive role - playing games over the internet? do you think this is more or less exciting than playing these games on a board with a live group of people all in the same room? – are there certain modes of dress or behaviors that accompany


who play interactive role - playing games over the internet? do you think this is more or less exciting than playing these games on a board with a live group of people all in the same room? – are there certain modes of dress or behaviors that accompany being a player of games such as dungeons and dragons? do the players of these games develop distinct social groups? if so, why do you think this is the case? evaluation / assessment : students will be evaluated on completion of the journal entry, participation in class discussions, creation of a character profile, and completion of a dialogue between two of the characters created in class. virtual, fantasy, sci - fi, jargon, grok, tedium, adherents, sorcery, murky, clotted, understatement, provocation, vexation, mages, antagonists, pontificate, raiment, conviction, plucky, mayhem 1. with a partner, perform the dialogue you wrote for homework for the class. prepare the appropriate costumes and props based upon the profiles created for each character. 2. movies based on books often do not live up to the expectations and imaginations of readers. this is especially true for movies based on fantasy books where elements like magical spells and mythical creatures are commonplace. based on a. o. scott ’ s criticism of the “ dungeons and dragons ” film, predict whether the harry potter film, expected to be released within the year, will impress or disappoint movie - goers who have already read the book. 3. read a fantasy novel by j. r. r. tolkien. write a movie pitch for a film version of the novel. describe who you would cast the main roles and why, and how you would successfully recreate the fantasy world depicted by tolkien on screen. 4. it is often difficult to differentiate between the literary genres of fantasy, science fiction, legend, and myth. create a dictionary of terms defining each genre and explaining how each one differs from the others. - research fantastical creatures from different cultures. create a poster with an illustration and short description of each creature, including the culture from which it originates. ( some examples of fantastic and / or mythical creatures from various cultures are the loch ness monster, chupacabra, big foot, and aswang. ) - compare and contrast the themes and characters found in arthurian and other medieval legends ( such as sir gawain and the green knight or beowulf ) to those in dungeons and dragons. create a chart displaying your findings


and aswang. ) - compare and contrast the themes and characters found in arthurian and other medieval legends ( such as sir gawain and the green knight or beowulf ) to those in dungeons and dragons. create a chart displaying your findings. journalism - see the movie “ dungeons and dragons ” and write your own movie review. refer to a. o. scott ’ s review by supporting or refuting his claims regarding the film. mathematics - the dungeons and dragons game uses numerical values to assess a character ’ s strengths and weaknesses. these values are initially chosen by rolling special dice with differing numbers of sides. learn about how this process works and create a chart showing the various attributes chosen by this method, and the average number expected for each attribute when dice are rolled. social studies - as a. o. scott mentions in the article, an entire sub - culture has developed around fantasy and role - playing games. research this culture and write a short ( 2 - 3 page ) essay describing its development and characteristics since the introduction of dungeons and dragons in the 1970 ’ s. other information on the web : dndmovie. com ( more. http : / / www. dndmovie. com / ) features updated news, photos, cast information, and more. dungeons and dragons ( http : / / www. seednd. com / ) is the official movie site from new line. academic content standards : language arts standard 1 - demonstrates competence in the general skills and strategies of the writing process. benchmarks : uses a variety of prewriting strategies ; uses a variety of strategies to draft and revise written work ; evaluates own and others ’ writing ; uses style and structure appropriate for specific audiences and purposes ; writes narrative accounts ; writes in response to literature ( ctss – ‘ english ’, ’ 6 - 8 ’, ’ 1 ’ ) language arts standard 6 - demonstrates competence in the general skills and strategies for reading a variety of literary texts. benchmarks : knows the defining characteristics of a variety of literary forms and genres ; identifies specific questions of personal importance and seeks to answer them through literature ; understands the effects of the author ’ s style on a literary text ; understands that people respond differently to literature ( ctss – ‘ english ’, ’ 6 - 8 ’, ’ 6 ’ ) language arts standard 1 - demonstrates competence in the general skills and strategies of the writing process. benchmarks : uses a variety of prewriting strategies ; uses a variety of strategies to draft and revise written work ; uses a variety of strategies


5 things you need to know about africa africa is going to be an increasingly important area in the future, if only because a higher percentage of the human race will be living there. here are some key things you should know about sub - saharan africa : - population growth. the african population will reach 1. 2 billion by 2025, and 1. 9 billion by 2050. currently, 40 % of the population is under 14, which guarantees high population growth as these children grow up and have children of their own. - water. only 58 % of the population in sub - saharan africa has access to safe drinking water, and urbanization is making the problem worse. in eight countries, under a third of the population has access to safe water. - food. about 64 percent of africans rely on water that is limited and highly variable, and crop lands are concentrated in dry regions with tenuous future irrigation supplies. food imports have increased sharply. - the economy. economic growth has been good in the past decade ( in the ballpark of 5 % ), only part of which is due to high commodity prices for oil exporters and others. - climate change. sub - saharan africa will experience a strong warming trend over the 21st century ( 3. 6 - 6. 2° f ), above the global average. precipitation impacts are less clear. the current situation obviously poses significant problems and fixing them will be harder because of climate change and high population growth. obviously, we need to undertake intelligent steps to mitigate climate change and moderate population growth through programs like educating women. then we need to do what we can to assist africans in addressing the other problems. - christopher muller, climate change impact on sub - saharan africa? an analysis of models and scenarios ( german dev. inst. 2009 ). - christopher w. tatlock, water stress in sub - saharan africa ( cfr 2006 ). - tukufu zuberi and kevin j. a. thomas, demographic projections, the environment and food security in subsaharan africa ( undp 2012 )


definition of leyte 1. noun. a battle in world war ii ; the return of united states troops to the philippines began with landings on leyte island in october 1944 ; the battle marked first use of kamikaze aircraft by the japanese. generic synonyms : amphibious assault group relationships : second world war, world war 2, world war ii geographical relationships : philippine islands, philippines click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term : leyte images lexicographical neighbors of leyte literary usage of leyte below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and / or classical literature : 1. report by united states board on geographic names, united states geographic board ( 1916 ) "... barrio, maasin municipality, leyte province, leyte.... bay, east coast, and town, leyte province, leyte.... leyte pw - ince, leyte, ( not jubas. 1 )... " 2. general kenney reports : a personal history of the pacific war by george c. kenney ( 1997 ) " the battle for leyte gulf october, 1944 on the 16th, with general macarthur and... halsey radioed that he would support us in the leyte area with two fast... " 3. united states coast pilot, philippine islands by u. s. coast and geodetic survey ( 1919 ) "... side to avoid the stronger current and whirlpools on the leyte side... as foul ground lies between it and the leyte shore. east coast of leyte.... " 4. the inhabitants of the philippines by frederic henry read sawyer ( 1900 ) " area and population — panay — negros — cebu — bohol — leyte — samar. this name is given to the group of six considerable islands lying between luzon and mindanao,... " other resources relating to : leyte


by michael f. reber abstract : in today ’ s society, a peculiar understanding of distributive justice has developed which holds that “ social justice must be distributed by the coercive force of government. ” however, this is a perversion of the ideal of distributive justice. the perspective of distributive justice which should be considered is one with its roots in the school of thought referred to as self - actualization ethics or eudaimonism, which holds that each person is unique and each should discover whom he or she is — to actualize his or her true potential and to live the “ good life ” within the congeniality and complementarity of personal excellences of his or her fellow members of community. when a eudaimonistic perspective is considered, a definition of distributive of justice could be “ the allocation of goods and utilities via the voluntary ubiquitous human interaction of self - actualizing individuals who not only recognize the human dignity of the self and other and the rights which flow from and guarantee it, but also actively will goods and utilities toward the self and other so as to manifest human dignity. ” therefore, with a eudaimonistic understanding of distributive justice, one can argue that the free market is the ubiquitous interactions of self - actualizing individuals who are giving and receiving goods and utilities for one and another ’ s own “ happiness, ” i. e. the free market is the socio - economic mechanism by which distributive justice operates. in this paper i first will overview the philosophical foundations of distributive justice. next, i will propose a eudaimonistic definition of distributive justice. finally, i will highlight examples of distributive justice operating in a free market economy.


the centers for disease control eliminated leptospirosis from the “ reportable human diseases ” list, there is, however, still significant concern about this zoonotic disease. our pets are at risk of lepto as well, however, many owners are afraid to vaccinate for the illness. what ’ s the true story and just how can we continue to keep our pets and families safe? mary fleming always followed the advice of her veterinarian when it came to her miniature poodle, mitsie. regular examinations, heartworm preventive and even a good diet helped keep mitsie active and healthy. thinking that mitsie was safe, mary did not opt for a leptospirosis vaccine for her dog. unfortunately, mitsie got very sick not long after visiting her city ’ s dog park and needed intensive care and hospitalization. thankfully, her veterinarian was there to help her recover and explain how moist soil or puddles at the park actually put mitsie at risk! leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease - a disease that can be passed between animals and people. it is spread by spirochete ( spiral - shaped ) bacteria in the urine of infected rodents, wildlife, and pets. there are more than 200 different strains of lepto and certain strains appear to prefer certain hosts, like dogs, pigs, raccoons or even rats. the leptospira organisms enter the body through mucous membranes or through abrasions on the skin. people and animals can become infected from direct exposure to infected urine, but also through contaminated environment, such as water or damp soil. people and pets are also exposed to lepto while camping or participating in outdoor recreational activities. drinking or swimming in water that is infected with lepto is the most common exposure, but wet soil can be contaminated as well. and, as mitsie ’ s case illustrates, a city environment will not always provide protection against this serious disease. the signs of leptospirosis can mimic many other diseases and illnesses. the first signs in dogs are often depression, loss of appetite, vomiting, weakness, and generalized pain. affected dogs may also drink water and urinate excessively and have swollen, red, and painful eyes. because these signs are common to other diseases and non - specific, owners may try to treat their pets at home for such problems as an upset stomach or arthritis. this “ wait and see ” response delays proper diagnosis and treatment for the dog, as well as increasing


signs are common to other diseases and non - specific, owners may try to treat their pets at home for such problems as an upset stomach or arthritis. this “ wait and see ” response delays proper diagnosis and treatment for the dog, as well as increasing the owner ’ s exposure to the disease. if caught early, treatment is usually effective and the survival rate is good. however, time is of the essence. a mere three or four day delay can lead to irreversible kidney failure. vaccines are available but many pet owners, like mary above, have either experienced or heard about adverse reactions associated with these vaccines. in the past, leptospirosis vaccines were generally created using the whole bacterial organism. in many cases, when a whole bacterium is used, the likelihood of a “ vaccine reaction ” increases. thankfully, newer vaccines have been developed that reduce this possibility by using specific leptospirosis proteins instead of the whole organism. a study reviewing vaccine reactions in more than one million dogs vaccinated found that reactions occur about 13 times for every 10, 000 vaccines given. more importantly, the lepto vaccine was no more likely to cause a reaction than any other vaccine. so, if the vaccine appears to be safe and the disease deadly, shouldn ’ t all dog owners vaccinate their pets? unfortunately, that question is difficult to fully answer. because there are so many leptospirosis strains, no one vaccine will cover every possible exposure a pet might have. at present, vaccines are available that protect against four of the common strains infecting dogs. in addition, the vaccine will prevent clinical disease, but may not stop the pet from shedding bacteria in his urine. this makes the pet a threat to other animals, especially those who are not vaccinated. and, as mentioned above, humans are at risk as well. worldwide, leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonotic disease. cases occur routinely in tropical countries, but increases have been seen in europe and north america as well. floods and hurricanes are instrumental in spreading this illness and coordinated efforts to rescue and re - home pets from these disasters might actually transplant lepto into new areas. protecting your pet from leptospirosis is a complex situation. use your veterinarian as a resource to help assess your pet ’ s risk factors as well as the benefits and hazards of vaccination. other important steps that might minimize your pet ’ s exposure to this disease include removing animal pests, such as rodents and draining


the georgian conflict ended 1, 716 days of no war between nations. but trends favor peace. chapel hill, n. c. ; and bowling green, ohio when russian troops attacked georgia this month, rolling tanks into tskhinvali and bombing gori, it was not just a tragedy for the caucasus. it also marked the demise of more than four years of no war between nations, the longest period in modern history. with the news so full of violence, you may not have noticed that the world was at peace. but ever since india and pakistan signed a cease - fire in november 2003, there have been no wars between governments. that ' s 1, 716 straight days of world peace. russia ' s invasion ended the streak on aug. 8. the previous record had been just over 600 days, from the end of the second taiwan straits crisis in 1958 to border skirmishes between ethiopia and somalia in 1960. since then, there had been as many as nine interstate conflicts at a time, according to the international peace research institute in oslo, which counts conflicts with 25 or more battle - related deaths. but none of these involved national armies fighting one another. the war over south ossetia reminds us of the awesome destructive power of modern states – hundreds of people reportedly killed in a single day, soldiers fighting their way through cities and countryside devastating communities in their path, jets dropping bombs on apartment buildings. since world war ii, interstate wars have averaged four times more fatalities than other civil conflicts.


provided by : libacl1 - dev _ 2. 2. 49 - 2 _ i386 acl _ from _ text - create an acl from text linux access control lists library ( libacl, - lacl ). acl _ from _ text ( const char * buf _ p ) ; the acl _ from _ text ( ) function converts the text form of the acl referred to by buf _ p into the internal form of an acl and returns a pointer to the working storage that contains the acl. the acl _ from _ text ( ) function accepts as input the long text form and short text form of an acl as described in acl ( 5 ). this function may cause memory to be allocated. the caller should free any releasable memory, when the new acl is no longer required, by calling acl _ free ( 3 ) with the ( void * ) acl _ t returned by acl _ from _ text ( ) as an on success, this function returns a pointer to the working storage. on error, a value of ( acl _ t ) null is returned, and errno is set if any of the following conditions occur, the acl _ from _ text ( ) function returns a value of ( acl _ t ) null and sets errno to the corresponding value : [ einval ] the argument buf _ p cannot be translated into an acl. [ enomem ] the acl _ t to be returned requires more memory than is allowed by the hardware or system - imposed memory ieee std 1003. 1e draft 17 ( “ posix. 1e ”, abandoned ) acl _ free ( 3 ), acl _ get _ entry ( 3 ), acl ( 5 ) derived from the freebsd manual pages written by robert n m watson 〈 rwatson @ freebsd. org 〉, and adapted for linux by andreas gruenbacher


united nations medals - the united nations special service medal about the united nations special service medal the united nations special service medal ( unssm ) was created in 1995 to recognise united nations service of at least 90 days duration by military personnel and civilian police for which no other award is authorised. approval has been given for new zealand defence force ( nzdf ) personnel to wear the united nations special service medal for service in the following united nations missions : - united nations mine clearance training team ( unmctt ) - pakistan and afghanistan, 1989 - 1991 - united nations special commission on iraq ( unscom ) - 1991 - 1999 - cambodian mine action centre ( cmac ) - 1993 - 2005 - united nations department of humanitarian affairs accelerated de - mining programme ( madp ) - mozambique, 1995 - 2005 - united nations de - mining programme ( national institute for the removal of obstacles and explosive ordnance ( inaroe ) - angola, 1997 - 2000 - programme for the assistance to the lao national unexploded ordnance programme ( uxol ) - laos, 1997 - 2003 - united nations monitoring, verification and inspection commission ( unmovic ) - iraq, 2002 - 2003 - united nations assistance mission in afghanistan ( unama ) - 2004 - current - united nations assistance mission for iraq ( unami ) - 2005 - current - united nations office in timor - leste ( unotil ) - 2005 - 2006 - united nations mine action coordination centre in southern lebanon ( unmacc - sl ) - 2007 - 2008 the medal is bronze with an image of the globe ( centred on the north pole ) surrounded by a wreath of leaves on the front ( obverse ). the letters ‘ un ’, in capitals, sit above the image of the globe. on the reverse are the words " in the service of peace ". this is the same medal design as used for the united nations medal. about the ribbon the colours of the ribbon for the unssm are light blue in the centre and white on the edges, which are the basic colours of the united nations. these colours represent service in the field under united nations auspices that was not with a specific peacekeeping operation. clasps and bars the guidelines for the united nations special service medal state that a bar with the name of the united nations organization or country may be awarded with the united nations special service medal. to the best of the nzdf ' s knowledge, only three clasps have actually been created for, or issued with, the united nations special service medal : - - the " unscom


may be awarded with the united nations special service medal. to the best of the nzdf ' s knowledge, only three clasps have actually been created for, or issued with, the united nations special service medal : - - the " unscom " clasp for service with the united nations special commission on iraq ( unscom ) between 1991 and 1999 - - the " timor leste " clasp for service with the united nations office in timor - leste ( unotil ) between 20 may 2005 and 30 june 2006 ; and - - the " afghanistan " clasp for service with the united nations assistance mission in afghanistan ( unama ) since december 2004. numerals are not awarded for the unssm. order of wear an example of the position of the united nations special service medal in the wearing of medals in new zealand table can be viewed here. the position of wear of the united nations special service medal for each individual will vary depending on when an individual qualified for the united nations special service medal. as for campaign and war medals, united nations medals are worn in order of the date an individual qualified for each award. media statements concerning service by new zealand personnel on united nations missions recognised by the united nations special service medal - southern lebanon - 7 february 2008 - nzdf commitment to munitions clearance in lebanon ends - 30 november 2007 - stay safe : eod operations in southern lebanon - 3 july 2007 - defence team home from lebanon 22 june 2007 - new defence personnel bound for lebanon - 6 march 2007 - kiwi battlefield clearance team makes explosives progress - 23 february 2007 - defence battlefield clearance team get to work in lebanon - 8 february 2007 - takapuna man to lead defence team in lebanon - 8 february 2007 - defence to send specialist force to lebanon - 15 february 2007 - on the edge in iraq - nz ' s military advisor with unami - mozambique and sierra leone - 30 june 2005 - nzdf withdraws from mozambique and sierra leone


( medical xpress ) — a painstaking effort to create a biocompatible patch to heal infant hearts is paying off at rice university and texas children ' s hospital. medical research dec 12, 2012 | 5 / 5 ( 4 ) | 6 | ( medical xpress ) — contrary to the prevailing theories that music and language are cognitively separate or that music is a byproduct of language, theorists at rice university ' s shepherd school of music and the university... psychology & psychiatry sep 18, 2012 | 5 / 5 ( 7 ) | 1 | stem cells drawn from amniotic fluid show promise for tissue engineering, but it ' s important to know what they can and cannot do. a new study by researchers at rice university and texas children ' s hospital... medical research may 02, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | rice university students have created a way to help health care workers track vaccines and keep them at a safe temperature. medications may 10, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 rice university researchers have found an unexpected link between a protein that triggers the formation of blood clots and other proteins that are essential for the body ' s immune system. the find could lead... immunology apr 01, 2013 | 4. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | in a development that could lead to faster and more effective toxicity tests for airborne chemicals, scientists from rice university and the rice spinoff company nano3d biosciences have used magnetic levitation... medical research jan 24, 2013 | not rated yet | 1 | researchers at rice university and texas children ' s hospital have turned stem cells from amniotic fluid into cells that form blood vessels. their success offers hope that such stem cells may be used to grow... medical research feb 06, 2012 | 4. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | rice scientists simulate " robot " cells to study the development of microvascular systems in the brain. the goal is to find a way to direct the development of vessels that feed oxygen - starved cells in stroke... medical research feb 11, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | a review of the genetic and biochemical abnormalities associated with autism reveals a possible link between the widely diagnosed neurological disorder and type 2 diabetes, another medical disorder on the rise in recent decades. medical research oct 19, 2011 | 4. 4 / 5 ( 8 ) | 3 | researchers see more realistic tumor growth and response to anti - cancer drugs using polymer


neurological disorder and type 2 diabetes, another medical disorder on the rise in recent decades. medical research oct 19, 2011 | 4. 4 / 5 ( 8 ) | 3 | researchers see more realistic tumor growth and response to anti - cancer drugs using polymer scaffolds ( medical xpress ) — porous polymer scaffolds fabricated to support the growth of biological tissue for implantation may hold the potential to greatly accelerate the development of cancer therapeutics. cancer apr 02, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) — rice university scientists have discovered a new way to look inside living cells and see the insoluble fibrillar deposits associated with parkinson ' s disease. parkinson ' s & movement disorders dec 17, 2012 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | scientists at rice university and the university of texas md anderson cancer center have successfully profiled protein pathways found to be distinctive to leukemia patients with particular variants of the... cancer may 31, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 | people with birthmarks, scars and other facial disfigurements are more likely to receive poor ratings in job interviews, according to a new study by researchers at rice university and the university of houston. psychology & psychiatry nov 09, 2011 | 4. 6 / 5 ( 5 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) - - new research from rice university and italy ' s eugenio medea scientific institute is yielding clues about hereditary spastic paraplegia ( hsp ), a group of inherited neurological disorders... diseases, conditions, syndromes jul 08, 2011 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) - - understanding cultural influences on african - american women may be important in helping them achieve long - term weight loss, according to researchers from rice university and baylor college of medicine... overweight and obesity jun 06, 2012 | not rated yet | 1


laura niklason, m. d., ph. d., has spent the past 15 years in the lab developing ways to build new arteries using tissue engineering techniques, but as an anesthesiologist who works in the intensive care unit, she always had another idea rolling around in the back of her head. niklason, professor of anesthesiology and biomedical engineering, was troubled that a large number of her patients suffered damage to the lungs, organs that simply don ’ t fix themselves very well after injury or serious illness. hundreds of thousands of americans die from lung disease each year, and the only effective treatment for severe cases is transplantation. unfortunately, this expensive procedure is associated with high mortality and is also limited by an extreme shortage of donor organs. an alternative solution is to create synthetic lungs, but past attempts to do so have failed because the lungs, with networks of branching airways and vasculature, are so spatially complex, says niklason. “ she and her research team took a leap forward recently, when they engineered the first lungs that are capable of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide, an achievement that was reported in the journal sciencethis past july. the key to the niklason group ’ s success was finding a suitable scaffold for supporting lung tissue, and they did so by adapting a tissue engineering technique that has been applied to the heart, liver, and kidney. by using detergent solutions to wash cells out of lung tissue from rats, the researchers removed all cellular components that could cause an immune reaction after transplantation. what remained was a hollowed - out matrix with the right three - dimensional shape, mechanical properties, and vasculature. unexpectedly, molecular cues that could guide cells to appropriate regions had been preserved in the matrix as well ; when the scientists placed various neonatal lung cells inside the scaffold, the cells positioned themselves in the correct locations. “ i was surprised by how much information is in the matrix, ” niklason says. “ i expected the different cell types to go helter - skelter, but by and large, the cells landed in their correct anatomic locations. this tells me that the matrix has ‘ zip codes, ’ or information about who should go where. ” the next challenge was to develop a bioreactor — a system to mimic the environment in which lungs develop in the fetus, such as the flow of liquid through the growing vasculature. to provide ventilation, the researchers used a syringe pump


challenge was to develop a bioreactor — a system to mimic the environment in which lungs develop in the fetus, such as the flow of liquid through the growing vasculature. to provide ventilation, the researchers used a syringe pump to withdraw air, which caused the lungs to inhale liquid from the windpipe. in the reverse process, the pump returned air to the bioreactor, causing the lungs to exhale liquid. inside the bioreactor, the lungs even produced proteins that allowed the organs to inflate normally. by imitating natural conditions, the researchers improved the clearance of secretions in the airway, enhanced cell survival, and fostered the growth of the major cell types found in the lung. after culturing the tissue inside the bioreactor for about a week, the researchers implanted it into rats and observed that the lungs exchanged gas for a few hours — a major accomplishment. the team saw similar results with human cells, suggesting that the same approach, perhaps using stem cells, could help to treat diseases in humans. niklason cautions that “ it will take us another 10 or 20 years of work to develop reliable and robust means of differentiating primitive stem cells into the lung cell types we ’ re looking for and keeping them stable over time. ” but the wait will be worthwhile, niklason says. “ the potential advantage in the long run is that we could take a biopsy from a patient who needs a lung replacement, generate stem cells from that biopsy, and from those cells regenerate a whole lung that we could implant without it being rejected, ” she says. “ it could really be a new era for organ transplantation. ”


salmonella “ syringe ” ready for its close - up salmonella bacteria are tiny, but they wreak mighty havoc on human health, causing serious, sometimes fatal, food poisoning. in 1998, jorge galan, ph. d., d. v. m., the lucille p. markey professor of microbial pathogenesis, threw new light on salmonella ’ s virulence when his research team revealed that the bacteria infects cells by forming “ needle complexes, ” syringe - like tubes through which salmonella exchanges proteins with its host. now galan and his colleagues have joined forces with the laboratory of vinzenz m. unger, ph. d., associate professor of molecular biophysics and biochemistry, to paint a vivid three - dimensional portrait of the salmonella syringe using a state - of - the - art technique known as cryoelectron microscopy. in this method, an electron microscope scans samples that contain many copies of the object of interest suspended in an ice - like solid at every possible angle ( background in image at right ). researchers then feed scores of images of the object seen from these myriad perspectives to powerful computers, which combine the information in the two - dimensional views to calculate the object ’ s three - dimensional structure.


nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) are used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation. traditional nsaids block cox - 1 and cox - 2 enzymes that the body uses to manufacture substances called prostaglandins. since cox - 1 prostaglandins are stomach - protective, blocking this enzyme is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity, a known side effect of these drugs. newer nsaids ( called cox - 2 inhibitors ) block primarily cox - 2 prostaglandins associated with pain, fever, and inflammation, and might be less risky to the stomach. however, this is not proven, and some cox - 2s have been taken off the market due to excess risk of heart attacks attributable to their use. drugs in this family include : - aspirin, alternatively called acetylsalicylic acid or asa ( adprin - b, anacin, arthritis foundation aspirin, ascriptin, aspergum, asprimox, bayer, bc, bufferin, buffex, cama, cope, easprin, ecotrin, empirin, equagesic, fiorinal, fiorital, halfprin, heartline, genprin, lanorinal, magnaprin, measurin, micrainin, momentum, norwich, st. joseph, zorprin ) - celecoxib ( celebrex ) - choline salicylate ( arthropan ) - choline salicylate / magnesium salicylate ( tricosal, trilisate ) - diclofenac potassium ( cataflam, voltaren rapide ) - diclofenac sodium ( arthrotec, voltaren, voltaren sr, voltaren - xr ) - diclofenac sodium / misoprostol ( arthrotec ) - diflunisal ( dolobid ) - etodolac ( lodine, lodine xl ) - fenoprofen calcium ( nalfon ) - flurbiprofen ( ansaid ) - ibuprofen ( advil, arthritis foundation ibuprofen, bayer select ibuprofen, dynafed ib, genpril, haltran, ibu, ibuprin, ibuprohm, menadol, midol ib, motrin, nuprin, saleto ) - indomethacin


supplemental arginine has been proposed as a treatment for various conditions, including heart problems. arginine has been found to stimulate the body ' s production of gastrin, a hormone that increases stomach acid. because excessive acid can irritate the stomach, there are concerns that arginine could be harmful for individuals taking drugs that are also hard on the stomach ( such as nsaids ). it may be best not to mix arginine with nsaids unless approved by your doctor. the herb feverfew is primarily used for the prevention and treatment of migraine headaches. nsaids are also used for migraines, so there is a chance that some individuals might use both the herb and drug at once, a combination that may present risks. the biggest concern with nsaids is that they can cause stomach ulcers, which may progress to bleeding or perforation without pain or other warning symptoms. this stomach damage is due to drug interference with the body ' s protective prostaglandins. newer nsaids called cox - 2 inhibitors may be less likely to produce this side effect. feverfew also affects prostaglandins. thus, combining it with an nsaid might increase the risk of stomach problems. the herb garlic is taken to lower cholesterol, among many other proposed uses. one of the possible side effects of garlic is a decreased ability of the blood to clot, leading to an increased bleeding tendency. therefore, you should not combine garlic and aspirin or other nsaids except under medical supervision. the herb ginkgo is used to treat alzheimer ' s disease and ordinary age - related memory loss, among many other uses. some evidence suggests that ginkgo might also decrease the ability of the blood to clot, probably through effects on platelets. however, one double - blind study found that ginkgo does increase the anticoagulant effects of aspirin ; another found that while it did not interact with the antiplatelet drug. but, the herb did interact slightly with the related drug cilostazol. taken together, this evidence still suggests that one should not take ginkgo while using aspirin or other nsaids except under medical supervision. a sugarcane - derived form of the supplement policosanol is used to reduce cholesterol levels. it also interferes with platelet clumping, creating potential benefit as well as a risk of interactions with blood - thinning drugs. for example, a 30 - day, double -


or salicylates except under medical supervision. one study suggests that reishi impairs platelet clumping. this creates the potential for an interaction with any blood - thinning medication. dong quaist. john ' s wort st. john ' s wort is primarily used to treat mild to moderate depression. the herb dong quai is often recommended for menstrual disorders such as dysmenorrhea, pms, and irregular menstruation. certain nsaids, including most notably piroxicam, can cause increased sensitivity to the sun, amplifying the risk of sunburn or skin rash. because st. john ' s wort and dong quai may also cause this problem, taking these herbal supplements during nsaid therapy might add to this risk. it may be a good idea to wear a sunscreen or protective clothing during sun exposure if you take one of these herbs while using an nsaid. the substance vinpocetine is sold as a dietary supplement for the treatment of age - related memory loss and impaired mental function. vinpocetine is thought to inhibit blood platelets from forming clots. for this reason, it should not be combined with medications or natural substances that impair the blood ’ s ability to clot normally, as this may lead to excessive bleeding. one study found only a minimal interaction between the blood - thinning drug warfarin ( coumadin ) and vinpocetine, but prudence dictates caution anyway. vitamin e appears to add to aspirin ' s blood - thinning effects. one study suggests that the combination of aspirin and even relatively small amounts of vitamin e ( 50 mg daily ) may lead to a significantly increased risk of bleeding. in another study of 28, 519 men, vitamin e supplementation at a low dose of about 50 iu ( international units ) daily was associated with an increase in fatal hemorrhagic strokes, the kind of stroke caused by bleeding within the brain. however, there was a reduced risk of the more common ischemic stroke, caused by obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain, and the two effects were found essentially to cancel each other out. weak evidence from one animal study hints that vitamin e might reduce stomach inflammation caused by nsaids. the bottom line : seek medical advice before combining vitamin e and aspirin. the herb white willow, also known as willow bark, is used to treat pain and fever. white willow contains a substance that is


reduce stomach inflammation caused by nsaids. the bottom line : seek medical advice before combining vitamin e and aspirin. the herb white willow, also known as willow bark, is used to treat pain and fever. white willow contains a substance that is converted by the body into a salicylate similar to aspirin. it is therefore possible that taking nsaids and white willow could lead to increased risk of side effects, just as would occur if you combined nsaids with aspirin. based on their known effects or constituents, the herbs dong quai ( angelica sinensis ) horse chestnut ( aesculus hippocastanum ) red clover ( trifolium pratense ), and the substances ( oligomeric proanthocyanidins ) might conceivably present an increased risk of bleeding if combined with aspirin. potassium citrate, sodium citrate, and potassium - magnesium citrate are sometimes used to prevent. these supplements reduce urinary acidity and can, therefore, lead to decreased blood levels and effectiveness of nsaids. ) and other hot peppers used in chili and various dishes contain as their " hot " ingredient capsaicin, a substance that is thought to be stomach - protective. for years, people have believed that spicy foods were a cause of stomach ulcers. however, preliminary evidence suggests that cayenne peppers might actually help protect the stomach against ulcers caused by aspirin and possibly other nsaids. in a study involving 18 healthy human volunteers, one group received chili powder, water, and aspirin ; the control group received only water and aspirin. chili powder was found to significantly protect the stomach against damage from aspirin, a known stomach irritant. it was suggested that this protective effect might result from capsaicin - induced stimulation of blood flow in the lining of the stomach. further support for this theory comes from a study in rats, which found that capsaicin protected the stomach against damage caused by aspirin, ethanol ( drinking alcohol ), and acid. increasing the dose of capsaicin brought even greater benefit, as did increasing the time between giving capsaicin and the other agents. an earlier study in rats found that capsaicin exerted similar protection against aspirin damage. some researchers have used this data to advocate chili or capsaicin as treatment for peptic ulcer disease, but check with your doctor before trying to self - treat this serious condition. colostrum is the fluid


protection against aspirin damage. some researchers have used this data to advocate chili or capsaicin as treatment for peptic ulcer disease, but check with your doctor before trying to self - treat this serious condition. colostrum is the fluid that new mothers ' breasts produce during the first day or two after birth. it gives newborns a rich mixture of antibodies and growth factors that help them get a good start. according to one study involving rats, taking colostrum from cows ( bovine colostrum ) as a supplement might help protect against the ulcers caused by nsaids. folate ( also known as folic acid ) is a b vitamin that plays an important role in many vital aspects of health, including preventing neural tube birth defects and possibly reducing the risk of heart disease. because inadequate intake of folate is widespread, if you are taking any medication that depletes or impairs folate even slightly, you may need supplementation. there is some evidence that nsaids might produce this effect. in test tube studies, many nsaids have been found to interfere with folate activity. in addition, a study of 25 people with arthritis receiving the drug sulfasalazine found evidence of folate deficiency. in another report, a woman taking 650 mg of aspirin every 4 hours for 3 days experienced a significant fall in blood levels of folate. based on this preliminary evidence, folate supplementation may be warranted if you are taking drugs in the nsaid family. licorice root ( ), a member of the pea family, has been used since ancient times as both food and medicine. preliminary evidence suggests that a specific form of licorice called dgl ( deglycyrrhizinated licorice ) might help protect the stomach against damage caused by the use of aspirin and possibly other nsaids. ( dgl is a modified version of licorice that is safer to use. ) in a double - blind study of 9 healthy human volunteers, participants were given aspirin alone ( 325 mg ) or aspirin ( 325 mg ) plus dgl ( 175 mg ). stomach damage ( as measured by blood loss ) was found to be about 20 % less when dgl was given with aspirin. as part of the same study, dgl was also found to reduce stomach damage caused by aspirin in rats, though the benefit was small. it is possible that larger doses of dgl might provide greater protection. test tube studies suggest that


. as part of the same study, dgl was also found to reduce stomach damage caused by aspirin in rats, though the benefit was small. it is possible that larger doses of dgl might provide greater protection. test tube studies suggest that aspirin promotes the loss of vitamin c through the urine, which could lead to tissue depletion of the vitamin. in addition, low vitamin c levels have been noted in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, and this has been attributed to aspirin therapy taken for this condition. if you take aspirin regularly, vitamin c supplementation may be advisable. the supplement policosanol is a mixture of numerous related substances, and its exact composition varies with its source. policosanol made from sugar cane appears to reduce cholesterol levels. policosanol from beeswax may help protect the stomach from damage caused by nsaids. however, it is not clear whether beeswax policosanol might amplify the " blood thinning " effect of anti - inflammatory drugs in the same manner as sugarcane policosanol, as described based on chondroitin ’ s chemical similarity to the anticoagulant drug heparin, it has been suggested that chondroitin might have anticoagulant effects as well. there are no case reports of any problems relating to this, and studies suggest that chondroitin has at most a mild anticoagulant effect. nonetheless, prudence suggests that chondroitin should not be combined with nsaids except under physician supervision.


school kids have come across human skeletal remains revealed by coastal erosion at crimdon dene near hartlepool, north - east england. as a crouched burial, assuming it is a burial, could it be prehistoric? bronze age? or even older? evidence for mesolithic burial in the uk, for example, is virtually non - existent outside somerset and the odd finger in scottish shell middens, unlike denmark and scandinavia. - hartlepool mail | includes video 16 oct - sunderland echo | web article and good picture 16 oct - bbc news | web article 16 oct challenges and possibilities | dreams in dunes there are some challenges too. how do you investigate such a find in a highly unstable environment like sand dunes? i ’ m sure there ’ s more news to follow from tees archaeology. crimdon dene¹ is also known for extensive mesolithic flint scatters discovered in the 1940s. filpoke beacon², 1. 25km north, produced one of the earliest late mesolithic radiocarbon dates for geometric narrow blade microliths : 8760 + / - 140 bp³ ( q - 1474 ) based on carbonized hazelnut shells. a submerged forest sits off the coast south of hartlepool and has revealed late mesolithic and neolithic evidence including flints and a possible fish weir ( see tees archaeology ’ s monograph ). bronze age burials, albeit in stone cists, were discovered in the vicinity of the mesolithic house at howick, northumberland coast. i know where my money ’ s going — but dreams at least are free! ¹ young, r. 2007. ‘ i must go down to the sea again … ’ a review of early research on the ‘ coastal ’ mesolithic of north - east england, in waddington, c. & pedersen, k ( eds ). mesolithic studies in the north sea basin and beyond. oxford : oxbow. ² jacobi, r. 1976. britain inside and outside mesolithic europe. proc preh soc 42 : 67 - 84. ³ before present ( 1950 ), hazelnut shells are more reliable for aging than timber because they are shorter lived — ” old wood ” can itself be hundreds of years old before burning.


radical new boeing aircraft takes flight the company ' s new blended - wing plane prepares for its first test, carrying with it the airline ' s hopes for fuel - saving planes. ( business 2. 0 ) - - - - it would be a dream come true for the airline industry : a plane that uses up to 30 percent less gas to reach its destination, compared with today ' s jets. that ' s the promise of the blended - wing, a radically new kind of aircraft set to take to the skies for the first time this month. originally conceived by mcdonnell douglas and developed by nasa, the blended - wing merges fuselage and wings and eliminates the tail, reducing drag. that makes it vastly more fuel - efficient than regular " tube - and - wing " jets, according to boeing ( charts ) engineer norm princen. his x - 48b blended - wing prototype, now on the runway at edwards air force base, is only about a 10th the size of the 240 - foot - wingspan craft he hopes to build. but the pentagon is watching keenly. " blended - wing technology can cost - effectively fill many roles required by the air force, " says capt. scott van - hoogen of the air vehicles directorate. as a tanker, for example, it could refuel two planes in midair at the same time. for now boeing is focused on making a military version of the plane by 2022. but by 2030 blended - wing aircraft could be carrying commercial passengers. last november a team from mit and cambridge university unveiled the sax - 40, a blended - wing design that promises to be more fuel - efficient than a toyota ( charts ) prius - and thanks in part to the engine placement, just as quiet ( at 63 decibels ). these designs still have a bumpy ride before they ' ll be accepted by airlines : how to build a flat pressurized cargo hold is one challenge ; another is asking passengers to sit 25 seats away from the window. still, the rising costs of air travel may leave future road warriors with no choice but to blend into a blended - wing. click here.


this is the third post on richard l. bushman ' s mormonism : a very short introduction ( oup, 2008 ). [ see part 1 and part 2. ] in chapter three, bushman reviews the several meanings of the term " zion " in lds doctrine and thinking. the mormon sense of zion has no real parallels in protestant thought. in a general sense, zion refers to mormon community and society, a larger concept than just the lds church as a religious institution. here ' s how bushman explains it. from the beginning, mormons have actively sought unity. they aspire to be a people, thinking of themselves as a society as much as a church. their common ground goes beyond belief and worship to work, education, family, and business. this comprehensiveness goes back to their origins, when joseph smith first organized the church. i suspect what bushman gently terms " comprehensiveness " is what rubs some religious contemporaries the wrong way about mormonism, giving rise to recurrent charges of being cultish or un - american. but comprehensiveness also describes the earliest religious settlers in 17th - century new england. you can ' t get more american than the pilgrims, who also thought of themselves as trying to establish a model religious community. the early quest for mormon unity led to experiments in economic communalism. these did not go well, and by 1839 the attempt had been quietly abandoned. while zion or the related term " zion society " is still applied by some to these short - term economic experiments, the terms at present are more often used to refer to principles of economic justice and compassion that are realized through service to others, sacrifice for the benefit of those in need, and modest living. at present, zion means something like this : applying the principles of charitable communal living within the free market, private property economy of the 21st century. but the zion concept doesn ' t simply refer to a set of principles. the lds church makes it a program, and a remarkably successful one. here ' s bushman again : out of the early zion principles also evolved the mormon sense of how to care for the poor. the scriptural condemnation of inequality in the early years was less an attack on the systemic inequalities of capitalism than an admonition to watch over the needy. in the twentieth century, the consecration principle took the form of a welfare program begun during the great depression to provide work and sustenance for poor church members. the church now owns farms, canning plants, and manufacturing facilities where the poor work producing the goods


the twentieth century, the consecration principle took the form of a welfare program begun during the great depression to provide work and sustenance for poor church members. the church now owns farms, canning plants, and manufacturing facilities where the poor work producing the goods they need to subsist. in just the last few years, the lds church has also expanded the scope of its humanitarian aid efforts outside the lds community. again, it ' s not just a wish, it ' s a program : mormon helping hands. the website explanation even includes a 14 - page manual telling local units how to make it work. one could cite scripture or conference talks for a more doctrinally oriented summary of the term zion, but i think the lds welfare program ( to benefit latter - day saints in need ) and the helping hands program ( to channel service toward worthwhile projects in local communities ) are themselves the best expression of what zion means in practice to modern latter - day saints. i ' ll wind up with some general comments on mormonism : a very short introduction. it is a short and very readable introduction for the non - lds reader, but also full of insightful descriptions and observations for the lds reader. it is certainly worth picking up and reading if you run across it at your local library or bookstore. originally posted with comments at beliefnet.


add or modify a hotspot a picture can contain one or more clickable hyperlinked areas that are called hotspots, which function like any other hyperlink. you can also set a default hyperlink for all other areas on the picture where you haven ' t defined a hotspot. the pictures toolbar provides tools that enable you to draw rectangular, circular and polygonal - shaped hotspots on an image. after you draw the hotspot, the insert hyperlink dialog box appears for you to specify the link for the hotspot. you can highlight hot spots on a picture in microsoft expression web, such as when it ' s hard for you to see the hot spot outlines on the picture. to set a hyperlink for all other areas on the image outside of the hotspots, select the image and add a hyperlink to it. for more information, see create or modify a hyperlink. in design view, in your web page, click the picture to which you want to add a hotspot. on the pictures toolbar, click rectangular hotspot, circular hotspot, or polygonal hotspot. on the picture, do one or more of the following. to draw either a rectangle or circle, drag where you want a hotspot. to draw a polygon, click to create each vertex of the polygon shape. to complete the shape, either click on the first vertex you created, or double - click. in the insert hyperlink dialog box, locate the file you want to link to, and then click ok. for more information, see create or modify a hyperlink. in design view, in your web page, click the picture that contains the hotspot you want to modify. on the pictures toolbar, click select, and then do one or more of the following. to move a hotspot, click within the hotspot and drag it to where you want. to resize a hotspot, drag a vertex on the hotspot. to modify the hyperlink of a hotspot, double - click the hotspot. in the edit hyperlink dialog box, set the address box to the hyperlink you want and click ok. to delete a hotspot, click the hotspot and press delete.


socrates, an athenian greek of the second half of the fifth century bc, wrote no philosophical works but was uniquely influential in the later history of philosophy. his philosophical interests were restricted to ethics and the conduct of life, topics which thereafter became central to philosophy. he discussed these in public places in athens, sometimes with other prominent intellectuals or political leaders, sometimes with young men, who gathered round him in large numbers, and other admirers. among these young men was plato. socrates ' philosophical ideas and - equally important for his philosophical influence - his personality and methods as a ' teacher ' were handed on to posterity in the ' dialogues ' that several of his friends wrote after his death, depicting such discussions. only those of xenophon ( memorabilia, apology, symposium ) and the early dialogues of plato survive ( for example euthyphro, apology, crito ). later platonic dialogues such as phaedo, symposium and republic do not present the historical socrates ' ideas ; the ' socrates ' appearing in them is a spokesman for plato ' s own ideas. socrates ' discussions took the form of face - to - face interrogations of another person. most often they concerned the nature of some moral virtue, such as courage or justice. socrates asked what the respondent thought these qualities of mind and character amounted to, what their value was, how they were acquired. he would then test their ideas for logical consistency with other highly plausible general views about morality and goodness that the respondent also agreed to accept, once socrates presented them. he succeeded in showing, to his satisfaction and that of the respondent and any bystanders, that the respondent ' s ideas were not consistent. by this practice of ' elenchus ' or refutation he was able to prove that politicians and others who claimed to have ' wisdom ' about human affairs in fact lacked it, and to draw attention to at least apparent errors in their thinking. he wanted to encourage them and others to think harder and to improve their ideas about the virtues and about how to conduct a good human life. he never argued directly for ideas of his own, but always questioned those of others. none the less, one can infer, from the questions he asks and his attitudes to the answers he receives, something about his own views. socrates was convinced that our souls - where virtues and vices are found - are vastly more important for our lives than our bodies or external circumstances. the quality of our souls determines the character of our lives, for better or for worse, much more than


socrates was convinced that our souls - where virtues and vices are found - are vastly more important for our lives than our bodies or external circumstances. the quality of our souls determines the character of our lives, for better or for worse, much more than whether we are healthy or sick, or rich or poor. if we are to live well and happily, as he assumed we all want to do more than we want anything else, we must place the highest priority on the care of our souls. that means we must above all want to acquire the virtues, since they perfect our souls and enable them to direct our lives for the better. if only we could know what each of the virtues is we could then make an effort to obtain them. as to the nature of the virtues, socrates seems to have held quite strict and, from the popular point of view, paradoxical views. each virtue consists entirely in knowledge, of how it is best to act in some area of life, and why : additional ' emotional ' aspects, such as the disciplining of our feelings and desires, he dismissed as of no importance. weakness of will is not psychologically possible : if you act wrongly or badly, that is due to your ignorance of how you ought to act and why. he thought each of the apparently separate virtues amounts to the same single body of knowledge : the comprehensive knowledge of what is and is not good for a human being. thus his quest was to acquire this single wisdom : all the particular virtues would follow automatically. at the age of 70 socrates was charged before an athenian popular court with ' impiety ' - with not believing in the olympian gods and corrupting young men through his constant questioning of everything. he was found guilty and condemned to death. plato ' s apology, where socrates gives a passionate defence of his life and philosophy, is one of the classics of western literature. for different groups of later greek philosophers he was the model both of a sceptical inquirer who never claims to know the truth, and of a ' sage ' who knows the whole truth about human life and the human good. among modern philosophers, the interpretations of his innermost meaning given by montaigne, hegel, kierkegaard, and nietzsche are especially notable. socrates, an athenian citizen proud of his devotion to athens, lived his adult life there engaging in open philosophical discussion and debate on fundamental questions of ethics, politics, religion and education. going against the grain of the traditional education, he insisted that personal investigation and reasoned argument, rather


proud of his devotion to athens, lived his adult life there engaging in open philosophical discussion and debate on fundamental questions of ethics, politics, religion and education. going against the grain of the traditional education, he insisted that personal investigation and reasoned argument, rather than ancestral custom, or appeal to the authority of homer, hesiod and other respected poets, was the only proper basis for answering these questions. his emphasis on argument and logic and his opposition to unquestioning acceptance of tradition allied him with such sophists of a generation earlier as protagoras, gorgias and prodicus, none of whom was an athenian, but all of whom spent time lecturing and teaching at athens ( see sophists ). unlike these sophists socrates did not formally offer himself or accept pay as a teacher. but many upper - class young athenian men gathered round him to hear and engage in his discussions, and he had an inspirational and educational effect upon them, heightening their powers of critical thought and encouraging them to take seriously their individual responsibility to think through and decide how to conduct their lives. many of his contemporaries perceived this education as morally and socially destructive - it certainly involved subverting accepted beliefs - and he was tried in 399 bc before an athenian popular court and condemned to death on a charge of ' impiety ' : that he did not believe in the olympian gods, but in new ones instead, and corrupted the young. scholars sometimes mention specifically political motives of revenge, based on guilt by association : a number of prominent athenians who were with socrates as young men or were close friends did turn against the athenian democracy and collaborated with the spartans in their victory over athens in the peloponnesian war. but an amnesty passed by the restored democracy in 403 bc prohibited prosecution for political offences before that date. the rhetorician polycrates included socrates ' responsibility for these political crimes in his accusation of socrates ( see xenophon, memorabilia i 2. 12 ), a rhetorical exercise written at least five years after socrates ' death. but there is no evidence that, in contravention of the amnesty, socrates ' actual accusers covertly attacked him, or his jurors condemned him, on that ground. the defences plato and xenophon constructed for socrates, each in his respective apology, imply that it was his own questioning mind and what was perceived as the bad moral influence he had on his young men that led to his trial and condemnation. socrates left no philosophical works, and apparently wrote none. his